DEDICATION.

College, and by his talents, education, aud asso�ciation, he not only maintained the dignity of his positionj but considerably enhanced the estimation and worth of the veterinary pro�fession.

Referring to what he had done, I then said, quot; The Science of Veterinary Medicine, released from the trammels by which it was so long confined, has advanced, and is still advancing, under your fostering care. You saw its first disenthralment. Like a delicate plant it came forth; the soil around it was arid, and chilling blasts threatened its destruction ; you shielded it with the mantle of science, and removed every noisome weed from it. You carefully watched over and nurtured it; it has grown, and become strong. Rich fruit has already been yielded by it, and more is promised. All it now asks is, support from those it shelters, in order that it may maintain the position in which a discerning and enlightened age has placed it,quot;

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From Professor Coleman I had received many acts of kindness, as well as much valuable in�formation connected with my then avocation, and I felt considerable pleasure in being per�mitted publicly to express my acknowledgments to him. The grave has long since closed over his mortal remains, and his spirit has passed from time to eternity.

quot; Vita brevis, ars longa.quot;

Subsequent editions I ventured to dedicate to the members of the veterinary profession, to very many of whom I am indebted for repeated manifestations of respect; and to them I like�wise dedicate this edition, assuring them that I have endeavoured to render it more deserving of their approbation by the addition of much new matter, and the withdrawal of such as might be considered unnecessary or uncalled for.

That each succeeding edition should contain more matter than the preceding one, has been as much the result of necessity as of choice.

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arising from the rapid progress that is taking place at the present day in all the sciences, and in which Veterinary Medicine has largely par�ticipated. Nor can the latter stand still; both its importance and the status to which it has attained prevent this. Besides, in every sense it is undesirable that it should, since increase of knowledge is increase of power. I have, therefore, availed myself of every source of information likely to contribute to the object I have had in view. He fails to perform his duty who does not notice what is going on around him, and, by giving to it due consideration and publicity, render it available as a means to pro�mote the interests of the profession of which he is a member.

The usefulness of the last edition was con�siderably enhanced by the insertion of several translations by my friend. Professor G. T. Brown, of London, from Dr. Hering's 'Die thier�rztlichen Arzneimittel,' and M. Tabourin's ' Nouveau Traite de Mauere Medicale et de The-

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rapeutique et de Pharmacie Vtterinaires,' by which we are made acquainted with the views entertained by our professional brethren on the Continent of the action and application of many of the more important medicinal substances. I am also otherwise indebted to him, as the body of the work will show, for having kindly under�taken the performance of several experiments at my request.

The worth of the present edition is, I be�lieve, still more increased by contributions from several other friends in the profession, which I trust will be found to be duly acknowledged. Thus they have made me their willing and grateful debtor. If any loss has been sustained in the acquirement of information in those divisions of science herein treated of through my retirement from the Royal Veterinary College, it has been more than counterbalanced by the kindness of Professors Varnell and Tuson. To the last named I am particularly indebted for revising the chemical portion of

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the work, and adding the modern system of notation, as far as by him considered necessary, which I need not say is of great importance to the student.

And now, as stated by me in former dedica�tions, it will not, I feel assured, be considered arrogant if I express my conviction that, al�though the established practitioner of Veteri�nary Medicine may not derive much informa�tion from these pages, the student, for whom they are principally written, will find their perusal profitable to him.

II ill House, Dawlish, Devo^ ; October, 1867.

PREFACE.

I have somewhere read that there is a sense in which all men are authors; and although it must be confessed that authorship has its vexa�tions, it has nevertheless its pleasures also. If it be quot; a weariness to the flesh quot; to pore over a manuscript, pen in hand, hour after hour, when one longs for and needs rest, it is a joy to the spirit when the finishing line concludes the volume, and it is given to the public. And should the work meet with their approval, great will be the author's satisfaction; but doubled will be his gratification if an earnest desire for usefulness has marked his labours. He will

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then reflect with feelings of gratitude on what he has done, and commend it to the blessing of Him who, in the secular and the spiritual alike, quot; giveth the increase.quot;

Whatever tends to lessen labour is assuredly advantageous. With this principle in view, the following pages have been arranged.

It has long been a subject of just complaint, that the student of Veterinary Medicine is compelled to acquire his knowledge of Materia Medica from foreign, and, as it regards him, not always correct, sources.

It is too much to anticipate that this feeble attempt will supply all that is required; it may not, however, have been made altogether in vain, as perhaps it may excite the energies of those who are not more willing than myself to undertake the important task, but far more able to accomplish it.

The slightest inspection will suffice to show that my intention has been to aid the Veteri-

PREFACE.

X1U

nary Student. For him the compilation�for it pretends to very little more�has been made. To give that which is useful, rather than that #9632;which is novel, has been my desire; and my object will be fully obtained if I am successful, in any degree, in assisting him in the acquire�ment of correct principles.

In the pharmaceutical formulae, I have studied simplicity. It will be seen that I have avoided all deceptives; and yet circumstances may render their addition necessary.

I have availed myself of what is of importance to ns in the lately published ' British Pharma�copoeia' as applicable to Veterinary Medicine; not, however, altering any of the formulae in which there is no alteration of principle in�volved in the formation of the compounds, inasmuch as few practitioners will ever think of making them, this being always best left in the hands of chemical manufacturers.

In the chemical formulae, expressing the ele-

XIV

PREFACE.

mentary composition of bodies, I have adopted the usual plan, that of distinguishing the old and new system from each other by different types ; accordingly, the old system is printed in the Roman type (Al), aud the new system in the Egyptian (Al).

The diagrams explanatory of the decomposi�tions which take place are on the plan proposed by Professor Reid, which I consider more ex�plicit than others. The dotted line.......

implies that the substance produced is gaseous;

the interrupted one -......that it is liquid,

or in solution; and the continuous line----------

that it is solid.

The views I have taken of the action of some medicinal agents may not accord with those accepted by others. From mere difference in opinion no disadvantage can arise; indeed, by it truth is more likely to he arrived at, provided this be the object in view, and the searchers after it are actuated by a right spirit.

PRBFACE.

Wherever I have been made acquainted with peculiar views entertainedj I have endeavoured to acknowledge the same by giving publicity to the names of those from whom I received the information.

A word or two as it respects the classifica�tion. I know it is not without its faults; but these are more than counterbalanced by the benefit which the student has hitherto derived from it, and therefore I have ventured again to prefix it. Such agents as are used only for Cattle are printed in italics.

INTRODUCTION.

Matteb, in. its restricted serse, is defiaed by philosophers to be that which occupies space, and possesses weight; or, in its more extended signifi�cation, that of which we can take cognizance by our senses.

Chemists enumerate not less than sixty-four kinds of matter, called by them simple substances or chemical elements, and some writers give a still larger number. These are designated ponderable bodies, in contradistinction to the imponderables, which are Heat, Light, and Electricity, with its modifications. Of these elementary bodies various divisions have been suggested: the simplest is into non-metallic and metallic substances.

By the union of two or more of these elements, in variable but always definite proportions, all the compound bodies with which we are acquainted are formed.

The resolving of a compound body into its con�stituents is denominated Analysis ; and the re�uniting of these constituents, so as to again form the compound, Synthesis. By these processes we obtain a knowledge of the composition of bodies,

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wliicli may be qualitative as it respects their nature, and quantitative as it refers to the proportions in #9632;which their elements are united together.

Analysis is also proximate and ultimate. By the first of these we separate a compound body, made up of other compounds, into those compounds ; by the latter, the compounds thus obtained are re�duced to their elements.

As the subjoined elements enter into the com�position of the medicinal agents used by veterinary practitioners, they demand the attention of the student. Opposite to each the symbols and equiva�lents, according to both the new and old system, and the specific gravity, are placed.

Eather than attempt to give that which must of necessity be an imperfect description of these sub�stances. I would refer the student to some standard work on the science of chemistry. So rapid and unparalleled have been the advances made in this division of science of late years, that it becomes of the utmost importance that, while a,n author of ac�knowledged merit is selected, he be also one of the present day.

After the student has made himself well ac�quainted with the properties of these elementary bodies, he may pass on to the consideration of the compounds that are formed by their union with each other. The little discrepancies among ehe-

IKTEODUCTION.

mical writers which may occasionally present themselves, and the differences in arrangement, are matters to him of comparatively no moment since the elements of medicinal agents are but few.

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL AGENTS.


Elements.	Symbols anc	Equivalents.	Specific Gravitv.
	Old System.	New System.
Aluminium...... Antimonium ... Argentum ...... Arsenicum ...... Barium .........	Al = 13-75 Sb - 122 Ag = 108 As = 75 Ba = 68-5 B = 11 Br = 80 Ca = 20 C =6 Cl = 35-5 Cu = 31-75 Fe = 28 Hg = 100 H = 1 I = 127 Mg = 12 Mn = 27-5 N = 14 0=8 P = 31 Pb = 103-5 K = 39 Na = 23 Sn = 59 S =16 Zn = 32-5	Al = 27-5 Sb = 122 Ag = 108 As = 75 Ba = 137 B = 11 Br = 80 Ca = 40 C =12 Cl = 35-5 Cu = 63-5 Pe = 56 Hg = 200 H = 1 I = 127 Mg = 24 Mn = 55 N = 14 0 =16 P =31 Pb = 207 K = 39 Na = 23 Sn = 118 S =32 Zn = 65	256 6-712 10-4 to 10-6 5-7 to 5-9 4-
Boron ... .			2-68
Bromine.......			2-976
Calcium .........
Oarbon .........			3-52
Chlorine .........			2-470
Cuprum .........			8-788 to 8-958
			7-77 to 7-8
Hydrargyrum... Hydrogen ......			13-59 0-0649 4-946
Magnesium...... Manganese ......			1-75 7-13 0-971
Ox vsren .........			1-1093
Phosphorus...... Plumbum ...... Potassium ...... Sodium .........			1-9 to 2 11-445 0865 0-972
			7-28 to 7-6
Sulphur ......			1-970 to 2080
Zincum .........			6-8 to 7-2

INTEODUCTIOIf.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER.

Matter tas certain properties which are desig�nated primary or essential, and secondary or non-essential. To the first belong solidity, extensibility, divisibility, porosity, mobility, attraction, inertia. To the second, hardness, softness, colour, trans�parency, opacity, amp;e.

All the primary properties above enumerated, strictly speaking, belong to a mass of matter, with the exception of the first, which alone can be said to apply to the ultimate particle. This, according to the atomic theory, or doctrine of definite pro�portions, is a solid, indivisible molecule, possessing a definite form and weight; the latter differing with the different kinds of matter. The union of bodies takes place only between these ultimate particles ; so that a mass of matter is a number of molecules adhering together by the exertion of a power designated attraction, of which we shall presently speak. The ultimate molecules suffer no change in the three states in which matter is said to exist; viz. the solid, liquid, and gaseous; these states being dependent upon heat interposed between the solid particles.

The term impeneteability has been chosen to

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express the sanie thing as solidity. It implies the property by which a body, or a mass of matter of a definite form, occupies a certain space, to the ex�clusion of every other body.

Extensibility signifies that the mass has length, breadth, and thickness.

Ditisibilitt, that it is capable of being divided into many parts.

Poeositt, that pores or intervening spaces exist in it.

Mobiiitt, that the particles have motion. This may be free or restrained. In solids, the particles are with difficulty moved, while in liquids but little resistance is offered to their motion, and in gases still less.

By Atteactioit is understood the influence which causes bodies to approach each other; and this applies both to the ultimate particle and the mass. It is opposed by Repulsion, which, in all probability, is caused by heat. Attraction is of three degrees, or rather kinds: 1, gravity ; 2, the power of cohesion ; 3, chemical affinity.

1. G-EiviTT exerts its force on bodies at great distances from each other. Through its influence the sun and planetary bodies retain their places in the system of the universe. By means of it every mass of matter removed from the surface of the earth, and left at liberty, must obey the attraction

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of the earth, and will be thus drawn towards its centre, or, in other words, it falls. The larger thus attracts the lesser body, and gives rise to what is popularly called its weight; which is, the sum of the attractive force arising from the number of solid particles in the body attracted. To obtain a knowledge of this we employ an apparatus called a balance, or a pair of scales; which usually consists of a lever, supported by a fulcrum over its centre, the arms being equal. To the extremity of one of these is suspended the substance the weight of which we wish to ascertain, and to the other certain divisions of a known weight are cautiously added, until a perfect counterpoise is effected. The aggregate number of these unities gives us the re�quired amoont, this being so many grains, ounces, or pounds.

The British Pharmacopoeia directs that the avoirdupois ounce and pound, being the weights practically used in the sale of medicines, and gene�rally in commercial transactions, be retained in preference to troy weights of the same denomina�tion. Nevertheless for some time to come the troy divisions will continue to be employed in dis�pensing of medicines.

The troy, or as it used to be called Apothecaries' Weight is thus divided:�

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Symbols. Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Grains.

lb. . 1 . 12 . 9G . 288 .nbsp; nbsp; 5760

5 . . . 1 . 8 . 24 .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;480

3.....1 . 3 .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;60

3.......1 .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20

gr..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^l

The Avoirdupois quot;Weight, now designated Im�perial weight, is divided as follows :

Pound.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ounces.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Drachms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Grains.

1 . . 16 . . 256 . . 7000 1 . . 16 . . 4375

1 . . 27-975

The Committee of Weights, Measures, amp;c., at the Universal Exhibition of Paris, 1867, having in their official report recommended the substitution of the Metric system for the old system of Weights and Measures, and as it is often referred to in quotations from continental works, I have been induced to insert it.

METRICAL WEIGHTS.

1 milligramme = the lOOOth part of 1 grm. or O'OOl grm. 1 centigramme = the 100thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0-01 �

1 decigramme=the 10thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0^-l �

1 gramme* = weight of a cubic centimetre of water at 4deg; C. 1 decagramme = 10 grammesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;10-0 �

1 hectogramme = 100 grammesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1000 �

1 Kilogramme = 1000 grammesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1000-0 �

* A gramme is equal to 13^-434 troy grains.

llfTEODUCTIOir.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

1 millilitre = l cub. centim. or the mea. of 1 gram, of water

1 centilitre = 10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

1 decilitre = 100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

1 litre = 1000nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 1000 � (1 kilo.)

For the sake of expedition and cleanliness in dispensing, liquids are measured, unless otherwise directed.

The Measure now used is termed the Imperial, which, for medicinal purposes, is thus divided:

Symbols. Gallon. Pints, lluid Oz. Fluid Brs. Minims.

Cong, or Cnbsp; nbsp;. 1 . 8 . 160 . 1280nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.. 76,800

Onbsp; nbsp;. . . 1 . 20 . 160nbsp; nbsp; . 9600

fs.....1 . 8nbsp; nbsp; . 480

f^........1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 60

n.......... i

Placed opposite to the divisions are the sym�bols, or characters, usually employed in writing: they also indicate whether the fluid is to be weighed or measured. The delineation of these the student would do well to practise a few times, until he has made himself familiarly acquainted with them.

Numbers are designed by the Eoman numerals; i, ii, iii, iv, v, amp;c. When a half is required, an abbreviation of the Latin word semi or semis, a half, is employed: thus Ibiss, a pound and a half; Jiss, an ounce and a half; f^iss, a fluid drachm and a half, amp;c.

rSTEODUCIIOIf.

Different bodies of the same volume possess dif�ferent absolute weights: these are designated their specific gravities. The common standard or unity of comparison for solids and fluids is a cubic inch of pure distilled water at 60deg; ; so that, should a cubic inch of any other substance weigh twice as much as a cubic inch of water does, its specific gravity is set down as 2 ; three times as much 3, and so on. For the gases atmospheric air is the unit of com�parison. Specific gravity is therefore but another term for comparative weight or density.

An acquaintance with the specific gravities of bodies is of importance in pharmacy as a means of detecting adulterations, the weight of bodies being often a test of their purity.

Various methods have been adopted, but we shall confine ourselves to the most simple.

The specific gravities of solid substances are usually ascertained by the aid of the hydrostatic balance. The substance being attached by a horse�hair or piece of silk to the scale, is first weighed in the air, and the weight noted down; then in pure

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distilled water (see figure p. 9), when it will be found to have lost in weight, the amount of which must also be noted. Then, if you divide the weight of the substance when in the air by the loss it sustained when weighed in water, the quotient will give you its specific gravity: thus, suppose it first weighed 12 grains, and the loss was 6 grains, the former divided by the latter would give 2 as the specific gravity. This is founded on the hydro-statical axiom, tliat every body immersed in a fluid loses just so much of its weight as is equivalent to the weight of an equal hulk of that fluid. Not that there is an absolute loss of weight, but the body is held up by the fluid under it; and, by comparing this force with the weight of the body itself, the comparative weight or specific gravity is ascer�tained.

Solids lighter than water are weighed in it by attaching to them a portion of some other sub�stance, such as metal or glass, which has been already balanced in water for the purpose. Sub�stances that are soluble in this menstruum are protected by a coating of melted wax, or varnish, or they are weighed in some other fluid.

The specific gravity of liquids is easily determined by the use of the quot; thousand-grain lottlequot; which is sold by instrument makers, having a counterpoising weight. When filled with distilled water to the

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mark in the neck, it contains exactly 1000 grains ; therefore by filling it with any other liquid, and weighing it, the specific gravity is at once ascer�tained by calculating how much heavier or lighter it is than the i same bulk of water. In the ab- \ sence of a bottle of this kind, a phial having a tapered neck will suffice; a thousand grains of distilled water having been weighed into it, a mark is to be made with a diamond or file at the point where the water reached.

The same apparatus may also be used for finding the specific gravity of solids. quot; Eeduce the sub�stances to pieces sufficiently small to enter the bottle; then take the specific gravity of common water, and, having emptied the bottle, put 1000 grains of the solid into it, and fill up to the mark with the same water, and note the joint weight; subtract this from the sum of the separate weights of the specific gravity of the water and the 1000 grains of the solid, and with the remainder divide the specific gravity of the water, and the quotient will be the specific gravity of the solid.quot;

The strength of ardent spirits is ascertained by means of hydrometers, the standard being an arbi�trary spirit termed proof spirit, which consists of 49 parts pure alcohol and 51 of water; its specific

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gravity is 0-920 at 60deg; F. The relation which other spirituous liquors bear to this, is expressed by saying they are so much above or under proof.

2. Atteaction of Cohesion.�This differs from gravity in operating only at very small, insensible, or immeasurable distances, and between the ulti�mate particles of the like hinds of matter. It being that force which unites the particles into a mass, it has been designated Attraction of Aggregation; and the terms Molecular, Cor�puscular, Contiguous, and Homogeneous Attrac�tion, have likewise been employed to signify the same power.

It is often opposed to chemical action, and certain processes are had recourse to in order to overcome it. These are either mechanical or chemical. But whatever mechanical power we may exert, we cannot completely destroy the attraction of cohesion; therefore by mere physical force a mass of matter has never been reduced to its ultimate atoms so as to render them cognizable by the senses. We may resolve the body into incon�ceivably small portions, yet each portion is still a coherent mass.

It will be evident that attraction varies in the different states of matter, being greatest in solids, less powerful in liquids, and among both of these it also varies; while in gases it is supposed to have

INTEODUCTION.

no existence, their particles being mutually repel�lent of each other.

PHARMACEUTICAL OPEEATIONS.

1. Mechanical Peocesses.

These include Pulverization, Trituration, Grind�ing, Sifting, Washing, Expression, and Filtration.

Puxteeization is the reduction of a mass of matter to a state of powder. The operation is effected in mortars made of iron or Wedgewood's ware, by the aid of pestles. The iron mortar, which is the one employed when much force is required to cause a dis-gregation of the particles, is best placed in an outhouse. It should be furnished with a perforated wooden cover, the hole being a little larger than suffices to admit the pestle. The escape of the finer portions is thus, in a great measure, prevented; but the ope�rator will be effectually defended from annoyance when powdering disagreeable and noxious drugs,

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such as aloes, cantharides, amp;c., by a damp cloth being placed over his mouth and nostrils. Sub�stances less resisting may be pulverized in mortars of Wedgewood's ware, which should be kept in the pharmacy, of two or three sizes. They have superseded those of marble, on account of their cleanly appearance, and from their not being acted upon by any of the mineral acids. A rotatory motion is given to the pestle under such circum�stances, and the act is designated Teitubatiox.

Connected with the use of mortars are Spatijlas. These should be of steel and bone, or lance wood ; the latter being used when acidulous compounds are dispensed. Their employment calls for some tact, which can be acquired only by experience. Horn scoops are also necessary for the purpose of removing the different substances out of the larger mortars.

GetiootG is eifected by hand and other mills; and when a coarse powder only is required, as of seeds, they afford a ready means of obtaining our desired purpose.

Disintegration being accomplished by either of the above processes, the particles will still be found to vary very considerably in size; in order, there�fore, to obtain a degree of uniformity in this respect, the pulverized matter is passed through a sieve, and the process is called Sifting.

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Sieves are either simple or compound. The compound sieve should always be employed when any considerable quantity is operated on. Its central part consists of a broad wooden hoop, across which is stretched fine wire, gauze, or hair cloth; to this is fitted a top and bottom made of hoops covered with leather. The simple sieve is the central portion only. It is obvious that the former is best suited for the purposes of the veterinary surgeon; and after the finer particles have been separated from the coarser, the latter may be again subjected to the action of the pestle without loss or inconvenience.

When an impalpable powder is wanted, the pro�cess of quot;Washino is had recovirse to ; but it is evi�dent that this can only be available with those substances which are insoluble in water. Being diffused through a quantity of this fluid, the coarser particles are soon precipitated, while the finer remain for a time in a state of mechanical suspension. The turbid supernatant fluid being decanted, it is allowed to stand at rest until the fine powder has deposited itself, which is subse�quently dried.

The minute division of a therapeutic agent de�mands more attention than is usually paid to it,

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as in this state it more readily undergoes solution in tbe stomach and alimentary canal, and being spread over a greater extent of surface, it produces the desired eiFect quicker, whether its influence be local or remote.

The juices of many vegetables are obtained by ExPEESSioif, and these, by inspissation, form ex�tracts. The greater number of the �oced oils are similarly procured. The press usually consists of two plates of iron, capable of being brought into opposition by means of a screw, between which the matter to be subjected to pressure is placed, it being previously enclosed in bags of horse-hair, or some other material. The dregs of tinctures are often thus treated, and the spirituous solution, as it passes out, acquires turbescence from the escape of the insoluble particles through the pores of the bag. This and other solutions are rendered clear by Filteation, which may be viewed as a finer kind of sifting. In order to separate the solid from the fluid parts, or, in other words, to render the solution transparent, the mixture is passed through cone-shaped bags made of fine flannel, linen, or bibulous or unsized paper ; i;he last being most commonly employed. A square piece of such paper is doubled so as to form a triangle, and by a second doubling made into a smaller one. By separating one layer from the other three, a cone

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is formed, which is placed in a Wedgewood's ware

funnel, having ribbed sides; and the

fluid to be filtered is then gradually

poured on the side where three layers

of the paper exist, until it nearly

reaches the top ; or a glass rod is used

as a director. Sometimes the first

portions that pa^s out are turbid,

arising from the pores of the paper

being as yet too open: these are to

be returned into the filter again, until

the liquid percolates perfectly clear and limpid.

The concentrated acids and alkaline solutions are

commonly filtered through sand; a coarse kind

of sand being first placed in the neck of the

funnel, and a finer sort above it. Sometimes

powdered glass is employed for this purpose.

2. Chemical Phocesses.

These embrace, 1st, Solution, Lixiviation, Diges�tion, Maceration, Precipitation, Infusion, and De�coction, some of which are aided by heat. 2nd, Liquefaction, Evaporation, Drying, Distillation, and Sublimation�changes induced only by heat.

Solution is the chemical union of a solid with a fluid, the compound possessing transparency and

INTE0DUCT101Squot;.

permanency. It is evident that a solid undergoing solution is subjected to the influence of two forces, namely, the attraction of cohesion existing between its own particles, and the affinity which the fluid has for them. A solution is said to be saturated when these two forces counterbalance each other ; or when the fluid has taken up as much of the solid as at ordinary temperatures it can enter into (quot;ombination with.

A solution differs from a mixture in this respect �in the first we have chemical union and trans�parency ; in the second there is merely a mecha�nical suspension of a solid in some menstruum, and consequently turbidity to a greater or less degree. The general solvent for saline #9632; substances is water, and, when these are mixed with insoluble in�gredients, a rude species of filtration is resorted to. Large vats are employed, having holes at the bottom, on which a layer of straw is first placed, and on that a cloth containing the substance to be acted on : water, either hot or cold, is now poured over the substance, which, percolating through, carries with it the soluble parts, and this is called a ley, the process being denominated Lixiviatiok.

The menstrua by which the soluble parts of vegetables are extracted, consist principally of water and alcohol, or a combination of these, which, according to Dr. Paris, acts the part of a chemical

INTEODUCTIOy.

11raquo;

compound, the union effecting what neither fluid would if separately applied. The resulting solution is designated a Tincture. When this is carried on with the assistance of heat, from 90 to 100deg;, it is expressed by the term DlGKESTlOB'; when with�out it, by Maceeation.

When large quantities of Tinctures are made, it is a good plan to suspend the agent required to undergo solution in a calico or linen bag, causing it to dip a little below the surface of the fluid. As the soluble matter is abstracted, the solution ac�quires increased specific gravity, and thus a current is kept up.

Percolation, or by displacement,

is the more

recent method advocated for

making of Tinctures. By it the liquid or solvent, is caused to come in contact with every par�ticle of the solid, thus withdraw�ing its soluble parts and forming a solution richer in the active principles of the drug, than could be obtained by maceration or digestion, and in a far less time. A vessel designated a percolator, is employed for this purpose,

and that made by the York Glass Company, will be found very effective. Some skill

INTEODUCTIOK.

and experience successfully to use the percolator are however called for.

It occasionally happens that a solid held in solu�tion is thrown down by the addition of a third substance which has a greater affinity for the menstruum than it has. This operation is called P�ecipitation, the agent so acting is termed a precipi�tant, and that -which is separated a pre�cipitate. The obtaining of the precipitate may or may not be the chief object of the process; when it is, tall glass jars are the best vessels in which to collect it. The supernatant fluid is to be removed by decantation and filtration, and the precipitate subsequently dried. By this means we obtain medicinal agents in a high state of comminution.

A knowledge of the agents which cause preci�pitation is essentially necessary in extemporaneous prescriptions ; otherwise, by the injudicious combi�nation of therapeutic substances, compounds may be formed that are inert, or perhaps noxious rather than salutary. Hence arises the value of an acquaintance with the science of chemistry as applied to medicine. These substances are of equal importance viewed in reference to cases of poisoning, and as tests or re-agents.

An Infusion is made by pouring boiling-hot

IKTEOD�CTIOIf.

water on sliced or rasped vegetable matter, and allowing it to srand until cold, when tlie soluble and aromatic parts will be taken up. The vessels used for this purpose should radiate slowly, and, at the same, time the material of which they are com�posed should be a had conductor of heat. Sometimes cold water is employed, and then a longer time is necessary for abstracting the active principles.

A Decoctiok is obtained when the vegetable matter is boiled in any menstruum, by which its solvent power is increased. It is evident that this process will not be available when we wish to possess the volatile constituents of the agent; nor does it answer for some of the fixed, for instance. Extractive matter, which by long boiling is ren�dered inert.

When the liquor obtained by infusion or decoc�tion is subjected to evaporation, the watery parts are dissipated, and a soft solid mass remains behind, which is called an Exteact.

Liquefaction is the conversion of a solid into a fluid by the agency of heat. This, ip. the pharmacy of the veterinary sur�geon, is best ef�fected by means

�2-2

INTHODUCTIOX.

of a ivater bath, and one may be easily formed by suspending any covered vessel within another in which water is placed. That in use at the Royal Veterinary College is made of tin, and consists of two vessels of an oval form, placed in a larger oval. It is found to answer its purpose well. One divi�sion is kept for the formation of aloetic compounds ; the other for ointments, amp;c.

Etaporation is an exten�sion of the same process as liquefaction, when, more heat being applied to the liquid, it is converted into vapour.

^^=^

This is commonly effected

in shallow vessels, called eva�porating dishes; and is re�sorted to when we wish to obtain saline substances from their solutions in a crystal�

line form, or for the dissipa�tion of moisture from a fixed principle, so as to jjrocure it in a state of dryness. The heat is usually communicated by means of a lamp, or a sand-bath.

Distiliation differs from evapoi^ition in this respect only, the vapour, after being elevated by heat, is condensed in close vessels, and preserved. When small quantities are operated on the retort

INTEOIIUCTION.

and receiver are em�ployed. Larger quan�tities require the common still. By this operation the more volatile are separated from the grosser parts of the liquid.

Sublimation is to solids what distillation is to liquids. The apparatus in which this takes place is denominated a Cucur�bit, to which is attached a capital, and oftentimes a receiver. Thus formed, it constituted the distil�latory apparatus of the alchemists, and was de�signated an Alenibic.

Attraction is called Capillaet when it is exerted between liquids and solids, the latter having empty spaces in them. The term is derived from eapillws, a hair; since tubes having fine hair-like cavities show this most markedly.

CnrsTALLiZATiON is also a modification of attrac�tion, in which this force seems to operate, not all around each particle, but between certain parts of one and corresponding parts of the adjoining par-

INTEODrCTION.

tides ; whence result those regular and definite forms denominated crystals.

Probably almost all inorganic bodies assume a crystalline form ; but it is particularly seen in the metals, sulphur, camphor, and the various salts.

To bring it about, the particles must be allowed freedom of motion; therefore the first step to be taken is to give to the solid either a liquid or a gaseous form: the first is usually effected by solu�tion in water, the second by the agency of heat. Space and time are then required, so that the par�ticles may arrange themselves according to the polarity of their atoms.

Several circumstances influence the formation and regularity of crystals, as light, heat, motion, and the electrical state of the air.

In pharmacy, when heat alone is applied to the solid, the process is designated sublimation, as before observed; and thus it is we obtain sulphur, camphor, the chloride and bichloride of mercury, amp;c., in the form of crystals.

When a saline and crystallizable substance is in solution, the fiuid is directed to be evaporated until a pellicle appears on its surface. This pellicle is produced by the particles of the solid congregating together in a confused manner, and is a proof that their attraction for each other is greater than that of the fluid for them. It is called the^oin^ ofcrys-

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tallisation; and as soon as it is seen, the process of evaporation should be stayed, and the vessel allowed to remain at rest, so that crystallization may take place, otherwise an irregular mass will be formed.

It sometimes happens that this pellicle or film does not readily show itself. The solution is then to be tested by withdrawing a drop or two on a piece of glass or some other substance. If, on exposing this to the cool air, crystals begin to form, the evaporation has been carried sufficiently far.

quot;When crystals are tardy in forming, a portion of the same kind of salt thrown into the solution will often hasten the desired effect. It acts as a nucleus around which the particles arrange them�selves. Sometimes a foreign body is introduced for this purpose. The supernatant fluid is called the mother water, and more crystals are obtainable from it by boiling.

Many salts contain water in a state of chemical combination with them : they are then designated hydrous. It gives to them hardness, brilliancy, and transparency, and often determines their form. It is called water of crystallization ; and occasionally it exists in such large quantities, that, when the salts are heated, they dissolve, or undergo watery fusion-Such as do not contain water are said to be anhy�drous.

INTEODUGTIOir.

A salt deliquesces, when it absorbs so much moisture from the air as to become semi-fluid ; and effloresces, when it yields up to the air so much of its water of crystallization as to lose its form and assume the state of powder.

Deceepitatiojs' is a crackling noise arising from the splitting of the crystals, and is caused by heat.

The figures or forms of crystals appear to be multifarious, but they are reducible to a few primitive nuclei: � the Tetraedron or simplest pyramid, which is bound�ed by four surfaces; the triangle or simplest prism, having five surfaces; and the cuhe or simplest solid, having six surfaces, parallel two and two.

The more complex or secondary forms are sup�posed to result from the superposition of other laminae upon these.

Comparatively simple as this theory is. Dr. Wollaston ingeniously suggested that all the primitive forms might be reduced to one, and that one, the supposed form of the ultimate particle of

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matter, viz. the splieroid. This a reference to the above diagrams will explain. The secondary figures he made to depend on increment of the particles, this being influenced by different contingent cir�cumstances.

It was thought at one time that every substance possessed a definite crystalline form, and that a means was thus afforded by which a knowledge of its nature and purity could be ascertained. This, however, cannot be relied on, since there are com�pounds whose forms are alike, but whose chemical constitution is altogether different.

Those which crystallize in the same forms are said to be Isomorphous; those which are nearly alike, Plesiomorphons; and when a substance affords two kinds of crystals, it is designated Dimorphous.

The study of crystallography is of great im�portance to the chemist, as the nature of many substances may be known by an inspection of the forms merely of the crystals ; but these are not to be depended upon, as the media in which crystal�lization takes place have been found to change those forms.

3. Chemical ArriNiTT.

This power, like attraction of cohesion, exerts its influence only at inconceivably small or insen-

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sible distances, but differs from it, in taking place between the particles of dissimilar kinds of matter; hence, in contradistinction, it has been sometimes called Heterogeneous Attraction. It is divided into single and compound or simple and complex. But, for further information on this head, as well as for the laws which govern the combination of bodies, and the properties of the simple or elemen�tary substances adverted to, with the compounds that are formed by their union with one another, I must again refer the student to some of the many valuable treatises on the science of chemistry.

The remaining primary property of matter unno�ticed is Ineetia, by which is implied its inactivity per se, or passiveness.

The secondary properties of matter, as hardness, softness, transparency, amp;c., call for no comment here.

MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES.

THEIR ACTION AND DOSES.

Medicinal Agents are either natural or artifi�cial. The former are derived both from the organic and inorganic kingdoms, being furnished ready prepared by nature: the latter undergo some

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modification, and hence they are called pharmaceu�tical preparations. Many are formed wholly by art.

The manner in which these substances operate involves an interesting therapeutical inquiry. Why they should produce their peculiar action is, per�haps, altogether inexplicable. Their influence is referable to either mechanical, chemical, or vital laws, and sometimes to the whole of these com�bined. Their effects may be attributed,�

1st. To the impression communicated by them to the part to which they are applied, and which is or is not, transmitted to other parts, through the medium of the nerves.

2dly. The agent may be taken into the circula�tion, and pass unchanged to certain organs which it excites ; or becoming decomposed, may produce action by one or more of its constituents.

Thus the changes they induce are either local or remote. They are also relative agents; the amount of their operation depending, in a great degree, upon the peculiar condition of the body. Their full action has reference to the existence of disease in some part or parts of the frame, either functional or organic, which they overcome, and thus they favour the return of health.

They do not produce the same effects in all states of the system; but these effects, if not determined

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are muuh modified by some morbid change which may have taken place. Erom this is at once seen the value of a knowledge of the action of medicines during the prevalence of disease; when the quot; harp of a thousand strings quot; is for a time untuned.

It has been well remarked, that nothing is less accurately fixed in medicine than one of its most important objects, namely, the doses of remedies. Here it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to lay down any definite rules. The proper dose of a therapeutic substance is undoubtedly tliat quantitj-which produces the effect required, whatever may be its numerical denomination. I shall therefore merely give the minimum and maximum doses of each medicinal agent. I may, however, here state my advocacy of repeated small doses of medicines, rather than large or inordinate ones. The latter are often more likely to produce poisonous effects than to elicit the medicinal action of the drug. They may be a means of trying the powers of resistance existing in the animal economy, instead of showing the beneficial influence of the agent over disease. Moreover, nothing is more fallacious than that with increase of quantity we have increased action ; indeed we might with many agents have precisely the reverse of that desired. Eepeated small doses of a therapeutic substance are far

INTBODtrCTIOM'.

more effectual in combating diseases, and less likely to prove prejudicial than large ones are, which are only to he resorted to when the definite action they are known to cause- is called for.

It is well known that young animals are more easily acted on than old ones; and it has been stated that a colt of a year old will require only one third of that which is necessary to cause the desired action in a full-grown horse ; one of two years old one half; and a three years old two thirds as much. Perhaps the same laws wall applv to other animals ; but experiments are wanting to confirm them.

Mons. Tabourin, adverting to the comparative action of medicines on different animals, remarks on the difficulty that exists for establishing the exact doses for each, but as a means to avoid too large a quantity being administered, he gives the following table :


Oxen	. 1	part	. 32 grammes
Horses	. 4		. 26 �
Mules.	1		#9632; 21
Asses			� 16
Pigs, Sheep, Goats			� 12
Dogs, Monkeys	tV		. 2-50 �
Cats, Eabbits .	� A		� 1-25 �
Fowls	� amp;		� 1

INTBODUCTION.


	Under quot;the influence of age,quot; lie	quotes another
	table by M. Hertwig, wbo gives the	doses for vari-
	ous animals of different ages as follows:�
	Oxen.
	2 to 4 years . 1 part	32 grammes.
	1 to 2 � . . i #9632;	l�
	G montbs to 1 year i .	� 8 �
	3 to 6 months . g .	4 �
	1 to 3 � . _TV #9632;	2 �
	SOLIPEDES.
	3 to 6 years . 1 part	24 grammes.
	18 months to 3iyrs \| .	12 �
	9 to 18 montbs . i .	6 ,.
	5 to 9 � � 5 #9632;	3 �
	1 to 5 � . -xV .	. 150 �
	Sheep.
	18 months to 3 yrs. 1 part	. 12grammes.
	9 to 18 months . i #9632;	� 6 �
	5 to 9 � . i �	� 3 �
	3 to 5 � . J .	. 1-50 �
	ItoS � . i_s #9632;	. 075 �
	Dogs,
	6 months to 1 year 1 part	4 grammes.
	3 to 6 months . % .	� 2 �
	14 to 3 � . i .	#9632; 1 �
	20 to 45 days . \ .	. 050 �
	10 to 20 � . _TV �	. 025 �

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No one rightly instructed will neglect the con�sideration of many circumstances that materially affect the operation of a therapeutic agent, as con�formation, condition, age, sex, nature of the disease, temperament, season of the year, and the idiosyn-cracy of the patient; nor must a judicious combi�nation of remedies he forgotten, in which a knowledge of the laws of chemistry is called for.

Under this head I would advise the study of Paris's ' Pharmacologia,' Thomson's ' Materia Medica,' and Headland ' On the Action of Medi�cines.' The principles there laid down should not be lightly passed over by the student, although all that is advanced by these writers may not be found to apply to veterinary medicine.

MODES OF ADMINISTRATION.

The forms in which medicines are generally exhibited to the larger animals, are the ball and the draught. The first is the safest, and, consequently is most commonly preferred. The shape of a ball should be that of an elongated spheroid ; and, for the sake of cleanliness, it should be enveloped in thin tissue paper before administered. The size in which it is commonly given is too large. It should never exceed an ounce and a half in weight; an ounce would be preferable; indeed, it may be said,

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#9632;without fear of contradiction, that a ball can neither be too small, nor of too soft a consistence, provided it can be given. On this account it is not an ndvisable plan to keep many balls ready formed. In large establishments, however, for the sake of expedition, this rule is often departed from. It is far better that masses should be retained in jars whose inner surface is covered with a film of oil, and portions abstracted as recpi ired.

The draught, however, has properties that we avail ourselves of, and in many instances this form is imperatively called for. Action is more quickly induced by it than by the ball, not only from its not being so long retained in the stomach, but also from its being diffused over a greater extent of surface: its effects, however, more quickly pass off.

For cattle and sheep this is almost the invariable mode in which medicines are exhibited. The great advantage resulting from this is, that fluids, after passing into the rumen, flow quickly onwards into the second and third stomachs, without being re�gurgitated, like solid ingesta, before they enter the fourth, or true digestive stomach.

For the dog, both pill and draught are resorted to.

Some medicaments are advantageously given through the medium of enemas. This is particu�larly the case when a speedy evacuation of the

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bowels is required. Possibly they merit a more general employment than hitherto they have been thought deserving of, since absorption is very rapid from the large intestines, and the agent undergoes but little change before it is taken into the cir�culation. Others may be sprinkled over the ani�mal's provender.

A few vaporous and gaseous bodies are inhaled ; and sometimes an extension of the endermic method is very properly adopted, a seton, or a rowel, being covered with the agent and placed under the skin for this purpose. The energetic substances that can be thus applied are chiefly the vegetable alka�loids, hydrocyanic acid, amp;c.

quot;The absorbent property of the skin,quot; says Erasmus quot;Wilson, quot; is sometimes taken advantage of for the purpose of introducing nutritive matters into the system, and, at others, for the exhibition of medicinal substances. Some of the latter produce their characteristic effects when simply applied to the surface by means of a bath or poultice; but more frequently we find it necessary to resort to the additional aid of friction; and, moreover, we select those parts of the skin in which the epidermis is thinnest. The substances to he absorbed must be presented to the skin in the state of solution or suspension in water or oil; but it must be admitted that the quantity taken into the system is very

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small. The exhibition of medicinal substances by friction on the skin, termed the latraleptic method, is only adapted for the more powerful medicines, and is rarely employed at the present day, except�ing in the instances of mercury, croton oil, strych�nine, amp;c. The epidermis acts as an impediment to absorption, and, as such, as an important safeguard against the admission of injurious and poisonous substances into the system. Thus we find that it is only after long soaking, or by long-continued friction, that we are enabled to overcome this natural defence, and then only to a very partial extent. But when the epidermis is removed the case is altogether altered. The dermis is a highly absorbent tissue, and medicinal substances and poisons, when brought in contact with it, frequently act with as much rapidity and energy as when introduced into the stomach. On this account the endermic method, as it is called, offers some advan�tages when medicines disagree with the alimentary canal, or are repelled with loathing by the patient. In the adoption of this method of administering medicinal agents, it is necessary to raise a blister in the most expeditious and least painful manner, unless there be an open wound already present, and then sprinkle the substance, in a state of fine powder, over the surface. It follows, therefore, that such medicines can alone be administered in

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this manner as produce tteir 'eifects in very small doses, such as strychnine, morphine, digitalis, bella�donna, amp;c. The absorbent power of the skin ia sometimes painfully evinced in the inflammation of the kidneys which follows the application of a blister, in the constitutional effects resulting from the absorption of lead, or in those which succeed the use of arsenic to ulcerated surfaces.quot;

In extreme cases, direct injection into the veins is had recourse to, but only in extreme cases ; and here, more than in any other division, data are wanted to guide us. It is a rich and an almost untrodden field, and would amply repay the labour of the cultivator.

A little advice, perhaps might be given respect�ing the Dispensabt, or Phaemacy. But, were I to enter fully into this, I should say more than would be agreeable to many, for too little care is commonly manifested in this department. Negli�gence necessarily leads to the accumulation of filth, and this to waste. Over the door, or in some conspicuous place, these mottoes may be written:�

quot; OEDEB IS GAIN.quot;

quot; A PIACE FOE EVEEX THING, AND EVEET THING

IN ITS PLACE.quot;

The Pharmacy should also be furnished with fit

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apparatus for the compounding of medicines, as balances, graduated and other measures, mortars, amp;c., as all pharmaceutical compounds should be made by the practitioner or his assistant, and almost every drug employed by him powdered under his superintendence, for thus alone will he ensure the full and desired action of his therapeutic agents. Nevertheless it must be acknowledged that of late years a great improvement has taken place on the part of druggists, in the preparation of compounds for the use of the veterinary surgeon, they no longer thinking that quot; anything is good enough for a horse.quot; This would we earnestly advise, that only genuine drugs, and of good quality, be ever pur�chased by the practitioner of veterinary medicine. If possible, uniformity of temperature should be preserved. And although no display is called for, yet neatness will be ensured, and the place ren�dered both agreeable and profitable to the student, by attention to many little things which so much enchance his comfort. A small library, containing a few select books, and a table, with chemical apparatus, (not, however, of a costly kind,) may be introduced; while the fire-place will suffice both for the making of his pharmaceutical compounds, and performing chemical experiments when the duties of the day are over. Thus will he be almost unconsciously laying the foundation for future

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acquirements. I urge this, because I know how sadly the inculcation of first principles is neglected by too many, and of how much importance it is that they should be implanted in early life; for by means of these alone can the superstructure be raised either pleasurably or permanently.

MANUAL OF PHAEMACY,

ETC.

Acacije Gummi, Acacia Gum. Vulgo: Gum Arabic.

Gum is a proximate vegetable principle, probably the result of the first and simplest change which the sap undergoes in the plant.

Many varieties exist, but the kind most in use is yielded by the �cacia Vera, which is a native of the sandy parts of Arabia Petrsea and Egypt. It exudes in a liquid state from fissures in the bark of the trunk and branches, but soon hardens on exposure to the sun and air. It has been conjec�tured to be the result of disease, since weakly trees, in wet seasons, yield the greatest quantity.

Many kinds are met with in the shops, and different qualities are found mixed together in the same package, termed quot; gum in sorts.quot; The best

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comes from Morocco in chests and casks, and has a specific gravity varying from l^-30 to 1-50.

Composition.�Liehig makes gum to consist of

C^HijO,!, or

12 atoms carhon . . . 6 x 12 = 72 11 � oxygen . . . 8 x 11 = 88 11 � hydrogen . . 1 x 11 = 11

Equivalent . . 171

Some writers double these proportions.

Qualities and Uses.�Grood gum occurs in pieces of an irregular shape and size, which are colourless, or nearly so, semi-transparent, insipid, and inodor�ous. It is soluble in water in every proportion, but insoluble in oil and alcohol; the latter pre�cipitating gum from its watery solution. Its ac�tion is that of a demulcent, sheathing the surfaces over which it passes, and defending them from the action of acrid substances. For this purpose it is employed in the form of mucilage, made by dis�solving one part of gum in two or three parts of water; which is also frequently had recourse to as a vehicle for the suspension of insoluble matters, such as chalk, hellebore, amp;c.; and occasionally for rendering oils miscible with water, thus forming emulsions.

Much has been said of the use of mucilaginous

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solutions in urinary affections; the relief which they aflford, however, may be referred chiefly to the fluid that is given, the gum probably undergoing some change in the alimentary canal. As a de�mulcent, or sheather, to the mucous lining mem�brane of the intestines, it has been advantageously resorted to in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. The quantity given may he almost ad libitum.

Many practitioners employ mucilage to give consistence to masses, but such are apt to become hard. A better material is either honey, treacle, lard, palm oil, or soft soap when admissible. Grlycerin has also been advocated by some persons.

Acidum Aceticum, Acetic Acid. Old names: Strong Acetic Acid, Pyroligneous Acid.

After the vinous fermentation has been excited in a saccharine solution, and this is exposed to the influence of the atmosphere and a higher tempe�rature, another kind of action is set up, which ter�minates in the formation of a sour compound denominated vinegar, a fluid too well known to need much description. It contains water, colouring matter, mucilage, and a little alcohol, besides acetic acid, which is the cause of its acidity. This last never amounts to more than five

4inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF

per cent, and is formed by the oxidation of the alcohol at the expense of atmospheric oxygen. The following diagram will explain the process.

Change during the Acetous Fennentation.

Materials.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Products.

f Carbonnbsp; nbsp;. 4 eq. 6 x 4 = 24------------.-m\ eq. Hydrated

1 #9632;RninVnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .--quot;quot;.'''/ Acetic Acid = CO

AllhT-J ^0l^^anbsp; � 3 .#9632; 8X2= 16--//

*-Hydrogen 6 � 6x1

(.2V/

4 Equiv. f Oxygen . 2 � 8x2= 16'' \

^XySe'¹ ⁼ ³²1 Oxygen . 2 � 8x2= 16------------i.3 eq. Water

9 X 3 = 18

By the distillation of ordinary vinegar we obtain diluted acetic acid in a state of compara�tive purity; but by far the greater quantity is now procured by the destructive distillation of the harder woods. For this purpose billets of these woods are placed in iron cylinders and subjected to heat, when much watery vapour and some inflammable gases are disengaged, and the pro�ducts collected in the receiver consist of dilute acetic acid, tar, empyreumatic oil, and pyroxylic spirit. Charcoal remains in the retort. Recently saw-dust has been employed instead of hard wood. The impure acid being allowed to stand undis�turbed for some weeks, deposits the tar, but it yet retains much of its colouring matter and peculiar

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odour; these are partlylaquo; removed by re-distillation. To this distilled acid, lime is now added to satura�tion, and the acetate of lime formed is decomposed by means of sulphate of soda: a sulphate of lime is thus thrown down, and an acetate of soda remains in solution. This is evaporated to dry-ness, and fused at a high temperature, so as to separate the impurities, taking care not to decom�pose the salt. This is afterwards effected by means of sulphuric acid aided by heat, in a retort, when acetic acid passes over, and a sulphate of soda remains behind.

The following diagrams will more satisfactorily explain the processes:

79 Acetate of f

{ Ace Lin

tic Acid =51---------------^83 Acet. of Soda

^11,110nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; L Lime

{ Soda ... = 33-' Suiphuric Acid = 40------------^^C8 ^S^- deg;^f ^ ------------------Water 9 x 10 = 90

f Acetic Acid =51------------;r60 Hydrated Acet.

83 Acetate of Soda #9632;lt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,'' Acid

LSoda ... =32 , ,-'

49Hydiatcd Sul-r^Water - ⁼⁹ ^n.

phuricAcid \ sulphuric Acid = 40------------^ 73 dry Sulphate of

Soda

Sometimes the acetate of lime is decomposed by the direct application of sulphuric acid, when the change effected is obvious, being as follows :

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF

79 Acetate of J ^Acetic ^Acil1 quot; ⁵¹................�#9632;.-.#9632;.#9632;--GO Hydratefl Acet.

Acid

^Limenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I Lime ... =28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xquot;.....

49 Hydrated Sul-/ ^Water �� = ⁹phuric Add | Sulplm-icAcid = 40-----------^⁶⁸ ^P¹'' ^of ^Ume

Composition.�C₄H₄0₄, or

4 atoms oxygen...nbsp; nbsp; 8 X 4=32

4 � hydrogen . .nbsp; nbsp; 1 x 4= 4

4 � carbon . . .nbsp; nbsp; 6 x 4=24

Equivalent . . 60

Qtmlities and Uses.�Acetic acid is a pellucid colourless fluid, agreeably sour, and possessing the penetrating odour of vinegar. Its strength is as�certained by its saturating power; for instance, dry acetic acid saturates almost exactly its own weight of pure carbonate of lime; or 50 parts will saturate 117 of crystallized carbonate of soda. When the hydrated acid is obtained in the most concentrated form, it is designated glacial acetic acid, from its becoming solid and crystalline at a low temperature. It consists of,

1 atom acetic anhydride . . =51 1 � water......=9

Equivalent of hydrated acetic acid 60 Specific gravity l^-044, 100 parts by weight contain, according to ' British Pharmacopoeia,' 33

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parts of the acetic acid HOjC^HgO., or HC₂H₃0₂, corresponding to 28 parts of anhydrous acetic acid.

This is about seven times the strength of ordi�nary vinegar, and, if it be in this proportion diluted with distilled water, it will supersede that compound for all medicinal purposes. It is a rubefacient and antiseptic, correcting the fetor of phagedenic ulcers, and it assists in the exfoliation of carious bone. As an external applicant, how�ever, it is seldom employed except as the solvent of more active substances. Combined with chloride of ammonium, it is used as a discutient for indolent tumours; and, diluted with water, it has been occasionally resorted to with success for giving tone to the relaxed fibre in cases of sprain, amp;c. As strong acetic acid readily dissolves cam�phor and the essential oils, an efficacious rubefa�cient may be made by their union.

Tests.�When pure, it ia entirely evaporated by heat. If sulphuric acid be present, it is shown by the addition of chloride or nitrate of barium which give a white precipitate of sulphate of baryta insolu�ble in nitric and hydrochloric acids; if hydrochloric acid, by nitrate of silver, which throws down chloride of silver; if nitric acid, by its bleaching a solution of indigo ; if lead and copper, by the pro�duction of a black or brown coloration or precipi-

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t�te on the addition of hydrosulpliuric acid after dilution.

Incompatibles.�Acetic acid is rarely given as medicine. Occasionally it has been administered for the purpose of checking internal hsemorrhages; but the diluted mineral acids are to be preferred, which produce this effect by coagulating the albu�minous part of the blood, as they undergo no change in transitu.

It is mostly employed as a topical remedy. Pharmaceutically it is used as a solvent for the active principle of the blistering fly, and in the formation of the acetates of ammonia and of lead.

It is incompatible with the alkalies, the earths, their carbonates, and most substances that are acted upon by other acids.

The impure pyroligneous acid, as it passes over contaminated with tar, has been found serviceable in cases of mange, herpes, amp;c.; but the tarry matter that remains after the distillation of the impure acid is more commonly used, under the name of Oil or Spirit of Tar; it being for this pur�pose mixed with an equal quantity of any bland oil. A better compound is formed as follows, con�stituting the ordinary mange liniment of the Eoyal Veterinary College:

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LlNIMENTtm PlCIS LlQUIDiE CoMPOSITUM,

Compound Liniment of Tar.

Take of Pyroligneous Oil of Tar, Oil of Turpentine, quot;Whale, Seal, or Eape Oil, of each equal parts.

Mix together, so as to form a liniment. This is to be applied by means of a brush every second day for two or three times, and then washed off with soft soap and water. In severe cases of mange the addition of a sufficient quantity of sulphur so as to form a soft paste may be beueficially made.

Oil or Tab is also procured by the distillation of common tar, pitch being the residuum. When recently distilled, it is a transparent fluid of a pale colour, which becomes of a dark brown by age. It has the smell of tar, and bums freely, emitting much smoke. It readily mixes with alcohol and the fixed and volatile oils, leaves a greasy stain upon paper, and evaporates very slowly on ex�posure to air. Its specific gravity is l^-46.

It has been extensively employed as an excitant to wounds, which it powerfully stimulates ; and consequently, when the healing process is tardy in them, it will be found a useful application^ Its offensive smell, however, may preclude its general use. It is a valuable adjuvant to mnat compounds

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for mange in all our domestic animals; and is of admirable utility in preventing the attack of the fly, or for healing the wounds inflicted by the fly on sheep. Perhaps its activity, both when applied to the skin and as a traumatic, is referable to the presence of creasote.

Wood-spibit on jiethtlic alcohol is another product of the destructive distillation of wood, amounting on an average to not more than one per cent. It is separated from the crude wood vinegar by distillation, then re-distilled, and rectified over quicklime, when a pure spirit passes over, which is an active solvent of the gum resins. It will there�fore be found to be a valuable substitute for rectified spirits of wine in the formation of the tincture of aloes and myrrh, and also as a menstruum for the active principle of the blistering fly. In the shops it is sometimes known by the name of rectified naphtha; chemically, it is viewed as an liy�rate of the oxide of methyl, being the alcohol of the methylio series. It is a limpid, volatile liquid, having a peculiar odour, and a ;iot disagreeable taste. It is inflammable, burning with a pale-coloured flame, depositing no soot. Its specific gravity is about '800. quot;When pure, is not altered by exposure to air or light, and mixes in all pro�portions with water, alcohol, and ether, without becoming turbid. Acted on by sulphuric acid, it

PHARIIACT.

forms an ether�methylic ether, or oxide ofmetliyl� as alcohol does.

Permission for the employment of thisspirit in the preparation of medicines has lately been withdrawn by Government. It is, however, to be hoped that an especial authority will be obtained from the Board of Inland Eevenue in favour of its use for Veterinary purposes.

Composition.�C₂H₄0₂, (CH₄0) or

2 atoms carbon . . 6 x 2 = 12 4 � hydrogen 1x4= 4 2 � oxygen. .8x2 10

Equivalent

. 32

Acidum Aeseniosum, Arsenious Acid. Vulgo: Arsenic.

The metal arsenicum is capable of combining with difterent proportionals of oxygen, amongst which the one under notice is the most common. It has received various names, such as the oxide of arsenic, white arsenic, and, for brevity, arsenic. It is principally brought from Saxony and Bohemia, where it is obtained in large quantities by roasting the ores of cobalt, and likewise arsenical pyrites. For this purpose a furnace resembling a baker's oven is used, having a long flue or horizontal

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chimney, into which the fumes pass and are con�densed in the form of a greyish or blackish pow�der. This is refined by a second sublimation in closed vessels, adding a little potassa to detain the impurities.


Composition.		�AsCX,, or As^Og.
1	atom	arsenieum , .		.	=	75
3	atoms	oxygen . 8 Equivalent .	X	3	---	24 99

Qualities and Uses.�Arsenious acid occurs in two forms, either in that of a solid semi-vitreous mass, or in opalescent pieces. It is commonly sold in the shops in the state of powder, when it is frequently mixed with either the carbonate or the sulphate of lime or baryta, a fraud which is easily detected by its not being entirely volatilized by heat, which takes place at 380deg; Fahr. It has no smell, emits no odour when burnt, and leaves on the palate a sweetish taste. Its specific gravity is 3-7.

I have sometimes thought it would be as well if arsenious acid could be dispensed with as a thera�peutic agent, since, when injudiciously adminis�tered, death has often resulted ; the whole of the abdominal viscera being then found in a high state of inflammation, and the lining membrane of the

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stomach and intestines eroded in patcbes. But it may be said the abuse of a remedy is no argument against its usefulness; and several practitioners, and those of note too, are in the constant habit of giving it as a tonic, in doses varying from five to ten grains daily, and frequently as much as twenty grains have been thus administered. Others em�ploy it as a vermifuge.

Mr. H. Lepper, sen., strongly advocates its exhi�bition in eases of debility consequent on catarrhal affections, in which the nasal discharge continues after the active stage of the disease has passed off, and there are fears entertained of glanders supervening. He gives it in ten grain doses, every twelve hours, mixed with the animal's food, and he has communi�cated to me several cases in which the beneficial action of the agent has been most marked. He adds, quot; I believe it is from its being given in the form of powder in the food, that I am enabled, sometimes, to give it in double the above quantity, without having witnessed any ill effects in a single instance during its use for many years.quot; Dr. Hering says that an arsenious acid may be given to the horse in his food in doses of from fifteen grains to a drachm, but that in a fluid state scarcely half the quantity is admissible. He likewise recommends the application of a solution of it for obstinate skin affections both in the horse and pig.

�4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A HANUAL OF

By those of the old school it is extolled as a caustic, and a very powerful one doubtlessly it is ; but there is this disadvantage attending its use,�we cannot confine its action, and, oftentimes, a most extensive and painful sore is caused by it.

Occasionally it is resorted to for the eradication of warts, although a better plan is to extirpate them at once by the knife. quot;WThen, however, this is inadmissible, one part of arsenious acid, in a state of fine powder, may be intimately mixed with four parts of lard, and a portion of the compound applied with friction over and around the ex�crescences, every other day for three or four times. This will excite such powerful sloughing action that, in about ten days, the warts will be thrown elf. A safer caustic would be sulphuric acid made into a paste with sulphur.

Some practitioners advocate the employment of Meectjeialised CoLLODioif, made by adding one part of finely-pulverized bichloride of mercury, to eight parts of collodion, shaking them together and applying the mixture to tie warts with a camel's hair brush.

A thousand parts of water at a mean tempera�ture, according to Phillips, will take up from 9 to 12 parts of arsenic in 36 hours. At the boiling point the same quantity of water dissolves 97 parts of the transparent kind ; but 79 parts are precipi-

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tated on cooling, thus leaving 18 parts in solution. By this it appears a much greater quantity of this acid is retained in solution when boiling water has been employed than when cold,�a fact as curious as it is inexplicable. Its solubility is increased by the addition of the alkali soda or potassa, when a compound is formed, much used for the destruction of vermin in cattle and sheep, as pediculi, acari, Sfc, for which the following form may he adopted:

SHEEP-WASH.

Take of Arsenious Acid, in powder,

Carbonate of Potash, of each six ounces;

quot;Water, fourteen gallons. Boil together for half-an-hour.

A more complex form is as follows :

Take of Arsenious Acid, in powder. Soft Soap, and Carbonate of Potash, of each six ounces ; Sulphur, four ounces; Hellebore Eoot, bruised, two ounces ; Water, fourteen gallons.

Boil the ingredients in a portion of the water for half an hour, or until the Arsenic is dissolved, then add the remainder of the water, and strain throiigh a coarse sieve.

56nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MAXUAL or

In the use of arsenical solutions Mr. Youatt says, quot; more care than is usually taken should be exercised, in order that the fluid may penetrate to every part of the skin; and which should be ensured by a previous washing with soft soap and water. The arsenic that necessarily remains about the wool when the water has dried away would, probably, destroy the acari as fast as they are produced. When a greater quantity of arsenic has been used, or the sheep has been kept too long in the water, fatal consequences have occasionally ensued.quot;

On the Continent a mixture of Arsenious Acid and the Sulphate of Zinc, in the proportion of one pound of the former to ten pounds of the latter, dissolved in twenty-five gallons of water, is em�ployed. Also a solution of Arsenious Acid in vinegar.

In Australia a weak solution of the Bichloride of Mercury is resorted to; one ounce of this salt being dissolved in four gallons of water.

Tests.�Arsenious acid is entirely sublimed by heat. If mixed with charcoal, and heated, it emits an aliaceous odour, arising from the vaporization of the metal arsenicum, which, being conducted in a proper test tube, and condensed, constitutes the test by reduction. Sulphuretted hydrogen added to its watery solution, slightly acidulated, throws

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down a yellow precipitate,�the ter-sulpliide of arsenicum ; the ammonia-sulphate of copper yields a green insoluble compound,�arsenite of copper ; and the ammonio-nitrate of silver, a yellow one,� arsenite of silver. These constitute the tests by liquid re-agents; and to them may be added the test hy nascent hydrogen. This last may be effected either in accordance with Mr. Marsh's plan or my own. By the former, hydrogen is generated from the suspected fluid by means of zinc and diluted sulphuric acid, when, if arsenic is present, it becomes arseniuretted hydrogen. This being allowed to escape through a small jet, is set on fire, and the flame caused to impinge on a piece of porcelain or glass, when the characteristic film of the metal arsenicum will be deposited. That this is arsenicum is to be proved by dissolving the film in nitric acid by the aid of heat, drying it, and to the arsenic acid thus obtained adding a solution of the nitrate of silver, when a brick-red precipi�tate is thrown down. This is the more necessary, since antimony and a few other metals being soluble in hydrogen, also give a metallic film.

The principal objections to this method are, that both zinc and sulphuric acid are nearly always contaminated with arsenic; the results, therefore, have proved deceptive. Both of these objections are obviated by a plan proposed by me, namely,

A MANUAL OF

that of causing the decomposition of the suspected fluid by means of galvanism. For this purpose the contents of the stomach, or portions of the organism supposed to contain the poison, are boiled in dis�tilled water, adding a little carbonate or nitrate of potassa, and the solution thus obtained is intro�duced into a cylindrical glass vessel, within which is a cone-shaped one surmounted with a stop-cock and jet. The apparatus is now connected with a small galvanic battery, and the negative electrode made to communicate with the cone-shaped receiver, when, if arsenic be present in the fluid, arseniuretted hydrogen will be given off, which, after accumulat�ing, is to be allowed to escape at the jet, and then inflamed. So delicate is this test, that a grain of arsenious acid dissolved in a gallon of water afforded many metallic films; and the dilution might have been carried further but that it was thought to be sufficiently minute for judicial veterinary investigation.

The subjoined woodcut will give a clearer idea of the apparatus than the most elaborate descrip�tion (page 59).

These modes for the detection of arsenic have been superseded by the simple and ingenious method proposed by Professor Eeinsch; which consists in acidulating the suspected fluid with hydrochloric acid, in the proportion of two

PHARMACY.

fluid drachms of the acid to every eight ounces of fluid, then introducing a thin plate of polished copper, and apply�ing heat. If arsenic be present, it will be deposited in the form of a delicate metallic crust, which being separated, is to be introduced into a small glass tube; or should this be impracticable,

the copper is to be

Galvano-arscnical apparatus.

cut into slips and placed at the bottom of the tube. The flame of a spirit lamp being now applied, the characteristic crystals of arsenious acid will be obtained, which may be chased up and down the tube so as to determine their perfect formation, or, being dis�solved in water, they will give the indications already spoken of by the application of the liquid re-agents to the solution.

Instead of copper foil. Dr. Alfred Taylor substi�tutes fine copper gauze, containing 16,000 apertures

A MANUAL OF

to the square inch, by which an extent of surface exceedingly great is obtained. After the deposit of arsenicum has taten place on it, it is to be dried between folds of blotting-paper, and then rolled into a small compass and introduced into the reduction tube. This plan he considers more con�venient than any other; and of all the methods of detecting arsenic, there is none, he says, so simple, so speedy, or so easy of execution as this.

This test is certainly very delicate and of easy application, but the objections to it are, that antimony, zinc, bismuth, and tin, will also tarnish copper. This fact points out the necessity of a careful examination of the metallic film. Its oxi�dation and solution, with the application of certain re-agents, have already been adverted to ; but Dr. Christison asks. What other metalliform substance but arsenic yields by heat and oxidation a white sublimate having triangular facets ?

Incompatibles.�It is sometimes the case that this poisonous drug has been administered in too large a dose; and even when applied externally, serious consequences have supervened. The only counter-agent, on which it appears any reliance whatever can be placed, is the hydrated peroxide of iron, made by adding to a solution of the proto-sulphate of iron, sulphuric acid, and a little nitric acid, boiling it, and then precipitating the oxide

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by ammonia or carbonate of soda. This is to be given in large quantities, newly prepared, and in the form of a soft paste. In the absence of this, the hydrated sulphide of iron may be had recourse to. Animal charcoal and magnesia have also been advocated.

Horses and cattle in the neighbourhood of the copper-smelting works in Wales becomethe subjects of chronic diseases of the joints, and periosteal exostosis, of which several specimens are in the Museum of the Eoyal Veterinary College, through inhaling the noxious arsenical and other fumes dis�engaged, or partaking of the herbage on which they have become condensed.

Dr. Shafheutl caused some of the fumes as they escaped to come into forcible contact with steam, when a solid compound was deposited on the cool surfaces of the chamber connected with the cal�cining furnace. It formed beautiful crystallised leaves or tables, and was found to consist of�

68^-250 arsenious acid 27^,643 sulphuric acid

3^-029 protoxide of iron

0^-420 oxide of copper

0-656 oxide of nickel

0-002 loss

100-

62nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MANUAL OF

The late Mr. Eickards informed me that at St. Just, near Penzance, Cornwall, two or three in�stances of death in horses had fallen under his notice, which he satisfactorily traced to the arsenical fumes given off from the tin-burning houses, he having clearly demonstrated the existence of ar-senious acid in the stomach. Cattle, in like manner, frequently die from the same cause. I am indebted to him for a sample of the impure arsenious acid, which is pulverulent and of a grey colour. He states that when the tin ore is mixed with copper it is then found necessary to pass it through the oven to remove the impurities, so as to render it fit for smelting.

Arsenious acid being the only compound usually resorted to medicinally, I here venture to introduce to the notice of the profession another, the Iodide of Aesenicxtm, from the employment of which I anticipate much good will be found to result. It is obtained by heating together one part of metallic arsenic, and three or four parts cf iodine. The iodide is of a deep red colour, crystalline, and may be purified by sublimation. According to Brande, quot; a pure iodide of arsenic is obtained by fusing to�gether about three parts of finely-powdered arsenic and ten of iodine, digesting the mass in hot alcohol, filtering and setting aside to crystallize. It forms

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red lamellar crystals, which fuse and sublime when heated.quot;

Composition.�Asl₃ or,

1 atom arsenicum . . , . = 75 3 atoms iodine . 126 x 3= 378

Equivalent .... 453

Qualities and Uses.�This, from its composition, will be seen to be a ter-iodide of the metal, occur�ring in crystals of a deep red colour. When acted on by water, it produces hydriodic and arsenious acids, and on evaporating the solution, a compound of arsenious acid and iodide of arsenic is obtained. Its action is tbat of an alterative tonic, and may be given in doses varying from five grains to twenty grains daily; commencing with the smaller quantity, and very gradually increasing the dose. It may be advantageously conjoined with the vegetable bitters, as gentian, and some carminative, or given sprinkled over the animal's provender.

In only a comparatively few cases that I have been made acquainted with has this agent yet been tried, but the results have been such as warrant me to speak of it in terms of recommendation. I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Eamsbottom and Mr. G. Teomans for communications detailing its beneficial action in cases simulating glanders, also in chronic

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nasal gleet, farcy, and oedema accompanied with much debility; all of which diseases have, in their hands, yielded to it. I would suggest to our professional brethren in India a trial of this agent in Bursauttee, as in many skin diseases it has proved of service.

Acidttm Caebohctjm.�Carlolio Acid.

Synonym, Phenic Acid, Phenolic Acid, Phenol, Phenylic Alcohol, Hydrate of Oxide of Phenyl.

HO,C₁₂H₆0, or HC^O

This acid was discovered in 1834 by Eunge, and more especially studied somewhat later by Laurent. Eunge's process of preparation was as follows:

The crude oil obtained by the distillation of coal is redistilled with oxide of copper, and to this distillate one sixth of its weight of iirne, previously slaked and mixed with fifty times its weight of water, is added.

The mixture so obtained is exposed for eight hours in a warm place with frequent agitations. The lime solution of the carbolic and other acids, is then separated by decantation from the neutral oils swimming on its surface; then filtered and neutralized with hydrochloric acid.�The acid sepa�rates as an oil, which is removed and submitted to

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diatillation, the first third of the distillate being the carbolic acid in a crude state. To purify this acid, Eunge dissolves it in the necessary amount of water, and precipitates it with acetate of lead. The precipitate is washed and mixed with sulphuric acid or bisulphate of potassa, and this mixture distilled, the carbolic acid passing into the receiver.

Laurent's Process.�The portion of the tar oils distilling between 150deg; and 200deg; C. is collected apart, and after reheating to 100deg; C. is mixed with an extremely concentrated solution of caustic potash mixed with fragments of the hydrate. A crystal�line pasty mass is obtained, which is left to cool and is then dissolved in water. The neutral and basic oils swim on the surface and are removed by decantation, after which the alkaline solution is filtered and rendered slightly acid with hydro�chloric acid. The oily acid separates and swims on the surface; thence it is decanted, well washed with water, dried over chloride of calcium, and distilled, the distillate being collected in a very dry receiver, which is cooled down slowly to 8deg; to lO C. when the acid crystallizes. The mother-liquor is drained off, leaving the crystals of carbolic acid, which must be carefully kept from the air, as they attract moisture with great avidity, becoming again liquid.

Although the above are the processes by which

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this now important product was first discovered and studied, they are no longer resorted to, either for the preparation of the crude or refined acid.

Crude carbolic acid is now prepared by a process first brought to England by M. Marnas, of Lyons, and which consists essentially in treating the light oil of tar with dilute caustic soda solution, separat�ing the dissolved acids by sulphuric acid, decanting the oily acids, and allowing them to become clear by repose.

Tor the preparation of crystallized carbolic acid, the only quality of crude acid used is that prepared by M. Mamas' process, or some slight modification of it, as the original processes give a crude acid containing too much cresylic and other tar acids to be practically available on a manufacturing scale. The refining process employed in the manufacture of crystallized carbolic acid, on the large scale, was first successfully worked out in England in 1861 by Mr. Charles Lowe, Phoenix Chemical quot;Works, Manchester, who is very extensively engaged in this business. This process, which is necessarily of a very intricate nature, consists essentially of a combined system of fractional distillation and crystallization at given temperatures.

For the above description of the discovery and formation of carbolic acid, I am indebted to Mr. Clement Lowe, M.E.C.V.S.

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Of late years this acid has been most extensively and advantageously resorted to as a disinfectant, and also for the purpose of destroying the virus of poisons, miasms, lt;fce. Various are its applications.

As an ordinary disinfectant for stables, cow-sheds, amp;c., one gallon of carbolic acid may be mixed with ten gallons of whitewash. For the floors, a much more dilute solution,�one part to a hundred,� will be found effectual.

It has been stated that this acid has been found destructive of the poison germ both of cholera and the cattle plague, especially in the form of carbolate of soda, which salt is also a haemostatic as well as a disinfectant. A solution of it, in the proportion of from 5ij to 5iv of the concentrated acid to a pint of pure water, adding from 5SS to 5J of rectified spirit, has been advocated in cancerous sores and ill-conditioned wounds; hence, in canker and thrush in the foot of the horse, and foot rot in sheep, this compound will be found beneficial; or a mixture of one part of carbolic acid and four to six parts of glycerine may be employed.

I am indebted to Messrs Ernes and Lowe for the following uses of carbolic acid in veterinary practice.

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Crystallizinri Points of Charles Lowe and Co.'s Carholic Acid.

Pure Carbolic Acid, crystallizing atnbsp; . 108deg; Fahr. Ko. 1 quality, �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;95deg; �

2nbsp; do. (flocks),nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;85deg; �

3nbsp; do.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;60deg; �

4nbsp; do. (Uquid),nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;32deg; �

The crystallizing points of the above various qualities of carbolic acid (with the exception of the pure acid) arise from admixtures of cressylic and other tar acids with carbolic acid, the crystal�lizing points lowering according to the proportion of the former acids present.

The pure acid we have had made into caustic-points, and fixed in quill or wood cases, advan�tageously using it instead of the nitrate of silver. No. 1 and 2 qualities are employed as an ordinary caustic for wounds.

Ointment of Carbolic Acid.

Acid Carbolic, 2nd quality, sviij.

Adeps, ibiij.

Magenta Crystal, gr. Jth (for colour merely).

The addition of a little white wax will be found necessary in hot weather.

This ointment we have used largely for all kinds

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of sloughing and unhealthy wounds, particularly of the feet of horses, such as treads, feruneles, amp;c. It is a valuable application for all wounds where there is much discharge, and the parts are not frequently dressed, as it prevents the putrefaction of any pus that may saturate the bandages.

Mixed with 2 parts of sulphur, we have found this ointment of great benefit in quot; mange quot; in the horse; likewise for quot; scab quot; in sheep (the wool being previously removed), and also in the eruption of the skin of the dog commonly called quot; mange.quot;

It likewise allays the itching in many of those affections of the skin which do not depend upon parasites.

(We may here mention that we have been repeatedly applied to for this ointment by aged persons who are suffering from large ulcers in the legs, also persons suffering from ill-conditioned sores, who state that the pain invariably ceases on the first application of the ointment, and the wounds rapidly heal.)

Liniment of Carbolic Acid.

Acid Carbolic . 1 part. Glycerinnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 6 parts.

This is a valuable preparation, and should be applied with a feather to the wounds that show a

A MANUAL OF

disinclination to heal, whether a slough has oc�curred or not, and a little cotton wool be applied after dressing. quot;We have repeatedly found no other application than this necessary. It will be found especially useful in sore backs and shoulders, broken knees, and cracked heels, in horses.

quot;We use acid of this strength (2nd quality, 85deg; Pahr.) for injecting old-standing cases of quot; quittor,quot; and other sinuous wounds whose sides have become callous.

Carbolic Acid Lotion.

Carbolic Acid, No. 3 quality, 60deg; Pahr., 1 part. quot;Water ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40 parts.

This lotion is used as a wash for large wounds after operations. It prevents the decomposition of any blood that may accumulate from hastnorrhage after the wound is sewed up. We cannot speak too highly of the effects of carbolic acid in this respect, as the wounds invariably assume the most healthy aspect, and heal with great rapidity.

If there is much decomposition about the parts the acid of this quality may be applied without dilution.

This lotion, if applied as hot as the animal can bear it, is a certain destroyer of lice in either the horse, ox, sheep, or dog.

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A mixture of Carbolic Acid 1 part, of the above strength, and Seal Oil 2 parts, we have found most effective in inveterate cases of grease and mange. In grease it destroys immediately all fcetor and the irritating effects of the discharge on the sur�rounding tissues.

No. 4 quality acid, crystallizing at 32deg;, will, in a liquid state, be found best adapted for the rough disinfecting of drains, amp;c.

quot;We have also used with advantage Charles Lowe and Co.'s disinfecting powder, which consists of 50 per cent, carbolic acid mixed with the same quantity of hydrated lime, for disinfecting stables, cowsheds, drains, amp;c.

AcinrM HTBKOcntORtcuM.�Hydrochlorie Acid. Old names: Spirit of Salt, Muriatic Acid.

This acid is disengaged by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt; hence the old name for this compound was Spirit of Salt; afterwards it was called Muriatic Aeid; its more correct cognomen will presently be seen to be Hydrochloric Acid. In order to obtain it,

Take of Dried Common Salt, 2 pounds ;

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, by weight

20 ounces; Water, 24 fluid ounces.

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The sulphuric acid is to be diluted with one half of the water in a glass retort, and to it, when cold, the salt is to be added: the remainder of the water being placed in the receiver, the retort is to be attached, and heat applied by means of a sand-bath, when the hydrochloric acid will distil over.

Decomposition,�Common salt is a chloride of sodium ; when to this compound, dissolved in water, sulphuric acid is added, sulphate of soda is formed, and hydrochloric acid is set free, which is absorbed by the water in the receiver. The following diagram will further explain the changes:

Materials.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Products.

00 Cliloride of / ^Chlorine ......= ^3C------------^HydioDh. Acid Gas = 37

Sodiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I sodium......... =24, /

{ Hydrogen...... = X' Oxvgcn......... = Sulphuric Acid = 40 � � Sulphate of Soda = 73

The Composition of hydrochloric acid gas is thus shown to be, HC1, or

1 atom chlorine = 36 1 � hydrogen = 1

Equivalent . 37

Water has so great an affinity for this gas that it can absorb 480 times its bulk of it, considerable heat being produced during the combination. The

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resulting liquid acid should have a specific gravity of 1'16, -which, according to Phillips, consists of

Hydrochloric acid gas ... 34 quot;Water ........GG

100

Qualities and Uses.�When perfectly pure, liquid hydrochloric acid is transparent and colourless ; but as prepared on a large scale it has a yellowish colour arising from the presence either of a little free chlorine or some oxide of iron. It has all the characters of an acid ; emits copious fumes on ex�posure to the air, and erodes animal and vegetable substances. With some of the metals it forms me�tallic chlorides, the hydrogen being liberated. It acts on the carbonates and many metallic oxides, giving rise to metallic chlorides. Its specific gravity varies with the quantity of real acid it contains.

Hydrochloric acid is a tonic, an antiseptic, a caustic, and a lithontriptic. As the first, it is seldom given; as the second, it may be used ex�ternally in the form of lotion, being largely diluted with water. In an undiluted state it will de�compose animal matter, blanching it, and de�stroying any foetor that may exist. It may, there�fore, be employed to touch the surfaces of ulcers

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that have taken on unhealthy action. The terchlo-ride of antimony, or hntyr of antimony of the old school, owes its value to this acid. As a lithontriptic, or solvent of calcareous concretions in the bladder, cases have fallen under my notice in which its employment has been attended with benefit. One case occurred in the practice of the late Mr. Gr. Draper ; another in that of Mr. J. Beeson; and in Vol. II of ' The Transactions of the Veterinary Medical Association,' p 113, Mr. E. H. Hutton has recorded a case in which this agent, after having been given in large doses, caused a calculus, pre�viously ascertained to exist entire, to come away in fragments by the urethra.

In Mr. Beeson's case, it had the effect of softening the calculus, so that, on performing the operation of lithotomy, it broke into pieces. In that of Mr. Draper's, I am inclined to think the particles has not become sufficiently aggregated to constitute a perfect calculus; but the sabulous matter voided was immense, and. the irritation caused by it had brought the animal down almost to the last stage of emaciation. He recovered, however, by the steady administration of this acid, in two-drachm doses given in a pint of srater twice in the day. If we bear in mind that the mineral acids do not undergo assimilation, and that the calcareous deposits in the bladder of the horse

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consist principally of the earthy carbonates, it is not too much to anticipate that such should be the result. As a lithontriptic, it may be given in doses of two or more drachms twice a day, largely diluted with water.

Tests.�Colourless. Entirely evaporated by heat. Mixed with distilled water, neither chloride of barium, nor ammonia, nor its sesqui-carbonate, throws down any precipitate, which proves that no sulphuric acid nor any metallic oxide is in solution. It does not act on gold, nor destroy the colour of the solution of sulphate of indigo, which indicates the absence of free chlorine. 100 grains saturate 132 grains of the crystallized car�bonate of soda. In solution it is precipitated by the nitrate of silver, when a oMoride of silver is formed. quot;With the vapour of ammonia it produces dense white fumes of chloride of ammonium.

Incompatibles.�Alkalies and their carbonates, most metallic oxides, the potassio-tartrate of anti�mony, nitrate of silver, and acetate of lead.

Acidum Htdkoctanicum Diluttjm, Diluted Ry-drooyanic Acid. Old name : Prussic Acid.

Take of Cyanide of Silver, 40 grains ;

Hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1^-129),40 minims; Distilled water, 7 fluid drachms 20 minims.

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Mix the hydrochloric acid and the water, then add the cyanide ; shake together in a well-stopped bottle, and, after a short interval, pour off the clear liquor into another vessel, which keep for use, the access of light being prevented.

I have chosen this extemporaneous process for preparing dilute hydrocyanic acid, as proposed by the late Mr. Everitt, in preference to the form given in the British Pharmacopoeia because it is an agent not yet generally introduced into veterinary practice, nor one in every day re�quest ; while it is very apt, when exposed to light, or not carefully kept, to undergo change. Besides which it is improbable that the veterinary sur�geon will ever make this compound as there directed.

