vinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; PREFACE.

was needed to save the country was to adopt the course taken by the French and Belgian Governments, of acting on the counsel we could proffer on such an occasion. It must always he a satisfaction to my profession to know that in the British outbreak of Russian Murrain of 1805-60. the advice given by its members was sound and rational, however much it may have been despised and openly denounced.

The points on which I have specially had to contend, with not a few opponents, were, at first, the foreign origin of the malady, the impossibility of its sponta�neous development in the London dairies, the insuffi�ciency of any remedy or class of remedies, the folly of establishing cattle-hospitals or sanatoria, the importance of regulating and controlling the traffic in live stock, stopping all movement where the disease appeared, and prohibiting importation from Holland, or establishing foreign stock-markets and slaughter-houses. I have advocated a system of national insurance or one of in�demnity; of slaughter of the sick and infected animals. J was not in favour of the recommendation of the majority of the Cattle Plague Commissioners, inasmuch as stopping the entire traffic of the country without quot;stamping outquot; the disease could not serve our purpose. A recommendation that Parliament should be at once summoned, that inspectors should continue the practice (if slaughtering, backed with funds to indemnify owners �all in addition to stopping the traffic�would, in my opinion, have been more rational and less embarrassing to Government than the suggestion which could not

^am

1'HI': KACK.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;VIl

be, as indeed it was not, carried into effect. 1 think the Government lias been slow; but what would the Government have not done bad it been armed with power by such bills as those defeated in 18G4 ? I can bear witness to the fact that the mere suggestion of coercive measures, even up to the time of the Com�missioners' Report appearing in print, was met with resolute opposition�an opposition well exemplified by-Mr. M'Clean's statement, which uttered the sentiments of tbe bulk of the British people even so late as the end of last October. I have attended meetings, in January of tbe present year, at which some speakers advocated ably and warmlv the '' non-interferencequot; system ; and physicians of great eminence and influence have spoken to me of the folly of advocating measures which were incompatible with the existence of any but a purely paternal Government. There is a reaction. People are panic-stricken. Last autumn, and far on into the winter, we could not move them. They are now ready for anything. I must not omit to mention that I op�posed tbe vaccination movement, as indeed I have opposed everything which lias bad a tendency to retard the development of public opinion in favour of the system of isolation and ''stamping outquot; the disease.

I have special reasons to be grateful to the French Government for the confidence reposed in me. Early in September experiments were commenced by Mr. Behic's orders in tbe New Veterinary College. They led to tbe thermometric and chemical investigations first attempted by my brother, Dr. Arthur Gramgee, in

^mmmm

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conjunction with Professor Clmuveau. At the present moment, experiments in behalf of the French Govern�ment are being actively prosecuted in the Albert Vete�rinary College, and these opportunities, have enabled me to prepare a work which contains the results of original research as well as those of my readings and of no small an amount of experience in travels and practice.

The Report of the French Minister of Agriculture was based on information repudiated by my countrymen. Times have changed in not many weeks. It is now acknowledged that I was in the right; but this is very slender consolation for one who would have wished to act rather than speak'.

This volume might have been compressed into smaller bulk had I omitted the statistical tables up to the close of the year�the latest I could publish in extenso without delaying the book; but as those tables demonstrate better than words can describe the early rise and pro�gress of the Plague, I trust they may not be considered out of place. It may also be thought that I have dealt at too great length with the medical treatment of the disease, but what has been said on the subject I have felt it my duty to say in deference to public opinion in this country. The question has not been set aside. Had I consulted my own desires alone I should have dismissed the subject in one short sentence, by pro�nouncing the uselessness, and deprecating the adoption of curative treatment. We should never treat cases of Plague in Great Britain. They may do what they choose

PREFACE.

in Eussia; but here it is our duty to prevent or exter�minate the disease, and not play with it by using drugs. While writing and seeing this work through the press I have been denied the great privilege of sufficient time to do it ample justice. Had I had more leisure I might have said better and more briefly what I have felt it my duty to say�well or ill, at least promptly and honestly.

The publication, for the first time in this country, of the Official Reports of the International Veterinary Congresses is, in my opinion, most important and ap�propriate now. The discussions which took place both in Hamburg and Vienna referred so much to the Rinderpest, and were conducted by men so able from every part of Europe, that they can only enhance, and enhance largely, the value of this work. They refer, in part, to other diseases, but as they have not been, and are not likely to be, published in any other form here, I have determined on giving them in extenso. At no time could the information embodied in both reports be more acceptable to Englishmen than at the present crisis.

In conclusion, the pleasant task devolves on me of thanking many who have helped me. I have had the privilege of very frequent conversations with Dr. Burdon Sanderson, whose experimental inquiry�of the most exact and comprehensive description in relation to the nature of the Plague�has heen conducted for Her Majesty's Cattle Plague Commissioners in the Albert Veterinary College. Dr. Beale has kindly lent me the

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cuts in the last plate of the so-called entozoon of muscle. I have also enjoyed the assistance of my brother Dr. Arthur Gamgce, of my colleagues, and of many others too numerous to mention. To one and all I have to tender my hearty acknowledgments.

Albert Veterinary College, Qttan's Uoad, Bayswafer, Loialun, 5th February, 1�GG.

C 0 N T E N T S.

Pbeface.

Istbod�otion ......................Page 1

I'AKT 1.

DKFiNiTiojif op the Cattle Plague................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;21

Synonyms ..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;22

Causes............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-4

Symptoms�Thermometric Observations ..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;38

Post-Mobtem Appbaeances ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SO

MicKoscorit'Ai; Investigations..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;GG

Chemical Ikvestigatioss, by Dr. Ahthub Gamgeb ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;~0

Nature op the Plague ....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

Treatment..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'Jl

Metliods of Treatment suggested since the commencement of the

Outbreak in 1865 ....................nbsp; nbsp;10-1

Prevention..........................nbsp; nbsp;126

I. Preventing tlio Importation of Live Stock into any Country ..nbsp; nbsp;132

11. Quarantine......................nbsp; nbsp;134

III.nbsp; nbsp;Inspection of Frontiers, Ports, Markets, anel the Country

generally ....................nbsp; nbsp;138

IV.nbsp; nbsp;Slaughtering Sick and Infected Animals..........nbsp; nbsp;140

V. Imlenmity......................nbsp; nbsp;143

VI. Insurance�Local and General..............nbsp; nbsp;145

VII. Stoppage of Fairs and Markets..............nbsp; nbsp;1GG

VIII. The use of Disinfectants................nbsp; nbsp;167

IX. Inoculation.....................nbsp; nbsp;170

X. Vaccination......................nbsp; nbsp;199

Government Measures foe the Fbevention of the Cattle Plaguenbsp; nbsp; 204

Act 11 amp; 12 quot;Viet, cap. 107................nbsp; nbsp;213

Orders in Council�

1.nbsp; July 24th....................nbsp; nbsp;219

2.nbsp; nbsp;August Utli ..................nbsp; nbsp;221

3.nbsp; nbsp;August 18th ..................nbsp; nbsp;223

xiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTENTS.

Orders in Council�coutinued.

4. August 25th .............. Pagenbsp; 225

�. August 26th ..................nbsp; nbsp;220

G. September 22nd ................nbsp; nbsp;228

7.nbsp; nbsp;September 29th..................nbsp; nbsp;232

8.nbsp; nbsp;November 23rd..................nbsp; nbsp;234

9.nbsp; nbsp;December 16th..................nbsp; nbsp;23'J

Fiest Eepobt of Her Majkstyquot;s Commissioners�

Commission....................nbsp; nbsp;242

Report ......................nbsp; nbsp;244

Kecomuiemlatious..................nbsp; nbsp;269

Separate lieport of Earl Spencer, Viscount Cranbornc, Clare

Sewell Bead, and Dr. Bonce Jones ........nbsp; nbsp;274

Separate Report of Mr. M'Clean............nbsp; nbsp;275

Supplement to Report................nbsp; nbsp;279

Tart II.

The Past History of the Cattle Plague, from the earliest periods up to the present time. Its ravages in Great Britain and on the con�tinent of Europe before 18G5 ................nbsp; nbsp;285

The History of the Cattle Pi.AiiUE in 4805 and 1800 ......nbsp; nbsp;336

History of the Revel cargo................nbsp; nbsp;336

Reports on the Disease in Counties ............nbsp; nbsp;341

Aberdeen ....................nbsp; nbsp;341

Ayrshire......................nbsp; nbsp;343

Bedfordshire....................nbsp; nbsp;313

Berkshirenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....................nbsp; nbsp;343

Berwickshire....................nbsp; nbsp;344

Buckingbamshire..................nbsp; nbsp;345

Cambridge ....................nbsp; nbsp;340

Cheshire.....................nbsp; nbsp;347

Clackmannan....................nbsp; nbsp;343

Cornwall......................nbsp; nbsp;343

Cumberland....................nbsp; nbsp;350

Denbigh......................nbsp; nbsp;351

Derbyshire ....................nbsp; nbsp;353

Devonshire ....................nbsp; nbsp;352

Dumbartonshire ..................nbsp; nbsp;353

Dumfriesshire....................nbsp; nbsp;354

Durham..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp;355

Dorsetshire ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;35(5

Edinburgh ....................nbsp; nbsp;35g

^Ksscx ......................358

Fifeshire......................3Go

CONTENTS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xiii

Reports on the Dispnse in Counties�eontintted.

Flintehire ................ Page 390

Forfarshiro ....................3PQ

Gloucestershire ..................3(5]

Haddingtonshire.................36X

Hampshire ...................3g2

Herefordshire...................3(53

Hertfordshire....................3(53

Huntingdonshire..................3(34

Kent ......................3₆4

Kincardineshire ..................366

Kirkcudbrightshire .............. _ 366

Kinross.....................366

Lanark.....................366

Lancashire ...................367

Leicestershire...................36^

Lincolnshire....................369

Linlithgow ....................370

Metropolitan District ................370

Norfolk......................371

Northamptonshire..................374

Northumberland..................375

Nottinghamshire..................375

Oxfordshire ....................376

Peeblesshire....................377

Perthshire ....................377

Renfrewshire....................377

Roxburghshire ..................378

Rutlandshire....................378

Selkirkshire....................378

Shropshire ....................379

Somersetshire....................379

Staffordshire....................379

Stirlingshire....................381

Suffolk......................382

Surrey ......................383

Sussex ......................384

Warwickshire....................385

Wiltshire ...... ..............388

Worcestershire ..................389

Yorkshire ....................389

The Cattle Plague in Holland ..................394

..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � Belgium ..................397

..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � Franco ..................398

Cattle Plague Enquiry�Privy Council Returns..........401-464

xivnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTENTS.

Tart III.

Official Report of the First International Congress held in Hamburg,

18(13 ...................... Page 465

Official Beport of the Second International Congress held in Vienna,

1805 ..........................528

Appendix.

On Entozoa (?) in the Muscles of Animals destroyed by Cattle Plague.

By Lionel S. Bealb, M.B., F.E.S...............nbsp; nbsp;819

Remarks on Spurious Entozoa in Diseased and Healthy Cattle. By T,

Spbncek Cobbold, M.D., F.B.S.................nbsp; nbsp;826

Last Orders in Council�

Kleventh Order, dated danuary 20th..........nbsp; nbsp;831

Twelfth Order, dated January 20th ..........nbsp; nbsp;834

Thirteenth Order, datt\l February Gth..........nbsp; nbsp;83S

Last Keturns up to February 3rd ................nbsp; nbsp;841

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

I FATE 1. ........................ Frontispiece.

Portrait of ralf's head in an advanced stage of Cattle Plague.

PLATE II.......................TofaeePage819.

Figs. 1 and 2.

Entozoon-like bodies of different sizes; elementary muscular fibres magnified with a

low power (25 diameters). The longest is ^th, the next ^th, and the smallest about Jth of an inch in length.

Fig. 3.

Rounded extremity �f one of the entozoon-like bodies, showing how it is surrounded with the sarcoos tissue of the muscle. Magnified 215 diameters.

Fig. 4.

The upper extremity, central part of the body, and the lowest portion, of the same entozoon-like body magnified 'Jl� diameters. The whole of this was surrounded by a thin layer of muscular tissue and sarcoletnma. The division of the mass into small collections of granules like segmentation was very distinct.

Fig. 5.

Cilia-like bodies covering the whole surface of the external investment or envelope. Magnified 1000 diameters.

Fig. 6.

a.nbsp; nbsp;Portion of membrane with hair-like processes distended with fluid and subjected to strong pressure.

b.nbsp; nbsp;Two of the small bodies in their fully developed form from the interior of a very long, worm-like cyst. They all exhibited the characters of the two represented. Mag�nified by the ^th = 1800 diameters.

Fig. 7.

Tubular space in the central part of an elementary muscular fibre, extending from one extremity of a very young entozoon-like body. Showing minute masses of germinal matter, probably an earl)- stage of development of the bodies found within the envelope of a fully developed organism. Magnified by the jl_Bth = 2800 diameters.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

INTRODUCTION.

Any careful observer of the outbreaks of cattle and sheep diseases on the Continent of Europe and in the British Isles, during- the past twelve years, could not fail to arrive at the conclusion that, sooner or later, the Steppe Murrain must visit this country. In 1850 I studied the progress of Pleuro-pneu-monia in the London dairies. Later, I followed its course in various parts of England, and not only formed but expressed an opinion that, if the traffic in animals, many of which were undoubtedly suffering from disease, could be placed under con�trol, the malady might soon be exterminated. The exposures made in connexion with that traffic placed me in open an�tagonism with many veterinarians and stock-ownera I there�fore resolved on introducing- a new system of veterinary teaching and practice, and, for this purpose, inaugurated a school, in which the vast subject of Cattle Disease prevention might receive a proper share of attention. The time and labour devoted to lectures on the Cattle Plague were, however, in the opinion of not a few of our students, thrown away ; inasmuch as it was contended that a disease of Eussian origin, and almost exclusively confined to the Continent of Europe, could only interest veterinarians in the countries where it usually pre-

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vailed. There is now no cause for regret on my own part that many years have been spent in what at first appeared a hopeless task�gathering together and disseminating solid and practical information on a subject which was surrounded by ignorance and beset by prejudice, one result of such investi�gations being the stoppage in a great degree of the sale and slaughter of diseased animals. In pursuing those inquiries and publishing the results, I have had to bear up against torrents of abuse, imputations as to motives, and gross misrepresentations. To me it was, however, evident that time alone could bring conviction; and that the period required for this was not inis-calculated, is manifested by the fact that, in 1857, on tin; occasion of opening a New Veterinary College at Edinburgh, 1 said that ten years would decide whether my fears and anticipations were well or ill-grounded. The experiences of 1865 are destined to do much in that direction.

In 1862, I was appointed by Her Majesty's Privy Council to conduct an inquiry on the subject of Cattle Disease in relation to the Supplies of Meat and Milk. My Report was published, and I afterwards urged the adoption of reforms in our cattle trade, the institution of foreign stock markets, and the develop�ment of a proper system of veterinary inspection throughout the country. Knowing the importance of strengthening my position by professional support, I summoned a meeting of European veterinarians, to be held at Hamburg. Upwards of one hun�dred veterinarians from most parts of Europe assembled in that city in July, 18G3; and the results of their deliberations were by no means insignificant. The official Report of the proceedings of that Congress will be found in the third division of this work.

In 18G-i Government was defeated in attempting to legislate on the subject of the Cattle Disease. That defeat was mainly

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attributable to a factious opposition, inasmuch as a Select Committee appointed to consider the Bill and take evidence on it, found the preamble proved, and, having modified certain clauses, returned it to the House of Commons for a third reading.

During 18(33, 1864, and in the early part of 1865, the Russian Cattle Plague was very virulent in Russia, travelling far westward; and in 1S63, the disease penetrated Italy, having passed through Illyria to Ancona.

So convinced was I in 1803 that the importation of diseased animals could not go on without involving our stock-owners in ruin, that I addressed the following letters to The Times:�

Losses among Cattle.

{From The Times of November 10th, 1863.)

Sir,�The letter which appears this day in yonr columns, show�ing the great advantages of conveying foreign cattle to London via Harwich, induces me to ask what additional precautions are heing taken to prevent the introduction of diseased animals from abroad, seeing that there is a prospect of the quot; largest portion of the cattle trade from the north of Europequot; never coming under the notice of the inspectors of the port of London. A full cargo of bullocks, calves, and sheep, is said to have been landed at Harwich at 12 o'clock on Sunday night, and they were in the metropolitan market by 10 o'clock on Monday morning. Now, unless 1 am very much mistaken as to the time required to truck and convey the cattle from Harwich to London, the landing, watering, feeding, and in�specting of the full cargo must have taken place before (i o'clock on the Monday morning�that is to say, #9632;when dark; and if this be the usual practice, I know not what is to prevent the destruction of British live stock to an extent even exceeding the frightful pro�portions already attained.

1 do not seize my pen to write without weighing the effect of restrictions on trade; but, Sir, I am receiving letters by every

I! 2

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post from all parts of the United Kingdom complaining of the eon-diliou of the loan stock, fur which fabulous prices are being paid, and which is at the present time distributing diseases in all direc�tions. As yet there is not a farm I have visited in England or in Scotland on which cattle from the great Falkirk Trysts, and many country fairs, have boon taken within the last two months, without sullering from the Foot-and-Mouth Disease. On not a few of the farms the Lung Disease has already appeared, and in many more it must shortly manifest itself with its usual virulence. I have seen not a few lots of cattle bought at 12Z., 13Z., and 14Z. a-hcad, which, three weeks or a month after pui'chase, have been reduced in value at least 11. per head. When we consider that these animals are to bo fattened by next spring, the loss of so much lime is a very serious matter; and knowing how universally this loss is sustained, I venture to suggest that we should not overlook the fact, but do all in our power to study how we can encourage trade and protect our cattle from deterioration and destruction. The price of meat is high, and still higher must it go. There-is no alternative. Our foreign im�portations have led to a steady rise in price for years past, and must still favour that rise if we do not check their plague-dissemi�nating tendencies. Are our farmers likely to get the full benefit of high prices ? When 1 look at the reports of markets in your columns I see that, after all, those engaged in the fattening of stock in this country cannot make much money after paying as they do for store-cattle, and incurring the losses which, at the present day, almost inevitably'attend the purchase of stock. Many stock-owners have written me of late on this subject, and there is no doubt that they arc getting fully alive to the important question of preserving the health of their cattle, and they ask mo, how is this to bo accom-plished ?