Decomposition.�Hydrochloric acid, composed of hydrogen and chlorine, being added to cyanide of silver, consisting of cyanogen and silver, mutually decompose each other; and insoluble chloride of silver is precipitated, and hydrocyanic acid remains in solution with the water. The reaction is ex�plained by the following diagram :�

134 Cyanide of

r uyanogen

= 26 .............-;.;#9632; Hj�rocyanlc Ada = 27

Silvernbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;| ,;,..... _ -[qq

37Hv,lrocldoric r^HJ'^d,08^en= ¹' \ ^Acldnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; L Chlorine = 30------------� Chloride SUver

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Composition.�The ultimate elements of pure hydrocyanie acid are 2 equiv. carbon = 12 ; 1 equiv. nitrogen = 14; and 1 hydrogen = 1 = 27, or

1 atom cyanogen (CjN) = 26 1 ,, hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; = 1

Equivalent .... 27

The Pharmacopoeia acid is directed to be pre�pared of such strength that 2 parts of real or pure acid shall be contained in 100 parts of the dilute acid.

Properties and Uses.�Dilute hydrocyanic acid is a transparent liquid, free from colour, and goes off entirely in vapour by heat, showing the absence of metallic and other solid impurities, exhaling its peculiar odour. It imparts to litmus a slight fugacious red colour; while the presence of any other acid is shown by the permanent redness of the litmus paper. These may also be taken as tests of its purity.

CoisrcENTRATED or anhxdeous hydrocyanic acid is obtained by the action of strong liquid hydro�chloric acid on the bicyanide of mercury. The vapour, which rises on the application of heat, is first passed over carbonate of lime, in order to deprive it of any hydrochloric acid; and then dry chloride of calcium, to remove any water. The

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receiver should be kept in a freezing mixture. It is thia acid which acts so energetically on the animal economy ; since a few drops suffice to kill large animals, and smaller ones are destroyed by merely passing a camel's hair pencil dipped in it over the eyeball. Its vapour is even more poisonous.

As it is the dilute acid, however, which is em�ployed medicinally, I will describe its action:�It is that of a powerful sedative, and may be given to the horse in doses of from 5^SS to 5j, and even more, for it is surprising what large doses, when gradually increased, this animal will bear; still, perhaps, it would be prudent, in most cases, to commence with the smaller doses. I have adminis�tered four fluid drachms at one time; and, although the effects were very violent, there being a loss of consciousness, with convulsive movements, sterto�rous breathing, and accelerated pulse; yet these effects soon passed away, and then its sedative influ�ence was seen, by the pulse becoming lessened in frequency, and the vital powers much depressed. It has been given in cases of gastric and pulmonary irritation accompanied with cough ; also in carditis; and by some persons it is advocated as a vermifuge. Slowly thrown up as an enema, in quantities of a drachm, two or three times in a day, mixed with about a quart of water, it has been found to lessen

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the muscular contractions in tetanus. The im�pression of the first injection on the nervous system is often very powerful; hut subsequent ones produce comparatively little action that is apparent. It may be exhibited by the mouth in the same disease, after the bowels have been acted upon by a purgative, combining it with other sedatives, for the purpose of tranquillizing the ex�citement of the motor nerves, and thus allaying the general muscular spasm. It has been employed externally to lessen cutaneous irritation ; and Mr. Ainslie found a lotion formed by adding ^ij to 5iij of the acid to a pint of distilled water, most effectual in subduing the itching accompanying impetiginous diseases in dogs. Herring recom�mends it in epilepsy and canine madness. Ex�periments, however, are still wanting to establish its use as a general medicament in veterinary practice.

Tests.�For its purity, see Properties, Sfc. Its presence is indicated by its peculiar odour, which resembles that of bitter almonds, or the peach blossom. The addition of potassa, the proto- and per-sulphate of iron, and a few drops of hydrochloric acid, throws down a deep blue precipitate�the sesqin-ferrocyanide of iron. Nitrate of silver gives a white precipitate�the cyanide of silver, which, on being heated, yields cyanogen.

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Incompatibles.�Most salifiable bases. quot;When mixed with a metallic oxide, its hydrogen com�bines with the oxygen, forming water, and the cyanogen unites with the metal, giving rise to a cyanide.

AciDiria Nitkicum.�Nitric Acid. Old Names : Aqua fortis. Single and Double Nitrous Acid.

This acid is obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on the nitrate of potassa.

Take of Dried Nitrate of Potassa,

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, of each, by weight, two pounds.

Mix them together in a glass retort, and distil the nitric acid, by means of a sand-bath, into a receiver which is kept cool.

Decomposition.�The change which here takes place is easily comprehended. Sulphuric acid, when added to the nitrate of potassa, and aided by a high temperature, effects its decomposition. The sul�phuric acid combines with the potassa, and forms a sulphate of potassa, which remains behind in the retort; while the water unites with the nitric acid which is set free, and these, passing over into the receiver, constitute liquid nitric acid.

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A diagram may further illustrate this; it heing remembered, that two equivalents of sulphuric acid are employed to decompose one equivalent of nitrate of potassa.

1 eq. Nitrate of J¹ ^e(l- ^N'^tric ^Acidnbsp; ^u................T-quot;'⁶³ ^Hy^d- ^Nit''^ic ^Acil1

Potassanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Li � p₀ta_SSa ...nbsp; tf_v

fl � Water ...nbsp; nbsp; 9

3 eq. Hydrateil J , _w _tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

Sulph. Acid 1 ¹ quot; ^W,ltu #9632;#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; '

L2 � Sulph. Acid SO---------^136 Bisulph. of Pot.

This has a specific gravity of l^-5033 to 1'504.

It rarely, however, occurs of this strength in the shops; the proportion of water being commonly doubled. Occasionally, also, a little sulphuric and hydrochloric acids are present, whichmaybedetected by means of the nitrates of baryta and silver, which throw down white precipitates; but these seldom aifect the medicinal properties of the compound.

Composition of anhydrous nitric acid :�NO-,, or N₂0,

1 atom nitrogen . . . . = 14 5 atoms oxygen 8 X 5 = 40

Equivalent .... 54

Deville has shown that anhydrous nitric acid is a crystalline substance.

Qualities and Uses.�Hydrated nitric acid is a

�

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limpid fluid, of a palish straw colour, possessing strong corrosive qualities, emitting suffocating fumes, and attracting moisture from the air. It should, therefore, be kept in bottles having well-ground stoppers. Its specific gravity, given as it is directed to be prepared by the British Phar�macopoeia, is 1-42; but, of course, this will vary with the quantity of real acid the water contains.

A-qua fortis is merely diluted nitric acid, pre�pared by the distillation of nitric and diluted sul�phuric acid. According to Dr. lire, it contains only one-fourth as much real acid as the strong nitric acid, and double aqua fortis one half as much.

Nitric acid is a valuable and active caustic and antiseptic. It quickly destroys animal substances, and therefore may be advantageously made use of when fungous excrescences or luxurious growths require reduction. Tor this purpose a pledget of tow, attached to the end of a stick, or, what would be much better, some fibrous asbestos, or a small brush of spun glass, may be dipped in the acid, and applied to the surface; or, should this be extensive, a layer of tow saturated with the acid may be laid on the part, as is commonly done in severe cases of canker. On the removal of this, it will be found that the surface with which the acid has come into contact is deadened ; sloughing will then ensue, and healthy granulations be thrown

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out. Its fluidity is the only objection to its general employment. To obviate this, it may be mixed with sulphur, so as form a paste. With me I confess it is a favorite escharotic. The nitrate of silver owes its valuable properties to this acid.

As an antiseptic, a very dilute solution, in the pro�portion of two or more drachms to a pint of water, may be employed for indolent or sphacelated wounds and ulcers. This will serve both to correct the fetor, and excite the contiguous parts to healthy action. In this respect, however, it, perhaps, must yield to the compounds of chlorine.

It is sometimes administered internally in com�bination with the hydrochloric acid, the compound acid�nitro-hydrochloricum�being a tonic and as�tringent. Dose 5i to 5ij, largely diluted with water, or combined with some bitter vegetable infusion.

Tests.�It leaves no residuum on heat being-applied. Nitrate of silver affords no precipitate, indicating the absence of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; nor does the chloride of barium, which it would do were sulphuric acid or any of the sulphates present. It changes the cuticle yellow, the tint being heightened by an alkali. When diluted and boiled on copper filings, it forms a blue solution, evolving copious orauge-coloured fumes. About 217 grains of the crystals of carbonate of soda are neutralised by 100 grains of this acid.

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Incompatihles.�The metallic oxides and their carbonates, the alkalis, the acetates of lead, and potassa, and the sulphate of iron. It also decom�poses the sulphides. When nitric acid is mixed with hydrochloric acid, both being in a state of concentration, they suffer decomposition, and form chloro-nitrous and chloro-nitric acids. This con�stitutes the aqua regia of the old writers, which possesses the power of dissolving gold and plati�num. Most other metals are readily acted on by dilute nitric acid, when nitrous acid is given off, and nitrates of their oxides are formed.

It is employed as a pharmaceutical agent in the formation of nitrate of silver, the ointment of the nitrate of mercury, and the spirit of nitric ether.

AcintTM StTLPHUEicrM, Sulpliuric Acid. Old Names: Oil of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid.

HO,S0₃₎ or H₂S0₄.

This acid is found in the neighbourhood of volcanoes, in a state of solution. As an article of commerce it is obtained iu the following manner :

Sulphur is burned on an iron plate in a furnace, and the sulphurous acid gas given off is conveyed by a pipe into a leaden chamber, the bottom of which is covered with water. After combustion lias been kept up for some hours,�the air being

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admitted by openings in the door of the furnace,� an iron pot, containing nitrate of potassa or soda and sulphuric acid, is introduced, and steam is at the same time allowed to pass into the chamber. By a mutual re-action of the generated acids on the steam, sulphuric acid is formed, which is absorbed by the water at the bottom of the chamber.

Decomposition.�The sulphur by burning yields sulphurous acid gas, and the nitrate of potassa mixed with sulphuric acid evolves the vapour of nitric acid. The nitric acid imparts three atoms of its oxygen to three equivalents of sulphurous acid, converting them in the presence of water into sulphuric acid, which collects in a highly dilute state at the bottom of the leaden chambers. The gaseous nitric oxide that remains is passed into another chamber, where it becomes peroxide of nitrogen and nitrous acid at the expense of the oxygen of the air; these products mingle with more sulphurous acid gas and watery vapour, and undergo similar changes to those suffered by^the original mixture containing vapour of nitric acid. These combinations and decompositions continue until all the gaseous products are consumed, and the water is charged with sulphuric acid. It is then concentrated by boiling, first in leaden boilers and subsequently in glass or platinum retorts, until it attains the required specific gravity. In

A MANUAL OF

Germany they are now using platinized copper re�torts, on account of their being less costly. By some manufacturers glass retorts are preferred, which are made both larger and better than they used to be. The concentrated acid is drawn off by means of a syphon, and the retorts refilled with hot acid. To obviate the effects arising from currents of cold air, a high temperature is maintained in the retort house. It is afterwards put into large globular glass vessels, which are enveloped with wicker work, called carboys.

The following diagram will further illustrate the changes that take place in its formation:

Materials.

rKitrogen

| Oxygen

14 8

Troducts. -. Nitric Oxide

54 Nitric Acid

Oxygen

Sulphurous Acid Salphoxoua Acid Sulphurous Acid

-V-

¹ Sulphuric Acid =40 ' Sulphuric Acid =40 ^ Sulphuric Acid =40

Another method of obtaining this acid is by forming the sulphurous and nitric acid gases in separate chambers, and allowing them to enter a third chamber, containing watery vapour. Con�siderable quantities are also made on the Continent

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by exposing tlie sulphate of iron to heat in close vessels, when the acid distils over, and is collected in a receiver. The product thus obtained is called Nordhaiisen or fuming sulphuric acid, and has the formula HO, 2 S0₃, or H^O;. The old name of vitriolic acid was derived from this cir�cumstance, sulphate of iron being then designated vitriolated iron or green vitriol. The term oil of vitriol was given, to it from its apparent viscidity.

Composition.�SOg, or

1 atom sulphur . =16 3 atoms oxygen 8 x 3=24

Equivalent . 40

This is designated dry or anhydrous sulphuric acid. Concentrated hydrated sulphuric acid is composed of S0₃ HO, or H₂S0₄.

1 atom dry acid = 40

1 � water = 9

Equivalent . 49

As an article of commerce, however, the water is in the proportion of five to four of the dry acid.

Properties and Uses.�Sulphuric acid is a dense, colourless, transparent fluid, inodorous, emitting

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no fumes, having an extremely sour taste, and a specific gravity of l^-843 when pure. This seldom is the case, the acid of commerce being frequently impure from the presence of the sulphates of potassa and lead. A small quantity of these is the result of the formation of the acid; but they are often added to increase its specific gravity. Accord�ing to Dr. Ure, if 500 parts of the acid contain on evaporation more than five grains of saline mat�ters, it is adulterated. It possesses so great an affinity for water, that, if exposed to the air for a few weeks, it is said to double its weight. If suddenly mixed with this fluid, it gives out much heat. It likewise chars animal and vegetable substances, which communicate to it a brown tint. These cir�cumstances point out the necessity of keeping this acid in bottles having closely-ground glass or earthen stoppers. It becomes solid at�15deg; and boils at 620 Fahr. These points, however, vary with the specific gravity of the fluid. The point of congelation is much higher than that of water, if the acid is diluted with 12 or 18 per cent, of water. Of this I witnessed a proof some years since, when during a severe winter, carboy after carboy was burst by the expansion of the acid on its assuming the crystalline form.

It acts on the skin as a powerful caustic, and communicates an unctuous feeling to the touch,

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from dissolution of the cuticle; soon after which a burning pain is experienced, arising from the nervous fibrillEe being laid bare. Made into a paste with sulphur it has been used for the extir�pation of warts. Objections have been raised to sulphuric acid as a caustic, on account of the serous secretion that often follows its application, nevertheless it is a very powerful and valuable agent. It has been said that the caustic effects of the concentrated mineral acids are referable to the affinity which they possess for the elements of water; thus they unite with the hydrogen and oxygen of the animal matter, set free the carbon, and disengage the nitrogen.

An ointment composed of one part of this acid and twelve of lard has been advocated in mange. Sometimes sulphuric acid is introduced into blistering compounds, for the purpose of increasing their potency,�a practice which deserves the severest reprobation. When largely diluted�one part of acid to 60 or 70 parts of water�it has been found to allay irritation of the skin, although, generally, diluted sulphurous acid is preferred for this purpose.

Internally administered, it is a tonic and astrin�gent, and may be given in doses of from 5j to 5ij, largely diluted with water, or some bitter vegeta�ble infusion. Some practitioners have advocated the

A MANUAL OF

use of quot;dilute sulphuric acid in Eed-water {Rwmo-albmninaria) in cattle, and also for spontaneous diarrbcea, so common in calves, addmg to it the tinc�ture of opium and a carminative. As a therapeu�tic agent, it is best combined with certain bases, such as the oxides of iron, of copper, and of zinc, forming the sulphates of these metals.

Wagoners frequently give it to horses, sprinkling it over their provender. Sometimes the quantity administered by them is so great as to be productive of fatal consequences. I knew a team of four horses thus destroyed. The antidotes would be chalk, magnesia, the alkaline carbonates, or soap, exhi�bited in large quantities of water. The indications of its having been so employed are the usual symp�toms which accompany gastero-enteritis; and in addition to these, the tongue, inside of the mouth, amp;e., will appear wrinkled, and of a brownish colour, and the teeth blackened.

Mixed with the fixed oils it gives rise to the formation of sulphurous acid, gas, glycerin, sulpho-palmitic, sulpho-stearic, and sulph-oleic acids. A compound of this kind constitutes the llach oils of the farriers, a form for which has been given by Mr. Percivall in bis 'Hippo-pathology.' It is used as a digestive.

Take of Olive Oil ... . Qj. Oil of Turpentine . 3ij.

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Mix, and add six drachms of sulphuric acid very gradually, leaving the stopper out of the bottle until the heat evolved has passed oiF.

Tests.�Colourless. By evaporation a residuum should remain, not exceeding the four hundredth part of its weight. This is prohably sulphate of leader sulphate of potassa,or both. quot;Whendiluted with water, sulphuretted hydrogen should afford no colour, which proves the absence of all metals the sulphides of which are precipitated from an acid solution by this reagent. The presence of sulphuric acid is indicated by the soluble barytie salts. Its action on the cuticle, in small quantities, has been before adverted to : it imparts a sapona�ceous feel from its decomposing the animal matter, and at the same time communicates warmth.

Inoompatibles�.As sulphuric acid combines with most of the metallic oxides, it is considered incompatible with them. On the metals them�selves, at ordinary temperatures, it exerts but little action; but at the boiling point in some cases, or by dilution in others, this becomes energetic, and sulphates are formed. It decomposes the carbonates, the nitrates and the acetates; and is largely employed as a pharmaceutical agent, on account of its affinity for the salifiable bases being great. This is markedly seen in the formation of nitric and hydrochloric acids, as already given.

A MANUAL OF

�.CONITUM Napelltjs, Monkshood or Wolfsbane.

There are many varieties of the aconite, but this one is considered the most active. It is a peren�nial, indigenous to the Alps and other moun�tainous parts of Europe, and grown in our gardens for the sake of its flower. The wild plant is how�ever preferred for medicinal use. By the ancients it was believed to be the most energetic of all vegetables as a poison. The root is unquestionably the most active part, and from its resemblance somewhat to that of the horseradish, it has some�times been partaken of as a condiment, and fatal consequences have resulted. Both it and the leaves are officinal, although some persons prefer the seeds, which are intensely acrid. The leaves and tubers are to be collected when the flowers begin to fade, and dried with care at a low tem�perature.

Composition.�By analysis it has been ascer�tained that the activity of monkshood depends upon the presence of an alkaloid, termed-4ci9raquo;^jmlaquo;, which in the vegetable is combined with an acid called the Aconitic. Besides these, the presence of a volatile acrid principle has been indicated, but Pereira suggests that this may arise from decomposition of the aconitina. The other constituents are of but little moment.

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The alkaloid possesses overwhelming power; the l-SOth of a grain of it, according to Eoyle, will kill a small animal, and the like quantity nearly proved fatal to an adult female. Its expensiveness precludes its employment as a therapeutic agent; nor is this to he regretted, since a spirituous tincture of the root contains all that is required.

Properties and Uses.�The action of aconite is that of a direct sedative to the nerves of sensation, and as such it has been highly spoken of by those who have employed it. It has also heen stated to act as a diuretic and sudorific, which probably depend on its combination.

The form of a tincture of the root is generally advocated, although an extract is ordered to be prepared by distilling the spirit from the tincture until the residue acquires the consistence of an extract. It may likewise be obtained by inspis�sating the juice of the leaves. Some practitioners employ the dried leaves, which are not to be depended on. Pereira says that the extract of the shops is but little to be relied on ; but speaking of the action of aconite on animals, he states that quot; if a small quantity of the soft alcoholic extract of the root be introduced into a wound (as into the cavity of the peritoneum) of a dog, it usually causes vomiting (sometimes of a stercoraceous character), diminishes the force of the circulation,

A MANUAL OP

weakens the muscular system so as sometimes to cause tlie animal to stagger in walking, and de�stroys common sensibility or feeling, without causing stupor. A dog under the influence of not too strong a dose will sometimes follow its owner around the room, recognise him by wagging his tail when called, and yet be totally insensible to pinching, pricking with needles, amp;c. Convulsions do not usually occur until a short period before death, and they are commonly slight, and rather to be termed spasmodic movements. If the dose be large, the effects are too rapid; and death succeeds in so short a period of time that the loss of feeling, as distinguished by the insensibility immediately preceding death, is not well observed. On opening the bodies of dogs killed by aconite, immediately after death, no pulsations of the heart are visible.quot; It is also recorded tiiat rarely are any organic lesions met with.

Orfila has drawn the following cor elusions from his experiments on aconite: 1st. That the juice of the leaves introduced into the stomach or rectum of dogs, or injected into the cellular texture, produces serious symptoms, followed by death. 2d. That it acts on the human species as on dogs. 3d. That being absorbed and carried into the cir�culation, it acts particularly on the nervous system, and more especially on the brain, produe-

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ing a kind of mental derangement. 4th. That it like�wise causes local irritation, capable of producing inflammation more or less violent.

The root was given by way of experiment to four condemned criminals, two at Eome, in the year 1524, and two at Prague, in 1561; two of them soon perished, and the other two with great difficulty recovered.

As a therapeutic agent the form of tincture will probably by most practitioners be preferred, since the active principles of the plant are readily abstracted by diluted alcohol. The form in the ' British Pharmacopoeia' is as follows :

TracTUEA Aconiti.�Tincture of Aconite.

Take of Aconite Eoot, coarsely powdered, 2^ ozs., Eectified Spirits, 1 pint.

Macerate the aconite root for forty-eiglit hours in fifteen fluid ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally; then transfer to a perco�lator, and where the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Afterwards, subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient rectified spirit to make a pint.

Dr. Fleming, who instituted numerous experi-

A MANUAL OF

ments with Aconite, so as to ascertain its effects, recommends the following form :

Macerate Soot of Aconite, carefully dried and powdered, 3X, in rectified spirit, gxvi, for four days. Then place into a percolator, and add rectified spirit until fl. ^xxiv, of tincture are obtained.

The dose to the horse is from 10 to 20 drops. Professor Brown informs me that as a sedative, the tincture of Aconite is most effective in cases of constitutional excitement from injury, also in fever following severe wounds, or that supervening pro�tracted or difficult parturition. Being given in doses of ten drops in eight ounces of water, it quiets the system, without causing any depression. As a lotion, the same diluted form may be used to inflamed surfaces, and particularly in cases of irri�tation of. the conjunctival membrane, arising from cold or injury; or during the first stage of ophthalmia.

In experimenting on the healthy animal with it, he says, quot; I did not find that four drops in six ounces of water, given three times a day, and con�tinued for a fortnight, produced any perceptible effect. Certainly, the appetite continued unal�tered, and the pulse was not lessened, either in tone or frequency by it. A drachm dose, given in water, produced stertorous breathing, a flow of

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saliva from the mouth, and difficult deglutition. The exhibition of half the quantity in an hour after the administration of the first dose, caused the animal to fall down, and the above symptoms were increased, but, in the course of another hour he recovered, and remained perfectly tranquil afterwards. In doses of ten drops for horse and ox, the action is sufficiently decided and perfectly safe. The agent seems to be a valuable addition to our Materia Medica, for all cases in which it is a paramount object to allay pain.quot;

Besides a general sedative, it has been found of service in diseases of the heart, paralysis, epilepsy, tetanus, and gastric irritation. The Germans seem to advocate the use of the extract of aconite. Dr. Hering states it to be very efficacious in in�flammatory rheumatism, and says its activity is well proved on the vascular system of weak irri�table subjects, both in fever and inflammation. He gives it in doses of from fifteen to twenty grains, in the form of ball or electuary, com�bining it with nitre, emetic tartar, sulphur or calomel.

As a topical remedy in cases of neuralgic pains, rheumatism, amp;c., its action is commonly most marked. The tincture is generally applied, bein^ repeatedly rubbed or brushed over the part; or an ointment (JJnguentum Aconitii) may be made by

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mixing together one part of the alcoholic extract and two parts of lard {Turnbull).

Pereira, speaking of its general effects, says that, in some cases of neuralgia the benefit derived from aconite seems almost magical; while in others, it entirely fails to give any permanent relief. In comparing its operation with that of other cerebro-spinants, its most characteristic action is that of numbness and tingling being pro�duced by it. Applied to the eye, it causes con�traction of the pupil. When the root or tincture is swallowed, the most marked symptoms are numhness and tingling of the parts about the mouth and throat, and of the extremities, vomiting, con�tracted pupil, and failure of the circulation. The heart appears to be paralysed, and a state ap�proaching to asphyxia is produced. Convulsion or spasm is not constantly present, and when it does take place it is probably a secondary effect arising from the incipient asphyxia. Stupor does not always occur, yet, in some cases, it has hap�pened.

As an antidote, animal charcoal may be given in large quantities, and also an infusion of galls, as the tannin forms an insoluble compound with the alcaloid. Purgatives, or emetics when admissible, are to be conjoined ; and stimulants, such as am�monia.

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Adeps, Fat. Vulgo: Hogs' Lard.

This is obtained from the adipose substance about the flank of the hog, for which purpose it is freed from the membranes and vessels with which it is connected, and, being cut into small pieces, is well washed and then melted with the addition of a little water, care being taken that the heat is not too intense. In its fluid state it is strained and run into bladders and small casks, and as it cools it concretes.

Chemical Composition.�The ultimate element.laquo; oflardarethe same as fixed oils generally. Accord�ing to Chevreul, 100 parts contain�

Carbon.....79098

Hydrogen.....11-146

Oxygen.....9756

100

Braconnot has given as the proximate analysi of lard�

Stearine......38

Margarine Elaine .

100

By Berzelius, fats and oils, whether vegetable or

10O

A MANUAL OP

animal, are viewed as peculiar organic products, resolvable by alkalies and other salifiable bases into fatty acids and glycerin. Cbevreul appears to have first ascertained their true nature, and found them to consist of the stearic, oleic, and margaric acids, in association -with a sweet prin�ciple, previously discovered by Scheele, and called by bitn the siceet jM'inciple of oils, but which is now designated glycerin.

The proximate principles, olein, stearin, and margarin, may be separated from each other by subjecting lard, or oil that has become congealed by cold, to powerful and continued pressure be�tween folds of bibulous paper, at a low degree of heat; when the olein will be absorbed, and the stearin and margarin remain behind in the form of a granular mass. When these are required iu large quantities, other expedients are had recourse to, such as saponifying tallow by means of lime, decomposing the soap formed with dilute sulphuric acid, and then pressing out the fluid or oily por�tion (olein) from the acidified fat (stearin and margarin).

Margarin is found in considerable quantities in olive oil, and separates from the oleiu when exposed to a low temperature.

The compositions of these fat acids are variously-given. The following is from Fownes :

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Margaric acid . C^HgjOg, HO. Stearic acid . . CLK^Oi), HO. Oleic acid . . . CggUggOg, HO.

They have many properties in common, and their salts much resemble each other; they differ, however, in their degrees of fusibility.

Stearin, margarin, and olein are compounds of these acids with glycerin. In the more solid fats the two former preponderate ; in the liquid fats or oils the last named.

Properties and Uses.�Lard is an emollient, and constitutes the basis of most ointments. It should be tasteless, inodorous, soft, and colourless, having a specific gravity of -9302. It melts at between 78deg; and 86deg;, acquires rancidity by long exposure to the air, whence it abstracts oxygen, becomes yellow, and forms a peculiar acid called the sebacie, which may be removed by repeated washings in water. The strong acids decompose it. It is insoluble in water and dilute alcohol, but may be made to unite with them by the intervention of an alkali, with which it forms saponaceous com�pounds. By ether and the volatile oils it is readily dissolved.

Aloes Exteactum, Extract of Aloes. Aloes.

The inspissated juice of the leaves of the aloe plant. Many kinds of this extract are met with in

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commerce, but it is probable that their value de- ' pends more upon the mode of procuration and culture than upon the varieties of the plant.

The genus aloe includes a numerous family of plants of a half-shrubby character, having thick and succulent leaves, beset with teeth on their edges, and long fibrous roots, which serve rather as means of retention than organs of nutrition. They are all inhabitants of tropical climates. The southern parts of Africa abound with them; thence, more than two hundred years since, they were introduced into our -West India islands, where they may be said to be now naturalised.

The extracts used in veterinary practice are three, and these are probably obtained from dis�tinct species of the plant.

1. Aloe Spicata, Spiked Aloe; Officinal, Aloes Spicatoe Extractum, Extract of the Spiked Aloe.

The Spiked aloe yields the extract known by the name of Cape aloes. The plant rises with a thick round stem, three or four feet in height, from which fleshy and tapering leaves proceed two feet long, and abounding with a clammy juice, since they respire but little, yet absorb much moisture. The extract is procured by cutting the leaves off trans�versely close to their insertion, and then disposing them in tubs in such a manner that the juice may flow out. The grosser feculent matter is now

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allowed to subside from the juice, after which inapis-satioa is carried on by the aid of heat, until the whole acquires a fit consistence, when it is poured into chests principally, for exportation. Expres�sion is occasionally had recourse to, but an inferior kind of aloes is then obtained, from the admixture of vegetable mucus; and by boiling the leaves a still commoner variety is procured.

Some writers on materia medica assert that the Cape Extract is not obtained exclusively from the Aloii Spicata, but that the natives resort to all the other varieties of the plant indiscriminately. The mode of preparing it, according to Mr. Dunster-ville, is as follows :

quot; A shallow pit is dug, in which is spread a bul�lock's hide or sheep's skin. The leaves of the aloe plants in the immediate vicinity of this pit are stripped oif, and piled upon the skin to variable heights. These are left for a few days. The juice exudes from the leaves, and is received in the, skin beneath. The Hottentot then collects in a bucket, or other convenient article, the produce of many heaps, which is then put into an iron pot capable of holding eighteen or twenty gallons. Eire is applied to effect evaporation, during which the contents of the pot are constantly stirred to prevent burning. The cooled liquor is then poured into wooden cases of about three feet square by one

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foot deep, or into goat or sheep skins, and is thus fitted for the market.quot;

2. Aloe de Moch�, Mocha Aloes.�quot;Writers on materia medica say but little respecting this extract, and that little not in commendation of it. I have, however, no doubt but that nearly all that has been sold by druggists of late years in their shops under the name of Socotrine aloes, is a fine kind of Mocha, since the produce of the Isle of Socotra finds its way into Bombay. The late Mr. J. Hughes, of Calcutta, informed me that he always purchased his aloes from the native merchants, in original packages, consisting of the skin of a goat; that he found the extract very active, but impure, and was obliged before using it to melt and strain it. Mr. C. Jackson, late of Madras, forwarded to me a sample of East Indian aloes, which he states to be equal in action to the Barbadoes, and procured from the aloeperfoliata of Linnaeus, this plant being identical with the aloe socotrina ; and, since this, I have been favoured with specimens from Mr.quot; T. Aston, of the Hon. E.I.C. Service. Indeed, it would appear that from the interior of India many kinds of aloes are obtained, all of which are met with in the market under the name cf East India or Bombay aloes.

To the Mocha extract my attention was first directed by Messrs. T. W. Mayer and C. Snowing,

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in year 1840, when I made it the subject of a series of experiments, contrasting it with the Cape extract, which was then alone used at the College, and from my published Eeport I select the follow�ing remarks;

The characters of the Moeha or Bombay aloes are: Colour, of a dull liver-brown; fracture, smooth and opaque; odour, aromatic; taste, bitter and nauseous ; powder, yellowish brown.

In all the samples I have seen there are many impurities mixed with the drug, apparently the result of a want of care in its preparation. In a sample sent me, designated quot; beautiful,quot; and with which I am told by my friend that quot; he cannot, of course, supply me in any very large quantity,quot; there are many stones and much dirt. He also says that he has in it quot; frequently met with a good deal of iron and other substances.quot; Doubtless this is an attempt at fraud, the same thing having been practised with the Cape aloes.

It is imported in cases and puncheons. The cases contain about one cwt. each; the puncheons from four to five cwt. A very large quantity was imported from Bombay many years ago, and no one would purchase it, on account of its being then unknown to the drug trade; and the probability is, that by far the greater proportion still remains bonded in London.

^^m

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Its composition I find to be�

Soluble extractive . 80 Eesinous matter . . 20

100

This is independent of impurities, which, in the specimen I analysed, amounted to nearly three per cent. It will be observed that, as it respects the amount of the active principle, it is almost equal to that obtainable from the Barbadoes extract. The sample was an average one. I have met with some containing as much as ten per cent, of im�purities. Prom a good specimen of the Cape ex�tract I procured but sixty per cent, of extractive matter ; the quantity of impurities, however, was much less in the Cape than in the Mocha extract. The difference in amount of the active principle in the vegetable is, perhaps, referable to climate.

The action of the two extracts�the Bombay and the Cape�will be best shown by contrast in the following Tables. The opportunity afforded me was such as does not often occur in private practice. Twelve doses of purgative medicine were adminis�tered in one day, and all the horses were under my observation. It would therefore have been a dis�grace had I not availed myself of it. The quantity given to each horse was six drachms. The horses

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were all previously prepared by mashes given over�night, and tin abstinence from hay ; this being the common practice of the College. Some had exer�cise on the following morning, and others had not; which arose from the nature of the lameness or disease under which they were labouring.

The form of combination was that usually adopted here, no carminative being added; and it appears that none is required, for there was not, even when iis action was the most powerful, the slightest appearance of pain, or of constitutional disturbance, beyond that always induced by a purgative.

It will be seen, by the following Table, that the preponderance is decidedly in favour of the Bombay extract. The faeces were in all cases more fluid than in those in which the Cape extract had been administered, and the action on the bowels ap�peared to be longer continued. No. 1 of the Cape, which operated both soonest and freest, was a small horse; while No. 1 of the Mocha, the action of which much exceeded that of the Cape, was a large horse, and, from labouring under an incised wound in the hock, he could not be exercised. On the third day the physic had set. No. 6 in the same stable, in which the fsecal matter was re�laxed only, was an animal that refused mashes, and would drink very little water; the groom

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A MANUAL OF

also reported that he was always with difficulty purged.


CAPE ALGETIC EXTEACT.
No.	Time required to cause acHon,	Exercised or not.	Evacua�tions.	Action.	Length of time kept up.
1	19 hours	Exercised	Several	Tree	The next morning the fjeces were becoming consoli�dated.
2	24 ditto	Ditto	3 or 4	Tree	Ditto.
3	34 ditto	Ko exer�cise	Ditto	Moderate	Ditto.
1	27 ditto	Exercised	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto.
6	27 ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto.
6	Scarcely acted at all	No exer�cise	�		�
BOMBAY ALOETIC EXTKACT.
1	15 hours	No exer�cise	Many	Free	Purging continued throughout the next dayraquo;
3	17 ditto	Exercised	3 or 4	Moderate	Ficcal matter the U3xt morning still in a loft state. .
3	17 ditto	No exer�cise	5 or 6	Free	Ditto.
i	18 ditto	Ditto	3 or 4	Moderate	Ditto.
5	30 ditto	Ditto	5 or 6	Ditto	Ditto.
6	27 auto	Ditto	Relaxed only	^�	Next morning fecces becoming consoli�dated.

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It must not be thought that these are the only instances ir. which I have tested this extract. It has frequently been given by me, and with almost uniform success, both previous and subsequently to this opportunity presenting itself for drawing so fair an inference. Its value as a cathartic is therefore, I think, established.

Druggists have lately introduced a �ner kind of Mocha extract, made so by melting and straining of the drug. This is certainly opening a door for fraud, as inferior Barbadoes extract and the Cape may now be melted together, and it would be extremely difficult to detect the admixture. Be�sides which, by long coction, bitter extractive is rendered nearly inert; I should therefore prefer the genuine unmelted Mocha aloes to this. Dr. Pereira, speaking of this kind of aloes, says, that quot;recently it has been imported from Muscat in chests, containing nearly two cwt. each. It occurs in large irregular masses, opaque and black exter�nally. Internally, its fracture in places resembles Barbadoes aloes; in others, Socotrine; and here and there we find portions having the transparency and resinous appearance of the Cape extract: it is intermixed with sand, stones, strings, amp;c.quot;

For obvious reasons I have not withdrawn this description of the Mocha extract of aloes, although I am informed by Messrs. Burgess and Willows

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that there is now scarcely any demand for it; the moderate cost at which the more active Barbadoes extract can be obtained has in a great measure led to this, conjoined with the impure state in which the first-named drug was imported.

3. Aloe Vulgaris, Common Aloe; Officinal, Aloes Vulgaris Extractum, Extract of the Common Aloe.

This appears to be the true aloe of the ancients. Prom it is derived the Barbadoes extract, by a course of procedure similar to that which is resorted to for obtaining the Cape extract.

The plants are chosen when they are two or three years old, and they will be productive for ten or twelve years, if properly manured. They appear to be short-stemmed, their large and very succulent leaves springing apparently from the surface of the soil, and filled to saturation with juice. These being grasped by the labourers, are cut off at their bases, and arranged in vessels in such a manner that their natural reservoirs soon become emptied. The leaves are afterwards used as manure, and the juice is taken to the boiling house for evaporation. This is carried on until the extract acquires the viscidity of honey, when it is run into calabashes or empty gourd shells, capable of containing from 30 to 60, or even more pounds weight, and in this state it is imported into the market. An inferior quality is sent over in casks. That which in books

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is described as cdballine cr Jiorse aloes, and said to be used by farriers, is thought to be the refuse after the making of the Barbadoes extract, but I have never met with it.

Preference is given by most private practi�tioners to the Barbadoes extract, and the Vete�rinary College has returned to its employment. This has in part arisen from much uncertainty attending tte melted Mocha extract, and although it is extremely difficult to divest the mind of an early impression, yet I feel assured that, if care were taken in the selection of the drug, the animal properly prepared, and the dose duly apportioned, either the Cape or Mocha extract will be found quite as efficacious as the more expensive Barbadoes. The Mocha extract not being generally employed, it will, perhaps, be sufficient if the two kinds that have been so long used in veterinary medicine are somewhat more fully dwelt upon. I allude to the Barbadoes and Cape extracts.

The external characters of the two should be studied; for although much is said about the sophistication of aloes with resin, ivory black, amp;c., I believe that the greatest fraud practised is the substitution of the one extract for the other, or, what is by far more common, a mixture of the two is sold as the Barbadoes extract, which is known 'n the shops by the name of melted aloes. In vete-

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rinary practice such a combination will be found to equal in action the Barbadofes extract when given alone; thus considerably lessening the expense attendant on the use of the latter. The proportions may be equal.

The following contrasted characters may, per�haps, assist the inexperienced. The taste of both is intensely bitter and nauseous.

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Colour . . Brown or liver . . Darker, approachiug to black. Feacifeb Dull and granular. Eesinous and splintery. Odoc� . . Stronger, and more aromatic than the Cape. Powdek . Greenish-yellow . Yellow.

The dulness of the Barbadoes extract appears to depend upon the presence of a little water, since, if this be dissipated by boiling, it assumes a bright, shining aspect. Its aroma is best de�veloped by first breathing on it.

Chemical Composition and Uses.�In the first there remains much to be understood, and many analyses have been made. In 1850-51, Messrs. Smith, of Edinburgh, accidental^ discovered a substance in Barbadoes aloes called by them atom, to which the activity of the drug has been by them attributed. A cold watery solution having been made so as to obtain an aqueous extract of aloes ; after evaporating the liquor in vacuo, and the syrupy liquid had become cold, it was set aside for

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a few days, when, on examination, it was found loaded will: a mass of granular crystalline matter. On purification, this appeared to be the cathartic principle of aloes. Other means were subsequently resorted to for its procuration ; but the most facile seems to be that of simply mixing the quot; Socotrine aloe juice,quot;�an article imported into the market in casks, containing about 6 cwt. each, the con�sistence of which is that of treacle, being the unboiled juice of the plant,�with either rectified or proof spirit, and collecting and drying the pre�cipitate. As, however, in the ordinary extracts met with in commerce, we have the activity of the drug sufficiently concentrated for veterinary purposes, I opine that aloin will rarely be resorted to by us. Indeed, M. Eobriquet denies that it possesses the power of producing purgative effects, imless it be oxidized. This, however, would be sure to take place in its passage through the alimentary canal, and in this way the difference in its action has been attempted to be accounted for.

By the majority of authors, aloes is described as consisting of vegetable mucus, resin, and extractive matter, these varying in their proportions in the different kinds of extract; the value of each de�pending upon the quantity of the last principle, as in this the activity of the drug resides. M. Bracon-not conceives aloes to be a substance mi generis,

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to which he has given the name of hitter resin. quot;Wmkler regards it as a neutral vegetable salt, and Meitrer considers it to possess alkaline properties. Tromsdorff concludes, from his analyses, that the Socotriue extract consists of

A saponaceous bitter principle . 75 parts Resinous matter.....25

100

#9632;The Barbadoes of

A saponaceous bitter principle .nbsp; nbsp; 81^,25

Resinous matter.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; $25

Vegetable Albumen......nbsp; nbsp; 12 50

100

It being considered by most writers on materia mediea that it is the same plant which yields both the Socotrine and the Cape extracts, the first ana�lysis may be accepted as affording the constituents of both, allowing for the want of care in the prepara�tion of the latter, and something, perhaps, for cul�tivation. The presence of vegetable albumen� besides the difference in the quantity of the active principle�is the chief distinctive between the Cape and the Barbadoes aloes ; while the nearly per�fect solubility of one in boiling water, and the im�perfect solubility of the other, is a means when

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others fail, of detecting the substitution of one for the other. This simple test will also render evident any other sophistication.

A knowledge of the composition of these extracts gives us some clue to the comparative dose of each.

It has been said that six drachms of the Barba-does are equal to seven drachms of the Cape; and although analysis would hardly warrant this dif�ference, yet, for practical purposes, it may be allowed.

I have not by experiment found that the one is either more certain or quicker in its operation than the other; but I have ascertained that the action of the bowels is kept up longer by the Barbadoes extract than by the Cape; and also that by a mixture of the two, in proportion of two parts of the latter to one part of the former, or at most, equal weights of each, is nearly, if not quite, as effectual in producing purgative action as the former alone.

Aloes is said, from the slowness with which it undergoes solution in the alimentary canal, to exert its influence principally upon the colon and rectum. That this is the case in the horse I have very many doubts. In examinations after death caused by an overdose of aloes, the whole of the mucous lining of the intestines has been found in-

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flamed, and particularly that of the caecum and colon, the rectum not being involved in so marked a degree. Aloea, therefore, does sometimes act as a poison, although the contrary has heen affirmed, since death, in the cases referred to, has not resulted from superpurgation, this having been checked in Some instances for days before the deatb of the animals. The same has been also observed to take place with crotou.

Some persons are of opinion that the action of this drug is primarily on the liver. Witb this I do not altogether concur. It is only a part of the manner in which its effects are produced. Perhaps the forms in which these extracts are administered by veterinary surgeons modify their action. Those who advocate the combination of alkaline com�pounds witb them certainly alter their general influence. It is true that, hy these additions, they are rendered more soluble, and hence their action is quickened ; but at the same time tlieir purgative properties are lessened, and they cease to operate specifically on the large intestines. This latter circumstance I conceive to bean advantage gained, as is unquestionably the first; while the other alter�ation, by a little experience, may be easily provided against.

There are those who have objected to the addi�tion of the alkalies to aloetic compounds, on other

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grounds, namely, that of their being likely to divert the action of these agents from the bowels to the kidneys ; yet there is a view in which this union may be defended�they saponify the resin�ous constituent of the drug, and the active prin�ciple being thus rendered partially soluble, the desired effects will be more quickly and certainly brought about. We are told by Mialhe that, quot; These medicines travel along the superior part of the digestive tube without producing any result, and only begin to act when they arrive below the pylorus. There they find alkaline matters, ele�ments necessary to the solution -which developes purgative action and promotes their absorption.quot; He further adds: quot; Offering an insupportable bitterness to the taste, aloes purges at first by stimulating the mucous surface under the influence of sapidity very marked, and afterwards by its combinations with the intestinal juice. This last effect is much more striking than the former, and determines, by this entirely local action, the flux of blood which follows the purgative effect of aloes administered in large and continuous doses. But those effects are not peculiar to aloes; gene�rally speaking, it is common to it with all the resins, and even with the oleum ricini, although with less intensity. This proves that the evacua�tions mingled with blood are not due to a special

#9632;quot;#9632;

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purgative, but to all matters the action of wMeh is carried to the large intestines.

quot; quot;We affirm that aloes purges by absorption by means of its solution by the alkalies of the intes�tines, just like some resins ; in fact, aloes, partly soluble in water, leaves a residue named apotheme, which is destitute of savour, and cannot be dis�solved in water. We have found that this residue becomes dissolved by the alkalies of the intestines and its flavour is then very pronounced.

quot; This fact leads us to the conclusion that aloes should be dissolved in the intestines by the alkalies, comporting itself then as a resinous matter. Thus we have remarked that it only purges after the lapse of a certain time, while all the entirely soluble compounds always lead very promptly to purgation.quot;

Will this throw any light upon the operation of aloes when given as a purgative in �ieform of ball to ruminants ? Have the secretions of the first and second stomachs, which are alkaline, anything to do with this development of action ?

The aloetic or purgative mass of the Eoyal Veterinary College is made as follows ; this having superseded the more complex forms heretofore given.

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Cathartic �fass.

Take of Aloes, broken into small pieces, 8 parts,

Glycerine.......2 parts.

Powdered Gringer .... 1 part.

To be melted together in a water-bath. If the addition of pulverised ginger should be thought objectionable, that of gentian may be substituted; or aloes and glycerine only may be melted together, in the proportion of six parts of the former to one of the latter.

These simple forms will be found to be very effective, and to retain their consistency for a long time, especially if kept in a medium temperature, which every pharmacy should possess.

The dose of the mass, as purgative, varies from 5vj to 5xij. Its activity, if needed, may be in�creased by the addition of a few drops of croton oil. Indeed, I am of opinion that the combination of purgatives for the horse has been too much lost sight of; thus, six drachms of Cape aloes and ten drops of croton oil have proved equal in action to eight drachms of Earbadoes aloes. In like manner the desired operation on the bowels will be promoted by combining from half a drachm to a drachm of calomel, or the potassio-tartrate of antimony, and lessening the quantity of aloes that would otherwise be given.

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Much has lately been said of the advantages derivable from the combination of gentian with aloes as a purge. Experiments have been insti�tuted at the College with this compound, but the results do not warrant the high commendation it has received. The fact is that gentian, possessing slight relaxant properties, does no more than any-other agent of the same kind will do. Even com�mon resin has been found to increase the activity of this drug ; and Christison states that quot; certain substances have the property of augmenting the effects of aloes as a laxative, though not themselves cathartic. The simple vegetable bitters are said thus to act, but it is undoubtedly possessed by the sulphate of iron : one grain of aloes, when com�bined with two or three of sulphate of iron, pro�ducing as much effect on the bowels as if two or three grains of aloes were given alone.quot; Now, if we substitute drachms for grains, we shall find that the same will obtain in reference to the horse.

Professor Yamell recommends aloes combined with extract of gentian and ginger, as a safe pur�gative, and which he finds very useful for horses whose bowels are easily acted on.

That aloes in small doses proves a valuable tonic in cases of dyspepsia is well known, and as, probably, this arises from its bitterness, the conjunction of

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gentian may therefore, in aome cases, lie found desirable.

Dr. Paris says that when bitter tonics and ape�rients are combined, both have their peculiar effects increased.

The nauseating effects of aloes are referable either to sympathy, or to the extract meeting with an alkaline fluid in the stomach in place of the normal acid one.

The remark that has been made respecting the combination of purgatives will apply to all medi�cinal substances ; arising from this circumstance, that scarcely any two agents, even of the same class, produce their specific action in precisely the same way.

The combination of therapeutics, as a general principle, is too much disregarded by us ; and thus we often sacrifice utility at the shrine of sim�plicity. Some practitioners object to the blending together of tonic agents, because they are all found under one head or subdivision; whereas often�times this is most judicious: and in like manner they go through the whole list of medicinal sub�stances. quot;While on the one hand, we should carefully avoid an unnecessary multiplicity of remedies, as in the hands of the unscientific and unchemical prescriber they will be productive of mischief rather than benefit, from their mutually

122

A MANUAL OF

deeomposiag each other and producing compounds that cause unanticipated effects; yet, on the other hand, we should avail ourselves of all the aids which an acquaintance with the various divisions of science applicable to medicine affords us, so that we may be enabled successfully to combat the many-headed hydra, disease.

Materia Medica and chemistry are intimately, nay inseparably, connected; and without them the treatment of diseases becomes a mere per-adventure�an empirical system worthy only of the charlatan.

Aloes should also be kept in a state of solution in the pharmacy, and for this the following formula may be adopted:

Solutio Aloks, Solution of Aloes.

Take of Spiked Aloes, in small pieces, 1 part, Distilled Water .... 7 parts, Proof Spirit......1 part.

Dissolve the aloes in the water by means of the water-bath, and when removed add the spirit. The compound will be nearly permanent, a small portion of resinous matter only being deposited by keeping, which is of no moment. When an alkali may be conjoined, the carbonate of potash or soda may be substituted for the spirit, and then the

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resinous matter will be taken up. The dose, as a purgative will vary from f^iv to f�viij.

Solution of Aloes. Talcs of Barb. Aloes ... 1 pound, Carbonate of soda . \ pound, quot;Water.....1 gallon.

Take seven pints of the water, which put into a water-bath with the aloes hroken into small pieces, and dissolve. When cold, pour off the clear solu�tion. Dissolve the carbonate of soda in the remaining pint of water, previously made hot, and when cold mix the two solutions together, which keep in a closely corked vessel for use.

I am indebted for the above form to Mr. E. H. Dyer, who states, quot; The advantage of preparing a solution of aloes by this method is, that the addi�tion of proof spirit is not necessary. I have found the administration of from two to six ounces of this solution, very useful in abdominal, and other complaints indicating its use, without any other admixture except a little common water.quot;

It is likewise desirable to keep the extract in powder, for extemporaneous combination; but it is well known to be acted upon both by heat and moisture, and then running together, it sometimes forms a mass as solid as before pulverised. This may be prevented by mixing with the recently

124

A MASUAIi Or

powdered extract one fourth of its weight of highly-dried flour or meal. Of course, it will be easy to allow for tins addition when dispensing the agent. It may, perhaps, be observed that, in most of these formulae, all correctives, whether in the shape of essential oils or otherwise, have been abstained from. This has arisen from their having been con�sidered unnecessary; nevertheless, the veterinary surgeon may find it desirable occasionally to add them, both to this and other compounds ; which he will do, exercising his own judgment.

It has been correctly said that a carminative, by its stimulating influence on the mucous membrane of the intestines, not only prevents griping, but secures and quickens the operation of a purgative. As adj Lincts, mashes should always be given; and, if possible, the animal should not be allowed to eat anything else for twenty-four hours previous to the exhibition of a purgative agent.

Mashes render the bowels more susceptible of the impression of a cathartic, and a less quantity also will excite them into increased action. Indeed, they are laxatives of themselves, their operation depending upon the siliceous matter contained in the bran of which they are made.

From the insolubility of this siliceous matter it acts as a foreign substance; and by its irritation causes a greater determination of blood to the

#9632;

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intestines, whence follow an increase of the secre�tions, and a quickening of the peristaltic move�ments, from a communication by contiguity of the excitement to the muscular tissue, and by these conjoint actions, the faecal matter is both softened, and more quickly thrown out. From microscopic botany we learn that the cuticle covering the stems of the grasses, and which extends to the husk of the grain, is regularly and beautifully decked on its external surface with innumerable minute pieces of flint, arranged in lines and other forms, often not the 377^^ part of an inch in diameter; and yet these are so closely placed together, that in some cases the whole of the vegetable matter has been removed, the silex alone remaining, and still the plant has retained its form. In the rattan and bamboo canes, which may be considered gigantic grasses, the quantity of flint is often so great as to strike fire when struck with a piece of steel.

Bran, it would seem, has been by pretty general consent discarded as alimentary. This is very unwise, to say the least of it, since if the siliceous matter it contains be not required by the organism, from its being in excess, nevertheless a portion of silex is required for the growth of the teeth and bones ; moreover, it abounds with phosphates. And who will question the importance of these in the

warn

126

A SIAKTJAL OF

system ? And besides all this, it has been lately ascertained by M. Peligot, tbat bran contains at least triple the amount of fatty matters that farina does; which is accounted for by the germ of the corn, and which is rich in these principles, being retained by the cortical envelope�bran�to which it is adherent, so that it is absolute waste to dis�card it.

Aloes, besides being employed as a cathartic, is likewise administered as a nauseant and alterative. As the first, it is exhibited in doses of a drachm, repeated every six or eight hours, until the bowels are acted on; and in the same or increased quantities it may be given daily, combined with soap, in order to accomplish the second indication. The College formulas for aloetic alteratives are:

Alterative Mass, No. 1.

Take of Spiked Aloes, in powder, 4 ounces,

Soft Soap.....4 ounces,

Common Mass ... 24 ounces.

Beat intimately together, so as to form a mass.

Dose, one ounce.

Alterative Mass, 'No. 2.

Take of Spiked Aloes, in powder, 8 ounces,

Soft Soap.....8 ounces.

Common Mass . . 16 ounces.

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Beat intimately together, so as to form a mass. Dose, one ounce.

It will be seen that each ounce of No. 1 contains one drachm of aloes and one of soap, and in No. 2 these quantities are doubled.

In this compound, probably, the bitter of the aloes tends to restore the tonicity of the system, while, at the same time, the bowels and kidneys are by it gently, although not markedly, acted upon.

As a traumatic, aloes has also been found service�able, its cicatrising powers being great. At times it is sprinkled over the wound in a state of powder. A mixture of one part aloes and two parts rectified spirit, has been found serviceable in wounds of an atonic character, and also in obstinate ulcers. By its aid erosions and galls are prevented degenerat�ing into ulcers. More commonly it is formed into a tincture in combination with myrrh, the anti�septic properties of which drug increase the value of the solution, as follows.

Tikctuea Aides Composita, Compound Tincture

of Aloes.

Take of Spiked Aloes, in coarse powder, 1 pound.

Myrrh . . . ditto . . . i pound,

Pyroxylic, or Eectified Spirit . 1 gallon,

Water........1 gallon.

Digest for fourteen days, frequently shaking the

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mixture, and filter for use. This in veterinary practice will be found an efficient substitute for the more expensive Tinctura Bensoini Composita, formerly called Friar's Balsam.

For Cattle and Sheep, aloes, as a purgative, was considered by Mr. Touatt to be both uncertain and unsafe in its operation, and should therefore, he thought, never be had recourse to, particularly in the first instance. I am, however, acquainted with several eminent practitioners who rely on this agent, giving it, too, in the form of ball, although that of draught is generally to be preferred. The dose for the ox would be from 5viij to 5xij ; for the sheep, from Jij to 5iij.

For the Dog, Mr. Elaine considers it to be the safest general purgative we have. And such, he says, are the peculiarities of the bowels of this animal, that, while a man can take with impunity as much calomel as would kill two large dogs, a moderate-sized dog will take a quantity of aloes sufficient to destroy two stout men. The smallest dog can take fifteen or twenty grains : half a drachm is seldom too much; but the smaller dose had better be tried first, for hundreds of dogs are every year destroyed by temerity in this particular. Medium-sized dogs usually require a drachm ; and some large dogs have taken two and even three drachms.

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Jalap, in doses of from a scruple to a drachm, is not a bad purge for the dog, but at times it is un�certain in its action. Calomel may be given as an adjunct, but only in very small quantities. Mr. Touatt asserts, that the dose of this agent for the largest dog should never exceed three grains. When it is given in large doses, it has been found to cause a determination of blood to the arteries and capillaries of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, followed by a sanguineous effusion : sometimes this is dark-coloured and grumous; at other times a sero-albuminous secretion is poured out, resembling acute dysentery. The secretion of the bile is also much increased by it, and this fluid occasionally finds its way into the stomach.

It is evident, therefore, that calomel to the dog acts as a powerful irritant to the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal in large doses, and conse�quently should only be given in very small ones.

Mr. Touatt prefers the following mixture as a purgative for this animal:

Castor Oil Miactwe.

Castor Oil .... 3 parts,

Syrup of Buckthorn . 2 parts,

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Poppies . . 1 part.

Mix together: dose from one to two table-spoonfuls.

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For tegumental and muscular wounds, in all our domesticated animals, perhaps no better form, as a traumatic, can be adopted than that advocated for the horse under the name of the Compound Tincture of Aloes. Some recommend the addition of other gum resins, as benzoin, amp;c.; but I am not aware that these possess any properties im�peratively to call for their introduction. In the compound adverted to we obtain the stimulating influence of the spirit, which action is kept up after this has evaporated, by the substances in solution, while a resinous coating is given by them to the lesion, thus defending it from the influence of the atmosphere.

AliVWlS*, vel POTASSX ALrillXO-S�LPHAS,

Alum, or, Sulphate of Alumina and Potassa.

Alum is usually obtained by the decomposition, of aluminous schist or slate, which also contains a large portion of hituminous matter and some bi�sulphide of iron.

The slate is roasted, so as to dissipate the bitumen, when at the same time the bisulphide of iron is oxidized and converted into sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid; the sulphuric acid combines

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with the alumina of the shale, and a sulphate of alumina is formed which, with the sulphate of iron, effloresces on the surface. These salts are separated by lixiviation, and when the solution has been evaporated down to the specific gravity of 1*35, chloride of potassium is added to it. The chloride of potassium and sulphate of iron suffer mutual decomposition, and form chloride of iron and sul�phate of potassa. The latter salt combines with the sulphate of alumina, and produces alum, which crystallizes out in evaporation of the solution. Alum thus formed undergoes another solution and re-crystallization in casks which are made so as to take to pieces, when the salt is found exteriorh^-in a solid cake, but interiorly its crystals are better defined.

The largest alum works in this country are at quot;WTiitby, in Yorkshire, and at Hurlett, near Paisley, in Scotland. On the average, one hundred and fifty tons of the slate afford one ton of alum; but the slower the combustion, the richer will the product be in sulphate of alumina. A continual, slow and smothered fire is, therefore, best for the ustulation of the alum slate, otherwise the sulphide of iron may run with the earthy matters into a species of slag, or the sulphur may be dissipated in the form of fumes.

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Properties and Uses.�Alum occurs in octohedral colourless crystals. It slightly effloresces on ex�posure to the air, has a rough and acidulous taste, is soluble in sixteen parts of water at GO⁰, and in about double its weight of boiling water. It has a specific gravity of 1'7. Exposed to heat it swells up, and looses its water of crystallization, and is then termed quot; burnt, or calcined alum,quot; which is employed as an erodent. Care should be taken in preparing this tbat the sulphuric acid be not disengaged, for it will then become nearly inert; which may be known by its not reddening syrup of violets. In the shops there is a variety of alum called Eoche or Eock alum, in pieces the size of an almond, and covered with a pink powder. This should come from Eoecha, in Syria, but the greater part of it is now made by colouring common alum with rose-pink. It possesses no properties to recom�mend it above the alum of commerce. Of late years ammonia has been substituted for potassa in the formation of alum.

Alum is a powerful astringent, whether adminis�tered internally or applied externally. It may be given to the horse in doses of from 5ij to 5iv, and its employment has been attended with some benefit in obstinate cases of diabetes, also in diarrhosa, the primse vice having been previously

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emptied by means of laxatives. It has likewise been found useful in dysentery and lead colic. Per either of these diseases it may he advan�tageously conjoined with opium and aromatics. Mialhe asserts that when given in excess it dissolves coagulated albumen, rendering it more than ordinarily �uid; but in small doses it acts as a coagulant and astringent.

In America it is administered in large doses for bots: it is said to cause them to quit their hold, and they are then expelled by oleaginous purga�tives. But it is still a question, whether it is necessary or advisable to hasten the removal of these parasites from the habitation which nature has assigned to them.

Composition.�Al.��80_a KO, S0₃ 24HO, orKAlS₂0₈. 12H,0.

Tests.�It is colourless, and entirely soluble in water, proving the absence of earthy impurities. If ammonia or potassa be added to the solution, alumina is thrown down free from colour, which again dissolves when the potassa is in ex�cess.

Incompatihles.�Astringent vegetables, the alka�lies, the alkaline earths and their carbonates, acetate of lead, and those alkaline salts whose bases by uniting with sulphuric acid precipitate the alumina.

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Alum is employed most commonly as a local ap�plicant. The compounds directed to be kept in the pharmacy of the Veterinary College are as follows:

Solutio Altjmixis, Solution of Alum.

Take of Alum......1 part,

quot;Water......16 parts.

Dissolve.

Unouentum Alumints CoMPOSiTUS, Compound

Ointment of Alum.

Take of Alum finely powdered,

Turpentine, of each . . 1 part. Hog's Lard.....3 parts.

Melt the lard and turpentine together in a water-bath, and when nearly cold add tie alum.

The union of an astringent with a digestive may appear somewhat incongruous, but, from a very long use of the compound, it has been retained. In inflammation and suppuration of the skin of the heels, vulgarly designated grease, its employment is advocated; and when judgment is exercised in its application, little more is necessary.

Alum has also been resorted to for open joints

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and wounded theca;, for which purpose it is made into a cataplasm with flour or meal. It coagu�lates the albumen of the escaping synovia, and thus closes the opening; the coagulum, therefore, should not be removed, as is too often done, but allowed to remain, in order that granulations may perfect the healing process.

The following compound has been used with success in such cases, which I have designated�

P�ltis Aluminis CoiiPOSiTTis, Compound Poivder of Alum.

Take of Alum, deprived of its water of crystalliza�tion;

Sulphate of Iron, ditto ;

Myrrh, of each in powder, equal parts. Mis them.

This may be sprinkled over the wound until it is well covered with it, adding from time to time fresh portions, should any synovia escape, and over the whole placing a pledget of tow saturated with the tincture of myrrh; or it may be made into a paste with the compound tincture of aloes, and confined by suitable means over the exposed joint.

In aphtha, a weak solution of alum may be employed with advantage, and it may likewise be used as a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia.

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Alum very finely pulverized, and mixed with an equal quantity or twice its weight of flour, is a valuable styptic. The styptic water of Signer Paglian�hence called JSau Paglian�celebrated all over the continent, and used some years since in this country by him is made by boiling together for six hours in a glazed earthen vessel�

Gum Benzoin 8 ozs. Alum . . . 1 lb. quot;Water . . . 10 lbs.

It is to be constantly stirred, so that the resinous matter may not become deposited, and the loss sustained by evaporation supplied by adding boiling water from time to time. It is then to be filtered, and preserved in stoppered bottles. The portion of benzoin that remains will be found to have lost both its odour and inflammability.

For Cattle and Sm�-EP alum has been found a useful astringent, both topically applied, and given in cases of diarrhoea. Calves and lambs are especially the subject of the last-named disease, in which alum may be exhibited in the form of whey ; two drachms being dissolved in a pint of hot milk, to which a drachm of ginger may be added, and a scruple of opium.

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Mr. Youatt recommends the following in prefer�ence, under the name of�

Sheep and Calves' Cordial.

Take of Prepared Chalk ...nbsp; nbsp; 2 ounces.

Powdered Catechu . .nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounce,

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Gringer...nbsp; nbsp; 4 drachms,

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Opium ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 drachm,

Peppermint Water .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 pint. Mix them together.

The dose for lambs is from one to two table-spoonfuls morning and night. For calves the quan�tity may be doubled.

By some practitioners alum is given in doses of from pj to giv, to cause a suppression of the secre�tion of milk in cows; others excite into increased action the neighbouring viscera, as the bowels and kidneys; and some detract blood. The compounds of Iodine have been also applied externally for this purpose.

To the Dog it is occasionally administered in doses of from ten to fifteen grains in chronic diarrhoea, combining it with other agents of the same class ; and should the case prove obstinate, alum whey may be thrown up in the form of clyster.

138

A MAIfUAL Or

Ammonia, Ammonia.

This compound has been designated the volatile alkali, in contradistinction to the fixed alkalies soda, potassa, and lithia. It is abundantly given off in the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances; but it is now mostly obtained by the destructive distillation of coal in the manufac�ture of ordinary illuminating gas. It exists, free or combined, in both the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature; and may readily be pro�cured, experimentally, by the action of two parts of dry quicklime upon one part of the hydro-chlorate of ammonia, applying heat to the mix�ture, and collecting the gas as it escapes over mercury.

Ammoniacal gas is composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen.

Properties and Uses.�Ammonia, at the ordinary temperature of the air, is gaseous, but exposed to a pressure of six and a half atmospheres, at a tem�perature of 50deg;, it becomes a liquid. It has a specific gravity of 059, is transparent and colour�less, easily detected by its pungent odour, or by bringing a rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near it, when dense white fumes are produced. It neither supports respiration nor combustion,

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and is bit slightly inflammable; it possesses the leading characters of an alkali; is rapidly absorbed by water, and by union with acids forms salts. It is occasionally used as a local stimulant; but more commonly it is the case that some of its compounds are directed to be employed medicinally, such as the sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, the solution, aromatic spirit and acetate of ammonia.

AiiMONTiE HxDBoenLOEAs, HydrocMorate of Ammonia. Hypothetical, Chloride of Am�monium. Old names : Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac.

The name by which this salt is familiarly known in the arts, sal ammoniac, was derived from its being found native near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, It is still procurable in the neighbourhood of volcanoes in a state of efflorescence, or in groups of small needle-like crystals. The market at one time was wholly supplied with it from Egypt, where the soot of camels' dung was made to yield it by sublimation; but now it is obtained, in this country, by the distillation of animal matters. Por this purpose, bones and other animal remains, after being cut into pieces and boiled, in order to extract the fat, are placed in an iron cylindrical still to which is attached a receiver. Heat being applied, there

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passes over an impure solution of the carbonate, and other salts of ammonia, mixed with an em-pjreuraatic oil. The oil being removed, sulphate of lime is added to the alkaline solution, when the sulphuric acid leaves the lime and combines with the ammonia, forming a soluble sulphate of ammonia, while the carbonic acid of the carbonate of am�monia unites with the lime, and forms an insoluble carbonate of lime, which is precipitated. To the sulphate of ammonia in solution is added com�mon salt (chloride of sodium) : a double decomposi�tion now takes place; the sulphuric acid unites with the soda, and the hydrochloric acid with the ammonia, and two new salts are formed, both of which are in solution : these are to be separated by careful evaporation. The sulphate of soda crystallizes first, and being removed, the heat is still continued until crystals of hydrochlorate of ammonia begin to form: as soon as this occurs the heat is withdrawn, and the crystallized mass is afterwards sublimed.

Another method by which this compound is pre�pared on a large scale, and the one now usually had recourse to, is that of adding hydrochloric acid to the impure solution of carbonate and other salts of ammonia, which are obtained during the prepara�tion of coal gas, the salt being purified by repeated sublimations. Or, by the reaction of sulphuric

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acid and chloride of sodium on this ammoniacal solution.

Water.....=9 \

Carbonate of r-*^mmo�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;=17---------~gt;C0 Summte of Am.

Ammonia =39 | _Carbonic _�cid _=22N^_//

Sulphate of f Sulphuric Acid =40 ^ Ome =^(!8|__Li_menbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;=38^111^-^ 50 Carbonate of Lime

(-Ammonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; =17 -----------.. Hydrocl�orato of Am-

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; //nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; monia =h\

Sulphate of J Sulplraric Acid =40,

Ammonia ^OG*]nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Hyd-

Water =9 / Lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;LOxy. :

Chloride of r Chlorine Sodium =CO\_So(j_iumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ₌₃₄-----------^Sulphate of Soda

Composition.�Hydrochlorate of ammonia con�sists of�

1 atom hydrochloric acid = 37 1 � ammonia . . =17

Equivalent . 54

Or jSTHjHCI. If, however, it he viewed as a Chloride of Ammonium, its symbol will be NH₄C1.

Properties and Uses.�Hydrochlorate of am�monia, or chloride of ammonium, occurs in concavo-

142

A MANTJAL OF

convex cakes of from two to more inches in thick�ness. It is colourless, inodorous, striated, unacted upon by the air when pure, and has a salt, bitterish, and cool taste. Sometimes it is tinged by iron. It possesses some ductility, and therefore is not easily pulverised. Its specific gavity is 1quot;450. It is soluble in about three parts of water at 60deg;, and in its own weight of boiling water: at 300deg; it sublimes without decomposition. It is used as a topical remedy to lessen inflammatory action, since the generation of cold while the salt is undergoing solution is great. This is increased by the addition of an equal weight of the nitrate of potassa, as follows:

Lotio Eefeigeeans, Cooling Lotion.

Take of Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, in powder, Nitrate of Potassa, in powder, of each 2 parts, quot;Water .........16 parts.

The solution is to be employed as soon as made, otherwise it acts as a stimulant. Cloths are dipped into it and laid wet on the inflamed part, renewing them as soon as they become warm. A more effec�tual plan would be to immerse an evaporating lotion consisting of 4 parts of rectified spirit and 16 parts of water, in a mixture of this kind, when its tem-

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perature -^ill be considerably lowered, and on its application the benefit derivable from the direct contact of cold, as well as that which results from evaporation, will be obtained.

Lotio Disc�tiens, Biscutient Lotion.

Take of Hydrochlorate of Ammonia . 1 part, Diluted Acetic Acid ... 8 parts, Camphorated Spirit .... 1 part.

Mix together, so as to form a lotion, from which the precipitated camphor may be separated or not, as the practitioner may think best. This is not required to be used as soon as formed, and should be applied with friction. When the quantity of the hydrochlorate has been much increased, some blemish has ensued.

This compound is employed for the purpose of dispersing indolent tumours, and as a stimulant in chronic sprains, both for the horse and cattle, the sheep and the dog.

The following form for a discutieut lotion, is by Mona. Tabourin :

Take of Bay Salt ... 1 ounce, quot;Water .... 2 pints.

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Dissolve and add

Water of Ammonia ... 3 ounces, Spirit of Camphor ... 3 drachms.

The same compound is advocated by him, given internally as a febrifuge, in doses of half an ounce in a pint of water.

The hydrochlorate of ammonia, in a state of fine powder, mixed with an equal quantity of that of savine leaves, has occasionally been used for the removal of warts in the dog, particularly when their situation and character are such as not to admit of their eradication by other means.

Tests.�It is a translucent salt, sublimed by heat, and entirely dissolved by water. Any resi�duum would be an impurity. It affords no pre�cipitate with the chloride of barium, proving the absence of sulphuric acid; and yields ammonia on the addition of potassa or lime.

Incompatihles.�J. am not aware of the hydro-chlorate of ammonia having been given in this country internally to any extent. Occasionally it has been exhibited, but the carbonate is generally preferred, although its properties rather associate it with the acetate of ammonia. It is, however, decomposed by the fixed alkalies and the alkaline earths.

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Dr. Hering recommends it in doses of from 5j to 5ij, given in the form of ball, or in some bitter infusion, in cases of general mucous inflammation, also in chronic derangement of the lymphatic or glandular system, and in dropsy.

Liquoe Ammonije, Solution of Ammonia. Old Names: quot;Water of Ammonia, Spirit of Sal Ammo�niac, Spirit of Hartshorn.

Take of Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, 10 ounces. Newly-burnt Lime ... 8 ounces. Water.......2 pints.

Put the lime, slaked with a little water, into a retort; then add the hydrochlorate of ammonia and the remainder of the water, and distil fifteen fluid ounces of solution of ammonia into a receiver. Decomposition. � The simplest explanation is, that the lime attracts the hydrochloric acid from its superior affinity, setting the ammonia free, which rising with the water in distillation, both are con�densed in the receiver, forming water or solution of ammonia. The more complex but correct decomposition is represented in the following diagram :

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Materials.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Constituents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Products.

f Ammonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 1 -----.........Ammonia. 17

Hvdrochlorate

of Amm

^m?:'( Hydrochloric J ⁼ ⁵⁴1 Acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;t

Hydrogonl-----------yWater . 9

Cliloriue 36

Limenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; =28r^0xre^en

\ Calcium

Composition.�This will depend upon its specific-gravity, and the latter upon the quantity of ammo-niacal gas absorbed. Mr. Phillips says that if prepared according to the form above given, its specific gravity is �960, and it will consist of�

10 parts ammoniacal gas, 90 parts water.

100

Properties and Uses.�Solution of ammonia is a transparent and colourless fluid, having a strong pungent odour, and an acrid taste. It is stimulant, antacid, and rubefacient: as the latter, it is most commonly employed in combination with some oil, forming a saponaceous compound, the liniment of ammonia.

Solution of ammonia has been given internally in the first stages of tympanitis in the horse, and hoveu in cattle, when the vegetable matter is in

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that state of decomposition in which carbonic acid gas is disengaged: in the latter stages, the com�pounds of chlorine will be found of the greatest value. It acts by neutralizing the carbonic acid, thus forming a solid compound, and also by stimulating the stomach to contract upon its contents. The dose for the horse may be from fps to fy ; that for cattle may be f^ij; but it should be largely diluted with water, or it will inflame and excoriate the mouth.

Tests.�When pure, and subjected to the in�fluence of heat, it entirely evaporates. Ammoniacal gas is first disengaged, which may be known by its odour; and it is also rendered evident by a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid, or by turmeric paper: the water next follows. Iso precipitate is afforded by lime-water, proving the absence of car�bonic acid; and when saturated with nitric acid, neither the sesqui-carbonate of ammonia nor nitrate of silver throws down anything, by which is shown the absence of all earthy matters and hydrochloric-acid. With cupreous salts it forms a blue com�pound�an ammonio-salt of copper,�and it has an alkaline reaction.

Incompatibles.�Acids, acidulous and most earthy and metallic salts, except those of lime, baryta, and strontia, which it does not decompose, and also those of magnesia only partially.

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LixtiiENTUJi Ammonite, Liniment of Ammonia.

Take of quot;Water of Ammonia . . 1 part,

Olive Oil.....2 parts.

Mix together, so as to form a liniment.

This may be used with advantage for sore throats, chronic tumours, sprains, and deep-seated inflammations. Its activity may be readily in�creased by the addition of one part of the oil of turpentine, or of cantharides, to four parts of the liniment.

The following form has been preferred by some practitioners, and to it the name of White Oils has been given:

Take of Camphor ... 1 ounce, Rectified Spirit . 4 ounces, Olive Oil ... 1 pint, Water of Ammonia 2 ounces.

Dissolve the camphor in the spirit and mix the whole together so as to form a liniment.

AMMONliB Sesqui-CARBONAs, Sesqui-carbonate of Ammonia. Old names: Subcarbonate of Am�monia, Carbonate of Ammonia, Volatile Salt.

Take of Hydroehlorate of Ammonia . 1 pound. Dried Prepared Chalk . . 1| pound.

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Pulverise them separately ; then mix, aud sublime with a gradually increased heat, until the retort becomes red hot.

Decomposition.�A double decomposition of the materials takes place by the agency of heat. The calcium of the chalk goes to the chlorine of the hydrochloric acid, while the carbonic acid, the elements of water, and the ammonia, unite to�gether to form carbonate of ammonia. The following diagram will assist the memory ;

Materials.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CoHStituenU,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Vroditets.

immonia . . . 17------------^Cai'l). of Am. 48

vochlo- \

rate of Am--^ u^j...,.,..;. r Hydrogen 1

^ A�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;L Chlorine 3laquo;

rCarbonic Acid

Oxysen

Carbonate ofJ

Lime =50 1 _T.

L Lime

'.Calcium 20-----------Chloride of

Calcium . 5(i

Composition.�In the diagram above given it is supposed that the two neutral compounds mutually decompose each other, and the result should be two new neutral compounds ; but it appears that, during sublimation, three equivalents of each un�dergo decomposition, when one equivalent of am�monia and one of the water formed are dissipated ; while, the carbonic acid being undiminished, the resulting compound consists of three equivalents

150

A MANUAL OF

of carbonic acid, two of ammonia, and two of water; its symbol, therefore, would be 2NH₃, 2110, 3C0.� or (NH₄)₄C₃0₈.

Properties and Uses.�Sesqui-carbonate of am�monia has a pungent odour, and an acrid, cool taste. It occurs in striated, semi-opaque, colour�less masses, which effloresce on exposure to the air, and become changed into the hydrated licarhonate of ammonia. It is soluble in four parts of water at 60deg;, and its own weight of warm water. Hot water decomposes it with eifervescence. It is employed in veterinary practice principally as a diffusible stimulant: it is also an antacid. Its primary action is on the nerves of the stomach, which it excites, and this excitation is propagated over the whole system. Occasionally it is given in doses of from 5ij to 5i^vgt; iⁿ the form of ball, in attacks of pneumonia that have been allowed to go on until congestion has taken place, and when all the other symptoms present, except the pulse, warrant the use of the lancet; but should a vein be opened, the blood would be seen only very slowly to trickle from the orifice. By its stimulat�ing influence, the action of the heart is roused, and blood may then be withdrawn, so as to relieve the congestion of the vessels.

Incompatihles.�Acids, and acidulous salts; the acetate and diacetate of lead, and the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. It is also decomposed by

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the fixed alkalies and their carbonates, and by lime-water.

Tests. � Translucent, and entirely soluble in #9632;water. Nitric acid being added to it to saturation, no precipitate is thrown down either by the chloride of barium or the nitrate of silver.

Liquoe AiiMONiiE Acetatis, Solution of Acetate of Ammonia. Old names : Water of Acetate of Ammonia. Mindererus's Spirit.

Take of Sesqui-carbonate of Ammonia, 4J ounces, or as much as is sufficient; Diluted Acetic Acid ... 4 pints.

Add the salt to the acid till saturated, or a neutral solution is the result.

Decomposition.�-The acetic acid, from its superior affinity, attracts the ammonia, while the carbonic acid is liberated in a gaseous state.

Composition.�A solution of acetate of ammonia in water. The neutral salt, according to the British Pharmacopoeia, consists of NH₄, O, C₄H_s0₃, or NH4 . C₂H₃0₂.

1 atom ammonia . . = 17 1 � acetic acid . = 51 1 � water . . . = 9

Equivalent 77

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Properties and Uses.�A colourless solution, in�odorous, and slightly nauseous to the taste. In�ternally administered, it is a febrifuge aud diapho�retic. It may be advantageously given with the nitrate of potassain febrile affections, and will form a proper vehicle for the extract of the deadly night�shade in pulmonic and other diseases. Dose from f5iv to fsviij.

Although the question. Whether diaphoresis can be excited in the horse ? has not been definitely answered, I feel it my duty to state my belief that it can, when assisted by heat: I mean the heat given off from the body, confined by clothing; otherwise the influence of the agents which we employ for the purpose will be determined to the Itidneys, which emunctories in the horse are acted upon with ease and certainty. In some experiments in which a pint of this solution was repeatedly administered by me, I find it recorded that the exhalents of the skin were increased in action by it, and the pulse lowered from 40 to 36 beats in the minute.

It is employed externally as a discutient, for which the following formula is given by Mr. Percivall:

Take of Solution of Acetate of Ammonia,

Eectified Spirit, of each . 4 ounces. Water.......1 pint.

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Mix together, so as to form a lotion, with, which the inflamed part is to be kept constantly wetted.

Tests.�The absence of lead and copper is shown by adding hydrosulphurie acid to the solution ; and of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, by the nitrate of silver and the chloride of barium : the solution being evaporated to dryness, that which remains evolves ammonia and is dissipated by heat.

Incomjnitibles.�Acids, the fixed alkalies and their carbonates, lime and lime water, and, as some carbonic acid is usually present, the acetate and the diacetate of lead.

Spieitus AMMONXa), Spirit of Ammonia, Solution of Ammonia in Bectified Spirit.

Take of Eectified Spirit ... 2 pints,

Fresh-burnt Lime . . 12 ounces,

Hy drochlorate of Ammonia 8 ,,

quot;Water......Q\ fluid ounces.

Slake the lime with water in a covered earthen vessel, and, when cold, mix it intimately in a mortar with the hydrochlorate of ammonia in a state of powder ; then quickly transfer the mixture to a glass retort, which adapt to a tube that passes nearly to the bottom of a bottle containing the rectified spirit. Distil as long as anything passes over, keeping the receiver cool.

Decomposition.�The changes that occur in this

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preparation are analogous to those that take place in the formation of the water of ammonia, the compound being a solution of ammoniacal gas in rectified spirit.

Properties and Uses.�The spirit of ammonia possesses the stimulant and antacid properties of the water of ammonia, and dissolves the volatile oils and resins. Its best form as an antispasmodic is the aromatic spirit, made as follows:

Spieittjs Ammonije Ahomatic�s, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. Old names : Spirit of Sal Volatile, Compound Spirit of Ammonia.

Take of Spirit of Ammonia . . 8 fluid ounces. Volatile Oil of Lemons. 1 fluid drachm, Volatile Oil of Eosemarj linbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

Dissolve the oils in the spirit by agitation.

Properties and Uses.�I have chosen the above formula of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, because elsewhere the use of an ammoniated tincture of opium has been advocated by me, and the carbo�nated spirit of ammonia of the London College does not dissolve morphia like this, the caustic spirit.

Aromatic spirit of ammonia is a transparent colourless fluid, which becomes brown by keeping;

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it has a specific gravity of 0'914, a pungent aro�matic smell, and an acrid taste. It is, perhaps, the most valuable of the compounds of ammonia for internal use as an antispasmodic and stimu�lant. Professor Simonds, at my suggestion, many years since extensively employed it, with marked benefit, during the first stages of hoven in cattle, giving it in doses of from two to three ounces, largely diluted with water. In tympanitis or flatulent colic in the horse, it has proved equally efficacious ; the quantity given to that animal being from half an ounce to an ounce.

It would appear that, while it neutralizes any acids that may have been generated by the fer�menting vegetable mass, it likewise prevents the remainder from becoming acescent, and also acts as a stimulant to the stomach, rousing it to healthy action.

Incompaiihles.�Acids, acidulous salts, earthy and metallic salts, and lime-water.

Anchtjsa Eadtx, Alhanet Boot.

The plant affording this root is a perennial, and a native of the south of Europe. The market is supplied with it from Trance. The smaller roots should be chosen, as they are invested with the most bark, in which the colouring matter resides.

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Properties and Uses.�The dried root is inodor�ous and insipid. It is wrinkled, and covered with a dusky red bark, which imparts its colour very readily to oils, fat, wax, amp;c., and on this account alone it is employed.

Aniueiiidis riOEES, Ghamomile Floioers.

The chamomile plant is indigenous to Great Britain, a perennial, and growing in abundance upon dry waste lands. The market, however, is principally supplied with the flowers by the growers of medicinal herbs at Mitcham in Surrey. As is the case generally, the plant loses much of its activity by cultivation; and, what is still more un�fortunate, those flowers are preferred which possess the least virtue, the double kind being commonly sold in the shops ; whereas the single ones are the best, from the medicinal properties residing in the disc florets.