I hold that the abundant supply of wholesome animal food at a moderate price is so important a question to the people of this country, that there should bo inquiries constantly going on as to the condition of our live stock traffic, and as to the influence exerted by that traffic on the production and distribution of disease. The extraordinary prevalence of the Foot-and-Mouth complaint at the present time, which exceeds the formerly unexampled frequency of

INTRODUCTION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5

tlio malady twelve months since, depends entirely on the condition of foreign stock. This is at the root of the evil. quot;We conld not have the disease without its introduction. Wo never had it heforo free trade in live stock, and we have it not at present where cattle are only sold and exported irom breeding districts. It is perfectly true that many Scotch, Irish, or English cattle leaving their original homes in perfect health prove diseased in the fairs and in the farms they are taken to�hut why? The answer to this question has been frequently given this year by practical men who have spoken at various meetings when the subject of Cattle Disease has been dis�cussed. They unanimously say, quot;Look at the cattle trucks'? They are never cleaned out from year's end to year's end, and after con�veying one lot of diseased cattle, the mass of filth bespattered on the sides, and lying thick at the bottom of the trucks, is charged with poison which readily infects any animals coming in contact with it.quot;

Foreign stock brought into this country diseased, or simply in�fected, would not injure British animals, if we learned how to keep it by itself. Our farmers, as a rule, refuse to buy the foreign animals for store purposes, and the great majority of them is sold at once to bo slaughtered. This being the fact, and as inspectors never can altogether prevent the admission of infected herds into this country, why do we not dispose of our foreign stock in special markets or in special divisions of the present market, where practi�cable, and have proper accommodation for their slaughter, or proper means for conveyance beyond the markets, without coming in con�tact with British stock ? Of course, those interested in the foreign trade will pooh-pooh all this; but we cannot allow these gentlemen to continue, as they have done, defying interference and destroying the produce of these islands. Twenty years' experience should open our eyes ; and what does it teach us? It clearly demonstrates, that had we never imported foreign cattle we should now be paying less for meat than we are doing. Our bleeders, graziers, cattle-dealers, and others, would never have known what it was to lose as they do at present. The production of live stock would have kept better pace with demand, and our people would be better fed. I lt;piito admit, that if our importations had been conducted on a

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system such as ^v�^l^d have pi-evented the spread of contagious dis�orders, they would have done us almost as much good as they have done harm. And now, with the wholesale destruction by disease, wo could not suddenly cheek such importations. Let us, however, hy all means see how we can counteract the very serious evils attending them. They are not likely to he counteracted hy the rapidity of transit achieved on the Harwich route, and there is too much cause to fear that the promptitude with which animals are landed and trucked to London is quite incompatible with their most superficial examination with a view to prevent disease.

1 do not wish to prevent our reaping the advantage of the rapid transit of stock; but it appears to me that we altogether neglect precautionary measures, which arc essential for the preservation of the health of our own animals, when the foreign trade is acquiring great proportions, and can bo carried on with increased facilities. We must watch narrowly unless small-pox in sheep should again reach us. The diseaso is spreading daily in Prussia and Mecklen�burg. I receive weekly reports, which prove that outbreaks of this disease are more numerous this year than last; and it is notunlikely that if we continue to neglect ordinary precautions, as we do at present, we shall soon have even more serious occasion to repent it than for the past. Lot our markets rise a little more, and what, is to prevent liussian cattle being shipped for our ports? The few I'odolian oxen I have seen from time to time in the London cattle-market have been fattened in Prussia; but the time seems to be fast approaching when cntoiprising traders will accelerate the travelling of stock from the markets in Eastern Europe, where it is purchased at a very trifling cost, and whence we may expect the transmission of plagues which would nearly create a famine in these dominions. I am not dealing with imaginary evils when I have before my eyes, as I write this letter, a statement of the losses sustained by the Kussian Plague in the Austrian dominions. During the last fourteen years 500,000 animals have been seized with the disease, and of these 270,000 died. Even that loss is comparatively small when contrasted with the loss we have sustained during the last eighteen or twenty years through (he Lung Disease ; but if Kussian cattle manage to reach our markets�and why'shbidd they not?�

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we sball certainly have more than the Austrians, wliu.se organisation for the prevention of disease among cattle is perhaps the best in Europe.

Prudent men must agree with me, that under existing circum�stances wo need something more than the rapid transmission of stock from foreign to British markets. We have already too nmch occasion to lament the introduction of foreign diseases into these islands, and we must watch lest wo henceforward find that, whereas wheat barely remunerates the tiller of the soil for his labour, disease among live .stock may irretrievably ruin him.�J am, Sir, your

obedient, servant,

John Gamgek,

New Veterinary College,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Professor of Veterinary Medicine.

Edinburgh, Nov. 7tb, l.SOi?.

{From The Times of November \Wt, 1863.)

Sir,�Many of your readers may not be aware that every Monday morning the London prices are telegraphed to Hamburg, Kotterdam, and other ports, whence the information is transmitted to such distant markets as those of Vienna and Berlin. If prices suit, cattle and other animals are trucked from these cities for London. The Austrian and Prussian stock is fattened to a great extent on the refuse of distilleries, sugar and starch factories, amp;c. Among the animals thus fed there are Polish and even Ifussian cattle. These animals have, however, passed a rigid quarantine on crossing into Austria and Prussia, and wc have heen protected from the Russian Plague by the precautions taken in Central Europe to check iis spread. A century since we suffered, and so did most countries in Europe. It was in consequence of the losses by this Plague that veterinary colleges were first founded and liberally endowed abroad. In this country the most energetic measures were adopted to arrest the progress of the Plague, and with the best effect. Our ports were closed to foreign cattle, and remained so till 1842, with some trifling exceptions in 1830-40. Over the whole country precau�tionary steps were taken to exterminate the disease, and in this our forefathers succeeded. How different now V We do not prevent

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disease, but oat all our diseased cattle. Instead of veterinary surgeons being extensively employed to check the progress of maladies, the butcher's services are in requisition when animals are seized with sickness. It is a common occurrence for a quot;vetorinan'au to be asked, when visiting a case, if it be serious, and any decidedly unfavourable prognosis is sure to be followed by the animal being slaughtered, dressed, and despatched to London.

I could scarcely have hoped for so fortunate a coincidence as the publication of ray letter in the same impression of The Times as the remarks of your Paris Correspondent on the importation of cattle and sheep from the Danuhiau Provinces and from Kounudia into France. The project is abandoned, but why ? Simply because there remain to be finished 750 miles of railway on one route, and 500 on another. When these railways are finished, or perhaps before then, there can bo little to prevent the markets in the quot;West of Europe from being placed in direct communication with the markets in the extreme East. Last century wars and revolutions led to the free transport of cattle in the rear of armies, and thus the Russian and other plagues broke out in all directions. Steam has proved a more certain means for encouraging the transmission of contagious disorders than war, and as yet we have not suffi�ciently considered its influence for evil in this respect. Your corre�spondent's observations are quite sufficient to show that I was not dreaming of impossibilities when sounding a note of warning in my letter of the 7th; but if wo are receiving Spanish cattle in very fine condition by sea, what is to prevent a fast and suitably built steamer landing at a British port cattle shipped at Memel or Liban? Cattle are very cheap in Eussia, and the Russians are turning their attention to the management of stock. If we do not husband our resources in the way of producing and fattening animals in the British Isles, we must depend more and more on the produce of Eastern, plague breeding plains, and wo may find ourselves at no dis�tant period much worse off for animal food than we are at present, notwithstanding every facility being afforded for free trade in stock.

Dearly-bought experience has demonstrated to tho Anstriaus, Prussians, French, and others, that the importation of cattle requires constant supervision. Your own correspondents have this year

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furnislied valuable information concerning tlio Cattle Plagne as it spread throngh Turkey across the Adriatic and into the Eoman States. The area over which thilaquo; fearful malady lias extended of late has been far wider than usual, and it has heen found essential on many occasions to enforce a strict quarantine, and otherwise to interfere with the trade in cattle.

For the safety of British stock, and for the instruction of British stock-owners in general, information concerning the health of animals in different countries should he published periodically, and it would be easy to devise a system of showing the diseased and the healthy regions of Europe in maps, which any cattle-dealer could eonsTilt. On such maps the course in which plagues spread, and perhaps even the extent and direction of the cattle traffic, could bo indicated. In a short time such a mass of information would he collected as to show how wo should act to encourage the trade in healthy animals, and effectually to guard against the traffic in diseased ones.- I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

John Gamgeb, Nl-w Veterinary College,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Professor of Veterinary Medicine,

Edinburgh, Nov. 10th, 1S63.

The past year has been remarkable for the appearance of the Cattle Plague in various parts of Turkey, Austria, and Bavaria. The ravages committed by the disease on the Con�tinent led nie to suspect it might reach England even throngh Germany; and I had made arrangements to go abroad to wateli its progress, but was prevented by the steps taken in London to purchase the Now Veterinary College and transfer it from Edinburgh to this metropolis. For several years I have been impressed with the conviction that the direction in which the Plague could most readily reach us was through the Baltic. Having a conversation with some literary friends, early in May, on the subject, especially with reference to the rapid diminution in the amount of British animal produce as food for man, I was asked to give my views in an article to be prepared for Baily's

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Magazine. I did so; but circumstances prevented its publica�tion at the time. It appeared at a later period with an expla�natory note by the editor j and is hero reproduced verbatim as written in the month of May.

laquo;OxV Beef.

quot; What is there iji common between sport and Cattle Disease ? Why should the pages of Baity usually devoted to pleasant recreations above ground, contain lamentations on the death and burial of shorthorns and polled cattle? And draw melancholy pictures of live-stock extermination; and a probable famine from beef shortly realizing twenty ponce a pound ? Our country readers may, and some of them certainly will exclaim, ' So ' much the belter ! Rents are rising, and corn is cheap ; so the 'more you give us for hides and beef, wool and mutton, the ' better must be our prospects.' It is an undoubted fact that, in many districts, especially in the north, the fabulous sums realized last year for wool saved many a llockmaster from im�pending bankruptcy. Times have been good, but especially where sheep have been reared, and in remote parts where land has not yet realized fancy prices. The most important question of the day, so far as landowners and farmers are concerned, is, how we are to keep pace with the times in manufacturing the roast beef of Old England? Wo are quite sure that sporting men will not be bored by a few statistics on this subject; and everyone must know that men of the turf and fox-hunters have done more for the improvement of the breeds of animals than any other class of individuals. Well do we remember the in�telligent remarks made, and the keen interest felt by the late gt;Sir Tatton Sykes. during discussions on sheep-breeding. He de-

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lighted in ram sales and nun lettings as much as in racing and selling his yearlings. It were invidious to name a tew of the members of the Joekey Club, or masters of hounds, who do all they can to encourage the breeding and rearing of cattle, sheep, and pigs. The great majority rejoice in seeing and possessing the finest specimens of these animals that money, the ingenuity of man, and the kind intervention of nature can place at their disposal. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to think they may not be displeased by our comments on beef.

quot; It has been on the soil of Britain that the first and best lessons have been taught, after hard-earned experience, as to the manner in winch breeds of animals of all kinds may bo improved, and the means whereby an ox, which in a state of nature is only iit for the knife at from five and six years of age, may attain enormous proportions and maturity at three. Our continental friends have had the choice of our stock, the range of our markets, and a great share of the English beef-eaters' money during the past twenty years; but they have failed to send us animals such as we can rear and feed in any part of the three kingdoms. Though foremost, however, in the art of meat manufacture, we are daily feeling more dependent on our neigh�bours for animal food supplies. The dearness of beef and mut�ton, the poverty' of foreign as compared with British stock, scantily-supplied markets calling on us to produce more and more, have failed to bring about an increased home-production of meat. In 1851, the metropolis had 2,.⁰gt;�2,2o6 inhabitants¹in 186J, the number hud increased to 2,803,034; or, in other words, food was required, in 1861, for 440,798 people over the number that had to be provided for ten years previously. How was this done? In the eleven years ending 18(J1, the total sup�plies of stock exhibited in the London markets were as under:�

#9632;#9632;^v

~quot;quot;^quot;

THE CATTLE PLAGUE,

quot; Total Supplies or Stock Exiiibitkd ix the Losdon Cattle Makkkt.


_: rears.	Beasts.	Cows.	Sheep and Lambs.	Calves.	Pigs.
1851	233,761	5,083	1,549,420	21.383	33,951
1852	243,537	6,067	1,452,240	27,225	32,178
1853	209,607	0,(130	1,498,772	30,178	32,354
1854	257,167	6,227	1,498,525	21,853	34,280
1855	246,806	5,625	1,423,418	23,420	38,940
IS56	252,624	5,841	1,325,474	20,395	31,077
1857	250,224	5,i;:!0	1,238,204	23,426	28,232
1S5S	25laquo;.710	6,054	1,3:15,597	24,104	32,646
1S.':9	256,571	0,007	J,402,030	19,558	30,9:i9
1860	260,122	5.1(19	1,424,770	25,281	29.070
1861	259,562	6,262	1,378,910	19,000	30,078

quot;If the above columns arc glanced at, we shall find that there is really no increase. Foreign and British sheep are included in the above; and, in spite of high prices, we find only 25,801 bead of cattle more shown in 1861 as compared with 1851; and when contrasted with 1853, a positive deficiency of 10,445 bead. During tbe same period, the dead meat supplied at Newgate and Leadenhall suffered diminution rather than increase. Still confining one remarks to cattle, we find that tbe total number of carcases received at these markets was 10,000 a week less in 1802 than in 18�1 ; and whilst, in 1841, 80,000 carcases were sent to these markets in a single week, in 1802 the weekly amount did not exceed o0,000.

quot; And how have we been going on since ISO], especially with our borne supplies ? Comparing the arrivals of stock during the past five years, we obtain some interesting data:�


Years.	Northern Districts.	Eastern Districts.	Other I'.irts of England.	Scotland.	In land.
1800	70,140	78,020	41,920	6,184	9,329
1861	! 118,450	60,500	27,400	13,298	14,596
1802	74,790	73 470	48,910	13,101	17,305
1803	: 00,9 1	70,790	37,580	12,823	12,944
1864	60,350	70,570	39,380	13.543	9,819

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quot; Few would believe that, with the enormous increase in the metropolitan population even since 1801, we should have a progressiYS diminution in the home supply of cattle.

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1861............ 240,304

18UI............ 213,602

Diminution .. .. 20,042

quot; Mr. Itobcrt Herbert, who contributes useful articles on the cattle-trade to the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal, refers to the present state of matters, and in his last he says :�

' The consumption in London is increasing every year; prices 'have continued to improve; and even the extensive impor-' tations from the Continent have failed to affect the value of ' English stock. The question, therefore, of an adequate supply ' of food lias become a serious one�more especially as the foreign ' arrivals, with very few exceptions, arc still very deficient in ' quality.'

quot; Writers in The 'I/'mes and other papers have been urging the importance of preventing the slaughter of calves. It is a well-known fact, that the British veal trade lias been almost entirely superseded by foreign importations; and in 1864 three-fourths of the supplies of the metropolis were from abroad.

'#9632; It is easy to demolish, but how are we to build ? We have been sapping our resources, and how are we to replenish the land ? Until very recently it was impossible to get people to admit that less animal food was annually available for our ever�growing population. They would not admit the evil. The writer of this article predicted the existing and threatening state of matters fifteen years ago; and the ground of his pre�diction was, a knowledge of the rate at which animals were destroyed by diseases, imported into this country by the very

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animals for which our ports were thrown open in 1842. We cannot go on losing seven and eight millions worth of stock annually, without experiencing ill effects in one form or other. The loss is especially serious when we consider that the cows we so much need for the breeding an increased number of animals are the greatest sufferers by the destructive plague. How can the farmer avail himself of the present market rates, if tlxsre is no supply of young lean stock? We have known persons purchasing at country fairs pay as much for lean stock as they could get for the same animals after six months' good keep. If the poor farmer has the misfortune of taking his animals home with the Foot-and-Mouth Disease, or in�fected with tho Lung complaint, in addition to losing all the food they have consumed, he is drained of some of the capital which he invested in his purcliase. The absence of properly collected agricultural statistics is sorely felt in this country; the course of events has, in relation to the rearing and feeding of stock, been sadly against all except capitalists, who might grow less wealthy but could not easily be ruined. We unhesi�tatingly say that there is at present no more precarious trade than that of undertaking the fattening of a large quantity of stock. It is possible to reduce the art to a state of less risk than commonly attends it at present; but it is impossible to render the practice as profitable as it should be, without secur�ing the primary conditions of success�cheap lean stock, und prevention from disease.

quot;To obtain cheap lean stock, we must revolutionize tho town-dairy system. We must not permit the annual slaughter, in the metropolis alone, of upwards of ^0,000 cows within five mouths of the date they enter the cowsheds. We cannot afford to lose these animals after having borne one or two calves : and

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our loss is greatly aggravated hy the condition in which both dam and offspring are commonly delivered to the butcher. The cow is as a rule sold suffering from Pleuro-pneumonia, and the calf often has its throat cut to save milk, or prevent its death from diarrhoea. The wants of large towns create a demand ; hut they, at the same time, curtail our means of providing a supply of stock. We have heard experienced men, dairymen of thirty years' standing, say that when they started business, the poor people had a good supply of milk ; a cow would live two, three, and four years, breeding calves, and leaving a large annual profit in milk to its owner. All has changed now ; and we arc consuming the candle rapidly at both ends. We are exterminating our breeding-stock, and, of course, eating all bullocks that are ripe. The first are chiefly carried off by pre-ventible diseases ; and the second succumb in the natural order of tilings.

quot; Is it possible that we can hope for an increase in the number of our animals if the only means adopted to avert losses by con�tagious disorder consist in selling and eating the diseased stock? Four, five, and six per cent, of our animals die now every year in districts where, prior to 18-12, one per cent, was far nearer the average. What do we benefit as meat buyers if for every animal we have imported, one or two of our own have been carried oft' by imported disease ? We unhesitatingly affirm that the natural increase in our home supplies of stock would have been enormous, had we not admitted into our markets foreign cattle and foreign diseases. We knew nothing of either when we thought that free trade in meat might exert the same influence on prices as free trade in grain. If we say this, it must not be supposed that we now wish to exclude foreign stock from the country. However much it might be desirable, wo

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could not accomplish this now ; but we are in duty hound to do all we can to protect ourselves from the foreign plagues, and to augment, by all means in our power, the reproduction of native stock.

quot;Admitting that great difficulties encompass the subject, we do not entertain the very common opinion that our condition is quite hopeless, and that we arc individually and collec�tively quite helpless in the devising a remedy. Legislation can do much for us. The proper utilization of capital can also do much, and veterinary science can do more. It is much to be regretted that our Parliament has been misled once or twice on this point. It is true that we have inspectors at our ports ; but what is the use of an inspector, if, on the examination of a herd of bullocks, and disease of a contagious character being seen on some of them, those apparently healthy are allowed to come in and contaminate our markets ? Many who might have helped to put down the traffic in diseased animals have listened to the absurd argument, that a market must be found for these creatures; they cannot be stopped on the road or in the cattle booth ; and if a farmer has the misfortune to buy diseased stock, he is to deal with it as some people recommend should be done with a bad shilling�turn it over to some one else.

quot; There can be no doubt that as the trade in foreign cattle is now a necessity, we should make such regulations as would prevent the constant and extensive admixture of home-bred animals with those we know nothing of. We should have foreign stock markets, and direct moans of conveyance for them from the wharves whore vessels unload. Proper and special slaughter-houses should be provided near such markets, and the indiscriminate slaughtering throughout the metropolis should be stopped.

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quot; As wo believe that town dairy cows contract and communicate more disease than all other animals put together in this country, we should no longer be satisfied with grumbling about London milk, and the cruelties inflicted on the poor animals in places unfit for their existence, but we should substitute something better. This is undoubtedly possible, and can be proved unmistakably profitable. The development of a rational town dairy system is a task still to be accomplished, and which must well repay its originators. We consider it quite possible to have dairies in the London suburbs supplying pure milk, and in which the cows are preserved in perfect health. We could cite many cases to prove that in the interests of humanity, if not in the cause of social economy, we should revolutionize the present system of town cow-feeding. We hold that man has no right to subject animals to conditions fatal to health, and calculated to destroy rapidly by^r painful disease. It is certainly' more revolt�ing to hear of vivisections than of the deaths of cows from disease in dairies ; but no one can fail to regard with horror and disgust any contrivance by which fine and healthy animals, transferred from healthy farms, are subjected to influences which oidy spare a few of the most fortunate. A dairyman we know well, and who keeps forty cows in a large city^r, lost thirty-five by disease last year. In paying him a visit recently, we saw two animals with their throats cut; the two had cost him nearly 50?., and had only been in the shed about ten weeks. This man had lost ten out of his renewed stock of thirty within a month. No other trade but that of providing milk for the million would stand such losses; but what shall we say to the effects on the health of infants of the produce of animals existing under such conditions ?

quot;So long as diseased animals (iro sold in public markets; so

Ill

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long as dairymen have their animals in small confined places, wliere healthy and diseased must stand side by side; and so long-as the renewal of stock occurs week by week withont any secu�rity as to its condition when bought, we must have the destruction of cows, and a diminution in the number of calves to rear. Cor�rect the town dairy system, and little else remains to be rectified. quot;We cannot leave this subject without reverting to the great difficulty experienced in bringing about reforms in the manage�ment of stock. A distinguished surgeon once said that farmers and cattle-dealers would only listen to the adoption of means for the prevention of Cattle Disease when the Steppe Murrain, or Eussian Cattle Plague, appeared amongst us. As yet, we have specially suffered from two diseases. The first, or Foot-and-Mouth Disease, is curable, but deteriorates stock to a great extent, damages the milk which affected cows may yield, and spreads not unfrequently to man. We snail probably never asain be altosrethcr exempt from attacks of this disease, owing to the certainty of its regular introduction from abroad. The second and most important, because fatal plague, is the conta�gious Lung Disease, or Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, which pene�trates a country district or farm in a stealthy manner, breaks out tardily, and then destroys with great certainty. It is the Lung Disease that constitutes the banc of the town cow-feeder ; and it is to extirpate this plague that the rigid inspection of markets, careful separation, for at least forty days, of all newly-bought animals, and not unfrequently inoculation, should bo enforced. The malady can be promptly eradicated and offec-tnally kept from entering any locality ; and it is to the demon�stration of these important facts that our attention should be turned. Stop the Lung Disease, and the meat manufacture of the British Isles will again prosper.

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quot;Many will remember the cry that was raised in 1857 regard�ing the Russian Plague. It prevailed umcli abroad, but owing to the vigilance of the authorities in Austria and Prussia it did not extend beyond Central Europe. It lias annually penetrated rather far into the Austrian dominions, and last year entered further westward than either France or England desired. Instead, however, of diminishing, it has increased, and through Hungary it has recently made its way into the Tyrol. At the present time, the Bavarian veterinarians are on the alert from the proximity of outbreaks to the Bavarian frontier, and from Austria we learn that, owing to the unnecessary length of the quarantine period on the Austro-Russian frontier, cattle are smuggled more than ever, and the disease is spreading far and wide. It has, however, to travel far before it reaches us, and through the continent it may uot speedily enter our markets. Steamers may, however, some day convey Russian herds of cattle through the Baltic to Leith and Hull. Instead, then, of seeing the healthy animals which are now coming from Jutland, it is not unlikely that the Plague may visit us which is to bring our farmers to their senses on the disease prevention system. The Russian Plague is a malignant catarrhaJ fever, only duo to contagion, invariably propagated from Russia, and characterised by a much greater rapidity in development than is the case with Pleuro-pueumouia. Wherever it appears it is not easy to utilize the carcases, as we find is the daily practice with animals that die of Pleuro-pneumonia; and if any traffic in diseased stock is permitted, the very existence of the honied stock of a whole country is threatened. Long may we be spared any such infliction; and in order effectually to avert it, let us erect a barrier before the steed is stolen. We must acquire and disse�minate knowledge relating to contagious cattle diseases, and we

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c 2

#9632;

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must use all the means at our disposal to increase the production of animal food at home.quot;

AVithin a month of my writing the above article the Steppe Murrain had broken out in England after the first direct im�portation from Russia. The coincidence is, to say the least, remarkable.

Having, from time to time, been seriously misunderstood, it may bo necessary to mention that the foregoing statement ot facts has been framed simply in justification of the course I have followed for many years. I do not, nor ever did, pretend to be a prophet. The opportunities afforded me iu my European travels, and in the study of continental veterinary literature, irresistibly forced on me convictions as to what was likely to happen, and what should bo done to avert what must inevitably lead to great national loss. In this country, as yet, I say it with deep regret, my profession has not taken the position it should have done. More than to any other circumstance, this is to be attributed to the fact that our Government and our people have not rightly understood the duties and responsibilities of that profession. This 1 state with all deference, and advisedly. The Anstrians, Prussians, French, and other continental nations, know that good veterinary schools and a strong staff of intel�ligent officials conduce to safety from devastating cattle plagues. In England there has been an utter want of unanimity of opinion and concentration of action on the subject; hence the result, that when the Cattle Tlague appeared we were totally unprepared to meet and thwart its deadly effects. Great, how�ever, as the present calamity is, there are reasons to believe that in the end it may tend to do good, by future generations reaping benefit from the costly experiences of the present time.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Pakt T.

Definition.

The Plague amongst homed stock which constantly pervades Russia, and especially steppe lands, is a specific, malignant, and highly contagious fever, known to us only as the result of, direct or indirect, coinraunication from sick to healthy animals. It is entirely sui gencrk, and never originates spontaneously beyond the Russian frontiers; within w^;hicli it is probably not generated at any time de novo, hut is kept up by constant repro�duction, after the manner of other contagions maladies. It is essentially a bovine disease, though it may be communicated to goats, sheep, deer, antelopes, gazelles, aurochs, zebus, and oven the peccari�never attacking any animal more than once. It is characterized by a period of incubation which does not exceed ten days; by fever-heat, which precedes all other symptoms; redness of all the visible mucous membranes, seen early and in a marked manner in the vagina of cows; sometimes delirium, muscular twitehings, and fever shivers ; discharges from eyes and nose; normal secretions checked or suppressed: abdominal pain with constipation or diarrhoea; scaly eruption on bads and loins, and a characteristic eruption on the inside of the thighs

9.9

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

and on the mammre; there is a tendency to early putrefaction manifested by the foetor of breath and discharges, and emphy-sematous swellings in various partsraquo; of the body before death ; after death rapid decomposition sets in. The majority of animals seized with the Cattle Plague, as a rule, die wherever the disease appears, except among Russian herds. No specific antidote has been discovered for its poison.

�

Synontus.

Under the term Murrain several diseases, principally affecting the ox tribe, have been described, which have a common ten�dency to destroy many animals at a time, and to be propagated more or less by contagion. The disease known abroad as the Rinderpest, la Feste Bovine, and spoken of here as the Cattle blague, has in times past been included under the general de�signation Murrain ; so that histories of the disease, especially with reference to remote periods, arc somewhat unreliable. All outbreaks of pestilence, in which men and a variety of animals have suffered, cannot be ranked with manifestations of the malignant fever now under consideration. Not only the term Murrain, but also the multiplicity of names given to the true disease of the Russian steppes, has led to confusion. Many of these names, especially those adopted at different times by Ger�man authors, have been suggested by peculiar theories as to the nature of the disease, as for instance :�L�serd�rre, impaction of the third stomach ; Gallenseuche, Ucbergalle, Grossgalle, all hav�ing reference to the condition of the liver; Magenseuche, or gastric plague; B�sartiges Ruhrfieber, or malignant dysenteric, fever. based on the general features of the disease, viz., dysentery and

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fever. 01' the Latin names given to the disease, the best, because the least open to technical objection, is Pestis Eoum, in French Feste, or Fievre pestilentieUe du gras Ik'tail. The one most commonly used abroad is Typhus Bourn Contagiosus� le Typhm contalt;jieu.c des letes hovines, of the French authors. This long designation is not a proper one, as it conveys to our minds the erroneous idea of the disease partaking of the characters of typhus. Other authors have designated it Ganglien-Typhus, and more properly Viehseuche. I originally suggested the name Contagious Typhoid Plague, or Contagious Typhoid Fever of the Ox, from reading descriptions and seeing coloured plates of the intestinal lesions which indicated a simi�larity between the steppe disease of cattle and typhoid or enteric fever in man. Eamazzini names the eruption Syste�matic Cow-pox. I object to Dr. Budd's title, quot;The Siberian Cattle Plague,quot; because it is apt to lead to confusion with tho raquo;Siberian Poil Plague�an enzootic rather than an epizootic disease�a form of anthrax which never spreads far beyond the Russian dominions, and which is unknown in healthy districts oven in Siberia itself. The Siberian Boil Plague attacks cattle, but principally men and horses; and although there are at times wide-spread outbreaks, those occur under the infhience of excessive heat, during the hottest months of the year; and there is frequently no connection between simultaneous manifestations of the malady at different places. There is simply a coinci�dence as to time, and not a propagation of the disorder from one district or province to another. Its causes are local, as it depends entirely on peculiarities of soil and climate. This is not the case with the Rinderpest.

By common consent the name by which the epizootic of the Russian steppes is best known now in this country, is that of

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the Cattle Plague; and as there can be no mistake as to what is meant by this designation, I shall use it very generally in this work.

Causes of Steppe Murrain.

Diseases of all kinds are attributable to predisposing and ex�citing causes. The majority of maladies require a combination of agencies to induce them; but there are some which can only be developed by one unchangeable and specific means, which we designate contagion. A slice}) can only become scabby by the scab-insect creeping on its body, and there multiplying. A dog only becomes rabid by the virus of another rabid animal entering its system; and scientific meu are agreed that an animal can only he seized with Rinderpest as the result of direct or indirect communication of the Rinderpest virus from a diseased to a healthy animal. These are accepted truths which somewhat shock the minds of people unacquainted with the mysterious operations of nature. The question occurs to most persons, whether under extraordinary circumstances these contagious maladies are not generated de novo 9 Concerning the Cattle Plague it is said that, whilst we can admit the fact that it is never witnessed as a spontaneous disorder in Europe to the west of Russia, it must be developed on the soil of the steppes, or in Russian breeds specially predisposed to its attacks. All wo can say is, that as yet no one has demonstrated that in the steppes cattle can be placed under such circumstances, apart from being subjected to the influence of contagion, as can induce the disorder. The disease is always there, roving to and fro, winter and summer, amongst cattle of all kinds, sometimes killinc- many, and at other times attacking few�but

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so constantly present that Jessen, Unterberger, and others consider it absolutely essential to inoculate every head of honied stock in -Russia, that the disease may not appear where least expected, and with a view to afford some security to the nations importing Russian cattle. They believe that the cattle of the steppes should he placed under such circumstances as to enjoy the reputation of being safe from subsequent attacks, and having been seen through the results of inoculation with a suf�ficient lapse of time, they would be incapable of conveying the disorder. My belief is, after searching in vain for evidence of the spontaneous development of tbe Rinderpest in Asiatic or European Russia, that the malady�just like human small-pox �is never developed per se, out of nothing, but is propagated in obedience to immutable laws, such as those which operate in perpetuating small-pox in man. There are periods of recrudes�cence which are to a great extent accounted for by periodic and extraordinary movements of stock, as in times of war, or by an activated cattle trade; but neither cold nor heat, rain nor drought, storms nor severe frosts, affect the propagation of the malady, except in so far as they affect tbe movemeuts of people and the traffic in cattle.

The predisposition said to exist in the cattle of the steppes� the special idiosyucracy which has beeu spoken of�is observed during outbreaks in Western Europe to manifest itself in ren�dering the disorder less severe, far less malignant, in the cattle of llussia than in any other known breeds. Jessen tells us that foreign stock in Russia, acclimatized and bred there, succumbs from attacks of the disease as rapidly as in its native country. Thus Devon cattle imported into Russia, bred there, for years continue to indicate a terrible susceptibility, and are rapidly exterminated when the disease is communicated to them bv

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accidental contact or artificial inoculation. It is difficult to understand that those animals, manifesting an extraordinary susceptibility, should not, as it is proved they do not, suffer from spontaneous manifestations of the disease, which have been regarded as likely amongst the less susceptible herds of the steppes. I do not believe that the flesh and blood of the Bussian cattle are impregnated with this malady. I do not believe that they inherit it as human beings do scrofula, and 1 am strongly disposed to regard the specific poison of the Cattle Plague as obeying the same laws of reproduction as those which we know regulate the development of the virus of variola.

We are asked again�How did the first case occur ? We must give an Irishman's answer, and ask�How did tbe first case oi' human small-pox or hydrophobia occur? We can prove abso�lutely nothing as to their primary origin, and all we can say is, the most careful observations show that the transmission and procreation of certain animal poisons, including that of the Cattle Plague, obey laws similar to those which govern the transmission and procreation of living organisms. Some day we may know more of the vitality of animal poisons. We now know that their destructive operations are not more extraordi�nary, and the reasons for their existence not more unfathomable, than those of many parasitic plants and animals which seem to live and to multiply by undeviating processes of generation, only to shorten the existence of the higher orders of the animal or vegetable kingdoms.

It is strange, but true, that the poison of the Steppe Murrain may be compared to any living organism which only requires a favourable habitat for its indefinite increase. Just as the scab-insect lives and breeds almost exclusively uu the skin of a

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sheep, so does the Cattle Plague virus grow in quantity only when it meets with conditions favourable to its fructification in the systems of bovine animals. This statement is not affected by the occasional appearance of the disease amongst goats, sheep, and other animals; for we well know, after the experience of centuries, that whatever animals may be in a country, whenever the horned stock has succumbed the disease vanishes. It does indeed inflict some damage on flocks of sheep \ but its slow and imperfect propagation amongst them indicates that it needs a more favourable nidus for its perfect and comjjlete development.

If all known facts seem to favour the view that the Russian Murrain owes its origin to contagion aloue�oven in Russia�no one having a knowledge of the subject believes that any other cause can induce it beyond the confines of that country. Xum-berless outbreaks traced without doubt to contagion, and the certainty with which the early slaughter of diseased animals extinguishes any manifestation of the malady, oven in countries where it appears often, have tended to discard from our minds the possibility of any spontaneous development of the Plague over the European Continent, in the New World, which it has never visited, or in the islands of the globe. It is singular, and it is very instructive, that the disease should alone be kept up in a country such as Russia. The conditions there arc all in favour of the perpetuation of contagious maladies; and it is important to mention that even small-pox in sheep is preserved in Europe by its constant presence and frequent recrudescence in Russia.

The view of the purely contagious nature of Rinderpest is materially strengthened by the definite knowledge of the origin of all diseases, which undoubtedly originate spontaneously in various parts of the world. The Siberian Boil Plague, which has been confounded with the Steppe Murrain, is one of those

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enzootic disorders due to excessive heat in the broad plains of Siberia, and especially in certain spots where an elevated tem�perature operating on retentive and ill-drained soils produces a malady which certainly acquires contagious properties, but which ceases with the advent of cold and the washing of mias�mata into the earth. The Siberian Boil Plague springs suddenly into existence, is propagated a certain distance, but cannot spread far, after the manner of purely contagious disorders, which are not influenced by seasons or weather. I could mention many similar instances, were it necessary, and there is none better than that virulent blood disease which has gone on increasing of late in tin's country in districts where farmers grow the largest crops by liberally distributing manure on fertile soils. That disease is Splenic Apoplexy, which has been studied on the Northumberland hills, in the fens of Lincolnshire, and tlie Somersetshire pastures. Professor Voelcker traced in his laboratory one of the potent causes inducing this malady in the West of England, and proved how wrong it was to give animals water charged with the products of organic waste, such as nitrites and other salts. Our knowledge is sufficient now to distinguish an enzootic disease at once; and, so far as Great Britain is concerned, we should know, and do know, what we owe to our climate, soils, and systems of culture, and what we may regard as of foreign importation. The Russian Cattle Plague never did and never can appear here but as an imported pestilence. All who have seen this disease must, at all events, admit its highly infectious and contagious character. The air surrounding a diseased animal is impreg�nated with volatile poison, and every part of the animal's system is charged with the same principle, but in a tangible form cap�able of being carried on the point of an inoculating needle, and of being plunged with effect into the tissues of a healthy ox.

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Admitting, therefore, that contagion is the great and nil-potent exciting cause, it may be well to enter into details on two points. We must first discuss whether certain conditions directly affecting an animal render its system more than ordinarily sus�ceptible to the disease; and, secondly, what external conditions favour the propagation of the virus.

I. Causes afpectixg the Animal's Pkedisposition,� Individual susceptibility or idiosyncracy a!Sec\si\ie communication of the disorder to some, though to a very limited, extent. We no doubt have the striking illustration of the Russian ox, which is often attacked in a mild manner; and so we find in this country that a herd is killed out in five days, and another of a very similar land is not killed out in a mouth, and several animals do not suffer at all. This fact is partially explained by the poison sometimes growing weaker as it passes from herd to herd. We witness this with all poisons; and hence the great importance of guarding against fresh importations of virus, even during the prevalence of the Steppe Murrain in a country. It is deeply to be regretted that, after the disease was communicated from England to Holland, the Dutch ports were not instantly closed. The broader the area over which the poison can meet with favourable conditions for its development, the greater the ten�dency to severe recrudescence during an outbreak.

There are some unaccountable instances of constitutional im�munity; and animals in this country have appeared to withstand the disease with effect, or it has attacked them so mildly as scarcely to be observed. This, it is true, is extremely rare; but has been observed sufficiently often to indicate that, whatever may be the cause, one animal is very susceptible, and another less so, to attacks. We cannot ascertain the

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special predisposition until the effects of contagion on an uni-nuil have been witnessed ; but that it is remarkable is proved by two yearlings of the same sex, out of one herd, which I inoculated on the same day, and with poison from one animal. One of the calves thus inoculated suffered very severely, then suddenly rallied and recovered. The second appeared to suffer less, lingered on, and died. It is impossible to explain why this discrepancy in results should occur. We must rest con�tent with the fact, and can only ascribe it to the different sus�ceptibility of the two animals. In another case that I know of, a fine healthy calf, submitted to the influence of contagion, was seized with the disease, and died in forty-eight hours; whereas a cow, which one might have thought very susceptible, resisted the contagion for some time, was at length seized mildly, and recovered. I need not multiply instances of this description.

Alt;xc exerts no influence on the disease. Kersting lias, bow-ever, said that, as the result of inoculation, young calves and cows suffer most severely; lean or fat oxen arc also badly affected : but animals in moderate condition and at maturity seem to bear np best against the disease.

As to the influence of sex, it would appear that, as with other contagious maladies, cows yielding milk are very susceptible. The same is seen with women after parturition: if subjected to the influence of contagion, they are, it is generally believed, readily seized with small-pox or diphtheria, scarlatina or typhus, and probably much more so than men, and women not suckling children. Pregnant animals readily catch the disease, but probably not so readily during gestation as at the period of calving.