Composition.�Bitter extractive, resin, essential oil, tannic and gallic acids.

Properties and Uses.�Chamomile flowers have a powerful grateful odour, and a nauseous bitter taste. These properties are abstracted by water and alcohol. They should not be kept more than twelve months, unless great care is taken that they

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are preserved perfectly dry. Their action is that of a mild tonic and carminative. They constitute, perhaps, one of the mildest vegetable tonics; and may be given in doses of from 5ij to ^iv, in combination with ginger, or some other aro�matic, once or twice a day. They will be found serviceable where much debility remains after in�flammatory attacks, also in cases of indigestion. With the salts of iron, however, they are incom�patible, as they contain tannic acid.

Antimouium, Antimony. Old name : Stibium.

The metal antimony serves as the basis of several therapeutic compounds. It is commouly procured from the ter-sulphide by the process of reduction; and is of a white brilliant colour, with a bluish grey shade, very slowly tarnishing by exposure to the air. It fuses at 810deg; F., and at high tempera�tures is volatilised. Its specific gravity is 6-712. Atomic weight 122. Symbol Sb.

Anthionitjm Taetabatum, Tartarated Antimon)/. Old names: Tartarized Antimony, Potassio-Tartrate of Antimony, Tartar Emetic.

KG, Sb0₃, C₈TT₄O₁₀ 2HO, or KSbCH^, H₂0.

15S

A MAS UAL OF

The following altered form is from the 'British Pharmacopoeia:'

Take of Oxide of Antimony ....nbsp; nbsp; 5 ounces, Acid Tartrate of Potash, in fine

powder........nbsp; nbsp; 6 ounces.

Distilled water......nbsp; nbsp; 2 pints.

Mix the oxide of antimony and acid tartrate of potash with sufficient distilled water to form a paste, and set aside for twenty-four hours. Then add the remainder of the water, and hoil for a quarter of an hour, stirring frequently. Filter, and set aside the clear filtrate to crystallize. Pour off the mother-liquor, evaporate to one third, and set aside that more crystals may form. Dry the crystals on filtering paper at the temperature of the air.

Tartar emetic occurs in colourless transparent crystals, exhibiting triangular facets, soluble in water, but less so in proof spirit. It decrepitates and blackens upon the application of heat.

Composition.�A double salt, consisting of the tartrates of antimony and potassa.

Froperties and Uses.�In my earlier editions I observed that I should be much pleased if I could reconcile the conflicting statements respecting the action of this salt. Most practitioners employ it; nevertheless I have not been able to obtain from

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any one of them a satisfactory account of its modus opera?idi. Sir B. Brodie has ascertained that, when given to animals in large doses, it possesses sedative powers, evinced by its controlling the force of the circulation to such a degree that, in some instances, the heart has almost ceased to beat and the blood to flow. The late Mr. J. Turner suggested that, although it may not produce actual diaphoresis in the horse, it restores the function of the exhalents of the skin, and thus oftentimes proves of service. That increased action of the vessels of the skin is induced by this agent, is conflrmed hy observations made by Professor Spooner, who noticed and directed my attention to several cases in which, when it had been given in repeated doses for some time, it caused much debility of the covering integument, indicated by the hair being easily removed in patches, and the animals perspir�ing freely on the slightest amount of exercise being given to them. Mr. Hugh Ferguson also states that quot; in some instances tartar emetic increases the capillary action of the skin, producing a tendency to diaphoresis.quot; He has also seen it operate as a diuretic, and as a nauseant he does not for a moment question its potency; so that, from its very general use, we are warranted to conclude that beneficial effects do result from its employment. I have given it both in repeated small and large

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doses for a considerable time, and am enabled to speak somewhat confidently of its influence. I believe it to be a nauseant and a diaphoretic in its action, and causing, when long exhibited, an inter�mission and much feebleness of the pulse. It may be given in quantities varying from 5ss to 5ij, de�pending upon the plan adopted, whether it be that of-exhibiting one dose in the day, or repeated small doses. The latter is always to be preferred, since, if administered in large quantities, or for too long a time, it will cause thickening and corruga�tion of the mucous coat of the stomach, followed by acute inflammation and death. The French and G-erman practitioners prefer the repetition of small quantities of this agent. Professor Varnell also bears testimony both to the value of this therapeutic, and to its being given in small and repeated doses.

It has been supposed that the action of this com�pound of antimony is that of a most powerful sedative to the great nervous centre, the brain ; thence its influence extends to the heart, and sub�sequently to the extreme capillary tissues, and to the muscular system in general. It quickly de�presses the vital powers ; the heart's action being lowered, the pulse reduced in frequency and strength, and the capillary system becoming much aftected. We have, when large doses are adminis-

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tered, a ebilliness of the surface of the body, other�wise the secretory tissues are relaxed, and a pouring out of a greater amount of the different secretions takes place.

Doubtless its influence is also very marked on mucous surfaces, especially the gastro-intestinal and the mucous membrane of the lungs; hence its value in cases of pneumonia.

It is judiciously combined with the nitrate of potassa and camphor, and the compound is usually denominated a fever ball, a form for which is as follows:

Jfever Ball. Take of Tartarated Antimony,

Camphor, of eachnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; half a drachm,

Nitrate of Potassa . 2 drachms.

Common mass, a sufEcient quantity to form a ball for one dose, which may be repeated during the day.

Tartarated antimony is extolled as a vermifuge given in a dose of from 5j to 5ij at night, and an aloetic purge administered the following morning. Others, with greater advantage, give it in doses of a drachm for six consecutive mornings, and always before the horse is fed; and on the seventh day a dose of physic is exhibited. Few worms, it is said, appear after this.

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Externally applied, it has been recommended by Mr. W. Simpson and Mr. J. W. Grloag in chest affections. The form in which it may be used is in combination with lard, in the proportions of from 5j to 5ij of the salt to gj of lard. Considerable friction having been resorted to during its applica�tion, it becomes a very powerful irritant, exciting much pustular eruption on the skin, and therefore it may prove serviceable in many deep-seated in�flammations. Its operation, however, is often painful; and I have found, when extensively applied, that it causes much disorganization of the part, deeply deranging the structures beneath, and producing an unsightly suppurating sore; never�theless, in the hands of the scientific practitioner, it is an agent that may be advantageously employed when the use of cantharides or terebinthinate compounds is contfa-indicated.

Tests.�Its solubility in water. A precipitate of the orange sulphide of antimony takes place on passing a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through its solution ; also of the oxide of anti�mony on the addition of the alkalies. Nitrate of silver affords no precipitate which would take place if chlorine or any of the chlorides were present: nor does the chloride of barium give any precipitate, indicating the absence of sulphuric acid and the sulphates.

Incompatibles.�The acids, the alkalies, and their

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carbonates, the soaps, most of the earths and metallic oxides, acetate of lead, and many vegetable infusions, especially those which are bitter and astringent, as bark, catechu, amp;c. The best antidote is a decoction of yellow bark; one fluid ounce, ac�cording to Dr. Paris, rendering inert a scruple of this salt.

To Cattle, the potassio-tartrate of antimony may be given in doses of from one drachm to two drachms, combining it with the nitrate of potassa and digitalis. It has been found of service in pul-monic and other inflammatory diseases, by lower�ing the heart's action. The activity of blistering compounds is increased by its addition; about one part to eight being the usual proportions. The action of aloes is also said to be promoted by it;. and calves are readily purged by it in quantities of from two to three drachms.

On the Doa it acts as an emetic, the dose being from one to three grains. A very large and strong dog might require four grains. Applied externally it quickly induces nausea, followed by vomiting� the stomach of the dog being- easily acted upon j and hence the many agents that nre extolled as emetics for him. Some are highly objectionable, from the violence with which they operate, as the turpeth mineral � subsulphas hydrargyri flavus ; crude antimony,�antimonii ter-sulplmretum, and common salt; although these are favorites with

#9632;#9632;#9632;

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sportsmen. Vomition appears to be almost a na�tural act in this animal, or, at any rate, it is gene�rally attended with salutary effects. The agent partaken of by him in order to produce it, is the dog-grass,�cynosurus ecldnatus.

Mr. Elaine says, quot; Calomel from a grain and a half to four grains, forms a very useful and cleans�ing emetic to the dog, acting, as it usually does, upon both the stomach and bowels. It may be mixed in equal proportions with the potassio-tar-trate of antimony; and of the mixture from a grain and a half, as the smallest dose, to four, five, or six grains as a full one, may be given with benefit in any affection where both intentions are to be fulfilled. In pure febrile cases it may be prudent to trust to the tartarised antimony alone�an antimonial emetic being peculiarly called for in these cases, by the power it possesses of lessening the action of the heart and arteries.quot;

Astimonii Teb-chloeidum, Ter-chloride of Anti�mony. Old Names : Oil or Burter of Antimony, Muriate of Antimony, Sesqui-chloride of Anti�mony, Caustic Antimony.

This compound has again found a place in the British Pharmacopoeia ; and, as it is still largely employed in veterinary practice, I have thought

#9632;

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it deserving of notice. It is the lowest com�bination of chlorine with the metal antimony; being the proto-chloride.

The easiest method of obtaining it is by digest�ing the sulphide of antimony in hydrochloric acid. Pernitrate of iron is added to the solution merely to give colour.

An analogous compound is directed to be pre�pared by the Dublin Pharmacopoeia thus;�Digest, and afterwards boil for an hour, 20 parts of sesqui-sulphide of antimony in a mixture of 100 parts of hydrochloric acid and 1 part of nitric acid. This is to be filtered when cold, or allowed to remain at rest, so that all the sulphide unacted upon may be deposited.

If this solution be thrown into water, a mixed chloride and oxide of antimony falls, which would constitute a good substitute for antimonial or James's powder.

Decomposition.�By boiling the ter-sulphide of antimony in hydrochloric acid, the products are hydrosulphuric acid, which escapes as gas, and ter-chloride of antimony in solution. The nitric acid is employed to decompose the hydrosulphuric acid remaining in combination; which it does by its oxygen uniting with the hydrogen so as to form water, and the sulphur being precipitated.

#9632;#9632;#9632;

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A MANUAL OF

^: 51 Hydro-sul�phuric Acid (3)

llydrocliloric Acid 3 eq. Ill

J Hydrogen *� Chlorine

= 3......

=108--,,

Ter-sulphide of Antimony =177

r Sulphur = 48 I Antimony =129

237Ter-chloride of Antimony.

Composition.�This compound, if pure, should be a ter-chloride, and consequently consist of Sb Cl₃, or, Sb Cl₃.

1 atom Antimony. 3 atoms Chlorine .

= 12'2-0 = 106-5

Equivalent

228-5

But the littler of antimony of the shops contains ter-chloride of antimony, free hydrochloric acid, water, and iron, with impurities derived from the ter-sulphide from which it is prepared.

Properties and ZTses.-^-As it ordinarily occurs, it is a transparent fluid, varying in colour from yellow to a deep red, this being dependent on the quan�tity of iron added. It emits fumes owing to its containing an excess of hydrochloric acid. Its specific gravity is 1-2 to 1-5, and it possesses acid properties.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9830;

Therapeutically it is employed as a caustic. It has been much praised by those who use it, on account of its not creating any great degree of pain or inflammation. Its action, also, can be accu�rately ascertained by the change produced in the

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colour of the part to which it is applied, and after the separation, of the eschar a clean healthy surface is generally presented. It has heen recommended in cases of corns, canker, and other diseases of the foot of the horse indicating unhealthy action ; also for foul in the foot in cattle and foot-rot in sheep, for which Mr. Youatt says quot; there is no application comparable to this. It is effectual as a superficial caustic; and it so readily combines with the fluids belonging to the part to which it is applied, that it quickly becomes diluted, and is then incapable of producing any deep or corroding mischief. So far as these foot eases are concerned, it supersedes every other application.quot;

Tests.�It is decomposed by water, which throws down a yellowish-white powder�the oxyehloride of antimony. The alkaline sulphides produce an orange-red precipitate�the hydrated sulphide of antimony; the alkalies a white precipitate�the oxide of antimony; and nitrate of silver gives a precipitate consisting of ike chloride of'silver and oxide of antimony.

Auttimonii Ter-sttlphueetum, Ter-sulphide of Antimony.

This compound is known among horsemen by the name of hlach or crude antimony. It is the

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grey ore, the most common of all the antimonial ores, and found in France, Spain, England, Scot�land, and many other places. The market is chiefly supplied from Germany and Holland. The process which it goes through is simply this,�the adven�titious substances with which the mineral is mixed are separated as much as possible by the hand. The ore being then broken into fragments, is placed in a reverberatory furnace, covered with charcoal, and exposed to a low red heat. The sulphide fuses, and the remaining earthy portions floating on the surface are removed by a rake, while the fluid parts are made to run into moulds. Sometimes the ore is put into a crucible perforated with holes, which is placed within another that is entire; and these beingintroduced into the furnace, the sulphide melts and percolates through the first into the second vessel, leaving the extraneous matters behind. It then constitutes the crude antimony of commerce, which is of a crystalline structure, massive, and of a grejish steel colour, inodorous, insipid, and in�soluble in water and alcohol.

Composition.�SbS₃, or Sb₂ S₃ or

1 atom Antimony = 122 3 atoms Sulphur. = 48

Equivalent . . . 177 Properties.�This compound of antimony has

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been extolled as an alterative. Its action depends in a great measure upon the state of the stomach and bowels; for if much acid exists in them its operation will sometimes be violent. Its administra�tion, therefore, should always be preceded by the exhibition of a laxative. It has been given in doses of from 5ij to gss. But most commonly, and most advantageously, it is combined with sulphur and the nitrate of potash, forming a compound much in request by stablemen. It is not an objectionable compound when given with caution; and is con�stituted as follows:

Alterative Powder.

Take of Sublimed Sulphur ... 2 parts, Ter-sulphide of Antimony, in powder. Nitrate of Potassa, of each . 1 part. Mix intimately together. Dose from 533 to 3J given in the animal's provender.

Tests.�The sulphide of antimony, as it occurs in the shops, sometimes contains other substances, such as lead, arsenic, magnesia, and iron. The presence of lead is indicated by the texture being foliated rather than striated; of arsenic, by the garlicky odour emitted, when a portion is thrown on live coals ; of magnesia and iron, from its not being vaporizable. These are the ordinary tests, but.

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A MAKUAL OF

where minute investigation is necessary, others must be had recourse to.

It should never he purchased in the state of powder, but in conical masses as ohtained from the hands of the purifier, since, after pulverization, it is frequently mixed with the carbide of iron and some other substances.

There is another of the compounds of antimony which, at onetime, was much in request, designated from its colour, the liver of antimony, also scvffronof antimony, and crocus metallorum. It appears to have been obtained by roasting the ter-sulphide, and to consist of the ter-oxide of antimony and antimonious acid, with more or less of the unacted upon sulphide. Much of this was made artificially by colouring the last-named compound with Arme�nian bole. It may, however, safely give place to the ter-sulphide of antimony, as also may the golden sulphide of antimony, the oxy-sulphide, and others called hermes mineral and precipitated sulphide of antimony ; these being all variable compounds and of doubtful efficacy. Their colour, however recom�mends them to the notice of some persons. If a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen be passed through a solution of potassio-tartrate of antimony, an orange precipitate, hydrated ter-sulphide of anti�mony, is thrown down.

Kermes mineral is generally prepared as follows : equal parts of sulphide of antimony and of caustic

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potassa are fused together; the resulting mass is finely pcnvdered and boiled in ten times its weight of water. The liquor is filtered while hot; and during cooling, it deposits Tcermes. The mother-liquor of kermes deposits a copious yellowish-red precipitate upon the addition of dilute sulphuric acid, which, when washed and dried, is known under the name of golden sulphide of antimony. Dr. Ure states that a Tcermes, sold at a low price aa a veterinary medicine, is made from the scoriae which cover the metal antimony when obtained from its sulphide by means of tartar. These consist of sulphide of potassium and antimonite of potassa. Treated with water, a reciprocal decomposition takes place : the resulting alkaline sulphide reacts on the antimonial solution, so as to form a species of kermes mineral, which precipitates. Brande says that quot; under this name, and those of golden sulphuret of antimony, precipitated sulpJmret of antimony, and oxy-sulphuret of antimony, certain products have been described of variable composi-tiou, and respecting the nature of which, chemists are not agreed.quot;

The oxy-sulphide of antimony of the present Pharmacopoeia is probably a mixture of kermes and golden sulphide.

172nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF

Ptjltis Antimonii Compositus, Compound 'powder of Antimony. Old name: Pulvis Aiitimonialis, Antimonial Powder.

Take of�

Ter-sulphide of antimony, powdered, a pound. Horn sliavings, two pounds.

Mix, and throw them into a crucible heated to red�ness, and stir constantly till vapour no longer arises. Eub the residue to powder, and put it in a crucible. Apply heat, and increase it gradually that it may continue red-hot for two hours. Grind the residual powder as fine aa possible.

Decomposition.�By burning, the sulphur of the sulphide of antimony is dissipated, and also the gelatin of the horny matter, whilst the metal anti�mony combines with the oxygen of the air. The phosphate of lime being unchanged by the heat, unites with the last-named compound, quot; and there remains in the crucible a mixture of antimoniate of antimony, formerly called antimonious acid and phosphate of lime.quot;�Phillvps.

Composition.�This appears to be very variable, depending upon the difficulty of conducting the process on the large scale, so as to obtain a uniform product. Essentially it may be said to be made up of oxide of antimony and phosphate of lime. Brande says, quot;the antimonial powder of the Pharmacopoeia is an uncertain and ill-contrived

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preparation. Its activity depends upon the pro�portion of protoxide it contains ; but a great part of the protoxide may be volatilised or converted into deutoxide, of a mixture of which, with phos�phate of lime, the antimonial powder generally consists;quot; and he suggests the use of a mixture of the potassio-tartrate of antimony and chalk instead. This preparation has been substituted for James's powder, to which in composition it bears some resemblance. But while true James's powder contains phosphate of lime, and antimonious acid, there are also present in it, according to Christison, quot; one or two per cent, of soluble antimonite of lime, and between four and ten per cent, of sesqui-oxide of antimony. The antimonial powder of the Pharmacopoeia diifers from the quack powder in presenting less antimonite of lime, and likewise a variable, but always inferior proportion of sesqui-oxide, never exceeding four per cent.quot; In place of this it has heen proposed to employ the oxide of antimony, thrown down by pouring a solution of the ter-chloride of antimony into water. Graham says that this is the only oxide that should be employed in medicine.

Properties and Uses.�Antimonial powder is in�odorous and insipid, of a dull white colour, in�soluble in water, and only partially soluble in acids. On the horse I believe it be inert, as I have given it in very large doses, and these frequently repeated,

Ir^

174

A MANUAL OF

without perceiving any effects produced by it. To this animal, and perhaps to most others that, come under the care of the veterinary surgeon, the potassio-tartrate of antimony will be found a far more certain and efficacious compound. Professor Simonds, however, finds the stomach of the dog so readily excited by the last-named compound, that as a febrifuge and diaphoretic, he prefers the true James's powder, giving it in doses of from five to ten grains.

Aeoentum, Silver.

This valuable metal was known in the earliest ages of which we have any record. It is found in the mineral kingdom in various states, being alloyed with other metals, or combined with sulphur, oxygen, amp;c.; and occasionally it is met with nearly pure.

There are various processes for its extraction. At Preyburg the sulphide of silver is converted into a chloride by the addition cf common salt: water and iron being now added the chlorine is removed, and the silver is then amalgamated with mercury; and this being subjected to distillation, the mercury is volatilised, and the silver remains behind.

Some of the lead ores of this country contain much silver. To obtain it they are first treated as

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described in the article on lead. Subsequently, the reduced metal is submitted to cupellation, by which tha lead becoming oxydised, is partly volatilised, and the other part, sinking in the cupel, leaves the silver behind.

Pure silver is white, inodorus, and tasteless ; moderately hard and elastic; very malleable and ductile. When exposed to the air it does not oxi-dize, but is readily acted upon by the sulphurous vapours existing there. Its specific gravity is lO'S ; atomic weight 108, Symbol A_e.

In pharmacy it is used for the preparation of the nitrate of silver.

Aeoekti Niteas, Nitrate of Silver. Vulgo : Lunar Caustic.

Take of Silver.....3 ounces,

ISTitric Acid . . . 2^ fluid ounces, Distilled quot;Water . . 5 fluid ounces. Mix the acid and the water together, and dissolve the silver in them by means of a sand bath. Decant the clear liquor from any black powder that may be present, and then gradually increase the heat, that the nitrate of silver may be dried. Melt this in a crucible with a slow fire, until, the water being expelled, ebullition ceases, and then pour it into proper moulds.

Decomposition.�A portion of this acid becomes decomposed, being resolved into nitric oxide gas,

mmm

176

A MANUAL Of

which escapes into the air and forms nitrous acid fumes, and oxygen which comhines with the silver ; this oxide is dissolved by the remaining undecom-posed acid, and nitrate of silver is the result.

tl Water [Nitrogen

= S6 set free

= li�..........-.-.-.-SO Nitric Oxide

x2= IB--^-quot;quot; x3= H_s

4 eq. Nitric ( S equiv. Oxygen Acid \

13 equiv. Oxygen

63x4 =253 L #9632; tt ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

13 equiv. Undecomposed

= 102

Acid

3 equiv. Silver

108x3

510 Nitrate of Silver 3 eq.

Composition.

-Ag 0, NOs, or Ag NO.,. 1 atom Nitric Acid . . = 54 1 � Oxide of Silver =116

Equivalent .... 170

Properties and Uses.�Nitrate of silver occurs in the shops in the form of small cylinders, enveloped in white or blue paper, which, on being broken, present a greyish crystalline structure. It should be entirely soluble in water and alcohol. By ex�posure to the air it blackens, hence it should be kept excluded from the atmosphere. If it deli�quesces, it may be suspected to contain copper, which may be proved by its solution in ammonia. Externally it is a caustic, and both a manageable and a powerful one. Applied either to the skin

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or to a sore, it first forms a white film, the result of its union with, the albumen, which, in a few hours, darkens in colour, and ultimately becomes a black eschar, arising from the reduction of the metal. This hardens, separates at the edges, and at last peels off. On mucous surfaces its action is less energetic, arising from the intervention of the secretion. The hair is commonly dyed black by it,

Mr. Touatt strongly advocated its employment for empoisoned wounds, and bites of rabid animals. In his opinion, it supersedes the use of every other caustic, and, generally, of the knife. Some how�ever prefer caustic potash, from its being more destructive of the surrounding tissues. He also re�commends it internally as a tonic to the dog, in cases of chorea, the dose being from an eighth to a quarter of a grain. Dr. Hering likewise employs it for the same affection, and in cases of epilepsy.

A dilute solution may be employed as an excitant to wounds in which the healing process has become sluggish. For this purpose, ten grains or more may be dissolved in a fluid ounce of distilled water. A few fibres of tow, dipped in this solution, being drawn through the channel which is left on the removal of a seton, quickly excites the healing action. Occasionally one or two drops of this solu�tion, diluted with an equal volume of water, are introduced into the eye, for the purpose of removing

178

A MA�ftTAl Or

opalescence of the cornea: the strength of this may be gradually increased. In eases of fungoid matter being thrown out on the cornea, it may be touched #9632;with a rod of the nitrate of silver. Some pain will follow its application, but this soon passes off. Sometimes it is resorted to as a counter-irritant, being rubbed over the part, -which has been pre�viously moistened. Those who employ this agent as their general caustic would do well to encoat it with a thin layer of sealing-wax, as a preservative. Some practitioners prefer the form of ointment in cases of chronic ophthalmia, on account of its being more easily diffused over the eye. This may be made by triturating together from five to ten grains of the nitrate, in a state of fine powder, and an ounce of lard. A portion, about the size of a pea, is to be introduced between the lids, and repeated every third day. This compound should not be kept long, because the fatty matter speedily decom�poses the salt.

Incompatibles.�lt is decomposed by both spring and river water, by the alkalies, their carbonates, the chlorides, hydrochloric, sulphuric, and hydrosul-phuric acids, and their salts, and also astringent infusions.

Tesfe.�Its purity is known by its colour and entire solubility in water. Copper introduced into the solution precipitates the silver. With chloride of sodium a white precipitate is thrown down�^

#9632;

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chloride of silver, which is soluble in excess of ammonia, but insoluble in boiling nitric acid, and the supernatant fluid should suffer no discoloration by bydrosulphuric acid; if it does, copper or lead, or both, may be present. The salt is otherwise known by its deflagrating when heated with char�coal, and evolving nitrous fumes ; also by its action on the cuticle.

Aegenti CYAJfiDUM, Cijanide of Silver.

Take of titrate of Silver . . 21 ounces, Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, Distilled Water, of each . 1 pint. Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water, add to them the diluted hydrocyanic acid, and mix. quot;Wash the precipitate that is thrown down, and dry it.

Decomposition.

#9632;i� it inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; . .. r^Cy^ano3^ra � = 2G-----------134 CyanMc of

1 cq. Ilydi'dcyanic Acid inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; / SUrei

L Hydrogen , = 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/

, Silver. . =108 ^x\

1 eq. Nitrate of Silver-lt; Oxygen . =8-,, \

Nitric Acid. = 54 _ 'quot;-i aqt^^miwj #9632; Acid.

Composition.�AgCy, or Ag.CyST, or AgCN

1 atom Silver . . . =108 1 � Cyanogen . . = 26

Equivalent .... 134

#9632;#9632;

180

A UXSVXL OP

Properties and Uses.�Cyanide of silver occurs as a white powder, insoluble in water, and also in dilute sulphuric and nitric acids; but it is soluble in ammonia, and decomposed by hvdrosulphuric and hydrochloric acids. It is used for obtaining hydrocyanic acid.

JEthee Sulphueicus, Sulphuric Hiker.

Take of Eectified Spirit ...nbsp; nbsp; 3 pounds. Sulphuric Acid ...nbsp; nbsp; 2 pounds, Carbonate of potassa, pre�viously ignited ...nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounce.

Pour two pounds of the spirit into a glass retort, add the acid to it, and mix. Afterwards place it on a sand-hath, and raise the heat so that the liquor may quickly boil, and the ether pass into a receiving vessel kept cool by ice or water. Let the liquor distil until some heavier portion begins to pass over. On that which remains in the retort, after the heat has subsided, pour the remainder of the spirit, so that the ether may distil in the same manner. Mix the distilled liquors, then pour off the super�natant portion, and add to it the carbonate of potassa, shaking them frequently during an hour. Lastly, let the ether distil from a large retort, and be kept in a stoppered vessel.

The British Pharmacopceia varies the proportions of these inaredients, and substitutes chloride of

PIIAEHACr.

181

calcium and slaked lime for carbonate of potassa; but the principles involved remain tlie same.

Decomjwsition.�The production of ether takes place in two stages. 1st. Two equivalents of hy-drated sulphuric acid (2HO,S03) one equivalent of alcohol (CjHjjO.j) when heated together form one equivalent of sulphovinic acid (HOjC4H50,2S0₃) and two equivalents of water. 2nd. One equiva�lent of sulphovinic acid and one equivalent of alcohol raised to a temperature of between 248deg; and 260deg; jP. suffer mutual decomposition, and produce two equi�valents of ether (2C-iH₆0), which distil over and regenerate two equivalents of sulphuric acid. By appropriate means a given quantity of sulphuric acid can transform an almost unlimited amount of alcohol into ether.

Composition.�'Pure ether is thus shown to con�sist of G₄ IT₅ O, or C₄H_ln0, free from alcohol and

water.

4nbsp;atoms Carbon

5nbsp; nbsp; � Hydrogen 1 atom Oxygen

4 = 24 5=5

. = 8

Equivalent..... 37

Theoretically it has been regarded as au oxide of ethyl (0₄IL), which is an hypothetical salt-basyle, or organic radicle.

There are, however, those who have thought that instead of HO being abstracted from the alcohol

wmmmm

is:

A MAKUAL OP

by the action induced, so as to form ether, there takes place the addition of C₄H_S. Such of course double the elementary constitution of ether, maldng

it O₈H₁₀O₂,

or C₄H_I00.

Properties and Uses.�Ether is a transparent colourless fluid, having a penetrating odour and a pungent and sweetish taste. Its specific gravity should be 0'730; but, as met within the shops it fluc�tuates between 0-733 and 0 7Q5. It totally evapo�rates in the air ; indeed, its volatility is such that it cannot be poured from one vessel to another without sustaining loss by evaporation, and the inflammability of its vapour is so great that the approach of flame is to be carefully guarded against. It combines sparingly with water, but mixes in all proportions with alcohol.

It is employed by some practitioners as an anti-spasmodic, and it certainly is a very powerful diffusible stimulant; but at the same time its action is transient. It may be given in doses of from f^iv to f5vj, floating on water.

The rapidity aud facility with which it evaporates, thus generating much cold, renders it a valuable refrigerant; but except in extreme cases, as in the reduction of a hernial tumour, it is rarely resorted to. Dr. Eichardson, however, has lately invented what he designates an quot;ether spray apparatusquot; for performing surgical operations without pain, by producing local ana;sthesia, in which pure ether

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alone is employed. Professor Tuson early took this subject up, making it almost liis own by a series of papers publisked in The Veterinarian for 1S6G and 1867. He says�

quot; By ansestliesia is meant the production of insensiijllity to pain, and tlie agents employed to produce this effect are called an!Esthetics. Now, it is well known that for many years past it has been stated that ansesthetic effects might he produced by causing patients about to undergo painful surgical opera�tions to' inhale gases, such, for example, as nitrous oxide (laughing gas), carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, ordinary illumi�nating or coal gas, and some other gaseous bodies. For this purpose, however, it has been customary to employ the vapours of volatile substances, among which may be mentioned various alcohols and ethers, as chloroform, amylene, chloride of carbon, and several others, preference being given to sulphuric ether, and more recently to chloroform. By the inhalation process #9632;what may be termed general anffisthesia is produced, that is to say, the whole system is thrown into a state in which it is incapable of recognising the sensation of pain. Notwith�standing, however, the immense value which is justly attached to general ana;stliesia, and the circumstance of its having proved a blessing to thousands, there are several objections to its employment, the chief among them being that, owing to the careless or improper mode of applying it, the lives of patients are sometimes sacrificed. If, therefore, any particular part of a person or lower animal, upon which an operation is to be performed, could be brought under anaesthetic influence, it is evident that a great and important end would be accomplished. Various attempts in this direction have been made, but it remained for that indefatigable scientific worker Dr. B. quot;W. Richardson to devise a method which is at once

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efficient, practicable, and economical. It is, then, owing to the circumstance that by Dr. Richardson's process anassthesia can be developed upon, and confined to, a particular part or place that he has termed it local arucsthesia.

Every one acquainted with even elementary physics knows that whenever a volatile liquid evaporates cold is always produced, and that the intensity of the cold thus occasioned is directly proportional to the volatility of the liquid. The cause of this phenomenon may be thus explained :�In dealing with a mass or hulk of liquid, such, for example, as water, evaporation takes place only from the surface. Those particles of the water which pass off in vapour require, in order to retain that condition, a greater amount of heat than they did when they were in the liquid state. This extra heat demanded by the vapour is, in the case we are now assuming, derived chiefly from the fluid water which remains behind; the con�sequence is that this remaining water is constantly having its temperature lowered. Under favorable circumstances that portion of a mass of water which vaporises will rob the remain�ing water of so much heat that the latter is frozen.

If, instead of dealing with considerable masses of water, we experiment with a liquid of a much higher degree of volatility, if we mechanically divide such a liquid so that it forms what may be termed a liquid powder or spray, and if we then cause the spray to impinge upon objects, such objects will have their temperatures reduced to many degrees below the freezing-point of water. When a mass, or even a comparatively thin stratum, of volatile liquid is permitted to evaporate, say from the hand, that part of the liquid lying between its own surface and the hand being a very bad conductor of heat, evaporation takes place slowly, and, as a consequence, the cold experienced is very slight, for almost as fast as heat is withdrawn by the evaporation of the fluid it is restored to the hand by the blood circulating through that member. If, however, a constant

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succession of particles of a volatile liquid be caused to come in contact with the hand, with nothing but the atmosphere above them, such particles evaporate with extreme rapidity, and in so doing immediately take up their load of heat directly from the region on which they fall, and dash off with it, with such speed that sufficient time is not permitted for the part to acquire its original temperature, and it is therefore cooled. In many instances a liquid so applied to the surface of an animal deprives the part upon which it impinges of so much heat that it is frozen, and the nervous function of transmitting the sensa�tion of pain to the sensorium is for the time suspended. Upon these principles Dr. Richardson's method of producing local anaesthesia is founded.quot;

Some operations are recorded by Professor Tuson, in which the apparatus was successfully employed at the Koyal Veterinary College.

It would seem that simultaneously with him the Messrs. Mavor conceived the notion of applying local ansethesia in Veterinary Surgery, and to them is the credit due of first giving the process a trial.

In reference to this subject Mr. Dyer says, quot; as a medicine doubtless sulphuric ether is invaluable, both when externally employed, and internally ad�ministered. Fashion, however, has its votaries in the use of medicaments as in articles of apparel. Lately ether has been tried in a new form, that of the Spray, a most ingenious invention it must be confessed. Having tried it sufficiently often to test its value in veterinary practice I have come to the conclu�sion that its usefulness has been exaggerated. In a practice where plenty of assistants are always

186

A MASX'AL OF

available, much good may be done with it, but, iu ordinary practice, I fear that it, like many other novelties, will soon be numbered among those which were once fashionable.quot;

The inhalation of the vapour of ether has been had recourse to for the lower animals also as a hypnotic ; and by it the smaller ones, as the sheep, pig, cat, amp;c., are easily rendered insensible to pain so that surgical operations may be performed on them without the manifestation of any suffering. The horse is in like manner soon affected by it; but there are objections to its employment for this animal, which, unless they are obviated, will pre�clude its being generally used by the practitioners of veterinary medicine. Those objections depend on the danger that results from the animal falling when in a state of insensibility, and the expense incurred. Nor must the degree of excitement induced by the ether-vapour at the commencement of its action on the system be disregarded; hence the necessity of some means being devised by which the horse can be secured, and, when the influence of the agent has become established, the animal laid in the position favorable to the performance of the required operation. The safest expedient is that of casting the horse before its administration.

Many forms of inhalers have been advocated. The late Professor Sewell suggested and perfectly succeeded with a very simple contrivance, consisting

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of a bladder containing pieces of sponge saturated with from six to eight ounces of ether, and sur�mounted with a mouth-piece of vulcanised gum-elastic. This he placed over one nostril of the horse, ox, or sheep, and the bladder being dipped in warm water, the animal was allowed to inhale and exhale freely atmospheric air with the other nostril. A few minutes sufficed to bring about etherization; and, generally, this state lasted suffi�ciently long to allow of all the ordinary operations being performed. If, however, returning sensibility manifested itself too soon, the apparatus was again applied to the nostril for a short time. Ether as an antesthetic agent, however, has now given place to chloroform.

Aesica Montaka, Mountain Arnica.

Although this plant has been long used in medi�cine, it appears not to have been known to the ancients. It is a perennial, and found in meadows of the cooler parts of Europe, from the level of the sea to the limits of perpetual snow. The root is about the size of a quill and from two to three inches in length; the stem two feet liigh, leaves opposite, obovate and entire ; flower-head large, and of a golden yellow colour. Both the root and flowers are officinal.

Composition.�According to Pfaff�1. Volatile oil, having a burning, aromatic taste. 2. Eesin,

rr-

188

A MAKUAL OF

possessing mucli acridity, and sometimes called arnicia. 3. Extractive matter, which is nauseous, bitter, and acrid, and supposed to be analogous to cytisin. Besides these principles, gum, colouring matter, gallic acid, and vegetable albumen have been met with, and some salts.

'Properties and Uses.�Dr. A. T. Thompson was of opinion that either strychnia or bromia existed in the plant, but other analysts have not confirmed this. When the fresh plant is bruised it yields an agree�able odour; the taste of both leaves and flowers is bitter and pungent, that of the root bitter and acrid; the action of the flowers and root is that of an acrid stimulant, hence the use of either is indicated in diseases characterised by debility and inactivity. It is also said that they irritate the intestinal canal, and likewise operate both as a diaphoretic and diuretic. From the power arnica possesses of re�moving the efiects of bruises the Germans call it the laquo; fall plant.quot;

According to Dr. Hering, given internally it acts powerfully on the nervous and vascular systems, and promotes absorption. It may, therefore, he states, be employed in sesthenie fever, also in nerv�ous and gastric fever when the inflammation hasbeen subdued, and in typhous inflammation. Likewise in cases of effusion into the cranium and spinal canal; in the second stage of sub-acute inflammation of the brain, and, lastly, in obstinate rheumatism.

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The flowers or root may be administered in the form of an electuary or infusion; the dose being from half an ounce to an ounce for the horse, given two or three times a day. Antim. Tart., or Ammon. Hydrochl. may be combined, and also volatile stimu�lants, as camphor, ammonia, turpentine, amp;c. Espe�cially are these latter conjoined when arnica is used externally.

In most G-erman pharmacopoeias the tincture is ordered to be made from the flowers, but the root may be substituted for them.

Tinctuha Aksicje, Tincture of Arnica.

Take of the sliced root, or

Flowers of Arnica . . 2 ounces. Proof Spirit .... 16 ounces.

Digest for seven days.

This may be given internally, but is more com�monly applied externally as a stimulant in sprains, bruises, and rheumatic lameness. In phlegmon it is useful as a lotion, being diluted with water.

Sometimes for sprains and contusions a watery infusion has been advocated; which may be applied either hot or cold.

Many practitioners question the efficacy of this agent, believing it possesses no properties superior to others that have been long since recognised by us ; and Professor Varnell says that he has little faith in Arnica in any form.

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The Germans inject the Tincture of Arnica f^ij with Ext. Belladonnso grs. ij to v, into the veins in cases of paraplegia supervening inflammation of the brain in the horse.�See Veterinarian for 1858, page 308.

Bab ihm.

This metal was ohtained by Sir H. Davy by sub�jecting its hydrated oxide to electrolytic action in combination with mercury, when an amalgam was formed at the negative electrode. The mercury being distilled off, barium remained. It may also be procured by passing the vapour of potassium over 'baryta heated to redness in an iron tube. The reduced barium is to be removed, by means of mer�cury, and this afterwards distilled of.

Barium is a metal of pale yellow colour, specific gravity about 4. Symbol Ba. Atom 68-5 or 137. It rapidly absorbs oxygen, and when greatly heated burns with a green light. Projected into water it decomposes it, evolving hydrogen, and forming a hydrate of baryta.

Tlie oxide of harium or quot;baryta.�Ba, 0=76^-5, or Ba0=153 occurs native in combination with car�bonic and sulphuric acids ; but it may be procured by exposing the nitrate of baryta to the action of heat in a large porcelain crucible, when it remains behind in the form of a porous mass of a grey powder. It has strong alkaline taste, and combines

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rapidly with water, evolving mucli heat, and a Tiydrate is formed.

Hydrate of baryta is soluble in 20 parts of cold and 3 of boiling water. This solution is a very delicate test for carbonic acid, becoming quickly covered witli a film of carbonate of baryta when exposed to the air. It is also powerfully alkaline and poisonous.

Carbonate of Haryta.�This compound, called Witherite, with the sulphate or heavy spar, is found in large quantities in Wales, quot;Westmoreland, Cum�berland, and other places. The carbonate, although but sparingly soluble in water is poisonous, probably in consequence of its being acted on by the acids in the stomach. Artificially it may be formed by adding to the nitrate or chloride in solution, an alkaline carbonate; generally the carbonate of ammonia is preferred.

Composition.�Ba 0, CO.,, or BaCO.

1 atom Baryta .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;765

1 � Carbonic acid . = 22

Equivalent . . 9Squot;3

Chloride of Barium.�This compound is prepared by dissolving the native carbonate in hydrochloric acid, filtering the solution, and evaporating till a film appears, then setting aside to crystallize.

192nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MANTJAL OP

Composition�Ba.Cl 2HO, or�BaCI,2H₂0.

1 atom Barium . . . = 69

1nbsp; nbsp; � Chlorine . . . = 80

2nbsp;atoms Water . . . =18

Equivalent of crystallized salt . 123

Properties and Uses.�The crystals of chloride of Tjarium are flat four-sided tables, colourless and transparent. About forty-three parts are taken up by 1O0 of water, and this solution is kept to test the presence of sulphuric acid or the sulphates ; it being so delicate that a millionth part of sulphuric acid may be detected by it. Sulphate of Baryta is insoluble in every menstruum except hot concen�trated sulphuric acid.

Nitrate of Baryta may be obtained in the same way as the above, substituting nitric acid for hydrochloric. It crystallizes in transparent, colour�less, octohedrons, which are soluble in 8 parts of cold and 3 of boiling water. It is used for the same purpose as the chloride of barium.

Properties and Uses.�Occasionally the barytic salts are employed in veterinary medicine, but with doubtful efficacy. They are nearly all poisonous, except the sulphate,Vhich is harmless. The safest .antidote, therefore, for the soluble salts, is the sulphate of soda; and in poisoning by the carbonate

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it lias been proposed to use a mixture of vinegar with an alkaline sulphate. They give a greenish yellow tinge to the flame of spirit of wine, and, with the exception of the sulphate, are all soluble in dilute nitric and hydrochloric acids.

Mr. Percivall has recorded several experiments with these compounds on horses affected with farcy and glanders; from which it would seem that the compound on which the most reliance, if any, can be placed, is the chloride of barium. It may be given in doses of from ^ss to 5ijgt; a^d repeated in the course of the day, if found necessary. It is safer to begin with the smaller quantity, and very gradually to increase it; but should inappetence be produced, the agent must be immediately with�held for a time, otherwise poisoning may result; of which he adduces more than one instance.

Beiiadosioe Exteactum, Extract of Bcaclly Wightsliade.

This is the inspissated juice of the loaves and young branches of a plant indigenous to Britain and the south of Europe. It is found growiug in shady places, where the soil is calcareous, flowering in June, and ripening its seed-vessels in September. The roots are said to possess the greatest activity, although the leaves are commonly employed

194inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; a nxsvaJi or

medicinally. In order to prepare the extract, these are bruised in a stone mortar, the juice pressed out and heated gradually to 130deg;, so as to separate the green colouring matter. It is after�wards again heated to a higher degree, so as to coagulate the albumen, and then evaporated down, adding the previously separated colouring matter, until it has acquired a fit consistence.

Composition.�An alkaloid, denominated atropia, and those proximate principles of the vegetable Avhich arc soluble in water.

Properties and Uses.�The odour of this extract is peculiar, and its taste bitter. Its action is that of a narcotic and sedative, relieving pain and lessening both the force of the pulse and the number of its beats; hence its use is indicated in all those diseases where an undue action of the nervous and vascular systems is present, as tetanus, carditis, and pneumonic affections generally. Mr. W. Mavor, to whom, I believe, the profession is indebted for the introduction of this therapeutic, employs it largely, and speaks very highly of it, as do many other practitioners. It is given in doses of from two to four drachms. In larger doses it acts gently on the bowels; thus showing that its influence is sometimes on mucous membranes, though generally its effects are most marked on the nerves, and throusli tbem on the circulation.

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Much contrariety of opinion exists among physio�logists as to the use of belladonna; and some contend that as its action is on the cerebro-spinal system, it should not be employed in acute inflam�matory cases, and especially in plethoric animals. Its effects, however, vary considerably.

By some practitioners it is advocated as an anti-spasmodic, the vehicle for its administration being the spirit of nitric ether, to which there can be no objection. Professor Yarncll recommends the fol�lowing form as a cough lull.

Take of Extract of Belladonna . . Jss to 5j Powdered Aloes Jj Nitrate of Potash ^ij

Common mass sufficient to form a ball, which may

he given every other clay until four balls have been administered. He says that he prefers this to every other form. Externally this extract is occa-sionallyapplied to the eye, when, by its action on the radiated fibres of the iris, it powerfully dilates the pupil. It is likewise resorted to, to cause a dilatation of the os uteri in difficult parturition. The same effect I have witnessed from a large quantity having been administered internally. In the form of plaster it may be beneficially applied to wounds creating much irritation, particularly such as have given rise to tetanus ; its influence in all neuralgic

19G

A MANUAL OF

affections, when used topically, being even greater than that of opium. A watery solution may likewise be injected into the bladder, to allay irri�tation in that viscus.

Boltjs Abmehia Eubea, Armenian Hole.

This earth should be obtained from Armenia. It is an argillaceous clay, of a deep red colour, and con�tains a small portion of the peroxide of iron, being a silicate of alumina and iron; but red chalk, ground and made into cakes, is now largely substituted for it in the English market.

Many of these kinds of earth were formerly used in medicine, called quot; Sealed Earths,'' and they were much prized on account of their supposed absorbent and astringent properties: this alone remains, and it is employed wholly for the sake of its colour.

Armenian bole is still advocated by those of the old school; but those of the modern can do very well without it.

Calx Chloeinata, CMorinated Lime.

This term has long been applied to the com�pound of chlorine and lime known in the arts

rHAEMACY.

197

by the name of chloride of lime, or bleaching powder. It is made by passing a stream of chlorine gas (obtained by tbe action of sulphuric acid on the chloride of sodium and peroxide of manganese, or by the decomposition of hydro�chloric acid by means of tbe peroxide of manganese) through hydrated lime placed on shelves in a chamber, the lime being kept in agitation by a spindle having cross arms attached to it. quot;When the lime has ceased to absorb chlorine, the com�pound formed is removed.

Composition.�This has not yet been accurately determined. Dr. Thompson asserts that a compound is obtained in Grlasgow, consisting of one equiva�lent of chlorine and one of hydrate of lime ; but as ordinarily procured, according to Brande, bleaching powder consists of

1nbsp; atom Chlorine......=36

2nbsp; atoms Hydrate of Lime . 37 x 2 =74

Equivalent . , . 110 In its perfect state it may be a hydrated chloride of lime, or as viewed by some writers, a compound of hydrated hypochlorite of lime with chloride of calcium.

Properties and Uses.�Chlorinated lime is in the form of a white powder, which emits a weak smell of chlorine, and has an acrid caustic taste. It is

198

A MAOTAL OF

only partially soluble in water; tlie lime wtich is uncombined with eblorine remaining comparatively unchanged. Exposed to tlie air it becomes decom�posed ; chlorine is evolved and a carbonate of lime formed. The weakest acids also effect its decom�position.

It is a valuable disinfectant. In order to under�stand its action, it is necessary to bear in mind that the fetid gases given off during the decompo�sition of vegetable and animal substances are mostly compounds of hydrogen. quot;When chlorine is brought in contact with these, it decomposes them, inconsequence of the great affinity it has for hydro�gen, with which it unites, and sets the remaining element, or elements, free. On this account it has been found of service in the latter stages of hoven, or tympanitis. Its operation is explained by the following diasram ;

Chlorine

Hydrocliloric Acid.

Snlpliurctted Hydrogen

is-

-Sulpltur.

Mr. Touatt in 1S2S, and afterwards Mr. W. Simpson, Mr. T. Holford, and Mr. J. Kerr, in the pages of the ' Veterinarian,' first drew the attention of veterinary surgeons to this valuable compound in fistulous affections, open joints, canker, and cases of grease. But it will be found serviceable

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iu many other diseases. To Mr. Youatt we are indebted for its iutroductiou as a remedy iu lioveu in cattle and tympanitis iu the horse, it being given in doses of trom 5ij to jiv suspended in water. A solution of it iu the proportion of a pound to a gallon of water, is recommended as an application for mange, by Mr. E. Lucas ; and, in slight attacks, it will be found effectual iu removing this disease. A solutiou thus made may also be employed as au oi'diuary eicitunt to wounds, and particularly in such as have taken on unhealthy action, in fact, i feel assured, that the more this compouud is known and used, the more highly will it be prized. It will likewise be found extremely useful for purifying stables rendered foul by the virus of glan�ders, mange, or any other contagious disease, the wails-being washed with a diluted solution of it. The conunou practice of merely whitewashing the walls serves only to cover the infectious matter, and, perhaps to preserve it for an indefinite length of time, so that, when the lime scales off, disease may be again engendered by the exposed virus, whereas lids compound decomposes it.

Over phagedenic and farcy ulcers the chlorinated lime being sprinkled, has quickly induced in them a healthy condition, aud the healing process has soon become perfected.

The pharmaceutical compounds are�

200

A MANUAL OF

Soltitio Calcis CHLonrtfATiE, Solution of Chlorinated Lime.

Take of Chlorinated Lime Distilled Water .

1 pound, 1 gallon.

Set aside, and decant for use as required.

Of this strength it is used for mange, and as a stimulant and mild credent to ill-conditioned wounds and fistulous sores. Diluted with from ten to fifteen times its bulk of water, it may be employed as an antiseptic lotion for -virulent grease, exfoliating bone, amp;c.; also for the forma�tion of poultices, and as a disinfectant for foul stables.

IlKCttlEKTUM

Calcis CHLORWATiE,

Chlorinate� Lime.

Ointment of

Take of Chlorinated Lime Hok's Lard . .

1 to 2 parts, 8 parts.

Mix together so as to form an ointment.

This compound has been had recourse to with very beneficial results in cases of grease, particularly when the fetor has been considerable. It is best made as required.

Disinfectants are commonly deodorizers also, but the terms must not be accepted as interchange-

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able ones, since some bodies merely absorb poisonous or fetid effluvia, and may be said to act meclianically; while others both absorb and decompose the per�nicious gases, and such operate cliemicalhj. Those that simply imbibe and retain these compounds can be made to give them up again, and that sometimes altogether unchanged; hence they become only deodorisers; whilst those which decompose them, thus rendering them inert, are true disinfectants. Even sawdust is known to abstract fetor from the air, and likewise plaster of Paris, but each only to a small extent. Sulphate of iron has also been used for the same purpose; but there are some objections to the employment of it. Gravel and sand are admirable deodorizers. This is seen in the making of filtering beds for water. Doubtless nature carries on a similar process on a larger scale; hence water that has passed through siliceous strata is generally pure. The manner in which this purification is brought about appears not to be clearly understood ; for although some persons have supposed the action to be merely mechanical, this can hardly be the case, since the water holds in solution very many of the different substances by which it is contaminated. Those that are only sus�pended in it are, of course, by this means readily separated. Others have referred it to what is called surface action; such as obtains in the con-

202

A IXAKUAL OF

ileusation of gases quot;by cliareoal, hence its value as a deodorizer ; or that which takes place when oxygen and hydrogen are induced to unite by means of platinum, their atoms being by this means brought within the sphere of each other's attractive force, .ind again others to the influence of oxygen as it exists in the air, which gradually effects the destruction of the substances or slowly burns them up. Markedly is this seen in that form of oxygen called ozone, which by its oxidating properties forms with the elements of the organic molecules, water, carbonic acid, and other compounds. In like manner proto-salts are quickly changed by it into per-salts, sulphides into sulphates, ni�trous acid into nitric acid, and so on. The appa�rent use of ozone in the air is for the purpose of correcting miasm. If, however, it be in excess, or in diminished quantities, then diseases result, but of precisely opposite characters. The atmo�sphere, after it has passed over large towns, has been ascertained to contain but little ozonised oxygen, it having been used up in the destruction of those gaseous eliminations that are being thence constantly emitted. The same loss is sustained where large manufactories exist, and during the prevalence of east winds there is also a want of it. This conditional state of atmospheric oxygen is supposed to be brought about by the passage of

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electricity tlirough the air, as during a thunder�storm ; also by volcanic action, and tlie many chemical changes that are continually taking place on the earth's surface, by which oxygen is liberated from its combinations, when it is in that form designated nascent. A larger amount is found to be existent in the summer season than in the winter, and it has been ascertained to increase in quantity above the sea-level; simply because both at this time and place the corrective agent is most required. Herein we see proofs of wisdom and design in Creation.

Lately, from the readiness with which it yields up its oxygen, permanganic acid has been em�ployed as a deodorizeriu the form of permanganate ofpotassa; the permanganates, in solution, being decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia, amp;c. Other salts, similarly constituted, may per�haps act in the same way. Permanganate of potassa is made by adding a solution of ten parts of caustic potassa, in a very small quantity of water, to a finely divided mixture of eight parts of per�oxide of manganese and seven parts of chlorate of potassa. Evaporate to dryness ; ignite at a low^T red heat; reduce to a coarse powder ; boil in water; filter through asbestos ; evaporate ; filter again, if necessary, and allow to crystallise. A solution of tliis salt is known by the name of quot; Condy's Patent

204

A MAW�AIi OF

Eluid.quot; It is advisable that this be purchased of the maker. It is stated to be a powerful oxidizer, and therefore a disinfectant of all decomposing organic substances with which it comes into con�tact in solution, otherwise it is ineffective. It has been found of value in certain skin diseases, can�cerous and ill-conditioned wounds; and wherever the use of so powerful an excitant is indicated. It has been stated that, if the vapour of creosote or chloroform, coal gas, or carbonic or sulphurous acid, be mingled with oxygen, its action on organic bodies so as to cause their decay is checked by the setting up of a counter affinity. Absolutely pure oxygen, indeed, possesses preservative properties, but when mixed with nitrogen, as in the atmo�sphere, then its tendency to bring about decompo�sition is great, especially if aided by moisture.

In some cases, it is quite possible that this attrac�tive or surface action, and slow combustion, are both in operation ; the retention of the substances by the former being necessary so that the latter may be effectually brought about.

Contagious miasmata have been stated to be the result of organic matters undergoing change or transformation, and which, like ferments, induce a corresponding action in those bodies with which they come in contact. Anything, therefore, that will check this tendency, becomes an antiseptic and

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a preventive of disease, by its forming with the original constituents of the molecule a new com�pound.

iNext in value to the chlorides, as a disinfectant, will perhaps rank sulphurous acid. The action of this compound will he best understood by the following diagram:


	r 3 Atoms Sulphur i................Set free.
5 Atoms SulphurettedJ , Hydrogen . . i		, Hydrogen ^^
[l		, Hydrogen.^ ~~,-gt;-l Water.
r⁵		, Sulphur ^ quot;^^
5 Atoms Sulphurous Acid . . .quot;	5 i	, oxygen ^^^~^i0niC, Oxygen quot; s''
	.1	, Oxygen '

Although for ages the fumes of burning sulphur have been employed as a disinfectant, yet objec�tions have been raised to them on account of their unpleasantness. An admirable mode of applying them is in the disinfecting powder invented by Mr. McDougall, which we have tried and found com. pletely to answer all its intended purposes. More�over, when it is mixed with the excreta of animals, a valuable manure is formed. The inventor, in reference to it, says:

quot;In order to a correct understanding of the subject, it is necessary to recollect that the gaseous emanations from fecal and other organic matters used as manures are sulphuretted

20�

A MAKTTAl OP

hydrogen ami pliospluirctteti hydrogen, either free or in combi�nation with ammonia, and that the fertilising elements to he preserved are phosphoric acid and ammonia.

quot;The agent by means of which we propose to remove these noxious bodies, and preserve the valuable ones, is a compound of two acids and two bases. The acids are sulphurous acid and carbolic acid, and the bases, magnesia and lime. These four exist in It as two salts, viz. sulphite of magnesia and lime anil carbolate of lime. The action peculiar to each of the con�stituents of the disinfec^or I shall now explain.

quot;The only agent we know which will decompose the noxious emanations from putrescent excreta, or other animal offal, with�out exerting any detrimental action upon those elements which we wish to preserve, is sulphurous acid. By it, the offensive smell of putrescent substances may at once be removed. Further than this, sulphurous acid has a conservative action, which is highly favorable to our object. It has a strong afnnitr for oxygen, and will not permit other substances in its presence to combine with oxygen, till its own affinity is satisfied. !t thus exercises an influence highly antiputrescent, besides de�composing the offensive compounds which have been alreadv formed.

quot;We have another guarantee, however, for the prevention of pntrelactive fermentation ; this is the carbolic acid, which has the property of coagulating albuminous substsnees, and gencrallv of preventing putrescence. As it is a liquid, oily compound, we combine it with lime, and are thus enabled to drv it and reduce It to a powder, so rendering its application easy and simple.

quot; It only remains now that I explain the reason why we nse magnesia in combination with the sulphurous acid. The reason is, that the compounds to be preserved are ammonia and phos�phoric acid, and magnesia is the only available element which

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combines with them both anil forms a triple compound, perhaps of all other possible combinations the best for agricultural purposes, viz., the triple phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.

quot; In the treatment of sewage or other similar matter in an advanced stage of decomposition, containing any considerable per centage of ammonia, we find it advantageous to add a soluble phosphate, as the quantity of phosphoric acid in the substance to be operated upon is not, in the circumstances, sufficient to permit the formation of the triple phosphate.

quot;Tims, then,we use sulphurous acid to remove tlie offensive smell, carbolic acid to prevent putrefactive fermentation, a little lime to neutralize and dry this latter acid, and magnesia to combine with and preserve tbe phosphoric acid and ammonia; and, in special cases, we add a soluble phosphate to prevent the loss of any of the ammonia.

quot; Such is the theory of the Disinfecting Powder. Theoreti�cally, it is perfect, leaving nothing to be desired, and in prac�tice it bas not fallen short of tbe just expectations which were formed of its probable results in actual use. It bas rendered dwelling-houses which were previously fetid and unsanitary� pleasant and wholesome; it has secured a pure atmosphere in tbe stable, tbe cow-bouse, the kennel, and the piggery, wherever it lias been used. In the hospital and tbe camp it bas proved one of tbe most welcome boons sent, although late, to our army in the East. Its use in vaults, graveyards, and coffins has been so satisfactory, and withal so cleanly and pleasant, as to afford. a'; a mere nominal cost, an entire relief from the most distressing annoyance incidental to the performance of our last duties to tbe dead.quot;

It might, perhaps, be thought somewhat foreign to the nature of this work to insert the above

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extract; but the connexion tliat exists between the veterinary surgeon, and the agriculturist is very intimate; and to the use of certain manures the production of diseases in animals is not unfre-quently traceable. This is a subject now awaken�ing the attention of scientific men.

Carbonic acid gas is a well-known antiputrescent, and retards the decomposition of organic bodies. How it acts as the first has not been satisfactorily explained. Ammonia being invariably present among the compounds given off by putrefying matters containing nitrogen, it may be that it combines with and neutralizes this substance, and in doing so entangles other of the gaseous emana�tions, and hence some of the hydrosulphates are the result. As an antiseptic, it possibly operates by surrounding the molecule with an atmosphere of its own, thus preventing the access of the oxygen of the air. It is to the disengagement of this gas that a yeast poultice owes its therapeutic properties.

A very common disinfectant fluid used in hos�pitals is the nitrate of lead; made by adding carbonate of lead to nitric acid to neutralization, and then diluting the solution with water. Nitric acid decomposes sulphuretted hydrogen, throwing down the sulphur, and forming sulphate of am�monia.

PHAE3IACY.

209

A few years since there was brought under the notice of the scientific world a plan proposed by M. Gannal to preserve animal substances. The agent employed by him was the acetate of alumina. It was intended more especially for the preserva�tion of the human body instead of embalming it, and also to keep specimens of natural history, it being injected into the blood-vessels.

Mr. Goadby's fluids, however, appear to have superseded it for the latter purpose, and likewise for the keeping of dissected and morbid parts.

The formula) for which are the following:

Take of Bay Salt.....nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounces.

Alum......nbsp; nbsp; 2 ounces.

Corrosive Sublimate .nbsp; nbsp; 4 grains.

Boiling Water ...nbsp; nbsp; 2 quarts.

The alum gives hardness to the preparation, which is assisted, by the corrosive sublimate, and is further of service by preventing any tendency to the formation of fungi. But as the osseous tissue is attacked by alum, the following fluid has been advocated when this is to be pre�served :


	Take of Bay Salt ....	. 1- a pound.
	Arsenious Acid . .	, i a drachm
	Corrosive Sublimate	2 grains,
	Boiling Water . .	2 quarts.
		14

mmmmm

210

A MAKUAL OF

Alcohol, sugar, and salt, as well as arsenious acid and corrosive sublimate, are well-known pre�servatives of animal matter; the influence of the former is thought to be dependent upon the ab�straction of water, thus lessening the tendency that organic substances have to run into the putre�factive state, when exposed to certain favorable conditional circumstances ; the principle of which are the presence of moisture, and a temperature of between 50deg; and 100deg;, for below the freezing point of water, or when perfectly dry, they ridergo little or no change.

The vapours of tar, creosote, and acetic acid, are all well-known preservatives of organic substances. The efficiency of perfumes, and a few other allied compounds, so frequently resorted to, is more than questionable; the probability being that they merely cover offensive smells, and hence they are really neither deodorizers nor disinfect�ants.

Cajipiioea, Camphor.

This has been considered a concrete essential oil. Its sources are principally two�a camphor laurel {Laurus CfewzpAora), which grows abundantly in the woods of North America, China, and Japan, and from the roots and smaller branches of which

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camphor is obtained by distillation with water in large iron pots having earthen heads attached filled with straw, on which the camphor concretes ; �and a tree that is found in the forests of Su�matra and Borneo, in the centre of which, when arrived at maturity, the camphor exists in a con�crete and crystalline state, occupying the space usually filled in other trees with pith. Young trees yield only an oil, which resembles a solution of camphor in oil of turpentine; and from it, by evaporation, camphor may he obtained.

Camphor, as it is brought into the market in its crude or rough state, is very impure. It is purified by sublimation in glass vessels, called 'bomhaloes, a little quicklime being added to it.

Composition.�C₂₀H₁₍.O₂, or C₁₀H_l6O.

Properties and Uses.�Camphor is sold in con�cavo-convex cakes, of two or three inches in thickness. It is white and brittle, pulverizing, however, with difficulty, from its unctuous nature, unless a little alcohol be added. Its odour is agree�able and penetrating; its taste bitter and aromatic. It is sparingly soluble in water : an ounce at 212deg; takes up only one grain, and cold water half a grain ; by it the odour and pungency of the cam�phor are obtained, and it forms a vehicle for the

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exbibition of more active agents, constituting the campbor water of the Pharmacopoeia. Shouldlarger quantities quot;bo given, they may be suspended in the water by means of the yolk of an egg, or a little gum. Impregnated with carbonic acid, water takes ixp a much larger quantity. It is readily dissolved by alcohol, the fixed and volatile oils, and strong acetic acid. It is inflammable, and burns with much smoke.

Camphor is a narcotic, and may be given in doses of from �j to oij. It both diminishes tjie frequency of the pulse and softens its tone; and, if long exhibited, it acts on the kidneys ; at least such were the effects I perceived to result from experiments made by me in order to ascertain its action ; therefore I do not object to its being em�ployed as a febrifuge, in combination with other substances. Externally applied, it has been ex�tolled as a discutient and anodyne for chronic sprains, bruises, and tumours, and also for infiltra�tions into the cellular tissue ; for which purpose one part of camphor may be dissolved in four parts of oil, strong acetic acid, or rectified spirit, and this may be rendered more potent by the addition of a little essential oil of turpentine. Another form under which camphor is employed is the compound liniment of soap. Added to either ihe ointment or oil of cantharides, it considerably

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.illays tlic irritation caused by the flies, and is con�sequently a valuable adjunct.

Camplior has been occasionally given in tympa�nitis, and it has been supposed to act by rousing the vital energies. In a state of flue powder it is sometimes sprinkled over a linseed-meal poultice, when it has been found to allay irritation; although as a sedative, thus applied, it is not equal to the extract of the deadly nightshade.

On account of its sedative influence, it may be advantageously combined with opium or digitalis for chronic coughs. Griven for any length of time, it pervades the system, and is excreted by the lungs and kidneys.

Incompatihles.�Dr. Paris says it is not affected by any substance with which we are likely to com�bine it.

Ca^tkaeis, Gantlmrides, Slistering-fly. Vulgo : Spanish Fly.

The name of Spanish flies was given to these insects because they were first brought from Spain. They abound in the south of Europe; oc�casionally single specimens have been caught in England, and lately Belgium has been visited by

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vast numbers. They are found on different trees, such as the ash, elder, poplar, lilac, privet, and Tartarian honeysuckle, which they soon deprive of verdure. They are dislodged by shaking the trees, and afterwards killed by exposure to the fames of boiling vinegar, and then dried in the sun. Their existence is known in a locality by the offensive odour emitted, which sensibly affects many persons, producing ardor urinse and oph�thalmia. The market ^ now principally supplied from Hungary.

Composition.�The active principle of the fly has been designated cantliaridine. It is obtained by treating a decoction of the fly with alcohol and after�wards with ether. It occurs in small crystalline plates, or flattened four-sided prisms, having an ap�pearance not unlike spermaceti. Besides this es�sential principle, there have been found, phosphate of lime and magnesia, a little uric, acetic, and phos�phoric acids, a green and a yellow fixed oil, and a yellow viscous substance, some black matter and osmazome. Cantharidine, by some chemists, is considered to be a solid volatile oil. Its chemical composition, according to Eegnault, is C_]0II,₂O₄, or CjHjjO,,. It is soluble in many menstrua, especially when hot, such as the oil of turpentine, acetic acid, olive oil, amp;c.; but from some of these it separates while cooling, either partially or entirely. quot;When,

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however, it exists in its natural combination witli the yellow and other oils, then its retention by these menstrua may be more perfect. The best solvent appears to be chloroform, whether hot or cold. Pyroxylic spirit also readily dissolves it, and the use of this for veterinary purposes will be found to possess its advantages, since by a solution of this kind, a form for which is given hereafter, we can localize the action of the blister. It is offered as a substitute for the more expensive ethereal solution of the human practitioner, and has been found very effective.

Mr. T. Hurford informs me that in India he employs the Mylabris cichorii instead of the Gan-tliaris vesicatoria, and he finds it to be far more active, so much so that, for his ordinary blister, he only uses a drachm and a half of this fly to eight ounces of lard or acetic acid. Moreover, he adds, it has this advantage, it does not affect the kidneys. Is the mildness of his forms the reason ? Probably our formulae are too power�ful, and may be advantageously reduced in strength.

This fly�the mylabris cichorii�appears to have been the blistering beetle of the ancients, as both Dioscorides and Pliny refer to several kinds of cantharides, but remark that the most powerful are those with transverse yellow bands on their wings.

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Pereira considers it probable they were used by the Greeks and Eomans, and stateraquo; that they are employed at the present day in China, and some parts pf Hindustan.

Mr. T. Hurford sent me from India a quantity of the quot;mylabrisquot; for the purpose of experi�ment. A blistering ointment was made by me, according to the proportions laid down by him, and applied to the hocks of two horses in the College infirmary. Its action, in both instances, was decided, and all that could be de�sired : therefore I have no hesitation in saying that, as a blistering agent, the fly is a very active one. Purther experiments, however, will be re�quired to be made so as to establish any advan�tages it may seem to possess otherwise over the cantharis vesicatoria. Moreover, as yet it is not an article of commerce. Professor Iledwood, of the Pharmaceutical Society, has infarmed me that several parcels of these flies have been obtained by private individuals; who, having tried them on the human subject, found them to be as powerful a vesicant as the Spanish flies.

A smaller fly from China, very much resembling the mylabris, has been met with in the market.

Properties and Uses.�Cantharides should be chosen small and perfect, about two thirds of an inch in length, and one fourth in breadth; oblong

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iu form, and of a shining golden green colour; dry, free from dust and mould, and unpreyed upon by an aearus or mite. Despite, however, of all precautions, this parasite -will be found, at times, feeding on the parenchymatous part of the fly, but it appears to leave untouched the acrid active principle. Sometimes other beetles are mixed with them, particularly the melolonthcs vitis, which njay be known by their being larger and of a squarer form.

Administered internally, cantharides act as a powerful difiusible stimulant and diuretic. Of late years they have come more into use from their having been recommended by the late Mr. Vines, in com�bination with the vegetable bitters, as a stimula�ting tonic in cases of debility, accompanied or not with anasarca; also in farcy and glanders, and some other affections. To him the veterinary profession is indebted for the steadiness with which he followed up their employment, and from which much benefit has been derived. The dose is from five to eight grains, given daily; but whenever diuresis supervenes, the agent is to be withheld for a day or two. As an ordinary diuretic, cantharides are seldom given, since they have a peculiar tendency to irritate and inflame the neck of the bladder, and cause strangury.

Their great consumption is as vesicatories.

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When applied to the skin, they inflame it, and cause the exhalenta to poivr out a quantity of serum, which, raising the cuticle from the cutis,

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and effectually than ony other agent. The formulae given for blistering compoands are exceedingly numerous, but the less complicated they are the better.

To ensure the full action of a b ister, the hair should be removed as much as possible; and if the legs are the parts to be acted upon, the influence of the vesicant will be more energetic and much quickened by the immersion of them for fifteen or twenty minutes in warm water. To other parts fomentations may be applied, or a poultice, by which the vessels of the skin will be relaxed and rendered more susceptible of the stimulating influ�ence of the cantharidine. Jn about s'x hours after the application of the b^rster^;ng compound, which must be effected with friction applied the contrary way to the hair, vesieation w '.U. have taken place; and, on the following day, it is advisable to cleanse the part by repeated affusions of warm water, and afterwards apply the 1'iiment of lead, or some emollient, by means of a soft painter's brush.

As a blistering compound over fired surfaces, Assistant-Professor Varnell uses one part of the oil of cantharides mixed with two parts of tar.

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This lie finds prevents sloughing of the skin, and also so shields the part that the air does not act on it as an irritant.

To promote the growth of hair, a weak o'ntment of cantharides, in the proportion of one to twenty paiis or more of lard, or the acetous infusion largely diluted, may he applied with friction until action in the skin is induced by it. The Tincture of Iodine has teen resorted to for the same purpose.

Kepeated blisters have had the^;- advocates. The action of a blister, however, may be kept up for an . almost '^definite period by dressing it with the Saline Ointment. In the absence of this, a milder form of the blister'ng ointment may be employed.

Aci-TUM Canthaeidis, Vinegar of Cantharides.

Trke of Cantharides, in powder ... 1 part. Dilute Acetic Acid .... 8 parts.

Digest in a water-bath for two or more hours, and filter for use.

Oi/Eusi Canthaeidis, Oil of CantJiarides.

Take of Cantharides, in powder ... 1 part, Olive Oil.......8 parts.

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Digest in a water-bath for two or more hours, and filter for use.

Tinctuea Canthaeidis Pxeoxthc, Fyroxylic Tincture of Oantliarides.

Take of Cantharides, in powder ... 1 part, Pyroxylic Spirit.....6 parts.

Macerate for fourteen days, and filter for use.

Ungitentum Canthaeidis, Ointment of Cantliarides.

Take of Cantharides, in powder ... 1 part. Hogs' Lard.......6 parts.

Digest together in the water-bath for two or more hours, and filter while hot through bibulous paper. That which remains on the filter, being mixed with an equal weight of lard, will answer for ordinary hospital use. It has been ascertained that a moderately high temperature does not injure the active principle of cantharides.

Having in the above simple formulas made some alterations, I believe tbem to possess all that is required by the veterinary surgeon. The first form is the mildest, it being well known that the canthari-dine is largely deposited from cold acetic-acid. If

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any addition be made, it may consist of a small quantity of Camphor, in the proportion of ahout one part to eight of the hlistering compound, by which its irritative effects will be lessened.

The active principle of the hlistering fly being readily extracted by the oil of turpentine, I was induced some time since to make known to the profession a method for medicating tape, cotton cord or any other material used for setons, and it has been found to answer all its intended purposes.

Take of Cantharides, in powder ... 1 part, Oil of Turpentine.....8 parts.

Digest, with a very gentle heat, for fourteen days, frequently agitating; then filter, and to every ounce add an equal quantity of the Canada balsam; intimately mix them, and immerse the material to be medicated. When it has imbibed as much of this as it will, take it out, and draw it through the finger and thumb, giving gentle compression, so as to remove any of the superfluous mixture: then hang it up to dry.

222

A MANUAL OF

the ordinary seton-needle would not carry the cotton cord, which was preferred on account of the quantity of the tere-binthinate solution of cantharidine it absorbed, another was invented by me. (Seesuijoinedsketch.) Setons thus medicated will be found to excite the suppurative inflammation in the thick skin of cattle, and this action is also more quickly induced in the horse than by the common method.

Mr.T.Darby,ofLouth, has improved the material for setons for cattle, by making it to consist of hemp and horse-hair twisted together; which he uses either medicated or not.

Capsici Fbuotus, Capsicum Fruit. The capsicum plant is a native of the East and

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West Indies, but largely cnltivated in England, both as an ornament and for the sake of its seed-vessel or fruit; which is a conical pod of an orange or red colour, containing a dry pulp and many flattish seeds.

The capsicum laccatum is most esteemed as a condiment; but the c. minimum is the most pungent.

Composition.�The activity of capsicums as a the�rapeutic depends upon their containing an acrid crystalline alkaloid, called capsicine.

Properties and Uses.�This #9632;.veil-known spice is introduced as an article of the materia medica for the sake of its powerful stimulating properties. It excites a genial glow in the stomach, which is im�parted to the system generally, but the pulse is seldom accelerated by it. It may be given doses of from gr. x to xx.

Caetti Fe�CTUS, Caraway Fruit.

The plant yielding caraway seeds is indigenous to Great Britain. In Essex it is largely cultivated for the sake of its seeds, which are perfected in the second year of its growth, in the month of July or August, when the umbel is thrashed out on a cloth. In the market, seeds of foreign importation are met with, but the English are preferred.

#9632;#9632;^quot;

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Properties and Uses.�Caraway seeds are of a brown colour, curved, ridged, and about one fourtb of an inch in length. They should be chosen fresh and plump; having an aromatic odour, and an agreeable, sweetish, warm taste: properties depending on the presence of an essential oil, in which resides their activity. They are carminative and stomachic, and may be given to the horse in doses of from jjss to %]. For cattle, the dose is from 5J to 5ij. They may be fairly allowed to take the place of the whole list of seeds that were so liberally employed by the older practitioners, such as anise, cummin, coriander, fennel and others. They should not be ground until they are about to be administered, and for this purpose a hand-mill will be found highly serviceable.

CASCARiLLiE Coetex, Cascarilla Bark.

The tree yielding this bark is a native of the Bahama Islands, and is also found in Jamaica and St. Domingo. It comes into this country packed in chests and bales.

Composition. � Bitter principle (cascarilline), mucilage, resin, volatile oil, water, and much woody fibre.

Properties and Uses.�Cascarilla bark is in the form of curled pieces or quills of a brownish colour.

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and covered with a thin epidermis beset with, lichens. It has an agreeable spicy odour, and breaks with a short close fracture: when burnt, it emits the smell of musk. It is both tonic and aromatic, and may be given in doses of from 5ij to 5iv. I was led to introduce this agent from the recommendation of it by the late Mr. J. J. Rogers, who informed, me that he employed it with much advantage, and spoke highly of its action on the horse.

Cataplasma, a Poultice.

As a therapeutic agent this is usually placed among emollients. The common relaxant cataplasm of the Eoyal Veterinary College consists of bran moistened with warm water, to which is added a little linseed meal in order to give it consistency. Care should be taken that it is kept moist; which may be effected by pouring over it, from time to time, warm water. I am not inclined to assent to the statement, that it is of little con�sequence whether you apply a poultice hot or cold, simply because it will soon become of the same temperature as the part to which it is applied. In the effects produced by medicinal agents the impression first made by them is often of great moment. When a cold substance is applied to an inflamed surface, there will necessarily be a

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withdrawal of heat from it; the eonstringing effects of cold will then be experienced, and sometimes much pain. On the other hand, when warmth, accompanied with moisture, is resorted to, the particles are driven farther from each other, the part becomes relaxed, the distended vessels are enabled to relieve themselves, and ease is given. Sometimes, however, a cold poultice is desirable, and even ice may then be used. The effects pro�duced by poultices, likewise depend very much upon the materials composing them. Thus, as a means of softening horn in inflammation of the feet, vinegar may be used instead of water. When an astringent is desirable, a solution of alum may be added. When a disinfectant, the chloride of lime is invaluable; or a poultice containing yeast or charcoal may be employed. A boiled carrot-poultice has been found of service in ill-conditioned ulcers and irritable sores; and we have an ex�cellent stimulating compound in the mustard cataplasm, or sinapism, made by mixing together ' equal parts of mustard and linseed meal, with a suificient quantity of boiling water so as to form a poultice. Vinegar used to be employed, but it does not increase the effects of the mustard. When speedy action is required, the flour of mustard may be used alone, made into a paste with diluted water of ammonia, and some practitioners add the oil of

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turpentine, wlilcli, however, is not admissible in nephritic diseases. If we are desirous of allaying irritation, opium, belladonna, or the diacetate of lead may be added to the common cataplasm: so that in this, as in all other branches of the prac�tice of veterinary medicine, judgment on the part of the medical attendant is required.

Catechu Exteactum, Extract of Catecliu.

This substance was originally brought from Japan, and was supposed to be an earth; hence it received the name of Terra Japonica, Japan earth. It is now known to be an extract obtained from a tree. It seems that a great variety of extracts are known in commerce by the name of catechu, pro�cured from the wood, the bark, the leaves, and even the fruit of certain plants. Procured from the Acacia Catechu, which grows plentifully in India, particularly in the mountains of Kauhana, in Hin-dostan, its mode of preparation is this:�The tree being felled, the exterior white wood is removed, and the interior dark-coloured cut into chips. These are put into narrow-mouthed unglazed vessels, and covered with water, which is evapora�ted to one half its bulk by the application of heat. The decoction is now poured into a flat earthen pot, and further evaporated: afterwards it is ex-

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posed to the sun, and when the extract has acquired considerable thickness, it is spread upon a mat which has heen previously covered with the ashes of cow-dung. Lastly, it is cut, by means of a string, into portions, and these are completely dried by frequently turning them in the sun.

A similar process for obtaining it is described by Dr. Torhes Eoyle; who also states, that when the extract is of sufficient consistence it is poured into clay moulds, generally of a quadrangular form. By the natives of the East and Kutch, it is called Kut and Kutch. Another kind of extract, occurring in porous cubes of a pale reddish colour, is obtained from the leaves and young shoots of the Uncaria Qamhia, at Singapore, and other places in the Eastern Archipelago.

The market is supplied with this extract both from Bombay and Bengal, and it comes into this country in chests, boxes, or bags-

Eomtay Catechu. Bengal Catechu.

Composition.�Tannin . 109nbsp; nbsp; ...nbsp; nbsp; 97

Extractive 68nbsp; nbsp; ...nbsp; nbsp; 73

Mucilage. 13nbsp; nbsp; ...nbsp; nbsp; 16

Impurities 10nbsp; nbsp; ...nbsp; nbsp; 14

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Properties and Uses.�It will be evident, on a

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reference to the analysis of each kind of extract, that the Bombay is the most valuable. They may be easily distinguished from each other. The Ben�gal is pale-coloured, and met with in flat, square, or round pieces; whilst the Bombay is in round masses, having a rusty iron hue without, and a chocolate tint within ; its taste, also, is more austere and astringent. When pure, both are nearly dissolved either by water or spirit.

Catechu may be considered as the most valuable of the vegetable astringents, and is given to the horse in doses of from 5j to 5ij- For Cattle, this quantity may be doubled. For the Dog, the dose is from 3j to 3ij.

It is rarely given alone. Frequently it is added to chalk and opium, a mixture which use has ren�dered allowable, although the alkalies and their carbonates, with a solution of lime, cause preci�pitates with tannin. Aromaties are advantageously combined with it. It may be given to the horse in the form of ball, as follows:

Astringent Mass.

Take of Extract of Catechu, in fine powder, and Cinnamon Bark, of each . . . 3J, Common Mass.....5VJ.

Mix together, and divide into balls weighing an

ii nw.....

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ounce each, one of which may be given two or three times in the day.

CnLOEOFOEMUM, Chloroform.

Take of Chlorinated Lime .... 4 pounds, Eectified Spirit . . . . \ pint,

quot;Water.......10 pints.

Chloride of Calcium, broken i ₁ , , in fragments . . . . J

Put the lime first mixed with the water into a retort, and to these add the spirit, that the mixture may fill only the third part of the retort. Then heat in a sand-bath : and when ebullition first commences, remove the fire as quickly as possible, lest the retort be broken by the suddenly increased heat. Let the solution distil into a receiver as long as there is nothing which subsides, the fire being restored if it be at all needed. Add four times? as much water to the distilled liquid, and shake all well together.

Cautiously separate the heavier part as soon as it has subsided, and to this add the chloride of calcium, and shake occasionally during an hour; finally, let the fluid again distil from a glass retort into a glass receiver.

Decomposition.�The above formula is that which

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was given by the College of Physicians, and, accord�ing to Phillips, it is a ready and inexpensive mode of procuring the compound. The British Pharma�copoeia, however, diflers somewhat from this form, but as the principle is unaifected, it is retained. The changes that take place are very complicated, resulting in the formation of a terchloride offormyl and a.formiate of lime. The term chloroform has reference to its constituents�chlorine andformyl; the latter is an hypothetical radicle, consisting of C₂H or CH, to which oxygen being added, forms JEbrmio Acid HO, C₂H0₃ or H. CH0₂, an acid first discovered as existing in the red ant, but also pro�duced when the vapour of pyroxylic spirit is brought in contact with spongy platinum. The difierence between this acid and chloroform is seen by the the following formulse:

Anhydrous Formic Acid . . C₂H:0₃ (C₂H₂0₃) Chloroform..........O_aHCl_a (CHC1₃)

Chloroform is also obtained by the distillation of a mixture of lime and water, or a solution of potassa with Chloral, a fluid formed by passing dry chlorine gas, in large quantity, through anhydrous alcohol; then subjecting the compound to careful and repeated distillation, and to subsequent recti�fication over quicklime.