The conditions under which animals arc kcjit do not seem to have much influence on the character and rapid spread of the

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disorder. We believe that ns a rule Ihe disease will be most speedily propagated where animals are congregated in a sbed under one roof. Indeed, numerous instances have occurred of animals, by being separated, escaping the disease, and. although it is virulent enough, in the open air, the cases do not fol�low each other quite so rapidly as where the cattle are housed. A. proof of the aggravation of the disease amongst housed stock is its general manifestation where sheep are constantly penned with cattle, and the common escape of these animals when they only mix with oxen or cows in the open air. Dr. Maresch, who lirst described the Cattle Plague in sheep with accuracy, showed that the malady was only rife in flocks housed with bovine animals. The question then arises, does the housing affect the constitution of animals, or docs it simply concentrate the poison ? It is not improbable that it acts in both ways. Every one agrees that the depressing effects of bad venti�lation, of breathing an impure atmosphere, tend to aggravate and accelerate the malady, though there are not wanting cases to prove the exact contrary. The same is observed in other contagions diseases; and I have known two herds of heifers belonging to the same owner, one housed and the other in the fields, seized with Pleuro-pneumonia about the same time. The housed herd, by no means kept cleanly, suffered little, whilst few^r survived in the open fields. These arc inexplicable results which indicate how careful we should be, when dis�cussing qiiestious bearing on the Cattle Plague, in declaring that quot; this stands to reason,quot; or quot; that common sense would suggest,quot; and making use of similar vague expressions which are only cloaks for our ignorance.

I am a great believer in fresh air, wholesome food, and pure water; but there is absolutely nothing to prove that animals

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di^ more readily from the Cattle Plague whore the ventilation is imperfect, and the food and water far from being of the best quality. In London, some of the cleanest sheds, contain�ing as fine stocks of cows as could be seen in the world, were amongst the first affected; and other sheds, where the manure is usually knee-deep, the grains sour, and the water of inferior quality, have not yet been visited by the Plague.

11. Causes affecting the transmission of the Virus.� It is understood that the poison of the Cattle Plague conies from abroad, and there are those who think that it may be the result of confining cattle for days and nights together in crowded ships, surrounded with dirt, ill fed, and supplied with an iiisufll-cient quantity of water. Vivid descriptions have been written of the heat, foetor, and steaming sweat which rises from the holds of ships engaged in the cattle traffic. We are asked if it be possible that animals should be thus ill used without suffering from any or all diseases; and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease, rieuro-pneumonia, and the Cattle Plague, which differ in in�tensity, but not in character, have each been ascribed to these general causes. It is certain that inal-treatment is not invi�gorating. It may lead to suffocation or severe constitutioual disturbance ; but, in spite of all the mismanagement in bringing cattle across the sea, no case of specific disease has, to my knowledge, ever thereby been induced. However much the animals may suffer, they can only die ol the Cattle Plague with varying rapidity when that Plague is brought amongst them by a diseased beast or infected materials.

The same remarks apply to markets, farmyards, and town cowsheds. The filthier these places are, the greater un-doubtedlv the facilities for infection: but no amount of filth

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ever produced a specific outbreak of Lung Disease or Einderpest. We concentrate the poison in foul places, but we do not create it.

We can, -with some show of reason, attribute to steam power the outbreak of contagious diseases in this and other countries during tbe last quarter of a century. But steam has operated in facilitating locomotion and iu placing distant parts in regular and rapid communication with each other. Before countries were intersected, as they now are, by railways, it took several days to transport animals a distance of one hundred miles. Now, should beasts suffering from disease exchange hands in the London Cattle Market on a Monday, they may be in Edinburgh on the Wednesday, Glasgow on the Thursday, and in any other town in Britain within three or four days. This may be termed a direct result of the railway system in facilitating the communication of disease; but there are other, and special, circumstances connected with this system of carry�ing cattle, which conduce to the rapid spread of contagious diseases. For some years past I have drawn attention to the use of dirty railway trucks, which are often charged with organic poisons from sick animals; also to the conveyance of diseased animals in trucks often forming part of a cattle-train, many trucks of which are filled with store stock for farmers. It required the recent visitation of Cattle Plague to bring about an improvement in these respects; but what short-sighted policy it was on the part of the authorities not to insist, before the Rinderpest was at our doors, on a careful supervision of railway conveyances, so that valuable auimals consigned to the Com�panies for transmission from place to place might be protected against contagion. Not only have railway-trucks been a means of propagating disease, but the pens or enclosures at railway

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stations, from their filthy and neglected state, have considerably contributed towards that end.

I have been asked if, on the whole, it is not safer to travel cattle by rail than by road through any country in which disease prevails? No doubt it is safer if the trucks are kept pure and attention paid to counteract influences which may favour infection at stations or in transit. It is of course better to move an animal in a pure van or truck than to walk it along roads where its i'eot may plunge in excrement or its lungs inhale the breath of any sick animal passing, and which, by some strange fatality, is sure to bo approached. Cattle are inquisitive, and sheep flock towards sheep; so that if they meet animals of their kind, and especially sick ones, they are sure to run up to them and smell aboirt, and thus endanger their own lives.

It was the knowledge Of the readiness with which animals walking through roads and streets conld be subjected to the in-fluence of contagion which led me at the first outbreak of the Cattle Plague to recommend closed vans for the movement of sick and infected animals. Nothing, however, has been done to secure this desirable object; and we still see cows carried on horse-slaughterers' carts, or moved about, as in Edinburgh, in temporary conveyances, open on all sides, and affording no protection against contagion to cattle driven past them.

The excrement which drops from animals affected wilh Rinderpest, and which are driven or placed in trucks or vans, is highly charged with poison. It readily communicates the disease, as has been proved by myself and others, by inoculation; and it is well known that if a cow places its foot in a mass of this excrement, the chances are that it will be inoculated. The intes�tinal gases have been collected and then discharged by the diseased animal, so that if healthy cattle inhale these gases, the

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probability is that tlioy will contract the disease. The discharge from sick animals generally, and their mamire in particular, are very apt to secure an indirect contagion. The greatest care should fherofore be exercised not to disseminate the poison by such means.

Food which has been mouthed or breathed on by sick cattie is capable of communicating disease, and this should always be kept in mind. It is not easy to determine if water, under the same circumstances, has a contagious effect. Pome persons have supposed that if animals with the Russian Plague drink from a river whoso waters run through other forms or districts, the disease may be carried by the stream to great distances. This I do not believe, inasmuch as water is a great purifying and dilut�ing agent, and even all the poison that a large herd of cattle may drop into a river can have no effect, as it passes on in an enormous mass of water, which effectually weakens and destroys it. The case is different if animals are made to drink out of a common pail or trough; for, in such a ease, it is not so much the water that carries the virus as the sides of the vessel con�taining that water. It may be noted, however, that cattle of different farms often stand for hours together in a stream at only a few yards apart; and here, as in the drinkiug-trough, the virus contained in the discharges may roach healthy animals unchanged, and thus lead to their contamination.

In countries or districts where contagious diseases prevail amongst cattle and sheep, wo find that slaughter-houses are favourable for their dissemination. This is due to the foct that plague stricken animals are taken there for slaughter, arc some�times kept alive for hours, or even days, and, when killed, much that is charged with virus escapes in surface-drains or on an open cause-way, so that, within a certain radius, there is a chance of contaminating healthy stock.

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One way in wMch the Cattle Plague may be carried from diseased cattle or from a slaughter-house is unquestionably by-flies, which, after resting on the carcase or offaJ of sick animals, flv about, rest again on the animal, especially on any wounded purls, and thus produce a direct inoculation. If flies can carry putrefying matter in this way, and, by alighting on fresh meat, can set up rapid putrefaction, it is reasonable to conclude that they can convey particles discharged from diseased stock to healthy animals. Unaccountable outbreaks may sometimes be due to this cause.

Any place in which many animals affected with Rinderpest are slaughtered must charge the surrounding neighbourhood with enough poison to kill large numbers of cattle : and I can�not understand why, since the commencement of the present outbreak, no attempt has been made to prevent the slaughter of cattle near the high road to our Metropohtan Cattle Market, or in the slaughter-houses directly adjoining that market. The hides and meat of diseased animals carry the infection. In Hungary, I am told that one common cause of a Einderpest outbreak on a farm is the hawking about of the flesh of animals slaughtered during an attack of the disease. If the water in which such meat is washed be thrown into a yard to which cattle have access, an outbreak is almost sure to follow. Jessen speaks of cattle becoming infected by drinking the water used in soaking or washing salt meat.

Slaughter-houses and the traffic in hides and meat are pro�bably not so active in favouring the spread of the Rinderpest as cattle-dealers' farms, and the changes of stock which necessarily occur there. I have had occasion to remark in my travels that cattle-dealers' farms arc often the centres of districts infected with contagious diseases. Xot only do some dealers buy and

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sell infected cattle knowingly, but even those who are honest arc liable to get disease amongst their flocks and herds, and their neighbours suffer from the proximity of pastures, the dung of cattle on the roads, or the communication between places by human beings or animals other than those capable of taking the malady. The grazing of cattle in neighbouring fields, feed�ing them on the road-sides, driving them along paths through fields where there is a right of way. are all potent circumstances in the dissemination of Rinderpest.

Xo one doubts that dogs which feast on the carcases of dis�eased animals are very liable to carry infection. I have been consulted more than once as to the probability of a pack of fox-hounds carrying infection over a country by passing through fields containing sick cattle, and afterwards crossing healthy farms. It is possible that a pack of hounds may carry much excrement charged with organic poison from one field to another; therefore, in an infected district hunting should, in my opinion, be discontinued. Human beings, as well as quadrupeds, are accused of harbouring the poison and distributing it, and no doubt tiiey do carry it more or less if great care bo not exer�cised. I have been assured that in Russia one common cause of widespread outbreaks was the practice of calling priests and people together to pray in the cattle-sheds that the Plague might be stayed, and the assembled people moving thence from farm to farm. Vicq d'Azyr demonstrated last century, that if clothes worn by attendants on diseased cattle were placed on sound stock, three animals out of six would be seized with the disease.

Without entering into further details, I mav state that the causes hero enumerated as affecting the transmission of the Cattle Plague are not imaginary, but real; there are also other means of communication, concerning which I need not say more at present.

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Enough to mention, that fiirmers and others who have anything to do with Rinderpest must regard it as a purely contagious and specific disease, incapable of spontaneous development, but must readily and certainly communicable from diseased to healthy cattle, and suinctimcs from cattle to sheep, or vice versa.

Symptoms of the Cattle Plague.

The recognition of this disease is greatly facilitated, especially when it first appears in a herd, by a knowledge of its prevalence in any district or country. I mention this, as in many diseases we have premonitory signs, similar to those of the Cattle Plague ; and it is especially when we know of its existence in or near a country, district, or farm, that the earlier symptoms are of value. Indeed, when an outbreak is studied, great importance should be attached to the period which elapses from the intro�duction of a diseased animal or other source of inl'ection, to the iirst appearance of sickness in a stock.

Every specific fever has its period of incubation�that period during which the poison is insidiously attacking the system of a man or animal�and there is no more distinct feature of the Cattle Plague than its latent stage. From four to seven days is the usual period of incubation. It often extends to a week, but very rarely indeed beyond the eighth day. t^ome say it may In; as short as twenty-four hours; and others, that it occasionally extends to twenty-eight days. There are no reliable facts in proof of these extremes; but there is a large amount of evidence to show that an animal may be regarded as absolutely free if it does not show signs of disorder within ten days after having been exposed to the contagion.

This question was fully discussed at Hamburg in 1863, and

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at the second Congress in Vienna last August; and although one or two distinguished Veterinary Professors feared the adoption of a system of quarantine for Russian cattle based on the ascer�tained fact, that the incubation of the Steppe Murrain never exceeds ten days, it was not disputed that the evidence was con�clusive as to the duration of the latent period of this disorder.

Indeed, recent inquiries and observations would lead one to regard the incubative stage as not often exceeding six days, though the earlier or premonitory signs of an attack ai-e not apparent to non-professional observers. I consider this point of the greatest importance in relation to the subject of veterinary inspection, and one affording scope for many experiments as to the facilities offered for the prevention of the disease by recog�nizing sickness in animals before they become dangerous from the discharge of that poison, which is the cause of the propaga�tion of the malady. quot;Whenever medical treatment may have to be tried, it is at this early period that good results may bo anticipated. I inoculated two yearling heifers in Edinburgh in the month of September. These were the subjects of carefol study by my brother. Dr. Arthur G-amgeo ; and his observations, made before and after the communication of the disease, led him to suggest the importance of examining with the greatest care changes in the temperature of the body from the earliest moment of an attack to the period of convalescence or death. I have since then instituted careful thermometrie observations, with a view to detect at the earliest possible moment what animals have been affected in a herd.

A delicate thermometer indicates an elevation of temperature in the earliest stage of the disease, varying from one to four degrees Fahr. The elevation precedes the acceleration of the pulse and every other symptom. 1 have usually inserted the

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

bulb, and about two inches of the stem of the thermometer, within the vagina or rectum, and kept it in a couple of minutes, using the precaution of dipping the instrument in water at 100deg; Fahr, between each observation, so as to prevent discrepancies. quot;When one of Casella's registering thermometers is used, the warm water into which the thermometer is dipped should not exceed UO⁰ Fahr., and 1 commonly add a little Candy's fluid to the water, so as to disinfect the instrument. The normal tem�perature varies from 100deg; to 101deg;, and may rise to 102quot;'. It is not uncommon to hud it in healthy animals varying one or two degrees at different periods of the day, so that reliable observa�tions can only be made on a number of cattle at the same time, obeying in all the same conditions as to the instrument used, the part in which the observation is made, whether it be the rectum or vagina, and the length of time the instrument is inserted, amp;c. Sometimes, when animals are excited on a hot day, and are hurried into a shed from a field, the thermometer may rise one or two-tenths more than usual; but if a whole stock be ex�amined, any animals suffering, however slightly, from the dis�ease, indicate an elevation amounting even to live or six degrees. Such an exaltation of temperature is generally incompatible with health, and the only exception yet known to this rule is that observed during oestrum or sexual excitement: the temperature then rises three or four degrees, and the same may be seen just after parturition. It is probably preferable to introduce the thermometer into the rectum, as animals are restive when the bulb is inserted in the vagina. To indicate the nature of obser�vations in herds in which the Plague has appeared, it may be well to furnish some examples. On a farm where the disease had just broken out, I took the temperature of IS animals, which looked in blooming health in the field, not one showing any

SYMPTOMS OF THE CATTLE PLAG�E.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4J

sign of ilulness, loss of appetite, or other disturbance, and the result was as follows :�

No. 1. temp, in vagina ..2. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;',,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..

:i. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..

4. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..

8.nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..

9,nbsp; nbsp;., ,, ..


	in-2-2	No. 10.
	101-2	,, 11.
	1011	,, 12.
	101 1	,, 13.
	101-2	,. 14.
	100-2	,, 15.
	100-4	,, 16.
	101-1	,, 17.
	100-2	,, IS.

102-2 I No. 10. temp, in vagina. .� 101 101-2 ,, 11. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .� 102 1

10L-1 lt; ,, 12. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .. loo-i

10,1-1 : ,, 13. ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ��nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;105-2

..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;100-2

-.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1011

..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;105-3

101-1 l ,, 17. ,, ,, #9632;�nbsp; nbsp; 101

100-2 I ,, 18. ,, ,, ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;102-3

Having carefully taken the temperatures, I proceeded to exaraiae the animals, and could detect slight deviations in the breathing, and colour of the vaginal mucous membranes, in Nos. 1, 11, 13, 16 and 18. The two cows which gave the mos decided indications of a fever heat had a glairy discharge from the nose, and a slight blush on the mucous membrane of the mouth ; but althougb all these animals were being watched night and day by men of ordinary intelligence, who manifested a great desire to serve their master, no suspicion had been entertained as to their condition.

A better illustration of the value of watching the animal heat in oases of the Plague is furnished by notes on an outbreak at Corehouse, near Lanark. I was requested by Miss Edmonstowne Cranstown to visit- her stock of Ayrshire cows in consequence of a case of supposed contagious Pleuro-pneumonia having occurred. I reached Corehouse on the morning of the 17th of November, and ascertained that an animal seized with illness on the 9th had died on the 14th. A second case had occurred on the 15th, a third on the 16th, and on my ex�amination on the 17th six more animals were found ill. On the 18th I examined forty-two cows with a delicate thermo�meter, which I dipped in water at 100deg; Fahr, before each oh-sorvation. and inserted the instrument into the rectum of each

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

animal as far as that portion of the stem marked 80'. The pulse of the animals was taken at the time, aud the results are sriven below:�

Temp.

Pulse 04 64 64


		I'wiip. ₀
	22.	107-
	23.	108-8
	24.	107-
	25.	lOG-G
	20.	105-
	27,	107 #9632;
	28,	104-8
	29.	107-
	30.	1117-2
	31.	107-4
	3'^	105-S
	33.	105-6
	84.	105 #9632; 3
	35.	105-5
	30.	10�-S
	37,	106-3
	38.	105-
	39.	106-4
	40.	104-8
	11	107-
	42.	102-

Pnllaquo;. 84 78 72 96 92


	1.	106-2
	2.	IOij-2
	3.	106-5
	4.	i(i(;-2
	5.	106-
	C.	100-2
	7.	100-3
	8.	100-
	9.	100-2
	10.	106-3
	11.	10.^:J-2
	12.	105-5
	13.	105-3
	11.	104-1
	15.	107-2
	16.	106quot;
	17.	107-8
	IS.	107-8
	19.	107-4
	20.	105-S
	21.	1�G-G

82 G2 72 64 72 GO 92 84 92

GO GG GO 84

OS 7S 74 08 68 GG OS G9

108

72 9G

A glanee at the above temperatures affords proof of all the animals having been seized. Not one was free, and still many indicated but slight, if any, acceleration of pulse or breathing. Several were eating and ruminating�others were giving a full quantity of milk; and persons unaccustomed to inquiries of this kind might have walked through the herd and not noticed that the cattle were in ill health. Only one or two had slight discharge from the eyes. None had diarrhoea. One, No. 19, with a temperature of 107^o*4 and a pulse at 108, was breathing fast, and the respirations numbered no less than 72. Another cow, in a somewhat advanced stage of sickness, discharged urine of a dark-brown colour, and half-a-dozen gave but a very scanty quantity of milk. It is evident then that the

SYMPTOMS OF TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

tliormomoter afforded the most certain and unequivocal results, and this is further proved by twenty-five animals having suc�cumbed by the 22ud, and ouly five remaining in life on the 25th, iu spite of careful nursing and the best medical treatment, I deputed Mr. David Mciizies of Belliield, one of my most trustworthy Edinburgh students, to watch the cases and note carefully the temperatures of all. Fifteen cases may be quoted to indicate the state of the pulse and temperature during the progress of the disease. The observations were made each morning, beginning on Sunday the 19th, and it will be seen that some animals lived two, some four, live, and six days.


		Case 1.
	Date.	Temp. ₀ Pulse.
	19th	... lOtl- ... 81
	20tli	... 106-2 ... 8',;
	2l8t	... 106-3 ... 88
	22 ml	... 101- ... 87
	23ril	... 103- ... 08
	ou thu	night of Thursday the 2r!n
		Case 2.
	1 IlltC.	Temp. ₀ I'ulsc.
	19th	... 105'8 ... 60
	20th	... 105- ... 72
	21st	... 100- Extremely
		frequent.
	Died iluring tho night of 21st.
		Case 3.
	1 (ate.	Temp. ₀ t'ulse.
	i'Jtli	... 107- ... 66
	20th	... 100-2 ... 08
	21st	... 105- ... 72
	22nd	... 08- ... 120
		Diuil at night.
		Case -1.
	1 tote,	Temp, o Valse.
	l�th	... 100-2 ... 05
	20th	... 103- ... 96
	Die	tl mi Monday night.


	Case 5.
Date.	Temp. ₀	Palse.
19th	... 105-	.. 00
20th	... 100-2	.. 65
21st	... 100-	.. 08
22n(l	... 105-8	.. 88
Oiud on Wednesday		night.
	Case 6.
Date.	Temp. ₀	Patse.
19th	... 100-	.. 120
20th	... 105-8	.. 120
Towunls evening the tern		iiemture fell
to OS', and	the animal	died during
the night.
	Case 7.
Date.	Temp. ₀	Pulsa
19th	... 105-8	.. 72
20th	... 104-	... 78
2 Ist	... 101-	... 02
22n(l	97-	... 120
Died shortly	Ufter the last Case 8.	�hservutiol i
Date.	Temp. ₀	Pulse.
19th	... 106-	... 8-1
20th	--- 1(17-	... 80
21st	... 105-	... 02
22nd	... 104-6	... 110
23rd	... 102-	... 120

Died on Thursday night.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.


	Cask ft.					Case 12.
Date. 19th	Temp. _c ... 107- ...	Pulse. 72			Date. 19th	Temp. ₀ ... 105-2 ...	Pulse. 96
20th	... 107-2 ...	SS			20fli	... 105-	98
21st	... 100-	96			2 Ist	... 106'	98
22nd	... 101- ... Died at night. Case 10.	120		Di	22nd 28rd til during Date.	... 105-... 105-the night of ih Case 13. Temp. ₀	112 118 e 23rd Pulse.
I gt;;iTe. 19th 20th 21st 22nd	lomp. ₀... 107- ... lot;- ... 10.5-8 ... ... 104-Died at night. Case 11.	Pulse. OS 84 98 102			19th 20th 21 si, 22nd 23rd 24th Died	... 105-8 ... ... loti-.. 1011-2 ... ... 107-... 100*2 ... ... 101- tin Friday nigh Case 14.	56 58 64 ~2 86 98
Date. 19th	Temp. ₀... 1.05-	Pulse. 74			Date. 19th	Temp. ₀.. 107-6 ...	[^,iilgt;e, ~2
20 th	... 105-4 ...	86			20th	... 106-	78
21st	... 105-	98 -			21st	.. 106- ...	80
22nd	... 104-6 ...	98			22nd	... mi-	120
Died during the night of tl		e 22nd	.	Died during		the night of the 22nd.
			Case 1	5.
	Date.		Temp, c			Pulse.
	19th		. 305 . 106 . 106 . 106 . 106 96	#9632;2 *2		. 71
	20th					7S
	21st					8(3
	22nd ....					... 92
	23rd ....					... 08
	24th ....					... 120

Last observation taken a few hours before death.

These cases prove :�

Firstly. That the temperature is imich exalted when the pulse indicates slight or no variation from the normal standard.

raquo;Secondly. That there are variations in the frequency of the pulse and the temperature during the course of the disease.

Thirdly. A sudden lowering- of temperature usually, if not always, precedes death. Jn the cases quoted above, where the temperature last taken is marked as high as 105deg; and 101deg;,

SYMPTOMS'OF 'J'HK CATTLE PLAGUE. 45

death did not take place until ten or twelve hours after the last observation.

Fourthly. With the lowering of temperature before death there is a greatly increased frequency of pulse, varying from 120 beats per minute to such a rate as to render observations almost impossible.

When animals recover, the temperature decreases gradually till it reaches its normal standard. There is an absence of very marked and sudden change. The transition from sickness to convalescence occiirs steadily and with regularity.

I consider it impossible to over-estimate the importance of thermometric observations such as those referred to, and although similar results may be obtained in the investigation of other diseases, it is evident that the thermometer affords unerring as well as early evidence of an animal sickening, recovering, or about to die. No other indication is so unmis�takable and satisfactory; and though there are other febrile diseases associated with an early elevation in temperature, it must be admitted that, taken with the history and symptoms of the case, the accuracy afforded by thermometric observations is of the highest moment. It is somewhat remarkable that the observations now for the first time published were not long since made and recorded abroad.

The visible premonitory signs consist in shivering, muscular twitchings, and uneasiness. In some cases there is dulness, and in others excitement amounting even to delirium and associated with remarkable sensitiveness. There is often a short husky cough.* The appetite is irregular, capricious, and then entirely

* Dr. Smart says that quot; there is no cough or lung symptom in the pure ami uncomplicated examples of the disease.quot; This does not accord with my observations.

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

lost; rumination ccnsos. Tho animal grinds its teeth, yawns. arches its back, and draws its legs together under its body. Tho eyes, nose, and mouth are dry, red, and hot. The extremities are cold, though the internal heat is high. Constipation, as a rule, exists; and secretion is generally arrested, as indicated in milch cows by the milk at once ceasing to flow. The respirations are often, but not invariably, increased in frequency; expirations succeed the inspirations tardily, and with each there is a low moan ; tho temperature continues to rise, though the animal's skin becomes rigid, and indicates functional derangement by a staring coat, dryness, and eruptions.

The redness of the visible mucous membranes, especially of the gums, lips, papillae on the inside of the checks, is partial, pale and patchy at first. Dr. Weber has spoken of tiie aphthous eruption of tho month, the aphtha; being of circular or inde�finite form, covered with whitish yellow granular exudation which adheres very slightly and is easily removed, lie also speaks of the redness of the papilhe of the cheeks as always beginning at the apex. Jessen has published a pamphlet on the appearance of the buccal membranes which he describes as sometimes consisting in small round nodules (seldom larger than a millet seed) still covered with epithelium when disco�vered, through which a yellowish or yellowish grey material can be distinguished. Within 24 hours the epithelium gives way and the contents become visible. Tho result is a superficial lesion, which soon heals. In oilier cases the nodules become confluent, and form a considerable enervated ulcer with irre�gular margins. Tho so-called aphthae arc described by Jessen as small vesicles due to raising of the epithelium, and either contains a clear watery or a turbid fluid, and leave behind round flattened excoriations with even edges. My observations

SYMPTOMS �F THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 47

in a considerable number of cases have shown that on the inner surface of the lips, on the inside of the nostrils, and other parts of the mucous membrane, there arc at first scarcely visible whitish opaque specks about the size of a small pin's head. These are the starting points for the softening and desquamation of epithelium which results in the dirtyish yellow flaky appear�ance in some of the worst cases.

When a number of milch cows has to bo examined, one of the first symptoms to look for is redness, and a mottled appear�ance of the lining membrane of the vulva and vagina. Animals in apparently perfect health, eating well, ruminating, yielding a full quantity of milk, are seen to have a reddened condition of the mucous membrane of the external organs of generation. The redness of the vagina also occurs in animals that have recently calved, and it is important to guard against this source of fallacy. In many cases the continuous rigors and singular muscular twitchings of the face, ears, and neck, may be regarded as characteristic. They are not, however, so typical as the dis�charge from the eyes and nose, which soon appears, and which, from being glary and watery, changes shortly to a turbid se�cretion. No symptoms can better illustrate the care required in diagnosis than the discharge both from the eyes and nose. The French Commission conducted a series of experiments in my establishment in Edinburgh, and great care was exercised in purchasing animals free from Rinderpest, especially for inocu�lation experiments. Three animals were bought one day, and all had a glary discharge from the eyes and nose. The person who had procured the animals was certain of their being free of plague, and the herd from which they were obtained was inspected. All, without exception, bad the discharge. They had been exposed to easterly winds in an ill-sheltered field,

!#9632;-quot;quot;

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE,

and were suffering from a slight catarrh: this was afterwards satisfactorily proved by the course of experiments.

A marked symptom is restlessness ; lying down and rising again, sometimes looking round to the flank, and by drawing the hind legs forward, denoting more or less colic or abdominal pain. Animals often lie on the left side, with the head stretched across the right flank. Severe diarrheea sets in, and the animal becomes very thirsty. Emphysematous swellings are apt to form at this period, and there are exacerbations of all the symptoms towards night-time. The discharges arc all fetid, especially in severe cases. The urine is rather scanty, and generally, if not always, albuminous. This stage lasts about three days.

The symptoms increase in severity. The dysentery is aggra�vated, and the animal becomes extremely weak. It stands and walks with difficulty, and lies much. The pulse becomes feeble and indistinct at the jaw. It beats from �0 to 130 per minute. The discharge from the eyes, nose, and vagina increases. The cough becomes less audible and soft. On the buccal and Schnei-derian membranes, as well as in the clefts of the feet, there is a deep redness with flaky discharge of epithelium. The muzzle, angles of the mouth, and membrane round the nasal orifices are sometimes ulcerated, with a greenish-yellow and somewhat dense granular and epithelial deposit. On opening the mouth a similar change about the base of the tongue and on the inside of the lips is often found. The coldness of the extremities, or of the body generally, the stupor or drowsiness, quick breathing and foetor of the exhalations, with spasmodic action of the alsc nasi, jerking respiration, and moaning, are among the most unfavourable symptoms. The faeces, at first dark, become slimy, charged with masses of detached epithelium, are very fetid and

SYMPTOMS OF TUE CATTLE PLAGUE. 49

more or less tinged with blood. The urine acquires a dark colour, due to the colouring principles of bile. Cows abort, and all symptoms of sensibility or consciousness gradually disappear.

I have seen many cases which presented from the earliest moment great disturbance of the organs of respiration. A hacking cough, depressed and protruded head, spasmodic action of the nostrils and flanks, indicate serious pulmonary lesions. Emphysema takes place, and usually begins in the anterior lobes. Dr. Weber remarks tbat the anterior intercostal spaces become somewhat fixed, whereas the posterior true ribs are raised with an effort, and sink rapidly. On percussion the thorax is found to be very resonant, and this resonance becomes greater as the emphysema increases. On auscultation, rales of various pitches are heard, either accompanying the vesicular murmur or superseding it. The heart's sounds become in�audible, and impulse imperceptible on the left side.

As death approaches, the raucous membranes often accjuire a leaden hue; the erosions are marked, and blood-spots, or ecchy-moses, occur. The partially open and dark red or otherwise discoloured aspect of the inner surface of the lips or the vulva cannot fail to be noticed at this stage. The involuntary evacuation of excrement, extreme foetor of all discharges, ten�dency to tympanitis, muscular twitcbings, lowering of tempera�ture, and increasing listlessness, betoken the approach of death.

In some cases there are signs of improvement about the third

day, and then a relapse occurs. Animals may become quite

convalescent; but still the gastric or intestinal lesions advance,

and when least expected, a fortnight or three weeks after marked

improvement, alarming symptoms supervene, severe diarrhoea

occurs with the return of other discharges, and the animal soon

sinks and dies.

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

In favourable cases we find a cutaneous eruption on various parts of the skin, especially on the neck, back, and teats, not unlike cow-pox, and Ramazzim termed the malady the Cow-pox Plague, from the skin affection and the state? of the mucous membranes observed in this disease. There are instances of severe illness and death with this eruption-, and indeed, in bad cases, we sometimes find a dirty yellow appearance of the skin of the back and a descpiamatiou of epidermis which indicates a morbid process of the skin, similar to that affecting the mucous membranes. The surface of the skin over the neck and withers is often moist or greasy from an abundant sebaceous secretion. There are no vesicles and an entire absence, as a rule, of pus�tules. In some cases I have seen somewhat flattened nodules, presenting the characters of false cow-pox, as described by Hering and others. Guersent, in his ' Essai sur les Epizootics,' speaks of the eruption in mild cases as observed on the mlt;imma3, teats, and on the inner surface of the thighs, in the form of small eminences of conical form, analogous to the most common variety of false vaccine; and Professor Gerlach assured me recently that this symptom, which he saw rarely here, has been much more common in Holland, where the disease has been less virulent than in Great Britain.

Convalescence is indicated by a certain vivacity, return of appetite, equable temperature of the body and extremities, restored secretion of milk, moist muzzle, and other well-known signs of health.

As with other fevers, we find in the Rinderpest a marked periodicity in its manifestations. Improvement in the morning, exacerbations at night; a distinct subdivision of an attack into stages, and from the date of the crisis either sudden aggravation or gradual abatement of alarming symptoms. There are at times

SYMPTOMS OF THE CATTLE PLAG�E. �l

chronic cases, as in Lung Disease, and animals get into a hectic state, out of which they cannot be rallied. It is, therefore, evi�dent that the duration of the malady varies. I have seen animals dead in the evening which had only indicated active signs of the complaint for the first time during the early part of the same day. As a rule, death occurs from the third to the sixth day.

The mortality varies greatly. Amongst Russian cattle mild cases are of common occurrence, and animals pass through the disease manifesting very few and light symptoms. Neverthe�less, the losses in Kussia are not trilling, yet the death of one in four animals seized is regarded as not at all severe. To the westward of the Russian empire the Cattle Plague extermi�nates stock on the farms which it penetrates. From 80 to 90 per cent, and upwards may be reckoned as a usual mortality; and under the most favourable circumstances 53 and 56 per cent, has been witnessed. We are apt to speak of decimation as indicating a frightful mortality ; but during outbreaks of the Rinderpest the saving of two or three out of every ten in an infected herd is regarded as being as good an average as can reasonably be expected.

From the frequent reference made in the following pages to the outbreaks of last century, I think it may be of interest to reproduce here Dr. Layard's* description of the symptoms of the Plague. He says:�quot;As we observe in the small-pox and all other putrid or eruptive fevers by which human nature is infected, a regular progress, so in this pestilential fever is the course of the contagion through its several stages to be traced

* An Essay on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of the Contagious Distempers among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. rgt;y Daniel Peter Layard, M.D. London, 1757.

E 2

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;TRE CATTLE PLAGUE.

by the symptoms. All are not equally seized; many reasons may be assigned for a slight or violent infection; but, according to the degree of infection, the diagnostics or signs are more or less the same. The first appearance of tbis infection is a decrease of appetite; a poking out of the neclv, implying some difficulty in deglutition; a shaking of tbe bead, as if tbe ears were tickled; a hanging down of the ears, and deafness; a dullness of tbe eyes; and a moving to and fro in a constant uneasiness. All these signs except the last increase till the fourth day. Then a stupidity and unwillingness to move, great debility, a total loss of appetite, a running at the eyes and nose, sometimes sickness and throwing up of bile, a husky cough and shivering. The bead, horns, and breath are very hot, while the body and limbs are cold. The fever, #9632;ft'bicb was continual the throe first days, now rises and increases towards evenings; the pulse is all along quick, con�tracted, and uneven. A constant diarrhoea, or scouring of foetid green faeces, a stinking breath, and nauseous steams from the skin, infect the air they are placed in. The blood is very florid, hot and frothy. The urine, or stale, is high-coloured; the roofs of their mouths, and their barbs, are ulcerated. Tumours or boils * are to be felt under the panuiculous carnosus, or fleshy membrane of the skin, and eruptions appear all along their limbs and about their bags. If a new milch cow be thus ill, her milk dries up gradually, her purging is more violent, and on the fourth day she is commonly dry. There is such acrimony or sharpness in their dung, that a visible irritation is to be observed during some time in ano. They groan much, are worse in the evening, and mostly lying down. These symptoms continue increasing till the seventh day from the invasion, on which

* Evidently the emphysematous swellings.

SYMPTOMS IN THE BUFFALO.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;53

generally, though sometimes protracted till the ninth, the crisis or turn takes place.quot;

Symptoms in the Buffalo.

The Cattle Plague attacks the Buffalo in countries where this animal is used for the purposes of draught, and is subjected to influences capable of leading to infection. In this animal, how�ever, the symptoms are not very severe, the disease is not deadly, and from the contrast in the rate of mortality offered by herds of buffaloes as compared with oxen, it is sometimes scarcely credible that the same type of Steppe Murrain attacks both. The manifestations are nevertheless unmistakable, and consist principally in general febrile symptoms, discharges from the eyes and nose, erosions on the gums and lips, marked cutaneous eruption on the udders of the females and the rudimentary mammae of the males, together with the diarrhoea so commonly seen in the disease. About the seventh day the crisis is attained. In severe cases death occurs about the fourth or fifth day, but more commonly after the sixth or seventh day there is a diminution in the severity of the symptoms and a short convalescence.

Symptoms in the Sheep.

The Cattle Plague amongst Sheep is characterized by com�paratively mild symptoms, and frequently speedy restoration to health. In 1857, Dr. Kreutzer first described the symptoms of the Cattle Plague as observed on a sheep which had been inocu�lated on the 1st of October. The period of incubation lasted till the Dth, and was followed by general disturbance, discharge

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from eyes and nose, prostration, moaning and diarrhoea. The animal died on the loth.

Dr. Maresch observed the disease more carefully from 1860 to 18G3, and since then much information has been obtained. The period of incubation extends usually to seven or eight clays; languor ami dullness appear with redness and prominence of the conjunctiva at the inner angle of the eye. There is a yellow discharge which trickles down the face, and a viscid phlegm flows from the nostrils ; the head droops, and there is grinding of teeth; the appetite is diminished and capricious; rumination suspended, faeces thinnish, and partly adhering to the hind legs and tail; there is an occasional cough, with frequent pulse and laboured breathing. The pulse rises from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Ewes not unlrequently abort, or bring forth weakly lambs which afterwards rally. It is not at all unusual for the dis�ease to cease at this period, and the animals to recover rapidly. In other eases the diarrhoea increases, there is painful straining, or tenesmus, panting respiration, very feeble pulse, and the animal sinks. Great weakness, awkward gait, and somewhat severe nervous or convulsive symptoms mark fatal cases, when death occurs about the 4th, 5th, or Gth day from the commence�ment of the disease. When a case takes the more usual and favourable turn, there is more liveliness, improved appetite, re�stored rumination, less discharge from the eyes and nose, and diminished frequency of pulse and respirations. The animals are quite convalescent in from 10 to 14 days.

In some cases, such as those observed by Dr. Leicht in 1860, the disease is more rapid. The animals stagger, lie down much, shake their heads, have a dense discharge from the eyes, are subject to diarrhoea, and die sometimes within 24 hours of the first appearance of premonitory signs.

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There are as great variations in the symptoms in sheep as there are amongst cattle. Home cases differ from those de�scribed above, as the animals stand, are dull, and keep apart from the Hock; there is no appetite, no rumination; consti�pation at first, followed by diarrhoea; arched back; elevated temperature of the skin ; eyes sunken and discharging; from the nose a quantity of dense greyish yellow flaky matter drops, and the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose are reddened, showing erosions and descpuxmations of epithelium; the breath�ing and pulse are accelerated; there is pain on pressing the loins, and at last general prostration.