Povvnes states that chloroform may be obtained

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as follows :�One part of hydrate of lime is to be suspended in twenty-four parts of cold water, and chlorine passed through the mixture until nearly the whole of the lime is dissolved. A little more hydrate is then added to restore the alkaline reac�tion, the clear liquid mixed with one part of alcohol or wood spirit, and after an interval of twenty-four hours cautiously distilled in a very capacious vessel. A watery liquid, containing a little spirit and a heavy oil, collect in the receiver; the latter, which is the chloroform, is agitated with water, digested with chloride of calcium, and rectified in a water-bath. This differs from the College formula only in the indirect employment of chlori�nated lime, rather than the direct.

Composition.�Chloroform is usually regarded as a terchloride of formyl,�C₂H.C1₃, or CHC1₃.

2nbsp;atoms carbon . . 6 x 2= 12 1 atom hydrogen . . . . = 1

3nbsp;atoms chlorine . . 36 x 3=108

Equivalent . . 121

^Properties and Uses.�Chloroform is a transpa�rent colourless fluid, somewhat oleaginous in ap�pearance, having a specific gravity of 1^-41 to 1:5, very volatile, and has a fragrant smell and sweetish taste.

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It is very slightly soluble in water, but undergoes solution in ether, oil of turpentine, and alcohol. It readily dissolves camphor, caoutchouc, canthari-dine, and the gum resins. It boils at about 140deg;, and is only with some difficulty inflamed, burning with a greenish smoky flame.

Internally administered, chloroform has been found to act as a stimulant and antispasmodic; and it also aifords relief in flatulent colic. The more common form of exhibition for this purpose is an alcoholic solution of it, in the proportion of one part of chloroform to nine parts of alcohol, termed clilorio ether, or tincture of chloroform.

Spiritus chloroformi has been substituted by some for chloric ether, which is merely a mixture of spirit and chloroform. The strength of the spiritus chloroformi will be one part of chloroform to nineteen parts of rectified spirit. This has the advantage of a correct nomenclature, and in not being precipitated when water is added.

The great consumption of chloroform is as an anaesthetic agent. Its vapour, when inhaled, pro�duces insensibility, as that of ether does, but more rapidly and effectually than it. To effect this in the horse, it is only necessary to cause a piece of sponge, held in the hand in part of a bladder, to imbibe from one to two ounces of chloroform, and to bring this near one nostril during inspiration, the

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other being closed, since it is indispensable that the vapour of chloroform be largely diluted with atmospheric air. Expiration is then allowed to take place, and this being continued for a short time, temporary insensibility follows. Smaller animals are quickly affected by it, and these also require no other apparatus for its administration. It has thus .been successfully resorted to for trau�matic tetanus in the horse. See Veterinarian, vol. xxxi, p. 555.

Dr. Protheroe Smith advocates the use of the tetrachloride of carbon, which he says causes less muscular spasm and rigidity than chloroform. Nitrous oxide gas has also been successfully em�ployed as an anaesthetic for the human subject, and it is the opinion of its advocates that it possesses advantages over chloroform or ether, more especi�ally since it may be used without any apprehension of danger to the patient. Its action, however, does not appear to be so long continued as some other agents.

It has been conjectured that the action of ether, chloroform, and the allied substances used for the purpose of inducing insensitiveness, is referable to the conversion of their contained carbon into carbonic acid, and their hydrogen into water, by the oxygen of the blood. quot;Chloroform, ether, amylene, and other hydro-carbons, when inhaled,quot;

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says Dr. Chapman, quot; induce anaestliesia by cutting off more or less completely the supply of oxygen to* the blood as it passes throngh the lungs, and� being combustibles instead of supporters of combus�tion�by combining with such oxygen as may still be associated with the blood-corpuscles, they at once prevent the oxidation of nervous tissue and suffuse the system with carbonic acid.quot;

This, however, is disputed by Dr. Snow, who avers that they pass out in the expired air un�changed, and are detectable in the urine, and even in an amputated limb, or a dead body. quot;We have, at any rate, proof here given that they enter the blood, and they produce their depressing influence on the nervous system, by temporarily paralysing the brain and spinal cord. Chloroform, by a kind of elective affinity, accumulates in the nervous centres, the escito-motor properties of which it suspends, as also the sensitive and motor power of the cerebro-spinal nerves. It has been ftamd, by chemical analysis, that the brain and spinal marrow contain about ten times more chloroform than the blood and highly vascular organs (as, for instance, the liver), the analysis being made on equal weights of these.

Professor Varnell destroyed a horse while under the influence of chloroform, by opening the carotid artery; and he found the blood to smell strongly

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of the agent, and not to coagulate as it ordinarily does.

Dr. Chapman asserts�quot; That the safety of anse's-thetic agents is in inverse proportion to their power.

quot; That when ansssthetie vapours destroy life, they do so by three processes: (a) by impeding oxida�tion of the brain they lessen or stop the transmis�sion of cerebral influence to the heart through the pneumogastric nerve; (5) by impeding the oxida�tion of the nervous ganglia in the substance of the heart itself, they lessen its automatic action; (c) by impeding the passage of the blood through the lungs, anassthetic vapours affect the congestion of those organs with its consequences �distension of the branches and trunk of the pulmonary artery, and mechanical obstruction of the right ventricle, which becomes at length so great as to stop the heart's action altogether.quot; Dr. Charles Kidd considers death from chloroform to be the result of reflex action through the lungs, and not from cardiac syncope, as was supposed.

Tests.�Absence of colour, odour pleasant, its specific gravity not less than l^-48. Not soluble in water, nor does it redden litmus; quickly evaporates when rubbed on the skin, producing coldness; does not coagulate albumen; and re�mains colourless when agitated with ether.

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Clysters, Gltstees, or Enemas.

The common form of these agents for the horse is a liquid; occasionally, however, gaseous enemas are resorted to. The ohjects for which they are administered are�

1. In order to empty the bowels of faeces : thus they act as an aperient. Also to induce a cathartic to commence its action, when, from want of exercise or due preparation, it is tardy in producing the desired effect. They operate in a twofold way� first, by softening the contents of the intestines, and, secondly, by exciting irritation in one portion of the canal, which is communicated throughout the whole; hence they become valuable when the nature and progress of the disease require a quick evacuation of the bowels.

The usual enema is warm water, the quantity thrown up being from half a gallon to a gallon. This may be rendered more stimulating by the addition of a little common salt, or oil, or solution of aloes.

The quantity of the fluid injected should be at�tended to ; for if this be too great, in addition to the action of the agent given, we shall have a dis�tended state of the intestine, and a more rapid expulsion of the clyster will take place than ia desirable; and, on the other hand, it should not be

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too small, for then the desired object will not be obtained. Various means are adopted for exhi�biting enemas; the best is certainly the pump invented by the late Mr. Eead.

2.nbsp; For the purpose of killing worms, which are found nidulating in the rectum and large intes�tines. In this case they are usually of an oleagin�ous nature.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Eor restraining diarrhoea: sedatives and astringents being then employed.

4.nbsp; For nourishing the body, when food cannot be received by the mouth. Gruel is generally the aliment thus given.

5.nbsp; nbsp;For allaying spasms in the stomach and bowels. In this instance they become one of the means by which medicines are taken into the system.

The only gaseous enema is that of tobacco, which is occasionally employed in eases of severe colic, obstinate constipation of the bowels, and strangu�lated intestines. The simple method proposed by the late Mr. S. V. Gregory, as described in The Veterinarian, vol. xii, p. 241, may be resorted to ; or the more scientific one recorded by Professor Simonds in the Proceedings of tlie Veterinary Medi�cal Association for the session 1838-9, who speaks highly of the influerce of this narcotic agent in extreme cases.

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CoLcnici Coemus, The Corm of Qdlehieum A.utumnale, or Meadow Saffron.

The eolcliicum, or meadow saffron, is met with in moist meadows throughout Europe. Its cormus, sometimes called a bulbo-tuber, is about the size of a chestnut, solid, fleshy, and enveloped in a brown-coloured integument. It is at perfection in the month of July or early in August, and is considered to possess the greatest activity when the leaves have withered, and the flowers of the new corm have not appeared.

To preserve it the corm is to be cut transversely into thin slices before drying, the rind being pre�viously peeled off. The slices should be dry, firm in texture, and of a greyish-white colour, having a bitter and somewhat acrid taste.

Composition.�According to Pelletier and Caven-tou, the alkaloid veratria with gallic acid in excess, fatty matter, and a volatile acid, yellow colouring matter, starch, gum, inulin, and lignin. Other writers consider the active principle not to be indentieal with veratria, and therefore designate it colchieia,

Froperties and Uses.�In large doses colchicum acts as an irritant poison: in small and repeated

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ones it proves a diuretic and diaphoretic, and, if long continued, a laxative; these effects being fol�lowed by sedative action. To the horse it may be given in doses of from 5j to 5ijgt; combining it �with the nitrate of potassa.

Dr. Lemann has directed the attention of the members of the veterinary profession to this agent in an article on CoifsiiTUTiONAL Opiithalhia, in The Veterinary Becord, vol. i, p. 132, in which he states that the treatment of this disease caused him much trouble and anxiety at first, but that he has now obtained the mastery of it. A case is there related by him. Reflecting, he says, on the very unsatisfactory results attending the usual mode of treatment, and which in this instance had also failed, he was induced to view the disease as resembling rheumatism in the eye of 'ehe human subject, and he resorted to the use of those remedies always found by him successful in cases of rheu�matism of the human eye, and other parts. He gave the pulverized corm in doses of two drachms at first, morning and evening, combining it with the nitrate of potassa; but after four doses had been administered the bowels became relaxed, and it was considered prudent to suspend the medicine, lest inflammation of the mucous lining membrane should supervene. On the fourth day a decided improvement of the eye was perceived, and the

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colcliicum was given in drachm doses twice a day; which being continued for three days, all the un�favorable symptoms disappeared. To this succeeded several similar cases, and the result in each case was the same,�restoration of the organ to apparent health.

Dr. Lemann has also had recourse to this drug in cases of pneumonia with decided benefit.

The late Mr. Herbert Hallen advocated its use in rheumatic affections in the horse generally.

One of my resident pupils, Mr. B. Cartledge, com�municated to me three instances of constitutional ophthalmia, for which he successfully administered the meadow saffron. The usual remedial means had been resorted to, such has bleeding, sctoning, amp;c., and these proved, as they too often do, ineffective; when on being consulted, he at once commenced giving the pulverized corm of colchicum, as recom�mended by Dr. Lemann; and, after the exhibi�tion of a few doses only, a marked change was perceptible; and by steadily persevering in its employment for the period of ten days, all the inflammatory action disappeared, and the eyes soon regained their natural appearance.

Other cases in confirmation have been received by me, both from Australia and America, which are recorded in the pages of The Veterinarian for 1855-6.

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A MANTJAIi OF

Cattle have been known accidentally to partake of tbe meadow saffron while grazing, and it fre�quently proves poisonous to them. Mr. Evers Musgrave has recorded an instance of eight calves being thus destroyed. (See Teterinary Eecord, vol. ii, p. 223.)

Other instances will he found in the archives of veterinary medicine, and especially some very in�teresting cases recorded by Mr. W. Litt in The Veterinarian, for August, 1860, p. 429, et sey.

It would appear, from the above statements, that the corm of the colchicum merits a place in the pharmacy of the veterinary surgeon. Of its influ�ence on the system ^1 have no doubt; but as its active principles are readily extracted by diluted alcohol and vinegar, perhaps other forms may be advantageously introduced than that of powder. Some practitioners give preference to the seeds, from their being, when ripe, more uniform in com�position ; and others employ either its tincture, or the acetous extract.

Collodion.

When starch is mixed with concentrated nitric acid, it forms a transparent colourless jelly, which being added to water, yields a white, curdy, in�soluble substance, called Zyhidin. The allied

PnABHACT.

243

substances undergo a similar change, and paper thus treated, when dry, assumes the appearance of parchment, and acquires a Ingh degree of combusti�bility. But if the ligneous prineipue, in the form of cotton li-ool, be steeped in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and afterwards thoroughly washed and dried, another substance results, according to Fownes, designated Pyroxylin, a far more com�bustible compound, and commonly known by the name of Schoenbcin's gun-cotton. Both appear to be substitution compounds, the elements of nitric acid replacing, to a certain extent, those of water in the starch and lignin, and hence by some writers they are viewed as a peroxide or a nitrate of lignin. Similar compounds may be obtained from linen, tow, or flax, and even purified sawdust.

The formula of gun-cotton is, C^H; (N0₄)_s O₁₀.

CoiiLODiON is formed, by dissolving gun-cotton in ether containiug a little alcohol. The most facile mode of procuring it, however, is as follows :

Take of Sulphuric Acid .... 300 parts. Dry Nitrate of Potassa . . 200 �

Mix them together in a stone-ware or porcelain capsule, and add, as quickly as possible,

Carded Cotton......10 parts,

stirring it in with a-glass rod. Allow the whole

^mi^mm

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to remain in contact for five or ten minutes, then withdraw the cottou, wash it in distilled water so as to remove all the acid, and nest press and dry-it with a gentle heat: this is gun-cotton.

Take of Gun-cotton.....8 parts.

Sulphuric Ether .... 125 � Alcohol.......8 �

Agitate these together until a solution more or less perfect results, which is Collodion.

By some persons it has been thought that, for medical purposes, that which has been denominated Eiastic Collodiok-, is to be preferred. This may be made by adding to the above,

Yenice turpentine.

Castor Oil, and

quot;White Wax, of each 2 parts.

Melt these together, and add sulphuric ether, 6 parts. Incorporate the whole, and keep in a closely-stoppered bottle.

Either form of collodion will be fouid available for veterinary purposes. The agent has been resorted to for muscular lesions, whether lacerated, incised, or piinctured; also for open joints, amp;c., it being laid on by means of a large camel's-hair pencil, or applied otherwise. Eor the benefits resulting from its employment in wounds, see

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cases in the Yeterinary Mecord, vol. v, p, 38, by Professors Tarnell and G. T. Brown ; in open joints, by Mr. T. Taylor, p. 14G; and in open parotid duct, by Mr. T. Gr. Gowing and Mr. B. Cartledge, pp. 238 and 376.

From an article by me, in the same journal, the following remarks are extracted:

quot; Collodion possesses remarkable adhesive proper�ties. A piece of linen or cotton cloth covered with it, and made to adhere by evaporation to the palm of the hand, will support, after a few minutes, without giving way, a weight of from twenty to thirty pounds. Its adhesive power is so great, that the cloth will commonly be torn before it gives way.

quot; Collodion cannot be regarded as a perfect solu�tion of the cotton. It contains, suspended and floating in it, a quantity of the vegetable fibre which has escaped the solvent action of the ether. The liquid portion may be separated from these fibres by a filter, but it is doubtful whether this is an advantage. In the evaporation,of the liquid, these undissolved fibres, by felting with each other, appear to give a greater degree of tenacity and resistance to the dried mass.

quot;In the preparation of collodion it is indis�pensable to avoid the presence of water, as this renders it less adhesive: hence the ether, as well

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as the alcohol, should he pure and rectified. The parts to which the collodion is applied should he first thoroughly dried and no water allowed to come in contact with them until all the ether is evapo�rated.

quot; As to the way in which it should bo applied, Mr. Maynard observes that, 'In slight cuts a moderately thick coating of the solution, laid over the incised parts, was found, on becoming dry, sufficient to keep the lips of the wound in apposi�tion till union took place ; but in most instances it was employed in conjunction with strips of cotton and sheepskin, and with raw cotton, forming with them strong, unyielding, adhesive strips, bandages, and encasements: and, after many ex�periments, he was convinced that this is the best and most effectual way in which it can be em�ployed as an adhesive agent in surgery. The solution dries rapidly, and in a few seconds; by the evaporation of the ether it contains it becomes solid and impermeable to water; and a strip moistened with it, and glued to any part of the cutaneous surface, adheres to it with a tenacity that is truly surprising.' quot;

quot; Dr. Bigelow's directions for the application of this agent are as follow:�' For straight incisions, ottvhatever Zewyi�,provided the edges can be brought together without great difficulty, it is better to

PHAEM^CX.

247

apply the solution in immediate contact #9632;nitli tlie skin as follows:�The bleeding sliould be arrested, and the skin thoroughly dried. If the lips of the wound are themselves in contact, the surgeon has only to apply a coating of the solution lengthwise over the approximated edges by means of a camel's hair pencil, leaving it untouched after the brush has once passed over it till it is dry, during, per�haps, ten or twenty seconds. This first film will of itself have confined the edges together ; but, in order to increase the firmness of the support more must then be applied in the same manner, allowing it to extend on either side of the incision half an iuch or more. If, however, the wound gapes, an assistant is required to bring the edges in contact, and retain them so whilst the application is made. If the incision is so long that the assistant cannot place the edges in apposition throughout the whole extent, begin by covering a small portion at the upper end, and apply the solution to the lower parts as fast as it becomes dry above. In this case something more than the film which is left adherent to the skin will be necessary for a safe and proper support to the wound, which may have a tendency to separate. The transparency of the dressing may be still maintained by adapting a piece of goldbeater's skin or oiled silk to the wound. This should be covered with the solution,

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and the membrane applied after the coating is on and already contracted. A dossil of lint, or a strip of cloth, or even a strip of tissue paper, which is thus rendered tough and waterproof, will answer the same purpose, though not transparent. quot;Where there is much separation, it is better to fortify the wound in. this way at once, and as fast as the first coating is applied and dry. If, however, adhesion by first intention be not desired, the gum may he painted on in transverse strips, like adhesive cloth, letting the first strip dry, and giving it the gold�beater's skin support before the second is applied. Thus room is left for the escape of pus, and the exposed portion may be watched without removing the strips.'quot;

quot; Mr. Erasmus quot;Wilson, reporting on the effects of collodion, in the ' Lancet,' finds it to possess four important properties, namely�

quot; ' First. That of a mild stimulant.

'quot;Second. That of an efficient substitute for the natural scarfskin.

quot; ' Third. That of a mechanical compress.

quot; ' Fourth. That of an adhesive glue, �x)in which quality it derives its name.

quot;' First. As a stimulant, it is fitted to exert a local alterative action on the congested capillaries of a chronic ulceration, and give activity to the healing process.

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quot;' Second. In its character of a substitute for the absent scarfskin, it is transparent, pliant, and more or less impermeable, according to the thick�ness of the layer that may be required.

quot;' Third. Its most remarkable property, as it seems to me, is the contraction which occurs during the desiccation of the collodion, and which pro�duces a local pressure of considerable power on the surface to which it is applied.

quot;' Fourth. The glue-like property of the col�lodion is evinced in the adhesion of cut surfaces, a property which is much increased by the contrac�tion above mentioned.'

quot; Since the introduction of this agent, other well-known adhesive compounds, dissolved in dif�ferent menstrua, have been tried; for instance, gutta pereha in sulphuret of carbon, and chloro�form : and caoutchouc in the same fluids and ether, respecting which Dr. Simpson says�

quot;' Gutta pereha readily, I find, dissolves in chloroform. quot;When a thin layer of this solution is spread upon the skin or any other surface, the chloroform rapidly evaporates, and leaves a film or web of gutta pereha, possessing all the tenacity and other properties of that substance. A layer of it, of the thickness of good writing paper, has perhaps as much strength and tenacity to hold the edges of a wound together witli all the required

�

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firmness and strengtli of sutures. quot;When a film of it is placed upon the skin, and is allowed to dry tlioroughly for a few minutes, the subsequent attempt to separate it is like peeling and tearing oif the epidermis after erysipelas, amp;c. It then forms, as it were, at once a kiud of artificial tissue, epidermis, or skin, which adheres strongly for a time. There is one disadvantage pertaining to it. In the course of a day or two it generally dries and crisps up, like court plaster, at its edges. If we could either increase its adhesiveness, or destroy its tendency to dry and crisp, we should render it more useful. I have seen the addition of a little caoutchouc apparently correct it in these respects.

quot; ' The deposit or ' plaster' left by the solution of gutta percha is far more equable, smooth, and skin-like, than that left hy the solution of gun-cotton.

quot;' A solution of caoutchouc in bisulplmret of carbon, ether, or chloroform, leaves a very thin, but perhaps less regular web, and one which stretches too readily for most practical purposes.

quot;' One great deficit in this class of dressings is the want of a menstruum sufficiently powerful, and at the same time, not stimulating like ether or chloroform. This objection, may, perhaps, in prac�tice be got over, by applying an unstimulating solution of isinglass, or the like, to the raw surface,

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before applying the stimulating solution of the gun-cotton or gutta percha. Or the first layer of gutta percha or gun-cotton may be made very thin, so as to evaporate almost instantaneously, and then afterwards a series of superincumbent layers may be added till the web is of the required strength. Other and better substances for solution may, perhaps, be found; but no material has a chance of succeeding unless it he insoluble in water after it is consolidated, and unless it be sufficiently strong in its texture, and possesses powerfully adhesive properties.'quot;

As a substitute for Collodion, an alcoholic solu�tion of shell-lac has been found to answer extremely #9632;well. It is to be spread on linen or silk. It does not irritate, and adheres firmly; and wounds have been found to heal rapidly when covered with this mixture. It should be made of such strength as to form a viscid solution when cold. A quot; styptic colloid quot; has lately been invented by Dr. �ichard-son, consisting of a solution of xyloidin and tannin in ether, which he says is at once a styptic, an antiseptic, and a complete means of excluding wounded, abraded, or ulcerated parts of the body from the influence of the external air, thus favour�ing the healing of wounds by first intention. He says he has employed it in amputations, for open ulcers, cancer, necrosis, and obstinate haemorrhage

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A MAKUAL OF

with singular success. See Veterinarian, p. 739. vol. si.

Copaiba, Copaiba. Yulgo: Balsam of Capivi.

This liquid resin is obtained from the Copaifera Langsdorfii, by boring the tree near the base of its trunk, whence it flows abundantly. The tree is found in South America and the quot;West India islands. The market is principally supplied from Brazil, it being imported in casks containing from one to t^o hundred-weight.

Properties and Uses.�Copaiba is a transparent viscid fluid, of a pale yellow colour, having a pecu�liar odour and a pungent nauseous taste. Its ap�pearance in the shops differs considerably, which has been thought to arise from the manner of its procuration, or the trees whence it has been obtained. It is often much adulterated, being mixed with castor oil and turpentine. The pre�sence of the former is detected by agitating in a bottle one part of liquor ammonia) with two and a half of copaiba: if the mixture remains cloudy after standing at rest for some time, it contains castor oil. The other sophistication is not so readily exposed, on account of the composition of the balsam.

Its action is that of a diuretic, and it may be given in doses of from ^ss to 5J, either floating upon

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water or formed into an emulsion with mucilage or the yolk of an egg. It has been extolled in liwrna-turia; but whether it has any properties, beyond conveniency of form, to recommend it above the turpentines, I cannot take upon myself to say.

Composition.�Essential oil and resin. If pure, these are in the proportion of 40 of the former to 60 of the latter. When it is desirable to give the balsam of copaiba in the form of ball, it may be conveniently done by the addition of an eighth part of its weight of calcined magnesia, or one-fifteenth of hydrate of lime, either of which, on the applica�tion of heat, will solidify the balsam; the latter, however, more quickly than the former.

When given in a fluid form, it may bo mixed with the liquor potassraquo;?, or a solution of caustic soda; and, when thus saponified, it is said to be more efficacious.

Ceeasoto^t, Creasote.

This substance is obtained by the destructive distillation of vegetable matters; hence it is found in pyrosylic oil, tar, and wood-smoke, giving to those substances their antiseptic properties. Its preparation is exceedingly troublesome and tedious. It essentially consists in subjecting to distillation wood-tar, which yields a light and a heavy oil; from the latter any adhering acetic acid is removed

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by carbonate of potassa: quot; it is then mixed with caustic potassa, heated, and afterwards separated again by the action of diluted sulphuric acid; it is then once more distilled, mixed with phosphoric acid to abstract a little ammonia, and ultimately rectified with water.quot; For the complete purifica�tion of creasote, the addition of potassa, followed by neutralization and distillation, requires to be frequently repeated.

Oomposition.�Carbolic acid mixed with small quantities of kresylic acid and hydrocarbons.

14 atoms Carbon . . . . G x 14 = 84 9 � Hydrogen . . . 1 x 9=9 2 � Oxygen. . . . 8 x 2 = 16

Equivalent .... 109

'Properties and Uses.�Creasote, when pure, is a colourless fluid, oily, and of a peculiar odour, re�sembling smoked meat; it has a hot pungent taste; a specific gravity of 1-037, boils at 397deg;, and does not congeal at �50deg;. It burns with a sooty flame, and coagulates albumen; hence it has been used for restraining htemorrhages. With water, and the fixed and volatile oils, it forms an opalescent mix�ture, but readily dissolves in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and acetic acid. It acts powerfully on the animal system, and quickly destroys small animals. Given

PIIAEilACT.

9SS

internally, it is a stimulant and tonic; and exter�nally, when applied in an undiluted state, it is a caustic; otherwise, it acts as a gentle excitant, and antiseptic. It has also heen resorted to as a styptic; indeed, its greatest use is as a topical remedy, heing employed in the forms of a lotion, a liniment, or an ointment, to foul ulcers, such as occur in farcy and glanders�to cancerous sores, such as foot-root, canker, and thrush�and some cutaneous affections, as herpes, mange, amp;c.; also for the checking of caries, excessive suppuration, and the repression of fungous granulations. It is likewise occasionally dropped into the eye in chronic ophthalmia, when it operates as a, counter-irritant; and has been found effectual ia removing nebulaj. The inhala�tion of its vapour has lessened the bronchial se�cretion ; and as glanders, in the human subject, yielded to it in the hands of Dr. Elliotson, and this formidable disease was effectually combated with it by the late Mr. Ions, in the case of his son, it seems to be worthy of a trial for this afteetion in the horse, being both given internally and applied locally. The dose has not been ascertained. I should think from 5ss to a drachm may be diffused in a weak mucilage of gum, and administered twice a day, or offener.

As a caustic, undiluted ereasote may be applied by means of a camel's-hair pencil. Injected into

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fistulous wounds, or those connected witli exfolia�tion of bone, it quickly induces a favorable change, acting in a twofold manner�first, as a powerful stimulant, and, secondly, as an antiseptic. It is well to bear in mind the difference between deodo�risers and antiseptics. The former merely destroy foetor by their decomposing the gaseoxis compounds eliminated during decay, these being, principally, binary compounds of hydrogen; while the latter place the organic matter in such a state that it does not reacquire its tendency to undergo putre�faction,�especially is this the case with carbolic and other acids obtained from tar. (See page 200). It may be diluted with water when used as a styptic; pledgets of tow are to be dipped in it, and applied to the bleeding part with a compress. Its action depends on its power of coagulating albu�men, and at the same time it contracts the mouths of the vessels.

As a lotion to indolent and foul ulcers, or when injected up the nostrils for chronic inflammation of its lining membrane, or when ulcers sxist on it, from ten to fifteen minims may be difi'used in an ounce of water; and of the same strength it may be added to a poultice when we wish to destroy foetor in a wound, or any lesion.

There are those who entertain some doubts whether, as a topical agent in veterinary practice,

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this compound will supersede the use of the pyro-ligneous oil of tar, in which ereasote largely exists, and to which it owes its influence. Common soot from, coal has been substituted when ereasote could not be obtained, as much being mixed with lard as could be incorporated so as to form an ointment; and a watery decoction of it has been made when a lotion was preferred.

The pharmaceutical formula) of ereasote are,

Liximekt�m Ceeasoti CoMrosiTim, Compound Liniment of Creosote.

Take of Creasote......2 parts,

Oil of Turpentine, and

Olive Oil, of each ... 4 parts.

Mix together, so as to form a liniment.

This form has been successfully employed at the Eoyal Veterinary College in wounds that have taken on unhealthy suppurative action, and par�ticularly for fistulous sores. In lesions connected with opened synovia! cavities, I should think it would also prove beneficial. In cases of canker in the ear of the dog it has been found highly efficacious. Professor Simonds, however, prefers a spirituous solution, in the proportion of one part of creasote to eight parts of rectified spirit, of

mmm�m

258

A MANUAL Or

#9632;which from five to ten drops are introduced into the ear daily.

Ungueittum Cbeasoti, Ointment of Oreasote.

Take of Creasote......2 parts,

Lard.......8 parts.

Mix together.

Used for the same purposes as the compound liniment of creasote.

Cketa PetEPAEata, Prepared Chalk.

Chalk is a most ahundant mineral, occurring massive in beds which traverse a range of hills commencing in Torkshire and continuing into Dorsetshire, and giving to the cliffs of Britain, on the southern side of the island, their peculiar character.

It is found of various colours, and mixed with many impurities. White chalk is preferred for medicinal purposes. After having been levigated, the coarser particles and all adventitious matters are removed by washing: when dried, it becomes an impalpable powder.

Oompod�on.�Chalk is a friable carbonate of lime, consisting of CaO, C0₂, or Ca, C0_S.

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1 atom Ctu'bonic Acid=22 1 � Lime. . . =28

Equivalent . 50

JProperties and Uses.�Prepared chalk is of a white colour, tasteless, acllieriug slightly to the tongue, inodorous, and nearly insolulile, one part requiring 1000 parts of water to dissolve it. In water impregnated with carbonic acid gas, it is, however, mnch more soluble. As a medicinal agent, chalk is placed among the astringents; Lut, in the strict meaning of the term, it is not an astringent, as it does not condense or corrugate animal fibre. Its action principally depends upon the chemical property it possesses of uniting with acids, and forming new compounds, the affinity which binds carbonic acid with the base, lime, being very weak: hence in diarrhoea, when an acid secretion is largely poured out from the mucous follicles of the intestines, it neutralizes this fluid, and thus stays the profuse alvine evacuations by removing the cause of the irritation. Generally it is advisable to precede its administration by a laxative. The dose for the horse may be from �ij to 5iv, suspended in a weak mucilage of gum. Opium may be added with advantage, and aro-matics; and although substances which contain

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tannin are considered incompatible with it, yet by common consent, -wiiea we are desirous of obtaining astringent effects, tbe extract of catechu may be combined.

As an external application, chalk will be found valuable as an absorbent and antacid, and may be sprinkled over ulcers discharging a thin icliorous fluid; also abrasions, amp;c.

In Cattle practice the use of chalk is advocated under the same circumstances as for the horse. The dose will vary from two to four ounces. It would seem tbat, for both classes of animals, it is better to give this absorbent in combination with astringents and aromatics. A form will be found, at page 137, for sheep and calves. These remarks will also apply to the dog. The dose for him is from ten to twenty grains.

Tests.�Its purity is known by its being entirely soluble, with effervescence, in hydrochloric acid, by which the absence of silica is shown. If am�monia is added to this solution, ud precipitate should take place; and thus its freedom from alumina and oxide of iron is indicated.

Incompatihles.�It is decomposed by all the ordinary acids and acidulous salts, which, by combining with its base, set the carbonic acid free.

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261

Ceotox TioL-.a SEMUfA, Groton Seeds.

The purging crotou is a native of India, Ceylon, Java, China, and other places. Every part of the plant appears to possess medicinal properties ; but the seeds are alone employed in Europe. These are contained in trilocular capsules, each seed being ohloug, and of the sue of a small coffee-bean. Its shell is blackish and covered with a yellowish brown epidermis, which frequently is rubbed off by friction, from the cases in which the seeds are imported most commonly not being full. To the late Mr. G-. Western I am indebted for specimens of the crotou plant, sent to me from India, exhibit�ing the leaves, flowers, and seeds, carefully pre�served.

The pareuchymatous structure of the seed abounds with a fixed acrid oil, which is obtained by expression, constituting the crotou oil�tijlii oleum�'of commerce. It has a bright straw colour, a faint odour, and a hot, acrid taste, creating an uneasy sensation in the throat, which continues for many hours. It is soluble in alcohol and ether.

Composition.�100 parts of the kernels of the seeds, when bruised, yield

CO parts of this oil,

40 parts of mucilaginous residue.

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Or, perhaps, a better analysis is that of Dr. Niramo;

27quot;5 acrid matter,

32-5 fixed oil,

40 mucilaginous residue.

100

The fixed oil is merely a veliicle for the acrid matter, which is called fiffUn hj Dr. Paris, and croionic acid hy Brande, the whole of which can�not he expressed from the seed; pressure, however great, not removing the whole of it, but a portion remains commixed with the farina. The employ�ment of this residuum, denominated croton calce, or, when pulverized,./laquo;laquo;laquo;laquo;, has been advocated by several practitioners ; but since great uncertainty must exist as to the quantity of the active principle which remains, I think it would he better to make use of the decorticated seeds.

I believe that the late Mr. J. Keid introduced this agent as an article of our materia medica. He employed the farinaceous residue, and found five grains of it to he equivalent in action to one drachm of aloes. Should the seeds be given, about three grains, or perhaps a little less, may be considered the equivalent. The dose of the first, therefore, will be from twenty to thirty grains ; of the latter from twelve to eighteen grains. The expressed oil

PHAEilACX.

263

lias been said to create considerable irritation. Allowing this to be the case, surely some cor�rective may be conjoined, and thus a valuable agent be added to the list of veterinary thera�peutics.

Professor Redwood assorts that crotonic acid is inert. The active principle of croton seeds is, in all probability, a resinous body held in solution in a fixed oil. The same remark will apply to castor oil and some other seeds; indeed, it may be assumed that the principle is common alike to all seeds possessing purgative properties; in which we can see a wise protection on the part of nature against their irritating action.

Mialhe designates croton oil a very energetic drastic, and the purgative, par excellence, for acting by itself, and having its action on all parts of the intestinal tube. Its effects, therefore, he avers, are certain, its operation being through the irritation induced by it on the mucous membrane, in which it often induces intense inflammation, and the formation of numerous pustules, followed occasionally by death; hence its use demands caution.

The great value of croton certainly arises from the capability of administering it when no other cathartic can be given. It may be put into the animal's mash ; or, if it be made into a tincture,

264

A MAKCAL OF

as suggested by Mr. Field, and then it may be mixed with bis -water. A form for this is as follows :

Tinctttba Cboxoki, Tincture of Croton.

Take of Bruised Croton Seeds . 1 ounce, Rectified Spirit .... 16 ounces.

Digest for seven days, and filter for use. Dose from half an ounce to an ounce.

A slight opalescence of the water to which it is added will take place; and so long as this exists, the active principle may be considered as being held suspended. Externally applied, this spirituous solution is an active coimter-irritant; but I do not think it possesses any advantages over many others.

Prom having carefully noticed the operation of this therapeutic, I am inclined to believe that it requires nearly the same time to excite the bowels of the horse into action that aloes does. It differs, however, from aloes, in not creating so much nausea, and in producing a greater liquidity of the dejections.

A knowledge of this would indicate its employ�ment in anasarcous swellings and effusions into cavities, when purgatives are admissible ; also in affections of the kidneys, when we are desirous to

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avoid irritating them, #9632;which is sometimes done when even aloetic purges are exhibited.

As a general cathartic, croton will never supplant aloes; but a combination of the two purgatives may, perhaps, be found of advantage in many cases.

It has been ascertained that croton oil placed on the tongue of the horse, in quantities varying from twenty to thirty drops, effectually produces purg�ing. A knowledge of this fact is valuable, as there are some diseases incidental to that animal in which neither a ball nor a draught can be given, and he also refuses food, yet it is desirable that a purgative should be administered. The only objec�tion that can be urged against the exhibition of croton in this way is, that it inflames the buccal membrane; and the same effect, although in a less degree, is caused when the farinaceous residuum is given, either in the form of draught or in a mash.

Tor Cvtiie, the union of croton with the sul�phate of magnesia, or any other cathartic agent, in doses of from twenty to thirty grains, is now commonly had recourse to. This has been found effectual in overcoming obstinate constipation, and especially in those cases which require the bowels to be quickly acted upon. To the pig it proves an active purgative, and may be given in his food.

I have found a terebinthinate solution of the acrid principle of croton seeds a most powerful

266

A MANTJAL OP

irritant to tlie skin of the ox. It causes rubefac-tion and mucli swelling of the surrounding parts, followed by a Tesicular eruption and subsequent desquamation of the cuticle, and thus it becomes valuable as a counter-irritant. For general pur�poses it will require dilution with some fixed oil, as that of the. olive or rape-seed. The form I have adopted for the solution is as follows :

Take of Croton Seeds, bruised . . 1 part, Oil of Turpentine .... 8 parts. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter for use.

Ctrpiuiir, Copper.

This metal has long been known, it having been used by the ancients for domestic and other uten�sils, they being unacquainted with malleable iron. It is found in most parts of the globe, but in this country the richest copper mines exist in Cornwall. The ore most abundant is the sulphide, from which the metal is usually extracted by reduction. This operation consists essentially in driving off the sulphur by heat, oxidizing the iron with which it is mixed, and converting it into a silicate by means of sand, when the copper is separated in a tolerably pure state. However, to render it quite pure, it undergoes repeated fusions, the last being carried on in the refining furnace with the addition of

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a little charcoal. After this it is licaten with hammers, and is then fit for sale.

Pure copper lias a yellowish-red colour, and much lustre. It emits a peculiar odour when rubbed, and has a disagreeable taste. It is hard, sonorous, malleable, and ductile. Specific gravity, S-788 to S-958. Atomic weight, 32 or G3-5. Symbol, Cu.

Animals feeding on the herbage growing in the neighbourhood of copper-smelting furnaces, are frequently the subjects of several diseases. About Swansea, horses and cattle are much affected by the disengaged fumes, which are found to contain arsenious acid, as before stated at page 61. lu the language of the miners, they have the quot; copper-smoke disease.quot;

Young animals are most susceptible of their in�fluence ; and among the most marked effects are a disposition to ophthalmia, which in general quickly runs on to its termination in cataract; enlarge�ments of the knee and hock-joints, and periostea] exostosis of the bones of the extremities.

The first indications of animals being thus affected are dulness and refusal of food. On examination, the teeth will be found encrusted with a bluish concretion, the gums tumid and red, and the saliva secreted in increased quantities� symptoms analogous to ptyalism.

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Diseases of tlie joints sIiotv tliemselves by what appears to be a distension of the bursa?; a small fluctuating tumour first presenting itself, which contains a fluid resembling synovia ; this becomes viscid, and at last forms a nidus for the deposi�tion of bony matter. If, however, it he punctured in the early stages, and exit given to the imprisoned fluid, adhesion of its parietes may be brought about by compression. The knees of horses, and the knees and hocks of cows, are the joints most com�monly attacked. The periostea! exostosis of the long bones sometimes attains to such a magnitude that the covering of the bone is burst, and necrosis ensues. The constipation of the bowels which ac�companies the early stages of the disease is often very obstinate, and requires the most active purga�tives to overcome it.

Accidental wounds in these situations frequently take on unhealthy action. Whether this arises from the peculiar state of the system or of the air, cannot be decided. The breeding of animals is never attended with success, and they lose flesh very quickly.

Curm Ammo^io-Sulpiias, Ammonio-Siifyhafe of Copper.

Take of Sulphate of Copper ... 2 parts, Sesqui-carbonate of Ammonia 3 parts.

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Eub together in a glass mortar, till tlie effer�vescence ceases, wrap the mass in bibulous paper, and dry it by means of a very gentle heat. Preserve in a stoppered bottle.

Decomposition.�The constitution of this com�pound appears to be very uncertain. During the act of mixing the compounds, much of the carbonic acid gas is evolved, the mixture becomes of a deep blue colour, and probably the sulphuric acid of the sulphate of copper combines with the ammonia set free, while the remaining carbonic acid unites with the oxide of copper, which forms a mixture with the excess of sesquicarbonate of ammonia. Brande says, quot; Sub-sulphate of copper, sulphate of am�monia, and carbonate of ammonia and copper, are among its usual constituents ; and when it has been dried at a very low heat, and not unnecessarily exposed to air, the proportion of carbonate of am�monia which it retains is often considerable.quot;

Properties and Uses.�This salt had given place by general consent to the sulphate of copper, which, probably, for the purposes of the veterinary surgeon possesses ^all that he requires; but Mr. I. Jekyll having advocated the use of the ammouio-sulphate in that insidious and too frequently fatal disease, pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, I have been induced to re-insert it. It is, doubtlessly, a stimulating tonic and astringent, and may be given in doses varying

270

A MANUAL OF

from 5j to 5ij, combining it witli some carminative, and repeating the dose two or three times a day. The form recommended by Mr. Jekyll is made ex-temporaneonsly by dissolving one part of sulphate of copper in four parts of water, and then adding solution of ammonia till a precipitate begins to fall. Of this compound he gives four drachms every eight hours, when the use of a tonic agent is indicated.

A similar solution to this is used as a test for the presence of arsenious acid.

Tests.�Heat converts it into oxide of copper, the ammonia being evolved. Dissolved in water, the colour of turmeric is changed brown by it, and a solution of arsenic rendered green.

Incompatlbles.�Acids; the alkalies soda and potash, and lime-water.

C�pbt Diacetas Impuea, Impure Biaeetate of Copper.

Old Kames: iErngo, Verdigris, Subacetate of Copper.

Nearly all the salts of copper are recognise 1 by their blue colour, and, according to Phillips, they are compounds of the black oxide of the metal. Verdigris is chiefly made iu those countries where

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wine abounds, such as the south of France. Plates of copper are covered with the husks of the ex�pressed grapes, which, being moistened with water, are allowed to remain at rest, so that the acetous fermentation may be set up, during which the metal becomes oxidized, and the acetic acid that ia disengaged, combining with it, forms the oxide into an acetate. This is scraped off, well beaten in mortars and then compressed into leathern bags, in which state it is imported.

A purer acetate may be made by subjecting plates of copper to the vapour of acetic acid. In this country an artificial compound, known by the name of Enylish mrdiyris, is formed by Lriturating together sulphate of copper and acetate of lead; and, to render the deception more complete, stalks of raisins and pieces of metallic copper are added to it. Verdigris is frequently adulterated with chalk, plaster of Paris, and other impurities ; this is more commonly the case when it is sold in the form of powder. These may be d etected by dissolving the suspected compound in diluted sulphuric acid, which decomposes the verdigris, forming a soluble sul�phate; while the adventitious substances will be precipitated. Grood verdigris should also dissolve in hydrochloric acid, without effervescence.

Composition.�Verdigris, as it usually occurs in commerce, is a very impure salt, consisting of the

#9632;MV

272

A MANUAL OP

diacetate and carbonate of copper, witb portions of metal imacted upon, grape-stalks, and other sub�stances. quot;When pure, it is an hydrated diacetate of copper, and consists of 2CuO, 041X30., 6H0, or CuC.H.,02, 3H₂0.

2 atoms Oxide of Copper . = 80 1 atom Acetic Acid . . . = 51 G atoms quot;Water . . . 9 x 6= 54

Equivalent .... 185

Properties mid Uses.�Verdigris occurs as a hard dry mass, crystalline, inodorous, and having an aus�tere metallic taste. Boiling water takes up about one fifth of its weight, the greater part of which is again deposited on cooling. Yinegar dissolves a much larger proportion, and by evaporating the solution rhomboidal crystals are formed, which are slightly efflorescent in the air, and entirely soluble in water. This is called distilled and crystallized verdigris. It is a neutral salt composed of CuO, C₄H₃0₈ HO, or CuC₄H₆03 , H₂0.

1 atom Oxide of Copper = 40 1 � Acetic Acid . = 51 1 ,, Water . . . = 9

Equivalent . . 100

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Although now but seldom given, the diacetate of copper is a tonic, and the dose may be from 5j to Jij. Externally applied, it is an erodent and a detergent. As an erodent, it is sprinkled in the form of a fine powder over luxuriant granulations and warty excrescences. As a detergent and stimulant to indolent ulcers, a liniment has been directed to be made with it; but I have adopted the suggestion of the late Bracy Clark, that of substituting the sulphate of copper for the more expensive acetate, and it has been found equally efficacious; indeed, for veterinary purposes this compound may be generally substituted.

The old form for the liniment is as follows:

Likimenttjm iEntrGiifis, Liniment of Verdigris. Old Names : Mel iEgyptiacum, Oxymel iErugiuis.

Take o'f Yerdigris, in fine powder . 9 ounces,

Alum........6 ounces,

Treacle.......1| pound.

To be boiled together until the compound assumes a brown colour.

Some persons in their use of this for canker very inconsiderately add sulphuric acid to it, and others nitric acid, forgetting the decomposition which of necessity takes place. If the acetate be not suffi-

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ciently powerful, it would be far better to employ the sulphate or the nitrate of copper at once, rather than to obtain these compounds at the expense of the acetate.

A useful detergent ointment may be thus made:

UNGrENT�M tEeugutis, Ointment of Verdigris.

Talce of Verdigris, in very fine powder 1 part. Common Turpentine, or Resin 1 part, Hogs' Lard......12 parts.

The pulverised verdigris is to be added when the other ingredients are melted and removed from the water-bath, stirring them together until cold.

This is used as an application to foul ulcers, and occasionally in tarsal ophthalmia, and for herpes.

Cupei Distodidtjm, Diniodide of Copper.

Take of Iodide of Potassium . . 2 ounces. Sulphate of Copper . . 4 ounces. Boiling Distilled water . 1^ pint.

Dissolve the sulphate of copper in two thirds of the water, and the iodide of potassium in the remain�ing one third. When the solutions are cold, mix them. Set aside, that the precipitate may fall, which separate by means of a filter, and afterwards dry and pulverise it.

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Decomposition.�On pouring a solution of the iodide of potassium into that of the sulphate of copper, mutual decomposition ensues; a diniodide of copper is precipitated, and a sulphate of potassa remains in solution, while some iodine is set free.

The following diagram may be accepted as repre-sentiug the change that takes place ; although it is somewhat more complicated than here given, for it appears that a small quantity of the iodide of copper is also formed on mixing the solution of the two salts; but this may be left unnoticed. The sul�phate of copper being in excess in the formula, is likewise a matter of no moment.

I V,

r M

octme

f I

Potassium lt;I equiv.

tassium Iodine ^ Potassium

Diniodide of Copper 1 equiv. ... =190

3�0 Sulphate of Copper -2 equiv.

Copper Oxygen ... Sulphuric Acid Copper Oxygen ... Sulphuric Acid

Sulphate of Potassa = 176, 2 equiv.

t^rater

9 x 10=90

276

Oomposition.-

A MANUAL OF

-Cu₂T, or Cul 2 atoms Copper . 1 atom Iodine

= 64

= 126

Equivalent .... 190

Turner states that this compound quot; is obtained by adding iodide of potassium to a solution of the sulphates of the protoxides of copper and iron, both in crystals, in the ratio of 1 to 2i; when the protoxide of iron takes the oxygen of the oxide of copper, and the iodine the metallic copper, forming a precipitate, the diniodide. It may be dried, and will bear a high temperature in close vessels with�out change.quot;

Properties and Uses.�Diniodide of copper, as thus obtained, is of a light fawn colour, which undergoes some change on exposure to the air. It has the smell of iodine, a metallic taste, and tinges the skin yellow. With water it forms an opales�cent mixture, which, after a time, takes up the iodine, as also does alcohol. In a mixture of alcohol and ammonia it undergoes nearly perfect solution; and if water of ammonia is alone em�ployed, there are formed an iodide of nitrogen and an ammoniuret of copper. Its specific gravity is 3 �0222. Its action is that of a stimulant to the absorbent vessels, and a tonic. It has been found of service in farcy, chronic cedematous enlargement

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of the legs, and those affections simulating glanders. It may be given in doses of from 5j to 5ij daily, combining it with the powder of gentian and some carminative, as pimento or Cayenne pepper. Cantharides in small doses may also be advan�tageously added. In larger quantities than these loss of appetite has been induced, followed by constipation of the bowels, which requires to be counteracted by a dose of laxative medicine. After it has been exhibited a short time, the iodine may be detected in the urine by the ordinary re-agents for the iodides.

An indication of its influence on the system is a soreness of the diseased parts, arising from its ac�tion on the absorbent vessels, when the a^ent should be for a time withheld. It appears to be a remedy possessing much power, and therefore calls for circumspection in its employment.

The well-known fact that the salts of copper rank among the most valuable tonic agents for the horse, and that all the mineral tonics, in order to produce their effects, are taken up into the circula�tion, coupled with the equally well-known influence of iodine on the absorbent vessels, first led me to think that a combination of these agents would be of service in farcy. The kindness of Professor Spooner and the late Mr. II. Daws enabled me to put the subject to the test of experiment, the

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result of which fully confirmed my expectations. Since then, I have received numerous communica�tions hearing testimony to the heneflts derived from its employmont, so that it has now become an established article of the veterinary materia medica.

If given in those diseases that closely resemble glanders, or which soon degenerate into it if reme�dial means be not resorted to, I would advise the inhalation of diluted chlorine conjointly with it. By .this agent the nasal membrane will be power�fully stimulated, and the secretion from it, although for a time increased, will ultimately be suppressed. The plan to be adopted is very simple. Chlorine gas is to be liberated from hydrochloric acid by the action of the peroxide of manganese upon it. Por this purpose a Florence flask, a stand, and a lamp, are all that is required. As much cldorine is to be disengaged into the loose box in which the animal is placed as the attendant can resist the influence of; he then retires, taking his apparatus with him, and closes the door. Thus the atmosphere will be sufficiently impregnated, and the animal may be allowed to respire it for some hours ; and, should it not have caused too much irritation, a repetition of the inhalation of the gas may take place during the day.

From the nature of these diseases, a somewhat long continuance of this mode of treatment will

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sometimes be found requisite, and it may be neces�sary occasionally to abstain from the use of the gas.

Topically applied, the diniodide of copper has been found a powerful excitant to ill-conditioned ulcers, quickly inducing healthy action in them; and in cases of chronic grease, when the ulcerated surface presents an unfavorable aspect, the residual liquor, after the obtainment of the precipitate, has been successfully made use of by Mr. Walton Mayer and Mr. H. Surmon, who speak highly in commendation of it, both in this disease and for farcy and other ulcers.

Cupei Sulphas, Sulphate of Copper.

Old Names : Vitriolated Copper, Blue and Eoman Vitriol, Blue Copperas, Bluestone.

The common names of this compound. Milestone and hlue vitriol, are familiar to most persons ; nor are there many, perhaps, unacquainted with its action. Although this certainly does not detract from its value as a therapeutic, yet at times it seems desirable that we should be enabled to disguise it.

Sulphate of copper is prepared in several ways. The most common is stated to be by evaporating

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the water which flows from copper mines until a pellicle appears on its surface, and then setting it aside to crystallise. Secondly, by exposing the native sulphuret of copper to the action of heat, and afterwards to that of air and moisture, when the metal is oxidised and the sulphur acidified, and these combining form a sulphate, which maybe obtained by solution, evaporation and crystalliza�tion. Doubtless a change analogous to this takes place in the copper pyrites existing in the mines, by which the water becomes charged with the sulphate ; but I feel assured, from personal inquiries in the mining districts both of Cornwall and quot;Wales, that very little of the salt under notice is now procured by the first-named method. The water of the mines, it is true, is often highly impregnated with it, but it is found more profitable to precipi�tate metallic copper from the water by throwing refuse iron into it; and I was informed at Pary's Mountain, in the Island of Anglesey, that the pre�cipitate thus obtained is much richer than the ore now taken from the mine. Thirdly, it may be procured by treating the oxide of copper (quot; copper scalequot;) with dilute sulphuric acid; or, fourthly, by boiling copper filings in the strong acid, when the acid suffers decomposition; sulphurous acid gas is given off, the metal is oxidised, and then converted into a sulphate. In one of these last-named ways

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hj far the greater quantity of sulphate of copper is now made, and large manufactories for its forma�tion exist in the neighbourhood of London.

A purification of this commercial salt hy solution and recrystallization has been directed, but it is an expedient rarely resorted to by the veterinary surgeon, it being generally sufficiently pure for all his purposes.

Composition.�This compound is a sulphate of the black oxide, and consists of CuO, S0₃ 5HO, or CuS0₄.5H₂0

1 atom Protoxide of Copper . = 40 1 � Sulphuric Acid . . = 40 5 atoms quot;Water . . . 9 x 5 = 45

Equivalent ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 125

Properties and Uses.�This salt occurs of a fine blue colour ; its crystals are hard, of a rhomboidal figure, slightly efflorescent in the air, having a nauseous and metallic taste, and soluble in two parts of boiling water and four of cold.

Sulphate of copper is an astringent and tonic. The dose may be from 5j to 5ij- ^he Royal Veterinary College directs a tonic mass to be thus made:

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Tonic Mass.

Take of Sulphate of Copper, finely pulverised . 2 oz.

Powdered Ginger......2 oz.

Common Mass.......12 oz.

Beat together, so as to form a mass. Dose from eight to twelve drachms.

At this establishment sulphate of copper used to be frequently given in large doses in cases of farcy and glanders. This is not the case now, repeated small doses being preferred. The former disease may readily have yielded to it, but the latter too often proved obstinate. The quantity once adminis�tered varied from Jss to gj, this being exhibited in solution, and blended with some demulcent, such as an infusion of linseed or gruel. The late Pro�fessor Sewell, to whom veterinary science is much indebted, ascertained by experiment that such doses as these could not be given with impunity in the form of ball, as the agent while undergoing solution, corroded the stomach; he therefore re�commended the form of draught, also to commence with the lesser quantity,and gradually to increase the dose until a slight loss of the appetite was produced, which he considered indicated the attainment of the maximum quantity. This was then steadily perse-

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vered in daily, omitting it, however, for a day or two, should the patient refuse his food.

The medicinal power of the sulphate of copper seems to be markedly determined to the mucous membranes ; hence it is exceedingly useful in the chronic diarrhoea of Cattle and Sheep, the dose not exceeding two drachms for the former, nor more than one or two scruples for the latter. Also in nasal gleet in the horse, arising from chronic in�flammation of the lining membrane of the nostrils ; while in those cases of long-continued discharge from the nostril, after catarrh and fever have sub�sided, accompanied with abrasion of the lining membrane, and enlargement of the submaxillary glands, to a certain extent simulating, and by some persons mistaken for glanders, it has seldom failed to be of permanent benefit, being administered in doses of two drachms or more daily.

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ulcers. With alum this may be employed as anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f_;

styptic to restrain hajmorrhages; likewise as a topical application in cases of chronic ulceration of the skin of the heels, when the granulations are of a fungoid character; and a very weak solution isnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;j i

occasionally injected up the nostrils, or into the frontal or maxilliary sinuses, as an astringent, when the lining membrane has taken on diseased action.

284

A MANTIAL OF

A saturated solution may be kept in the phar�macy, to be diluted when necessary.

Soltjtio Cupei Stjiphatis, Solution ofSulplmte of Copper.

Take of Sulphate of Copper ... 1 part,

Boiling quot;Water.....4 parts.

Dissolve and filter.

Also the following:

Soiamo Cupei Stjlphatts Composita, Compound Solution of Sulphate of Copper.

Take of Sulphate of Copper and

Alum, of each ....nbsp; nbsp; 3 ounces,

quot;Water.......nbsp; nbsp; 2 pounds.

Sulphuric Acid ....nbsp; nbsp; 1^ ounce.

Dissolve the sulphates in the water by boiling, and then add the sulphuric acid.

The liniment (for want of a better term) before adverted to, is thus made :

LiNiMEifTUM Cupei Sulpiiatis, Liniment of Sulpliate of Copper.

Take of Sulphate of Copper, in powder, 1 part. Treacle .......4 parts.

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Place together in a pipkin over a slow fire, and simmer until the whole assumes a reddish-brown colour. Set it aside for use.

Decomposition.�By the application of heat, a portion of the salt undergoes decomposition. Its water of crystallization is first driven off, then a part of its acid, and the oxide of copper left imparts colour to the compound. A simple mixture of the sulphate of copper with treacle or tar, may, how�ever, be advantageously substituted; and should custom demand the colour, this may be otherwise communicated, and thus much labour saved. Care should be taken that no iron utensils are em�ployed in the formation of this compound, as they will cause a precipitation of the copper in a me�tallic form. This remark will apply in all instances where the salts of copper are dispensed and mois�ture is present.

Uses.�This compound is employed as a detergent for phagedenic uleerations, particularly of the sensitive parts of the foot, as canker, severe thrush, foot-rot, amp;c.

Tests.�Sulphate of copper is entirely soluble in water. If its crystals become green on exposure to the air, it is owing to the presence of some of the sesqui-oxide of iron. It has been before re�marked, that nearly all the salts of copper are characterised by their blue colour. Their presence

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when in solution is further indicated by ammonia, which gives a pale blue precipitate�the hydrated oxide of copper�which is re-dissolved by excess of ammonia forming a dark blue solution ; by the ferro-cyanide of potassium, which forms a brown compound�the ferro-cyanide of copper ; and by the immersion of a piece of polished steel, on which metallic copper will be precipitated.

Incompatihles.�The alkalies and their carbonates, many of the acetates, and all astringent vegetable infusions.

Sulphate of copper in large doses will frequently cause much gastro-intestinal irritation, followed by griping pains and violent purging. As an antidote, albumen may be administered, or milk, or wheaten flour: the ferro-cyanide of potassium may also be exhibited. Iron filings have been advocated, which precipitate the copper in a metallic form ; and also sugar, the operation of which is not clearly under�stood, but it is supposed to act by converting the soluble cupreous salt into a comparatively insoluble carbonate of copper.

Digitalis P�EPmEA, Purple Foxglove.

This is an indigenous biennial plant, found grow�ing, in most of the counties in England, on elevated banks and hedgerows in sandy and gravelly soils.

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Prom a cluster of rich green leaves, tlie under sur�faces of whicli have a purplish tinge, it sends up a floffering-stalk three or four feet in height, which is terminated by a spike of purple flowers ; the form of which has given to the plant its name, digitalis, this being derived from the German for quot;finger-hut.quot; The English name fox-glove is a corruption of folks'-glove. Those plants which grow wild and exposed to the sun are to be preferred, also such whose flowers are of a deep colour. The leaves, which are the parts medicinally employed, should be collected in the second year, just as the flowers are about to open, choosing those that are fresh and perfect. The mid-rib being removed, the remaining part of the leaf is to be quickly and carefully dried, either in a darkened room, or exposed to the sun, or on a tin dish before the fire. They may then be powdered or not; but they should be kept in opaque bottles, since by exposure to the light they lose much of their activity.

Composition.�Extractive and resinous matter, in which is found a vegetable alkaloid, digitaline, the active principle; ammonia and some earthy carbonates, and other salts.

Properties and Uses.�The leaves of digitalis, when fresh gathered, have but little smell, but by drying they acquire a narcotic odour. When

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properly dried they possess this peculiar odour, a fine fresh green colour, and a bitter taste. The state in which this drug is employed by some vete�rinary surgeons is highly discreditable to them. I have known it to be given after it has become nearly colourless from having been kept in a drawer for several years. As it is an agent of much value, and can be cheaply obtained and prepared, digitalis should not be used after it is twelve months old.

The active principle of digitalis may be ab�stracted by hot water when a very bitter solution is obtained. This being acidulated by sulphuric acid, a green resin is separated from it, in which the diu�retic properties of digitalis reside.

Some writers place digitalis among the narcotics �agents which first excite and then depress the action of the heart, although the state of excitation is oftentimes unobserved. Others imagine that it acts directly as a sedative, there being no previous stimulation, nor any of those symptoms that usually accompany the operation of narcotics. Whichever be the correct view of its modus operandi, of the activity of the agent there is no doubt. The dose is from twenty to thirty grains, given in the form of ball, and this may be repeated during the day. It has been advocated in much larger quantities, but I prefer the repetition of small doses. When exhibited for some time, and in doses of from 5j to

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5ij, it acts on the kidneys; as a diuretic, however, it can be well dispensed with, since it is far better to employ agents of this class tliat are direct in their action rather than those which are indirect. It has been thought by some that as digitalis has an influence over the absorbents, when effusion has taken place into any of the cavities it will be found of service. From what I have seen of the action of this drug, I should hesitate to give it during the existence of acute inflammation. Nevertheless, after the lancet has been used, or the bowels have been acted upon, it may be safely and advan�tageously employed. It retards the velocity of the pulse, and frequently causes it to become in�termittent, which is an indication that the heart is under our control: the medicine should then be either withheld, or administered in less quantities, or less frequently. I have not found this peculiarity of the pulse an invariable concomitant except when the system has been lowered by depletion or evacuants of some kind ; but, when this is absent, I have observed that digitalis markedly diminishes the number of pulsations within the minute.

Digitalis is a therapeutic which should not be employed without caution; on which account it has been objected to by some practitioners, preference being given by them to other sedative agents. It is chafcicterised by sometimes accumulating in the

290

A MANUAL OF

system, and, after repeated doses have been ad�ministered, their effects are all at once manifested. Those that I have witnessed have been nausea, paleness of the mucous tissues, feeble and irritable pulse, coldness of the skin, and extreme languor, followed by a relaxed state of the bowels. In very large doses it seems at quot; one fell swoop quot; to palsy the heart and render life extinct, without any in�jection of the membranes or lesion of any of the tissues being perceptible after death.

Its use is advocated in pneumonia, hydrothorax, carditis, and many other diseases in which the action of the heart is inordinate; also in chronic cough. For the last-named, it is often advanta�geously combined with small doses of aloes, and the following form may be adopted :

Cough Sail.

Take of Aloes, in powder . . 2 ounces.

Digitalis.....1 ounce.

Common Mass ... 13 ounces.

Beat together so as to form a mass. Dose, one ounce. This may be given twice in the day, de�pending upon circumstances : but its operation will require watching.

For Cattle and Sheep digitalis is beneficially had recourse to in combination with the nitrate of

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potasb and the potassio-tartrate of antimony, for febrile affections, and also those diseases involvinc the respiratory organs. The dose for the former is from half a drachm to a drachm twice or thrice a day; for the latter, from five to fifteen grains.

To the Dog it may be given, in pulmonic and other diseases, in doses of two to four grains.

Occasionally a watery infusion of digitalis is em�ployed as a sedative collyrium in ophthalmia.

Peee�m, Iron.

The ores of this metal are very abundant, being found in every part of the globe, either in veins or associated with those of other metals. Even entire mountains are sometimes met with formed of iron ore.

Native iron is rare, and is either terrestrial or meteoric. The native oxides, and clay-iron stone, are the compounds of this metal most interesting to us. From the latter English iron is principally obtained. In this the metal exists in a state of carbonate mixed with clay, and in order to obtain it the ore is first broken into small pieces, and roasted, so as to drive off the carbonic acid, thus leaving an oxide of iron. This is mixed with limestone and coke, and exposed to a strong heat in a blast furnace, when the lime combines with the alumina and silica

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of the clay, forming a species of glass {slag) -whicli floats on the surface, while the carbon of the coke and the carbonic oxide produced by its combustion, uniting with the oxygen of the oxide of iron, are dissipated in the form of carbonic acid: the metal being thus left free and in a liquid state, is run into moulds constituting what is called pig or east iron. This, besides iron, contains carbon, oxygen, silicon, and often sul�phur and phosphorus. To separate these it is again fused, the process being called quot; puddling ;quot; and when it assumes the consistence of paste it is pressed between rollers, so as to force out the remaining impurities, or it is struck repeatedly with forge-hammers : in this state it is denomina�ted malleable, forged, or har-ivoa..

The general characters of iron are familiar to most persons. It has a greyish colour and crystal�line fracture; is malleable and ductile ; rot very easily fused, but possesses the property of welding to a remarkable degree, and is capable of receiving a very high polish. Its afiinity for oxygen is great; hence it soon tarnishes. Its specific gravity is 7-77 to 7-8. Its atomic weight, 28. Symbol, Fe.

Comparatively few of the compounds of iron are employed in veterinary practice ; but as they are all very valuable tonics, their number, perhaps, might be increased with advantage.

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The following will be found of service :

Ferki lODlDtrM, Iodide of Iron.

Take of Iodine.....6 ounces,

Iron Filings ... 2 ounces, Distilled Watar . . 4-1- piuts.

Mis the iodine with four aarts of the water, and to these add the iron. Heat them in a sand-bath, and, when it has acquired a greenish colour, pour off the liquor. Wash what remains with the half-pint of hoiling water. Let the mixed and strained liquors evaporate at a heat not exceeding 212deg;, in an iron vessel, that the salt may be dried. Keep it in a well-stopped vessel, access of light being prevented.

Composition.�In this process one equivalent of iodine combines with one equivalent of iron to. form aproto-iodideofiron, which, when crystallised, consists of Fe, I 5HO, or Fel₂ . 5H₂0.

1 atom Iodine.....= 126

1 atom Iron......= 28

5 atoms Water . . .9x5= 45

Equivalent . . . .199

It is possible the following more simple formula may be preferred by some persons :

294

A MATSVAX OP

Protoioilide of Iron, hy M. Kop.

Triturate 4 parts of iodine with '2 parts of water in a large disli, then add, at once, 1 part of iron filings in a state of fine division, and continue the trituration. In a few moments a considerable elevation of temperature ^yill take place, and a disengagement of the vapour of iodine. Should this not result the mixture is to be gently heated. The preparation is at first liquid, but it soon becomes solid.

Properties and Uses.�Iodide of iron occurs as an opaque crystalline mass, of an iron-grey colour, having a metallic lustre, and a styptic taste. It is soluble both in water and alcohol; deliquesces on exposure to the air, from which it readily extracts oxygen, when a scsqui-oxide of iron is formed. As a therapeutic it may be regarded as possessing the combined properties of iodide and iron ; or it may be designated a tonic and alterative; the iron in�creasing the general tone and vigour of the system, while the iodine acts, as it wont, upon the absor�bent vessels. The dose may be from Jss to 5j. I have found it of service in cases of nasal gleet, ac�companied with debility ; and Mr. F. Cupiss speaks highly of it as a general tonic. It has also been successfully employed by Mr. Jos. Woodger in

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cases of diabetes insipidus, or that affection of the urinary organs of horses which so frequently super�venes on change of diet. Professor Varnell concurs with him in his estimation of the efficacy of this agent, which seems to act almost as a specific in this disease. It is rapidly absorbed ; and both the iodine and the iron may be detected in the urine and other secretions by the usual reagents.

Tests.-�It emits violet-coloured vapours on the application of heat, and is entirely soluble in water.

Incompatihlcs.�The alkalies, their carbonates, most metallic salts, and all astringent vegetables.

Feeei Sulphas, Sulphate of Iron. Old Names : Salt of Steel, Green Copperas, Vitriolated Iron.

Take of Iron Pilings......8 ounces.

Sulphuric Acid.....14 ounces,

Water.......4 pints.

The sulphuric acid and water being mixed together, to these add the iron, aud, when bubbles of gas cease to escape, filter through paper and evaporate so that crystals may form.

Decomposition.�Tlie iron decomposes the hy-drated sulphuric acid liberating aud replacing its hydrogen.

296

A MANUAL OF

Sulphate of Iron ... 76

Hydrated

Sulphuric Acid

{quot;

phuric Acid

drogen ...

Oxygen Iron

Hydrogen...... 1

The water is in excess for two purposes, namely, that it may dissolve the sulphate as it forms, and also afford water of crystallization, to which the crystals owe their hardness, colour, and trans�parency.

Composition.�FeO, S0₃ 7HO, or FeSO,. ^0.

1 atom Protoxide of Iron . . . = 36 1 atom Sulphuric Acid . . . . = 40 7 atoms Water.....9 x 7 = 63

Equivalent

139

Properties and Uses.�Sulphate of iron has a bluish-green colour, but by exposure to air it becomes reddish-brown, arising from an absorption of oxygen, which converts the protoxide of iron into the peroxide. The form of the crystal is that of a rhomboidal prism. It has a strong styptic taste, and is soluble in two parts of cold water, and less than its own weight of boiling water.

In commerce there is a compound known by the name of green vitriol or copperas, which. is largely employed in the arts. This is made by exposing the native sulphide of iron, roasted or otherwise,

#9632;#9632;#9632;

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to the influence of air and moisture, when oxygen is absorbed and sulphate of iron is formed. The consumption of this salt for the purpose of dyeing being great, considerable quantities of it are made in the manufacturing districts. Thus, in the neighbourhood of Manchester, tons of the native sulphide of iron may be seen strewed over arches made of brickwork, and exposed to the action of the air and rain. The ore undergoes the change already adverted to, and the sulphate being washed oif by the rain, the solution is conveyed, by means of gutters, into a common reservoir, whence, from time to time, it is ladled out, and afterwards evaporated in leaden boilers, refuse iron being added, on account of there being an excess of sulphuric acid present. Tbe point of crystalliza�tion being gained, the solution is now put into large leaden tanks, across which cord is stretched, or branches of trees thrown, so as to act as nuclei, and crystallization is allowed to take place. This salt, by re-solution, filtration, and crystallization, will afford a compound sufficiently pure for the use of the veterinary surgeon ; indeed the College of Physicians lately directed the commercial salt to be merely purified.

Sulphate of iron is an astringent and tonic, the dose of which is from 5ij to 5i^v- The form for another tonic mass of the College is as follows:

298

A MANUAL OF

Tonic Mass.

Take of Sulphate of Iron, in powder . 4 oz. Ginger Eoot, ditto . 2 oz. Common Mass......10 oz.

Beat together, so as to form a mass. Dose from eight to twelve drachms.

The constipated, state of the bowels which some�times follows the use of this compound should be guarded against by the occasional administration of a laxative.

As a tonic powder to be given in the horse's food, Professor Varnell recommends sulphate of iron combined with powdered gentian. (See p. 310.)

Mr. Dyer advocates the employment of sulphate of iron, deprived of its water of crystallization in fistulous withers, applying it after the free use of the scalpel, and alternating its application with a solution of the sulphate of zinc. Some of the most severe cases, he says, have yielded to this treat�ment.

Tests.�The purity of this salt may be judged of by its colour, which should be that of a bluish green. It is entirely soluble in water: and iron introduced into the solution does not precipitate any copper. The presence of the mixed salts of iron is known by their forming, with tannic acid,

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a black compound�the tannate of iron ; while the ferro-cyanide of potassium gives either a white or a blue precipitate; the former, if they are the protosalts ; the latter, if the persalts.

Incompatihles.�The alkalies and their carbo�nates, which throw down the protoxide and the carbonate of iron; the nitrates of potassa, and silver, and also soap. Sulphate of iron is likewise decomposed by astringent vegetable bodies, a tanno-(jallate of iron being formed; hence the propriety of the combination has been questioned; although some have supposed that the compound formed may produce all the desired action, and be even more readily taken up by the absorbents. If this were decided, we should be enabled to speak more definitely respecting the uses of the salts of iron in cattle practice. Sulphate of iron has, however, been given with benefit to cattle labouring under chronic diarrhoea, in doses of from Jij to 5^. combining it with gentian and giuger, and also as a general tonic.

Febei Sulpiitjketum, Sulphide of Iron.

Iron and sulphur combine in several proportions. The above is a proto-sulphide, and is best made by heating 3 parts of iron filings or borings aud 2 parts of flowers of sulphur iu a crucible to redness

300

A MANUAL OF

for about half an hour. The crucible and its contents are now removed from the fire and allowed to cool. When cold the crucible may be broken and the sulphide of iron removed.

Properties and Uses.�It is used for obtaining sulphuretted hydrogen, so frequently employed as a reagent, and which is generated by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid to it, when a protosulphate of iron is left in solution.

Hydrated sulphide of iron obtained as a pre�cipitate by mixing together solutions of sulphate of iron and sulphide of ammonium, has been advocated as an antidote against corrosive sublimate and arsenic.

As compounds of the following metals are em�ployed by the practitioner of veterinary medicine, the colour of the precipitate given by this reagent �which should always be added until the liquid smells strongly of the gas�from their neutral solu�tions, may not be without value.


	Antimony .	. Orange-red,
	Arsenic	Golden yellow,
	Copper. .	. Brownish-black
	Lead . .	. Black,
	Mercury . .	. Black,
	Silver . .	. Black,
	Zinc . . .	. Dirty white.

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Sulphide of iron, and also the pulverised clinker of the blacksmith, have been occasionally resorted to as anthelmintics. The salts of iron have cer�tainly much that recommend them to our notice as agents for destroying parasites, since the existence of worms mostly depends upon a peculiar debilitated state of the system; and this being removed, the tissues cease to become a fit nidus for their development; while few substances can compare with the compounds of iron for restoring tonicity. Besides which, they act as poisons to all the tribe vermes. Yet it becomes a question, if a more definite and certaiii compound should not be preferred to either of those adverted to, such as the sulphate or the carbonate of iron.

The safer plan, however, appears to be, to precede the course of chalybeates by a brisk mercurial purge.

Test.�Its nearly perfect solubility in dilute sul�phuric acid, giving olf sulphuretted hydrogen.

Tinctuea Feeri Sesquiculoridi, Tincture of

Sesquichloride of Iron.

Old names: Tincture of Muriate of Iron, Liquor of

Muriate of Iron.

Take of Sesquioxide of Iron . . 6 ounces, Hydrochloric Acid . . 1 pint, Kectified Spirit ... 3 pints.

'fl

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A MANUAL OF

Mix the sesquioxide with the acid, and digest in a sand-bath, frequently shaking, until it be dissolved. Then to the cold solution add the spirit, and strain. The specific gravity of this is #9632;992.

Decomposition.�By digestion of the sesquioxide of iron in hydrochloric acid, it becomes converted into the sesquichloride, and at the same time some water is formed :�

' o eq. Hydrogens

#9632; eq. Water = 37

3 eq. Hydrocliloric J

Acid ... =111 13 _eq. chlorine =108

1 cq. Sesquioxide / ³ ^clt;1- ⁰of Iron =80l_SeqIr

ygen = 2

= 56

#9632; 1 eq. Sesquiehlo-ride of lron=lG4

By the addition of rectified spirit to this, a compound is obtained, consisting of alcohol, a small portion of hydrochloric ether, the result of reaction, hydrochloric acid, sesquichloride of iron, and a little protochloride of iron.

Properties and Uses.�This tincture has a red�dish-brown colour, an acid reaction and taste, the smell of hydrochloric ether, and is inflammable.

Its action is that of an astringent and styptic. In large doses it becomes an irritant. In its general effects it agrees with the' more energetic compounds of iron, being a tonic; but it seems to exercise some peculiar influence over the whole urinary apparatus, and it also operates powerfully

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as a diuretic. The bowels are constipated by it, and the feces blackened.

It has been found of service in passive hasmor-rhages from the kidneys, uterus, and bladder, and to restrain inordinate mucous discharges from the urino-genital organs. It may be given in doses of from one to two drachms. It may also be injected for checking uterine haemorrhage, and thrown up as an enema in chronic diarrhoea, one part in 500 parts of distilled water being used for this pur�pose.

Topically, it has been employed as a caustic, astringent, and styptic; it being applied to the bleeding vessel either in a diluted or undiluted state. Mr. E. C. Dray has recorded, in The Vete�rinarian, vol. xxix, p. 460, several cases of open joints in which its use was attended with most decided benefit. Mr. E. H. Dyer also considers it to be very effective in treatment of synovial dis�charges.

Tests.�Its purity is best ascertained by its specific gravity, already given. One ounce, when decomposed by potash, should yield thirty grains of sesquioxide of iron.

Incompatihles.�The alkalies, their carbonates, and the alkaline earths; soaps, nitrate of silver, and the substances usually decomposed by ferru�ginous compounds.

304

A MANUAL OF

PoirEisriUM, a Fomentation.

The simplest and best fomentation consists of a piece of flannel dipped in hot water, quickly wrung out, and immediately applied to the inflamed part; and, to prevent the escape of heat, another piece of dry flannel should be lightly thrown over it; nor should colour be altogether disregarded.

The value of fomentations is appreciated by most practitioners ; but, in order to obtain the greatest amount of good from them, they should not be occasionally, but continually employed ; that is to say, the flannel should never be allowed to get cold, for then reaction is set up in the vessels of the part. When judiciously applied they relax the capillaries, causing them to pour out a portion of their contents, thus they relieve the tension of the integument, and act almost as a local depletent, whilst the relief afforded is often communicated to deeper-seated parts. Their use is indicated during the formation of abscesses or of tumours, and after contusions and sprains. Many practitioner3, finding their orders seldom attended to, namely, to keep the flannel always moist and warm, have recourse to poultices in preference ; but even here a watchful eye is requisite, for, if the poultice is allowed to get dry, much irritation will be created by it.

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The various herbs that were once recommended, are now, by common consent, discarded, as tending rather to check than to augment the benefit derivable from fomentations. In neuralgic affec�tions, however, the addition of opium or belladonna may prove of service.

GrALLJE, Oalls, Gall-nuts, or Oak-galls.

These are excrescences produced on the qicercus infectoria�a species of oak found scattered throughout Asia Minor�by a small hymenop-terous insect, which punctures the young bud with its oviduct, and deposits its egg in the puncture. The derangement thus induced causes a gall to be thrown out, which constitutes its nidus, and in a day or two the larva is hatched. The galls should be gathered before the change from the state of larva to that of the fly takes place, otherwise they are lighter and less astringent. The finest are im�ported from Aleppo and Smyrna.

Composition.�Gallic Acid.....6^-2

Tannin......26-

Gum.......24

Calcareous and other Salts 2'4 quot;Woody Fibre . . . .63-

100 20

806

A MANTJAL OP

Properties and Uses.�Galls sliould be chosen impcrforate, heavy, and of a bluish-grey colour. They are a powerful astringent, their activity de�pending upon the presence of tannic and gallic acids, and their modus operandi is probably refer�able to the changes effected by these principles on the tissues: the gelatine becomes condensed, and hence a corrugation takes place, and a lessening of the calibre of the vessels of the part, by which secretion is checked. They may be easily pul�verised, and given in doses of from ^'j to 5iv, both to the horse and cattle. For calves the quantity is from 5^SS to 5j. On account of their being easily powdered, and from their containing more of the astringent principle, they are to be preferred to the hark of the oak (cortex qiiercus), which is recommended by many practitioners. Others give the dried rind of the pomegranate (cortex granati); but this is far less active, on account of its con�taining, according to Sir H. Davy, not more than 18 per cent, of tannin. But as tannin in the orga�nism breaks up into dextrine and gallic acid, this acid being found in the urine, it is a matter of comparatively little moment what agen: you em�ploy whose action depends upon the presence of tannin, such as oak-bark, elm-bark, catechu, amp;c., provided you .apportion the dose to the amount of lannin shown to exist in them by analysis.

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Tannin, or Tannic Acid�C₁₈H_g0₁₂ = 212, or C₂₇H₂₂0₁₇, is very powerful in its action, and has proved of service in those attacks of diarrhoea to which cattle and sheep are liable. It has also been given experimentally to dogs, in doses of from two to twelve grains. It caused in them tbe most obstinate constipation cf tbe bowels; and one being destroyed in this state, the mucous surface of the intestines was found to be very dry. On examining it with a strong magnifying glass, the villosities and their pores were perceived to be considerably contracted, and the fa3cal matter extremely hard.

It has been hence inferred that tannic acid acts chemically on the lining membrane of the intes�tines, in the same way as it operates upon the skin of animals after death, producing a degree of impermeability, and causing constipation by its constringing influence on tbe secreting tissues. Given in small doses, it is taken into the circula�tion, which is proved by its action on other mucous membranes; its effect being seen in cases of chronic catarrh, hajmoptysis, and haemorrhages from surfaces. It is evidently a medicament possessing considerable power. Previous to its exhibition some laxative agent should be admini�stered, so that the sordes may be removed, which, by encoating, clog up the imbibiog surface of the

308

A MANUAL OP

intestines. This remark will apply to medicines generally, but particularly in cases of spontaneous diarrhoja, which is often nothing more than the result of an effort of nature to dislodge some offending matter.

'Not unfrequently the etate of the feces warrant the inference that some disordered function of the liver exists, and then a stimulant to that viscus is called for so as to restore healthy action: this we have in the compounds of mercury.

Tannic acid has been lately advocated by Dr. Leriche as a substitute for cinchona. The facility of its extraction, and low price as compared with quinine, would commend it to veterinary practice. Dr. Leriche indeed considers it the best of all indigenous febrifuges.

Incompatihles.�Metallic salts generally, espe�cially those of iron ; the mineral acids ; the fixed allcalies and their carbonates; opium, and gelatinous substances.

Tests. � The sulphate of iron, which forms with it a black compound, the tanno-gallate of iron.

Gentiana Radix, Gentian Boot.

The plant affording this medicinal root, or rather underground stem, is a perennial, a native of the Alps and mountainous parts of Germany. It is

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also found in North America. It appears not to yield roots of any value until it is four years old. Gentian is imported into this country from Ger�many in very large bags.

Composition.�The valuable qualities of this drug are concentrated in a principle denominated gen-tianine'bj the Continental chemists ; besides which there are found gum, sugar, colouring matter, an evanescent odorous principle, fixed oil, a substance resembling birdlime, and woody fibre.

Properties and Uses.�The form of the root is cylindrical, varying in size and length ; and those roots are to be preferred which are flexible and covered with a light-coloured wrinkled cuticle. When worm-eaten they should be rejected. Gentian has an intensely bitter taste, but very little udour. quot;Water and alcohol extract its virtues; a mixture of the two, or proof spirit, is therefore the best menstruum. An exteact is made by boiling the root in water, straining the decoction, and evapo�rating until it is of a fit consistence ; this might advantageously be substituted for the bulky powder. Should, however, the latter be employed, the root must be carefully dried in an oven before it can be pulverised.

The dose of gentian is from ^ij to 5iv; and of the extract from Jss to 5j, which may be given twice a day. Its action is tonic, stomachic, and antiseptic.

310

A MAKUAl OF

As a vegetable bitter, gentian is, perhaps, the best that can be employed in veterinary practice. In those states of the system when the stomach will not bear the mineral tonics, it may be advan�tageously resorted to. There is likewise another advantage which it possesses�it is without that astringency which characterises many of the vege�table bitters, hence the salts of iron do not cause any decomposition; and the good derived from the combination of bitters with chalybeates is well-known. If any adjunct beyond this be called for, some carminative, such as ginger, may be added. Professor \^rarnell advocates the combination of gentian and the sulphate of iron, in doses of four drachms of the former to one drachm and a drachm and a half of the latter, to bo given as a tonic, sprinkled over the animal's food. In large doses gentian has been said to act gently as a laxative.