Special Symptoms in cases of Cattle Plaque coupled with Pledro-pneumonia.

The animals seized with the two diseases at once are ob�served to sutler from greater prostration and more laboured breathing at the outset. The short grunt of Lung Disease begins early, there is spasmodic action of the nostrils, and, on auscultation, the impervious condition of the portion of the dis�eased lung is ascertained. Any one acquainted with the two diseases can readily recognise such cases.

Special Symptoms in cases of Cattle Plague coupled with the foot-and-mouth disease.

It is more difficult to diagnose Rinderpest in its earliest stages when epizootic aphtha lias attacked a herd. Smacking of the lips, eruption and salivation, exist; but the greatest reliance

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is to be placed iu the usual lameness and morbid condition of the feet in Foot-and-Mouth Disease, as also the usual eruption on the teats, and tendency to congestion and inflammation of the udder. When the Cattle Plague advances, there is the shivering, discharge from the eyes and nose, the diarrhoea and prostration, not usually seen iu epizootic aphtha.

Post-moetem Appearances.

The lesions are somewhat peculiar in different stages.

In the first stage there is redness of the mouth, lances, larynx, pharynx, and the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach, especially near the pylorus, as well as the lining of the small intestine ; there is a uniform colour or redness around the glandular follicles, and red spots or streaks on the mem�brane. The neighbourhood of the glands, both solitaiy and agminated, is red, swollen, and open. The surface of the mem�brane is more or less denuded of epithelium, but covered with a viscid, tenacious, reddish, or bloody secretion, more or less mixed with the intestinal contents; and in the suhmucous tissue there is a turbid, semi-fluid exudation. In the large intestine the lesions are few. There is a general redness of the caecum, as of the mucous membranes in other parts of the body, not excluding that of the urinary and generative organs. The lesions of the first stage are not absolutely characteristic of the disease, as they indicate a more or less congested condition of the respiratory passages of the alimentary canal and of the organs of generation, winch may exist in other diseases; but coupling the above lesions with the changes discovered specially on microscopic examination as affecting the epithelium, and a

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number of similar cases occurring one after another in any place, the nature of the disease may be determined.

In the more advanced stage, the morbid lesions are charac�teristic.

There are cases in which the lesions exist principally in the respiratory passages, and the alimentary canal is singularly free of disease. There are others in which all the mucous membranes of the body are seriously involved. The mucous membranes from the exterior nares to the larynx is of a dark red colour with a dense secretion on its surface, and patches of yellow deposit covering portions of the membrane which is unprotected by its natural layer of cpitbelinm. Around the larynx this deposit, composed mainly of altered epithelium, is dirty, and of a greenish-yellow colour, of cheesy consistence, and often very abundant. The interior of the larynx is of a deep red colour, containing more or less purulent looking matter, and in some eases the exudation extending down in the trachea and bronchial tubes is of a peculiarly tenacious and firm character. There is a specimen in Vienna where the deposit on the mucous membrane of the trachea has much of the appearance of the exudation of croup. 1 have drawn out of the bronchial tubes imperfect and friable easts made by this exudation, and when placed in alcohol they retained a considerable degree of solidity and firmness. In such cases the mucous membrane is all of a deep red colour, with a dirty looking deposit on its surface, and a complete destruction of the normal ciliated epithelium. The trachealis muscle is of a dark red colour, aud the muscles of the larynx are also somewhat deep in hue. The lungs are somewhat con�gested, swollen, and their interlobar and interlobular tissue is distended with air. This emphysema is extremely marked in cases in which there is very laboured breathing prior to death.

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During the present outbreak, and especially in Edinburgh, many cases have been seen in which one or both lungs were affected with Pleuro-pneumoma, and the violet coloured mucous in the bronchial tubes has been especially fetid in many cases of this description which I have examined. Dr. Murchison says that the bronchial tubes are often filled with frothy mucous, and with the inflammatory products thrown off from tlie mucous membrane, but the lungs and pleurae exhibit little congestion, and no signs of inflammation except on occasional complica�tions. I have not seen any decided hepatization except in cases complicated by Lung Disease, and the serous membranes always escape in simple Plague. It is. true that there are ecchymoses beneath the endocardium and pericardium, and sometimes the blood extravasations beneath the inner lining of the heart are very extensive, but tlie membrane itself is intact.

On examining the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal the month is found to be excoriated, the epithelium thrown off the membrane lining the lower lip and gums. Flaky epithelial deposits of a yellow colour abundant, and tlie papilla' are red, tumefied, and even raw. Tlie tongue is foul with a greenish-yel�low deposit about its base, and this exudation sometimes extends down the oesophagus. In one case this was so marked that I was induced to make a water-colour sketch of the somewhat unusual condition. Guersent says that the membrane of the mouth and its continuation in the pharynx is very often of a dark red or violet colour, and studded with aphthae or little ulcers. From examination I found there was an absence of epi�thelium in patches, and a simple exposure of the reddened membrane. There is no deep ulceration.

The first three stomachs are not, as a rule, much affected. In protracted cases the epithelium of the rumen lias been seen

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to detach itself readily, ur be already removed on first examina�tion, and uleeration has been witnessed. Both in the reticulum and omasum is found, in some eases, a somewhat reddened mucous membrane beneath the epithelium, which sheds off freely. Too much importance is not to be attached to the manner in which the dark epithelium of the omasum adheres to the dry contents of this stomach, for even in health, and especially in any diseased condition in which there is im-paction of the third stomach, this appearance is observed. There are protracted cases of the Cattle Plague in which the caves of the omasum are deeply reddened in more or less cir�cumscribed patches, and the membrane may here die and give way on the slightest pressure. Such lesions I have seen in Pleuro-pneumonia and cases of chronic irapaction of the third stomach.

The fourth stomach is the seat of specific lesions. In the early stage there are patches of deep, with more or less diffused, redness. The membrane is swollen, especially near the pylorus, and there is a singular mottled aspect observed, on somewhat close observation, from the greyish epithelial deposit in the glan�dular openings. The epithelium is detached with great facility. Erosions and ulcerations are not uncommon. Referring to the fourth stomach. Dr. Murchison says that quot; There is not only intense redness, with much adhesive mucus on the surface, but the membrane is studded with numerous minute superficial ulcers, like those erosions which are so common in the ordinary catarrhal inflammation of the human stomach. In addition the membrane often presents extensive patches of claret-coloured discoloration, apparently due to submucous extravasation. These patches are often surrounded by a distinct fissure of the mucous membrane, and. in some instances, the mucous membrane cor-

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responding to the pateli is in a gangrenous state, and more or less detached.quot; His description is generally correct, though Dr. Murchison overlooked at the time the condition of the epi�thelium in the gastric glands, and its desquamation or altered state on free surface.

The small intestine is no less reddened than the stomach. There are cases in which the intestinal mucous membrane is sin�gularly free of disease. There are others in which the very general blood extravasation which has occurred in the mucous tissue has undergone a singular change, and acquired the colour and characters of a melanotic deposit. In these cases there is simply an open perforated aspect of Peyer's patches, and in others these glands seem to have disappeared altogether. I was much astonished, when I first studied the Cattle Plague carefully, to find the discrepancy occurring between the observa�tions and writings of foreign authors and what I could myself trace in the bodies of dead animals. xVs a rule, the membrane is more or less reddened and deprived of its epithelium, and no doubt the reddened Peyer's glands have a perforated appear�ance, and at all the apertures there are little yellowish-white plugs of exudation, which are readily squeezed out. In the vicinity of these deposits, and more or less throughout the intes�tine, there is a free discharge from the mucous membrane. The microscopic examination of this discharge indicates the rapid desquamation of epithelium. I have repeatedly seen epi�thelial masses, such as the one roughly sketched at Fig. 1, which I sketched for an illustration in one of the earliest cases of the disease I witnessed in this country. Granular corpuscles and nuclei of epithelium abound; and in proportion to the depth of the reddish-brown colour of the intestinal contents, have we a more or less abundant accumulation of altered

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES.

blofxl in the form of granular masses of the colouring-matter of that fluid.

In very severe eases the free surface of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, extending over one or more feet, is

Fig. 1.

covered by a discharge of a greyish or dirty red colour. A similar slimy secretion is sometimes seen in the cceeum, as well as in the colon and rectum, where there may be redness of the mucous folds, and superficial erosions, or excoriations.

Dr. iVEurchisou has written at length on these points, and, from his knowledge of enteric fever in man, his observations are of great value. He says:�

quot; The small intestine is more or less inflamed throughout, but the inflammation is usually most intense about the middle. The coats of the bowels are much attenuated and softened, while the mucous membrane is intensely injected, and some�times ecchymosed and deprived in a great measure of its

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epithelium covering, but coated with a quantity of transparent and viscid, or opaque and pnriform, secretion. I have failed to discover any change of the solitary glands of the ileum which could be ascribed to the disease. Peyer's patches are usually less vascular than the surrounding mucous membrane, and throughout the disease very much less elevated and thickened than in a healthy animal. Their component glandules are more distinctly seen, because the epithelium covering which obscures them in health, has been mostly removed. Many of the glandules seem empty, while others contain a minute drop of softened secretion like pus, which can be squeezed out by the slightest pressure. There are no submucous deposits, and none of the lesions running through the definite stages, which I am familiar w⁷ith in the typhoid or enteric fever of raan. In this opinion I am corroborated by Dr. A. P. Stewart, Mr. Simon (Medical Officer of the Privy Council), Dr. Buchanan (my colleague at the Fever Hospital), Dr. J. Burdon San�derson, and many other physicians who have dissected the animals, either in conjunction with me or independently. It-is right to mention, however, that in all the cases which I have examined, many of the solitary glands, and sometimes certain of the component glandules of Peyer's patches, have been greatly enlarged, filled with a soft cheesy matter, and sometimes even ulcerated on the surface. A drawing of an inflamed piece of bowel studded with these enlarged glands might readily be thought to represent the lesions of enteric fever. Careful examination, however, clearly shows that the appearances in question are of old standing, and quite uncon�nected with the disease of which the animals have died. This view of the matter is confirmed by the fact that I have found precisely similar appearances, in some cases indeed even more

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strongly marked, in the small intestines of every one of four healthy oxen which I have examined.quot;

I have carefully examined the conditiou of the solitary glands, and in the very first post-mortem of the Cattle Plague which I made in this country, on the 30tli of July last, I had an oppor�tunity, through the kindness of Dr. Jeafferson of the London Fever Hospital, to compare the condition with what is observed in human typhoid, and the similarity was considerable. I have here (Tiff. '2) a sketch of the material obtained 1reg;) (fJ^W

from the interior of one of the soli

tary glands. That the intestinal lesions are, as a whole, entirely dif�ferent from those of the typhoid fevernbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

�?quot;!raquo;.

of man is, however, unquestionable,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; %sect;^ and is fully borne out by the obser- Fig. 2. vations of Dr. Murchison, which agree in all respects with those which I have made.

In some lean-conditioned animals the exudation on the surface of the mucous membrane is not seen. There is a tenacious albu�minous, yellowish-white or reddish-brown fluid, deposited in or beneath the mucous membrane of both small and lai-ge intestines.

The other organs of the body do not indicate many specific changes. The liver is of a dark colour, and its ducts and bladder full of bile. The kidneys are often healthy, and sometimes red and swollen. The bladder moderately distended with urine. The spleen is neither enlarged nor softened�a circumstance of great interest when taken in connection with the condition of this organ in the typhus and typhoid fevers of man, and in which it may be said to be uniformly altered.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

The mesenteric glands are often swollen, contain a yellowish-red exudation, and may attain twice their natural size. The Wood is dark semi-fluid ; it usually congulatea slowly but very perfectly. It abounds in the arterial system in many cases, and, as already indicated, has a tendency to transude in various parts of the body. These transndations are seen at times be�neath the skin and serous membranes, as well as in the mucous surfaces. I have examined the blood microscopically, and I have not observed the serrated condition of the corpuscles which has been noticed by J)r. Smart. In some cases I have found a great excess of white corpuscles, and in others delicate needle-shaped crystals, which are probably hsemato-crystallme, form in the blood, after this fluid has been drawn from the body. (See Figs, � and 4.)

ggt; copy;

copy; sect;gt; C|!

Pig. 3.

RK. 4.

The nervous centres are not as a rule much changed. The meninges are dotted with blood extravasations. The nervous substance is redder than usual, and softening of the spinal cord has been described. It appears that there are instances in

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which a change allied to acute red softening occur; but on this point wo need further observations.

The examination of the nervous system, still imperfect, particularly occupied the attention of Dupuis, and in many post-mortem examinations made during the epizootic of 1795 and that of 1814, he invariably noted the following appearances: The spinal marrow softer and more injected than in the natural state; the pia mater, often a little redder, contains between its dnplieatures a great quantity of limpid and trans�parent scrum. This serum is so abundant, especially towards the lumbar region, and the medullary substance is in this place so much softened, that the latter is reduced on being touched into a kind of pulji, and judging solely from the state of the spinal cord, a species of hydro-rachitis would bo thought probable. The cellular tissue of the lumbar and sacral nerves, where they join the spinal cord, is ordinarily gorged with san-gniuolent serum, and in a cow observed in 1795, the nervous filaments were sprinkled with very small black ecchymoses. The brain is not nearly so soft as the spinal cord. Most frc-lt;]uently it appears to be healthy; sometimes, nevertheless, it is more injected, and the meninges are also redder. The ventricles arc also very often tilled with an abundant, and sometimes lemon-coloured, serum. 31. Dupuis has seen in one case the arachnoid dotted with little black ecchymoses. He has observed the same alteration upon the plexus choroides. Vicq d'Azyr has only twice seen the cerebral substance softened and yellowish; but the alteration was without doubt accidental and foreign to the principal malady. I have usually found redness of the meninges of the brain, deep redness over the medulla oblongata, especially in those cases in which the breathing was very laboured during life, and on puncturing the dura mater from

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four to six ounces of a clear fluid escaped. Tlie raucous mem�brane of tho organs of generation is always red, tumified, and the epithelium undergoing changes as seen on the mucous surface of the organs of respiration and digestion. There is no doubt that the state of the inner lining of the uterus and vagina is very characteristic, especially when coupled -with the many other lesions above described.

Miceoscopic Eesearches.

The most interesting account yet published on this divi�sion of my subject, is that by Dr. Brauell of Doipat, who was induced to make a special journey to tho South of Enssia in 18G1, for tho purpose of ascertaining what the microscope would reveal as to the special nature of this disease. The results of Dr. Brauell's researches have been summed up by himself in the followiug words :�

quot; A. Natural Hindertest.

quot; 1. The epithelium of the mucous membrane of the digestive apparatus is detached. No part is preserved from this loss, though it is least seen in the rumen and reticulum, and most iu the mouth, fauces, oesophagus, third and fourth stomach, and the intestine.

quot; 2. On the mucous membrane of the lips and gums the epithelium desquamates in small circumscribed spots, whereas in other parts the separation occurs generally, or off large patches.

quot; 3. During, and probably before, the separation of epithe�lium, a fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells, and conse�quently their partial change into molecular masses, occurs. In

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tho intestinal canal this change is not observed, us hero the epitlielmm is thrown off altogether; the same process, however, occurs in the intestine that is seen in the fauces.

quot; 4. In the mucous glands of the mouth and pharynx, there is simultaneously with the discharge of epithelium, and probably before it, a new formation of cells; in the glands of the fourth stomach and of the small intestine, there is an exuberant de�velopment of cells first seen when the epithelium is detached, but probably before this separation occurs. The newly developed cells sooner or later change into a molecular mass, which for a time adheres in patches to tho mucous membrane.

quot; 5. On the mucous membrane of the lower lip it is common to find on small circumscribed spots, an excessive formation of tho elements of areolar tissue of which the so-called nodules are formed.

quot; G. The mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx, of the fourth stomach and small intestine, is sometimes thrown off either in small or large circumscribed patches just like the epithelium in molecular masses. Tho result is well defined loss of substance�the hemorrhagie. erosions or superficial ulcers of authors�or there are wide and not sharply defined detachments of membrane in the small intestine.

quot; 7. The follicnlar nodules of the fourth stomach, as also the so-called ulcers on its surface, are connected with the cell changes already described.

quot; 8. In the solitary glands of the small intestines the multi�plication of cells occurs, which ends at all events in partial destruction of the tissue. The so-called plastic exudations and croupous deposits from the follicles, the vesicular eruptions and the ulcers of the solitary glands described by authors, all owe their origin to the nature of the cell changes.

F �_'

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quot; 9. The vaseuliir tissue of the solitary glands occasionally suffer the same elumge as the other elementary forms of these structures, and thus the exudation in the follicles is modified as sometimes seen.

quot; 10. In Payer's glands the same process goes on as in the solitary ones; the cell development is, however, more marked in the first than in the last.

quot; 11. The epithelium of the mucous membrane of the respir�atory organs is thrown off.

quot; 12. In the mucous glands of the membrane lining the respiratory passages, there is the cell multiplication associated with the extraordinary development of the elements of con�nective tissue, whereby the detached masses are accounted for. The separation of these is the end of the process.

quot; 13. The membrane of the organs of respiration is sometimes thrown off on certain well defined spots, and thereby suffers loss of substance.

quot; 14. There are never and nowhere exudations of lymph.

quot; 15. Rinderpest as the result of Inoculation.

quot; 15. Notwithstanding the benignant nature of the disease so that only indistinct symptoms are seen during life, scarcely dis�tinctive of the Rinderpest, there are peculiar morbid lesions to be observed.

quot;16. In the Cattle Plague developed by inoculation there are the same changes as in the maladv induced naturally, but differing both as to extent and intensity. Thus the detachment of the epithelium of the organs of digestion occurs only on certain spots, not in the intestine nor in the respiratory organs. There is even a less cell development in the mucous glands of the mouth and fauces, and the cell changes in the solitary and

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agininated glands are much less marked than in natural Rinder�pest. That the disease induced by inoculation is sometimes attended with extensive and serious lesions, appears from the observations published in the reports on inoculation for the Cattle Plague in Ilussia.

quot; 17. With the cell formation in the follicles, as in the natural Ivindorpest, there is a similar cellular growth in the mesenteric glands.

quot; IS. The nodules which appear on the skin owe their origin to the modified development of epidermic cells on small localized spots, from which the deeper sooner or later become detached, and result in the dispersion of the nodules.

quot; 19. The most superficial layer of the skin wherever it is covered by each nodule, sometimes suffers molecular change.

quot; 20. In the lateral ventricles of the brain, and particularly under the arachnoid over the cerebrum, exudation is met with.quot;

The loosening and degeneration of cells in mucous and other glands, the exuberant growth of cells which are apt to be mistaken for pus globules, and the molecular disintegrations resulting so speedily in destruction of portions of the mucous membrane and of the skin, as well as in detachment and de�struction of the epidermis and epithelium, are marked changes revealed by microscopic examination of the tissues in cases of Plague. I have not altogether confirmed Dr. BraueU's observations on the general and excessive formation of epithe�lial cells, as the earliest phenomena consist in tiie desquamation of the surface epithelium, displacement and lastly removal of the cells from the inner surface of the follicles of the stomach and intestine.