Gentian and chamomile flowers appear to include nearly all the tonics of this class that need be used. It would, however, be easy to swell the list, and add cinchona bark, calumba root, quassia, and others. Casearilla bark has been, already spoken of.

Mr. T. Hurford has suggested to me the use of the Chiretta, or Ohirayta, a plant long used among the natives of India, allied to the gentians, and found in the mountains of Nepal.

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It is met with in a dried state, tied up in bundles. The plant being taken up wliile in flower, the flowers and roots are attached to the stems, which are two or three feet long, slender, and of a brownish colour. Every part of the plant abounds in a bitter principle, but more especially the root, which is readily abstracted both by water and spirit. By evaporation, an extract may be obtained from the watery infusion.

It is a tonic and stomachic, and has been thought to promote the secretion of bile ; the ficeal matter becoming more yellow under its use. In India it is very commonly used by the practitioner of human medicine, who attributes to it the effect of over�coming costiveness, and considers it of great value in dyspepsia, from its possessing laxative properties.

The stems of this plant were analysed by MM. Lassaigne and Boissel, and found to contain�resin, yellow bitter matter, brown colouring matter, gum, malic acid, malate of potash, chloride of potassium, sulphate of potash, phosphate of potash, phos�phate of lime, silica, and traces of oxide of iron. Of these the available principle is the bitter extractive.

It may be given to the horse in the same doses as gentian.

lquot;or Cattlb and Sheep, Mr. Youatt designates gentian as an excellent stomachic and tonic, super-

312

A MANUAL OF

seding every other, whether at the close of illness or as a remedy for chronic debility. Its dose varies from one to four drachms, and it should be almost invariably combined with ginger.

Some practitioners prefer the form of tincture, for which I know none better than that given in the British Pharmacopoeia.

Tikctuea Gentians Composita, Gompound Tincture of Gentian.

Take of Gentian Root, sliced and bruised 3 ounces. Bitter Orange Peel, dried . . IJ ounce. Cardamom Seeds, hruised . . i ounce, Proof Spirit.......2 pints.

Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.

This is a powerful yet grateful bitter, and may be given to the horse and ox in doses of from gj to gij, and to smaller animals in less quantities.

Helleboiujs Nigee, Blach Hellebore.

This plant, so named from the colour of its root, has found a place in our gardens, being cultivated for the sake of its flower, which, appearfng about Christmas, has received the name of the Christmas rose. It is, however, a native of Austria, and of Italy, and grows wild on the Apennines.

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The root, wliicli is perennial, consists of a short thick stump, sending oft' many small round fibres, about the size of a straw, which on drying become corrugated. Externally they are of a brownish-black colour; internally of a yellowish-white.

Composition.�According to Feneulle and Capron a volatile oil; concrete oil, resembling fat; resin, wax, volatile acid, bitter principle, mucus, alumina, gallate of potass and lime, and a salt with an ammo-uiaeal base.

Properties and Uses.�In veterinary medicine black hellebore root is used only as a local applicant, its action being that of a powerful stimulant and digestive.

Eor a knowledge of its usefulness to the horse I am indebted to Mr. E. Stanley, who employs it in fistulous affections of the poll and withers, and, as he informs me, with almost uniform success. His course of procedure is this:�the abscess having formed, and exit given to the imprisoned fluid, it is allowed to discharge itself for two or three days, being dressed merely with an ordinary digestive. When the jms assumes a laudable character, he in�troduces a few portions of the fibrous part of the root, passing them down to the bottom of the cavit}⁷^ and letting them remain there for a fortnight or more; in the mean time merely keeping the surrounding parts clean. #9632; On examination it will

314

A MANTAL OP

be found that the healing process has commenced where it is desirable that it should, and a fresh introduction of more of the root is called for: this is repeated until a cure is effected. Having seen its action in several cases, I can speak somewhat confidently of its power. All that is requisite is to guard against employing it too early, since death has been the result of the great excitement which it has produced in the system when intro�duced in any quantity into a sinus.

An ointment formed by the powder of this root, or that of white hellebore, in the proportion of one part to eight of lard, will be found extremely use�ful for the dressing of rowels or setons, in those cases where the compounds of turpentine and cantharides are inadmissible.

Tor Cattle, black hellebore has been for a long time employed, it being inserted as a iseton in the dew-lap. Some practitioners make use of the leaves, but the fresh root is by far the most active. It quickly produces much swelling, which is followed by suppuration.

In some parts of Germany it is used in a similar way for Dogs labouring under distemper. Vomi-tion is caused by :K and relief is thus afforded.

The following formula for an active digestive ointment for Cattle has been communicated to me by Mr. E. J. Sparrow, who speaks highly of it.

PHAEMACT.

315

UuarENT�M HELti�BOM Niom, Ointment of Black Hellebore.

Take of leaves of Black Hellebore,

Hogs' Lard, of each equal parts.

Boil together till the leaves become crisp, thou strain off, and add common turpentine equal in weight to the ointment obtained. Mix.

GrLTCEiiiifUM, Qhjcerin.

This according to some chemists, is the oxide of glyceryle. Its composition is CgllgO,;, or (yH^Oy

It may be obtained in a very pure state by de�composing fatty substances by means of overheated steam, or by boiling a mixture of finely pulverised oxide of lead with olive oil, or any of the oils or fats, and water. The latter is to be poured off, and removed from time to time, when an insoluble soap of lead will be formed, termed Lead plaister, or diachylon, and the glycerin will be retained in the water.

This aqueous solution is to be freed from any lead it contains by causing a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen to pass through it; then digested with animal charcoal, and afterwards filtered and evapo�rated to the consistence of syrup by exposure in

316

A MANUAL OE

vacua, over oil of vitriol. As thus procured, it is not unfrequently still contaminated with, a little lead, unless the greatest care be exercised.

But by far the larger amount of this principle is produced during the manufacture of soaps; the theory of the saponification of fats and oils being now rendered extremely simple, which is as follows : quot;Wlien oils or fats are boiled in a solution of soda or potassa, the stearic, margaric, and oleic acids leave the glycerin and combine with the soda or potassa, forming stearate, margarate, and oleate of soda or potash, as may be ; the former constituting the harder soaps, the latter, soft soap ; so that these are true salts. The glycerin being thus left in combination with the water, which previously held the alkaline base, soda or potash, in solution, the liquor is to be rendered neutral by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid to it, then filtered and evaporated to a syrupy consistence, and from this the glycerin is to be extracted by alcohol and sub�sequent evaporation.

Glycerin, like most other newly discovered sub�stances, while it awakened some curiosity at first, was not turned to any useful account, and tons of it were thrown away yearly.

The following are some of the uses to which it has been applied. They are extracted from a paper read by Mr. Gr. P. Wilson, at the meeting of the

PHAEMACT.

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British Association, held at Grlasgow, in 1S55, and lately published by me in a more extended form, in the ' Veterinarian' for 1857.

quot; The first suggestion of a use for glj'cerine of which we can trace dates, is in the beginning of 1844, when JMr. Thomas De la Rue, being engaged on some experiments requiring the use of syrupy substances, procured some glycerine from Mr. Warrington, of Apothecaries' Hall, some of which he applied to a burn and an irritation of the skin. The experience thus obtained of its properties of soothing and keeping moist, led to its introduction, through Mr. Startin, into the Hospital for Skin Diseases, where it soon came into extensive use.

quot; In 184G, Mr. Warrington took out a patent for the use of glycerine as an agent in preserving animal and vegetable sub�stances, and tried many experiments on preserving meat. He informs me that part of a neck of mutton, preserved in gly�cerine for several months, when cooked by Soyer, was partaken of by a gentleman with great satisfaction.

quot; Mr. Warrington, I believe, first applied glycerine in mount�ing objects for the microscope, for which it has since proved so successful.

quot; In the ' Lancet' for June, 1849, Mr. Thomas M'akley pub�lished the results of a year's experience, in a long and very interest�ing paper on the use of glycerine in diseases of the ear, giving a number of cases in which it had proved a cure for deafness. In the number for the 23rd of the same month, his results were confirmed by letters from Mr. Erasmus Wilson and Dr. Gardner, the latter of whom drew attention to the fact that glycerine should be free, not only from any trace of lead, but also as much as possible from water.

quot; Isolated applications of glycerine had thus been suggested;

318

A MANUAL OP

but M. Cap appears to have been the first to see its extraor�dinary value in a great variety of medicinal preparations. His very valuable and interesting papers were published in the ' Journal de Pbarmaeie et de Cliimie,' and translated into the * Chemist.¹ I shall give two short extracts from them.

quot; M. Cap, in his first paper (' Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie,'February, 1854; 'Chemist' April, 1854), begins by attacking the process of purifying glycerine given in the French chemical books, and shows its defects. He then gives his own process, remarks upon the great value of glycerine in skin diseases, and after suggesting a number of valuable uses, proceeds as follows:

quot; ' Glycerine dissolves the vegetable acids, the deliquescent sails, the sulphates of potassa, soda, and copper, the nitrates of potassa and silver, the alkaline chlorides, potassa, soda, baryta, strontia, bromine, iodine, and even oxide of lead. It dissolves or suspends the vegetable alkaloids in the same manner as the aqueous liquids, and at the same time the resulting products may be used for the same purposes as those mixed with oil. Thus the salts of morphia dissolve in it completely, even cold, in all proportions. Sulphate of quinine, in the proportion of one-tenth, dissolves in it when hot, but when cold separates into clots, which, when triturated with the supernatant liquid, give it the consistence of a cerate very useful fo' frictions and embrocations. It is the same with the salts of brucine, strych�nine, veratrine, and most preparations of the same order, ndiich enables us to consider that we have now, if not medicinal oils with a vegetable alkaloid base, at least a series of new prepara�tions which will fulfil a perfectly analogous nse in therapeutics.'

quot; M. Cap, in his second paper (' Chemist,' Oct. 1854j, states that he employed glycerine of 28 Beaume, or containing 88 per cent, of anhydrous glycerine, and speaks of it as a solvent

PHARMACY.

319

of sulplmret of potassium, and sulphuret of lime, of iodine, iodide of sulplmr, iodide of potassium, iodide of mercury, of some chlorides, and of quinine, and sulphate of quinine.

quot; In the ' Chemist,' of February, 1855, Dr. Crawcoar, of New Orleans, states that for twelve months past he had heeu in the habit of using glycerine very extensively in those cases requir�ing cod-liver oii, in which the nauseous taste of the latter medicine rendered its exhibition impossible, and that now, in bis practice, it had entirely superseded cod-liver oil.

quot;I have now to mention some uses for glycerine, which I believe to be new, or to which I have seen distilled glycerine applied.

quot;A possible use, which appears worthy of experiment, is to inject it into tlie bladder for the purpose of dissolving calculous deposits; from its Iihindness it would not cause irritation, while, as it is a solvent of urea and phosphate of lime, it might dissolve them when in the bladder. Some of the high autho�rities have received glycerine for the purpose of the experi�ment.

quot;The properties of southing and keeping moist the skin have caused it to be used upon chapped hands and sun-burnt faces.

quot; For some time past, in Edinburgh as in London, it has been used in skin diseases; it is now being tried in some cases of disease of the mucous membrane of the stomach.

quot; We have been informed that in the preparation of several medicines glycerine may be substituted for syrup of sugar, with the effect not only of preserving the medicine in an active state and free from change, but also of very greatly improving its taste. Griffiths' iron mixture has been mentioned to us as an instance of this.

quot; Glycerine appears to give the means of preservation of

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A MANUAL OF

some objects of natural history without change in their colour.

quot; I may now state, in conclusion, that though a variety of uses, actual and possible, for pure glycerine have been men�tioned, yet when we consider its power as a solvent, and at the same time its blandness, and freedom from all irritant, exciting, acid, laquo;nd fermenting properties, we must feel that not a tithe of its uraquo;es have yet been developed ; that in glycerine there is a wide field open, requiring many scientific and practical labourers, and which, once fully worked, laquo;ill yield a tenfold crop of uses. Pure glycerine will then take its proper place among the most valued of modern products; and, produced, as it will be, in great quantities, it will be recognised in the arts, as well as in medicine, as a new, real blessing to mankind.quot;

As a preservative agent, Dr. W. Frazer doubts its efficacy, since it states that lie has failed com�pletely in some experiments undertaken by him. He says:

quot; It certainly preserves colours admirably, and has some remarkable effects in preventing the usual odour of putrefac�tion, but some substances which I placed in it have become completely softened down and destroyed. The exact changes it produces are well worth an extended research, but would occupy more time than I can command at present. Still, from its very striking effects of preserving colour and preventing putrefactive changes, especially the development of odour, at least for a time, it is likely to prove of great value where pa�thological or natural history preparations are required to be kept for a short period, either for more complete pxamination, or for obtaining drawings of them. For microscopic prepara�tions I have found it to answer very well when the specimens

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are suitably selected. I subjoin M. Cap's tests of the purity of this fluid:

quot; 1st. It should have no appreciable odour if a drop is rubbed on the hand.

quot; 2nd. Its consistence should be that of a thick syrup, not absolutely colourless, but of a slight amber hue.

quot; 3rd. One volume should dissolve completely in one volume of alcohol acidulated with one per cent, of sulphuric acid, without giving any appreciable deposit, even after twelve hours (the deposit would be caused by lime).

quot; 4th. Diluted and boiled with liquor potassse, it should not be altered in colour, showing the absence of glucose.quot;

The utility of this agent, more particularly iu veterinary practice, only remains to be spoken of; although the observant practitioner will avail him�self of the knowledge derived from its employment by members of the sister profession, he knowing that what is often applicable for the higher and nobler animal, man, is equally so for the lower animals which come under his more immediate care and notice. Its efficacy when applied to wounds or putrid ulcers, as a traumatic, depends greatly on its antiseptic properties, besides which it is a gentle stimulant; and, as it does not dry quickly, the lesion is kept moist, while the access of atmo�spheric air is necessarily prevented. It likewise retards the drying of poultices. It may not possess any very great advantage over oils in this respect, except that it readily combines with the

322

A MANUAL OF

materials usually employed; but should these agents be applied to wounds, then we must not lose sight of the corrective properties already alluded to.

In scalds and burns its soothing influence is great, and it keeps the skin supple. Horn retains its pliability for a long time if smeared with it, and therefore in some foot cases, in which brittleuess of the hoof exists, its use would be attended with benefit. In grease it has also been found useful.

Dr. Eichter, of Vienna, advocates the use of a solution consisting of one part iodide of potassium dissolved in two parts glycerin, and to which one part of iodine is to be added, as an application in several skin and other affections. He says its efficacy is remarkable in non-vascular goitre, scro�fulous ulcers, syphilitic ulcerated surfaces, and lupus. It also acts as a caustic.

This solution has the advantage over alcoholic ones of not drying, therefore the absorption of the iodine continues for a long time. To use it, it must be spread over the diseased parts, and covered with thin gutta percha, to prevent the evaporation of the iodine. This is to be left untouched for twenty-four hours, and the degree of action induced, regulates its further application, or otherwise. Diseased surfaces by its action become' paler than before, the surrounding skin being browned. On

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ulcers no trace of iodine will be found two hours after its application. A paste made of finely pul�verised aloes and glycerin will promote the cica�trization of wounds. Glycerin has also been used as an excipient for tar, and sulphur, in skin affections, especially those attended with much itching as eczema and impetigo. The proportions to be employed are two or three parts of the latter to tw^renty or thirty of the former.

A compound of glycerin and starch, in the proportions of�

Glycerin, fjj;

Starch Powder, gr. Ixx ;

has been proposed as a substitute for lard. To cause their union the ingredients are to be mixed together cold, and then gradually heated to about 240deg; Fahr., constantly stirring.

The compound thus formed, Mr. Schacht proposes to designate Plasma, the word amylo-glycerin, expressive of its constitution, being somewhat inconvenient, on account of its length. He states it to possess the following properties :

quot; Its consistence is good, and does not vary with changes of temperature; it is soluble in water and may consequently be removed from tender surfaces with the greatest ease ; it dissolves and thoroughly mingles with all materials that are soluble in water,

324

A MANUAL OF

and therefore presents such remedies in the con�dition most favorahle for their ahsorption ; and, 1 astly, it is not liable to become rancid.quot; The only-drawback yet met with is, that by long keeping the compounds become softer.

It is not recommended that this plasma should entirely supersede the use of fats and oils, but be employed principally for such agents as are insoluble in these substances, since, when it is otherwise, absorption may possibly be promoted by them.

A few quot; plasma quot; may, we think, be formed by the veterinary surgeon with advantage, such as�

Plasma Antimonii Potassio-tartratis, Belladonnse, Creasoti, Galla;,

Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxidi, Opii,

Sulphuris, Sulphuris lodidi, Zinci Oxidi, amp;c.

Some persons may think the above a refinement that is uncalled for by us, yet there are some affections of the skin, such as herpes, erythema, chronic urticaria, amp;e., in which it is imperative that no irritation be excited, and solutions are often less effective than more viscid compounds, from the action of the last-named being longer kept up.

PHAKMACT.

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The medicinal uses of glycerin having been thus given, in reference to its solvent properties the following comparative table may prove of

service.

Comparative Table of the Solubility of certain JHedicinal Substances in various excipients.


		JUqM	res.
One part of
One part of	Glycerin.	Alcohol.	Water.	OH.
Iodine .........	100	20	7000	110
Iodide of sulphur	60	Decomposes	Insoluhle	Insoluble
� of potassium ...	3	�'�S	1-38	Id.
� of mercury	340	200	Insoluble	Id.
Chloride of mercury ...	14	250	17	Id.
Ant.-turtrute of potassa	30	Insolnhle	14	Id.
Quinine.........	200	600	Insoluble	62
Sulphate of quinine ...	40	45	740	Insoluble
lamiin.........	6	1-50	1	Id.
Morphine, ......	Insoluble	50	Insoluhle	Id.
Strychnine ......	300	120	6667	200
Veratrine ......	96	1-50	1000	100
-�rucinc.........	70	1-50	850	120
Atrophie.........	50	2	350	25

With considerable benefit glycerin has been given to the horse, in cases of emaciation and de�bility, instead of cod-liver oil; having over it this considerable advantage, the animal will partake of it freely in his water, provided it be tolerably pure. The dose may be four or more ounces, repeated two or three times in tbe day.

^#9632;#9632;quot;

32G

A MANUAL OF

Dr. Lindsay states, in an article entitled ' Ex�perimental Notes on Glycerine,' published in the 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' that with a view to�

quot; The discovery of the existence and extent of the fattening effects of glycerine on the animal body�if such there be�I have recently cxperirnented on various of the lower animals, such as fowls, rabbits, and mice, mixing glycerine with their ordinary food. At the same time I have made comparative or contrastive experiments on the same animals with cod-liver oil, and with common food. For instance, a cock of a cross Cochin-China breed, was fed on bread refuse, amp;c., steeped in glycerine (Price's pure concentrated), and a hen of the same kind, on similar food, soaked in cod-liver oil. During the first fortnight of the experiment, the former gained fourteen, while the latter only gained seven ounces.

quot; The following table will illustrate concisely the compara�tive increase of weight under ordinary food alone, and in con�junction with glycerine or cod-liver oil. The animals were weighed at intervals of about a fortnight, and were similarly placed in regard to confinement, amp;c.:


Nature of Food,	animals.	Fortniyhilv weighings.
Nature of Food,	animals.	1st.	M	Zrd.	m.	5M.
glycerin. ( Mixed with daily lt; food ......( Cod-licer Oil. Mixed with daily f food ......{ Ordinary food alone ?	No.l. Cock... 3. Hen ... \|j Rabbits 5.nbsp; nbsp; Cock... 6.nbsp; nbsp; Hen ... ^] Rabbits	lb. 07. 3 0 2 13	lb. oz. 3 U 3 8 2nbsp; 16 3nbsp; nbsp;8 8 15 3 3 3 0 1 12	lb. oz. 3 11 3 13 3 1 2nbsp; 11 1 8 3nbsp; nbsp; 9 3 8 1 15	lb. o/.. 4 8 3 15 3 8 3nbsp; nbsp;4 4nbsp; nbsp;4 4 4 2 13	lb. 01. 5 8 4 4 4 0 3nbsp; nbsp; 8 4nbsp; nbsp; 1 4 3

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quot; The glycerine was greedily picked up by all the animals, which bore every appearance of thriving vigorously uiuier its use. In such experiments, however, it is necessary to bear in mind, or deduct from the results, the influence of confinement or deficient exercise, and of over-feeding, in fattening animals. All the animals under experiment were not confined in cages, but roomy apartments of different kinds, so as to avoid other sources of fallacy. I would suggest the propriety of instituting similar experiments on a larger scale, for the purpose of setting at rest the question, or solving the problem�whether glycerine is really possessed of fattening or nutrient properties; and, if so to what extent these are available in medicine.quot;

It may be advantageously employed for forming powder into masses instead of honey or mucilage; and here, perhaps, the purest is not called for. Particularly will it be found that when the aloetic mass is made with it, its consistence will be longer retained and a less quantity of it will suffice than is usually added of other substances.

Tests.�It has been stated that the only test for the absolute purity of glycerin is its specific gravity, which should be 1'25. Besides which it has a sweet taste, a mouse-like smell, and is freely solu�ble in water and alcohol. For others, see page 321.

Htdbaegthtjii, Mercury or Quiclcsilver.

This metal is found native, but not in large quan�tities, it being merely disseminated in small globules amongst the ores of mercury; the most abundant

T/n

328

A MANUAL Or

#9632;'lt;

of which is the bi-sulphide, from which the mercury of commerce is obtained. This mineral occurs massive, in granular concretions, and also crystal�lised, of a red colour, varying in its shades. It is denominated cinnabar. The most productive mines are those of Idria in Carniola, the lower Palatinate, Almadennear Cordova in Spain, and Gruanan Cave-lica in Peru, where the sulphide exists in an enor�mous mass fifty yards in width, and it has been worked to the depth of 500 yards. Other mines exist in Germany, Hungary, and New Spain, also in China and California.

The method by which the metal is obtained from the native bisulphide is this :�The ore being broken into pieces and sorted, is reduced to powder, and mixed with one fourth of its weight of quicklime. This is placed in iron reports, each of which holds about half a hundredweight. Many of these are arranged in a furnace together, and glass receivers are fitted to them. Heat being applied, some watery vapour is first disengaged. This is allowed to escape, and the receivers are then luted on, when the mercury passes over and is condensed in them; the sulphur, in the mean time, combines with the lime, forming a sulphide of lime which remains in the retort. Instead of lime, iron filings are sometimes employed. By this process one hundred pounds of the ore yield from six to ten

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ounces of mercury; and it is that usually adopted in Germany, whence the market is largely supplied. Mercury is generally imported in cast-iron bottles, containing from sixty to a hundred pounds' weight.

This metal has the singular property of being fluid at the ordinary temperature of our atmo�sphere ; it is also volatile, but at about 40deg; below 0 Pah. it becomes solid, and at 662deg; Fah. it boils rapidly, and may be distilled like water. It is inodorous, insipid, and of a bright white or silver colour. Its specific gravity is 13'59; and its atomic weight has been given as 200. Symbol Hg.

When pure, mercury is extremely mobile, and if thrown upon a level surface in small portions, it readily divides into minute round globules. This is one test of its purity, for it is frequently adulte�rated by an admixture of other metals, particularly lead, tin, zinc, and bismuth. When this is the case, it not only loses its mobility and bright metallic appearance, but, when divided, the glo�bules have an irregular form, being what is termed failed; and when exposed to the air, a film collects on its surface. It likewise tarnishes the glass bottles in which it is kept. The means of purifi�cation are by distillation with iron filings, or by agitation in dilute sulphuric acid.

In its metallic state mercury appears to have no action on the animal system. Its compounds.

330

A MAKTJAL OF

however, are very energetic, being general and powerful excitants to glandular structures, and a few of them are caustics. Those employed in veterinary practice are the oxides, and the nitrate in the form of ointment, the ammonio-, and^ro^o-and bi-ehlorides, and the biniodkle. The sulphide was at one time extolled as an alterative, hut it is now considered a very inefficient compound.

#9632;quot;

Hydeaegtei BicnLORiDUM. Bichloride of JSLercury.

Old names: Corrosive Sublimate, Oxymuriate of Mercury, Muriate of Mercury, Perchloride of Mercury, amp;c.

To prepare this compound, the College of Phy�sicians thus directed:

Take of Purified Mercury, by weight, 2 pounds.

Sulphuric Acid,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do. 21^ fluid oz..

Chloride of Sodium . . . li pound.

Boil the mercury with the sulphuric acid in a glass vessel, until the bipersulphate of mercury becomes dry; rub this, when cold, with the common salt in an earthen mortar, and sublime with a heat gradually raised.

Although the British Pharmacopoeia directs the Sulphate of Mercury to be employed, as there is change of principles involved, the old form is re�tained.

PIIAEMACT.

331

Decomposition.�At a low temperature no change is affected by sulphuric acid on the mercury, but at the boiling point a portion of the acid becomes decomposed, sulphate of mercury is formed, and sulphurous acid gas is liberated with effervesconce. Common salt being added to the sulphate, and heat applied, the chlorine of the salt goes to the mercury, changing it into a bi- or per-chloride, which sub�limes; while the oxygen of the oxide of mercury, uniting with the sodium, forms soda; and this, combining with the sulphuric acid, forms a sul�phate of soda, which remains at the bottom of the subliming vessel.

The following diagrams will simplify this expla�nation, remembering that four equivalents of acid are employed with one of mercury and two of the chloride of sodium:

To form the Bisulpliate of Mercury.

Jilaleru�s.

laquo;Sulph. (#9632;^SulP^{llar0nsAcia Acid} lOxygen ...

40 Sulph. (#9632;^Sulplquot;M-lt;�s Acid

Aciu 1 ^

LOxygen ...

40 Sulph. Acid......

200 Mercury ......

Products.

.....32 Sulpliurou� Acid Gas.

33.-\-..........32 Sulplmrous Acid Gas.

200 Bisulph. of Merc.

332

A MANUAL OF

To form the Bichloride of Mercury.


Materials.
	^Mercury ...	201)
	Oxygen ...	8
296 Bipersulplwte of Mercury	Suljili. Acid.	40
	Oxygen ...	8
	'-Sulph.Acid.	40
	fChlorine ...	36
120 Chloride of Sodium 2 equiv.quot;	Chlorine ... Sodium	86 24
	-Sodium ...	24

2³roditcis.

272 Bichloride of Mercury.

72 Sulplmtc of Soda.

�^s 72 Sulphate of Soda.

Composition.�H_gCl₂, or 1 atom Mercury . 2�O 2 atoms Chlorine .30x2= 72

Equivalent .

272

#9632;^;.

Bicliloride of mercury usually occurs in masses made up of small acicular crystals. If, however, care is taken in its preparation, these are larger, and in form tetrahedral. They effloresce on the surface by exposure to the air. Their specific gravity is 5^-1398 ; taste disagreeable and metallic. Soluble in twenty parts of water at 30deg;, and in about three parts at 212deg;. This solubility is in�creased by the addition of hydrochloric acid, hydro-chlorate of ammonia, or common salt.

Properties and Uses.-�Internally the bichloride

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of mercury is rarely administered. It is advocated by some persons as an alterative and tonic in farcy, being given in doses of from five to ten grains daily, until the mouth is affected by it. Of its effects, however, I cannot speak from observation. Externally applied, it is an active caustic, and is much extolled by the older practitioners for causing an extensive slough; hence it is used by them in sinuous wounds, and wherever it is desirable to expose a new surface. The form is either that of solution, or it is introduced into the fistula in small cones made of paper, when it soon dissolves, and by its action creates much surrounding irritation. The following formula for a solution of it may be thus made:

Liqtjoe Htdeaegtbi Bichloeidi. Solution of Bichloride of Mercury.

Take of Bichloride of Mercury ... 1 part, Hydrochloric Acid . ... 1 part, Eectified Spirit of quot;Wine orWater 7 parts.

Dissolve.

This was used as an injection into fistulous sores; but of late years it has been discarded, and milder remedies are employed with greater success. A similar solution has been used as a topical applica-

331

A MANUAL OF

raquo;if

tion to farcy ulcers with some benefit, and for the staying of synovial discharges.

In the use of the bichloride of mercury in the solid state as a caustic, there is not that to be appre�hended from it which sometimes follows arsenious acid, namely, its absorption and secondary effects upon the system; because [the albumen of the tissues decomposes it, and an insoluble compound is thus formed; besides which, from its powerful action, it almost instantaneously destroys the ab�sorbent vessels.

When, however, it is in a state of solution, we may have reason to apprehend that serious conse�quences will follow its incautious use, because the absorbents may then carry it into the general circulation. The best way, therefore, to employ it as a caustic is in the state of fine powder, which may be lightly sprinkled over the part we wish to cause the destruction of.

A paste made of 1 part Bichloride of Mercury and 2 parts of Lard, spread on leather, has been resorted to for the removal of bony tumours ; and in the proportions of 1 to 8, it has beer, used for the caustic clams employed for the castration of animals, but Professor Varnell's simple and ingenious clams supersede the employment of this and all similar compounds.

The late Mr. C. Dawson recommended a solu-

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tlon of this salt for tKe purpose of coagulating the synovia as it escapes from open joints ; and his account of its action, in the pages of The Veteri�narian is bighly favorable.

A solution of the bichloride of mercury, in the proportion of five to ten grains to four ounces of water, the salt being first rubbed down with a few drops of spirit of wine, is an effective application for the mange in dogs, and also to destroy lice; but the animal should be prevented from licking him�self for some time afterwards, or it may be the means of setting up irritation of the bowels. At this degree of strength it is likewise a most valuable lotion for mange in cattle and scab in sheep; but many a beast has been destroyed when more of the mercurial compound than this has been used.

Incompatihles.�The internal use of the bichloride of mercury not being advocated at the College for the horse, aud being also condemned for cattle, I need not name them. I would merely observe that, in cases of an over-dose of this agent having been administered, counter-agents must be promptly re�sorted to. As an antidote, the white of eggs should be liberally given, suspended in water, or gluten obtained from wheat flour, or milk, or iron filings.

Animal albumen, which is generally recom�mended to neutralise the effect of bichloride of mercury, does not possess this quality to the extent

336

A MiNtTAL OF

that might be desired. M. Orfila, who first recom�mended albuminous water in poisoning by corrosive sublimate, advises giving enough to decompose the #9632;whole, but not to give too much, so that an excess might not redissolve the sparingly soluble com�pound, which this mercurial chloride forms with the albumen, and thus restore to it a portion of its poisonous qualities.

In poisoning by the soluble salts of mercury, we think that the preference as an antidote should be given to substances which the digestive functions will not alter, such as hydrated protosulphide of iron, advised by M. Mialhe, tannate of potassa, and iron filings themselves.

The protosulphide of iron has only been lately recommended as an antidote. It may be extempo�raneously made by adding to a solution of the sulphate of iron a solution of the sulphide of am�monium, until no further precipitation takes place. This precipitate is to be collected on a filter, and, being washed for use, it is to be administered in the moist state.

The decomposition that takes place on the ad�ministration of this antidote is very simple: the chlorine goes to the iron, while the s ilphur attacks the mercury; and thus two comparatively inert compounds are formed in the stomach.

Orfila concurs in the view taken, that the proto-

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sulphide of iron most effectually decomposes the bichloride of mercury; but remarks, that it requires to be given immediately after the exhibition of the poison, that is, within ten or fifteen minutes, other�wise it is inefficacious.

A beautiful application of a scientific principle has been likewise suggested,�that of giving gold and iron in combination as an antidote. It has been found that two grains of gold dust and two of iron are sufficient to decompose five grains of corro�sive sublimate, and this so perfectly, that no trace of it can be detected by the most delicate tests. This method likewise applies to all the other soluble compounds of mercury.

The simplest way of reducing the above metals to powder is by filing, and they should be admini�stered suspended in mucilage of gum arable. I am quite aware that such a means as this would not be adopted by the practitioner of veterinary medi�cine, and it is merely mentioned by me as a proof of the progress of science.

Tests.�Its purity is known by its being sublimed by heat, leaving no residuum ; also by its solubility in water alcohol, and sulphuric ether.

Lime-ioatcr added to its solution gives either a lemon-yellow precipitate�the luj�ratod hinoxide: or a brick-dust red one�-the oxycMoride.

The allcaline carhonates also throw down the like compounds.

#9632;#9632;i

338

A MAiSTUAL OF

Iodide of potassium occasions a yellow precipitate, turning to a scarlet�the hiniodide of mercury.

Alumnen is generally given as a test for it, but it is not one that can be relied on, although it Forms a ready antidote. The nature of the preci�pitate has not been clearly ascertained. Some contend that a protochlorido of mercury and a chloride of albumen are formed; others, that it is a definite and insoluble compound of albumen and the bichloride of mercury.

A solution of hjdrosulphuric acid, if in excess, affords a black precipitate�the bisulphide of mer-onri/; if not in excess, a reddish precipitate�the ehloroswlpMde of mercury.

Protocliloride of tin gives a white precipitate-Hie protochloride of mercury; and perchloride of tin remains in solution. Yery soon, however, the protochloride is converted into roguline mercury, which falls down in the form of a grayish powder. Galvanism is another test. It is effected by placing a drop of the suspected solution on a piece of gold, such as a sovereign, and bringing a small are of iron as a key, into contact simultaneously with both the gold and the solution: an electric current is immediately produced, which decomposing the bichloride of mercury, the chlorine unites with the iron, while the mercury combines with the sold.

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The most delicate of these tests are the two last named. To them may be added that of reduction : �Heat in a glass tube, by means of a spirit lamp, some of the suspected powder mixed with dry car�bonate of soda, when carbonic acid will be evolved, chloride of sodium formed, and the metal mercury, being sublimed, will be condensed on the side of the tube.

Asa reducing agent, several of the metals may also be employed. Among these silver and iron rank first. Tor this purpose the metal, in the state of fine filings, should be used, and, the sus�pected powder being heated with them in a tube of hard glass, mercurial globules will sublime. When the quantity is very small, after ignition the metallic globules may be detected by means of a lens, the chloride of iron formed being removed by hydrochloric or sulphuric acid.

Htdtiaeotei SurcnLOKiDUM, SubcMoride or _tProtooMoride of Mercury H^Cl or H^Cl. Old name; Calomel.

Take of purified Mercury, by weight 4 pounds,

Sulphuric Acid, by w^reight . 21\ fl. ounces. Chloride of Sodium . . . l-J pound. Distilled Water, as much as may be sufficient.

Boil two pounds of the mercury with the sulphuric

340

A MANUAL OF

;icid in a glass vessel until the bisulphate of mercury is dry. When this is cold, triturate it with the remaining two pounds of mercury in an earthen mortar, so that they may be thoroughly mixed ; then add the chloride of sodium, and rub them together until globules of mercury are no longer visible; afterwards sublime. Eeduce the sublimed matter to a very fine powder; wash it carefully with boiling distilled water and dry it.

Although the last British Pharmacopoeia directs tbis compound also to be obtained by the action of mercury and common salt on the sulphate of mer�cury, there is no difference in principle involved.

When . concentrated sulphuric acid is boiled with metallic mercury, sulphate of binoxide of mercury and sulphurous acid are produced, as follows:�

i cq. Water

Sei free

1M|. Hydra-quot;i i ted Salplm-ric Acid 196 1

Auhydrous Snl- gt; plmric Add ... j

. Sulphur ......

Oxygen ......

, Oxygen ......

Mercury 300

2 eq. Suipburous Acid escape as gas.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (64)

1 eq. Sulphate ol Binoxide of Mercury 29fgt;

Every equivalent of sulphate of mercury formed in this manner, is next mixed with one equivalent of metallic mercury and two equivalents of chloride

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of sodium. On heating the mixture calomel (protochloride of mercury) and sulphate of soda are formed.

r Mercury .........----------------^ eq. Protochloride

I eq. Si�phfltc

Binoxide

ot-i

^ eq. Oxygen

/ of Mercury 71

Mcrcury396 U, Au^flrousSul-

^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;phurie Acid... i v /(/

.Mercury ... 200 1 � Mercury

{.:

Chlorine

3 eq. Chloride of Sodium U?

Sodium......-------------A 3 eq. Sulphate of

Soda .,. 142

The apparatus in which the last decomposition is caused to take place consists of a receptacle covered by a hood. The calomel sublimes and collects on the inner surface of the hood, while the sulphate of soda being non-volatile remains behind. Calomel thus prepared is a crystalline compound, so that in order to procure it in a pul�verised state it is directed to be pulverised and washed.

Mr. Jewell invented a process, which has been improved by Mr. 0. Henry, by which this com�pound is obtainedin a state of an impalpable powder. It essentially consists in keeping the receiving vessel filled with steam, in which the calomel, as it passes over in a state of vapour, is at once con�densed.

Soubeiran, however, says the following method

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is much better than that with steam, being con�siderably easier to execute, and equally efficacious as regards the beauty of the preparation. The calo-Tnel is heated in an earthen tube in a furnace, and a current of air is directed uninterruptedly into the tube by means of a small ventilator. This sweeps away, as it were, the vapours of calomel, and in a straight tube it will carry them a distance of sixty feet, to avoid which the end of the recipient enters into water, by which the calomel is moistened and falls down in the form of powder.

Uighini has likewise found that, by the long-continued action of steam upon finely powdered calomel, a small portion of corrosive sublimate is formed.

Composition.�Hg.Cl, or HgCl.

1 atom Mercurynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 200

I � Chlorine ... 3G

Equivalentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . 236

Properties and Uses.�Subchloride of mercury, or calomel, occurs in the shops in the form of au impalpable powder, of an ivory-white colour, which darkens by exposure to the air. It is inodorous, insipid, and nearly insoluble in water.

It may be regarded as one of the most useful of the preparations of mercury ; and being a general

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excitant to glandular structures, it is therefore often given in combination with various other therapeutics. The dose may be from 5ss to 5ij. In hepatic affections it has been found of the greatest service. In repeated doses it will produce ptyalism ; an effect I have witnessed more than once. And I am informed by Mr. Hugh Ferguson, that the blood, both in the horse and the dog, under such circumstances, loses its power of coagulating. As a purgative, and administered to the horse alone, it is an unsafe one ; for when increased action of the bowels is produced by it, this is often very violent, the dejections becoming profuse and extremely offensive, while the most prompt measures are called for to restrain its operation. It is valuable, however, as an adjunct to other cathartics. Com�bined with opium, it has been found of service in enteritis and dysentery, by promoting a return of the natural functions of the alimentary canal, while its violent eifects are guarded against by the opium, which at the same time allays the pain and irrita�tion. Dr. Hering says it is useful in febrile disorders, in inflammation of serous membranes, and in typhus inflammation; also in chronic en�largement of glands, and lingering inflammation of the intestinal canal. The doses advocated by him are larger than we are in the habit of giving, namely, from half a drachm to a drachm, two or

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three times a day. But this, he adds, can seldom be continued longer than for two or three days.

In hepatic affections, where calomel may not he admissible, Mr. D. B. Howell has recommended a trial of the pulverised root of the Podophylhmi peltattm, a plant universally found in both the JSorthern and Southern States of America, where it has earned the title of vegetable calomel, on account of its possessing all the known advantages of this drug without its disadvantages. He also advocates its use as an ordinary purgative, given either alone or combined with other agents of the same class. He says it produces copious liquid alvine evacuations without griping or any un�pleasant effect. The dose for the horse or cow is from 5j to $isa; for the dog, grs. 5 to 10. (See Veterinarian, vol. xxxviii, p. 499.)

It has been conjectured that to allow of the absorption of calomel so as to produce its action on the organism, it must become converted into the bichloride of mercury, and that this is done at the expense of the hydrochloric acid met with in the stomach, aided by the heat thereof. Others assert that calomel owes its anthelmintic and purgative properties to the haloid salts which it finds in the system. quot; If large doses of calomel act relatively less powerfully than small ones, it is

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because in the first case the mercurial salt does uot find in the economy a sufficiency of alkaline salts to convert it all into a soluble salt; whereas, in the second case, there are sufficient alkaline salts in the intestinal canal to dissolve the mercurial salt completely.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _%

Calomel is often resorted to at the Royal Vete�rinary College in order to effect an expulsion of worms from the intestinal canal, being given in doses of from 5,j to 5ij over night, and on the follow�ing morning an aloetic purge is administered. By this means large quantities of them are often expelled. There are numerous recipes for the extirpation of these parasites, the vegetable and mineral kingdoms having been ransacked for vermi�fuge agents; but it has been very aptly remarked by Mr. B. Clark, that quot;although we can force poison down the horse's throat, we cannot force the worms to receive it.quot;

Some practitioners advocate the employment of granulated tin, others powdered glass, and the down of the dolichos pruriens, all of which may be viewed as acting merely mechanically. Again, others give savin and tobacco, and from these agents, when judgment has not been exercised in their administration, serious consequences have resulted. The late Mr. J. quot;Western informed me that he bad used for many years, with perfect sue-

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cess, the seeds of the hutea frondosa, a tree growing in India, the juice of which, when evaporated, becomes a hard astringent substance, known in commerce as East Indian Kino. The lac insects, also, are found on the smaller branches and leaf�stalks of this tree. The seeds are thin and flat, kidney-shaped, and covered externally with a red epidermis; breaking with a starchy fracture, and having a slightly astringent taste, with a pea-like flavour. Their watery infusion, which is of a pink colour, becomes of a deep green on the addition of a persalt of iron, showing the principle in it to be allied to, if not identical with, catechin.

Mr. Western usually gave two drachms of the powdered seeds, made into a soft ball, for three con�secutive mornings, and on the fourth he combined with the same quantity a purgative agent.

Mr. T. Haggcr stated to me thai; he was in the habit of resorting to the betel-nut, the seed of the areca cateclm, for the same purpose. Whenever indications of the existence of parasites were per�ceived, such as a staring coat, loss of appetite, and impaired condition, his plan was to withhold half the usual dose of aloes, and substitute for it one or two drachms of the betel-nuts in powder. For worms in the dog he found them equally efficacious', and he further states that the natives invariably use them as anthelmintics. To Mr. Western I am

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indebted for specimens of the flowers and seeds of this plant. Probably the beneficial eifects of both of these agents may be referred to their astringent-tonic action; for, by increased tone and vigour being-given to the tissues, worms no longer find them a favorable habitat. In the same way, the simple vegetable bitters, as wormwood, rue, and quassia, have been found to act, i. e. by inducing a healthy state of the digestive organs, and not by their being offensive to worms, as was once thought. Kosso, or hrayera antlielmintica, the flowers of a tree growing in Abyssinia, and used there for destroying-worms for more than two centuries, has been tried with questionable results for tconia. Its action is that of a purgative, although analysis gives the presence of tannic acid, to which its toxic influence on the worm has been attributed. Possibly its expensiveness will preclude its general use for the horse; to which must be added the infrequency of this parasite in him; the lumhrici and ascarides being far more commonly met with; and for the latter, oleaginous purges and enemata will prove the most effective agents for their removal, or a small quantity of mercurial ointment may be passed up the rectum as a suppository.

The German practitioners employ as a vermifuge an empyreumatic oil obtained by the decomposition of animal substances by heat, and sold under the

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name of animal or DippeVs oil. It is identical with the old oleum cornu cervi, or oil of hartshorn. It is :i thick brown oil, having a repulsive odour. It contains ammonia, creasote, paraffin, acetic acid; and many other substances have been found in it.

To large animals it is given in doses of from 3ss to 5J, and to the dog from ten to fifteen drops.

It has also been found effectual in destroying acari, and pediculi, and likewise larvae when lodged in the nasal sinuses of sheep.

The French use Ohaberfs oil, prepared by mixing three parts of oil of turpentine with one part of Dippel's oil, and distilling off three parts, as an anthelmintic.

Professor Spooner informs me that he has suc�cessfully employed calomel in combination with the chloride of calcium in solution, constituting 'black wash,quot; for sluggish and ill-conditioned ulcers. This is readily made by adding two or more drachms of calomel to a pint of lime-water. If a more active compound is required, the bichloride of mercury may be substituted for the chloride, forming the liydrated Mnoxide, or quot;yellow wash.quot;

For Cattle and Sheep the use of calomel is generally objected to, except in cases of obstinate dysentery. Its influence on the Dog has been else�where spoken of. (See p. 164.)

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Tests.�Its purity is known by its entire vola�tilization by heat, by its insolubility in water, and by the water in which it may have been either washed or boiled affording no precipitate with the nitrate of silver, lime-water, or hydrosulphurie acid ; which it would do were any bichloride of mercury present. On the addition of potassa it blackens. Heated with dry carbonate of soda, globules of metallic mercury are obtained.

Inoompatihles.� Calomel is decomposed by the alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, and the soaps, which throw down the suboxide of mercury. Also by iron, lead, and copper, and the hydro-sul-phurets of these metals. Hence, in dispensing it. metallic mortars should not be employed.

Htkaeotri Biriodidum, Biniodide of Mercury.

Take of Mercury.......1 ounce,

Iodine.......10 drachms,

Eectified Spirit as much as maybe sufficient.

Eub the mercury and iodine together, adding the spirit gradually so as to keep the mixture moist and thus prevent explosion, until globules are no longer visible. Dry the powder with a gentle heat, and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. Another method of preparing this compound con-

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sists in addiug a solution of the iodide of potassium to that of the bichloride of mercury so long as any precipitate is thrown down. The proportions are about ten of the former to eight of the latter, and the compound formed is of a brighter colour, owing to the presence of a little water. After being mixed, double deeompoaition takes place, the binio-dide of mercury is precipitated, and a chloride of potassium remains in solution.

In the first form, simple union takes place be�tween the elementary substances, the dilute alcohol merely facilitating the combination by dissolving the iodine.

Composition.�IT^ l₂₎ or Hg. L,.

1nbsp; atom Mercury .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;=. 200

2nbsp; atoms Iodine 126 x 2 = 252

Equivalent . . . 452

Properties and Uses.�Biniodide of mercury occurs in the form of powder, of a red colour, approaching to scarlet, whose specific gravity is G^,32. It fuses readily, and sublimes, forming yellow rhombic scales, which become red when cold, or on being rubbed. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol when heated, likewise some of the acids and alkalies, a solution of the iodide of potassium, and also of common salt, when saturated, at 212deg;,

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from wliicli it is again precipitated on cooling. This distinguishes it from the iodide.

The attention of the profession in this country was first directed to this compound by Mr. Hugh Ferguson ; who was soon after followed by Mr. Wills, in a paper read by him at the Veterinary Medical Association. In France it appears long to have held a place in the estimation of veterinary siirgeons ; principally, however, as a topical appli�cation in the form of ointment, made as follows :

rxauESTTUJi Htdraegyei Bihiodidi, Ointment of the Biniodkle of Merctiry.

Take of Biniodide of Mercury ... 1 part,

Lard.........8 parts.

Intimately mis.

This, applied to sores, is a stimulant and deter�gent, and as such it may be employed when they have taken on an unhealthy action. But its more general use is as a counter-irritant to the skin, which it powerfully excites, sometimes inducing intense erysipelatous inflammation, accompanied with much pain, and followed by desquamation of the cuticle. By it absorption is also very much facilitated : and hence it has been found of service insplents, curbs, incipient spavins, enlarged hursre,

352

A MANTTAX OF

thickening of the integument, indurated tumours, and abnormal growths. In some eases, from the susceptibility of the skin to be irritated by it, the quantity of the biniodide requires to be lessened to one half. The application of the ointment should be accompanied with friction; and when soreness has been induced by it, and a vesicular eruption appears, its use should be abstained from for a time ; but as soon as these eflects have passed off, it may be again and again resorted to. It may also be applied to farcy ulcers.

Some practitioners prefer the ointment of the biniodide of mercury to that of cantharides as a blistering compound, considering it to be more efficacious ; while, instead of removing the hair, if judiciously applied, they say it promotes its growth. The transudation of serum caused by it is certainly often great.

If the quantity of biniodide be doubled, it will prove an active counter-irritant to the thick skin of the ox, while it rarely leaves any blemish.

Internally, the effects of the biniodide of mercury are analogous to those produced by the bichloride of mercury; but I am not aware that it possesses any peculiarity of action to recommend it. There can, however, be no doubt that the combination of two such active agents as iodine and mercury will cause powerful action on the system, hence caution

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should be exercised in the administration of the compound.

Tests.�Heated with carbonate of soda in a tube it yields metallic mercury. It sublimes by heat in scales, which soon become yellow, and, as they cool, red. It is totally soluble in a solution of chloride of sodium, and is alternately dissolved and precipitated by iodide of potassium and bichloride of mercury.

It has been sometimes mixed with the bisulphide of mercury. This, according to Pereira, may be recognised by fusion with caustic potassa in a glass tube, when a mixture of sulphide and iodide of potassium is obtained. The existence of sulphur may also be proved by the evolution of hydro-sulphuric acid on the addition of a mineral acid to the sulphide of potassium produced,

Hydeaegteum cum Ceeta, Mercury luith Chalk.

Take of Purified Mercury, by weight. . 3 parts. Prepared Chalk......5 parts.

Hub them together until globules of mercury are no longer visible.

Properties and Uses.�By triturating mercury and chalk together, a very small portion of the metal becomes oxidized, and the remainder is finely subdivided ; the whole forming a grey impalpable

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powder. Its activity as a medicinal agent has been much questioned by writers. Professor Simonds, however, advocates its use in the dog as an altera�tive, in doses of from five to ten grains. It is, doubtlessly, a very mild remedy, and on that account not resorted to for the horse. The follow�ing compound will, probably, be found more useful for the last-named animal:

Pilttla Htdeabotei cum Perei, Mercurial Pill with Iron. Ferruginated Blue Pill.

Take of Purified Mercury .... 2 parts, Sesquioxide of Iron ... 1 part, Confection of Hoses ... 3 parts,

Rub the whole together until the globules of mer�cury are no longer visible.

Properties and Uses.�I have adopted this form of blue pill on the authority of Dr. Collier, who says quot;it may be made in five minutes; the metallic globules at the end of that period not being visible even by a microscope, and it is uniform in its appearance and effects. The presence of iron also prevents the wear and tear of the system, the powers of life not being prostrated at all under its use; and its resolvent powers are greater than those of mercury alone.quot;

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It may be given to the horse as an alterative in loses of from 5ss to 5J, combining it when we ipprehend it will act on the bowels, with opium.

TJnguenttim Htdraegtei, Mercurial Ointment.

Take of Purified Mercury,

Prepared Lard, of each equal parts.

Let the mercury be rubbed with a portion of the lard till its globules become extinct; then add the remainder, and intimately combine them.

This compound should always be made under the superintendence of the practitioner, although it calls for labour and patience. As ordinarily pre�pared, it seems that a small portion of the metal becomes oxidized during trituration, and the remainder is minutely subdivided, which will again run together into globules if heat be applied. To facilitate the disappearance of the metallic mercury various substances are employed; the best is rancid lard, or tallow, or some mercurial ointment that has been long kept.

The French pharmaciens have ascertained that, if lard be first melted, then poured in a very fine stream into a vessel containing a quantity of cold water, and afterwards placed in this divided state on a coarse hair-sieve and exposed to the action of

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a dry atmosphere, it -will acquire suct properties as quickly to extinguish the globules of mercury: it being capable of so acting on thirty times its weight of that metal. This power, however, will in a great measure depend upon the length of time it is exposed to the air.

The tallow of Kensington mould-candles has been found equally efficacious, and it is said that large quantities have been sold as prepared stearin for this purpose.

As it appears desirable that the whole of the mercury should be oxidized, it has been proposed to combine the oxide of mercury with the lard by simple mixture. This plan, however, has not come into general use, although the compound thus formed has been found quite equal to the officinal preparation. The addition of sulphuretted oil, or oil of turpentine, by which the oxidation of the mercury has been thought to be more quickly brought about, is considered objectionable. A little sulphur has been successfully used for this purpose.

I am quite aware that the conditional state of the mercury is a disputed question�that is, whether it be in a state of minute mechanical division or that of oxide; but experiments instituted by M. Berensprung, have shown that the activity of mercurial ointment depends on the presence of the

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black or grey oxide of mercury, and Drs. Christison and Paris also consider some of this oxide to be present, and recommend the ointment to be made with it. A test for its purity is its specific gravity. Mercurial ointment is occasionally employed in skin affections, as tetter or ringworm; and also for mange in the horse. For these diseases it should be diluted as follows, and its action carefully watched, since I have more than once seen saliva�tion produced by its incautious use, and even dysentery and death. In the hands of the scientific man, however, there is nothing injurious to be apprehended from its employment.

UnGUBNTUM IlTDaAEGTEI CoMPOSITUM,

Compound Mercurial Ointment.

Take of Mercurial Ointment . 1 part,

Soft Soap.....2 parts.

Mix them.

Mercurial compounds are frequently had recourse to for the extirpation of those parasites which infest the skin of our domesticated animals.

It seems now to be the general opinion, that itch in the human subject, and mange in the horse and cattle, are diseases produced by a species of acarus or mite. This insect is seldom found on the

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outer skin, but, commonly, between the cutis and the cuticle, where it makes thread-like passages in various directions, which terminate in pustules or little bladders. Here, probably, the insect takes up its residence until it is dislodged. Some naturalists, however, assert that it is met with only in the passages; but, from the nearness of the one to the other, a mistake may easily be made.

Whether this is the only cause of mange, I will not take upon myself to decide; but that this parasite has been found in the pustules of mangy subjects is indubitable. There are many cutaneous affections which have their origin from a very dif�ferent cause; as, for instance, a scurvy eruption of the skin that often follows surfeit, a disease induced by a disordered state of the digestive organs; be�sides which, we have many forms of impetigo and herpes. Possibly the attention of veterinarians has not yet been sufficiently directed to the diseases of the envelope of the body ; the time, I trust, is not far distant when this opprobrium will no longer exist.

Mr. Youatt was decidedly of opinion that the acari are the cause of scab in shesp, a malady which is well known to produce direful ravages in a flock, and to be propagated very readily by contact. Mange in cattle he also ranks as one of the most serious of the diseases of the skin. Fortunately, the treatment is simple and effectual. Of course,

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the sole object is tlie extirpation or removal of these tormentors. According to him, the judicious use of mild mercurial ointment, blended with sulphur, seldom fails of effecting a cure.

For Sheep, he advocates one part of mercurial ointment and five parts of lard mixed together. The quantity applied to each sheep will vary from a few drachms to two ounces. One third of these quan�tities should be used for a lamb. Some prefer the combination of soft soap with the mercurial oint�ment, rendering it semi-fluid by means of water, and then, having carefully parted the wool, applying it from a bottle having a short neck. Others use a solution of the arsenite of potassa, as given at page 55.

lor Cattle, the following compound is recom�mended by Mr. Touatt.

Take of Sublimed Sulphur

Common Turpentine . Mercurial Ointment . Linseed Oil....

1nbsp; pound, 4 ounces,

2nbsp; ounces, 1 pint.

The turpentine and the oil are to be melted to�gether, and, when nearly cold, the sulphur is to be stirred in, and after this the mercurial ointment is to be intimately blended with the whole. He depre�cates the use of solutions of arsenic and corrosive sublimate, which are so often had recourse to, as

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well as decoctions of hellebore root and tobacco, which, he says, hare destroyed thousands of cattle. For the Dog, the inunction of mercurial com�pounds requires caution, and should be carefully watched, lest salivation be produced by them. Mange in this animal appears to assume a variety of forms, and often proves very obstinate to cure. See ' Elaine's Canine Pathology,' article Mange. Sulphur ranks among the best remedies. In the College, however, of late the iodide of sulphur, and the sulphide of potassium, have been used with decided success.

Unguenttjm Htdeargtbi Niteatis, Ointment of the Nitrate of Mercury.

Take of Purified Mercury . .nbsp; nbsp; 1 part,

Nitric Acid ....nbsp; nbsp; 2 parts.

Poppy Oil ....nbsp; nbsp; 8 parts.

Prepared Lard ...nbsp; nbsp; 2 parts.

Dissolve the mercury in the acid, carefully avoiding the fumes that are given off, and, while hot, pour the solution into the lard and oil, previously melted together. Stir constantly until cold with a wooden spatula.

Decomposition. �A portion of the nitric acid be�comes decomposed; nitrous acid fumes are evolved

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and the oxygen oxidises the metal, which oxide is dissolved by the remaining undecomposed acid, and thus a nitrate is formed. At the same time, how�ever, other decompositions take place, which appear not to be well understood.

When carefully prepared, and according to the directions usually given, this ointment is of a pale and delicate yellow colour, hence called citrine ointment by the French: but it is very apt to get hard and brittle, arising from the action of the acid on the fatty matters ; to obviate which it has been proposed to form a nitrate of mercury first, and then mechanically combine it with lard and oil. But an excess of acid appears to be advantageous in veterinary practice, the compound being used as a detergent and stimulant to certain diseases of the skin, such as chronic grease, ring�worm, and those affections vulgarly called mal-lenders and sallenders, names which, long ere this, should have been buried in oblivion. I have substituted poppy oil for that of the olive, and find that, although the colour of the compound is not so delicate, its consistence is both muck improved and retained for a longer time.

A milder form of this ointment has been found of service in tarsal ophthalmia, being applied with a camel's-hair pencil, and two or three grains of it placed under the eyelid have assisted in the removal

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of nubulffi from the cornea. It is best made extem�poraneously, by mixing together one part of the stronger ointment with two parts of lard and oil. A liniment of the nitrate of mercury may be formed by adding the solution of the nitrate of mercury to poppy oil alone, and triturating them together until they incorporate.

Besides these compounds of mercury, there are two others occasionally resorted to, which I shall only briefly notice. They are commonly called the red and white precipitate.

The first of these is designated by the ' British Pharmacopo�ia,' the Eeu Oxide oe Mebcuet. It is obtained by dissolving the metal mercury in dilute nitric acid, and evaporating to dryness. It may be also procured by subjecting mercury to the ac�tion of heat in a flat-bottomed flask having a long neck, or by adding caustic potassa in excess to a solution of corrosive sublimate.

Properties and Uses.�Its composition is HgO or HgO.

1 atom Mercury . . . 200 1 atom Oxygen ... 8

Equivalent . . 208

It occurs in shining red scales, and is sublimed by a strong heat, evolving no red fumes. It is also soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids.

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Its use is that of an escliarotic when sprinkled over wounds.

An ointment, made by incorporating one part of this oxide of mercury finely powdered, with eight parts of lard, has been used by some practitioners as a detergent and stimulant.

Eed precipitate is sometimes adulterated with red lead, or ochre, or brick-dust, the presence of either of which may be known by its not subliming.

The other compound is the quot; white precipitate quot; or Amido-chlobide op Merctjet, obtained by adding a solution of ammonia to a solution of bi�chloride of mercury, when a precipitate falls, which is to be washed and dried.

Properties and Uses.�It is in the form of a white powder, which dissolves without effervescence in hydrychloric acid; and if heated with a solution of potassa, it evolves ammonia and assumes a yellow colour.

Different views have been taken by chemists of the constitution of this substance, but it is now generally regarded as one equivalent of bichloride of mercury united to one equivalent of the bin-amide of the same metal. According to this theory the compound has the formula HgCl₂-fIIg (NH^ or, according to modern views,quot; white precipitatequot; has the composition represented by the formula NH^HgCl.

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It is employed for the destruction of lice, being sprinkled over the skin, or made into an ointment. Its purity is known by its non-volatility at a red heat.

Hyosciami Exteactxtm, Extract of Senlane.

Henbane is a biennial plant, growing on the sides of roads among rubbish, in most parts of Europe, and also cultivated in gardens for the druggist. It flowers from June to August, and the fresh herb has an unpleasant odour. The leaves are the ofii-cinal parts ; they are to be collected in the second year of their growth, just before the flowering stalk appears, and, being bruised in a mortar, they yield by subsequent expression a large quantity of juice, in which the active properties of the plant reside. This is to be evaporated, without suffering the dregs to subside, until it acquires a fit consis�tence. A better mode is to subject the juice to spontaneous evaporation in shallow vessels, exposed to a brisk current of air. One hundred-weight of the leaves yield between four and five pounds of extract.

Composition. �An alkaloid called hyosciamia, and the usual principles met with in vegetable extracts, as gum, starch, amp;e.

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Properties and Uses.�Extract of henbane has a dingy-olive colour, a peculiar and disagreeable smell, and a bitterish saline taste. It is a narcotic anodyne, and antispasmodic, and may be given in doses of 5j to 5ij.

The late Mr. W. Wright advocated the use of a solution of the extract in the spiritof nitrous ether,� constituting an Etherial Tinctuee oe Henbane, �in the proportion of one part of the former to eight parts of the latter, as an antispasmodic. This he gave in doses of two ounces, either with or without aloes in combination ; and spoke highly of its effects.

The extract has also been successfully resorted to in cases of chronic cough, placing it on the tongue of the animal, so that it may slowly dis�solve ; or it may be given in the form of ball, combining it with other agents. It has likewise been employed for the purpose of allaying consti�tutional irritation, induced by wounds, amp;c. It having this advantage over opium, it does not produce constipation of the bowels, but rather the reverse, on which account it has sometimes been conjoined to purgatives, to prevent tormina.

Externally applied, its action resembles that produced by the extract of deadly nightshade.

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Iodinium, Iodine.

I think it may now be safely said that iodine and its compounds have at length come into general use among veterinary surgeons, although it is pos�sibly the case that few therapeutics have awakened more contrariety of opinion than these have done. By some persons they have been highly extolled, by others as strongly denounced.

The first experiments instituted with iodine by the French veterinarians were certainly not in favour of its use: but this arose from a want of a true knowledge of its operation. Indications of its desired effects being produced, are a throbbing or pulsatory action in the abnormal growth for the removal of which the agent is being employed, and soreness of the part, when its further exhibition should be stayed.

Iodine is obtained from the mother-liquor that remains after the separation of carbonate of soda and other salts from kelp. The available compound in solution is believed to be iodide of sodium. To this sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese are added, and the whole being introduced into a stone retort, heat is applied, when the iodine passes over, along with water, in a state of vapour, and is condensed in the receiver and neck of the retort. It is subse-

PHAEMACY.

367

quently washed and dried between folds of bibulous paper. Mr. Stanford, by distilling the sea-weeds in iron retorts, prevents the loss of much iodine, and obtains in addition several useful products of the destructive distillation, such as charcoal, salts, amp;c. Decomposition.�In this process the iodide of sodium and the peroxide of manganese are acted upon by the sulphuric acid, iodine is set free, and the sulphates of potassa and maganese are formed, as shown in the following diagram :

Materials.

Constituents.

loiline '�2......

= 126-= 23

Products. -Set free.

1 cq. rodidc of f ⁱ⁰'¹¹Sodium �1^1 laquo;oil,

leq.Bino�of r⁰¹¹^� ......

^M;lnS^ani!Se=laquo;l Protoxide of Man

Sulphate of Soda = 71

2 eqs. Hyd. Snl. Acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; =98

fWater �j Anhyd. t Do.

Set free.

Snlphateof Man�ganese... =76

Properties and Uses.�Iodine is solid at the ordinary temperature of the air, and occurs in dark coloured scales, which have a metallic lustre, and a specific gravity of 4-94!6. When heated, it forms rieb violet-coloured vapours,�hence the name given to this substance,�whose specific gravity is great, being 8-716. It has a pungent

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odour, an acrid taste, and it tinges the skin of a brownish-yellow colour. The weight of its atom is 127. Its symbol, I. Its action is that of a stimulant to glandular structures, and the forms in which it is employed externally are those of a liniment and ointment. Internally it may be given in doses of from five to ten grains twice in the day, although there are objections to its being administered uncombined, as iodine only enters the circulation in the form of hydriodic acid, or as an iodide, and, unless it undergoes this change it will accumulate in the system. The vapour of iodine is considered by Dr. Eichardson the most effective agent for destroying organic poisons.

Tests.�The purity of iodine is judged of by its being soluble in alcohol, and entirely vaporised on the application of heat. This will not be the case if charcoal, plumbago, or the black oxide of manga�nese, substances with which it has been said to be adulterated, be present. Sometimes it is sold in a very moist state, which may be readily detected by pressing it between folds of bibulous paper. The character which distinguishes iodine is that of its forming an intense blue compound�the iodide of starch�with a cold solution of starch. So deli�cate is this test, that water containing not more than one four-hundred-and-fifty-thousandth of its weight of iodine is rendered perceptibly blue by it.

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It should be remarked, that starch only becomes a test for iodine in a free state.

Linimenxcm Iodi Composittjit, Compound Ziinimetit of Iodine.

Take of Iodine......1 part,

Soao Liniment ... 8 parts. Dissolve. It should not be kept long.

Unouentum Iodi, Ointment of Iodine.

Take of Iodine......1 part,

Lard.......8 parts.

M ix. Some substitute for lard the milder ointment of mercury, by which a far more active compound is formed; and others add half a part of cantha-rides in powder, or of tartar emetic, by which absorption is promoted.

When administered internally, the form of tinc�ture is advocated bymanypractitioners. If, however, it is long kept, it is apt to undergo decomposition.

TiNCirEA Iodi, Tincture of Iodine.

Take of Iodine......1 part,

Rectified Spirit ... 8 parts. Dissolve.

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The dose of this is from 5j to 5ij, given twice or thrice a day. In the practice of Mi-. A. Packwood, farcy has yielded to it; and it may he employed in other diseases in which abnormal deposits are taking place, its effects as a resolvent being yery powerful. Its activity may be increased by the addition of an equal quantity of the iodide of potassium.

The tincture of iodine has likewise been applied as a counter-irritant, with a view to promote the absorption of effused fluids. It has been also injected into cavities, so as to cause adhesion of their parietes; for which the following form has been given :

Take of Iodine.....nbsp; nbsp; 5 grains,

Iodide Potassium . .nbsp; nbsp; 1 drachm.

Water.....nbsp; nbsp; 6 ounces.

Dissolve.

In the proportion of one drachm diluted with three ounces of water, it has been thrown into the bladder to arrest haemorrhage from that organ. If applied with friction to the skin when depilated, it has been found to promote the return of the hair. Its activity may be increased by the addition of a little of the chloride of antimony, according to Mr. Erasmus quot;Wilson ; or a weak ointment of iodine may be resorted to for the same purpose.

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Preference, as an internal remedy, appears to be justly given by most practitioners to the iodide of potassium, a salt hereafter to be noticed.

Linum UsiTATissiMtTM, Common Flax. JjTSI Semtna, Linseeds.

It is thought that the flax-plant originally came from the banks of the Nile, where it flourishes luxuriantly. It is, however, now cultivated largely in this country for the sake of its ligneous prin�ciple. What is termed flax is prepared from the fibrous part of the bark. Tow is made up of the short fibres that are removed in heckling. From flax it is well known that linen is made, which being scraped forms lint, so extensively used in surgery.

By far the greater quantity of linseeds are im�ported from the Baltic. They are contained in a pointed globular capsule, which is divided into five valvular cells; of a brown colour externally, glossy, and of a flattish oval shape, abounding with mucus which resides in the testa, and a fixed oil that is united with the parenchyma.

Oomposition.�Essentially mucilage, albuminoid bodies, and fixed oil.

I �

372

A MASUAL OF

Lini Oleum, Linseed Oil.

By expression, linseeds yield about one fifth of tlieir weight of fixed oil. This, when cold drawn, has a greenish colour; is pale, limpid, and brilliant, and possesses a mild, bland taste. Generally, how�ever, heat is resorted to, when it is less pure, has a yellow colour, a strong odour, and a disagreeable flavour; but a larger quantity is thus obtained.

It is employed as a cathartic for the horse, in doses of from one to two pints ; and, according to tiie testimony of Mr. Percivall, it is both more certain and safer in its effects than castor oil or olive oil; nevertheless it has been found at times to create much irritation of the bowels, and the dejections are rendered by it very offensive.

Professor Varnell says he is informed that pure linseed oil is now with difficulty obtained, in con�sequence of so many acrid seeds being crushed with the linseeds. He has also found it to be so uncertain and unsafe in its action that he has abandoned its use as a purgative.

To Cattle it may be given in the same quantities as to the horse, and, on the authority of Mr. Youatt, it is little inferior to castor oil as a purgative to them, while it is much cheaper.

To Sxieej? it is occasionally administered when

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the sulphate of magnesia will not act, or when much intestinal irritation is present. The dose is from two to three ounces.

Its activity may be increased by the addition of a few drops of the oil of croton when found requi�site.

A liniment, or calcareous soap, formed by its com�bination with lime-water, in equal proportions, has been found of service in cases of burns and scalds. The addition of oil of turpentine has been advo�cated by some practitioners.

LrNi Faeina, Linseed Meal.

After linseeds have been expressed, there remains behind a cake which is much employed for the fat�tening of cattle. It consists of mucus and farina�ceous matter. quot;When ground, it constitutes the linseed meal of the shops. This is used mixed with bran, to form an emollient poultice, or for the pur�pose of giving bulk to other medicines. A prefer�able agent is the ground or crushed unexpressed seeds. But a little caution is here requisite, lest the unsuspecting practitioner be imposed upon by a mere mechanical mixture of linseed meal and oil. Ordinary inspection, however, will suffice for the detection. I am indebted to Mr. A. Cherry, for a form for a very useful mass, in which many thera-

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peutic substances may be exhibited. I have designated it��

Common Mass.

Take of Linseeds, finely ground,

Treacle, of each, equal parts.

Mix them together with the spatula or otherwise, so as to form a mass. This will be soft at first, but it will soon acquire a fit consistence, which will be retained for a long time. The addition of a little palm oil will effectually ensure this.

A convenient powder for giving bulk may be made by mixing together eight parts of any farina�ceous matter, such as pea-meal, and one part of turmeric-root in powder.

Lini Infusum, Infusion of Linseeds.

As the mucilage resides in the outer covering of the seeds, all that is necessary for its abstraction is to pour boiling water over them, in the proportion of one pint of water to an ounce of the seeds, and let them remain until cold, when a viscid solution will be obtained. This is used as a vehicle for ex�hibiting insoluble powders in a state of suspension; it is also valuable as a demulcent in catarrhal affections, and diseases of the urinary organs, and

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of the bowels. By boiling tlie seeds, tbe decoction contains, besides the mucilage, a portion of oil.

Ma�nesi�m.

This metal was discovered by Sir H. Davy. It may be obtained by heating together in a tube, an�hydrous chloride of magnesium and potassium or sodium, when a chloride of either of these metals is formed, and magnesium set free. The tube, when cold, is to be broken, and the fragments placed in cold water, when the metal is thus sepa�rated from the salt.

Properties and Uses.�Magnesium has a silvery lustre, is malleable, fusible at a red heat, not sen�sibly acted upon by cold water, nor tarnished by exposure to air, but, if heated in it, burns and produces magnesia.

Its medicinal compounds are the oxide, and its carbonate and sulphate. Weight of its atom 12. Specific gravity about 2. Symbol Mg.

Magnesia, Magnesia. Old Name: Calcined Magnesia.

Magnesia is obtained by heating to redness in a crucible, for two hours, the carbonate of mag-

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neaia, when the carbonic acid will be driven off in a gaseous state, and the oxide of magnesium, or magnesia, remain behind.

Composition.�MgO, MgO, or

1 atom Magnesium ... 12 1 i, Oxygen.....8

Equivalent.....20

Froperties and Uses.� Magnesia occurs as a white, inodorous, and tasteless powder, when pure, nearly insoluble in water, with which it combines to form a definite hydrate, but it does not become sensibly hot as lime does. It has, when moistened, an alkaline reaction, and is given as an antidote for over-doses of the acids, which it neutralises, and as an antacid it is alone employed by the veterinary surgeon.

Carbonate of Magnesia is procured by mixing together hot solutions of sulphate of magnesia and carbonate of soda; boiling the mixture for two hours, constantly stirring, then pouring off the liquor, and washing the precipitate and dry�ing it.

Composition.�The so-called carbonate of mag�nesia, obtained as a precipitate in the manner just described, invariably consists of a mixture of this

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salt witli the hydrate. The formula adopted in the British Pharmacopoea is (Mi^O, C0₂)_;j MgO 5HO, or (MgCO^g. MgO. 5H,0.

Properties and Uses.�Carbonate of magnesia is colourless, inodorous, insipid, and insoluble in water. It is decomposed by the stronger acids, and acidulous salts, which it neutralises, hence with all such it is incompatible. Its action, medi�cinally, is that of an antacid, and it has been resorted to for correcting any acidity in the primraquo; vise, although it is but rarely used by the prac�titioner of veterinary medicine.

Magnesijb Sulphas, Sulphate of Magnesia.

The name of Epsom salts has been given to this compound, from it having been found to exist in the waters of a spring at Epsom, in Surrey. A large quantity of it used to be procured from the bittern that remains after common salt had been obtained from sea-water; but as this contained some chloride of magnesium, which is a deliquescent salt, the compound frequently became damp. The method now adopted consists in decomposing mag-nesian limestone, which is a natural combination of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, with dilute sulphuric acid, when carbonic acid escapes in a gaseous state, and sulphate of lime and sulphate

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of magnesia remain behind. These salts are sepa�rated from each other by decantation and crystal�lization.

Oomposition.�M.gO, S0₃ 7HO, MgS0₄,7H₂0 or

1 atom Magnesia . . . = 20 1 � Sulphuric Acid . = 40 7 atoms Water . 9 x 7 = 63

Equivalent ... 123

Properties and Uses.�Sulphate of magnesia crystallizes irregularly, either in six-sided or quad�rangular prisms, or in acicular crystals. Its taste is bitter and unpleasant; it is soluble in its own weight of water at 60deg;, and in three fourths of its weight of boiling water.

The action of this drug on the horse is variable. Sometimes its influence is that of a diuretic, and at other times it proves a laxative; especially is this latter the case, according to Professor Varnell, if its exhibition has been preceded by a dose of calomel. Mr. Brown also informs me that when it has been given for three or four days con�secutively it relaxes the bowels. Mr. Bracy Clarke found it to alter the character of the secretions from the alimentary tube; and hence, in spontaneous diarrhoea, its exhibition has often been followed by

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a natural state of the egesta. Dr. Hering recom�mends it as a cooling medicine, given in tliree- or four-ounce doses, two or three times a day.

It is cbiefly employed as a purgative for Cattle and Sheep, and for these animals it is the general aperient. The dose for the former is from a pound to a pound and a half; for the latter, from an ounce to two ounces. Its actioa may be quickened by the addition of croton seed or farina ; or a por�tion of it being withheld, a small quantity of either of these may be substituted, by which active purgation will be ensured. Some practitioners combine sulphur. A carminative, such as ginger, should never be withheld; the quantity added being from a drachm to two drachms, or even more, for cattle.

According to Thompson, the operation of this salt depends on its causing an augmentation of the discbarge from the biliary and pancreatic ducts, which excites the intestines to increased action ; while Liebig makes it depend on the great affinity it has for water, and refers its action to endosmose.

Mialhe says, quot; The purgative virtues of a great number of saline matters, such as sulphate of soda, of magnesia, of potassa, phosphate of soda, amp;c., have beeu long known. As all matters may be traced by their chemical nature through the dif-

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ferent tissues, and identified, either in whole or in part, on leaving the economy, many experiments have been made to ascertain their mode of action. Notwithstanding the facility of experiments, the opinions that have resulted have been of a very opposite character.

quot;When a small quantity of a purgative salt is given in a state of great dilution, absorption of the saline solution is completely effected; it passes into the urine, in which the whole of the saline compound may be found ; it then acts as a diuretic without determining any purgative effect.

quot;But, when we introduce into the alimentary-canal a concentrated saline solution, immediately there results a double phenomenon of endosmose and exosmose, for here all concurs to realise the vito-physical action; in fact, the two liquids which the animal membrane separates are of different density,�one, the saline solution, more dense; the other, the liquid and non-organized part of the blood. There are, then, two currents of liquid traversing this membrane, and, according to the facts discovered by Dutrochet, the liquid of less density is borne towards the denser in greater or less quantity; that is to say, the mucous mem�brane permits a greater quantity of the liquid of the blood than of the saline solution to pass through it. Consequently there is an efflux of

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liquid in the digestive canal, and, therefore, pur�gation. But, at the same time, a certain quantity of the saline solution passes by the other side of the membrane, and, carried by the absorbent vessels, it is mingled with the torrent of the circulation.quot;

Matico, Matico.

The late Mr. W. de F. Elkes first directed my attention to this drug, and forwarded to me specimens of it. lie had witnessed its powerful effects as a styptic in the human subject, and thought it might fee beneficially used in veterinary practice. He stated that he had applied it to incised and lacerated wounds in the horse, and found it to deserve the high eulogy pronounced on it by the natives, who resort to its use where the plant abounds. Of late years it has been imported into this country.

In South America and Mexico this name, it appears, is applied to the leaves of several different plants. Those sent to me by Mr. Elkes very closely resemble dried sage leaves. The true matico, or matica, so highly esteemed in Peru, Dr. Martins believes to be a species of phlomis. The tree grows in the interior of Peru, also on the other side of the Andes. Its leaves are said to possess marvellous medicinal properties. The pre-

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paration for use among the Indians is very simple ; the leaf is dried and finely powdered, and the dust when sprinkled on wounds is said to effect cicatri�sation very speedily. The Indians use an infusion of the fresh leaves as an aphrodisiac, and also attribute to them the power of arresting arterial hsemorrhage, even if a large vessel be wounded.

Dr. Eoyle says, quot; The matico was first brought into notice by Dr. Jeffreys as a styptic in leech-bites and wounds of arteries, and has been found efficacious in many obstinate cases of bleeding, as from the nostrils. Its under surface, which is reticulated with veins, and covered with hairs, should be applied, as it is probably on this struc�ture that its utility chiefly depends. Its infusion and tincture have also been recommended inter�nally in affections of the urinary organs, on which, by its stimulating action, combined with a little astringency, it would appear to produce a salutary effect.

quot; Its properties, by the analysis of Mr. Morsen, appear to depend chiefly on its resin and volatile oil, its aqueous extract having only a slightly bitter and astringent taste.

quot; It has also been prescribed in discharges of blood from the urethra and rectum, as well as in uterine hsemorrhage, and has been used as an injection in leucorrhoea, and as an external appli-

PIIAEMACT.

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cation to hsemorrhoidal affections, both as an ointment and as a lotion.quot;

Dr. Grarrod says, quot; Matico, or the leaves of the Artanthe elongata or Piper angustifblium, has of late attracted much attention. The leaves are green, oblong, and accuminate on the upper sur�face ; they are tesselated, and on the under surface are reticulated and downy. Nothing is really known of their composition; they have an aromatic odour and taste, but are not astringent; they con�tain a volatile and a bitter principle called maticine. The leaves were first employed to arrest haemor�rhage, and are stated to act as a powerful styptic. In obstinate cases of epistasis it has been sniffed up the nose. The arrest of the hoBinorrhage was supposed to be due to the mechanical structure of the leaf. It has been given internally, and there is some amount of evidence to show that it arrests haemorrhage ; if this be the case, it cannot depend upon the structure of the leaf. Also it has been employed in some few cases of chronic inflamma�tion of the bladder, and in affections of the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs and rec�tum ; its action is supposed to be similar to that of cubebs. The drug has now become very rare and expensive, from its being so largely employed in the American war.

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Mtbeua, Myrrh.

This is a gum-resin, an exudation from a species of halsamodrendron, a native of Arabia, where it forms stunted groves, intermingled with the acacia, of which it was once thought to be the produce. At first it is oleaginous in appearance, but it soon thickens on exposure to the' air, becoming opalescent and of a whitish yellow colour, which, when hardened, changes to a reddish-yellow. It is principally imported into the market from the East Indies in chests, con�taining from three to four hundredweight each. Turkey myrrh is considered the finest.

Composition.�Resin and Essential Oil . 34 Gum and Extractive . . .66

100

Properties and Uses.�Myrrh is frequently mixed with other gums, and much extraneous matter. It may be distinguished by its irregular form and fra�grant odour, arising from the presence of a volatile oil, which exudes on pressing a broken piece with the nail. Those pieces should be chosen which are opaque, light-coloured, and free from dirt. It is soluble in a mixture of alcohol and water; but if the quantity taken up be large, a turpidity ensues

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on the addition of more water. The alkalies in�crease its solubility.

Internally, myrrh is a stimulating tonic, and aa antiseptic. It is not commonly given to the House, although it has been advocated in chronic coughs, in doses of from 5ij to 5iv, combined with opium. To Cattle it is frequently administered in doses of from jss to 5J, and it has been supposed to have a specific action on the uterus. Externally, the spi�rituous solution is employed as an excitant to indo�lent and vitiated ulcers, and as a general stimulaniraquo; to wounds. It corrects the fetid discharge, and in�duces healthy granulations to be thrown out. The best form is that of a compound tincture, which is given under the article Aloes, p. 127. When first applied, it proves a powerful excitant, from the spirit which it contains ; this soon evaporates, leaving a gum-resinous coating behind, by which the wound is protected and the stimulating action kept up.

The simple tincture of myrrh, made as follows, is an excellent application to ulcers of the gums and canker in the mouth, in all our domesticated animals.

Toctuba Myrehj;, Tincture of Myrrli.

Take of Myrrh, bruised .... 3 ounces, Rectified Spirit .... 2 piuts. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.

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MoEEHTJiE Oleum, Oil of Cod.

This oil is both imported and procured in this country from the liver of the cod-fish (oleum jecinoris aselli). It is obtained by boiling the liver of the fish, and also by allowing this organ to undergo decomposition by exposure to the sun, when the oil escapes, and is caught in any con�venient vessel. Donovan's process, according to Cooley, is as follows : quot; The perfectly fresh livers are placed in a metallic vessel and heated, con�stantly stirring, to 180deg; Fahr., by which treatment they break down into a uniform pulpy mass. This mass is immediately transferred to calico bags, when the oil drains out. After filtration, while still warm, this oil is sufficiently pure for use.quot;

When properly prepared, it is straw-coloured and transparent, having the smell of the fish and an oily and somewhat unpleasant taste.

Composition.�Dr. Jongh having analysed cod-liver oil, found it to consist of quot;oleate and margarate of glycerin, some biliary matter, with traces of butyric, acetic, and other organic acids; also of iodine and bromine, and a very minute quantity of resinous-like matter, termed by him gaduin,quot; sup�posed by Phillips to be an impurity arising from partial decomposition of the oil.

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387

The oil of tlie liver of othei- fishes has been used in the same cases as cod's-liver oil, and why not ? Such, for instance, as the ling (lota molva). Lately in India, Presidency of Madras, several fishes have been found to furnish an oil equal in medicinal ac�tion to that of the cod ; such as the laquo;eer-fish, or vungarum; also a species of shark, called the white shark, the oil from which is remarkably pure and very efficacious as a therapeutic agent; and a variety of skate, called therika, the oil from which has been found superior to any of the other kinds.

Aijalyses of these oils having been made in England, they have been found to contain the same proximate principles as the cod-liver oil, and the same elementary substances; although, perhaps, in appearance a little improvement might be made by filtering them at a low temperature, as they contain a somewhat large quantity of insoluble matter.

The oil of the dugong {halicore dugong, Cuvier) has also been highly extolled by Dr. Hobbs, of Moreton Bay. The only objection raised to its use has been from its not containing iodine, as the cod-liver oil does. This, however. Dr. Hobbs contends, is not the cause of the beneficial effects that result from the use of these oils, but it is the carbon being in such large quantities. See Veterinarian, vol, xxxii, p. 459.

One of the tests applied to cod-liver oil is sul-

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phurie acid, wliich develops a violet colour, depend�ing on the reaction that obtains between this acid and biliary matter in the oil, to which, by some persons, its efficacy has been attributed. As this is common to the oil obtained from the livers of most fishes, there is no reason why one kind of oil should not prove as valuable a medicinal agent as another.

Properties and Uses.�The dark-coloured, strong-smelling, or rancid oils are not considered fit for use ; yet many prefer the unpurifted oil to that now sold in the shops under the name of quot; Piy^ified Cod-Liver Oil.quot;

Por many years this oil has been resorted to me�dicinally, but only of late can it be said to have come into general use. It has been considered by some writers as an alterative, and by others as an anti-scrofulous remedy ; its action by them being thought to be owing to the minute quantity of iodine and bromine found in it. The probability is, that its efficacy is rather referable to its becoming easily assimilated; it being, in the popular sense of the term, highly nutritious, since animals have been found to become very fat daring its adminis�tration.

It has been resorted to in cases of debility, accom�panied with emaciation, supervening inflammatory attacks ; and also influenza in the horse, threaten-

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ing the formation of tubercles in the lungs, or phthisis pulmonalis. It likewise has been found to arrest the progress of chronic diseases, especially those of the respiratory organs.

The dose may be eight ounces at first, given two or three times in the day, and which may be gra�dually augmented to double this quantity, with�holding it for a time should inappetence or nausea take place.

Tests.�Its colour, taste, and smell appear to be the only tests on which any reliance can be placed.

Oxivje Oleum, Olive Oil.

This is a used oil, obtained by expression from the fruit of the olive tree, which is now ranked among the plants indigenous to the south of Europe, although it is supposed to be a native of Asia. It is cultivated abundantly in the Greek islands ; also in France, Spain, and Italy.

The fruit, which is an oval plum, is gathered when it is fully ripe, it being then of a violet colour, and crushed in a mill, the stones of which are set wide apart so that they may not break the kernel. The pulp is then put into bags mr.de of rushes, and subjected to gentle pressure, when it yields a quantity of bland scentless oil. This is the finest; hence it has been designated virgin oil.

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A second sort is obtained by fermenting the bruised mass, and again subjecting it to pressure. It comes into this country from Lucca and Florence in jars and flasks.

Froperties and Uses.�Olive oil is a demulcent and an emollient, and, on the authority of Pro�fessor Varnell, a laxative to the horse ; and although mild in its operation, it is preferred by him to the other oils generallj^r employed, on account of its being less nauseating. Some consider it to be uncertain in its action. What agent is not so occasionally ? Its colour should be a pale yellow, odour and taste none, but soft and agreeable in the mouth. It is the lightest of all the fixed oils, its specific gravity being -Qlb. It boils at 600deg;, or rather at this tem�perature it undergoes decomposition; and con�geals at 38deg; F., which is regarded as a test of its purity. It is commonly used as a vehicle for more active substances, and particularly in the formation of liniments and some ointments. For ordinary purposes, that which is sold in the shops by the name of second olive oil, it being two years old, is as good as can be required.

Oleum Palmje, Palm Oil.

This vegetable butter was described in my former editions as being obtained from the kernels of the

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fruit of the cocos lutyracea, or Mackaw tree, a species of palm found in the Brazils. The nut being broken, the kernels are first coarsely pounded, or ground in a mill, and then macerated in hot water to separate the oil, which, rising to the sur�face, concretes as it cools. It is afterwards puri�fied by washing in hot water. Sometimes expres�sion between two plates of iron is resorted to. From -Jj- to -f^ of a fixed oil are thus obtained. The palm oil now met with in the shops appears, however, to be imported from Guinea, where it is procured by expression from the fruit of the elais guineenis.

Composition.�Stearin.....31

Elain......69

100

Properties and Uses.�Palm oil is of the consis�tence of hog's lard, granular, and has a rich orange-yellow colour, which it loses on exposure to the air, as it does its odour, which is agreeable, resem-bling that of violets. It is an emollient, and sometimes used in the place'iof lard, with which it is frequently adulterated, turmeric root in powder being added to give to the compound colour. The fraud is easily detected by melting.

Another of the vegetable butters, the use of

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which lias been much advocated by those of the old school, is the expressed oil of the Latjetts kobilis�oleum laurincs�obtained by exposing the berries to the action of the vapour of water, till thoroughly soaked, and then subjecting them to pressure. Two pounds of berries thus treated furnish about three ounces of oil, of a greenish colour, barely the consistence of soft butter, and having the smell of the bay. It is partially soluble in alcohol, and completely so in ether and the volatile oils.

Its action is that of a gentle stimulant, being externally applied for sprains and bruises. It has been also used combined with turpentine, and other more active agents.

Oleum Rapi, Sajje Oil.

A fixed oil obtained from the seeds of the wild rape�brassica rapus�by expression, and used for liniments instead of the olive oil. For common purposes, and when required to be more stimulating, as in mange, amp;c., the whale oil�cetaceum oleum� may be substituted.

Oleum Eicini, Castor Oil. This is a fixed oil, obtained by the expression of

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the seeds of a gourd growing in Java and tbrougt-out India. It would seem to have been used from the very earliest times, both by Hindoos, Egyptians, and Greeks; indeed, its name is derived from the Greek for quot; Tick,quot; which insect the seeds resemble in appearance. In India, the plant attains the height of sixteen to twenty feet, living for many years. Tbe oil may be also obtained from the seeds by boiling them in waiter ; or, as before said, by expression, with or #9632;without the aid of heat. That which is cold-drawn is preferred. The mar�ket is supplied #9632;with it from the East and West Indies and North America. It should have only a pale straw colour, a faint, though perhaps, not pleasant smell, and but little acridity. Its purity is ascertained by its being quot; entirely dissolved in its own volume of alcohol.quot; Its action is that of a laxative, and it is often resorted to for the dog, being given in doses of from half an ounce to an ounce. Its activity may be increased by the addi�tion of the oil of turpentine, when it becomes an efficient purgative to this animal, but not always a safe one.

Linseed oil, as already stated, is commonly pre�ferred to castor oil for the horse, and also for cattle and sheep ; the effects of the last-named oil on those animals being that of an irritant, without a corresponding action on the bowels.

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Composition.�One hundred parts of tlie seeds yielded

23-82 hard covering, 09 09 kernel, 709 moisture.

100

The kernels gave

46-19 fixed oil,

2-40 gum, 20-00 starch and lignine, �50 albumine.

6909

Miallie says, the intimate composition of this oil is not sufficiently known to enable us to deter�mine its efl'ects on the system. In this respect we are reduced to conjectures based upon this and that analogy. The purgative action may be attri�buted�(1) to a volatile acid analogous to the cro-tonic acid of the oil of croton; (2) to a resinous matter of great acridity characteristic of all ihe euphorbiacese; (3) to a property peculiar to it.

As to the acid analogous to crotonic acid, it is so volatile, as M. Gibourt has shown, that it will not long remain in the oil. Soubeiran thinks that it is in the resinous matter its purgative properties re-

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side, for lie has obtained f-om this oil a very acrid resin, in. every respect similar to the resin common to the euphorbiacese.

Professor Tuson instituted a series of experiments by which he isolated an alkaloid from the seeds of the castor-oil plant, and to which he has given the name of Ricinine. He does not, however, consider this to be the purgative principle existing in either the seeds or the oil expressed from them. He describes it as crystallising in rectangular prisms and cubes. quot;When placed on the tongue, it slowly manifests a feebly bitter taste, resembling some�what that of bitter almonds. Cautiously heated on a microscope slide, it melts and forms a perfectly co�lourless and mobile fluid, which on cooling solidifies into a whorl of acicular crystals. Heated between two watch-glasses, a sublimate is obtained, which appears to be unaltered ricinine. Strongly heated on platinum foil ricinine first melts and subsequently burns with a highly luminous and fuliginous flame. The best solvents for it are water and alcohol. {See Veterinarian, vol. xxxvii, p. 266.)

Opium, Opium.

The inspissated Juice of the unripe Seed-vessels of the White Poppy�Papavcr Somniferum.

This species of poppy is a native of the southern

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parts of Asia, wliere it flowers in Tebruary. It has been found growing wild in tliis country, and is largely cultivated at Mitcham, in Surrey, for the sake of its capsules, which are employed in medi�cated fomentations ; and also its seeds, which yield on pressure, a bland oil, nsed in the arts. Here the flowers do not appear till June or July.

Every part of the plants abounds with a milky juice ; but that yielded by the seed-vessels is alone employed medicinally. In the East, as in Persia, Turkey, and India, the manner of preparing opium is extremely simple. The capsules or seed-vessels, about a week after the petals have fallen from the stalk, are wounded with a five-edged cutting in�strument, both in a transverse and vertical direc�tion, so that the cells containing the juice may be opened. This is done in the evening, and in the morning the juice which has exuded during the night is scraped off by means of a piece of iron, placed on a poppy-leaf held in the left hand, and then put into an earthen vessel and evaporated in the sun until of a due consistence. It is afterwards formed by the hand into masses, and then covered with tobacco or poppy-leaves. That which comes from Turkey is usually invested with the reddish capsules of a species of rumex, which is considered to be indicative of its goodness. Opium is im�ported into this country in chests, and the market

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is principally supplied from Turkey and India. That from Turkey is preferred, as it contains a larger quantity of the soporific principle.

Composition.�No article of the materia mediea has so much occupied the attention of chemists as this drug. Through their labours we have arrived at a knowlege that the activity of this valuable agent depends essentially upon the presence of two principles, a meconate of morphia and narcotine; besides which, there are found in it several of the proximate principles of vegetables, as gum, resin, extractive, volatile and fixed oil, caoutchouc, a brown acid, and the sulphates of lime and potassa, with certain alkaloids denominated codeia, nar-eeia, meconia, and thebaina or paramorphia and others.

The alkaloid, morphia, united to its peculiar acid, the meconic, it is commonly said, gives to opium its soporific properties. To narcotine Las been attri�buted the stimulating effects which are known to take place on the administration of this drug, before its sedative action is manifested. It therefore follows, that, if the one be separated from the other, an advantage is gained ; and this has been effected for the practitioner of human medicine. By the veterinary surgeon, however, the opium of com�merce is commonly made use of; none of the salts of morphia, that I am aware of, being employed by

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him. I have given several of them, but not with such results as would warrant me in recommending them to the notice of the profession.

Dr. G-arrod says, quot; Of the components of opium, morphia is -par exellence the important principle. It possesses the anodyne and soporific power of opium, and gives to opium its valuable properties. Good Turkey opium contains only about ten per cent, of morphia, and it is only four times as strong as crude opium; hence all the power of the drug is not contained in morphia. Codeia is another alkaloid contained in opium. It has been pre�scribed in France and England as a substitute for morphia. !Narcotine was at one time thought to be the narcotic principle of opium; but such has been proved not to be the case. Meconine is also devoid of power. The resinous matter of opium, doubtless, exerts considerable power. It is soluble in spirit. The resins have been administered to patients, and have produced contraction of the pupils, nausea, and giddiness. Possibly many of the unpleasant effects of opium may be attributed to the resinous portions of the drug.quot;

Frpperties and Uses.�Opium, when good, is a solid, opaque, tenacious substance, yielding to pressure, and softening in the hand ; of a reddish-brown colour, tolerably smooth and uniform in texture, and having a peculiar heavy narcotic odour.

pnAHKACT.

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When dried and powdered (in whicli state it should be kept in the pharmacy in closely stoppered bottles), it has a light-fawn colour, and its taste is nauseous and bitter. It should be rejected when it is either very soft, greasy, friable, of a black colour, or mixed with many impurities ; also when it has a sweetish taste, or marks paper with a brown continuous streak if drawn across it, or when it melts like wax, and forms a yellow solution with water. It is partly soluble in water, alcohol, ether, wine, vinegar, and lemon-juice. The best solvent is diluted alcohol.

Opium is an invaluable narcotic and antispas-modic; it also acts indirectly as an astringent through its influence on the liver. It may be given in doses of from 5j to 5ijj in the form of a watery or a spirituous solution, or of ball; the last two forms being most desirable when it is em�ployed as an antispasmodic. The watery solution, or, perhaps, more correctly speaking, the watery mixture, is to be advocated when its narcotic effects are principally called for. I am acquainted with several practitioners who rely on the aid of this agent after bloodletting, in cases of inflam�mation of the bowels, uterus, amp;c., and they speak of it in terms of the highest commendation; and the instances that have fallen under my notice, in which this drug has been employed, enable me to

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corroborate their statements. The quantity usually administered is two drachms at first, rubbed down with warm water, so as to form a draught; and a drachm is given every hour afterwards, until relief is obtained. The pain is subdued by it, and sleep frequently supervenes. Occasionally, the first dose is blended with oil, although little is to be appre�hended from the torpidity of the bowels, which sometimes takes place, as this can be easily ob�viated by the exhibition of half a pint or more of linseed oil on the following morning. In smaller doses, opium has been recommended in chronic coughs, when it has afforded marked relief by allaying irritation. As an astringent in cases of superpurgation, a drachm may be thrown up in the form of a clyster, the menstruum being thin starch or gruel. This may be repeated if found neces�sary. It may also be given in combination with chalk.

As an antispasmodic, the spirituous solution or tincture is generally resorted to, in doses of from fjj to f^ij. A watery solution of aloes is sometimes added to it, or the oil of turpentine is blended with it, the proportions of the former being from f^ij to fjiv, and of the latter fgj to fjij. The tincture, commonly called Laudanum, is thus made:

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Tinctuea Opii, Tincture of Opium. Vulffo, Laudanum.

Take of Hard Opium, powdered . 3 ounces,

Proof Spirit.....2 pints.

Macerate for fourteen days, and filter for use.

In addition to this being employed as an anti-spasmodic, sometimes a few drops of it are directed to be poured into the eye in the second stage of oph�thalmia, when the inflammatory action is lessened, and yet much suffusion remains. Its influence would appear to be twofold; it induces healthy action, and, at the same time, allays irritation.

Mr. C. Dickens advocates the use of what he designates the Etheeial Tincttjeb of Opium, made by macerating for twenty-eight days:

Turkey Opium.....1 pound, in

Spirit of Nitrous Ether . . 8 pounds ;

the dose of which is from fjss to fjij.

In a letter received from him respecting it, he says, quot; As a remedy for spasmodic colic, it has with me no rival. It supersedes the oil of turpentine, since there is not that to be apprehended from it should inflammation have commenced. I use it also in cases of gastro-enteritis, so common with hard-worked horses, which cannot bear the abstrac-

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tion of blood. An ounce or two given in combina�tion with aloes will almost work wonders.

quot; Sometimes we meet witb cases of spontaneous purging in cattle attended with rigors, produced by their being exposed to wet and a north-east wind: here I give it with the sulphate of magnesia. Fre�quently I prescribe it in conjunction with a mild aperient after long and difficult parturition, when the vital powers begin to flag. In sheep also, if judiciously employed, I think it might prove valu�able in the lambing season.quot;

In such cases as those referred to by Mr. Dickens, it long since suggested itself to me that, if an ammoniated tincture of opium were formed, by substituting the aromatic spirit of ammonia,�made according to the formula given by the Edinburgh College, and inserted in this Manual because it is to be preferred for veterinary purposes,�for proof spirit, a far more valuable compound would be obtained. It may, perhaps, be considered by some persons deserving a trial, although, I confess, I am not desirous of multiplying formula) without just reasons for doing so.

All compounds are nearly inert, in the diarrhoea and dysentery of Cattle and Sueep, into which opium does not enter. On account of the irritable character of the mucous membrane of the stomach of the Dog, according to Mr. Youatt, it is best

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administered to that animal in the form of the syrup of white poppies.

Incomjpatibles.�The alkalies and their carbon�ates, which precipitate the morphia from a watery solution of opium ; also the acetate and subacetate of lead, bichloride of mercury, nitrate of silver, the sulphates of zinc, iron, and copper, and all astrin�gent vegetable infusions.

Although the use of opium has been condemned by some persons on account of the violent effects induced by it under certain states of the system, yet I believe it to be an agent of great power and value, and one which the practitioner of veterinary medicine cannot afford to dispense with. And as it respects an over-dose, but little is to be appre�hended, as very large quantities may be given to the horse almost with impunity. I have frequently administered half an ounce and an ounce, and, for experimental purposes, two and four ounces have been given, and no very serious effects have resulted. Should we, however, have reason to suppose that this drug has been productive of fatal consequences, arising from circumstances already adverted to, I should apprehend the odour, which is peculiar and characteristic, would be sufficient for our decision in a post-mortem investigation.

quot; In medico-legal researches,quot; says Christison, quot; the most important characters of opium, or its

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preparations, to be kept in. view are, the peculiar odour, the action of nitric acid on morpliia, and that of the salts of iron on meconic acid. The odour is heightened, though also modified, hy raisiug the temperature of the fluid containing opium to about 200deg;. When no odour is remarked on doing so, it is seldom possible to develop the two remaining characters. These cannot be applied in the instance of organic mixtures without first making an aqueous extract, and then, from this, an alcoholic one. If the alcoholic extract present the peculiar bitterness of opium ; if its watery solution, when acted on by ammonia, cautiously added so as to avoid an excess, yields a precipitate which becomes yellow with nitric acid ; and if, after the separation of this precipitate, the remaining fluid gives, with acetate of lead, a precipitate, which, when decomposed in water by sulphuretted hy�drogen, imparts to the water the property of becoming deep cherry-red with sesquichloride of iron,�the evidence of opium is irrefragable.'^;

Probably the state of the tissues may be taken as corroborative, as it has been found in cases of poisoning with narcotic agents that they quickly run into a state of decomposition. The develop�ment of the active principle, however, is alone to be relied on.

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Petroleum, Petroleum.

Literally roch-oil. A liquid whicli flows from fissures in rocks in many parts of the world, and supposed to be produced by tbe decomposition of vegetable matter by subterraneous fires. In the island of Barbadoes it is often met with in large quantities floating on the surface of lakes ; hence the name Petroleum Barhadense, Bahrados Petro-letim, or Barbadoes Tar. Sometimes it is dis�tinguished by the terms mineral tar, and green naphtha. It is stated by Mr. Hughes to be pro�cured by digging a hole or trench, very near where it oozes from the earth, which by degrees becomes filled with water, and on it the liquid bitumen is seen to float, whence it is skimmed off during the months of January, February, and March.

Composition.�The composition of petroleum is exceedingly complex. It consists chiefly of a mixture of many hydrocarbons.

Properties and Uses.�At ordinary temperatures it has the consistence of treacle, is of a blackish colour, and reflects a greenish light. The odour and taste are bitiiminous. It is inflammable, burning with much smoke, and leaving a carbo�naceous residuum. Subjected to fractional distil�lation, it yields gaseous and liquid combiuations of

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carbon witli hydrogen. Ey a crude distillation a mixture of these liquid hydrocarbons is procured, winch is sold under the name of quot;naphtha,quot; and what remains in the retort is analogous to as-phaltutn. It is of less specific gravity than water, in which it is insoluble, but mixes readily with oils.

Some have advocated the use of this agent on account of its stimulating influence on the organs of secretion, particularly the skin, kidneys, and mucous surfaces; hence it has been stated to be a sudorific, a diuretic, and an expectorant. It has been thought to afford relief in coughs, whether recent or chronic, and also in other affections of the respiratory organs, as broken wind, thick wind, and roaring. The dose may be from Jij to Jiv, or even more, given either in the form of draught or balls.

I confess I have not seen much benefit follow its use, the kidneys having been the only organs visibly afi'ected by it in the experiments to which I refer ; but a more extensive trial of it is perhaps warranted, from the high terms in which it has been spoken of as a remedial agent, particularly by the late Mr. Charles Clark.

Externally it is a stimulant, and may be em�ployed in many cutaneous diseases, as lepra, herpes, and mange: also for wounds, chronic ulcers, grease,

PHARMACY.

407

amp;c., in which, being applied by means of a fine brush, it quickly brings about the healing pro�cess. It has likewise been recommended in foot cases ; but whether its properties are such as to supplant the use of the common vegetable tar, I will not take upon myself to assert.

PimejS'ta BACC��, Pimenta Berries.

Common names : Allspice, Jamaica Pepper.

� Pimenta berries are the unripe seed-vessels of a tree growing in South America and tbe West India islands, particularly Jamaica. As soon as the seed-vessels are properly formed, they are gathered by the hand, and, being spread on cloths, are exposed to the action of the sun's rays, when they change from a green to a brown colour. A tree will sometimes yield 150 lbs. of raw fruit, or 100 lbs. when dry.

Composition.�Volatile oil, resin, extractive matter, tannic and gallic acids.

Properties and Uses.�Pimenta berries have an aromatic and agreeable odour, resembling a mix�ture of spices ; hence the name allspice. Their tasteis warm and pungent. These qualities chiefly reside in the cortical covering, and are extracted by proof spirit. Tbe berries should be chosen small and hard.

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Medicinally they may be regarded, as a stimulant and tonic, and may be given in doses of from 5ij to 5iv.

A TraxT�EE of Pimenta, made by macerating for several days one pound of the bruised berries in six pints of proof spirit, has been strongly advocated by Mr. Bracy Clarke as antispasmodic. The dose, as given by him, is four ounces every hour until relief is afforded.

Pix B�kgujndica, Burgundy JPiicli.

This is obtained from the spruce fir by inci�sions being made into its bark daring the summer months; whence a resinous juice tardily flows, and which concretes in flakes on exposure to the air. These are removed as they accumulate by an iron instrument; and, being melted in boilers with water, the resinous fluid is pressed through cloths, and poured into casks for exportation. The mar�ket appears to be supplied principally from Switzerland.

Properties and Uses.�Burgundy pitch is a brittle opaque compound, having a dull yellow colour, and a terebinthinate odour.

It is a stimulant and rubefacient in its astion, and, when softened with a little of the oil of tur�pentine, will form an adhesive plaster, which may be substituted for the quot; chargequot; of the farriers.

mam

PnAllMACT.

409

A fictitious article is made by druggists by melting together common turpentine and resin, and the fraud is not easy of detection; but as all the compounds of turpentine possess nearly the same medicinal properties, it is not, perhaps, a matter of much moment.

Pix Liqtjida, Tar.

This compound is obtained by subjecting the roots and billets of the fir woods to smothered combustion. Por this purpose, a conical hole is dug in the earth, and at its bottom a gutter or channel is made, which is connected with a reservoir ; the side of a hill is therefore commonly chosen. The excavation being filled, the wood is raised in a conical form above it, and covered with turf. The pile is now kindled near the top, and combustion going on from above downwards, the wood is converted into charcoal, while the terebin-thinate vapours and smoke becoming condensed assume the liquid form, which, flowing out through the channel or gutter, constitutes common tar. The northern states of Europe, Russia, Norway, and Sweden, largely supply the market; although considerable quantities are now obtained by the destructive distillation of wood for the procura�tion of pyroligneous acid.

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Composition.�Tar, thus obtained, is the result of the decomposition of wood by heat. Its consti�tuents are hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, like carbolic acid, acetic acid, and other substances. When distilled, these bodies pass over and pitch is left behind in the retort. Similar products are obtained by destruc�tively distilling coal, and constitute quot; coal tar.quot;

Properties and Uses.�Tar is of a brownish-black colour, adhesive, and varying in consistence with the temperature of the air. Thinly spread out, its more volatile parts evaporate, and a resi�nous substance remains behind. Its taste is hot and disagreeable, the smell penetrating, and not objected to by most persons.

It is mostly used as an external applicant, being a rubefacient and excitant. quot;When applied to the skin it has been found serviceable in mange and other cutaneous affections, having been previously mixed with oil or lard; but the pyroligneous oil of tar has justly obtained the preference at the Eoyal Veterinary College.

For chronic eczema and impetigo its use has also been advocated. The following is a form in which it has been successfully employed for the dog when affected with these diseases.

Take of Purified Tar, two or more parts,

Glycerin, thirty parts, heat, and add

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Starch, fifteen parts, mixing them intimately together.

This is stated to assuage the itching when all other means have failed, and to be an eftectual as�tringent and resolvent. Moreover it is easily re�moved by water.

Tar is a common remedy for some diseases of the feet. Frush or thrush in the horse, generally yields to the stimulus imparted by it; and if mixed with a little grease, and smeared over the wall and sole, it gives elasticity to the horn, and causes an increase of its growth. These effects are to be seen in the plan now very generally adopted of interposing leather soles between the shoes and the feet, and filling the interstices with tow saturated with tar. But the compound em�ployed at the lioyal quot;Veterinary College for this purpose is the following:

Stopping for Feet.

Take of Common Tar......2 parts,

Soft Soap.......1 part,

Ground Linseeds, a sufficient quantity to give tenacity to the whole. This is spread over the sole of the foot, about the thickness of a quarter of an inch, and then a layer of tow is laid on it, and over all the leather is placed.

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Por Cattle, quot; tar sjiread upon coarse cloth is the best covering for broken horns, and excludes both the fly and atmospheric air. It is useful for the same purpose in cases of wounds puncturing the belly or chest.quot; It will also be found of service in slight attacks of foot-rot in sheep.

As a common foot ointment for all our do�mesticated animals, the following may be em�ployed:

Unguektiim Picis Liquidje, Ointment of Tar.

Take of Common Tar, Lard, and Eesin, of eacli equal parts.

Melt together, so as to form an ointment. Or a mixture of equal parts tar and glycerin may be substituted for the above.

A very common application for that phagedenic ulceration to which the vascular parts of the foot are so subject, denominated canher, is a mixture of tar and nitric acid. The proportions usually employed are, four of the former to one of the latter. On being mixed togetber, mutual decom�position of a portion of each takes place. And although the action of the concentrated acids on bituminous substances is not well understood, yet, when their union is brought about suddenly, it

PHABMACT.

413

is always accompanied hy an elevation of tem�perature and the extrication of much gaseous matter. Its temperature is then about 160deg;. Bt long standing a viscid resinous mass is deposited.

A method more in accordance with science would be, to dress the fungoid granulations either with undiluted or diluted nitric acid, as the case may require, and afterwards apply the tar, giving compression by means of suitable bandages.

Fix Nigea, Blaclc Pitch.

If tar be subjected to distillation, an empyreu-matic oil passes over into the receiver, and a resi�nous mass remains behind, which is pitch ; but it is very rarely thus obtained. It is more com�monly procured by setting tar on fire, and burning it until it becomes of the required consistence, which is known by dipping a stick into it. Three barrels of tar yield about two of pitch. It is also made by boiling together refuse resin and common tar.

Pitch is more adhesive than common tar, and may, like it, be designated a rubefacient. Occa�sionally it forms the basis of coarse plasters, but it is not very generally used, except for the ban�dages round the hoof in sand-crack, and occa�sionally as a quot; charge ;quot; for which the Burgundy

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pitch, before spoken of, is a preferable agent. The following form has been given by Mr. S. Pisher in his Piuze Essay on quot; Diseases of the Bursa) Mucosas,quot; which may be designated a

Mercurial Charge.

Take of Black or Burgundy Pitch,

Yellow Wax, of each . . .nbsp; nbsp; Impound,

Strong Mercurial Ointment.nbsp; nbsp; 6 ounces.

Iodine .......nbsp; nbsp; 6 drachms.

To the melted pitch and wax add, while cooling, the mercurial ointment and iodine previously blended together, and intimately mix.

Pi/dmbuii, Lead.

This metal is familiarly known to most persons. It rarely occurs native in the pure state, but it is found largely combined with sulphur, also as a sulphate and carbonate forming a great variety of ores.

The native sulphide is an abundant mineral, and from it the greater quantity of the metal is procured. The ore is broken into small pieces, mixed with lime, and exposed to a strong heat in a furnace. The scoria or slag being raked off, the fluid metal

PHAEMACT.

415

is run into moulds, in which state it has received the name of pig-lead.

Lead has a bluish-white colour, and much lustre, which, however, it soon loses on exposure to the air, becoming covered with a crust of carbonate. It is insipid, but emits a disagreeable odour when rubbed. It stains the �Dgers and paper, has a specific gravity of ITMS, and is both soft and flexible. It melts at 610deg; F., and at high tempe�ratures rapidly combines with oxygen. Weight of its atom, 103-5 or 207. Symbol Pb.

In its metallic state lead would seem to exert but little if any action on the animal system. Pro�fessor Tuson, however, has placed on record several interesting cases of poisoning by bullet-spray in the Veterinarian for 18G4, p. 509. If the metal be oxidized or combined with acids, compounds are formed which prove energetic poisons. Horses and cattle in the neighbourhood of lead-works are, by the slow introduction of some of the compounds of this metal into the system, either by their drinking of the w^Tater impregnated with the car�bonate, or eating of the herbage on which an oxide may have lodged, and which quickly becomes carbonated, very subject to affections of the bowels, accompanied with violent griping pains and con�stipation (colicapictonuni), which commonly prove fatal. The approach of the disease is indicated by

4.1C

A MANUAL OF

a disordered state of the stomach and a morbid appetite. The animals eat voraciously, and for a time acquire flesh. Nothing, indeed, appears to be refused by them ; for even masses of lead ore and pieces of brick have sometimes been found in the rumen of cattle. This is soon followed by obstinate constipation of the bowels,and laboured respiration, with other concomitants, which are extremely diffi�cult to combat. It has been conjectured that the energy of the motor nerves is exhausted by the agent, the muscular fibre being rendered by it pale and flaccid. Its astringent action has been re�ferred to its power of corrugating the circular order of fibres of the intestines. I would rather attribute it to the first-named cause, by which partial paralysis is induced, and the alimentary tube is, consequently, unable to pass onwards its contents. Poultry become affected with hemi-plegia from the same cause.

Active purgatives, consisting of the sulphate of magnesia with croton, followed up by opium, are the remedies usually had recourse to. The human practitioner advocates the use of alum in lead colic combining it with opium or camphor. Its action is not well understood; but it is said to abate flatulence, mitigate pain, and open the bowels more certainly than any other agent, and that, frequently, when other powerful remedies have failed. Pos-

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sibly its operation is referable to the chemical decomposition of the salts of lead ; the sulphuric acid combining with the oxide of the metal to form an insoluble sulphate, while the remaining sulphate of potassa acts as a purgative. The phosphate of soda has also been highly extolled as an antidote. As a preventive, dilute sulphuric acid may be given in the animal's water, so as to form an insoluble sulphate, which may be expelled by the occasional interposition of a cathartic.

Plumbi Acetas, Acetate of Lead.

Old Names : Superacetate of Lead, Sugar of Lead,

Cerussa Acetata.

Take of Oxide of Lead, in powder, 2 pounds. Acetic Acid, 2 pints. Distilled Water, 1 pint.

Having mixed the acid and water together, add the oxide of lead, and a gentle heat being applied, filter the solution through paper; evaporate and crystallize.

Although such is the process directed by the British PharmacopoBia for obtaining this salt, and it diifers from the last formula, yet it is but seldom had recourse to.

Acetate of lead, or sugar of lead, as it is desig�nated in the arts, is much used by calico-printers;

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and large quantities of it are made in Holland by immersing sheets of lead in pots half filled with distilled vinegar. The upper surface, by the action of the evaporating vinegar on it, first becomes oxidized and then covered with a carbonate; the coil being now inverted, the carbonate is changed into an acetate by solution in the vinegar; and the other portion of the lead, in its turn, is acted on in like manner. This process is continued until the vinegar becomes turbid, when the solution is boiled down in tin vessels and set aside, so that crystals may form.

Decomposition. � Hydrated acetic acid decom�poses the carbonate of lead forming acetate of lead, carbonic acid, and water.

Composition.�VhO, C₄H₃0₃ 3HO, or Pb C₄H^. 3H₂0, or

1 atom Oxide of Lead = 112 1 � Acetic Acid . = 51 3 atoms quot;Water 9x3= 27

Equivalent .... 190

Properties and Uses.�Acetate of lead occurs in the shops in the form of irregular masses, made up of acicular four-sided prisms, aggregated toge�ther. It is inodorous, and has a sweet and astrin�gent taste. It is soluble in twenty-five parts of

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water, which, if it contain but the least trace of a soluble carbonate throws down a precipitate of the carbonate of lead: this may be prevented by the addition of a little acetic acid. Its specific gravity is 2^,35.

The acetate of lead is seldom administered inter�nally to the horse, although it is a powerful sedative and astringent. It is frequently given by the human practitioner in cases of internal hasmor-rhage, for which it may be also employed by the veterinary surgeon, whether the bleeding takes place from the lungs, liver, kidneys, or mucous membranes. It appears to act not only as a seda�tive, but also by corrugating the extreme ends of the bleeding vessels, thus operating as a styptic; or it assists in forming a coagulnm there, and thus prevents the escape of more blood. In cases of protracted diarrhoea and diabetes it has sometimes been found of service. The dose may be from 51 to 5ij, or even more.

It is employed as a collyrium in ophthalmia, when a few grains may be dissolved in distilled water, the proportions being from gr. x to xx in f^viij water ; but, as a local application for phleg-

I monous inflammation, the quantity may be in�creased. Tot this purpose, however, preference appears to be given to the compound next to be described.

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LiyuoE Pitjubi Scbacetatis, Solution of the Subacctate of Lead.

Old Names: Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, G-oulard's EKtract, Aqua Vegeto-mineralis.

The formula for this compound is also changed.

Take of Acetate of Lead ... 2 pounds 3 oz. Oxide of Lead in powder, 1 pound 4 oz. ATater......6 pints.

Boil for half an hour, frequently stirring them; and, when cold, add of distilled water a sufficient quantity to measure six pints; lastly, strain the solution.

Oxide of lead, or litharge, is the yellow protoxide of lead, obtained either as a secondary product in the separation of silver from galena; or by ex�posing those particles of lead which have not been carbonated in lead manufactories to the action of heat in ovens. It consists of PbO, or� 1 atom Lead .... =104 1 raquo; Oxygen . � . = 8

Equivalent . . . .112 and occurs in small, shining, hard scales, which are unacted on by the air, and inodorous.

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Decomposition.�Acetic acid is capable of com�bining #9632;with two equivalents of the oxide of lead, so that, when to the acetate of lead is added the protoxide, a compound is formed consisting of two eqiiivalents of the base and one of acid.

Composition.�ZShO, C^HgOa, or P1)₂C₄H₆0₄, or

2 atoms Oxide of Lead 112 x 2=224 1 atom Acetic Acid . . . = 51

Equivalent . . 275

This is dissolved in variable proportions of water.

Properties and Uses.�This compound has re�ceived the name of Goulard's extract, from its having been introduced by M. Goulard, of Mont-pelier, who appears to have designated it Aqua Vegeto-mineralis; hence the abbreviation once adopted at the College of Aq. Vegeto.

When properly prepared it is colourless, but it often has a yellowish-green colour, an acetous odour, and a sweetish styptic taste. It is decom�posed by the alkalies and the alkaline carbonates and sulphates; therefore, when it is diluted with spring-water, a heavy precipitate of the carbonate and sulphate of lead is thrown down, giving opa-lescence to the whole. Even distilled water, from the presence of a little carbonic acid, will some-

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times occasion a turbidity. It will be inferred from this that only pure distilled water should be employed for its dilution. It is used, externally, for the purpose of reducing superficial inflamma�tion of the skin, and also as a lotion in ophthalmia. It has been conjectured that its value arises from its causing a partial paralysis of the nerves of the part to which it is applied. That the compounds of lead are sedatives, is proved by the fact adverted to, of animals labouring under constipated bowels and colic in the neighbourhood of lead mines. The like effects also will follow the administration of the subacetate of lead in large doses, and the pulse will be rendered less frequent by it; but whether any decided action takes place on its ap�plication to the skin, I will not take upon myself to assert. It has been thought that the whole of the good obtained from the use of saturnine lotions is referable to the direct application of cold, coupled with that which arises from evaporation, to aid which a little rectified spirit is added; but I can see no reason why their influence on the nervous flbrillee, producing partial paralysis, should be dis�allowed. The form in which it is topically applied is as follows :�

PHAEMAXr.

423

LiQron Plumbi S�bacetatis Diixtus, Diluted Solution of the Bubacetate of Lead,

Take of Solution of the Diacetate of Lead, 2 drachms,

Rectified Spirit.....4 drachms,

Distilled quot;Water.....1 pint.

Mix.

When used as a collyrium, the quantity of water is to be doubled.

A valuable liniment for excoriated surfaces, or after the application of a blister or the firing iron, may be made by triturating together one part of the solution of the diacetate of lead and four parts of olive oil. It may bo designated the Liniment of the Subacetate of Lead ; or, for brevity. Lead Lini�ment.

Potassium.

The honour of the discovery of this metal, and through which a new view was taken of the alkaline bodies, belongs to Sir H. Davy. Its properties are interesting and singular. Its colour is bluish white; at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere it is soft, and easily moulded by the fingers; at 32deg; it is hard and brittle, and at

424

A 3I.VNUAL OF

150deg; it is quite fluid. Its speciiic gravity being #9632;S05, it ia consequently lighter than water, o.nd will float upon it. The weight of the atom is 3i). Its symbol K. Its affinity for oxygen is so great that it instantly tarnishes on exposure to the air, becoming coated with an incrustation consisting of hydrated oxide. Projected on water it decomposes this fluid rapidly, combining witli its oxygen, and setting the hydrogen free. The heat evolved in this experiment is sufficiently intense to ignite the hydrogen and to vaporise part of the metal. The latter burns and imparts a violet colour to the flame.

Sir H. Davy first developed the metal by the aid of galvanism. Hydrate of potassa was placed by him between two discs of platinum, ami connected with the poles of the galvanic battery of the Eoyal Institution, when oxygen was evolved at the positive electrode, and minute metallic globules at the negative. These, by union with oxygen, formed potassa: and thus analytically and synthetically it was proved that the alkali potassa consisted of a metal, to which the name potassium was given, combined with oxygen. It was subsequently obtained by fusing the hydrate in a gun-barrel, containing iron-filings : these attracted the oxygen, and, the metal being volatilized was condensed in a receiver containing naphtha. It is now procured by

PHAE1L�.CT.

-125

.subjecting an intimate mixture of carbonate of potassa and charcoal to distillation in iron bottles. The heat required is intense, and the process one in which great caution is necessary.

Potassii Iodtdum, Iodide of Potassium.

Old Name : Hydriodate of Potash. KI or KI.

Is to be obtained by the following process according to the ' British Pharmacopoeia':

quot; Take of Solution of Potash . 1 gallon

J29 ounces, or a quot; -quot;t igt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; \ sufficiency

,, Wood Charcoal, in fine powder Bounces.

quot; Put the solution of potash into a glass or porce�lain vessel, and add the iodine in small quantities at a time with constant agitation, until the solution acquires a permanent brown tint. Evaporate the whole to dryness in a porcelain dish, pulverise the residue, and mix this intimately with the charcoal. Throw the mixture in small quantities at a time, into a red-hot iron crucible, and, when the whole has been brought to a state of fusion, remove the crucible from the fire and pour out its contents. When the fused mass has cooled, dissolve it in two

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pints of boiling distilled water, filter througli paper-wasli the filter with a little boiling distilled water, unite the liquids, and evaporate the whole till a film forms on the surface. Set it aside to cool and crystallise. Drain the crystals, and dry them quickly with a gentle heat. More crystals may be obtained by evaporating the mother liquor and cooling. The salt should be kept in a stoppered bottle.quot;

In preparing potassii iodidum, says a writer in ' The Lancet,' the caustic-alkali process, which is generally followed, is that adopted by the Pharmacopoeia. It is of all the processes hitherto devised the most economical, and yields the best re�sults on a large scale ; but it will generally be found that the salt, after fusion with charcoal, will give a decidedly alkaline solution. It may, however, be rendered neutral by adding solution of iodide of iron as long as a precipitate is formed. In practice we believe it is found more economical to use a solu�tion of potash prepared from perfectly pure carbonate of potash, as in that case little or none of the product is lost in impure mother liquors. In making small qnantities of iodide of potas�sium we can strongly recommend a process lately proposed by Liebig, which consists in allowing phosphorus and iodine to act on each other in the presence of water, by which phospho�ric and hydriodic acids are produced : the phosphoric acid is removed by lime. The solution of iodide of calcium thus ob�tained is decomposed by an exact equivalent of sulphate of potash, and any minute quantity of lime which the solution of iodide of potassium may then contain is removed by a few drops of solution of pure carbonate of potash. The operation

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is certainly somewliat tedious, but as sulphate of potash may be easily obtained chemically pure, the product is also absolutely pure, and cannot by any chance contain iodate.

The Pharmacopoeia gives tests by which the purity of iodide of potassium may be determined, but omits to notice an im�purity which we have observed in many specimens�viz., bromide of potassium. It very often happens, and this is the case at present, that bromine is cheaper than iodine, and as it combines with a large quantity of potassium, it is not an

I unfrequent adulteration. Bromide of potassium is described as being transparent cubical crystals, but the pure salt frequently crystallises either in opaque cubes or in transparent or opaque four-sided prisms. Bromide of ammonium is now so much in use that it has far more right to be includedin the Pharmacopoeia than many preparations which have obtained a place. Its properties have been recently discussed in this journal, so we merely allude to its absence.

Composition.�KI, or 1 atom Iodine . = 127 1 � Potassium = 39

Equivalent . . 166

The late Messrs. Touatt and Karkeek both spoke highly of this compound of iodine. The dose to the horse and for cattle may be from ten to twenty grains, whieh may be repeated during the day, care�fully watching its effects. Mr. Youatt believed it possessed some power to arrest the growth of tubercles in the lungs, and even to disperse them when recently formed. It does not appear to

428

A HAKXAL OF

accumulate in the system like iodine, and it is also more certain in its action. The kidneys are the emunctories by which it is ejected, it being easily detected in the wine after it has been administered for only a short time. For mode of detection, sec page 368.

Iodide of potassium occurs in crystals, -whose form is cubical. It is a colourless, deliquescent salt, possessing a pungent, bitterish taste, and is extremely soluble in water, the solution having the power of readily dissolving iodine. In recti�fied spirit it is less soluble.

Tests.�Being anhydrous, it should lose no weight when heated. It is entirely soluble in water; and the solution effects no change in the colour of litmus or turmeric, which indicates its neutrality. Nitric acid and starch being added to it together, a blue compound is formed.

Incomjjatihles.�Acids, acidulous and metallic salts.

As a topical remedy, the form of ointment is generally preferred.

UNauENTUJi Potassii Iobidi, Ointment of Iodide of Potassium.

Take of Iodide of Potassium . . 1 part,

Lard.......8 parts.

Mis.

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The activity of this compound may be increased by the addition of half a part of iodine, thus forming the U^guexttjii Iodidi Compositum ; or by doubling the quantity of the iodide.

The action of iodine and its compounds is markedly seen on glandular structures, newly-formed parts, and abnormal growths. For the latter they seem to manifest a decided preference, which renders them so valuable as therapeutic agents. By their influence absorption is promoted; and when they have been long and injudiciously given, it is recorded that the mammae of women and the testes of men have almost disappeared. A case, illus�trative of the effects of iodine upon the glandular system, was related to me by Mr. Wardle, who employs this agent largely, and with considerable success. He had been for some weeks exhibiting the iodide of potassium, and also applying it externally, to a bull for an enlarged parotid gland. The reduction of the swelling having been accom�plished, his attention was directed to the testicles of his patient, which had become much diminished in size ; and it was also found that the animal had no desire to copulate. Four mouths' generous keep, however, effectually restored the parts to their pristine state.

In chronic enlargements of the submaxillary, parotid, mammary, and other glands ; in tumours

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of long standing ; for thickening of the integu�ments and indurated swellings about the joints in all our domesticated animals; and for un�healthy ulcerated surfaces, the use of iodine and its compounds is indicated, combining both their internal and external employment. The latter should be accompanied with friction; and as soon as soreness is induced, the application, of the com�pound suspended for a time. A desquamation of the cuticle usually follows this, and a reduc�tion of tbe swelling will soon after be percep�tible.

The iodide has also been successfully resorted to in cases of chronic cough and incipient roaring ; likewise for the removal of nebulae on the cornea.

Unfortunately, it is too often the ease that, if the expectations of the practitioner are not at once realized, the agent is discarded as useless. iNow, the compounds of iodine rank amongst those sub�stances whose operation is slow, but which, at the same time, constitute an important class, as their effects are permanent.

Potassii SriiPHTJEETrM, Sulphide of Potassium. Old Name : Hepar Sulphuris.

This compound is obtained by mixing together one part of sulphur and four parts of carbonate of

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potassa, and then heating them in a covered cru�cible till they imite.

Decomposition.�Sulphide of potassium is the hepar swlphuris, or liver of sulphur, of the older pharmacopoeias. The changes that take place during its formation are somewhat complicated. Fownes says, quot;it is a variable mixture of the two higher sulphides with hyposulphite and sulphate of potassa.quot; Phillips considers it to be a mixture of undecomposed carbonate of potassa with one equivalent of the hyposulphite of potassa, and two equivalents of the pentasulphide of potassium. Had equivalents of sulphur and carbonate of the potassa been employed, and the temperature not raised beyond 482deg; F., then the decomposition of the potassa salt, it appears, would have been complete, by the whole of the carbonic acid being expelled in a gaseous form, and the resulting compound would have been a hyposulphite of potassa and a pentasulphide of potassium. Accepting it as made up of the more perfect salts, essentially its constitution will be KO, S₂0₂ K2S_]0, or

1nbsp;atom Hyposulphite of Potassa . . = 96

2nbsp;atoms Pentasulphide of Potassium = 240

Equivalent .... 336 or K₂S₂0₃ K₂S..

Properties and Uses.�Liver of sulphur is a hard

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substance, of a browniah-yellow colour, becoming white on exposure to air by the absorption of car�bonic acid and oxygen, which renders it useless ; inodorous when dry, but when moistened with water, in which it is readily dissolved it emits a little sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Its taste is acrid and bitter.

Its use has been lately revived at the Yeterinary College, where it is principally employed externall}' in skin affections, in the form of solution or oint�ment, in the proportions of one of the sulphuret to eight of water or of lard. It has also been given as a stimulant and diaphoretic, in doses of from 5ss to 5j to the horse; but its effects as an internal remedy are of questionable efficacy.

Incompatihles.�All the acids, which expel hy-drosulphuric acid and throw down the sulphur. It is also decomposed by solutions of most; of the metals, whir-li, uniting with the sulphur are pre�cipitated in the form of sulphides.

Hydrate 01 Potassa, Potash or Caustic Potash.

This compound may be formed by the action of water on the metal potassinm, when a soluiion of potassa is the result, and by evaporation the hydrated oxide is obtained ; but the espensiveness of this process precludes its general adoption.

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The usual means had recourse to are, the depriving a solution of the carbonate of potassa of its car�bonic acid by the addition of newly-slaked lime, then filtering and evaporating the solution until a dry mass remains, which is afterwards to be fused. The compound is an hydrated protoxide, consisting ofKO. HO, or KHO, or

1 atom Potassium .... =39

1 � Oxygen.....=8

1 � Water.....=9

Equivalent

.56

Hydrate of potassa, when carefully prepared, is a white acrid substance, possessing caustic proper�ties. Cast into moulds, it constitutes the Stjdvas Potass� of the late Pharmacopceia, and, when in solution, the Liquor Fotassw. These compounds are seldom employed in veterinary practice. The deli�quescence of the first is an objection to its general use, otherwise it is a very valuable caustic, and Mr. Coates has lately advocated its employment for bites of rabid animals, in preference to the nitrate of silver, on account of its being more readily diffused, and quickly dissolving the part to which it is applied. Internally the carbonate of potassa is preferred to the solution of potassa, from its being less acrid.

434

A MANTTAL OF

Potasslaquo; Tabteas Acida, Acid Tartrate of Potassa.

Old Names ; Bitartrate of Potassa, Supertartrate of Potash, Cream of Tartar.

This salt is obtained during the vinous fermen�tation of the juice of the grape, being deposited on the sides of the cask, forming a red incrustation known in commerce by the name of crude tartar or argol. This consists of the acid tartrate of potassa, tartrate of lime, colouring matter, ex�tractive, amp;e. It is purified by solution iu boiling water, and adding albumen and wood ashes ; the former, while coagulating, entangles any impu�rities, and causes them to float on the surface of the solution, from which they may be easily re�moved ; the latter aids this by exciting an effer-vesence. Sometimes alumina and charcoal are employed to precipitate the colouring matter.

Composition.�As the elementary constitution of tartarie acid is now doubled, the formula for this salt will be KOJIOABUCho, or KHC_sH₄O_ti, or,

1 atom Potassa .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. = 47

I � Water . . . = 9 1 � Tartarie Acid . = 132

Equivalent .... 188

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Properties and Uses.�Cream of tartar occurs as a brittle white crystalline salt, without odour, and having an acidulous and gritty taste. It requires sixty parts of cold and fifteen of boiling water for its solution. In small doses it acts as a refrigerant and diuretic, and in larger doses as a laxative. By common consent it was almost entirely discarded from veterinary practice on account of its little activity, but latterly it has been introduced as a purgative for Cattle and Sheep ; the close for the former being from gij to ];iij, for the latter from jvj to 5viij, combining it with gentian or ginger. (See ' Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association,' Session 1838-9, p. 213.)

To the Dog it has been given in quantities of from gr. v to gr. x, united with diuretics, in drop�sical affections.

Tests.�It is soluble in water, reddens the colour of litmus, and by a red heat is converted into the carbonate of potassa.

PoTASSiE Caebonas Impuea, Impure Carbonate of Potassa. Vulgo : Potash, Pearlash.

The pearlash of commerce is an impure car�bonate of potassa, rendered so by the presence of

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silicious matter and some other salts. The manner of obtaining it is this : The stems and branches of plants which grow at a distance from the sea are subjected to smothered combnstion. Their ashes being lixiviated, by pouring over them hot or cold water so as to dissolve the alkali, the impregnated solution is evaporated to dryness in iron boilers, when a brownish saline mass remains ; the colour�ing matter and a portion of water being dissipated from this, by calcination in a reverberatory furnace, the salt assumes a spongy texture and a blueish colour. This is pearlash, or potash; and the market is principally supplied with it from Eussia and America.

It has been found that herbaceous plants by incineration yield a large quantity of potassa; shrubs more than trees ; and decayed wood more than either. quot;Wormwood is particularly rich in this salt; hence it was formerly called the salt of wormwood. One thousand pounds of the ashes of this plant afford seven hundred and forty-eight ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;pounds of potash.

The great natural depository for potaysa is the felspar of granitic and other unstratified rocks. When these become disintegrated, so as to form soil, the alkali is set free, and, acquiring solnbility, is taken up by the growing plants.

As the obtainment of potassa from trees or shrubs

PHAEMACX.

437

is becoming more and more restricted, other sources are being sought for, and it has been found in sea-weeds and sea-water, also in some vegetable juices, as that of beet-root; it likewise occurs combined with alumina and silicic acid in granite and associated with common salt in Prussia, and probably other localities ; and it may be obtained in no inconsiderable quantities from the wool of sheep, the greasy matter deposited from the sweat of the animal containing it.

The pearlash of commerce not being sufficiently pure for medicinal purposes, a purification of it has been directed, as follows:

Potass^; Caebonas, Carlonate of Poiassa.

Old Names: Subcarbonate of Potassa, Prepared Kali, Salt of Tartar.

This salt is procured by pouring over the pearl-ash of commerce three or four times its weight of cold water, when a solution of the soluble carbonate is obtained, and the insoluble matters remaiu behind. The water being evaporated by means of heat, a granulated mass results,�car�bonate of potassa,�which, although not perfectly pure, is sufficiently so for all ordinary purposes. A purer salt may be made by calcining cream of

1'!

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tartar (bitartrate of potassa) ; hence the name of salt of tartar, which was once given to this com�pound.

Composition.�In its dry state, KO, CO2 or K,C02 or�

1 atom Potassa . . . . = 47 1 � Carbonic Acid . . = 22

Equivalent .... 69

Usually, however, there is a little water present, forming it into a hydrate, or rather a sesqui-hydrate.

Properties and Uses.�Carbonate of potassa occurs in small white grains, which are imperfectly formed crystals. Its taste is acrid and alkaline ; exposed to the air it rapidly abstracts moisture from it, or undergoes deliquescence, and this solution, from its having an oil-like appearance, was called oil of tartar by the old chemists. On this account, the salt should always be kept in stoppered bottles. It changes vegetable blues to green, neutralizes acids with effervescence, and its base combines with the fatty acids, forming soaps.

It is an antacid and diuretic, and may be given in doses of from 5ij to 5iv. The form of draught is most desirable.

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Professor Varnell informs me that he has given this salt in rheumatic affections in the horse with most decided henefit.

Tests.�It is almost entirely dissolved by water, a little earthy impurity only remaining behind. This solution should afford no precipitate with nitric acid nor chloride of barium, and but little with nitrate of silver. I'otassa and its carbonate may be distinguished from soda and its carbonate by the former deliquescing, by their solutions forming with tartaric acid crystalline compounds, and also by their giving a precipitate with the chloride of platinum after the addition of hydro�chloric acid.

Incompatihles.�Acids, and most salts, whether acid, alkaline, earthy, or metallic.

Potassje Chloeas, Chlorate of Potassa.

Old Names: Oxymuriate of Potash, and Hyper-oxymuriate of Potash.

This salt is prepared by slowly passing a stream of chlorine gas through a cold solution of carbonate of potassa contained in a Woulfe's bottle. When the effervescence has ceased, the solution is to be allowed to stand for twenty-four hours in a cool place, when it will be found to have deposited

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crystals of chlorate of potassa. These are to be washed with cold water, re-dissolved, and re-crystallized.

Decomposition.�Three salts appear to be formed when chlorine comes in contact with a solution of carbonate of potassa, namely, chloride of potas�sium, hypochlorite of potassa, and bicarbonate of potassa. As the quantity of chlorine increases, the last-named compound suffers decomposition ; its carbonic acid is evolved, while its base goes to form more of the other two compounds. The solution now becoming highly charged with the hypochlorite, the action is somewhat changed; chloride of potassium and chlorate of potassa being the final products.

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4 eq. Clilorine............144--------------�p4 eq. Chloride

Pctassium=3C0

r 4 eq. Potassium t eq. Potassa J

L 4 eq. Oxygen

1 eq. Hypochlorite Potassa...... 92--------------^l eq. Chlorate

Pctassa =123

Or if caustic potassa be employed, then a por�tion of the potassa becomes decomposed, its oxygen combining with one portion of chlorine to form chloric acid, while the potassium is taken up by a second portion of the same substance, and re�mains in the mother water.

PHAEMACT.

441

SLiteriah.

' 5 eq. Chlorine

Products.

--5 eq. Chloride of ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Potassium

6 cq. Chlorine

-1 eq. Chlorine

; 5 eq. Potassium 5 eq. Oxygen 1 eq. Potassa

1 eq. Clilorate of rotassa.

Composition.�KO, C10₅, or KC10_;i, or 1 atom Potassa . . . . = 47 1 � Chloric Acid . . . = 76

Equivalent . .

123

The following method of preparing this salt has been proposed by Professor Such. Pass chlorine gas into a mixture of 1 lb. caustic lime, 1 lb. car�bonate of potash, and 8 lbs. of water, so long as any is absorbed. In this way two salts are obtained, the chlorate of potassa and the chloride of calciim. These may be easily separated, since the former crystallizes readily, and the other does not, it being a highly deliquescent salt.

'Properties and Uses.�Chlorate of potassa occurs in the form of colourless crystals or plates of a rhomboidal shape, which are anhydrous, and have a cool and austere taste. Specific gravity, l^-989. When triturated, it appears phosphorescent, and if projected on live coals deflagrates. It is soluble in 18 parts of cold and 2 of boiling water. It

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acts very energetically on many inflammables; and when triturated with sulphur, or charcoal, or phosphorus, inflames with detonation. The last is a dangerous experiment. If mixed with sugar, and a drop of sulpburic acid be poured on it, instantaneous combustion results, in consequence of the evolution of peroxide of chlorine. A mixture of this kind, made into a paste with water, was used for the purpose of obtaining a light before the introduction of what are called lucifers, amp;c.; common sulphur matches were covered with it, which, when dry, were dipped into sulphuric acid.

Chlorate of potassa was proposed as a substitute for nitre in the manufacture of gunpowder; but on a trial of it, by trituration it exploded, and many persons were killed. Heated in a glass retort, it fuses with decrepitation, and gives out nearly forty per cent, of its weight of oxygen. The degree of heat required to effect this is much less if it be previously mixed with a small quantity of the peroxide of manganese, or the oxide of copper. This, however, does not arise fror.i oxygen being disengaged from either of the last-named compounds.

This salt has been used medicinally ; and Pro�fessor Simonds states its effects to be very marked in eases of hoven and tympanitis, it being given in doses of from 5j to 5'j dissolved in water. He

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found it caused a rapid condensation of the gases eliminated; but occasionally fermentation would again be set up in the vegetable matter, on which account he now prefers the aromatic spirit of am�monia. Its mode of operating has been by no means clearly ascertained. By the cbemico-phy-siologists it was supposed to yield oxygen to the system ; but the fact of its passing out unchanged in the urine, the secretion of which it augments, seems somewhat to overthrow this view. Most certainly its action on the stomach and its contents cannot be thus explained. At one time it was thought that the hydrochloric acid of the succus gastricus decomposed the salt, liberating euchlorine, which in its turn decomposed the compounds of hydrogen; but as the desired effect frequently takes place in the rumen of cattle, where the true gastric juice is not met with, this, perhaps, cannot be accepted as the correct explanation. Its opera�tion, therefore, can only be referred to its stimu�lating influence, unless some, as yet unknown, changes are produced by it on the evolved gaseous matters. When inflammation is present, and the use of the aromatic spirit of ammonia is contra-indicated, this salt, on the authority of Professor Simonds, may be advantageously employed.

Chlorate of potassa is said to promote absorption, which it does, it is conjectured, by readily parting

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with its oxygen, thus effecting decomposition to a greater or less degree. If this be so, by thus increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood, we have a means of removing deposits. (For a further account of its therapeutic action see Veterinarian, vol. xxxii, p. 578.)

A solution of this salt has been lately recom�mended by Mr. Coobe, as a lotion for cancerous and other ill-conditioned ulcers. His form is the following:

Take of Chlorate of Potash, gss. Hydrochloric Acid, irvxl. Sedative Solution of Opium, 51), Water, Oj.

In veterinary practice it has been common to use the nitrate of potash for the same purpose ; and if to its solution, in the above proportions, from forty to sixty drops of nitric acid be added, a more effective compound will be obtained.

It is somewhat singular, that all the thsrapeutics employed as excitants to wounds are compounds into which a highly electro-negative agent enters, this being either oxygen, chlorine, or iodine.

Gro through the whole list, you will find this to obtain. And in addition, it may be observed, that the greater the relative amount of the electro�negative agent present, so will be the stimulating influence of the compound.

PHAEMACr.

445

Of these, perhaps, oxygen plays the most im�portant part. It has therefore been thought that their influence depends upon the communicating of these elements to parts in which there is a defi�ciency, indicated by sluggish action and an ill-conditioned appearance of the wound; and thus it is that the healing action is brought about.

On the other hand, when there is a redundancy of the element present, as in phlegmonic inflam�mation, inflamed and irritable sores, amp;c., we make use of sedative agents, so as to diminish the supply of blood; in other words, to lessen the quantity of oxygen sent to the part. In this way it is sup�posed that suppuratives produce action, and lessen inflammation of the diseased part. They abstract from it oxygen. Thus, if we employ a poultice, this remedial agent quickly takes on the acetous fermen�tation, and to do so it must absorb oxygen, which it does from the inflamed part. Or, if we apply the compounds of turpentine or creasote, here we have a preponderance of the electro-positives, namely, of carbon and hydrogen, which also combine with oxygen.

Thus on chemical principles we may be guided in the choice of our local remedies. Avoiding such as contain electro-negative agents when we wish to diminish action, and selecting such when we wish to excite action.

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Tests.�Entirely soluble in water, and the solu�tion is not affected by nitrate of silver. Fusible, and at a higher heat oxygen is given off, leaving a chloride of potassium. A little sulphuric acid renders the crystals first yellow and then red, and expels peroxide of chlorine.

Potass^; Niteas, Nitrate of Potassa.

Old Names: Nitre, Salt Petre.

This salt may be made by saturating nitric acid with potassa ; but it is only procured thus experi�mentally. As a natural product, it is found efflo�rescing on old walls and in caverns, and it exists very abundantly in the soil of India, whence the English market is principally supplied. It is also prepared artificially in France and Germany.

The Presidency of Calcutta annually exports 8000 tons of nitre, which comes into the market in bags containing 164 pounds weight each. The soil appears to be merely lixiviated, and the salt crystallized, when it occurs in small crystals of a dirty-brown colour, which are much contaminated with common salt and other impurities. From these it is separated by solution,�adding a little carbonate of potassa to precipitate the lime,� filtration, and re-crystallization. ToMr. J. Western I am indebted for a sample of the earth containing

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this salt. Lately, a natural deposit of this salt has heen discovered in the Bradford Co., Pennsyl�vania, occurring as a solid uncrystallized deposit in the seams of a silicious or sandstone rock. It contains merely traces of the nitrates of lime and magnesia, amounting to not more than 5 per cent.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

The artificial mode of obtaining nitrate of potassa consists in mixing together animal and vegetable remains with calcareous matter, strewing them in a shallow pit, covered so as to keep off the rain, but permitting, at the same time, the access of atmospheric air, to effect the necessary changes. The whole is frequently stirred, and from time to time a solution of potash, or urine, is thrown over it. At the end of two or three years, the mass yields nitrate of lime in sufficient quantity to render its extraction by lixiviation profitable. The solution of nitrate of lime is mixed with one of potassa, when insoluble carbonate of lime and soluble nitrate of potassa are obtained ; after filtra�tion the nitrate of potassa is submitted to evapora�tion and crystallization.

The change which takes place is this:�The animal matter, undergoing decomposition, evolves ammonia, which is converted by the oxygen of the air into nitric acid. The nitric acid being attracted by the lime of the calcareous matter, a nitrate of

448

A MANtTAL OF

lime is thus obtained, which is decomposed by carbonate of potassa.

Composition.�KC^NOj, K0NO3, or

1 atom Potassa . . 1 � Nitric Acid;.

Equivalent'

= 47 = 54

101

It contains no water of crystallization, but a little is frequently met with interposed between the laminas of its crystals.

Properties and Uses.�Nitrate of potassa occurs in six-sided prismatic crystals, which are colourless and brittle, having a sharp taste, and imparting to the mouth a sensation of coldness. It is soluble in seven parts of water at 60deg;, and in its own weight of boiling water. During solution it lowers the temperature of the water. It is unchanged by the air. Exposed to heat, it undergoes fusion ; and in this state being cast into moulds, it has received the name of sal prunella. If the heat is increased, it suffers decomposition; oxygen gas is given off, and a nitrite of potassa is left behind.

Internally, it is a febrifuge and diuretic. The dose may be from 5ij to 5iv. In order to obtain its full effect as the first, it should be exhibited in the form of ball, so that it may undergo solution in the stomach ; but as a diuretic, it is best given in

wmm

PlIAHMiCT.

449

solution. It passes through the kidneys unchanged, and its presence may be readily detected in the urine by means of bibulous paper immersed in it, which, on being dried and set on fire, deflagrates : or, if the quantity given be large, it may be procured in crystals from the urine. Very large doses of this aalt act as an irritating poison. Two pounds being given in six pints of water to a horse, apparently in health, within half an hour irritation of the mucous lining of the alimentary canal was set up, evidenced by the ficces being voided frequently and in small quantities. The kidneys were soon after excited into increased action, the urine being forcibly expelled, and the act accompanied with much uneasiness. In about four hours after, the pulse had risen to nearly double the number of beats, and the visible mucous membranes were highly injected. Blood being withdrawn from the jugular vein, it presented all the appearance of arterial blood. In the serum the existence of the salt could be detected, and it was obtained in abun�dance from the urine. Irom this period the symp�toms became less urgent, and the pulse gradually regained its healthy standard; but the dung and urine continued to be passed more frequently than natural throughout the day.

Externally applied, nitrate of potassa is a valuable stimulant to wounds, and it may be employed with

29 quot;

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much benefit when gangrene has taken place. For this purpose, a saturated solution should be kept in the pharmacy.

Solutio Pota-Ssje Niteatis, Solution of the Nitrate of Potassa.

Take of Nitrate of Potassa . . 1 part,

quot;Water......7 parts.

Dissolve.

As the salt, -laquo;-hen undergoing solution, robs the water of much heat, this compound may be bene�ficially applied, immediately after it is made, to superficial inflammation and slight sprains.

To Cattle the nitrate of potassa may be given in the same quantities as to the horse. The dose for the Sheep should not exceed one drachm; for the Dog from five to ten grains. As a local remedy it is equally applicable for all animals.

Tests.�It is totally dissolved by distilled water, and the solution affords no precipitate en the addi�tion of the chloride of barium, or the nitrate of silver; proving the absence of the sulphates and chlorides. It liquefies by heat, and yields oxygen, and the remaining salt, rubbed to powder, gives nitrous acid vapours on the addition of sulphuric acid. It is also known by its power of deflagrating when thrown on red-hot charcoal.

PHAEMACT.

451

Incompatibles.�Altm, sulphuric acid, and the sulphates of magnesia, zinc, copper, and iron.

Pteeocaepi Santalini Lignum, Bed Sandal or Sander's Wood.

The tree yielding this wood is a native of India and Ceylon, thriving most luxuriantly in moun�tainous and rocky situations. It is brought to this country in billets, which are heavy, and sink in water; but it is met with in the shops in the form of raspings.

Properties and Uses.�Sander's wood has a rich red colour, which it readily imparts to a mixture of alcohol and water, but not to water alone. A tincture of it may be thus made :

Tinctuea Santalinis Rotjea, Tincture of Bed Sander's Wood.

Take of Raspings of Sander's Wood . 1 ounce, Proof Spirit......2 pints.

Macerate for seven days, and filter for use. It is employed merely for the sake of its colour,

QtriNiE Disuiphas, Disulphate of Quina.

Take of Heart-leaved Cinchona (bruised) 7 pounds, Sulphuric Acid.....i) ounces.

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Purified Animal Charcoal . . 2 ounces, Hydrated Oxide of Lead, Solution of Ammonia, Distilled Water, of each as much as may be sufficient.

Mix four ounpes and two drachms of the sul�phuric acid with six gallons of distilled water, and add the cinchona to them ; boil for an hour, and strain. In the same manner again boil what remains in water and acid, mixed in the same pro�portions, for an hour. Lastly, boil the cinchona in eight gallons of distilled water for three hours, and strain. quot;Wash what remains frequently with boiled distilled water. To the mixed liquors add oxide of lead, while moist, nearly to saturation. Pour off the supernatant liquor, and wash what is thrown down with distilled water. Boil the liquors for a quarter of an hour, and strain; then gradually add solution of ammonia to precipitate the quina. quot;Wash this until nothing alkaline is perceptible. Let what remains be saturated with the rest of the sulphuric acid diluted. After�wards digest with two ounces of animal charcoal, and strain. Lastly, the charcoal being thoroughly washed, evaporate the liquor cautiously, that crystals may be produced.

Decomposition.�hx the various kinds of cin-

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choua there exist two of the vegetable alkaloids, quina and cinchona, in combination with a peculiar acid, called the kinic acid. In some of the varie�ties the former of these alkalies abounds, in others the latter. When treated with diluted sulphuric acid, the solution contains sulphuric acid, kinic acid, and quina, mixed with extractive and colour�ing matter. The latter is absorbed by the animal charcoal. On the addition of oxide of lead, the sulphuric acid is removed in the form of sulphate of lead, which, being insoluble, is precipitated, leaving the kinic acid in union with the quina. By adding ammonia to this, a soluble kinate of ammonia is formed, and quina is precipitated, which is converted into a disulphate by adding sulphuric acid to it.


	Composition. � Quina or C₁₀H₁₂ON. or	consists of C₂₀H₁₂O₂N,
	20 atoms Carbon . 12 � Hydrogen 2 � Oxygen . 1 atom Kitrogen.	. . 6 x 20 = 120 . . 1 X 12 =r 12 . . 8 x 2 = 16 .....= 14.

Equivalent . . . 162

The salt under notice, being a disulphate, is thus constituted:

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2 atoms Quina . . . 162 x 2 = 324 1 atom Sulphuric Acid . . . . = 40 8 atoms Water . . . . 9 x 8 = 72

Equivalent . . . 436

Properties and Uses.�Disulphate of quina occurs in small, colourless, acicular crystals, of a pearly lustre, having a bitter taste, and efflorescing on exposure to the air. It is soluble in 740 parts of cold and 30 of boiling water. Thirty parts of alcohol, at the mean temperature, also take up one of quina; but a much larger quantity is dis�solved by it at the boiling point.

It is a valuable tonic, and enables us to exhibit the active principle of a drug, unaccompanied by inert and superfluous substances. It may be employed after the subsidence of acute inflam�matory action, when much debility yet exists, and it will be found singularly efficacious during the prostration of strength which supervenes influenza, being given in doses of from 5ss to 5j, either alone or combined with other agents of the same class, or a carminative.

The quot; hospital sulphate of quinine,quot; as prepared by Mr. E. Herring, is probably that which will be preferred by the practitioner of veterinary medi�cine, as it differs not from the commercial article

i __

PHABMACT.

155

except that it is not bleached, while the cost is considerably less, owing to the economy of its production : colour being with us of no import�ance whatever. The mode of manufacture is patented; but we are told quot; it is prepared by extracting the colouriug of the bark, by means of a caustic solution of soda or potash; thus avoiding the necessity of using the usual bleaching agent�impure animal charcoal�and dispensing with the iise of alcohol.quot;

Tests.�Soluble in acidulated water ; precipitated by ammonia, and the fluid on being evaporated should not taste of sugar. When chlorine is first added, aud then ammonia, it becomes green. It burns entirely away when strongly heated.

Incompatibles.�The alkalies, their carbonates, and lime-water, which separate the sulphuric acid, and precipitate the quina, as do the soluble salts of barium and lead.

Sabina, Savine.

This plaut is cultivated in our gardens, but is a native of the southern parts of Europe and Asiatic Russia, flowering in April. It is an evergreen bushy shrub, sometimes spreading horizontally, and at others rising several feet in height.

The officinal parts are the tops, which consist of the young branches, with their attached leaves.

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These are to be collected in May. In their fresh state they possess a strong, peculiar odour, and a nauseous, resinous, bitter taste; pi-operties which they lose in some degree on being dried.

Gomposiiion.�Essentially an acrid volatile oil, resin, gallic acid, extractive, and lignin.

Properties and Uses.�The activity of the plant depends upon the volatile oil, which, according to Dumas, is a pure hydro-carbon, and constituted, like the oil of turpentine, of 10 eq. carbon and 8 eq. hydrogen. This is readily yielded to the fixed oils and fat; and water, and spirit also abstract the general properties of savine.

Rarely is savine given internally, although it has been highly extolled as a vermifuge. quot;When admi�nistered in large doses for this purpose, much gastric irritation has supervened, followed by diure�sis, and sometimes violent purging, accompanied with considerable prostration of strength, and a full and irregular pulse. It has been also i-aid so power�fully to excite the uterus as to cause it to expel its contents preternaturally.

Its use is principally as an external application, when it is found to be a powerful local irritant. For this purpose the distilled essential oil may be rubbed on the skin. If applied to sores, it acts on then almost as a caustic. The more common form in which it is employed is that of ointment.

IHAIIJIACY.

457

The powder of the leaves has been before spoken of as an agent for the removal of warta. Its activity as an erodent may be much increased by mixing it #9632;with an equal weight of pulverised verdigris. This compound maybe lilcewiseadvantageously sprinkled over old and indolent ulcers.

UsrouENT�ii Saiin.b, Savine Ointment.

Take of Savine Tops (bruised) Lard......

1nbsp; part,

2nbsp; parts.

Boil together until the leaves becomes crisp, then press through a linen cloth.

The heat should not be great, nor quickly com�municated, as much of the essential oil will then be dissipated. This ointment should be of a fine green colour, and possess the smell of the plant. It is advocated for the purpose of keeping up the action of blisters, constituting what are termed perpetual Misters, It may also be employed for ill-condi�tioned wounds, and to increase the discharge from setons.

Sapo, Sapo Dukus, Sapo Molms. Soap, Sard Soap, Soft Soap.

Soaps are saline compounds resulting from the

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union of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids with an alkaline base, such as soda or potassa.

Fatty and oleaginous matters, before saponifica-tion, consist of these acids in union with the base called glycerin (see page 315). By boiling with an alkali this last-named substance becomes separated, and the acids then combine with one or the other of the above alkaline bases; therefore, soaps are mixtures of oleate, palmitate, and stearate of soda or potassa. When mutton fat is used, the predomi�nating acid will be the stearic ; when olive oil, the palmitic, and when linseed and other oils, the oleic.

Por medicinal purposes, it has been directed that soap should be formed of the purest materials; hence those countries where the olive tree abounds, as the south of Trance, Italy, and Spain, furnish a compound preferable to that of this country. For the uses of the veterinary surgeon, however, this does not appear to be of so much moment, and probably the best kind of hard soap which can be employed by him is the English curd soap ; the only important difference between this and the Spanish or Castile soap being, that the latter is made with olive oil and soda, the former with tallow and soda. The marbled appearance which the Spanish soap has, is imparted to it by sprink�ling into the newly formed compound a little of the oxide of iron or copper.

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The process of making Hard Soap essentially consists in boiling oleaginous or fatty matters in solutions of the alkali soda, rendered caustic by quick-lime, and constantly stirring the mixture until a union has been effected, which is evidenced by its acquiring viscidity: it is then poured into moulds, where it cools, and in a few days becomes hard. A little common salt is likewise added.

Soft Soap is formed by using a ley of potassa instead of soda ; the oils used being the drying oils, although sometimes train or fish oil is resorted to.

Potassa soaps are more soluble in water than those containing soda, and more detergent. Stearate of soda may be regarded as the type of hard soaps, and when in contact with ten times as much water it suffers no striking change. Stearate of potassa forms a thick paste with the same quantity of water. Oleate of soda is soluble in ten parts of water ; the oleate of potassa dissolves in four parts, and forms a jelly with two parts, and possesses such a strong affinity for water, that 100 parts absorb 162 in a moist atmosphere. Palmitic acid a cts similarly to stearic. It follows from this that soaps are soft in proportion to the oleates, and hard in proportion to the stearates and palmitates in them.

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The theory of saponification may be thus illus�trated :

Caustic Alkali ...------�-------------------------^Soaps.

Stearin, Olein, (**** ^Acilt;ls--------quot;

Margarin. (_Gi_y(._erin ...---------------------Glyccrm.

The art of making soft soap appears to depend upon effecting the comhination in such a manner that it ceases not to he in solution; hence the compound is soft or pasty.

Composition.-�This has been already given above ; namely, fatty acids in union with an alkaline base.

Properties and Uses..�The external characters of soaps are too well known to need description. The English curd soap is white, and of a fine consist�ence, does not feel greasy, and has a nauseous alkalescent taste. With water it forms a milky solution. Alcohol dissolves it, forming a nearly pellucid solution.

Soft soap is ahout the consistence of hog's lard, transparent, and has often small granules scattered throughout it, which consist of stearin.

In large doses, soap may prove a laxative. More probably, however, in the quantities in which it is usually administered, namely, from 5J to Jij, it undergoes decomposition in transitu, and its base

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being carried to the kidneys, these organs are roused to slightly increased action by it; but, whether as a cathartic or a diuretic, its action is not to be relied upon. It is more valuable as an antacid, and as such it may be given in much larger quantities, since it is decomposed by the weakest acids, when, its alkaline base being liberated, it combines with and neutralizes them. This is the reason why soap does not form a perfect solution with.hard water: the sulphuric acid of the sulphate of lime in the water unites with the soda or potassa of the soap, and is dissolved, while the margaric, stearic, and oleic acids combine with the lime and rise to the top, forming margarate, stearate, and oleate of lime. Hence, too, its incompatibility with all acids and acidulous salts which will com�bine with its base. Many metallic salts likewise decompose it, as the nitrate of silver, the chloride and bichloride of mercury, and the sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron ; therefore, in excessive doses of any of these compounds, it may be given with advantage.

Externally, it is a stimulant, and is employed beneficially for sprains and contusions, after the inflammatory action has been reduced by the ordinary antiphlogistic remedies. The form of liniment is preferred, which may be thus made:

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LiimiENTUM Saponis Compositum, Compound Liniment of Soap.

Take of Soft Soap ....nbsp; nbsp; 4 ounces,

Camphor ....nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounce,

Proof Spirit ...nbsp; nbsp; 2 pints,

Solution of Ammonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-J pint.

Dissolve the soap and the camphor in the spirit, then add the solution of ammonia, and filter for use.

The old name for this, or a similar compound, is Opodeldoc. Its value as a counter-irritant is perhaps not duly appreciated.

An objection has been raised to the use of soft soap on account of a portion of caustic alkali that it contains. This, as far as our patients are con�cerned, is not a matter of much moment, except it be mixed with the tincture of opium, when the morphia is thrown down after the mixture has been kept for a few days.

Its action might be rendered more powerful by the addition of some essential oil, as that of tur�pentine. But the above compound will be found extremely useful in cases of sprains and bruises after the local inflammation has been subdued; also for tumours, slight attacks of sore throat, amp;c.

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A valuable Anodtne Liniment may be made by mixing with it about one fourth its bulk of the tincture of opium ; but it should not be long kept. This may be beneficially employed for local pains, sprains, rheumatism, amp;c.

Secale CoEsrrTUM, Urgot of Bye. Common Name : Spurred Rje.

Opinions have divided the scientific world re�specting this substance. It appears, however, now to be generally accepted that the ergot is anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; %

distinct parasitic plant, called ergotcetia arhorti-facieiis, which locates itself in the ovaries of many of the grasses. Rye seems to be more frequently attacked by this fungus than any of the other cereals, hence the ergot of rye, or secale cornutum, is most commonly employed medicinally. At one time this peculiar state of the grain was referred to a spontaneous disease, which produced an alter�ation in its usual constituents, the fecula becoming converted into a kind of mucus�iodine giving no indication of the presence of starch�and the gluten into a principle {vegetable osmazome f) very prone to putrefy. At another time it was considered fa) be the result of punctures made by insects ; both opinions being seemingly supported by direct ex�periments. Again, some writers contended for its

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being produced by heat and moisture operating as morbific causes on tbe seeds of certain grasses during their development. Its botanical nature, however, seems to be completely established. Professor Quekett placed some grains of rye, wheat, and barley in a little water, so as to cause them to germinate, and when in this condition he covered them with spornles obtained from the ergot. The greater number of the grains grew and produced seeds, nearly all of which were found by him to be ergotized. It is evident, therefore, that the spores were taken up by the spongioles of the rootlets, and thus carried into the plant. quot; The statements of Leveille, Phillipar, Smith, and Quekett,quot; says Pereira, quot;leave, I think, but little doubt that ergot is a disease of the grain caused by a parasitical fungus. This view is supported by the observations of AViggers, that the white dust (sporidia, Quekett) found on the surface of ergot will produce the disease in any plant (grass ?) if sprinkled on the soil at its roots. Phoebus, win) has most accurately depicted these sporidia, denies that they are spores, on the ground that they are of variable size, and inclose other bodies. But these objections deserve no attention, for, in the first place, by calling these bodies sporidia, we avoid deciding whether they are sporangia or spori; and, secondly, the sporidia of other plants, of the

pnAmiACX.

4G�

fungic nature of which botanists entertain no doubt, also inclose smaller bodies.quot; Phoebus is of opinion that the inner substance of the ergot is the altered albumen, and the outer the degene�rated seed-coat. The little body at the top he regards as the elevated pericarp with some other external parts of fructification. Quekett considers this to be the remairs of the hairy crown of the grain and stigma.