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On the Ciiaxoes which the Blood, the Milk, and the

URINE UNDERGO IN IaINDEIU'EST.

My brother, Dr. Arthur Gamgee, has hceu engaged in a careful inquiry into the chemical and other changes which occur in the fluids of the body, and has supplied me with the following information:�

L�The Blood.

The blood is usually of a darker colour than healthy blood. It coagulates with great slowness, but ultimately with great Hrmuess. After standing for a long time only a very small quantity of serum separates.

The density does not appear to vary markedly or uniformly from that of healthy animals. As a rule, it appears to be somewhat higher. The spectrum of the blood in Kinderpest is quite normal, exhibiting the absorption bauds of scarlet cruorine. I Iiutc never observed the red corpuscles to be erinated or serrated. The numerical proportion of the white to the red corpuscles is, as Dr. Smart has observed, greater than in healthy blood.

In order to ascertain correctly the principal changes which the blood undergoes, the following observations have been made :�

1. The blood of a healthy calf was subjected to analysis. This calf was inoculated with the tears of a cow affected with liiiiderpest, and the disease thus induced. The animal was then again bled, and the blood analysed. The animal having re-

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covered from the attack, and health being completely restored, a third analysis was performed.

2.nbsp; nbsp;A cow suffering from a marked although mild attack of Rinderpest was bled and the blood analysed. The cow having fortunately recovered, a second analysis of the blood was made.

3.nbsp; nbsp;A calf apparently dying of Rinderpest was bled and the blood analysed. The animal recovered from the disease, and a second analysis of its blood was made.

4.nbsp; nbsp;A calf affected with Rinderpest was bled a few minutes before death. The blood was analysed.

These researches were undertaken at a time when I was greatly engaged with other work, and I was therefore obliged, in my analyses, to limit myself to the esthnatioii of the con�stituents of greatest importance, inasmuch as their amount in health and their variation in disease has been most accurately studied. Besides ascertaining the density of the defibrinated blood, I determined the amount of water, solids, solids of the serum, fibrin, and corpuscles. The plan of analysis which I followed was essentially that used by Becquerel and Kodier in their very numerous observations on the changes which the blood of man undergoes in disease, and by Andral, Gravarret, and Delafond in their extensive researches on the blood of the different domestic animals. In this method the amount of cor�puscles is determined indirectly, being found by subtracting the weight of the fibrin and of the solids of the serum from that of the total solids of the blood.

Analyses 1, 2, and 3.�These three analyses are of the blood of the same calf.

.... I!

THE CATTLE PLAGUE,


	(1.)	(2.)	(30
	Sept. 17th.	Sept. 26Lb.	Nov. 4tb.
Observatioos.	Calf in perfect liw�tlt. Imme�diately iil'ter collecting blood inoculated with tears of sick cuw.	Calf very III. Pulse �ii⁰, terap. lus'. Does not eat. Great dis-chargeamp;vmnose ami eyes. Red�ness of vulva. Diarrhcea.	Call'now in perfect health ai:ain. Recovery bas !gt;et-n very Slow and tedious.
	1050-1 835-48 89-69 4-53 70-30	1048-0 820-68 117-70 4'85 ;i(J-77	1044-C
Water in 1000 parts uf blood .........			847-754 74-HO
			4-83
Solid matters 1			73-23
ot seruui. f ''
	922-89 77-01	930-82 ' 921-41
Solids ,, .........		69-18 ' 78-59

Analyses 4 and 5.�These two analyses are of the blood of a cow suffering from Rinderpest. This animal supplied the virus with which all the other animals experimented upon were inocu�lated.

C40

(5,

Sept. 21st.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Nov. 20tli.

Oi)serratIons.

Cow does not eat. Has recovered Great diarrhoea. : completely. Discbarge from Is in capital con-nostrils and eyes.;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ditiuu.

Redness of ,

j vulva. Sec of !

milk arrested. '

Density of defibrinated blood AVatt-r in 1000 parts of blood Corpusclesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,

Fibrinnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,

Solids of the serum ,,

Water in 1000 parts of semm Solidsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,,


	1058-27	1046-G
	788-07	S1S-57S
	138-25	03-340
	5-02	5-141
	67-46	80-041
	914-it;	910017
	85 #9632; �4	80-083

Analyses � and 7.�These two analyses are of the blood of the same calf. No. C was made of tbe blood drawn when the animal was supposed to bo in a dying condition. No. 7 was

THE CHANGES OF THE BLOOD.

made after recovery. The animal was then, and is still, in feeble health.


	'amp;)	(7.)
Observations.	(let. I3th.	Xm. 2l)th.
Observations.	Extreme diar�rhoea. Animal staggers witb	Altbongh healthy i^ in poor condition.
Density of defibrinated blood ...........................	1052 36 80(1-7!raquo;	1039-95
Water in 1000 parte of blood ...........................	1052 36 80(1-7!raquo;	860-30
	121 1^4 7-110	70 #9632; 09
Fibrin ,, ...........................		5-75
Solids of the senun raquo;, ...........................		laquo;3.80

	925-51 74-49	930-91
Solids ,, ...........................		U9-09

Analysis 8.�Unfortunately, throngh an accident which oc�curred, this analysis is not so complete as the others. The blood was taken from a calf affected with Rinderpest a few minutes before death. The blood was of a very dark colour.

Density ofdeamp;brinated blood...............nbsp; 1055-67

#9632;Water in 1000 parts of blood ...............nbsp; nbsp; S0G-C1

Solids ,. ...............nbsp; nbsp; 193-39

Fibrin ,, ...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9-0O

Note.�On post-mortem examination the following appearances were noticed :� 1st. Considerable effusion of serum into the peritoneal cavity. 2nd. Intense con�gestion of fourth stomach and of small intestines. 3rd. Kidneys and liver congested. 4th. Kcchymosed spots on the mucous membrane of the bladder, which contained rather more than 200 cubic centimetres of urine {density 1029), which contained blood, much albumen, ami bile-colonring matter, and 2-23 per cent, of area.

Oomlmiom.�I am not blind to the fallacies which must necessarily creep in wherever conclusions arc based upon a very limited number of observations, and in pointing- out what appear to be the chief results of the analyses performed, I would remark, that as the observations have been limited, their results must be accepted with a certain degree of caution. That these analyses represent the average changes which the blood under-

74nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

goes in Einderpest is however in the highest degree probable,

and for the following reasons:�

1st. In this scries of experiments the composition of the blood was obtained in the same animal when in a state of health and when diseased, so that, instead of having to compare the results of our analyses of diseased blood with standard analyses representing the average composition of ox-blood, we have in three cases been able to compare them with the analysis of the blood of the animal itself when restored to health, thus ob�viating fallacies which creep in when the results of analysis of the blood of animals of different ages, sexes, and temperaments, are compared.

3rd. The chief alterations in the blood have been noticed in every case. The variation in the amount of the constituents is much greater than has ever been noticed in analysing the blood of healthy animals. Before stating what these changes appear to be, and in order that they shall bo better appreciated, the results of the analyses of the blood of fourteen neat cattle by Andral, Gavarret, and Delafond, may be appropriately given.

Analysis of the blood of fourteen neat cattle yielded �

Fibrin.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Blood Corpuscles.nbsp; nbsp;Solids of Seraxn.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Water.

Mean ............... 3-7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 09-7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8G-3nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 810-3

Mnximum............ -1-1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 117-1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93-0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 824-9

Minimum............ 3-0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 85-1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;82-9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7�9-0

If these results be compared with those which I have obtained by analysing the blood of animals affected with Rinderpest, it will be seen that the alterations which occur in this disease are uf a very marked and decided character.

From my analyses it would appear that in Einderpest� 1st. The amount of serum is remarkably diminished; and, therefore, the total solid matters of the serum in a thousand [raquo;arts

THE CHANGES OF THE MILK.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 75

of blood are noticed to bo much below the liealthy standard. This diminution of the solids of tho serum might be duo either to the serum being yery relatively deficient in solids, or to an absolute diminution in the total quantity of serum. It is the latter condition which I have noticed to exist.

2ud. The amount of fibrino is increased, especially in tho severe cases.

3rd. Tho amouut of corpuscles is decidedly increased.

The first of these changes is probably accounted for by abundant intestinal discharges, which probably contain a large amount of albumen.

The second is probably due to the local inflammations which are so common in Binderpest, whilst the third can only to a certain extent be accounted for. When a diminution of the solid matter of the serum occurs, analysis will necessarily show a relative increase in the amount of corpuscles, although their absolute amount in the whole mass of blood may remain stationary. The increase of the corpuscles which I have observed is not, however, to be entirely accounted for in this way. How then ? My friend, Dr. Grainger Stewart has sug�gested to me that possibly the destruction of the corpuscles does not take place as rapidly as it docs in health.

I.�The Milk.

I have analysed seven specimens of milk of cows affected with Rinderpest. In each case the whole of the milk obtained at the evening milking was procured.

The analytical method employed was that of Ilaidleu. The results of the analyses are given in the annexed table.

In none of the cases had the disease advanced to a remarkable extent, yet in all the secretion of milk was almost entirely

ibnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

arrested. The changes in tho constdtutiou of the milk are very uniform and very marked.

They appear to be the following�

1st The amonut of sugar of milk is remarkably diminished.

2nd. The amount of butter is (except perhaps at the com�mencement) enormously increased.

3rd. The salts are slightly increased.

4th. The casein appears to be generally increased.

Whether the whole of these conclusions are correct I hope to test by others and more numerous analyses.

Ebsdlts of the Analysis of the Milk ov Cows sdppbbijto fbom Rindeepest oia'AisiiD at Evesdtg ^^ll,KI.^#9632;(quot;;, Nov. 17th.


Ko. of sample ....	..... i No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 3. No. 4.	No. 5.
Total quantity milk obtained .	*}\ 9oz.	i 9}oz.	1 5i oz. 2* oz. 1 \|	2ioz,	Avcnigo Cow-a
Density.............	..... 1027-8	1024-vt	1030-05 1021-8 ¹	1026-6

Water in 1000 partsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;903-100 866-166

Solid mutters ,, ...nbsp; | 9i;-900 138-834

Caseinnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....nbsp; | 52-0870 51-030

Butternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....nbsp; | 27-7180: 70-279

Sugar of milk ,, ...nbsp; ^I 7-7210 8-463

Soluble salta ,, ...nbsp; i 5-9755 3-70S

Insoluble salts �, ...nbsp; i 3quot;3985 5-204

857-282! 813-60 875-311 \ 870-20

142-7181 186-4:0 il24-C9

54-295: 34-921: 54-880

63-689 129-314' 48-401

14-740i 12-820, 12-345

4-1(50 4-795 4-8731

5-834! 4-550 4-191)

139 - 80

44-80

31-30

47-70

0-00

Day when animal I _XT _n^,, _XT ,_,, ,_T ,.,. ,_T/� , a' . i gt;Nov.l(tli^ov.IO iN()V.l;)thN

ov.lGlh Nov. 10th

became anected... )

3.�The Urine. I have not as yet had the opportunity of making as satis�factory an examination of this secretion as I could have wished. My inability to obtain the total amount of urine passed by diseased animals, during at least twenty-four hours, and my belief in the almost utter worthlessness of mere percentage analyses of urine, fully explain (lie few observations which I

THE CHANGES OF THE URINE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i'

have to make on this secretion, some of which are not however altogether devoid of interest.

The nriue in Eiuderpest is sometimes of acid and sometimes of alkaline reaction. Its density varies considerably; usually, however, it is high. In my observations it has varied from 1UI9 to 1035 (in this case the percentage of urea was very high).

It very frequently contains small quantities of blood, and sometimes renal epithelium. In two cases in which a slight congestion of the bladder was found (post-mortem) to exist, there was a considerable deposit of bladder epithelium.

In every case in which I have examined the urine it has been albuminous. In some cases only the faintest trace of albumen was present; in others the urine was very highly co-agulable. My comparatively limited observations appear to show that the cases in which urine has been highly coagulable have been very severe examples of the disease.

The amount of urea has varied in different cases, but has not been noticed to be remarkably deficient. When the speciiie gravity has been high, the amount of urea has been large.

That the amount of urea does not appear to be deiicient in urine of even the worst cases of Rinderpest) would appear from the following illustrative cases which I extract from my note�book :�

Case 1st.�Uriue removed post-mortem from tbebladdeiof a cow wlach had died of Eiuderpest.

Urine decidedly albuminous.

Density 102quot;). Urea, 1�5 percent.

Chlorides appear to bo scanty. (Not determined quantitatively,)

Case 2nd.�Urine removed post-mortem from bladder of calf. Extensive intes�tinal le.-ions found after death. Sp. gr. of urine, 1021.

Contains albumen and bile-colouring matter. Urea, 1^-71 per cent. Chlorides deficient.

78nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Case 3rd.� Urine removed jiost-mnrtom from bladder of calf which had died of liinderpest. (For the partial unalysis of the blood of this animal, see Blood Analysis 8.)

Sp. gr. of urine, 1029.

Contains large amount of bile-pigments.

lligbly albuminous.

Urea, 2 � 23 per cent.

As an instance of a case in which the amount of urea was very large, I may cite the following:�

Case 4.�Urine of cow slaiiglitercd at about the third or fourth day of tlio disease. She goffered from great dyspnoea during life, and the most marked pulmonary emphysema was found afier death. Sp. gr. of urine, 103-i.

Contains much albumen. No bile-colouring matter.

Urea, 5'47 per cent. On the addition of nitric acid, and without concentrating, a large amount of nitrate of urea separated out.

The amount of chlorides was never determined quantitatively. In some cases they were however obviously deficient. In others they appeared to be abundant. Probably the cases in which they were deficient were complicated by extensive inflammation and especially pneumonia.

Bile-colour big matter was present in many of the samples of urine which I examined; the amount beiuir so larse often as to give the deepest green colour to the urine. In three out of four cases in which I have examined the urine found in the bladder of cows which had died of Rinderpest, bile-colouring matter was present. I'ossibly they do not accurately represent the actual frequency of the occurrence of bile iu the urine. In one of the cases, by employing the process suggested by K�hne, I separated traces of bile acids. In this case I searched for leucine and tyrosine, but did not discover a trace of these substances.

NATURE OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

The Nature of the Cattle Plague.

From all that has been said iu the preceding pages, it is evident that the Murrain of the Steppes is not typhus, nor is it the typhoid or enteric fever which we observe in mau. Not only is it distinct in its origin, progress, and essential nature from any known contagious disease of the human subject, but it is undoubtedly a specific bovine fever manifesting all its characteristic features in horned cattle alone, though experience has proved that there are circumstances under which the Plague may be communicated to the buffalo, goat, sheep, deer, gazelle, zebu, yak, auroch, ibex, and other wild ruminants. One experiment, performed by myself, proves the communication of the disease to the deer; but it is remarkable that until the recent outbreak of Einderpest in the gardens of the Paris Acclimati�zation Society in the Bois do Boulogne, it was not known that the majority of wild ruminants could catch the disease and suffer from it in a virulent form. It never attacks men, horses, dogs, and indeed the great majority of warm-blooded animals; and it is worthy of special remark that the virulent animal poison, which is the active agent in the development and propagation of the malady, originates in the system of the ox, is perpetuated in countries where herds of cattle abound, and is not to be found where bovine animals arc wanting. The history of the Cattle Plague, which has been fully dealt with in the second part of this work, clearly indicates that the disease has been always recognised as attacking homed stock almost exclusively, and that it spreads from country to country through the trade iu cattle, or the transport of oxen in the rear of armies. The poison does pass through the system of some ruminants besides those

80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

of the bovine race, but it appears to be deprived of much of its force until it returns to members of the ox tribe.

The Cattle Plague is not a local disorder; it is not an affection of any special organ or group of organs. It is a systemic disease�a fever in -which the mucous membranes and skin are specially implicated. There are important local and characteristic manifestations, usually most marked in the mouth, fourth stomach and intestines, in the organs of generation, and frequently in the respiratory passages. It is, however, some�thing different, and something more than an inilammation of the breathing, or digestive, or generative systems. The cell growth, fatty and molecular disintegrations, desquamation and discharge of the epithelial and epidermic cells, are typical of this disease. In this way it can only be classified amongst general diseases, with fevers of a specific kind, and which origin�ate from specific causes, nm a definite course, manifest a singular periodicity in their progress, and have a marked ten�dency to destroy life.

The pathological process observed from first to last indicates an early development of severe febrile disturbance. All the functions are modified. The temperature of the body first rises, general functional disturbance soon follows, and the blood loses its watery parts and soluble albumen, iudieatintr also a larae increase in the proportion of blood-corpuscles and tibrine to serum. The process of assimilation is checked. The large reservoirs in which the food is prepared for true gastric and intestinal digestion become torpid. The rumen, reticulum, and omasum retain a large quantity of solid food, and their move�ments are stopped. The fourth stomach ceases to secrete gastric juice, its epithelium is thrown off, a morbid cellular deposit clogs the gastric glands, and the proper preparation of aliment for

NATURE OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 81

intestinal digestion and absorption can no longer occur. The intestine is the seat of inflammation and extravasation. Its contents indicate the drain of the blood of its soluble albumen and other products; the intestinal epithelium is rapidly ejected, and in some cases many of the glands become clogged with a deposit similar to that which is found in the follicles of the gastric mucous membrane. A free suppuration is nowhere witnessed, but discharges flow from the mucous membranes, and are highly charged with epithelial cells and the specific virus of the disease. The rapidity and completeness of the general functional disturb�ance is indicated not only by the checked process of assimila�tion, the nature of the intestinal contents, and the general implication of the mucous membranes, but it is recognised on an examination of the albuminous and dark-coloured urine, the disposition to early putrefaction, foetor of the secretions, amp;e. All shows that the Cattle Plague poison speedily induces in the system of a susceptible animal changes which defy the successful use of medicine, and which must inevitably result in death. Like most animal poisons, the Rinderpest virus is reproduced with marvellous rapidity in, and discharged abund�antly from, the bodies of sick animals. The breath of a sick ox inspired by a healthy animal, and the solid products of the disease, seem to be alike capable of inducing the malady; and antidotes are applied too late when an attempt is made to reach the poison in the animal's system. I know of no antidote to be used internally. Agents are employed which, when directly mixed with the virus, kill it; and caustic alkalies, mineral acids, chlorine, iodine, carbolic acid, creosote, the alkaline per�manganates, and other oxidising or decomposing agents, render it perfectly inert. I have no faith in our ever reaching the virus with effect in the living animal. We must not even expect

82nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

too much from the system of treating certain symptoms during the progress of the disease, which is frequently confounded by the unskilled with the effectual treatment of the disease itself. A large proportion of animals seized must always die; a certain percentage will always recover, and this depends on the severity of the attack, the constitutional resistance of animals seized, and the consequent extent and rapidity of the morbid changes which occur.