Composition.�Various analyses of ergot have been given, some of which are very complex. Modern analysis makes two essential principles to exist in it, secalin, analogous to the volatile alka�loids, and ergotin, a nitrogenised ftcicl.

M. Boujeau considers that there are in the sccale cornuium a powerful stimulant�extractive, and a narcotic�fixed oil, which is said not to affect the uterus. The active principle is ab-Btraeted by hot water, consequently the form of infusion or decoction has been advocated as the best for its exhibition ; but as this lias a tendency to ferment, it is a good plan to add alcohol or rectified spirit to it; or a tincture of it may be kept ready made, since the diluted alcohol will prove beneficial rather than otherwise. The market is principally supplied with it from North America.

Properties and Uses.�Ergot of rye is a curved,

)

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cylindrical, striated body, usually about half an inch in length; externally of a deep violet colour, and internally whitish. It has a mawkish taste, and bums with a clear yellowish-white flame. Its action is that of a parturient; but it has been said at times to be uncertain in its operation, and few medicinal agents are not. This may arise from the quality of the drug, which is much affected by circumstances. Its activity appears to reside in its investing tunic; and as this may be rubbed off, or washed ofiquot; by rains, the remaining part is inert. Imitations of the ergot, formed of plaster of Paris, have been also found in some sam�ples. To ensure its effects, it should be carefully kept in well-stoppered bottles, and never used after it is one year old, or, at the furthest, two years. The dose, either for the Maee or the Cow, may be from Jij to 5i^v in powder, given in ale or beer, and combined with some carminative : this may be repeated every hour. To the Sheep, from 3j to 3ij may be given; and to the Dog, from five to fifteen grains. The active principles are soluble in water, but, as already observed, the infusion is apt to ferment; therefore the following form, for a tincture of it, may be accepted:

PHAEMACT.

467

Tinctuea Secale CoEmril, Tincture of the Ergot of Bye.

Take of Bruised Ergot of Eye . 1 ounce, Boiling quot;Water ... 2 ounces.

Infuse for twenty-four hours; then add�

Eectified Spirit ... 1^ ounce.

Digest for three days, and filter for use.

As a drachm and a half of this tincture is con�sidered equal in action to twenty grains of the ergot, the dose is easily apportioned.

An ethereal tincture of ergot has heen recom�mended, made by macerating for fourteen days, two ounces of the bruised ergot in four ounces of the compound spirit of sulphuric ether. This form has been found of service when the pains are of a spasmodic character.

Since the ergot of rye acts as an excitement to the parturient uterus, causing contraction in it, it should not be exhibited until the regular and natural throes are considerably diminished, and the pauses between them have somewhat in�creased. I know of but one instance in the mare in which it has been employed with success, and that was by Mr. Walter Eichardson; but both Mr. Touatt and Mr. W. C. Spooner speak highly of it in cattle and other animals labouring under

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difficult and protracted parturition; and such au�thorities as these bear with them their own weight.

This diseased state of the rye grain, constituting the ergot, has often been productive of the most fearful consequences when partaken of in the form of bread by man, whole districts having been aifeeted by it as with an endemic. It has been said that the poison has been so intense that flies settling on the grain have been killed by it; and deer and swine eating it have died in the most horrible convulsions, or have become covered with ulcers which have speedily run on to mortifi�cation.

Dr. Hering says that the ergot of rye acts on the intestinal canal, and on the absorbent and nervous systems, producing sickness and diarrhoea, followed by a slow pulse with giddiness and paralysis ; but its principal effect is on the uterus.

For some other facts connected with ergot, see an article by me in The Veterinarian, vol. xxsii, p. 369.

The Americans appear to have been the first usefully to employ this agent in medicine; for, although it had been before resorted to in Ger�many, yet, on account of an abuse of it, an edict was issued forbidding it any longer to be admi�nistered.

Of its activity as a parturient there can be no

PH A ESI ACT.

409

doubt. It is stated to be a substance of such extraordinary energy as often to compel the womb to render up its contents shortly after its administration : never, then, should it be employed until all the ordinary resources have been com�pletely exhausted, or when, from the atonj' of the parts, all hopes of a favorable expulsion of the foetus have been abandoned. Its stimulating influence upon the uterus indeed is such, that this viscus has been occasionally burst by the violent action which has followed its exhibition, while the death of the foetus has been no uncom�mon result. These effects may, however, be at�tributed to an inordinate dose having been given, or the agent resorted to at an improper time.

Dr. Davis says, quot; the secale ought never to be given where there is an)' natural defect, either in the pelvis or soft parts, capable of producing a powerful obstacle to the expulsion of the foetus ; neither in those cases where the neck of the uterus is hard, swollen or painful; in short, where there is rigidity of the parts, and, gene�rally where the abstraction of blood is indi�cated, this medicine is improper. The labour should have made some progress ; the parts should be well lubricated with natural mucus; the uterine orifice fully dilated, and all the soft parts prepared for delivery. The practitioner should

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by careful examiiiation be assured that delivery is only retarded by defective action of the womb. The presentation should be natural, and the foetus so situated that delivery can be effected by the efforts of the uterus.quot;

It is true that these directions were intended for the practitioner of human medicine; they will, however, equally apply to our patients ; for who can for a moment doubt but that the same care and solicitude are in a degree required on the part of the veterinary as the human accoucheur, while the laws of life are the same in both animals?� although, from the comparatively in-artificial state iu which the lower order of animals are kept, but little difficulty during parturition is usually mani�fested by them.

If the animal is very much fatigued and feeble, the ergot should not be given till she is refreshed and recruited by suitable nourishment or medicine, lest the exertion it occasions should be more l;han she can bear.

This agent may likewise be advantageously had recourse to in order to restrain uterine hasmor-rhage, and it may prove of service in cases of passive hfemorrhage from other organs, as of the lungs, liver, kidneys, amp;c. ; also to cause the expul�sion of the placental membranes when they are retained by the inertia of the uterus.

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A test for the purity of the ergot is its watery infusion being of a deep-pink colour, and trans�parent. This colour is heightened by alkalies. If it presents a milky appearance, and small por�tions of the ergot are seen floating on the water, it has undergone some change, and should be dis�carded.

Sodium, Sodium. The metallic constituent of the Alkali Soda and its preparations.

This metal was discovered by Sir H. Davy, and by the same means as he developed potassium, to which it bears a close resemblance. It is a soft metal, having the colour of mercury, and a specific gravity somewhat greater than potassium, being �972. Its atomic weight is 23. Symbol, Na. There is likewise this further difference between it and potassium�that although it possesses a great affinity for oxygen, and therefore cannot be kept in any of its compounds, yet when thrown on water it does not decompose it with flame, as potas�sium does, unless its motion is retarded by floating it on a piece of filter paper, or by rendering the water viscid by solution of gum. Projected on nitric acid, flame is likewise evolved.

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Sob us Biuoeas, Biborate of Soda. Old Name: Borax.

By the older name borax, this salt is commonly known. It occurs native on the shores of some lakes in Thibet, produced by the spontaneous evaporation of the waters thereof. It is brought across the Himalayan passes into India, and im�ported into this country under the names of Tincal and Crude Borax.

It is also made artificially by saturating the Boracic acid of Tuscany with carbonate of soda.

Composition.�R'nO^Oz 10HO, or Na^O^. 10H₂0.

Properties and Uses.�Borax occurs in trans�parent irregular hexahedral colourless crystals, which are sometimes slightly efEoresced; they are insoluble in rectified spirit, but soluble in water, and have a weak alkaline reaction. Borax is deter�gent and slightly astringent, on which account it has been sometimes resorted to for apthous aifec-tions of the mouth, being mixed with either gly�cerine or honey for this purpose, in the proportions of one part of the former, in a state of fine powder, to six parts of either of the latter. By many practitioners alum is preferred as being more active.

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Tests.�Entirely soluble in water, and gives, when mixed with sulphuric acid, a green colour to the flame of alcohol. It is not liable to adulteration.

Sodj3 Cabbonas Impuba, Impure Carbonate of Soda.

Vulgo: Barilla, Kelp, Natron.

This saline compound is obtained by incinerating the ashes of sea-weeds ; it is also found native in many parts of the world, particularly in Egypt; a description of the natron lakes of which is familiar to most persons. Very little, however, of this finds its way into Britain, the market being sup�plied either from the shores of the Mediterranean, where the salsola soda plant is cultivated expressly for the sake of this salt, or from the Orkney Islands, where the sea-wrack is employed. The process is simple: the plants being pulled up with their roots, are dried and burnt in furnaces resem�bling lime-kilns, the heat being sufficient to cause the ashes to run together into a state of semi-fusion. On cooling, this concretes in masses. That obtained from the Mediterranean is denominated iarilla, and is the best; that from Scotland, kelp ; and, from this yielding but little of the carbonate.

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it is the least valuable. The salt is supposed to be formed by the decomposition of the oxalate and other salts of soda, which exist in the vegetable before it is burnt. Carbonate of soda is also prepared from common salt in the manner here�after described.

Composition.�Both these are necessarily very impure compounds. They consist of the carbon�ates of soda (in the one there being one fifth, in the other but one twentieth part) and magnesia, chloride of sodium, sand, oxide of iron, and water.

Properties and Uses.�Good barilla occurs in cellular masses, having a bluish colour, which soon become covered on the surface with an efflores�cence. It should emit no odour. Kelp is more solid, and gives out a sulphurous smell. Both are employed chiefly for the sake of the purer carbonate.

Sod je Cakbonas, Garhomte of Soda. Old Names : Subcarbonate of Soda, Soda.

This salt is procured by lixiviating barilla, or kelp ; or, according to the following form,�two pounds of barilla, in powder, are to be boiled in four pints of distilled water for half an hour, and filtered. Evaporation is then to be had recourse to, and crystals are allowed to form.

PHAEWACT.

475

Very large quantities are now made from common salt, whicli is first converted into a sulphate of soda by the addition of sulphuric acid, hydro�chloric acid being evolved ; the sulphate is then decomposed by mixing it with chalk, and small coal, and heating the mixture in a reverberatory furnace. The carbon of the coal reduces the sul�phate of soda to sulphide of sodium. The latter salt and the carbonate of lime mutually decompose one another, producing carbonate of soda and sul�phide of calcium. In practice excess of chalk is employed, by whicli means insoluble oxysulphide of calcium is formed. This substance mixed with carbonate of soda, produced in the way just de�scribed, is lixiviated with water, which dissolves out the carbonate of soda, and by evaporation it may be procured in the crystallised state. This process has lately been simplified by decomposing the sul�phate of soda obtained from common salt with caustic baryta, which throws down insoluble sul�phate of baryta, and then changing the caustic soda which remains in solution into a carbonate, in the ordinary way.

Besides these sources of soda there are several others, although not resorted to extensively as a commercial article. Thus there is found a native carbonate of soda in Egypt, called natron, probably the nitre of the Bible; the same salt is met with

476

A MANUAL OF

in some parts of India and Hungary. It also exists as mineral in cryolite, found abundantly in Green�land. All, however, yield to the artificial means already commented on.

Composition. � NaO,C0₂ 10HO, or Na₂C0₃. 10H₂0, or

1 atom Soda . . . . = 31

1 � Carbonic Acid . =22

10 atoms Water . 9 x 10=90

Equivalent . . 143

Properties and Uses.�Carbonate of soda is crys�talline in its structure, the form of its crystal being a truncated octahedron. It is soluble in twice its weight of water at 60deg;, and in less than its own weight of boiling water. It effloresces on exposure to the air, which distinguishes it from the carbonate of potassa, which deliquesces ; and from this salt it may be further known by means of a solution of tartarie acid, which forms with the last named an insoluble bitartrate, after disengaging the carbonic acid ; also by its not affording a precipitate with either perchloric or iluosilicic acid, or the bichloride of platinum, after the addition of hydrochloric acid, which the latter never fails to do. It is also cha�racterised by giving a yellow colour to the blowpipe flame.

PBAEMACT.

477

As a medicinal agent, the carbonate of soda is to be preferred to that of potassa, as it is less acrid. It is an antacid and diuretic; and may be given in doses of from ^ij to ^w.

Tests.�It is a translucent salt, and entirely solu�ble in water; possesses an alkaline reaction, and when exposed to the air, falls down in a, state of powder, or effloresces.

Potassa and soda were at one time designated the vegetable and mineral alkalies, terms which are not now used, as they convey wrong impressions.

Incompatibles.�Acids, acidulous, earthy, and metallic salts, lime-water, and the hydrochlorate of

ammonia.

Liquoe SobjE CxilorinaTjE, Solution of Chlorinated Soda. Laharraqiic's Disinfecting Liquid.

This componnd may be made by passing a current of chlorine gas through a dilute solution of the carbonate of soda, or by the action of chloride of lime, diffused through water, upon a solution of carbonate of soda; when a mutual decomposition takes place, carbonate of lime is precipitated, and chloride of soda remains in solution. By careful evaporation it yields crystals, which produce the original liquid when dissolved in water.

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Composition.�This appears not to be accurately knowa. It is sometimes called hypochlorite of soda ; but Brande says there is no evidence of hypo-chlo�rous acid being in it. If made according to the late directions of the College of Physicians, which it is not necessary here to particularise, Phillips consi�ders the compound to consist of chloride of sodium, bicarbonate of soda, and hypochlorite of soda.

Properties and Uses.�The solution of chloride of soda is of a pale-yellow colour, and its taste is sharp and saline. It possesses disinfectant pro�perties, and may be employed for the same purposes as the chloride of lime, for which as an internal remedy, perhaps it would be as well to substitute it, as the resulting compound in the stomach and alimentary tube will be a little chloride of sodium, or common salt in solution. As an external agent, however, it must yield to chloride of lime in vete�rinary practice. Its action as a disinfectant depends upon the liberation of chlorine.

SoniE Sulphas, Sulphate of Soda. Old Name: Glauber's Salt.

This salt, from having been first prepared by Glauber, a German chemist, received the name of Glauber's salt. It is found in many mineral waters.

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and also effloresced on the surface of the soil in some places; but as an article of commerce it is chiefly obtained as a secondary product in the making of the carbonate of soda, although the College of Physicians once directed that the residuum, after the procuration of hydrochloric acid, should be saturated with carbonate of soda, and crystallized. The compound, when thus made, however, was not worth the price of the carbonate of soda employed; it was therefore proposed to substitute lime for the soda, and reject the sulphate of lime.

Composi(ion. � 'NaO,S0₃ 10TiO, or Na₂S0₄. 10H₂0, or

1 atom Soda . . . . = 81

1 � Sulphuric Acid . = 40

10 atoms quot;Water . 9 x 10 = 90

Equivalent . . . 161

Properties and Uses.�Sulphate of soda occurs in crystals, which are six-sided and channeled prisms, efflorescing on exposure to the air, soluble in three times their weight of water at 60deg;, and in an equal weight of boiling water. Its taste is saline, bitter, and nauseous. This salt, according to Mr. B. Clark, is only a diuretic to the horse. The G-ermans

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employ it as an alterative in quantities of from four to eight ounces.

For Cattle it is used largely as a purgative, in doses of a pound or more. Its action depends on its promoting the secretion from the mucous surface of the intestines ; and this may be increased by the addition of from twenty to thirty grains of crotou farina, withholding half the quantity of sulphate of soda that otherwise would be administered. It is, however, fast giving place to the sulphate of mag�nesia, which is more certain in its operation. From it quickly efflorescing on exposure to air, in this state it is more powerful in its action, as it thus loses nearly half its weight of water of crystallization.

Tests.�It is an efflorescent salt, and entirely dissolved by water. It possesses neither alkaline nor acid reaction, and is, therefore, neutral. Nitrate of silver throws down nothing from a dilute solu�tion of it if pure; but nitrate of baryta gives a white precipitate, which is not dissolvec! by nitric acid.

Inkompatibles.�Carbonate of potassa, acetate and subacetate of lead, and nitrate of silver.

Sod^e Sulphis, Sulphite of Soda. This salt is used in considerable quantities in the

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arts, and is often met with largely mixed with the hypo-sulphite of soda.

According to Brande it is formed by passing a stream of sulphurous acid into a solution of soda or its carbonate, aud evaporating out of the contact of air, otherwise a sulphate is formed.

Composition.�^a.0, SO, 8HO, or Na₂ S()_r8H₂0, or

1 atom Soda.....=81

1 � Sulphurous Acid . = 32 8 � quot;Water . . 9 x 8 = 72

Equivalent.....135

Properties and Uses.�The crystals of this salt are translucent, and occur in the form of four and six-sided prisms, which are soluble in four parts of water at 60deg;, and less than their own weight of boiling water. Taste nauseous and bitter.

Sulphite of soda has been given in cases of hoven as a corrective, and its use has been advocated in indigestion. A strong solution of the hyposulphite of soda has been successfully employed for ulcerated sore throats, in the proportion of Jiij or more to an ounce of water. The same may also be applied to phagedamic wounds and ulcers generally.

It has been suggested that the gaseous condensa�tion, which is said to follow the administration of sulphite of soda in tympanitis and hoven, is owing

4S2

A MANUAL OF

to the liberation of sulpliurous acid, from tbeir deeomposing the compounds of hydrogen, these being evolved in the latter stages of tympanitis. It is doubtful, however, whether this explanation is correct.

Some practitioners employ the aromatic spirit of ammonia in the earlier stages, and the compounds of chlorine in the latter; but Professor Brown, from the experiments he has instituted with this agent, says that there seems every probability of its supplant�ing all former remedies for tympanitis in cattle, as, since its employment by him, he has not had occa�sion once to puncture the rumen, which was a thing of constant occurrence before. He commences by giving two ounces, dissolved in a pint of water, causing the animal to be walked about for half an hour afterwards, and in the event of the distension continuing unabated, the medicine is to be re�peated, half the quantity being then exhibited. Never has he bad occasion to give a third dose. He adds, the agent being inexpensive and conve�niently dispensed, it deserves an extensive use. To the sheep from 5ss to 5j maybe given, and repeated if found necessary.

Sodii Ciiloeidtjm, Chloride of Sodlmi. Vulgo: Common salt.

This compound abounds in the mineral kingdom.

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and it is also obtained from the water of brine springs, of certain lakes, and of the ocean. At some places, immense beds of it, several hundred miles in length, exist; at others, whole mountains are made up of it. quot;When either springs or lakes are charged with it, it is procured by the evapo�ration of their waters ; and this used to be the ease with the water of the ocean. The diffusion of so valuable, indeed, indispensable an agent to man, evidences both the wisdom and the design of Him who, having made all things, pronounced them to be quot; very good.quot;

Composition.�Na 01, or Ka Cl, or

1 atom Sodium . . =23 1 � Chlorine . . = 3G

Equivalent ... 59

Properties and Uses.�The general properties of salt are so well known as to require little descrip�tion. It occurs in crystals, which are of a cubical form, the size varying with the degree of heat applied. When pure it is colourless, and unacted on by the air; has no odour, but an agreeable and strictly salt taste. It is almost equally soluble in cold and hot water, requiring two and a half times its weight for solution. Its specific gravity is 2-126.

Salt is an invaluable tonic and alterative. It

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may be given in doses of one or two ounces, sprinkled over the animal's provender, which will induce him to eat it with avidity. It gently stimu�lates the stomach and alimentary tube, thus in�creasing the power of the digestive organs, by which the tonicity of the system is restored. In large doses it is said to be an anthelmintic and cathartic.

AVhenthe horse,the cow, or the sheep, is becoming convalescent, and the natural and sanitary stimulus of wholesome food will produce a more certain as well as a safer impulse to the discharge of the natural functions than any medicine can afford, a little salt, or salt and water, sprinkled on the food will be an admirable excitant. On all the rumi-nantia the influence of this agent is marked; nor are the carnivora less benefited by it. In fact, it appears to be the natural stimulus to the digestive organs of all animals.

Mr. Touatt states that there is no medicine for the rot in sheep which is of the slightest avail in which culinary salt is not the principal ingredient. Also as a purgative, it is second only to Epsom salts in the first instance: and, whether from the effect of the change of the medicine, or of some chemical composition or decomposition which takes place, it is the surest aperient that can be given when the sulphate of magnesia has failed. It may

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be administered in the same doses as that agent. Being a tonic as well as a purgative, it is on this account, perhaps, somewhat objectionable in the early stages of fever. It is a vermifuge which, in Cattle, seldom fails. To the Doa it has been ex�hibited for the same purpose, being administered in repeated doses till the stomach no longer rejects it. The pig would seem to be highly susceptible of its influence, since many instances of this animal having been poisoned by it are recorded in the archives of veterinary medicine. Especially I would refer to those cases inserted in the Veterina�rian for 1859, p. 124, by Mr. W. Eobinsou, with the analyses as given by Dr. Taylor.

It is frequently used as an adjunct to clysters.

Externally applied, dissolved in water in the proportion of one pound to a gallon, it is em�ployed as a stimulant for chronic sprains ; at least, I am inclined to believe this to be generally its action. For although while undergoing solution the temperature of the water is lowered, yet rarel}-is it the case that only during this time is it em�ployed ; but the solution is kept in the stable until it acquires the same temperature as the air of the stable, and then being applied it becomes a stimu�lant. If made use of only while the heat of the water is being abstracted, so as to cause the salt to pass from the state of solid to that of liquid, it

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would, of course, be a refrigerant. Here again is seen the value of an application of the principles of chemical science to medicine.

Spieitus iEiiiEEis NiTEOSi, Stpirit of Nitrous Ether.

Old Names : Spirit of Nitric Ether, Sweet Spirits of Nitre.

Take of

Nitric Acid......nbsp; nbsp; 3 fluid ounces.

Sulphuric Acid.....nbsp; nbsp; 2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

Copper wire (about No. 25)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2 ounces,

Eectified Spirit.....nbsp; nbsp; a sufficiency.

To one pint of the spirit add gradually the sul�phuric acid, stirring them together; then add, in the same way, two and a half fluid ounces of the nitric acid. Put tbe mixture into a retort or other suitable apparatus, into which tbe copper has been introduced, and to which a thermometer is fitted. Attach now an efficient condenser, and applying a gentle heat, let the spirit distil at a temperature commencing at 170deg; and rising to 175deg;, but not exceeding 180deg;, until twelve fluid ounces have passed over and been collected in a bottle, kept cool, if necessary, with ice-cold water; then with-

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draw tlie heat, and having allowed the contents of the retort to cool, introduce the remaining half ounce of nitric acid, and resume the distillation as before, until the distilled product has been in�creased to fifteen fluid ounces. Mix this with two pints of the rectified spirit, or as much as will make the product correspond to the tests of specific gra�vity and percentage of ether separated by chloride of calcium. Preserve it in well-closed vessels.

Composition.�A spirituous solution containing nitrous ether, C₄H₅0,N0₃, or C^TSO,.

4nbsp; atoms Carbon . 6 x 4 = 24

5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � Hydrogen 1x5= 5 4 � Oxygen . 8x4 = 32 1 � Nitrogen . . . = 14

Equivalent . . 75

Or, 1 atom Ether......=37

1 � Nitrous Acid . . . . = 38

Equivalent ... 75

It is stated that Aldehyde (C₄H₃0,HO, or C.JB.₄0) is largely combined in the above British Pharmaco�poeia preparation.

Properties and Uses.�Spirit of nitrous ether is a nearly colourless fluid, having a fragrant odour.

488

A MANUAL OF

and a pungent, slightly acid taste. Its specific gravity sliould not exceed quot;845. It is inflammable and volatile, producing much cold during evapora�tion. It eifervesees feebly, or not at all, when shaken with a little bicarbonate of soda. Agitated with a solution of sulphate of iron and a few drops of sulphuric acid it becomes deep olive brown, or black. Agitated with twice its volume of saturated solution of chloride of calcium on a closed tube, two per cent, of its original volume will separate in the form of nitrous ether, and rise to the surface of the mixture.

It is an antispasmodic, a diuretic, and dia�phoretic. My authority for the last-named pro�perty is the late Mr. J. Field. quot; Nitrous ether,quot; he says, quot; is an admirable remedy; it is a stinmlant and diaphoretic.quot; Could no other be adduced, I should be perfectly contented with this; but I know that this agent is employed by many practi�tioners, with decided action on the skin. The dose may be from f^j to fjij, given either in tepid water, or, what is much better, in combination with the solution of the acetate of ammonia; the action of the capillaries being at the same time assisted by clothing, without which its effects would, perhaps, be determined to the kidneys.

As an antispasmodic it is usually combined with the tincture of opium, as follows:

IL.

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Antispasmodie Drcmgld.

Take of Spirit of Nitric iEther .nbsp; nbsp; 2 ounces,

Tincture of Opium ...nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounce,

Solution of Aloes ...nbsp; nbsp; 4 ounces. Mix.

Should the case demand a repetition of the draught, the solution of aloes is then to be with�held, and water substituted.

For Cattle it has been advocated as a febrifuge, in doses of from fjss to fjj. It has been said quot; to rouse, to a certain degree, the exhausted powers of the animal, while it rarely brings back the dangerous febrile action that was subsiding.quot; Similar influence, I think, I have likewise witnessed in the horse.

Spiritus Eectipicatus, Rectified Spirit. Common Name: Spirit of Wine.

quot;When certain vegetable principles are subjected to the action of warmth and moisture, they undergo definite changes, which are under one common head, denominated fermentation. The stages of this pro�cess are three: first, the saccharine; second, the vinous ; third, the acetous. The putrefactive change is now accepted as a distinct process.

190

A MANUAL OP

,1 . I

By the second change it is that the spirit under notice is obtained. The seeds of many plants consist principally of farinaceous matter, which frequently becomes converted into sugar; and although the manner in which the metamorphosis is brought about, is, perhaps, but little understood, yet it would appear to consist in the acquisition of the elements of water and a new arrangement of the ultimate elements of the principle. This change, it is well known, takes place during the germination of seeds, as seen in the formation of

malt.

I need hardly add, that sugar is likewise an abundant proximate vegetable principle, it being yielded by the sugar-cane of India, which is cultivated largely in our colonies for the sake of its produce ; and it is also furnished by the juices of many other plants, as the maple tree, beet-root, parsnip, carrot, amp;c. Hence the value of all these as nutritive food for animals.

Saccharine solutions having had the fermentative process set up in them, by exposure to a temper�ature of between 70deg; and 80deg; P., and the addi�tion of a little ferment, which is usually yeast,� although other nitrogenized bodies, in a state of change, will do the same�evolve carbonic acid gas, and are then found to contain a spirituous compound, combined with colouring matter, ex-

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tractive, and some other principles. These are separable by distillation, when that which passes over into the receiver after re-distillation is designated ardent spirits: such are brandy, rum, gin, arrack, whiskey; these names being given to certain modifications of alcohol, flavoured with different essential oils, imparted either naturally or artificially.

By again distilling these, rectified spirit is ob�tained; much of the water and impurities re�maining in the bodj of the still.

As in this country an infusion of malt is gene�rally resorted to for the procuration of alcohol, it may he as well here to notice the interesting transformations that take place. The amylaceous or starchy matter of the grain has first to be converted into dextrin; and this is eflected by augmented temperature and the presence of diastase, a peculiar principle in the malt, which sets up the required action; and as soon as this has commenced, it continues to go on till the whole of the dextrin is changed into sugar; which change is quite independent of the oxygen of the air; nor is there any secondary product. The water being the medium in which the trans�formation occurs, there would seem to be a fixa�tion of its elements, by which the starch, or rather the dextrin, for both are precisely of the same

492

A MANTJAl OF

constitution, becomes sugar.

transformed into

grape

1nbsp; equivalent of Starch consists of C_]2H₁₀O₁₀

2nbsp; equivalents of Water . . . H₂0₂

Equivalent of Grape Sugar C₁₂T[₁₂0₁₂, or C₆H₁₂O_fi.

The following diagram will illustrate the change that takes place in grape sugar when undergoing fermentation, viewing this principle as constituted of C₁₂H₁₂0_I2 ; and into this form it is probable all sugar, from whatever source obtained, is converted previously to the formation of alcohol.

The change which Orape Sugar undergoes during the Vinous Fermentation.

cq. dry Grape Sugar =180

4 Carbon 8 Carbon 8 Carbon 4 Oxygen 13 Hydrogen

=24,..........____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 cq. Carbonic

^--'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Add =8S

=48,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.--quot;'

= 84--' = 33 � =13 �

-------quot;--=='- 3 eq. Alcohol =93

The above were the chemical changes once accepted to account for the metamorphosis which take place in amylaceous and saccharine substances; now, however, these conversions are referred to what are ca^eA. ferments, microscopical plants or

PHAE1IACT.

439

animals : Mycoderma vini, being the name given to the ferment which transforms sugar into alcohol, and Mycoderma aceti, alcohol into acetic acid. (See Professor Tuson's Lecture on ' Putrefaction,' delivered before Members of the Eoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons. The Veterinarian, for July, 1866, p. 361.)

Anhydrous alcohol is thus shown to consist of C₄H₆0₂, or C₂H₆0.

4 atoms Carbon ....== 24

Hydrogen Oxygen .

= 6 = 16

. 46

Equivalent .

Eectipied Spirit occurs of various strengths in the shops : the best method of ascertaining which is to take its specific gravity. This, according to the British Pharmacopoeia, should be at 62deg; P., �838, when it contains 84 of pure alcohol and 16 of water, in 100 parts. In proportion to the quantity of water present beyond this, so will its specific gravity increase. Other plans have been suggested, such as the degree of cold generated by its evapora�tion, the quantity of water abstracted by dry carbo�nate of potassa, and the capability of its firing gunpowder. This last, however, is a vague test, as it greatly depends upon the quantity tried.

By the term Alcohol, is meant the anhydrous

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spirit; tliis, however, is very rarely obtained. The College of Physicians ordered, for the obtaiument of alcohol, that a gallon of rectified spirit be distilled with one pound of chloride of calcium, till feeven pints and four fluid ounces pass over into the re�ceiver ; but even this contains a little water.

Peoof Spieit, for the use of the pharmacy, is best made extemporaneously, by mixing together five pints of rectified spirit and three of distilled water. It consists of 49 parts absolute alcohol, and 51 parts of water, in 100. Its specific gravity is -920.

Properties and Uses.�Alcohol, when diluted, constituting rectified spirit, is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, and may be given in doses of from f^j to fgij. It is colourless, and always fluid; evaporates rapidly at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere, generating much cold, it is there�fore frequently added to refrigerating lotions. It has generally a specific gravity of from '840 to �850; is highly inflammable, and burns with scarcely any smoke; possesses a fragrant odour, and a hot, pungent taste; dissolves resius and essential oils, forming varnishes and perfumed essences ; and when still further diluted, it is the best solvent for the greater number of the proxi�mate principles of vegetables ; the resulting solu�tions being designated tinctures.

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Stbvciinia, Strychnia.

Take of Nux Vomica, bruised . . 2 pounds, Eectified Spirit .... 3 gallons, Diluted Sulphuric Acid, Magnesia,

Solution of Ammonia, of each as much as may be sufficient.

Boil the bruised nux vomica with a gallon of the spirit for an hour in a retort, to which a receiver is fitted. Pour offquot; the liquor, and again, and a third time boil what remains with another gallon of spirit; and the spirit recently distilled, and pour off the liquor. Press the nux vomica, and let the spirit distil from the mixed and strained liquors. Evaporate what remains to the proper consistence of an extract. Dissolve this in cold water, and strain. Evaporate the liquor with a gentle heat until it has the consistence of a syrup. To this, while yet warm, gradually add the magnesia to saturation, shaking them together. Set it aside for two days, then pour off the supernatant liquor. Wrap what remains in a cloth, and press. Boil it in spirit, then strain, and let the spirit distil. Add to the residue a very little diluted sulphuric acid, mixed with water, and macerate with a gentle

mam

49G

A MANUAL OP

heat. Set aside for twenty-four hours, that crys�tals may form. Press and dissolve them. After�wards to these, dissolved in water, add ammonia, frequently shaking them, that the strychnia may be thrown down. Lastly, dissolve this in boiling spirit, and set aside that crystals may be produced.

Decomposition.�The active principles of the nus romica�strj/cJinia and hrucia,�united to a pecu�liar acid, the strycJmic or igasuric, are taken up by the alcohol, to which, after evaporation, is added magnesia, when the strychnate of strychnia heing decomposed, a strychnate of magnesia is formed, and strychnia set free. quot;When this mixture is again digested in spirit, the strychnia is dissolved, and, being left after distillation, to it is added the sulphuric acid ; the resulting sulphate of strychnia is then crystallized, and afterwards decomposed by ammonia, when a sulphate of ammonia remains in solution, and strychnia is precipitated, which is directed to he crystallized by the evaporation of its alcoholic solution.

In this decomposition the irucia is taken no notice of, the fact being that officinal strychnia consists of the two alkaloids in combination. Brucia is less active than strychnia. According to Majendie, it possesses only -j^th the activity; but other experimenters give to it a higher value than this.

KIAEIIACT.

Composition.�C₄₃H₂₂N₂0₄, or C₂₁H₂₂I]₂0₂.

30 atoms Carbon .nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; 6 x 30=180

16 � Hydrogennbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1x16= 16

3 � Oxygen .nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; 8 x 3= 2J.

1 atom Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; . . = 14

497

Equivalent

234

Properties and Uses.�Strychnia is in the form of minute octaliedral and prismatic crystals, which are colourless and inodorous. It possesses an intensely bitter taste, requires between 6000 and 7000 parts of cold water for its solution, and is insoluble in absolute alcohol; but by diluted alcohol, specific gravity �833, it is dissolved readily. It acts like the alkalies on vegetable colours, and unites with the acids, forming salts.

Strychnia has been found of service in cases of paralysis in the horse, and chorea in the dog. Its action is very powerful and its use calls for much caution. The dose for the horse may be from one to three grains given twice in the day, combining it with the vegetable tonics; that for the dog from -jJj to -J of a grain. Its influence is conjec�tured to be on the motor tract of the spinal cord, which it powerfully stimulates, and thus restores the lost power of the muscular system ; besides which there is this advantage derivable from its,

wmmmm

A MAN UAL OF

_u8e�it acts as a tonic, its bitterness increasing the appetite and promoting digestion.

quot;When long exhibited, or if given in too large a quantity, the limbs will be seen to tremble, and convulsive paroxysms will be induced by the slightest noises. Sometimes, in the dog, all power of retaining the standing position during the period of its influence is lost; the kidneys are also excited into increased action by it, and the urine is voided involuntarily. Death, too, has occasionally followed, and on this account its employment has been ob�jected to by some practitioners; but the misuse of an agent is no argument against its usefulness. The smaller dose should always be commenced with, and steadily continued until its action be manifested; this failing, the quantity may be cautiously increased. On the horse, when inju�diciously given, it is also very powerful in its operation. Fifteen grains have proved sufficient to destroy life in this animal, when given at one dose.

The potency of this agent, and the long pro�tracted and often incurable diseases in which it has been known to afford relief, warrant its intro�duction as a veterinary therapeutic.

To Professor Simonds and the late Mr. E. Braby, I am indebted for the history of cases of partial and general paralysis in the horse, in which its use

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has been attended with success. Several instances have also occurred in the College Infirmary ; and in the pages of Xhe Veterinarian will be found many other confirmative cases. I may be per�mitted to refer to those recorded by Mr. W. Litt, in that journal for February, 1858, p. 71.

Dr. Brown-Sequard, referring to the action of strychnia in paralysis, says: quot; If strychnia be administered in the reflex form, it may be advan�tageous ; but in cases of paraplegia consequent upon congestion or actual inflammation of the cord, if you give it you will aggravate the affec�tion. Selection of the case is therefore called for. The absence of this we doubt not is often the cause of failure.quot;

Mr. Touatt recommends it for chorea in the Dog, which disease I have seen yield to it when other remedies have failed. Professor Simonds, however, from the susceptibility of this animal to its influence, considers it a dangerous agent to be employed.

Tests.�Its purity is judged of by its ready solu�bility in boiling alcohol diluted with water. It has an intensely bitter taste. Melts by heat, and if more strongly urged, it burns with a black smoke, and leaves carbon. As it usually occurs, it is red�dened by nitric acid; but that change of colour rather depends upon the presence of brucia, and is

mmm

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lost on the addition of chloride of tin. With sul�phuric acid no change of colour is produced in pure strychnia, quot; but if a fragment of chromate of potassa be added, the mixture speedily acquires a purple, passing to a blood-red colour, and finally to green. If to this mixture of sulphuric acid and strychnia, a grain of peroxide of lead, or peroxide of manganese, be added, the most splendid colours are brought out, passing rapidly through all the shades of blue, violet, purple, and crimson, into a blood-red colour. This singular property, first pointed out by Marchand, Mack, and Otto, so far as we have been able to ascertain, is possessed only by strychnia.quot; {Dr. Taylor.) Chloride of gold mixed with its solution in acetic acid, gives a dense yellowish-white precipitate, which is not redissolved on boiling, nor is the gold reduced, but the liquid acquires a pink-red colour. The vapour of iodine and of bromine renders it yellow.

I need say nothing here of the physiological test, as proposed by Dr. Marshall Hall; for which see Veterinarian, vol. xxix, pp. SJ- and 400.

It seems that there is no certain antidote to strychnia. It may be dislodged by emetics from the stomach of the dog, when given in too large doses; and opium, or any other narcotic agent, may be afterwards administered with a view to allay the tetanic action. Astringents may also

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be tried. Chlorine and iodine have been sug�gested as counter-poisons, because they form inert compounds with it; and lately, in the medical journals, cases have been recorded in whieli tlie tincture of iodine, promptly administered, proved antidotal. In two cases camphor was also found efficacious, and tterefore merits a trial. The in�halation of chloroform may, perhaps, afford relief by lessening the paroxysms. Probably its action is of so overwhelming a nature, and that too on the nervous system, that a timely use of these agents cannot be resorted to.

Incompatilles.�The acids and acidulous salts, which neutralize it.

I have thus introduced the formulas given by the College of Physicians for obtaining the disul-pJtate of quina, and strychnia, although I do not for a moment think that either one or the other will be prepared by the veterinary surgeon, the processes being so operose and the agents much better prepared by the practical chemist. But the powerful and beneficial action which has attended the employment of the vegetable alka�loids and their compounds warrants their more general use; and the time, perhaps, may come when a still greater number will be called for. One great barrier, however, to the general use of these substances, is their expensiveness. We may

502

A MASITAL OP

hope that the advances which chemical science is making will enable us to procure them more readily ere long; for, unquestionably, it is a desideratum to obtain the active principle of a vegetable substance free from inert matter. More�over, the eifects of vegetables vary with the mode of culture, favorableness or unfavorableness of the season, care in collecting and drying, as well as many other modifying circumstances. Whether the use of benzol as an agent for the extraction of the alkaloids, as proposed by Mr. S. Williams, will give us all we are desirous of obtaining' remains to be seen.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^

Mr. Bastick has proposed that alcoholic solu�tions of the alkaloids be substituted for the tinctures of certain plants, making their strengths to correspond with those preparations iu the Pharmaeopceia, thus ensuring certainty of action.

By some persons a cold watery infusion is sup-posed to abstract all that is desirable; and others contend that the natural union of the alkaloid with the peculiar acid in the vegetable is preferable to its separation by chemical means: a view with which I confess myself inclined to concur � and since the plan of forming extracts in vacu� has been suggested by Mr. Barry and acted on, I am somewhat surprised that they have not been more frequently used in veterinary practice; thus sup-

PHAEIIACY.

503

planting the bulky powders of the barks, gentian root, and many others.

The form of tincture has again found its ad�vocates, for -which the following has been pro�posed :

TiifcruEA Nucis Tomica, Tinctwe ofNux Vomica.

Take of Bruised Nux vomica ... 2 ounces, Rectified Spirit .... 8 ounces. Macerate for seven days and filter.

Eight grains of the pulverised nut being con�sidered equivalent in action to one sixteenth grain of strychnia; the dose of this may be from two to three drachms. It has sometimes been applied to the paralysed parts in the form of liniment, with, however, only questionable efficacy.

Sulphue, Sulphur. Common name: Brimstone.

This is an elementary substance, found abundant in volcanic countries, and also in combination with many metals, as iron, copper, lead, and antimony. In the organic kingdom it is likewise met with in small quantities.

Native Suiphue is imported from Sicily, where it is found associated with limestone and the sul�phates of lime and strontia, from which ore it is extracted by melting in furnaces made in the earth.

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The sulphurous stones are raised into a cone in those caldrons, and covered with earth, an opening being left at the top j fire being introduced, it soon com�municates with the interior of the pyramid, and in about seven or eight hours the sulphur is found at the bottom of the furnace in a liquid state, from which it is drawn off and cast into moulds.

Eoll Sulpiitte is chiefly obtained from the sulphide of copper in quot;Wales and Cornwall, by roasting the mineral, and collecting the fumes in a chamber of brick-work. It is subsequently puri�fied by fusion, and cast into moulds of wood of a cylindrical form.

Sublimed Sulphue is procured from roll sulphur, by heating it to 500deg; or 600deg; P., when it rises rapidly in the form of vapour, which being received in a fit receptacle, constitutes the flowers of sulphur of commerce: what remains behind is called sulphur oivum. This often contains traces of arsenic, and by many persons it is injudiciously preferred as a local application, and otherwise.

Properties and Uses.�Sulphur is of a pale yellow colour, emitting an unpleasant odour when heated, and burning with dense suffocating fumes. It has a specific gravity of 1-970 to 2-080, and is found in the market in the three states already named. The weight of its atom is 16 (new 32). Symbol S. . As a therapeutic agent, it is extolled as a laxative

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and alterative. As the former, it ia rarely used for the horse, although it has been said to possess an-thelraintic properties. The Erench veterinarians state that a pound of it acts as a poison on the horse, destroying life. I have given this quantity more than once, and it was followed by much intestinal irritation, and a relaxed state of the foces only; soon the kidneys were called into increased action by it, and the pulse became accelerated. I have been informed that a large quantity of pulverised roll sulphur having been given to two horses, one of them died from it, and on a post-mortem exami�nation, the intestines were found encoated with the agent and violently inflamed. The other horse was purged by it for some days.

Mr. R. H. Dyer informs me that a con�tinental writer has advocated the employment of the fumes of sulphur for chest affections in the human subject, and that he has so used it with some success. He adds, quot;the administration of sulphur to the horse in ordinary cough, and colds, I have great faith in. In many instances I have prescribed the remedies for cough, and they have signally failed ; and then I have found marked beneficial effects by administering ounce doses of this drug in a bran mash for a few nights. If common sulphur was worth a shilling an ounce, it would meet with more favour as a medicine.quot;

If_:

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Sulphur and oil of tar is a very effectual remedy for many skin diseases, both in horses and dogs. The only secret in its use is, to cover the entire animal with it, instead of employing it upon parts of the skin only.

quot;When the bowels of Catxi/e and Sheep have been excited to action by the sulphate of magnesia, this action is, to a moderate extent, and with perfect safety, kept up by subsequent doses of sulphur; the quantity for the former being from six to eight ounces, and for the latter from two to three ounces. It may also be advantageously joined with other purgatives. As an alterative it is usually administered in combination with the nitrate of potassa and the sulphide of antimony; a form for which is given at page 169.

It has been thought that sulphur undergoes partial solution in the alkaline fluids met with in the intestines, and thus it is conveyed into the blood either as an alkaline hyposulphite or a sul�phide. Sometimes it is thrown off by the skin in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen, and hence its value in some skin diseases.

Externally applied, I believe it to be highly valuable in many cutaneous affections, and deserving of general employment. For instance, in mange in the horse it may be added to the compound liniment of tar; and for cattle, sheep, and the dog, it is the

P�AEirACY.

507

basis of all the compounds used for this annoying disease in them.

Sulphueis Iodidtjm, Iodide of SulpJmr.

Take of Sulphur Iodine .

1 ounce, 4 ounces.

Put the sulphur in a glass vessel, and place on it the iodine. Hold the vessel immersed in boiling water until they have united. Afterwards, when it has cooled, the vessel being broken, break the iodide into fragments, and keep them in a bottle well stopped.

Composition.�Uy the agency of heat alone union takes place between tbe two elementary bodies without any remarkable phenomenon occurring; although some have thought the compound thus obtained is merely a mixture. Phillips views it as a diniodide, constituted of�I S₂ (or I S).

1nbsp; atom Iodine.....= 126

2nbsp; atoms sulphur . . 16 x 2 = 32

Equivalent . .

158

Properties and Uses.�Iodide of sulphur is in the form of a greyish black crystalline substance; decomposed by a degree of heat a little exceeding that required for its formation, and when boiled in

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water the iodine goes off with the steam, leaving the sulphur. It has been resorted to with remarkable success, in the form of ointment, for mange in the dog and other animals, also for several cutaneous diseases of long standing, such as chronic urticaria, amp;c. I have received so many testimonies of its efficacy from those who have employed it by my recommendation, that I am reluctantly compelled to omit giving their names. Professor Brown, in a note to me, says, quot; Pour or five years ago you recommended the iodide of sulphur for chronic urticaria ; since then I have continually employed it with invariable success in that disease, and also in others where congestion exists. You are doubt�less aware of the influence of this agent in lessen�ing congestion, particularly of the vessels of the skin; while sulphur being available for the majority of skin affections, and imperatively called for in many, a compound formed of the two would seem to give us all that we can desire. I have likewise found it effectual in the removal of chronic cough in the horse, giving it in half drachm doses with the iodide of potassium, sprinkled over the animal's provender. To the dog labouring under skin affections I also give it, as well as apply it externally.quot; Although the general use of the iodide of sulphur is that of an external remedy, yet from the above it appears it may be advan-

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tageously given internally; to the horse in doses of from 3ss to 5j ; to the dog in quantities of from five to ten grains.

Tests.�One hundred grains heing thoroughly-boiled with water, should leave about twenty grains of sulphur ; all besides are impurities.

UimrENTUM Stophueis Iodidi, Ointment of the Iodide of Sulphur.

Take of Iodide of Sulphur, finely powdered 1 part, Hog's lard.......8 parts.

Intimately mix. This ointment should be made only as required, and used immediately afterwards.

Sulphtjrattjm Oletjm, Sulphurated Oil. Old name: Balsam of Sulphur.

Sulphur being soluble in the fixed oils when aided by heat, lias led to the formation of the above compound, although it is one now very rarely employed.

It is made by boiling one part of sulphur in eight parts of olive oil.

It would seem that the oil undergoes partial decomposition, since the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen is easily recognised. This supposition is

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strengthened by the fact, that the point of ebul�lition of oils is the beginning of their chemical change.

It is a dark-coloured, somewhat viscid substance, having a very unpleasant odour. Griven internally, it has been supposed to possess expectorant and diaphoretic properties, but as such it may well be dispensed with.

Externally applied it is an irritant, and on this account it has been sometimes resorted to in mange, and other skin diseases, combining it with the oil of turpentine. A compound of this kind has been long extolled as a quack medicine, both for this affection, and as a vermifuge. It has also been applied to ill-conditioned ulcers.

Teeebinthina, Turpentine.

By this generic name many varieties are known in pharmacy. They are all obtained from different species of the pine-tree. Some exude spontane�ously ; others flow from wounds made in the bark, and are inspissated by subsequent exposure to the sun. In veterinary practice we can dispense with most of them, since their chemical and medicinal properties closely resemble each other.

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Teeebijtthixa Vulgahis, Common Turpentine.

This was alone the produce of the Scotch fir, the Finns Silvestris; hut large quantities are now ob�tained in the Southern States of America from the Pinus palustris, and also the Finns Tmda.

This kind of turpentine is most commonly used, and may be said to be the only one of the class really required by the veterinary surgeon. It is obtained by making a series of wounds through the bark into the wood of the tree, beginning at its base, and ascending until a strip of bark about nine feet long is removed. The resinous juice soon begins to exude, and is received in a cavity dug in the earth. From time to time it is withdrawn and strained : which is effected by causing it to perco�late through a cask having a bottom with holes in it; through these the turpentine passes, while the impurities are retained. Those trees that are most exposed to the sun yield the greatest quantity of turpentine, and this is necessarily more abundant in some seasons than in others. A large tree will afford from six to twelve pounds annually, com�mencing at the age of forty, and continuing to do so for a century; the wounds being made in dif�ferent parts of the tree. The market is supplied

512

A MA�T�AL OP

1'rom the north of Europe and America. It is im�ported in casks containing from three to four hun�dred-weight.

Venice turpentine {Terebinthina Venetd) at one time was highly extolled. It is procured from the larch {Larix JSuroped), and, some care being exercised in its collection, it fetches a higher price in the market. This has led to the introduction of a fictitious article, made by melting together lib. of black resin and about fjv of the oil of turpentine.

Common turpentine has a dull yellow colour, much viscidity, a peculiar but not disagreeable odour, and a hot, acrid taste. It is soluble in alcohol and the fixed and volatile oils, imparts to water its flavour only, is highly inflammable, and burns with a dense smoke.

Composition.�Eesin, and essential oil, wldch are separable from each other by distillation.

Properties and Uses.�Internally administered, in doses of from ^ss to 3J, turpentine is a diuretic. Externally, it is employed as a stimulant to excite the suppurative action in wounds, and its com�pounds are the best that can be had recourse to for this purpose. The digestive ointmei.it of the Vete�rinary College is thus made:

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Ungiientum T-EBEBiNTHiNiE, Ointment of Turpentine.

Take of Common Turpentine . 1 part, Hog's lard.....3 parts.

Mix together in a water-bath. In the- summer a little resin or wax may be added, or suet substituted for the lard.

Terebtnthinje Oleum, Oil of Turpentine.

Prom what has been advanced it must have been inferred that common turpentine is an oleo-resiu. The oil being volatile, it is readily obtained by dis�tillation : for which purpose, a quantity of tur�pentine is put into a copper still with water, and heat being applied, about a fourth part, which is the essential oil, passes over into the receiver with the water, on which it floats. A re-distillation of this is directed to be made, but this is uncalled for by the veterinary surgeon.

Oil of turpentine, sometimes erroneously called spirit of turpentine, is a limpid colourless fluid, highly volatile, of less specific gravity than water, having a hot pungent taste, and a penetrating tere-binthinate odour. It is inflammable, and possesses

514

A MANUAL OF

all the characters of an essential oil. Chemically it ranks among the hydro-cartons, and is designated cmnphene, or camphogen. Its composition is,

10 atoms Carhon . . . G x 10=60 8 � Hydrogen . . 1 x 8= 8

Equivalent

Exposed to the air it absorbs ox3^rgen, and becomes yellowish and somewhat denser, owing to the forma�tion of a little resin. Oil of turpentine in which anatomical preparations have been kept, sometimes deposits crystals {hexa-hydrate of the oil of turpen�tine). With dry hydrochloric acid it forms what lias been designated artificial camphor.

Properties and Uses.�The action of this agent upon the horse depends upon the quantity admi�nistered. In doses of from 5ij to 5iv, it operates as a diuretic, giving to the urine the odour of violets, and it affords a means by which this thera�peutic may be exhibited in the form of draught, blending it with the yolk of an egg, or mucilage and water, so as to constitute an emulsion. This characteristic odour depends upon a change that a portion of the oil undergoes in its passage through the system. In larger quantities its operation is that of a diffusible stimulant, followed by slight diuretic action.

PHARilACT.

315

In doses of from jiij to ^vj, it acts as an autispas-modic. It may be administered floating on water, or combined with an equal quantity of oil, or a watery solution of aloes. The addition of from half an ounce to an ounce of the tincture of opium is by many wisely advocated. Some little care is necessary in giving it, for, should it be accidentally thrown over the animal, it will create much irrita�tion. This may be immediately allayed by washing the part with warm water in which a little soda or potash is dissolved. There are, however, those who object to the use of this agent as an antispas-modic, on account of its acting as an irritant to the mucous lining membrane of the intestines.

In doses of half a pint to a pint, it acts on the priniSB vise, causing catharsis, and producing scarcely any immediate effect on the kidneys. A terebinthi-nate enema has been recommended in cases of obsti�nate constipation of the bowels; from two to four ounces being thrown up in thin mucilage. It has also been extolled as a vermifuge, particularly for tamia.

Externally applied, its effects are very powerful. To the skin it is a very active irritant; and, if applied unmixed, the animal is thrown into a state of violent excitement by it, which continues for some time. On mucous membranes and abraded surfaces, however, no such action takes place. Mixed

516

A. MANUAL OF

with oil, it becomes a valuable rubefadent and digestive. The following are the general formute, the potency of which may be easily increased :

Lthestvu Tebebinthinjb, Linimeiit of Turpentine..

Take of Oil of Turpentine, and

Olive Oil, of each equal parts. Mix.

A very dilute liniment, made by mixing one part of the oil of turpentine and eight or ten parts of olive oil together, will he found eflective in getting rid of those tormentors on the skin, lice and fleas ; or a terebinthinate soap, made by substituting soft soap for olive oil, may be used for the same purpose, which will have the advantage of being easily removed by washing with warm water. The like compound may be employed in mild attacks of mange.

This compound, whether as a digestive or a rube-facient, will be found useful for ali our domesti�cated animals. Should one more stimulating be required, the following may, I think, be advantage�ously employed:

PHAHMACY.

517

LlNIMENTUM TEEEBINTHIN'yE COMPOSITUM,

Compound Liniment of Turpentine.

Take of Soft Soap .... 4 ounces, Camphor .... 1 � Oil of Turpentine . 16 �

Shake them together until mixed.

Professor Simouds considers the oil of turpentine, when given to cattle in doses of from gij to siv, a valuable diffusible stimulant and diuretic. He has successfully resorted to its use in cases of par�turient apoplexy, combining it with the aromatic spirit of ammonia, in those cases where he has been able to unload the vascular system by prompt and early bloodletting prior to the animal becoming comatose.

According to Mr. Touatt, the oil of turpentine, when applied externally to cattle, is an irritant. It is also frequently employed as a solvent of the active principle of the blistering fly ; onepart of powdered cantharides being digested in eight parts of the oil of turpentine for fourteen days. This, on the thick skin of the ox, will, if applied with friction, pro�duce vesication. The same author says, that the oil of turpentine quot; is administered internally in colic; and some give it in red-water, with a view to cause

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the debilitated vessels to contract, and thus arrest the passive hremorrhage which they imagine is then taking place. From the rapidity and great extent with which it is taken up by the absorbents and carried into the circulation, and the destructive effect which it is known to have on intestinal worms when otherwise brought into contact with them, the trial of its power would be justified in bronchitis, the too frequent and fatal concomitant of which is the presence of thousands of worms in the air-pas�sages.quot; Tliis is particularly the case with calves. The fumes of burning sulphur and tar have been found effectual in the destruction of these parasites, the animals being compelled to inhale them for a short time ; and repeating the inhalation on the following day, if necessary. Immense quantities, I am informed by Mr. P. Fry, will be dislodged by this means. Diluted chlorine gas has been also successfully used for the same purpose.

Mr. Dickens, of Kimbolton, in a letter addressed to the Veterinary Medical Association {Abstract of Froceedings, 1840-41, p. 218), advocates the exhi�bition of the oil of turpentine in combination with linseed oil; grounding his practice on the fact, that turpentine is exhaled from the bronchial surfaces, as well as eliminated by the kidneys, and also con�sidering that the existence of these parasites depends upon a diseased condition of the mucous

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membrane ; so that he attacks both the worm and its nidus. He gives it in doses of an ounce, for three or more times, intervening about a week between each dose. Others throw up a small quantity of the oil of turpentine into the nostrils. An enema containing it has also been resorted to for the extirpation of ascarides.

For Siieei', quot; the oil of turpentine is very useful to wounds of long standing. It will also prevent the attack of the fly.quot;

For the Dog, it is mostly employed as an ex�ternal applicatiou, whether as a rubefacient or a stimulant to wounds. It is also to him an effectual but not always a safe purgative and vermifuge, being given in combination with olive oil, and in doses varying from 5ij to 5i^ Sometimes sulphu�rated oil, formerly called balsam of sulphur, is sub�stituted for olive oil; bat this compound possesses no peculiar properties to recommend it to our notice.

Resina, Besin.

I prefer placing this substance here, because it is that which remains after the distillation of common turpentine. The essential oil having passed over into the receiver, the residuum is a brittle semi-

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transparent mass, denominated resin. It is composed of a mixture of sylvic and pinic acids, with the colophouic.

Two kinds of resin occur in the market, black and yellow. If the process of distillation be carried on to dryness, without any addition, some traces of empyreuma will occur in the residuum, and the sub�stance remaining in the retort will be the so-called black resin. When, however, a little water is added, while the turpentine is yet fluid, and blended with the resin by agitation, the residual mass be�comes opalescent, and of a yellow colour.

This kind of resin can rarely be renderedperfectly free from odour and taste, a little of both being retained by some of the essential oil yet remaining. It is insoluble in water, but readily so in alcohol and volatile oils. Some of the fixed oils likewise dissolve it, and many of the acids. quot;With alkaline leys it forms a saponaceous solution. Exposed to heat, it melts, and, if allowed, takes fire, burning with flame and large volumes of smoke.

�esin is a diuretic, and may be given to the horse in doses of from four to six drachms. It enters into the composition of most diuretic masses. The form adopted by the Veterinary College is as follows :

PITAEMACT.

521

Diuretic Mass.

Take of Resin, pulverised,

Nitrate of Potassa, ditto, Hard Soap, of each equal parts.

Beat them together, so as to form a uniform mass. Dose from 3J to 5is3.

Externally applied, resin is a calefacient. It forms the basis of adhesive plasters, and of what are designated charges. A digestive ointment may�be also made by melting together two parts of resin and four parts of lard, this form being substituted, during the summer, for that already described.

It is also frequently sprinkled over wounds, to excite in them healthy action.

In dispensing, whenever turpentine is ordered, I have always used a mixture of four parts resin and one part of the essential oil of turpentine, by which both cleanliness and expedition are secured, while the compound is the same, from turpentine being thus formed synthetically.

Veeatetjm Album, White Hellebore. Officinal: Veratri Badix, White Hellebore Hoot. The plant is a perennial, and a native of the

wmmmmmmmmmmmim

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mouutainous parts of Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece. The root, the part medicinally em�ployed, is fleshy and fusiform, sending ofl' many small fibres. When recent, it has a strong dis�agreeable smell, which it loses on drying. As it is found in the shops, it is dark-coloured without and light-coloured within, breaking with a starchy fracture. The larger part is cut transversely, the smaller longitudinally. It should be chosen solid, heavy, and free from worm-holes.

Composition. � According to Pelletier, fatty matter, acidulous gallate of veratria, yellow colour�ing matter, starch, gum, and lignin.

Properties and Uses.�Did no other authority than the late Mr. Percivall exist, this would be quite sufficient to warrant the introduction of this agent into the veterinary materia medica as a nauseant. I know that it has been employed by many prac�titioners through his recommendation, and I have often witnessed its powerful effects. It may be given in doses of from twenty to thirty grains every four or six hours, until its action is manifested. As soon as this takes place, the repetition of the dose should be carefully avoided, lest efforts to vomit are produced. Here it is that the observant and scientific practitioner is seen : at the same time, this effect operates as an objection to the general use of hellebore, as it can only be administered

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under the immediate eye of the veterinary surgeon. Mr. Dyer informs me that on account of its pro�ducing so much general disturbance in the system he has discontinued to employ it. In larger quan�tities than those named, as from 3ss to 5J, it acts as a violent excitant to the whole system; and, according to the late Mr. quot;Wright, who employed it in chronic oedematous enlargements of the legs, in these large doses it powerfully promotes ab�sorption. Care, however, is requisite, lest inflam�mation be set up in the mucous lining of the sto�mach and intestines by it; demulcents, therefore; should be freely given when its operation becomes violent, nor should it ever be administered in these doses until after the bowels have been freely acted on by a purgative. To allay the inordinate excite�ment produced by it, large quantities of milk have been found highly effective.

Externally applied, either in the form of an ointment, liniment, or decoction, it is a local stimu�lant, and is used in mange and other cutaneous affections ; likewise for the destruction of parasites on the skin. If the quantity, however, be large, its action as a nauseaut will also be evident, and to dogs it has often proved fatal, by its effects on the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, through absorption.

The following account of its action when iutro-

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duced underneath the skin, published in the Vete�rinarian for 1859, shows the root to be of consider�able power, and requiring caution in its employ�ment. It is by Mons. Benbzen :

quot; On the 1st of June, 1858, the author was sent for hy Baron von Gemraingen, of Bondfield, to save, if possible, some of his stock, thirty-eight having been poisoned. It is probable that the baron had for some time observed that pleuro-pneu-monia existed among his stock, but he had not given notice to the authorities, to avoid, perhaps, the unpleasantness of having his estate isolated, as directed by the sanitary police. Instead thereof he had subjected the atfected cattle to the treatment of a veterinary surgeon residing in the duchy of Baden, who had inserted portions of the root of the white hellebore on each side of the chest, as a prophylactic. All the cattle had been thus treated on the same day, the plant having been dug up fresh out of the garden for the purpose; a piece of this, the length of a man's finger, had been inserted on each side of the chest, behind the fore legs, and left there. The effect of this, the plant being taken from a rich soil and full of sap, was fear�ful. The chest, abdomen, neck, and held, became swelled to an enormous size ; the animals could neither eat, drink, nor ruminate; the respiration was hurried, and they rested their heads against the mangers or walls. There was more or less trembling, sometimes of the whole body ; weeping of the eyes, the pupils being dilated; grinding of the teeth; foaming at the mouth, with attempts at vomiting ; giddiness and falling, and when down, lying with their legs extended and stiff in all the cases. At last they were unable to rise, and died in con�vulsions. Some of them bellowed fearfully, particularly when approached by any one. The pulse, in those which were the

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most affected, could scarcely be felt even at the heart, but in all the cases it was never less than from 90 to 140 beats in the minute. Two died quickly, and six more soon followed.

quot; The autopsy of the eight animals showed the effect of the poison in the meteorization of the abdomen ; the protrusion of the rectum which was mortified; the serous effusion into the cellular tissue, and the gangrene in more than one part of the body, principally about the chest, in the immediate neigh�bourhood where the root was inserted. On opening the body, the peritoneum showed violent inflammation and gangrene to have existed. The abdominal viscera were in a similar state. In the thorax, the pleurae, the lungs, the heart, and partly the diaphragm, were inflamed and gangrenous. The blood was dark-coloured and viscid. Only in one case was there hepatiza-tion of the lungs, with slight adhesion of the pleura. All the others were free from pneumonia.

quot; The treatment consisted in the removal of the obnoxious root, and bathing the parts freely with cold water. But as the insertion of the root had been from above downwards, the chan�nels were all filled with serum, which, by absorption, had much aggravated the evil, and it became, therefore, necessary to make counter-openings, so as to allow a free escape of the serum. Afterwards, these were injected with fresh oil of poppies ; the swelling was also extensively scarified, and dressed with the same oil. Subsequently, the compounds of chlorine and digestives were resorted to. Internally, nitre was adminis�tered in a decoction of linseed and oak bark. By these means the remaining thirty were saved ; but large portions of the skin were detached about the chest and abdomen, which had subsequently to be removed. This gave them the appearance of being skinned alive, and caused great suffering. The milk from the affected cows being given to pigs, caused violent

526

A MAKTUL OF

vomiting in them in less than a quarter of an hour. The flesh of those which had died being eaten by some dogs, caused the same effect on them, and some cats which had also eaten freely of it died.quot;

This root, according to Orfila, was the purgative of the Greeks, although others dispute this, accepting the black hellebore instead of it. Its active principle, veratria, is very violent and dan�gerous in its operation, causing hypercatharsis, accompanied by the discharge of blood, and much griping. I have seen half an ounce of the recently pulverised root, given in the form of draught, produce purgation in the horse iu little more than half an hour ; nevertheless, I would not be thought to advocate its employment for this purpose.

The Germans state that to pigs, in doses of from 5 to 15 grains, it is a safe and certain emetic. To Cattle it may be given in eases of indigestion, in quantities of from 5j to Jij.

Zincum, Zinc.

This metal is obtained either from the native carbonate,�calamine ; or sulphide,�blende. The ore, reduced to small pieces, is exposed to heat so as to dissipate the acid of the former and the sul�phur of the latter. It is then mixed with charcoal, and subjected to a rude form of sublimation in

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pots resembling oil jars in shape, which have an iron tube passed up through them, the lower ends being immersed in water. These pots being filled with the mixture, and placed in the smelting fur�nace, the metal is rendered volatile, and, hecoming condensed, slowly passes down the tubes into the water in the form of globules : these are afterwards cast into ingots.

Zinc, as met with in commerce, is rarely pure ; when it is, it has a brilliant white colour, inclining to blue. It is brittle, crystalline, and has a specific gravity of 6quot;8 to 7'2. The weight of its atom is 32. Symbol Zn. It is highly inflammable, burn�ing with a blue flame, and quickly becoming con�verted into an oxide.

Zuroi Caebonas IsrpmaTM PniEPAEATrM,

Prepared Impure Carbonate of Zinc, Prepared

Calamine.

This, in pharmacy, is the native carbonate of zinc calcined and brought into the state of fine powder by levigation and washing, in the same manner as directed for the preparation of chalk.

Zcnci Oxtdttii, Oxide of Zinc. This is obtained by projecting pieces of metallie

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zinc into a crucible lieated to redness, having another inverted over it, but not so as to exclude the air. The metal, when very little above its melting point, attracts oxygen from the atmosphere, and burns with a dazzling flame of a bluish tint, producing an oxide in the form of light flocculi, formerly called ^cwlaquo;^-* of zinc.

The oxide may also be precipitated from a solu�tion of the sulphate by means of water of ammonia, subsequently washing and drying the powder upon a sand-bath.

Both this and the first-named compound of zinc-are mild astringents, and employed as external applications, being sprinkled over excoriations, ichorous ulcers, and superficial inflammations. Either would form a substitute for the farriers' Armenian bole. If required to be more �timulatiug, a useful compound may be formed by mixing one part of pulverised resin with two parts of the prepared calamine, or oxide of zinc. A liniment formed by mixing together one part of oxide of zinc and four parts of glycerin, has been advocated by Professor Vamell for cracked heels and irritable sores. The following form has likewise been similarly employed:

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P�lvis Zinci Carbonatis Compositvs, Compound Fowder of the Carhonate oj Zinc.

Take of Carbonate of Zinc, in powder 4 parts,

Alum........1 part.

Mix them.

This is used as a topical astringent, being sprin�kled over abrasions, ulcerated heels, open joints, amp;e. The decomposition which takes place on the contact of moisture materially influences the action of the compound. Carbonic acid is evolved in a gaseous state, by which any fetor is corrected; and a sul�phate of zinc being formed, this acts as an excitant and astringent, its potency being lessened by that portion of the carbonate which has undergone no change.

An ointment of zinc may be made as follows:

UNurENTUM Zinci Carbonatis, Ointment of Carbonate of Zinc.

Take of prepared Carbonate of Zinc . 1 part,

Hogs'Lard......6 parts.

Mis.

This will be found a useful compound for slight

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excoriations, amp;c. It has received the not inappli�cable name of the Healing Ointment. Should it be required to possess greater activity, the addition of a small quantity of common turpentine is allowable; and particularly is this the case when the wound does not possess a healthy character.

Tiisci Chloeidum, Chloride of Zinc.

Take of Hydrochloric Acid ... 1 pint. Distilled quot;Water .... 2 pints. Zinc, broken in small pieces 7 ounces.

Mix the acid with the water, and to these add the zinc ; and the effervescence being nearly finished, apply heat until bubbles cease to be evolved. Ponr off the liquor, strain, and evaporate until the salt be dried. Having melted this in a lightly covered crucible by a red heat, pour it out on a flat and smooth stone. Lastly, when it has cooled, break into small pieces and keep in a well-stoppered vessel.

This compound may also be procured by heating metallic zinc in chlorine gas, or by distilling a mix�ture of zinc filings and corrosive sublimate. The above form, however, lately given by the College of Physicians, is by far the more facile mode.

Decomposition.�One equivalent of hydrochloric

PHAEMACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 531

acid becomes decomposed by the zinc, the hydrogen being liberated in a gaseous state, and the chlorine combining with the metal.

MalmaU.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Proilnds.

37 Hydi-ochloric f ^Hgt;i�gen ... 1......................1 Hydrogen Gas.

^Acid lohloiine ...nbsp; nbsp; 36-^

32 Zinc...............33--------�^gt; 68 Chloride Zinc.

Composition.�ZnCl, or 1 atom Zinc . = 32 1 � Chlorine = 3G

Equivalent ... 68

Properties and Uses.�Chloride of zinc, when recently prepared, is a colourless and translucent solid, but becomes opaque as it cools. It is ex�tremely deliquescent, and consequently very soluble in water ; it therefore requires to be kept in closely stoppered bottles. Its taste is very disagreeable and styptic. Its action that of a caustic and anti�septic. It quickly destroys muscular fibre, blanch�ing it. To the finger it imparts a saponaceous feel, arising from the destruction of the cuticle, which is accompanied with a sensation of warmth. Its action as a caustic is referable, first, to its power of abstracting water from the tissues, and secondly, to its combination with the albumen thereof, which prevents its absorption and confines its operation. The surface left after the removal of a slough

532nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MANUAL OF

generally presents a healthy aspect, and the granu-latory process is soon set up in it. Mr. E. Mayhew, in a paper in the Veterinarian, has advocated the use of this agent for open joints. A scruple is directed by him to be dissolved in a pint of water, with which solution the wound is to he kept bathed, by means of a piece of sponge saturated with it and squeezed against the limb above the lesion. Its operation he considers to be twofold; first, it coagulates the escaping synovia; and he directs this coagulum not to be disturbed, so that the healing process may go on internally: secondly, it possesses the power of suppressing luxuriant granu-latious, while it also corrects any fetor that may arise in the wound.

To render this agent less active, it has been com�bined with the oxide of zinc in equal proportions. See Veterinarian, vol. xxxi, p. 196.

The disinfectant fluid of Sir William Burnett is a fully saturated solution of the chloride of zinc, and being now easily procured, might be made available for veterinary purposes. It is a compound that may be advantageously resorted to for all ill-conditioned wounds and phagedenic ulcers; as it at once destroys the effluvia of putrescence, and by its stimulating eifects quickly rouses the parts into healthy action. Indeed, I feel assured that it deserves to be employed more largely than it lias

PHAEMACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 333

been. Before used, as an ordinary excitant, it requires to be diluted with from sixty to eighty parts of water. In this form Mr. T. quot;Wquot;. Growing has successfully employed it in grease and other aifeetions. In its undiluted state it may be resorted to as a caustic in canker, quittor, for sinuses of the pole or withers, and also for foot-rot in sheep. Pro�bably a very weak solution of it might be advan�tageously employed for quot; dippingquot; of sheep, so as to prevent the attack of the fly.

As a common disinfectant and deodorizer, ample directions will be found to accompany the agent as sent out by Sir W. Burnett.

Tests.�Occasionally some impurities have been met with, arising from their existence in the materials employed, otherwise the compound is not likely to be adulterated. Iron, lead, and arsenic are the metals with which it has been contaminated, and the presence of these is to be demonstrated by their respective reagents.

Zxxci Sulphas, Sulphate of Zinc.

Old names: Vitriolated Zinc, White Vitriol, White Copperas.

Take of Zinc, in small pieces ... 5 ounces. Diluted Sulphuric Acid . . 2 pints.

534

A MANUAL OF

Mix them in a glass vessel, and, the effervescence being over, filter the solution through paper; evapo�rate and crystallize.

Decomposition.�In this process the water suffers decomposition. Its oxygen oxidizes the metal, which oxide is dissolved by the sulphuric acid form�ing it into a sulphate, while its hydrogen, being rendered gaseous, escapes.

Materials.

Froducts.

1 cq. Zinc

^1 eq. Hydrogen

) 1 cq. Oxygen......

1 eq. Anhydrous Sul-* phuric Acid

1 Hydrogen Gas.

Hydrated

Sulphuric

Acid.

80 Sulphate of Zinc

The water is ordered in excess, otherwise the sulphate as it is formed, would crystallize around the undissolved zinc and impede the action.

Composition.�The compound sold in the shops under the name of purified sulphate of zinc occurs in crystals, which are four-sided, and terminated by four-sided pyramids, having an acidulous, styptic, metallic taste. It consists of ZnO,S0₃ 7HO, or ZnS0₄.7H₂0, or

1 atom Oxide of Zinc . . . = 40 1 � Sulphuric Acid . . . = 40 7 atoms Water . . . 9 x 7 = 63

Equivalent . .

143

PHAEMACY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 535

But by far the greater quantity of sulphate of zinc, known in commerce by the name of white vitriol, is prepared from the native sulphide of zinc, by roast�ing, and then exposing it to the air and moisture, when it absorbs oxygen and becomes sulphate, which is obtained by lixiviation and crystallization.

Evaporation is generally carried on until the salt concretes into hard granular masses. Thus made, it frequently contains other sulphates in combina�tion, as those of iron and copper. These, if thought necessary, may be removed by re-solution and slow re-crystallization on some granulated zinc. But, perhaps, this refinement is not called for by the veterinary surgeon ; and as the sulphate of zinc of commerce contains less water of crystallization, it forms for him a more active agent.

Properties and Uses.�Sulphate of zinc is a colourless, slightly efflorescent salt, soluble in two and a half times its weight of water at 60deg;, and in less than its own weight of boiling water. It is an astringent and tonic, but rarely administered inter�nally. Externally applied,it is a valuable compound, being used as an excitant to wounds, and to bring about adhesion of surfaces ; on this account, agree�ably to the recommendation of Mr. Newport, it has been extensively employed with great success in cases of quitter. Injected in a state of solu�tion into other sinuses, its operation has been

536

A MANUAL OP

found equally beneficial; and also into cavities in which the healing process is tardy; since, by its powerful stimulating properties, it quickly induces the adhesive inflammation.

For quittor Mr. Ernes strongly recommends the employment of the following mixture, the form for which was given him by M. Manage, who states that its use has nearly done away with the painful operation so commonly resorted to in France for this disease of the foot.

Take of Sulphate of Zinc �nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 4 ounces,

Coppernbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 4 �

Subacetate of Leadnbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 4 �

Acetic Acid dilutednbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; 1 pint.

Dissolve the salts in the acetic acid, then add the solution of subacetate of lead.

Before using, the mixture is to be well shaken up, and the sinuses injected, by means of a small syringe daily, till the discharge ceases.

A solution thus made should be kept in the phar�macy.

PIIAHITACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 537

Solutio Zmci Stjlphatis, Solution of Sulphate of Zinc,

Take of Sulphate of Zinc . . 1 part, AVater .....3 parts.

Dissolve and filter.

If much iron be present in the salt used, it will be thrown down in the form of an oxide, giving to the solution a dirty appearance. It may be sepa�rated by filtration.

This being nearly saturated, discretion in its ap�plication is called for on the part of the practitioner. A more dilute solution has been employed to pre�vent the sloughing of the integument which so com�monly occurs on the introduction of sutures ; and as a collyrium, a still weaker solution is sometimes re�commended. Tor the latter it would he preferable, perhaps, to substitute for the sulphate the acetate of zinc, which is best made extemporaneously, by mix�ing a solution of the acetate of lead with one of the sulphate of zinc, when double decomposition takes place, and two new salts are formed,�a soluble acetate of zinc, and an insoluble sulphate of lead. This last is to be separated by means of a filter, and the clear solution employed: or, from 5ss to 5j of each of the salts may be dissolved in a pint of dis-

538nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF

tilled water, and the supernatant fluid carefully de�canted for use.

A solution of the acetate of zinc has also been found effectual in causing a reduction of the swell�ing of the legs of hunters, when they have stood in the stable after a hard day's run. Bandages satu�rated with it are employed ; and the best material for these is chamois leather, which not only retains moisture for a longer time than any other substance, but, by its elasticity, gives a degree of compression to the limb that is very desirable.

Sulphate of zinc does not rank as a caustic, yet it appears to possess slight erodent properties.

Tests.�The purity of sulphate of zinc is known by its solubility in water. The precipitate thrown down by ammonia is white, and, if the ammonia be in excess, it is re-dissolved. The presence of copper will be indicated by a blue colour. The precipitate by the barytic salts is insoluble in nitric acid.

Incompatihles.�The alkalies, their carbonates, and astringent vegetable infusions.

ZiueiBEBis Radix, Ginger Boot.

The ginger plant is a native of the East Indies, but now largely cultivated in the West. The islands of Barbadoes and Jamaica furnish considerable

PHABSIACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 539

quantities to the market; and the produce of the last named is much esteemed. That which is known by the familiar name of ginger root, is the tuber or rhizome, a reservoir of nutriment for a future plant, occurring at the base of the stem. When the her�baceous parts of the plant have withered, the roots are dug up, the tuberous portions are then removed, and the best selected, scraped, washed, and dried with great care in the sun. This is denominated white ginger. When less care is manifested, and the roots are scalded after being taken up, by which a portion of the aroma is dissipated, and then dried, hlach ginger is the result. Both kinds are imported in bags, containing about 100 pounds each.

Coinposition.�Volatile oil, on which its odour depends; resino-extractive, starch, gum, saline matters, and lignin.

Properties and Uses.�Grood ginger is firm, heavy, free from worm-holes, and breaks with a starchy fracture. It has a hot biting taste, and an aromatic odour. When its fracture is very fibrous, or short and resinous, or when light and soft, it should be rejected.

Its virtues are extracted both by water and al�cohol. Its action is that of a stimulant and carmi�native ; it is therefore advocated in flatulent colic and debility of the stomach and intestines. As it does not produce the ill effects attributed to those

540

A MANUAL OF

spices whose virtues depend upon the presence of an acrid oil, it has been much employed. It rouses the vitality of the intestinal surface generally, and renders it more susceptible of the influence of ca�thartics ; hence the reason of the combination of ginger with most purgative substances. It also in�creases the nervous energy of the stomach, and has found a place among cordials for the horse, which it well deserves, for there is no carminative that can be brought into competition with it. It enters into the following pharmaceutical compound of the Eoyal Veterinary College:

Cordial Mass.

Take of Ginger, pulverised,

Gentian root, do., of each equal parts. Treacle a sufficient quantity to form a mass.

Dose from 5J to siss.

I believe this simple form will be found preferable to most of the more complicated ones which have been so much extolled. There are, aowever, some who object to the use of cordials altogether. Such persons conceive that food is the best stimulant to the stomach, varying it so as to excite the appetite; nevertheless, at times a gentle provocative seems to be desirable. I need hardly add, that the indis-

PHAE�ACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 541

criminate use of such agents should be abstained from, as they become active stimulants.

For Cattle and Sheep, ginger is the best of all the carminatives, aud, with the exception of caraway seeds, it supersedes the use of the trashy compounds which were once advocated by the older practitioners of veterinary medicine under the name of Compound Powders. The dose for the former may be from 5ij to 5iv; for the latter, from Jss to 5,1- No aperient draught for either animal should be without it.

For the sake of neatness and convenience in dis�pensing, probably a tincture of ginger may be allowed a place in the pharmacy of the veterinary surgeou.

TiNCTUEi Zingibeeis, Tincture of Ginger.

Take of Ginger, in coarse powder, 4 ounces, Proof Spirit .... 2 pints.

Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.

If rectified spirit be employed, a better tincture results.

The dose of this tincture will be from fsj to fjij. It may be given for the purpose of expelling gaseous matters accumulated in the alimentary canal; or as an antispasmodic, either alone or combined with other substances of the same class. It may like-

542

A MANUAl OF PHARMACY.

wise be added to aloetic purges when exhibited iu the form of draught, to prevent nausea and tormina.

Some practitioners have advocated the external use of ginger as a rubefacient, but the flour of mustard is a better agent.

When we are desirous of quickly producing coun�ter-irritation on the skin, a piece of linen dipped in strong water of ammonia may be laid on the part, and this covered with a dry cloth, as suggested by Mr. T. W. Gowing, who has most successfully adopted this method, and found a considerable amount of effusion to be the result of the irritation thus set up. Or a heated disc of iron may be rubbed over the part.

Eubefacients act as counter-irritants, and often prove of service in many diseases. Their operation, when mild, is purely local, augmenting the action of the cutaneous capillaries. When powerful, the excitement they set up is frequently conveyed by sympathy to other parts of the organism, and they then become general irritants. Judgment, there�fore, in the employment of these, as in most other therapeutic agents, is called for on the part of the practitioner. It is the exercise of this, grounded on a knowledge of principles, which distinguishes the man of scientific attainments from the mere pretender or charlatan.

AN AKEANGEMBNT, ACCOEDING TO THEIE TK

MEDICINAL

SUBSTANCES USED IN V

WITH MANY OF THEIR COMPO

Medicines which act upon tbe Alimentary Canal or its-j Contents.

CATHARTICS

ANTHELMINTICS

NAUSEANTS ANTACIDS ...

AliTEBATIVES

INTEXOtTAI.Xi'Sr ASmilkTI STE]

Agents which cause a quickev expulsion of the fasces in a semi-Agents which destroy or expel worms Agents which induce a disposition to vomit Agents which counteract acidity in the primsa vise Agents which bring ahout a healthy state of the system withe

augmenting the secretions Agents which invigorate the system by stimulating the stoms Agents which lubricate and sheath surfaces 'Agents which counteract the effects of poisons

Agents which stimulate the brain and nerves, and thus increasi quot; Agents which act as above, but whose action is followed by a . I of the vital power

iAgents which immediately depress the vital powers Agents which overcome inordinate muscular action

Agents which increase the action of glands generally Agents which increase the urinary discharge Agents which excite the nterus Agents which dissolve calculi

Agents which excite the exhalents of the skin

CARDIACS ...

DEMULCENTS

L ANTIDOTES...

Medicines which act upon the f EXCITANTS

Brain and Nerves, and, through them, on the System generally.

NARCOTICS ...

SEDATIVES... L ANTLSPASMODICS.

Medicines which act through the medium of or upoii_

GENERAL STIMULANTS.

DIURETICS.......

PARTURIENTS LITHONTRIPTICS...

DIAPHORETICS ...

Glands, and

glandular

Structures.

Medicines which, act upon Mus- I TONICS

Agents which restore the tenacity of muscular fibre

Agents which contract muscular fibre ......

EXTESRHT�Ll.Z.'ir APPJ.IBIJ.

Agents which diminish the morbid heat of a part

Agents which repel indolent tumours .........

Agents which cause redness of the sldn without blistering Agents which produce blisters .........

Agents which decompose the part to which they are applied

Agents which induce suppuration in wounds

Agents which cleanse wounds or the skin, and excite in the

action Agents which diminish discharges from wounds

Agents which destroy putrescence in wounds Agents which excite the healing process in wounds Agents which soften and relax parts

cular Fibre.


	ASTRINGENTS
	REFRIGERANTS ...
	DISCUTIENTS
	R�BEFACIENTS ...
	VESICANTS......
	CAUSTICS ......
	DIGESTIVES
	DETERGENTS	...#9632;(
	ASTRINGENTS
	ANTISEPTICS	...\|
	TRAUM ATICS
	EMOLLIENTS

Medicines which act upon the Skin and external parts, by direct application.

SEAPEUTIC PEOPEETIES,

PITEEINARY UNDS.

PEACTICE,

A POSOLOGICAL TABLE

FOB

THE HORSE,

WITH THE

ACTION OP THE MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES.

ED.

fluid state

[Aloes, Croton, Chloride of Mercury, Linseed and Castor Oil, Clysters, Mashes, Sulphates of Magnesia and Soda, Salt, Sulphur, Bitartrate of Potassa.

Nearly the whole of the above. Tartarated Antimony, Sulphide of Iron.

Aloes, White Hellebore.

Carbonates of Lime, Magnesia, Potassa, and Soda; Soaps.

Aloes, Chloride and Oxide of Mercury, Cod-Liver Oil, Ter-sulphide of Antimony, Nitrate of Potassa, and Sulphur.

Capsicum, Carraway Seeds, Ginger, Pimenta.

Glycerine, Gum Arabic, Linseed, Starch.

Depending on the substance administered.

Alcohol, Ammonia, Arnica, Strychnia. Camphor, Henbane, Deadly Nightshade, Opium.

Digitalis? Hydrocyanic Acid, Tartarated Antimony, Chloroform. Alcohol, Ether, Oil of Turpentine, Opium, Spirit of Nitrons Ether.

Iodine and its Compounds, Chloride and Oxide of Mercury. Copaiba, Nitrate of Potassa, Eesin, Soap, Turpentine. Ergot of Kye.

Hydrochloric Acid; the fixed Alkalies.

Meadow Saffron, Tartarated Antimony, Solution of Acetate of Ammonia, Spirit of Nitrous Ether.

Cascarilla Bark, Chamomile Flowers, Gentian Boot, Ammouio-Sulphate of Copper, Iodides of Arsenic, Copper, and Iron; Sulphates of Copper, Iron, and Zinc; Disolphate of Quina; Common Salt; Salts of Barium.

Almu, Catechu, Galls.

Solution of the Acetate and Subacetate of Lead, Solution of Salt, Cold Water.

Chloride of Ammonium, Camphor, Compounds of Iodine, Soap Liniment.

Liniments of Ammonia, of Tar, and of Turpentine; Tar, Pitch, Vinegar.

Cantharides, Mylabrls, Tartarated Antimony, Hot Water.

Carbolic, Sulphuric, Nitric, and Hydrochloric Acids; Bichloride and Nitric Oxide of Mercury, Chlorides of Antimony and Zinc, Nitrate of Silver, Sulphate of Copper. The Hot Iron.

Black Hellebore, Liniment and Ointment of Turpentine.

Acetate of Copper, Creasotc, Liniment of Sulphate of Copper, Ointment of Aminonio-Chloride and Nitrate of Mercury ; Sulphur, and some of its Compounds.

Alum, Armenian Bole, Carbonate and Oxide of Zinc.

Carbolic Acid, Charcoal, Chloride of Zinc, Chlorinated Lime and Soda, Permanga�nate of Potash, Nitrate of Potassa, Yeast.

Aloes, Collodion, Myrrh, Oil of Tar, Resin, Solutions of the Sulphates of Copper and Zinc.

Fomentations, Lard, Olive Oil, Palm Oil, Poultices.

AGENT.

ACTION.

ut sensibly eh

Acaciaj Gumrni . Acid. Aceticum .

Arseniosmn.

Carbolic .....

Internaily. Demulcent ......

Externally,

ad lib.

Astringent ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/ ^^nt!seP^tio � 1

^anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .....11 Eubefacient J

Tome ..................Caustic .........

grs. v to x

1 / Caustic and quot;I

...............i [ Antiseptic/

f Lithontriptic ... 1 !/Antiseptic . 1

1 Tonic ............j n Caustic ... f

Sedative ...............Sedative .......'..

Tonic ..................iCaustic ........

i their eucrg depressionquot;

� Hydrochloric. ..

� Hydrocy. dil.

� Nitricum ...

� Sulphuric. ...

Vconite Tinct.......

� Extract. . Adeps ...............

f�'j to jiv fjss to 3j 3j to 5ij 3j to 3ij Tr|x to xx grs. xv to xx

3J to 3ij 5iv to 5vnj

3ij to 5iv

a) to 5ij

fgss to f *j

fSiv to fgviij 5ij to 5iv

fSss to Jj

5ij to 5iv

5ss to 3j

Tonic

Sedative

Caustic Sedative

f Alterative lt; Nauseant..

[ Purgative Astringent .,

Emollient Traumatic

...{

Aloes Extract.

Alumen ...............

� Ustum.........

Ammonia,Hydrochlo,

� Liquor .,,

� Liq. Acet.. � Sesqui-car.

� Spt. Arom.

Anthemides Flores.

Antim. Potass. Tart,

� Ter-Chlorid,

Astringent Erodent ...

Deobstruent ........ l�iscutient

[Stimulant ......] L.. , ,

t Antacid ........ ]#9632; Stimulant

Diaphoretic............j Discutient

Stimulant ......

/Stimulant ..., [ Antacid ......

Tonic ............

/Nauseant......

1 Diaphoretic...

Irritant Caustic

., Ter. Sulph.

lAlterative

5y to Sss

healthy

#9632;{

544

A POSOLOGICAX TABLE FOB THE HOBSE.

Argenti Nitras Arnica...........

Internally.

Externally.

Caustic .....

Resolvent ..

,ss to 3j gr. v to xx fjiv to 5vj 5ss to Jj 5j^to S'j

5li to 5iv 3J^to 5ij gr. v to x

gr. x to xx 5ss to gj 5'j to 3iv Si to 5i.j Si to sij

3j to 5�

Stimulant ............

(quot;Alterative .......1

ITonic ............J

Antispasmodic ......

{ Alterative ......1 Tonic ............/

Narcotic...............

Arsenic lodicle........

yEther Sulphuricus Barii Nitras ........

Refrigerant.

Belladon. Extract

Borax ...............

Calx Chlorinata ... Camphora .........

Cantharis .........

Capsici Bacca;......

Carui Semina......

Cascar. Cortex ...

Catechu Ext.......

Chloroform........,

Sedative ___

Detergent . Antiseptic .. Discutient .

Vesicant .....

Ruhefacient.

Antiseptic ............

Narcotic ...............

f Stimulant ......1

| Diuretic .........J

Carminative .........

Tonic..................

Astringent ............

Anajsthetic............

f Diuretic .......

lt; Diaphoretic...,

[Laxative.......

Culchicum

Collodion...............

Copaiba ...............

Creasoton ............

Creta; Prepar..........

Croton Semina .....,

� Oleum........

� Farina........,

Cupri Ammon. Sulph

� Diacetas .....

Adhesive .

Diuretic

/Caustic ...1 \ Antiseptic . /

igss to 3j

|^f5ss to �j

SI) to giv gr. xij to xxiv gtt. xx to xx: gr. xx to xl 5j to 3ij

�j to 5ij

f Antiseptic ......quot;1

1 Tonic ............J

Antacid Pui'gative Purgative Purgative Tonic .....

Tonic .....

Absorbent

Irritant

J Erodent ...1 \ Detergent . /

Detergent

� Diniodidum ..

� Sulphas.......

Digitalis..............

/Alterative ......\

t Tonic ............/

f Astringent ......\

\ Tonic ............J

f Narcotic.........\

\ Diuretic .........J

5j to 5ij

3j to 3ij

'gr. x to xxx :5j to 5ij

J Erodent . \ Excitant

;:}

A POSOLOGICAL TABLE i'OE THE HORSE.

545

AGEXT.

) XX

5v,i

�

',) gt; x

( XX

iiv

li y

�

erri Chlorid.. j'erri lodidnra.

Intenmlly. Astringent .....

/Alterative ..

LTonic ........

J Astringent ..

LTonic ........

Astringent .....

Tonic ...........

Tonic ......... .

Nutrient........

Externally. Styptic........

3j to 5ij

5^SS to 3j

� Sulphas.........

ialla^ ..................

ientianao Rad.......

� Tinctura .

lycerine ............

Mlebonis Nig.......

lydrarg. Am. Chlor, lydrarg. Bichlorid.,

Chlorid. ...

.....................B'J tojiv

Astringent ......kij to 5iv

51) to 5iv fsss to 5j giv to gvj

Alterative ...

/Alterative ......quot;1

X Cathartic........./

Excitant .. Detergent Caustic.....

gr. v to x gr. x to xx 5ss to 5ij

Biniodid.,

/ Stimulant . 1 \ Detergent . / Detergent ......

� Nitratls .

� Oxydnm .

� Nitr.

lyoscyami Ext.....

Tinct.Eth.

odinium...........

ini Semina ......

Oleum.........

ilagnesia............

Alterative

Erodent Sedative

5j to 5iss

5.] to 5i,i oj to Sij

[gr. v to x

Narcot. amp; Anodyne . Narcot. amp; Anodyne . / Glandular ex-1

\ citant ........./

Demulcent ............

Laxative...............

Antacid ...............

/ Laxative.........quot;1

IDiuretic?........./

f Glandular 1

;1V

;o xxiv to xx to xl

\ excitant / f

.....................adlib.

Emollient ......jOss to Oj

..........jsssto 5j

i ..........'(bss to ltgt;j

Styptic .........|

Oss to Oj

lagnesia Sulph..

latico .............

lorrhua Oleum .

lyrrha ..........

'leum Laurini .

Olivffi __

Palma?___

Eapi ....

Ipium.............

Tinctura .

Alterative .. / Antiseptic 1. Tonic ......

Traumatic

5\J to 31V

Oj to Oiss

3j to 3ij t'Jss to jij

Demulc. amp;, Laxative.

Stimulant Emollient Emollient . Emollient

\ Anodyne ,

) XXX

/ Narcotic and 1 \ Antispasmodie /

546

A POSOLOGICAL TABLE TOB THE HOBSE.

AGENT.

I'etroleura ......

Fimenta Bacca3

Pix Abietina ... � Liquida ... � Nigra ......

Plumbi Acetas

Intemally.

Stimulant .....

f Stimulant .. \ Tonic ........

�Exlumull}'. Stimulant ..

5ij to 5iv

f Sedative ... \ Astringent

Rubefacient.. Rubefacient.. Rubefacient..

Sedative .....

5j to 5ij

Subacetas

Sedative Caustic

Totassa ............

Potassa; Carbonas

� Chloras...

� Nitras ...

J Antacid .........1

\ Diuretic ........./

Refrigerant Antiseptic

:::{

3ij to 5iv

3j to 5'j

5ij to 5iv

3'] to 5ss 5ss to 5j 5ss to 5j Sss to gj

=ss to s'y 3^;j to 5^iv5ij to 5iv f gss to gij

lljaS tO ilij

S'j to Jiij Sj to giv

fSi to sli f Si to S�

gr. j to iij

Stimulant ?.

J Febrifuge .......

\ Diuretic ..........

Glandular excitant

Diaphoretic..........

Tonic.................

Diuretic .............

Potassii lodidum .. Potassii Sulphmet.. Quinis Disulphas ..

Itesina.................

Sabina.................

Glandular excit Detergent

Calef'acient Irritant ..,

Stimulant

Sapo....................

Secale Cornutum ..

Sodio Carbonas .....

� Chlorinat. liq.

,, Sulphas........

� Sulpbit.........

Sodii Chloridum.....

{ Antacid .. Diuretic .. Parturient .. J Antacid .. \ Diuretic ..

Antiseptic .........

Diuretic? .........

Antiseptic .........

J Tonic ............

\ Alterative ......

f Antispasmodic .

#9632;lt; Diuretic .........

(_ Diaphoretic......

J Stimulant ......1

\ Antispasmodic . J { / Stimulant to the I '^! \ Motor Nerves J

intiseptic

Stimulant

Spirit. Etlieris Nit.. ,, Keetiflcatus.

Refrisjeraut.

Strvchnia

A POSOLOGICAL TABLE FOE THE nOESE.

Sulphur ..............

Sulphuris lodiclum.. Terebiuthiufe Vulg..

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Oleum

Veratrum Album ..

Zinci Acefcis ........

� Carbonas ... .

� CWoridum.....

� Ozydum .....

� Sulphas........

Zingiberis Eadix.....

� Tinct. ..

Internally.

f Laxative .........]

1 Alterative ......J

Alterative ............

Diuretic ...............

f Diuretic .........1

lt; Antispasraodic . y

|_ Cathartie.........J

f Kauseant and 1 \ Stimulant ... J

Externally Detergent .

Detergent . Digestive....

3j to 5JV

5^ss to 5j IsstoSj

f3',i to 5iv f.^iij to Jvj Oss to Oj

gr. xx to xxx

J Irritant ...\ \ Digestive .. /

Irritant .........

J Astringent ......1

t Tonic ............J

Carminative .........

{ Carminative and\ Antispasmodic J

Astringent ......I

Astringent ......

f Caustic aud 1 ! \ Antiseptic J Astringent ......\

rErodent ...iL. _t _�. \ Astringent. J i^ ^J^

.....................;5j togiv

.....................fSJto Sij

#9632;


INDEX.
	Page		Page
Acacia Gam	41	Acid, Pyroligneous	43
Acetate of Lead...	417	Impure	-IS
Zinc ...	537	Stearic	101
Ammonia	151	Stryclmic ...	496
Acetic acid	43	Sulphuric ...	84
Acetous Fermentation ...	43	Tests for	91
Acid, Acetic	43	Armenian bole	196
Diluted ...	17	Sulphurous action of	205
Tests for ...	47	Sulphovinic	181
Arsemous ...	51	Tannic	307
Antidotes		Acids, Action of, as caustics	89
for ...	60	Filtration of	17
Tests for	5G	Aconite ...	92
Carbolic	64	Extract of	98
Uses of ...	G8	Ointment of	97
Chloro-nitrous	84	Tincture of	95
Crotonic ...	262	Fleming	s 96
Formic	231	Aconitina ......quot;	92
Hydrochloric	71	Adeps	9!)
Tests for ...	75	Adhesive Compounds	215
a lithontriptic 74		-cEgyptiactnn	273
Hydrocyanic	75	yEther, Nitric	486
Concentrated 77		Sulphuric	180
Tests for	79	as a local anaesthetic	183
Igasuric	496	Inhalation of	185
ilargaric ...	101	Chloric ...	233
rs itnc	SO	iErugo	27(1
Tests for ...	83	Affinity, Chemical	27
Xitro-hydrochloric	84	how divided	28
Oleic ' ......	101	Agents, Chemical	3
Permanganic	203	Medicinul	2.S
Phenic	64	Action of	29
Prnssic ......	75	Doses ...	32


	INDEX.		549
	Page		Page
Agents, anrestbetic 184	233	Ammonia, Spirit of	153
Alcohol ...	493	Water of ...	14,1
Methylic...	50	Aramoniated Tiuct. Opium	402
Alkali, fixed ......	138	Ammonio Sulphate Copper	268
volatile ...	138	Ammonium, Chloride of .	189
mineral and vege-		Anesthetic Agents	184
table ......	477	Analysis ...	1
Alembic ...	23	Proximate	2
Alkanet Root ......	155	Qualitative	2
Allspice.........	407	Quantitative ...	2
Tincture of	408	Ultimate	^
Aloes, Barbadoes......	110	Anhydrous Salts ...	25
Cape	102	Anthelmintics ... 164	345
Mocha	104	Antimony	157
Melted ......	111	Black ......	168
Solution of	123	Comp. Powder of	172
Tincture of, Comp.	127	Golden Sulphide
as a Purgative to		of ......	171
Cattle......	128	Liver of	170
to the Dog	128	Potassio-tartrate
Aloetic Mass	119	of ......	158
Aloin	112	Oxy-sulphide of	170
Alterative Balls ...	126	Tartarated	158
Powder	169	Ter-chloride of	165
Alum	130	Ter-sulphide of	168
Roche	132	Antispasmodics, 182, 195,	400,
Dried or burnt	132	401	489
Comp. Ointment of	134	Apothecaries' Weight ...	6
Powder of...	134	Aqua Fortis	82
Solution of	134	Regia	84
Whey ......	137	Vegeto Mineralis ...	420
Amido-chloride Mercury	363	Areoa Catechu ...	346
Ammonia...	138	Argol .........	131
Acetate of	151	Armenian Bole ...	196
Aromatic Spirit oi	154	Arnica	187
Carbonate of ...	148	Tincture of	189
Hydroeholrate of	139	Arsenic ...	51
Liniment of ...	148	Antidotes for ...	60
Sesqui-carbonate		Tests for	56
of ......	148	Iodide of	62
Solution of	145	Arsenical Fumes 61,	267
Sub-carbonate of	148	Astringents, action of ...	306


��U	IBDEX.
	Page	1	Ta sic
Astringent for Calves and		Blue Pill.........	351
Sheep.........	137	Blister, Action of	218
Atomic Weight of Elements	8	Perpetual	219
Attraction, kinds of	5	Blistering Flies......	213
of Aggregation	12	Bodies, Compound	1
Capillary	23	Elementary	1
Cohesive	12	Division of	1
Corpuscular...	12	Table of...	3
Heterogeneous	28	Imponderable ...	1
Homogeneous	12	Ponderable	1
Molecular ...	12	Bole, Armenian ...	196
Avoirdupois Weight	7	Borax	472
Balance described	6	Bran	12)
Hydrostatic	9	Brimstone	503
Hall, Alterative......	126	Bvucia ......	496
Astringent...	229	Burgundy Pitch ...	408
Cathartic......	119	Butea Seeds	346
Cordial	5-10	Butter of Antimony	1G5
Cough 195, 205	290	Calainine...	527
Diuretic	521	Calculi, Solvents for	73
Fever	101	Calomel ...	339
Form and size of ...	33	Vegetable .	344
Tonic ... 282	298	Camphor...	210
Worm	162	Artificial	511.
Balsam of Capivi	252	Cantharides ......	213
Sulphur	509	Oil of	22il
Uarhadoes Tar ...	405	Ointment of .	220
Aloes......	110	Terebinth. So-
Barilla .........	473	lution of ...	221
Barium ......	190	PyroxylicTine.
Chloride	191	of... #9632; ...	220
Baryta ......	190	Vinegar of ...	219
Carbonate	191	Cantliaridine	211
Nitrate ......	192	Cape Aloes	102
Belladonna, Extract of ...	193	Capillary Attraction	23
Betel Nut ......	316	Capsicum Berries	223
Black Oils ......	90	Caraway Seeds ...	223
Hellebore...	313	Carbolic Acid	64
Wasli ......	348	Uses of...	68
Bleaching Powder	196	Casearilla Bark ...	221
Blende ......	526	Castor Oil ......	302
Bluestone.........	279	Mixture ...	129


	IKDES.		ool
Cast Iron...	Page �Zi)2	Collodion Elastic...	Page 244
Catalytic Action......	4yo	Mercurialized ...	54
Cataplasmraquo;	225	Colloid Styptic......	252
Catechu, Extract of	227	Common Mass ...	374
Cattle, Aloes a Purge for .	128	Turpentine	511
Croton a Purge for	265	Condy's Fluid ......	203
Linseed Oil a Purge	372	Copaiba ...	252
Caustics, Action of	177	Copper	266
Caustic Clams, paste for .	334	Ammonio-Sulphate	268
Lunar ......	175	Liacetate of	270
Potash......	432	Liniment of	273
Cerussa Acetata ...	417	Ointment of	274
Chabert'sOil ......	348	Diniodide of	274
quot; Charge,quot; A ......	408	Smoke Disease 61	267
Mercurial	414	Sulphate of ...	279
Chalk, Prepared......	258	Liniment of	284
Chamomile Flowers	15G	Solution of.	284
Chemical Affinity	5	Comp.	284
Elements	1	Copperas, Blue ...	279
Table of	3	Green ...	295
Processes	17	Cordial, Sheep and Calves	137
Symbols	3	Corrosive Sublimate	330
Chiretta.........	310	Cream of Tartar...	484
Chloral ... ......	231	Creasote.........	253
Chloric Ether	233	Liniment of ...	257
Chloride of Iron......	301	Ointment of ...	258
Chlorinated Lime	196	Croton Seeds ......	261
Ointment of	200	Farina of...	262
Solution of	200	Oil of ......	261
Soda, Solution		Terebinth, Solution
of......	477	of ......	266
Chlorine, Inhalation of ..,	278	Tincture of	264
C'hlorofoiTO	230	Crystallization ...	24
Spirit of	233	how effected	24
Tincture of ..,	233	Point of ...	24
Citrine Ointment	360	Theory of .	26
Clysters ...	237	Water of .,.	25
Cod Liver Oil ......	386	Crystals, Forms of	26
Cohesion ...	5	Cucurbit ...	23
Colchicum Autumnale ...	239	Cyanide of Silver	179
in Ophthalmia	241	Deadly Nightshade Extract	1�3
Collodion ...	242	Decoction...	21

552

INDEX.

Decrepitation

Dedication

Deliquescence

Demulcents

Deodorizersnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... 67

Dextrine...

Page ... 26

... 26

... 50

200, 256,

491

Page

Ether, Spray ...... 184

Sulphuric ... 180 an Hypno�tic ... 187 Wood-spirit ... 51 Ethereal Tincture of Hen�bane ......... 365

Opium 401

Ergot 467

Evaporation ... ... 22

Exosinose......... 380

Expressionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... 16

Extensibility ...... 5

Extract, how madenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21, 16

of Deadly Night�shadenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 193 of Catechu ... 227 of Henbane ... 364 Goulard's ... 420 Feet, Stopping for 322, 411 Fermentation, Acetous 43, 474 Saccharine 489 Vinous ... 489 Ferruginated Blue Pill ... 354

Filtrationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...... 17

Flaxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ......... 371

Fluid, Condy's...... 203

Goadby's...... 209

Gannal's...... 209

Sir B. Burnett's.., 489

Fomentation .....304

Foxglove......... 286

Fusion, Watery...... 25

Galls ......... 305

Galvano-Arsenical Appa�ratus ......... 59

Gentian Root ...... 308

Extract of 309 Tincture of ... 312

Ginger ......... 539

Tincture of ... 541 Glauber's Salts...... 478

Diaphoresis, can it be pro

duced?nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 159,488

Diastase ... ... ...nbsp; nbsp; 491

Digestion... ... ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

Digitalis.........nbsp; nbsp; 286

Dimorphism ... ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 27

Dippel'sOil ......nbsp; nbsp; 348

Discutient Lotions 143, 152 Disinfectantsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 67, 200, 25G

Disinfecting Powder ...nbsp; nbsp; 205

Dispensary described ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 37

Distillation ......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 22

Divisibility ... ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5

Dog, Purgatives for ...nbsp; nbsp; 139 Emetics for 164, 470

Dolichos pruriens ...nbsp; nbsp; 345

Draught, advantages of...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 34

Eau Paglian ... ...nbsp; nbsp; 136

Efflorescence ... ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 26

Elaine .........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 99

Elements, Chemical ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

Division of ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

Table of ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

Weight, amp;e., ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

Emetic Tartar ......nbsp; nbsp; 158

Emulsions ... ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 42

Enemas, Advantages of...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 34

Forms of ...nbsp; nbsp; 237

Endennic Method ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 36

Endosmose ... ...nbsp; nbsp; 380

Epsom Salts ... ...nbsp; nbsp; 377

Ergot of Eye ......nbsp; nbsp; 463

Tincture of...nbsp; nbsp; 467

Ethereal ...nbsp; nbsp; 487

Ether, Nitrous, Spirit ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 467

Chloric ......nbsp; nbsp; 233


	INDEX.		553
	Page		Page
Glycerine ..	315	Iodide of Iron	293
uses of...	317	of Mercury	849
solvent of calcul	i 325	of Potassium	425
solvent properties 318		Ointment of	428
fattening ditto	326	of Sulphur	507
plasma.....	324	Ointment of	509
Glysters......	237	Iodine	866
Goadby's Fluids ...	209	Liniment of, Comp.	369
Goulard's Extract	420	Ointment of	369
Gravity ... ...	5	Compound	429
Specific ...	9	Tincture of	309
of Solids	9,11	Iron	291
of Liquids	10	Bar and Cast	292
Grinding ...	14	Iodide of ......	293
Gum Arabic	41	Sulphate of......	295
Gun-cotton	244	Sulphuret of	299
Gutta-percha, solution of	250	Tincture of Sesqui-
Hair, Growth of, to pro		chloride of	301
mote ...	370	Isomorphism	27
Hartshorn, Spirit of	145	Jalap a Purge to Dogs ...	129
Hellebore, Black.....	313	Jamaica Pepper ...	407
Ointment of..	315	James's Powder ...	172
White	521	Japan Earth	227
Henbane, Extract of	364	Kali .........	437
Ethereal Tinct		Kelp .........	473
of.....	365	Kermes Mineral......	171
Hogs' Lard	99	Kosso	347
Hoven, remedies for ] 5	5, 442	Kutch .........	228
Hydrocyanic Acid	75	Lard .........	99
Hydrometers	11	Substitute for	323
Hydrostatic Balance	9	Labarraque's Liquid	477
Hydrous Salts.....	25	Laudanum	400
Hypnotic Agents 18	0,230	Lead .........	414
latraleptic method	36	Acetate of ...	417
Impenetrability ...	4	Subacetate of	420
Imperial Measure	8	Diluted Solu-
Imponderable bodies	]	tion of...	423
Inertia	28	Oxide of ......	420
Infusion ...	20	Liniment of...	423
Inhalers, Forms of	186	Poisoning by-	44 5
Introduction	1	Sugar of	117
Iodide of Arsenic	62	Ley, deflnition of	18


554	INDEX.
	Pace		Page
Lime, Carbonate of	258	Lowe's Carbolic Acid ..	68
Chlorinated	190	Disinfecting pow
Ointment of	200	der .....	71
Solution of	200	Lunar Caustic .....	175
Soap of ...	373	Maceration .....	19
Liniment of Ammonia ...	148	Magnesia... .....	. 375
Anodyne	403	Carbonate of ..	376
Carbolic Acid...	69	Sulphate of ..	377
Copper Sulpb.	284	Magnesium .....	. 375
Creasote	257	Mange Liniment 49, 69,71, 506
Iodine, Com-		Lotion for 55, 200, 335
pound	369	Ointment 69, 35	9, 410,
Subacetatc of		508
Lead	423	Margarine .....	100
Lime ...	373	Marsh's Test	57
Mange	49	Mashes, Action of	124
Nitrate of Mer-		Mass, Alterative.....	. 126
cury	362	Astringent...	229
Soap, Com-		Cathartic.....	119
pound	462	Common.....	374
Anodyne	463	Cordial .....	540
Tar, Compound	49	Cough 195,2lt;	)6, 290
Turpentine ...	516	Diuretic ...	521
Compound	517	Fever .....	. 161
Verdigris	273	how to be iept	. 34
Linseeds ...	371	how best formed	83, 43
Cake of	373	Tonic .....	282
Infusion of	374	Worm .....	162
Meal of...	373	Matico ... .....	. 381
Oil of......	372	Matter, detinition of	1
Lint .........	371	Kinds of...	1
Liquefaction	21	Properties of ..	4
Liquids, Gravity of, how		Solidity of	4.
ascertained	10	States of...	4
Litharge ...	420	M'Dougall's disinfecting
Lithontriptic Agents . .	74	powder... .....	205
Liver of Antimony	170	Meadow Saffron.....	. 239
Sulphur	431	in Ophthalmia..	. 241
Lixi viation	18	Measures, Table of	8
Lotion, Cooling ...	142	Measures, Metric	8
Carbolic Acid ...	70	Mechanical Processes ..	. 13
Discutient 143	,153	Medicinal Agents	. 28


	INDEX.		#9632;JUO
	Paste		Page
Medicinal Agents, Action of	29	Mortars, kinds of	13
affected by	29	Mottoes for Pharmacy ..	37
combination of	33	Mountain Arnica...	188
chemical ele-		Tincture ol	¹ 190
ments of. ...	3	Mucilage ...	43
Symbols	3	Muriatic Acid	71
Spec. gray, of	3	Muriate of Ammonia	139
Doses of	31	Antimony ..	165
Forms for giv-		Iron ...	301
ing......	33	Mercury-	330
Afel ^Egyptiacum	273	Mustard Poultice	226
Methylated Spirit	50	Mylabris Cichorii	215
Mercnrial Pill ...	354	Myrrh	384
quot;Chargequot;	414	Tincture of	385
Mercury ...	327	Compound Tinet
Ammonio-chloride	363	of .....	127
Percliloride of ...	330	Naphtha........	406
Solution of	334	Rectified	50
Antidotes for ...	335	Narcotics, Action of	288
Tests for......	337	Narcotine	397
Biniodide of	349	Natron ...	473
Ointment of	351	Nightshade, Deadly, Ext
Subchloride of ...	339	of ........	193
Amido	363	Nitrate of Silver...	175
Ointment of	355	Nitre ........	446
Compound	357	Nitric Acid	80
Red Oxide of ...	362	Nitro-Muriatic Acid	83
Nitrate, Ointment		Numbers, how written .,	8
of ......	360'	Nux vomica, Tincture of	503
with Chalk	353	Alkaloid of	496
Mills, uscfvilness of	14	Oak-bark........	306
Mindererus' Spirit	151	gaUa........	305
Mineral Tar	105	Oil, Olive........	306
Mixture, definition of ...	18	of Antimony	165
Castor Oil	129	Bay........	392
Mobility......	5	Castor .....	392
Mocha Aloes	104	Chabert's ...	348
Monkshood	92	of Cod-liver...	386
Tincture of ...	95	of Croton ...	261
Extract of ...	97	of Cantharides	220
Ointment of	97	Dippel's	348
Morphia......	397	Linseed	372


5o6	1KDEX.
	Page		Page
Oil, Palm ......	390	Ointment, Zinc, Carbo-
Rock ......	405	nate of	.. 529
of Eape-seed	392	Oleine	.. 100
of Tar ... 49	, 413	Olive Oil......	.. 389
of Sulphur ...	509	Operations, Pharmaceuti-
of Turpentine	513	cal	.. 13
of Vitriol ...	84	Chemical	17
Whale ......	392	Opium	.. 395
Oils, Black ......	90	Tincture of	.. 401
White ......	148	Ammoniated 402
Ointment, Alum, Comp.	134	Ethereal	.. 401
Aconite	97	Tests for ...	.. 403
Cantharides ...	220	Opodeldoc	.. 462
Carbolic Acid	68	Ozone, action of...	.. 202
Citrine	360	Palm Oil......	.. 390
Copper, Diace-		Pearlash ...	... 435
tate of	270	Percolation	19
Creasote	258	Pellicle, description of	24
Digestive	513	Petroleum	.. 405
Detergent ...	275	Pharmaceutical Operations 13
Healing	529	Pharmacy described	.. 37
Hellebore, Black	315	Mottoes for	37
Iodide Potas-		Apparatus for	. 38
sium	428	Pill, Mercurial, with Iron 354
Sulphur	509	Pimenta Berries...	.. 407
Iodine	369	Tincture of	.. 408
Compound	429	Pitch ......	.. 413
Lime, Chlori-		Burgundy ...	.. 408
nated	200	Liquid	.. 409
Mercury	355	Plasma ...	.. 324
Biniodide of	351	Plesiomorphism ...	27
Mercnry.Comp.	357	Podophyllum	.. 344
Nitrate of	360	Pomegranate	.. 306
Nitrate Silver	178	Ponderable Bodies	1
Tartarated An-		Porosity ...	5
ti mony	162	Posological Table	.. 543
Savin...	457	Potash ......	.. 435
Sulphuret Po-		Potassa ...	.. 432
tass.	432	Solution of	.. 433
Tar ......	412	Acid Tartrate of	.. 434
Turpentine ...	513	Carbonate of	.. 437
A^rerdigri3	270	Impu	re 435


	IITDEX.		057
	Page		Page
Potassa, Hydrate of	433	Pyroligneous Acid, Impure	48
Hydriodate	425	Quicksilver (see Mercury)	327
Chlorate of	439	Quina, Disiilphate of	!51
Nitrate of	446	Rape Oil.........	392
Solution of	450	Rectified Spirit......	189
Oxymuriate of ...	439	Red Precipitate ...	302
Permanganate of .	203	Red Sanders Wood	45]
to give bulk	374	Tincture of	4�1
Subcnrbonate of,..	437	Repulsion	5
Saper-tartrate ...	434	Reinsch's Test ......	58
Tonic ... 298	310	Resin	5JU
Potassium ......	423	Rock Oil.........	105
Iodide of	425	Rye, Spurred ......	403
Ointment of	428	Tincture of.	167
Comp.	429	Ethereal ...	107
Oxide of	433	Sal Ammoniac ...	139
Sulphuret of ...	430	Prunella	448
Powder of Alum, Compound	135	Salt, Common	482
Alterative	169	Anhydrous ...	25
Disinfecting 71	205	Epsom	377
Carb. Zinc. Comp.	529	Glauber's	178
Powder, James's	172	Hydrous	25
Alterative	169	Petre ......	440
Action of	115	of Steel ......	295
Poultices ...	225	of Tartar	437
Precipitate, Red......	362	Wormwood ...	430
White	363	Salts, Action of......	379
Precipitation	20	Sandal Wood ......	451
Preface ...	xi	Savine	455
Processes, Chemical	12	Ointment of	457
Mechanical ...	12	Secale Cornutum	463
Proof Spirit	11	Tincture of	407
Proximate Analysis	2	Ethereal	467
Prussic Acid	75	Sheep Cordial ...	137
Pulverization	13	Wash ... 55,69
Purgatives, Combination		Seton, medicated	260
of, 120, 265,379		Sifting and Sieves 14,15
for Cattle and		Silver .........	174
Sheep 128	265	Cyanide of..,	179
for Dog, 128,101	,393	Nitrate of......	175
Pyroxilic Spirit ...	50	in empoisoned
Pyroligneous Acid	43	wounds ...	177

558

INDEX.

Silver, Ointmentof Nitrate

of .........

Simple Substances

division of Sinapism ... Soap, Hard

Softnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ......

Liniment of theory of forma�tion Terebintbinate Soda

Biborate of... Carbonate of Chlorinated... Sulphate of... Sulphite of ... Sodium ...

Chloride of Solids, Gravity of, taken Solidity of matter Solution,definition of ... of Aloes Alum ... Ammonia

Acetate of

Copper, Snlphate

of ...

Comp....

Croton Terebinth. 263

Lead, Subacetate

of ......

Lime, Chlorinated 200 Mercury, Bich. of Potassa, Nitrate

of ......

Saturated Soda,Chlorinated Zinc, Acetate of Sulphate of Ammo., Aromatic, Spatulas ...


Page		Page
	Specific gravity ...	9
178	of Elements	3
1	how taken .	9
1	of Liquids .	10
226	of Solids ...	9
457	Spirit, Sal Ammoniac ...	145
469	Mindererus's	161
462	Ammonia...	158
	Comp. ...	164
316	Hartshorn	145
516	Wood	50
473	Nitrous Ether ...	486
472	Pyroxilic...	50
473	Proof ......	11
477	Rectified......	489
478	Tar ......	48
480	Turpentine	513
471	Wine ......	489
482	Salt ......	71
9,11	Sal Volatile	154
4	Spurred Rye	463
17	Stearine ...	10O
123	Stopping for Feet 322	,411
134	Strychnia	405
145	Tests for	499
151	Styptic Water ......	136
	Colloid ..	252
284	Powder ...	JUS
284	Sublimation	23
263	Substances, Simp'.e	1
	Sugar of Lead ...	417
423	Sulphate of Alum and
200	Potass ...	130
333	Copper ...	27y
	Iron	295
450	Magnesia...	377
18	Soda	478
477	Zinc	533
537	Sulphite of Soda......	480
537	Sulphur ...	503
,154	Iodide of ...	507
14	Liver of ...	430


		l�TDEX.			550
		Page			Page
Sulphur,Native ...		503	Tincture, Spurred Rye ...		467
Roll		504		Iodine ...	869
Oil of		509		Allspice	408
Sublimed...		504		Arnica ...	1S9
Vivuin		504		Iron, Sesquicblor	,301
Sulphide of Antimony		168		Monkshood	95
Iron ...		299		Myrrh ...	385
Potassium		430		Compound	127
Sulphuretted Hydrogen		300		Nux Vomica ...	',(gt;:gt;,
Sulphuric iEther		180		Opium ...	401
Acid ...		84		Ammoniated	402
Sweet Spirit Nitre		480		Etherial ...	401
Synthesis......		1		Pimenta	408
Symbols for Elements		3		Sanders Wood...	451
Weights		7	Tobacco Enema......		237
Measures		8	Tow		37i
Table, Posological		543	Tritnration		14
Tannin ...		307	Turpentine		510
Tar ......		409		Common	51!
Harhadoes		405		Liniment of...	516
Liniment of ...		49		Comp.	517
Mineral		403		Oil of	513
Oil of......		48		Soap of	516
Spirit of		48		Ointment of .	513
Ointment of ...		412		Venice	512
Tartarized Antimony		158	ultimate Analysis		2
Tartar Emetic ...		158	Verdigris......		271
Ointment of		162		Distilled	273
Terebitithmate, Sol. of				Liniment of ...	274
Cantharides		221		Ointment cf ...	275
Croton...		26G		English	272
Soap 499		,516	Vermifuges ... 16-1		,345
Tiglin .........		262	Vinegar ...		44
Tincture, definition of ...		19		of Cantharides ...	219
how best made		19	Vitriolic Acid		87
Aconite		95	Vitriol,	Green ...	295
Fleming's		96		White......	533
Aloes, Compound		127		Blue ......	272
Croton...		261	Volatile Salt ......		148
Gentian, Comp..		312	Warts,	Paste for removal
Ginsrer...		541	of	...... 54,39
Henbane,Ethe	rial	365	Wash,	Yellow and Black	348

5G�

ITOEX.


	Page		Page
Wash, Sheep	55	Wine, Spirit of ...	-189
Washing ...	15	Wood Spirit .....	50
Water of Ammonia	.. 145	Wolfsbaue .....	92
Acetate of	.. 151	Tincture of .,	95
Crystallization	.. 25	Yellow Wash	348
Styptic ...	.. 136	Zinc ........	526
Water-bath	.. 21	Acetate of ...	537
Watery Fusion ...	.. 25	Carbonate of	527
Weight, Avoirdupois	6	Compound Powdei
Apothecaries'	7	of .....	529
jfetric ...	7	Ointment of	529
Weighing described	6	Chloride of.....	530
Whale Oil	.. 392	Solution of ..	532
White Hellebore	.. 521	Oxide of	527
Oils	.. 148	Sulphate of...	533
Precipitate	.. 363	Solution of ..	537
Vitriol ...	.. 533	Zyloidine	242

#pntions of t\t |jms, t^t.

CRITIQUES ON FORMER EDITIONS.

quot; Tliis work not only reflects much credit on the author, but lias conferred a great obligation on every veterinary surgeon and every veterinary student. Moreover, it will raise the reputation of veterinary science.quot;�Professor Coleman.

quot; It is a valuable work, and should be in the possession of every veterinary student.quot;�Professor Sewell.

quot;We have made few literary announcements with greater pleasure than we do this: forthere was uothing more connected with the wishes and the wants, and, we are perfectly assured, the improvement of the veterinary pupil.quot;�Veterinarian.

quot;It is with great pleasure that we announce a second edition of this most useful work. It is increased in size more than a third, and what we bad scarcely thought to have been possible, it is in more than that proportion valuable to the student of veterinary medicine.quot;�Ihid.

quot; Although Mr. Morton speaks modestly of his labours, we can assure our readers that they will find in them a Manual not only fully adequate to the application it has assumed, but one which is commensurate with the present standard of science in this department.quot;�Lancet.

quot; This is a useful work for the veterinary surgeon, and does credit to the talents and industry of Mr. Morton.quot;�Medical Gazette.

quot;This is a valuable book to the veterinary student, and will materially assist in raising the veterinary art to its just level with other professions. The author is evidently a man of talent and discrimination, and, we may justly say, a sound practitioner.quot;�Medical Times.

quot; We have seldom looked in a book which has better pleased us than the above. It contains the history, composition, dose, and ell'eet of every drug employed in the treatment of the

5G2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;opimoNS op the press.

horse or cattle. These are arranged in an admirable manner, so that, as a work of reference, there is no difficulty in at once turning to the precise page which contains the desired matter. The style of the book is easy, and, while the science it displays commands our respect for the author, its condensation, clear�ness, and intelligibility, more than all, deserve our thanks.quot;� Christian's Monthly Marjazine.

quot; This is a very useful and practical work. ... In its plan it resembles a pharmacopoeia, and, the arrangement being alphabetical, is convenient for reference. It contains a table of the doses of simple medicines, formula; for the preparations most commonly required, a concise account of the chemical composition, properties, and uses, tests of purity, and pre�cautions to be observed in the employment of the several remedies enumerated ; and is calculated to be essentially use�ful.quot;� Pharmaceutical Journal.

quot; We have already had occasion to draw attention to pre�vious editions of 5Ir. Morton's work, and we may refer our readers to past volumes of our journal for the expression of our approbation of his labours. The ' Manual of Pharmacy' is the standard work of study and reference in this department of medicine, and may be safely relied on as a safe and dis�criminating guide. We are happy to see the volume moving onwards in its path of usefulness, and already, while the re�membrance of its first appearance is yet fresh on our minds, starting into a fourth existence of usefulness and energy. . . With these extracts we close our notice of a very useful prac�tical work, and, as on a previous occasion, we recommend it to the attention of all those who take an interest in domestic animals, and maybe called upon to minister to their wants in disease.quot;�Lancet.

quot;This useful little manual has very speedily reached a fourth edition�a sufficient proof that it has been well received by those to whom it is especially addressed, practitioners of vete�rinary medicine. . . . It is equally adapted to the use of students and practitioners.quot;�Medical Gazette.

quot; This little volume is especially addressed to practitioners of the veterinary art; and it is evident that it has been held by them in repute, as it has now reached its fourth edition. . . . . Those persons for whom it is especially intended will find it a useful book of reference.quot;�Medical Times.

opinions or tue ruEss.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;515.S

quot;Mr. Morton's 'Manual' has reached its fourth edition, and most deservedly so, since without it, students of vete�rinary medicine, in these reformed days of scrutiny into their qualifications, would find themselves a good deal bothered and troubled to search out the useful information it contains else�where.....Vie said on a former occasion, and we are

ready to repeat it on this, that' there was nothing more con�nected with the wishes and wants, and, we feel assured, with the improvement of the veterinary pupil, than Mr. Morton's ' Manual of Veterinary Pharaiacy.'quot;�Veterinarian.

quot;We have already noticed former editions of this work, and recommend it as a valuable addition to the library of the pharmaceutical chemist, who, although not a veterinary prac�titioner, is frequently called upon to supply horse and cattle medicines. ... A work like the one before us is of great value; and every chemist should have within his reach the means of reference, in case of doubt in his own mind, or when inquiries are made on the subject.quot;�Pharmaceutical Journal,

quot;Although written for the benefit of the veterinary student, this work must be considered useful to those who have the management of cattle. The author, in this edition, has made several emendations, rendered necessary to keep pace with the advancement which is taking place in all departments of medi�cal science. ... In fact, the effect of each drug on the constitution of animals, as well as its history anil composition, is treated on with a clearness and tact that makes this work eminently useful. The index is copious, and refers to the several medicines, amp;c., with great facility.quot;�Mark Ijane Express.

quot; The work at the head of this article is intended for the use of students of veterinary medicine, and is an attempt by a gentleman of high standing in the Koyal Veterinary College to explain, in simple, intelligible terms, the substances employed in that College. Their uses and effects seem also carefully and plainly stated. Mr. Morton was the first to give to the English veterinary surgeon a knowledge of the nature and composition of the agents he employs, and many compounds as yet com�paratively unknown in this branch of medical science. Of course, it cannot be expected that we should pronounce upon the accuracy of the statements and precepts contained in the

56Jinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;upiuiojfs of Tin-; pjfEas.

work; but we may remark that Mr. Morton stands at the very head of his profession. We can, however, speak of the general plan of his work, which seems well adapted for the purposes and wants of the student. The standing of the author, however, and the fact that the hook has run to the fourth edition in the lapse of a few years, are the best guarantees of the intrinsic merit and accuracy of the SfOvk.quot;�rSheffteld Times.

CRITIQUES ON THE FIFTH EDITION.

quot;Mr. Morton, in his present edition, has almost done enough to authorise him to entitle it ' A Manual of Pharmacy anlt;J

T/terapetttics.'.....In conclusion, we feel a

pleasure in repeating the expression of our warmest reeoui-mendation of the 'Manual' to the veterinary student, and we may add to such veterinary surgeons, likewise, as feel the want of a pharmaceutical remembrancer, inasmuch as they will find, in the present edition, that matters are brought up to the existing standard of pharmacological science, at the same time that it bears ample evidence of enlargement, with im�provement, over preceding editions.quot;�T7ie Velerinarian.

quot; This is really a valuable work. The former editions have been well received, both by veterinary students and surgeons; and we feel assured that the high reputation of the author in veterinary science is a guarantee that the popularity of his book is well deserved.quot;�Medical Times and Gazeiie.

quot;A handbook, for the student of veterinary medicine, which would facilitate his acquirement of a knowledge of the materia mediea, bad long been a desideratum in the veterinary pro�fession, when Mr. VV. J. T. Morton, professor of ehemif try at the Veterinary College, came forward with the first edition of the little work before ns, which he dedicated to the late Mr. Coleman, who long filled with honour the chair of principal professor at the college. So excellent was that first edition, and so rapid was the sale, that another and another were quickly called for, in each of which Mr. Morton made every eil'ort to include -all the improvements made in pharmacy, when it

OPINIONS 01quot; THE l'KESS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5�5

related to veterinary practice. In the edition now before us the additions and emendations will be found to be highly im�portant, and cannot fail to render its possession necessary to every student in the profession. Mr. Morton modestly states in his dedication that the established practitioner will not derive much information from these pages, but here we beg to diti'er from him, feeling confident that such a vade meoum cannot fail to be in the highest degree useful to all prac�titioners, and that even those who stand at the top of the ladder of fame will not hesitate to avail themselves of the hints contained in its pages.quot;�Bell's Life.

quot;The eminent position of the author of the work before us, with the fact of a fifth edition being called for, is the best guarantee of its value and the estimation in which it is held, not only by the student, for whom it has been more especially written, but by the lovers of a science itself made noble by its demands upon our sympathies. Mr. Morton has reached the summit of his profession, and no member more than he has contributed such valuable aid to its advancement. ' The Veterinary Record' had for some years Mr. Morton as its avowed editor, and his talents were the chief spring of its success. Besides these, he is the author of an invaluable Toxicological Chart, and a work on Calculous Concretions. The ' Manual of Pharmacy ' is indispensable to the student and practitioner of veterinary medicine, and the library of the horseman will be incomplete without it.quot;�Sheffield Times.

quot; This is a most valuable work, and ought to be in the hands not only of every student and practitioner of veterin�ary medicine, but of every person who takes a practical interest in the subject treated of in the volume. The cir�cumstance that the book has already reached a fifth edition, is sufficient of itself to show the flattering estimation in which it is held by the public, and Mr. Morton's name has reached so high a place in the profession, that every person who wishes to acquire information in veterinary medicine will be quite willing to trust himself in the hands of the accomplished professor. We beg most heartily to commend this book to the attention of ever}' individual who is desirous of adding to his knowledge of the science of successfully treating diseases of the horse.quot;�JSrn.

5()Gnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; OPINIONS OP THE PB�8S.

CRITIQUES ON THE SIXTH EDITION.

quot; The present work contains information most valuable to the education of the veterinary student, and is replete with mutter calculated to enlarge the reflecting mind of the prac�titioner. We therefore commend it to our readers, being fully convinced that Morton's ' Manual of Pharmacy' would be a valuable addition to the library of those interested in medical and veterinary research.quot;�The Field.

quot; The work throughout has been subjected to addition and correction; and besides the introduction of articles on new substances, the most recent views on the composition of bodies are added in symbols, an explanatory table of which, together with another on doses, and the respective amount of each to be administered to different animals, is appended; the object of our author being to place his ' Manual' on a level with the present state of medical science. We tliere-fore recommend it to the notice of our readers, being fully convinced that Morton's ' Manual of Pharmacy ' will become a most valuable adjunct to the dispensing table of the chemist and druggist.quot;�The Chemist and Druggist.

quot;This mullnm in parvo volume, which has now readied a sixth edition, is the most generally useful work connected with the practice of veterinary medicine. The name of Professor Morton is a ' tower of strength ' to any production from the press; and the work before us has already achieved the most decided triumph of any hook written for the vete�rinary profession. None more than Professor Morion has aided the onward progress of the veterinary art, nor has any man done so much towards raising it to its just level with the sister science. The ' Manual of Pharmacy ' must necessarily find its way to the library of every practitioner of veterinary medicine; while to the horseman it commends itself as being the only work of its class to which reference can with confidence be made.quot;�Sheffield and Sotherham Independent,

quot; This is a hook much needed by the farmers, many of whom are at a distance from medical assistance, and in urgent cases requiring immediate attention, are liable to lose valu-

OPINIOirS OF THE PHESS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;567

able stock for want of a knowledge of the means of relief. The scientific acquirements of Professor Morton, his exten�sive opportunities of gaining practical e-vperience, and his well-known acuteness in detecting and judgment in the treatment of disease, are sufficient warrant for our recom�mending this book to the attention of all persons possessing live stock of any and every kind, as a compendium of Phar�macy, by attending to which they can scarcely go wrong in the treatment of disease.''�Marie Lane. Express.

Also, ht/ the same Author, A VETERINARY TOXIOOLOGICAL CHART, containing those AGENTS wMcli are known to cause DEATH in the HORSE; with the Symptoms, Antidotes, Action on the Tissues, and Tests. Price 3s. 6cl.; mounted in a case, 6s.; mounted on a roller and varnished, 8s. 6c?.

quot;This gift is scarcely inferior to those with which the author has already presented his veterinary brethren. No great time will pass, ere it will be suspended in the pharmacy of every practitioner.quot;�Veterinarian,

quot; A very complete and useful sheet......The tests are

illustrated by coloured diagrams, and this Chart is altogether the best we have seen. It should find a place in all veterinary surgeries.quot;�Medical Times.

quot; The above Chart is a valuable contribution to veterinary medicine, and its design and execution reflect great credit both on its author and the college of which he is so useful and distinguished a member. We recommend it with much

confidence to our medical friends......and we have no

doubt that, in the surgery of the veterinarian, the Toxico-logical Chart will occupy a conspicuous place by the side of another work by the same author, the ' Manual of Veterinary Pharmacy/ quot;�Lancet.

jyjy #9632; #9632;:

5GSnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;OPINIONS OF THE TEESS.

quot;Mr. Morton luis given another proof of his devotion to the veterinarj' profession, by the production of an enlarged and improved edition of his Toxicological Chart. It includes the action on domesticated animals of irritant poisons, nar�cotic poisons, and narcotico acrid poisons; and in a plain and very lucid manner, under their several heads, shows the symptoms, treatment, morbid appearances caused by, and tests for these poisonous agents. Mr. Morton's name is too well known to need any assurance from us that the work is a valuable, practical, and scientific production; and, as such, must find its way to the library of most educated horse�men.quot;�Sheffield Independent,

quot; The author of these works is the first veterinary adven�turer into the fields of their respective subjects, and admir�ably Iihs he fulfilled his difficult task. Much has, indeed, been done, in the collateral science of human medicine, to�wards nietliod and classification in both these departments; and Mr. Morton has judiciously availed himself of all the aid ho could obtain from that quarter; thus placing the last results of the labours of the College of Physicians at the disposal of the veterinary practitioner. But the task of arranging a veterinary ' Manual of Pharmacy ' was still a distinct one, and, like everything else, required to have a method and order of its own. This Mr. Morton has supplied from the storehouse of his well-methodised and orderly facul�ties. The ' Introduction ' to the ' Manual' is an excellent digest of the first principles of pharmaceutical chemistry. The work itself is illustrated by diagrams explanatory of the decompositions; and it comprehends besides, in a vei'y modest way, and when we should least expect it, the results of no inextensive experience in veterinary practice. l?oth these works ought to be in the hands of every veterinary surgeon and student, as well as of every medical man who knows the importance of keeping pace with the rapidly ex�tending knowledge of a science so nearly related to his own.quot;�Statesman.

PUTNTED BY 3. K. A1gt;I.AKI). UAHTHOI.OSI KW CLOSE,

ll(gt;o.





	TO

	THE MEMBERS

	THE VETERINARY PROFESSION,

	Clns little Moxk

	IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

	THEIB. PAITUPUL AND OBLIGED SEUVAKT. THE AUTHOll.





	A. MANUAL OF PHARMACY FOE THE STUDENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE; CONTAINING THE SUBSTANCES EifPLOYED AT f^ llojnil sect;etmm$, College, WITH AN ATTEMPT AT TIIl^IIl CLASSIFICATION, AND THE PIIAKMACOPCEIA OF THAT INSTITUTION.

	Br #9632; #9632;#9632;:-:#9632;#9632;, W. J. T. MORTON/ LATE PROKE1SOR.OF CIIKMISTRT AND MATERIA MKDICA IN TUE COLLEGE; AUTUOR OP 'A VKTBUINaUY tOXtC�LOOlCAb CHART,' ANraquo; * AS BSIAY OS CALCULOUS C�SCIIETIONS I-V TUK HOKiS E, OX , Rll KKT, Allgt; BOG ;' AND* CU'BUITOK OF TUR * \'TiTERlXARIAK.''% } is #9632; i ^#9632;'ⁱ SEyENTH EDITION, ~v '�#9632;. ^gt;lt;_�,�-#9632;#9632; j^ LONGMANS, cRkBN, amp; CO. 1868.



	' Affcrt maxime lumen raemorilaquo; ordo.quot;�Cicero.

	pri.\ti:d by j. b. adurd, bartiiolomkw closk.


	m

	DEDICATION.

	I can only repeat what I stated when the last edition of this work was issued�that yet another edition, now the seventh, of this little work should be demanded by the professional public is to me highly gratifying. It is an assurance that, however feeble may have been the attempt made by me to supply what was so long wanting in connexion with the science of Veterinary Medicine, has not been altogether in vain. The first edition of this Manual was dedi�cated by me to the late Professor Coleman. He had long and honorably filled the chair of Principal Professor to the Eoyal Veterinary



	INTEODUCTIOIf.

	I!	PROPERTIES OF MATTER. Matter tas certain properties which are desig�nated primary or essential, and secondary or non-essential. To the first belong solidity, extensibility, divisibility, porosity, mobility, attraction, inertia. To the second, hardness, softness, colour, trans�parency, opacity, amp;e. All the primary properties above enumerated, strictly speaking, belong to a mass of matter, with the exception of the first, which alone can be said to apply to the ultimate particle. This, according to the atomic theory, or doctrine of definite pro�portions, is a solid, indivisible molecule, possessing a definite form and weight; the latter differing with the different kinds of matter. The union of bodies takes place only between these ultimate particles ; so that a mass of matter is a number of molecules adhering together by the exertion of a power designated attraction, of which we shall presently speak. The ultimate molecules suffer no change in the three states in which matter is said to exist; viz. the solid, liquid, and gaseous; these states being dependent upon heat interposed between the solid particles. The term impeneteability has been chosen to



	llfTEODUCTIOir.

	MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 1 millilitre = l cub. centim. or the mea. of 1 gram, of water 1 centilitre = 10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� 1 decilitre = 100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� 1 litre = 1000nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 1000 � (1 kilo.) For the sake of expedition and cleanliness in dispensing, liquids are measured, unless otherwise directed. The Measure now used is termed the Imperial, which, for medicinal purposes, is thus divided: Symbols. Gallon. Pints, lluid Oz. Fluid Brs. Minims. Cong, or Cnbsp; nbsp;. 1 . 8 . 160 . 1280nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.. 76,800 Onbsp; nbsp;. . . 1 . 20 . 160nbsp; nbsp; . 9600 fs.....1 . 8nbsp; nbsp; . 480 f^........1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 60 n.......... i Placed opposite to the divisions are the sym�bols, or characters, usually employed in writing: they also indicate whether the fluid is to be weighed or measured. The delineation of these the student would do well to practise a few times, until he has made himself familiarly acquainted with them. Numbers are designed by the Eoman numerals; i, ii, iii, iv, v, amp;c. When a half is required, an abbreviation of the Latin word semi or semis, a half, is employed: thus Ibiss, a pound and a half; Jiss, an ounce and a half; f^iss, a fluid drachm and a half, amp;c.



	INTEODUCTION.	13

	no existence, their particles being mutually repel�lent of each other.

	PHARMACEUTICAL OPEEATIONS. 1. Mechanical Peocesses. These include Pulverization, Trituration, Grind�ing, Sifting, Washing, Expression, and Filtration. Puxteeization is the reduction of a mass of matter to a state of powder. The operation is effected in mortars made of iron or Wedgewood's ware, by the aid of pestles. The iron mortar, which is the one employed when much force is required to cause a dis-gregation of the particles, is best placed in an outhouse. It should be furnished with a perforated wooden cover, the hole being a little larger than suffices to admit the pestle. The escape of the finer portions is thus, in a great measure, prevented; but the ope�rator will be effectually defended from annoyance when powdering disagreeable and noxious drugs,



	INTEOBUCTION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;17 is formed, which is placed in a Wedgewood's ware funnel, having ribbed sides; and the fluid to be filtered is then gradually poured on the side where three layers of the paper exist, until it nearly reaches the top ; or a glass rod is used as a director. Sometimes the first portions that pa^s out are turbid, arising from the pores of the paper being as yet too open: these are to be returned into the filter again, until the liquid percolates perfectly clear and limpid. The concentrated acids and alkaline solutions are commonly filtered through sand; a coarse kind of sand being first placed in the neck of the funnel, and a finer sort above it. Sometimes powdered glass is employed for this purpose.

	2. Chemical Phocesses. These embrace, 1st, Solution, Lixiviation, Diges�tion, Maceration, Precipitation, Infusion, and De�coction, some of which are aided by heat. 2nd, Liquefaction, Evaporation, Drying, Distillation, and Sublimation�changes induced only by heat. Solution is the chemical union of a solid with a fluid, the compound possessing transparency and 2



	28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INTRODUCTION. sible distances, but differs from it, in taking place between the particles of dissimilar kinds of matter; hence, in contradistinction, it has been sometimes called Heterogeneous Attraction. It is divided into single and compound or simple and complex. But, for further information on this head, as well as for the laws which govern the combination of bodies, and the properties of the simple or elemen�tary substances adverted to, with the compounds that are formed by their union with one another, I must again refer the student to some of the many valuable treatises on the science of chemistry. The remaining primary property of matter unno�ticed is Ineetia, by which is implied its inactivity per se, or passiveness. The secondary properties of matter, as hardness, softness, transparency, amp;c., call for no comment here.

	MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES. THEIR ACTION AND DOSES. Medicinal Agents are either natural or artifi�cial. The former are derived both from the organic and inorganic kingdoms, being furnished ready prepared by nature: the latter undergo some



	A MANUAL OF PHAEMACY,

	ETC.

	Acacije Gummi, Acacia Gum. Vulgo: Gum Arabic. Gum is a proximate vegetable principle, probably the result of the first and simplest change which the sap undergoes in the plant. Many varieties exist, but the kind most in use is yielded by the �cacia Vera, which is a native of the sandy parts of Arabia Petrsea and Egypt. It exudes in a liquid state from fissures in the bark of the trunk and branches, but soon hardens on exposure to the sun and air. It has been conjec�tured to be the result of disease, since weakly trees, in wet seasons, yield the greatest quantity. Many kinds are met with in the shops, and different qualities are found mixed together in the same package, termed quot; gum in sorts.quot; The best



	42nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MAJfUAl OF comes from Morocco in chests and casks, and has a specific gravity varying from l^-30 to 1-50. Composition.�Liehig makes gum to consist of C^HijO,!, or 12 atoms carhon . . . 6 x 12 = 72 11 � oxygen . . . 8 x 11 = 88 11 � hydrogen . . 1 x 11 = 11

	Equivalent . . 171 Some writers double these proportions. Qualities and Uses.�Grood gum occurs in pieces of an irregular shape and size, which are colourless, or nearly so, semi-transparent, insipid, and inodor�ous. It is soluble in water in every proportion, but insoluble in oil and alcohol; the latter pre�cipitating gum from its watery solution. Its ac�tion is that of a demulcent, sheathing the surfaces over which it passes, and defending them from the action of acrid substances. For this purpose it is employed in the form of mucilage, made by dis�solving one part of gum in two or three parts of water; which is also frequently had recourse to as a vehicle for the suspension of insoluble matters, such as chalk, hellebore, amp;c.; and occasionally for rendering oils miscible with water, thus forming emulsions. Much has been said of the use of mucilaginous







	RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT

	2671 661 7



	PHAEMACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;63 red lamellar crystals, which fuse and sublime when heated.quot; Composition.�Asl₃ or, 1 atom arsenicum . . , . = 75 3 atoms iodine . 126 x 3= 378

	Equivalent .... 453 Qualities and Uses.�This, from its composition, will be seen to be a ter-iodide of the metal, occur�ring in crystals of a deep red colour. When acted on by water, it produces hydriodic and arsenious acids, and on evaporating the solution, a compound of arsenious acid and iodide of arsenic is obtained. Its action is tbat of an alterative tonic, and may be given in doses varying from five grains to twenty grains daily; commencing with the smaller quantity, and very gradually increasing the dose. It may be advantageously conjoined with the vegetable bitters, as gentian, and some carminative, or given sprinkled over the animal's provender. In only a comparatively few cases that I have been made acquainted with has this agent yet been tried, but the results have been such as warrant me to speak of it in terms of recommendation. I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Eamsbottom and Mr. G. Teomans for communications detailing its beneficial action in cases simulating glanders, also in chronic



	64nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MAKUAL OF nasal gleet, farcy, and oedema accompanied with much debility; all of which diseases have, in their hands, yielded to it. I would suggest to our professional brethren in India a trial of this agent in Bursauttee, as in many skin diseases it has proved of service.

	Acidttm Caebohctjm.�Carlolio Acid. Synonym, Phenic Acid, Phenolic Acid, Phenol, Phenylic Alcohol, Hydrate of Oxide of Phenyl. HO,C₁₂H₆0, or HC^O This acid was discovered in 1834 by Eunge, and more especially studied somewhat later by Laurent. Eunge's process of preparation was as follows: The crude oil obtained by the distillation of coal is redistilled with oxide of copper, and to this distillate one sixth of its weight of iirne, previously slaked and mixed with fifty times its weight of water, is added. The mixture so obtained is exposed for eight hours in a warm place with frequent agitations. The lime solution of the carbolic and other acids, is then separated by decantation from the neutral oils swimming on its surface; then filtered and neutralized with hydrochloric acid.�The acid sepa�rates as an oil, which is removed and submitted to



	70	A MANUAL OF

	disinclination to heal, whether a slough has oc�curred or not, and a little cotton wool be applied after dressing. quot;We have repeatedly found no other application than this necessary. It will be found especially useful in sore backs and shoulders, broken knees, and cracked heels, in horses. quot;We use acid of this strength (2nd quality, 85deg; Pahr.) for injecting old-standing cases of quot; quittor,quot; and other sinuous wounds whose sides have become callous.

	Carbolic Acid Lotion. Carbolic Acid, No. 3 quality, 60deg; Pahr., 1 part. quot;Water ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40 parts. This lotion is used as a wash for large wounds after operations. It prevents the decomposition of any blood that may accumulate from hastnorrhage after the wound is sewed up. We cannot speak too highly of the effects of carbolic acid in this respect, as the wounds invariably assume the most healthy aspect, and heal with great rapidity. If there is much decomposition about the parts the acid of this quality may be applied without dilution. This lotion, if applied as hot as the animal can bear it, is a certain destroyer of lice in either the horse, ox, sheep, or dog.



S6		A MANUAL OF

Germany they are now using platinized copper re�torts, on account of their being less costly. By some manufacturers glass retorts are preferred, which are made both larger and better than they used to be. The concentrated acid is drawn off by means of a syphon, and the retorts refilled with hot acid. To obviate the effects arising from currents of cold air, a high temperature is maintained in the retort house. It is afterwards put into large globular glass vessels, which are enveloped with wicker work, called carboys. The following diagram will further illustrate the changes that take place in its formation:

Materials. rKitrogen \| Oxygen			14 8	Troducts. -. Nitric Oxide

54 Nitric Acid		Oxygen

	A

Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

Sulphurous Acid Salphoxoua Acid Sulphurous Acid			-V-		¹ Sulphuric Acid =40 ' Sulphuric Acid =40 ^ Sulphuric Acid =40

Another method of obtaining this acid is by forming the sulphurous and nitric acid gases in separate chambers, and allowing them to enter a third chamber, containing watery vapour. Con�siderable quantities are also made on the Continent



	PHAEMACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 09 Adeps, Fat. Vulgo: Hogs' Lard. This is obtained from the adipose substance about the flank of the hog, for which purpose it is freed from the membranes and vessels with which it is connected, and, being cut into small pieces, is well washed and then melted with the addition of a little water, care being taken that the heat is not too intense. In its fluid state it is strained and run into bladders and small casks, and as it cools it concretes. Chemical Composition.�The ultimate element.laquo; oflardarethe same as fixed oils generally. Accord�ing to Chevreul, 100 parts contain� Carbon.....79098 Hydrogen.....11-146 Oxygen.....9756

	100 Braconnot has given as the proximate analysi of lard�

	Stearine......38 Margarine Elaine . 100

	By Berzelius, fats and oils, whether vegetable or


	V

	114nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF to which he has given the name of hitter resin. quot;Wmkler regards it as a neutral vegetable salt, and Meitrer considers it to possess alkaline properties. Tromsdorff concludes, from his analyses, that the Socotriue extract consists of A saponaceous bitter principle . 75 parts Resinous matter.....25

	100

	#9632;The Barbadoes of A saponaceous bitter principle .nbsp; nbsp; 81^,25 Resinous matter.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; $25 Vegetable Albumen......nbsp; nbsp; 12 50

	100

	It being considered by most writers on materia mediea that it is the same plant which yields both the Socotrine and the Cape extracts, the first ana�lysis may be accepted as affording the constituents of both, allowing for the want of care in the prepara�tion of the latter, and something, perhaps, for cul�tivation. The presence of vegetable albumen� besides the difference in the quantity of the active principle�is the chief distinctive between the Cape and the Barbadoes aloes ; while the nearly per�fect solubility of one in boiling water, and the im�perfect solubility of the other, is a means when



	122	A MANUAL OF

	deeomposiag each other and producing compounds that cause unanticipated effects; yet, on the other hand, we should avail ourselves of all the aids which an acquaintance with the various divisions of science applicable to medicine affords us, so that we may be enabled successfully to combat the many-headed hydra, disease. Materia Medica and chemistry are intimately, nay inseparably, connected; and without them the treatment of diseases becomes a mere per-adventure�an empirical system worthy only of the charlatan. Aloes should also be kept in a state of solution in the pharmacy, and for this the following formula may be adopted:

	Solutio Aloks, Solution of Aloes. Take of Spiked Aloes, in small pieces, 1 part, Distilled Water .... 7 parts, Proof Spirit......1 part. Dissolve the aloes in the water by means of the water-bath, and when removed add the spirit. The compound will be nearly permanent, a small portion of resinous matter only being deposited by keeping, which is of no moment. When an alkali may be conjoined, the carbonate of potash or soda may be substituted for the spirit, and then the



	138	A MAIfUAL Or

	Ammonia, Ammonia. This compound has been designated the volatile alkali, in contradistinction to the fixed alkalies soda, potassa, and lithia. It is abundantly given off in the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances; but it is now mostly obtained by the destructive distillation of coal in the manufac�ture of ordinary illuminating gas. It exists, free or combined, in both the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature; and may readily be pro�cured, experimentally, by the action of two parts of dry quicklime upon one part of the hydro-chlorate of ammonia, applying heat to the mix�ture, and collecting the gas as it escapes over mercury. Ammoniacal gas is composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. Properties and Uses.�Ammonia, at the ordinary temperature of the air, is gaseous, but exposed to a pressure of six and a half atmospheres, at a tem�perature of 50deg;, it becomes a liquid. It has a specific gravity of 059, is transparent and colour�less, easily detected by its pungent odour, or by bringing a rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near it, when dense white fumes are produced. It neither supports respiration nor combustion,



	PHA.EMACY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 141 acid and chloride of sodium on this ammoniacal solution.

	Water.....=9 \ Carbonate of r-^mmo�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;=17---------~gt;C0 Summte of Am. Ammonia =39 \| _Carbonic _�cid _=22N^_// Sulphate of f Sulphuric Acid =40 ^ Ome =^(!8\|__Li_menbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;=38^111^-^ 50 Carbonate of Lime (-Ammonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; =17 -----------.. Hydrocl�orato of Am- Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; //nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;* monia =h\ Sulphate of J Sulplraric Acid =40, Ammonia ^OG]nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Hyd- Water =9 / Lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;LOxy. : Chloride of r Chlorine Sodium =CO\_So(j_iumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ₌₃₄-----------^Sulphate of Soda Composition.*�Hydrochlorate of ammonia con�sists of� 1 atom hydrochloric acid = 37 1 � ammonia . . =17

	Equivalent . 54 Or jSTHjHCI. If, however, it he viewed as a Chloride of Ammonium, its symbol will be NH₄C1. Properties and Uses.�Hydrochlorate of am�monia, or chloride of ammonium, occurs in concavo-

	.



	PnAMIACT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;169 been extolled as an alterative. Its action depends in a great measure upon the state of the stomach and bowels; for if much acid exists in them its operation will sometimes be violent. Its administra�tion, therefore, should always be preceded by the exhibition of a laxative. It has been given in doses of from 5ij to gss. But most commonly, and most advantageously, it is combined with sulphur and the nitrate of potash, forming a compound much in request by stablemen. It is not an objectionable compound when given with caution; and is con�stituted as follows:

	Alterative Powder. Take of Sublimed Sulphur ... 2 parts, Ter-sulphide of Antimony, in powder. Nitrate of Potassa, of each . 1 part. Mix intimately together. Dose from 533 to 3J given in the animal's provender. Tests.�The sulphide of antimony, as it occurs in the shops, sometimes contains other substances, such as lead, arsenic, magnesia, and iron. The presence of lead is indicated by the texture being foliated rather than striated; of arsenic, by the garlicky odour emitted, when a portion is thrown on live coals ; of magnesia and iron, from its not being vaporizable. These are the ordinary tests, but.

	I



	19G	A MANUAL OF

	affections, when used topically, being even greater than that of opium. A watery solution may likewise be injected into the bladder, to allay irri�tation in that viscus.

	Boltjs Abmehia Eubea, Armenian Hole. This earth should be obtained from Armenia. It is an argillaceous clay, of a deep red colour, and con�tains a small portion of the peroxide of iron, being a silicate of alumina and iron; but red chalk, ground and made into cakes, is now largely substituted for it in the English market. Many of these kinds of earth were formerly used in medicine, called quot; Sealed Earths,'' and they were much prized on account of their supposed absorbent and astringent properties: this alone remains, and it is employed wholly for the sake of its colour. Armenian bole is still advocated by those of the old school; but those of the modern can do very well without it.

	Calx Chloeinata, CMorinated Lime.

	This term has long been applied to the com�pound of chlorine and lime known in the arts



	ii nw.....

	230nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A IIAN�AI 01 ounce each, one of which may be given two or three times in the day.

	CnLOEOFOEMUM, Chloroform. Take of Chlorinated Lime .... 4 pounds, Eectified Spirit . . . . \ pint, quot;Water.......10 pints. Chloride of Calcium, broken i ₁ , , in fragments . . . . J Put the lime first mixed with the water into a retort, and to these add the spirit, that the mixture may fill only the third part of the retort. Then heat in a sand-bath : and when ebullition first commences, remove the fire as quickly as possible, lest the retort be broken by the suddenly increased heat. Let the solution distil into a receiver as long as there is nothing which subsides, the fire being restored if it be at all needed. Add four times? as much water to the distilled liquid, and shake all well together. Cautiously separate the heavier part as soon as it has subsided, and to this add the chloride of calcium, and shake occasionally during an hour; finally, let the fluid again distil from a glass retort into a glass receiver. Decomposition.�The above formula is that which



	232nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MANUAL OF as follows :�One part of hydrate of lime is to be suspended in twenty-four parts of cold water, and chlorine passed through the mixture until nearly the whole of the lime is dissolved. A little more hydrate is then added to restore the alkaline reac�tion, the clear liquid mixed with one part of alcohol or wood spirit, and after an interval of twenty-four hours cautiously distilled in a very capacious vessel. A watery liquid, containing a little spirit and a heavy oil, collect in the receiver; the latter, which is the chloroform, is agitated with water, digested with chloride of calcium, and rectified in a water-bath. This differs from the College formula only in the indirect employment of chlori�nated lime, rather than the direct. Composition.�Chloroform is usually regarded as a terchloride of formyl,�C₂H.C1₃, or CHC1₃. 2nbsp;atoms carbon . . 6 x 2= 12 1 atom hydrogen . . . . = 1 3nbsp;atoms chlorine . . 36 x 3=108

	Equivalent . . 121 ^Properties and Uses.�Chloroform is a transpa�rent colourless fluid, somewhat oleaginous in ap�pearance, having a specific gravity of 1^-41 to 1:5, very volatile, and has a fragrant smell and sweetish taste.



	254nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A MANUAL OF by carbonate of potassa: quot; it is then mixed with caustic potassa, heated, and afterwards separated again by the action of diluted sulphuric acid; it is then once more distilled, mixed with phosphoric acid to abstract a little ammonia, and ultimately rectified with water.quot; For the complete purifica�tion of creasote, the addition of potassa, followed by neutralization and distillation, requires to be frequently repeated. Oomposition.�Carbolic acid mixed with small quantities of kresylic acid and hydrocarbons. 14 atoms Carbon . . . . G x 14 = 84 9 � Hydrogen . . . 1 x 9=9 2 � Oxygen. . . . 8 x 2 = 16

	Equivalent .... 109 'Properties and Uses.�Creasote, when pure, is a colourless fluid, oily, and of a peculiar odour, re�sembling smoked meat; it has a hot pungent taste; a specific gravity of 1-037, boils at 397deg;, and does not congeal at �50deg;. It burns with a sooty flame, and coagulates albumen; hence it has been used for restraining htemorrhages. With water, and the fixed and volatile oils, it forms an opalescent mix�ture, but readily dissolves in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and acetic acid. It acts powerfully on the animal system, and quickly destroys small animals. Given



	PHAESIACX.	261

	Ceotox TioL-.a SEMUfA, Groton Seeds. The purging crotou is a native of India, Ceylon, Java, China, and other places. Every part of the plant appears to possess medicinal properties ; but the seeds are alone employed in Europe. These are contained in trilocular capsules, each seed being ohloug, and of the sue of a small coffee-bean. Its shell is blackish and covered with a yellowish brown epidermis, which frequently is rubbed off by friction, from the cases in which the seeds are imported most commonly not being full. To the late Mr. G-. Western I am indebted for specimens of the crotou plant, sent to me from India, exhibit�ing the leaves, flowers, and seeds, carefully pre�served. The pareuchymatous structure of the seed abounds with a fixed acrid oil, which is obtained by expression, constituting the crotou oil�tijlii oleum�'of commerce. It has a bright straw colour, a faint odour, and a hot, acrid taste, creating an uneasy sensation in the throat, which continues for many hours. It is soluble in alcohol and ether. Composition.�100 parts of the kernels of the seeds, when bruised, yield CO parts of this oil, 40 parts of mucilaginous residue.



	266	A MANTJAL OP

	irritant to tlie skin of the ox. It causes rubefac-tion and mucli swelling of the surrounding parts, followed by a Tesicular eruption and subsequent desquamation of the cuticle, and thus it becomes valuable as a counter-irritant. For general pur�poses it will require dilution with some fixed oil, as that of the. olive or rape-seed. The form I have adopted for the solution is as follows : Take of Croton Seeds, bruised . . 1 part, Oil of Turpentine .... 8 parts. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter for use.

	Ctrpiuiir, Copper. This metal has long been known, it having been used by the ancients for domestic and other uten�sils, they being unacquainted with malleable iron. It is found in most parts of the globe, but in this country the richest copper mines exist in Cornwall. The ore most abundant is the sulphide, from which the metal is usually extracted by reduction. This operation consists essentially in driving off the sulphur by heat, oxidizing the iron with which it is mixed, and converting it into a silicate by means of sand, when the copper is separated in a tolerably pure state. However, to render it quite pure, it undergoes repeated fusions, the last being carried on in the refining furnace with the addition of



276 Oomposition.-	A MANUAL OF -Cu₂T, or Cul 2 atoms Copper . 1 atom Iodine	= 64 = 126

Equivalent .... 190 Turner states that this compound quot; is obtained by adding iodide of potassium to a solution of the sulphates of the protoxides of copper and iron, both in crystals, in the ratio of 1 to 2i; when the protoxide of iron takes the oxygen of the oxide of copper, and the iodine the metallic copper, forming a precipitate, the diniodide. It may be dried, and will bear a high temperature in close vessels with�out change.quot; Properties and Uses.�Diniodide of copper, as thus obtained, is of a light fawn colour, which undergoes some change on exposure to the air. It has the smell of iodine, a metallic taste, and tinges the skin yellow. With water it forms an opales�cent mixture, which, after a time, takes up the iodine, as also does alcohol. In a mixture of alcohol and ammonia it undergoes nearly perfect solution; and if water of ammonia is alone em�ployed, there are formed an iodide of nitrogen and an ammoniuret of copper. Its specific gravity is 3 �0222. Its action is that of a stimulant to the absorbent vessels, and a tonic. It has been found of service in farcy, chronic cedematous enlargement



	PHABMACT.	279

	sometimes be found requisite, and it may be neces�sary occasionally to abstain from the use of the gas. Topically applied, the diniodide of copper has been found a powerful excitant to ill-conditioned ulcers, quickly inducing healthy action in them; and in cases of chronic grease, when the ulcerated surface presents an unfavorable aspect, the residual liquor, after the obtainment of the precipitate, has been successfully made use of by Mr. Walton Mayer and Mr. H. Surmon, who speak highly in commendation of it, both in this disease and for farcy and other ulcers.

	Cupei Sulphas, Sulphate of Copper. Old Names : Vitriolated Copper, Blue and Eoman Vitriol, Blue Copperas, Bluestone. The common names of this compound. Milestone and hlue vitriol, are familiar to most persons ; nor are there many, perhaps, unacquainted with its action. Although this certainly does not detract from its value as a therapeutic, yet at times it seems desirable that we should be enabled to disguise it. Sulphate of copper is prepared in several ways. The most common is stated to be by evaporating



	282nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A MANUAL OF

	Tonic Mass. Take of Sulphate of Copper, finely pulverised . 2 oz. Powdered Ginger......2 oz. Common Mass.......12 oz. Beat together, so as to form a mass. Dose from eight to twelve drachms. At this establishment sulphate of copper used to be frequently given in large doses in cases of farcy and glanders. This is not the case now, repeated small doses being preferred. The former disease may readily have yielded to it, but the latter too often proved obstinate. The quantity once adminis�tered varied from Jss to gj, this being exhibited in solution, and blended with some demulcent, such as an infusion of linseed or gruel. The late Pro�fessor Sewell, to whom veterinary science is much indebted, ascertained by experiment that such doses as these could not be given with impunity in the form of ball, as the agent while undergoing solution, corroded the stomach; he therefore re�commended the form of draught, also to commence with the lesser quantity,and gradually to increase the dose until a slight loss of the appetite was produced, which he considered indicated the attainment of the maximum quantity. This was then steadily perse-



	290	A MANUAL OF

	system, and, after repeated doses have been ad�ministered, their effects are all at once manifested. Those that I have witnessed have been nausea, paleness of the mucous tissues, feeble and irritable pulse, coldness of the skin, and extreme languor, followed by a relaxed state of the bowels. In very large doses it seems at quot; one fell swoop quot; to palsy the heart and render life extinct, without any in�jection of the membranes or lesion of any of the tissues being perceptible after death. Its use is advocated in pneumonia, hydrothorax, carditis, and many other diseases in which the action of the heart is inordinate; also in chronic cough. For the last-named, it is often advanta�geously combined with small doses of aloes, and the following form may be adopted :

	Cough Sail. Take of Aloes, in powder . . 2 ounces. Digitalis.....1 ounce. Common Mass ... 13 ounces. Beat together so as to form a mass. Dose, one ounce. This may be given twice in the day, de�pending upon circumstances : but its operation will require watching. For Cattle and Sheep digitalis is beneficially had recourse to in combination with the nitrate of