Since the above has been in type an important communication has been made to T]te. Lancet by a great authority on fevers. Dr. Charles Murchison, on the points of resemblance between the Cattle Plague and small-pox. Anything which Dr. Mur-chison writes merits special attention ; and it is more from the high opinion I entertain of his general knowledge of pathology, than the weight I attribute to his most recent suggestion, that 1 am induced to reprint his observations in extenso. The Dr. says :�

In The Lancet of tho 26th of August, 1805, I ^nvc an account of the anatomical lesions I had found in the Cattle Flagne, which had then begUQ to prevail in Britain. Subsequent observation has confirmed the statements made in that communication. The main anatomical characters of the disease are catarrhal or croupal inflammation of the Iming niembranos of the digestive canal and of the respiratory passages, and, I a fact, of all the mucous membranes ; an umisually dark colour of the blood ; ecchymoses or haemorrhages in various parts�sucli as beneath the skin and into its substance, beneath the mncous and serous membranes of tho third and fourth stomachs and bowels, and beneath the endocardium : an aphthous condition of tho mouth, nostrils, and vulva; the exhalation of a peculiar offensive odour from the whole body, but especially from the abdomen; and an unusual proneness to decomposition.

In my former communication, it was shown that tho dogmatic assertion that Rinderpest was the precise pathological equivalent of human typhoid or enteric fever, was devoid of foundation. So far as I know, this opinion has been confirmed by every subsequent observer who has dissected the diseased cattle for himself, and published the results of his investigations. All agree in

NATUEB OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 83

stating that (lie essential lesions of hnmnn typhoid fever are absent. A grave pathological error has thus been corrected.

Typhoid fever, however, is not the only human malady to which Cattle Plague has been thought to be intimately related. By different writers Binder-pest has been compared to contagious typhus, scarlet fever, erysipelas, influenza, and dysentery. A careful study of the subject has satisfied mo that all these affections are entirely distinct. It is not my present object to enter in detail into the points of distinction between Einderpest and the several diseases now mentioned. This I have done in a report which I have been requested to pre�pare for the Royal Commission quot; On the Relation of the Cattle Plague to Human Diseases.quot; .In the meantime, 1 desire to impress more particularly on tho profession that there is one human disease which, as regards its relations to Binderpest, cannot bo dismissed so lightly. If this disease be proved to bo the same as Pindorpost, not only will the benefits to pathological science bo enormous, but a certain means of preventing tho Cattle Plague will bo placed within our power. The disease I allude to is small-pox.

The resemblance of Rinderpest to small-pox is no new discovery, although latterly it has been lost sight of. Upwards of 150 years ago, Bamazzini, in his admirable account of the Cattle Plague which pervaded Italy in 1711 enumerated among the symptoms quot; pustulai quinta vel soxta die per totum corpus erumpentes, ac tuhercula variolarum speciem referentia.quot;* Lancis¹likewise, in his description of tho same outbreak, observed: quot;Semper autem phlogoses, pustulffi, et uloera linguam et fauces summo cum ardore obsido-bant.quot;t

The physicians who described the outbreak of Cattle Plague in Britain in tho middle of last century constantly refer to the pustular eruption. Dr. Mor�timer describes quot; scabby eruptions in the groins and axilhv which itch much; for a cow will stand still, hold out her leg, and show signs of great pleasure when a man scratches these pustules or scabs for lior.quot;J Dr. Brocklesby re�marks : quot; Frequently we may observe pustules break out on the fifth or sixth day, all over the neck and fore-parts.quot; sect; And lastly, in 1758, Dr. Layard writes thus : quot; Whoever will compare the appearances, progress, and fatality of the small-pox with wdiat is remarked by authors of authority, as Bamazzini, Lancisi, and other observers, relative to the contagious distemper amongst the homed cattle, will not be at a loss one moment to determine whether this disease be an eruptive fever, like unto the small-pox, or not.quot;|| The outbreak of Cattle Plague, here referred to, commenced in England in 1745, and is gene�rally said to have died out at tho end of twelve years, or about 1757, and not

* ' Oponi Orania,' Geneva, 1710, p. 7S7.

t ' De Bovilla i'esto,' riomic, 1715, p. 155.

J ' Philosophical Transactions,' 17 5, vol. xliii., p. 554.

sect; ' Essay on the Mortality among the Honied Cattle,' London, 1740, p. S3.

|| ' Philosophical Transactions,' 1758, vol. 1., p. 581.

G 2

84nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

to have reappeared until the .summer of 18(15. But, in 1709, the disease was again so prevalent and fatal that it was referred toT)y His Majesty George 111., in his speech at the opening of Parliament in January, 1770, as a great national calamity. It is a most remarkable fact, that this last outbreak has been alluded to by most subsequent writers as an undoubted epizootic of variola, but that Layard, who described both this outbreak and the preceding one in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' regarded them as identical, recom�mended and practised inoculation in both ; and, in support of his opinion, quoted the following passage from a letter addressed to him byVicq d'Azyr, a great French authority on Epizootics: quot;11 me parait, oonime it vous, que e'est toujours la meine maladie qui a rcgue depms 1711 ; et quelle a des grands rap�ports avec I'emption varioleuse.quot; * It is generally believed that it was the remains of this violent epizootic that Pr. Jenner found in Gloucestershire, which being communicated to the milkers, rendered them insusceptible of small-pox. With these, and many like observations on record, it is surprising that the cutaneous eruption should have been so long overlooked in the present epizootic.

Early in the month of September, I was struck with the occasional presence of circumscribed circular flattened vesicles, some of them as large as a three�penny-piece, on the udders of cows that had died of the Plague, resembling in every respect the vesicles of cow-pox. Jn one specimen, which Professor Gaingee had the kindness to show me, this resemblance was most striking. Further observation has satisfied me that these large well-developed vesicles are only present in a few cases, but that, in almost every case, and probably in all where death has not occurred within the first three days of the disease, there is a papular or pustular eruption on the skin, closely resembling the eruption of small-pox. This eruption is not confined to any particular part of the integuments, but is most abundant on the back of the neck and shoulders, in the neighbourhood of the mouth, on the udder and scrotum, and on the skin surrounding the anus and the entrance to the vagina. A minute descrip�tion of this eruption is contained in my 'Official Report.' At present, it will suffice to state that it appears to consist, in the first instance, of minute pimples or elevations, wdiich become softened at their summits into pustules. These speedily dry up, and form a scab, on detaching which the subjacent cutis appears raw or superficially ulcerated. Petechiaa are not unfrequently inter�spersed through the eruption. This eruption accounts for the spots and stains observed in the tanned hides of cattle that have died of the Plague.

But the cutaneous eruption is not the only character in which Binderpest resembles small-pox. Its close resemblance, if not still more intimate relation, to human variola, is borne out by the following considerations :�

1. Small-pox is the only acute contagious exanthem in man that assumes a pustular form. The eruption in Rinderpest is also pustular. Any difference

� 'Philosophical Trnnsact'ons,' 1780, vol. hot,, p. 543.

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between the two eruptions may readily be accounted for by differences in the

skin of men and cattle. In both cases, the eruption extends from the skin to the interior of the mouth and nostrils ; and, in both, the pustules are often interspersed with petcclme. Moreover, in certain cases of Rinderpest, the eruption on the udder assumes the form of large flattened vesicles, indistin�guishable from those of ordinary cow-pox.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The other prominent symptoms of Rinderpest arc also those of small-pox �viz., pyroxia, lumbar pain, running from the nostrils, alvine flux, albumi-nuria and luematuria, and the quot; typhoid state.quot;

3.nbsp; nbsp;The anatomical lesions of the two diseases arc identical�viz., inflam�mation of the mucous membranes of the air-passages and digestive canal, dark-coloured blood, ecchynioses, and a pustular eruption with petechise on the skin. This will be apparent on comparing the post-mortem appearances of human variola as detailed by Dr. Copland * with those of Binderpest described by me in The Lancet of August 2(ith.

4.nbsp; nbsp;In both diseases, a peculiar offensive odour is exbaled from the body both before and after death.

5.nbsp; nbsp;In botii, the duration of the pyrexial stage is about seven or eight days. G. The two diseases resemble one another in their extreme contagiousness,

and in the facility with which the poison is transmitted by fomites.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Both diseases can be propagated by inoculation. This can be said with certainty of no other human malady than small-pox.

8.nbsp; nbsp;In both diseases there is a period of incubation, which is shorter when the poison has been introduced by inoculation than when it has been received by infection.

1). Vaccinated persons are constantly exposed to small-pox poison with impunity; and, with regard to Rinderpest, there are numerous instances in which individual cattle, or entire herds, appear to have led charmed lives in the midst of surroimding pestilence. This last fact lias never been explained ; but the immunity of the cattle in question would be readily accounted for on the supposition that they had previously suffered from ordinary cow-pox.

10.nbsp; nbsp;It is a mistake to imagine that variolie vaccinfe is of necessity a mild disease. Under ordinary circumstances it undoubtedly is so. But there are many epizootics of cow-pox on record f where the disease was of a malignant character, and destroyed the cattle almost as extensively as small-pox did the human race.

11.nbsp; nbsp;It has been repeatedly stated of late years that ordinary cow-pox had become so rare that it was diJScnlt to obtain lymph direct from tlie cow for the purpose of human vaccination. As a natural consequence, the majority of

* Copland's ' Dictionary of Practical Medicine,' vol. iii., p. 821.

I See, for examples, * Report ofquot; the Section of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association appointed to inquire into the present state of Vaccination/ read at Liverpool, July 25th, 18ofl.

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the cattle in these kingdoms arc unprotected from the invasion of the disease in a more severe form. 12. Although it may be objected to the view that Rinderpest is simply

small-pox in the ox, that there is no proof that the diseased animals have communicated small-pox to the human subject, and that, in fact, human small-pox is far less prevalent in Britain than it was a few years ago when

there was no Rinderpest, yet it is well known that there is often a difficulty in transmitting small-pox from one species of animal to another, and that when transmitted the disease is modified, although essentially the same. The Rin�derpest itself, notwithstanding the assertions to the contrary made when it first appeared among us, is transmissible to sheep, goats, and deer; yet there is more difficulty in communicating it to these animals than from cow to cow. The difficulty ought to be still greater in communicating it to the human species than to animals so closely allied to cattle as sheep, amp;-c. Evidence, however, of the transmission of Rinderpest to the human subject is not alto�gether wanting. Through the kindness of Dr. Quain, I had recently an oppor�tunity of seeing a man who had accidentally inoculated the back of his hand about ten days before with matter from the hide of a cow which had died of Rinderpest. The result was a large vesicle surrounded by a red areola, indis�tinguishable from a vaccine pock on the ninth day. A surgeon in the country, who had seen the man and sent him up to town, had no hesitation in pro�nouncing the disease to be cow-pox; and 1 understand that this opinion has since been confirmed by no loss an authority than Mr. Ceely of Aylesbury. Moreover, the general as well as the local symptoms in this man were those of cow-pox. For a few days ho suffered from considerable fever, headache, and pain in the back. lie had previously been vaccinated, but the protective power of the former vaccination had probably become exhausted. Although this is the only instance of the sort that has fallen under my notice, 1 have reason to believe that it is not a solitary one. It is to be home in mind, more�over, that most of the inhabitants of this country arc protected from small-pox by vaccination during infancy, and thus possibly may also be protected from Rinderpest.

These considerations may not bo sufficient to establish absolutely the patho�logical identity of Rinderpest and variola, but they unquestionably point to a very close analogy between them. The object of this commnnication, how�ever, is not to insist that the two diseases arc pathological equivalents, but to enlist the assistance of the medical profession in clearing up the matter. The mode of procedure is obvious and sufficiently simple. It is to produce cow-pox in cattle by inoculating them on the one hand with vaccine lymph, and on the other with the matter of human variola, and afterwards to ascertain if (hey be proof against the prevalent Plague, or if the course of the Rinderpest be thereby modified. If the results of these experiments turn out as I think there is reason to anticipate, the vexed question of the pathological nature of Rinderpest will be finally settled, and mankind will be furnished with a certain remedy for arresting its ravages.

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llopent inquiries, confirming much of the admirable report of Dx-. Brauell of Dorpat, a summary of which is given in the pre�ceding pages, prove to demonstration that llinderpost is not variola. The inflammation of the mucous membranes of the body is not catarrhal nor croupaL The dark colour of blood is common to many diseases, and so are the ecchymoses and hicmorrliages. The eruption of the mouth, nostrils, and vulva is not aphthous, and the cutaneous lesions are specific, distinct, and not variolous.

The facts as they at present stand are not in favour of Dr. Murchison's last theory, and I shall state my reasons for so thinking in specific answers to his separate considerations.

1.nbsp; The eruption of Rinderpest is not vesicular. The difference in the true variolous eruptions of men and cattle is so slight, that we need not attempt to ascribe the wide differences between the eruption of Rinderpest and human small-pox to any funda�mental difference in the skin which does not in reality exist. The yellow epidermic incrustations about the neck and withers, bear no analogy to variola. 1 have seen the eruption in the Cattle Plague partly umbilicated, and very similar to that of ordinary cow-pox, but I have seen it where the previous existence of vaccine eruption could not be doubted; and on making a section of the epidermic thickening in the case of Rinderpest its peculiar and distinctive characters could not fail to be recognised.

2.nbsp; The prominent symptoms of Rinderpest differ from variola in one great and essential particular. The invasion, progress, and results of the disease are not in Rinderpest characterised by the eruption. That is to say, the pyrexia, lumbar pain, typhoid state, amp;c., bear no such relation to the condition of the skin as that which we observe in small-pox. The epithelium is, it is

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true, rapidly softened, disintegrated, and desquamated, but we tail to observe the distinct manifestation of a cutaneous eruption in many mild as also in severe cases. There are exceptions, and some may be accounted for by the coincidence of variola and Rinderpest, as we have a coincidence of Rinderpest and Pleuro-pnouiuouia or Rinderpest and epizootic aphtha. The eruption often heals as the disease becomes aggravated, and there is no relation between the extent and confluence of the eruption and the intensity of the fever, but rather the reverse. The red areola, pustules, and the destruction of skin which lends to pitting in the human subject, are not witnessed in Rinderpest.

3.nbsp; I cannot admit that the anatomical lesions of the two dis�eases are identical. The combined lesions of all the mucous membranes, their early and complete denudation of epithelium, have never been described by Dr. Copland or other author as existing in human small-pox.

4.nbsp; The odour of animals is offensive in a great variety of dis�eases, such as pycemia, amp;o.

5.nbsp; The fever in Rinderpest precedes all other symptoms, if we are to consider an animal temperature of 1U5⁰ or 106deg; Fabr. as indicating a pyrexial stage, and an animal often suffers and is intensely feverish for ten and twelve days after this early mani�festation of the fever.

(i. The two diseases are said to resemble each other in their extreme contagiousness. So do human small-pox and epizootic aphtha, or Foot-and-Mouth Disease; or human variola and the contagions Lung Disease of cattle.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Both diseases can be propagated by inoculation. So can others.

8.nbsp; nbsp;As to the period of incubation, we find that in all pro�bability the duration is absolutely the same in the inoculated

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and natural Bmderpest. The disparity iu the two cases bus been really due to more perfect means of ascertaining the in�cubation in the inoculated animals.

9.nbsp; I have seen a great deal of Rinderpest, and have not witnessed entire herds leading charmed lives in the midst of surrounding pestilence, except as the result of contagion having been kept from the stock by good fortune, or the exercise of great vigilance. The cases of individual immunity are more rare in Rinderpest than in small-pox, and hitherto quite unex�plained. Thousands of cows which must have had variola at some period of their lives, and some which I am confident from examination had had it recently, have been carried off by the Steppe Murrain.

10.nbsp; Can Dr. Murchison refer to a single and undoubted case of an outbreak of cow-pox presenting any of the leading features of an invasion of Rinderpest ? I assert that bo cannot.

11.nbsp; The fact that lymph has not easily been obtained of late years from the cow is probably explained by other circum�stances than the supposition that it has not been in existence. Any quantity of instances of communication of cow-pox from horses to cattle, and vice versa, have been witnessed in Franco in past years, without the production of Rinderpest or anything at all like it. As it is not improbable that the variola raccinae is commonly the result of inoculation from the horse, and that this was due to blacksmiths communicating the malady from one to another in times past, wo must remember that the forms of grease in horses recognised by Dr. Jenner as variola have been infinitely more rare of late years since the abolition of coaches, and the blacksmith has been extensively superseded in the treatment of Cattle Disease, and hence in opportunities of inoculatms cows.

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12. I assert that the communication of Rinderpest to man is as yet not proved in any single instance on record. quot; The large vesicle surrounded by a red areola, indistinguishable from a vaccine pock on the ninth day,quot; has been seen by mo on a whole family of people where I have been treating common ringworm of the ox. I have inoculated myself fre�quently with Rinderpest virus, and not suffered. I was vac�cinated when a child, and have been re-vaccinated successfully as a direct test of being still susceptible to the variolous poison.

For obvious reasons I regret that Dr. Mnrcluson should have committed himself to a suggestion which may alarm many, and lead to time being lost by renewed hopes in the success of some�thing short of the only certain and speedy method of extinguish�ing the disease. Vaccination cannot prevent the Cattle Plague.

I have already undertaken experiments on this subject, and hope soon to complete them. As it is, I do not believe, from the evidence before me, that we have two forms of variolous fever peculiar to the ox tribe: the one malignant, and, hi fact, being the most dangerous and destructive epizootic known ; and the other, the mild, never widely destructive, and well-known form of vaccine disease.

Dr. Murchison refers to several authors as to the eruption of Rinderpest, and says, quot;it is surprising that the cutaneous eruption should have been so long overlooked in the present epizootic.quot; Not only have I carefully studied it, but I have made it the subject of special inquiry amongst continental observers; and Professor Gerlach informed me that one of the distinctive features of the Steppe Murrain as observed in Holland, as compared with the English outbreak, was the greater frequency of the eruption in the Netherlands.

There is not one particle of evidence in favour of the view

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that Binderpest died out last century by passing into the mild form of ordinary vaccine disease. It is contrary to all our experience of the Russian Plague tliat it should thus extinguish itself. It killed the last animals in Egypt in 1803 as rapidly as the first. It is as deadly now whenever it attacks an animal as it was last July, and we shall not see it sahs�imgper se into that benignant disease which must be regarded as rather favour�able than otherwise to the life of men and animals, and never calculated to annihilate the homed or other stock of any part of the globe.

1 )r. Fen wick's statement in TJie Times that the Cattle Plague was associated with the existence of numerous entozoa in the heart and muscles, has caused me to investigate if any grounds existed for considering the malady a parasitic one. The oblong, elipitical, well-defiued granular bodies, called Itainey's sacs, and described by Hessling and others, have been found by me in the heart and flesh of perfectly healthy cattle, as they have been seen by Rainey and others in deer, sheep, rats, mice, pigs, and other animals. I failed to find them in a calf about three weeks old which had died of Rinderpest; but I have seen them constantly in older animals that have died of the disease, and in some as young as seven or eight months of age. The bodies are evidently parasitic, and are probably immature forms of some important helminth, the complete history of which has yet to be written. Rinderpest is not, however, a parasitic disease.

Tbeatmjent of tiik Cattle Plague.

The Steppe Murrain is essentially one of those diseases for which prevention is better than attempted cure. Urgently en�forcing this doctrine has cost me the good opinion of some.

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who, without duly considering the importance of slaughtering the diseased and infected animals for the protection of many untainted herds, argue that it is not scientific to exterminate the malady by destroying diseased animals. The Cattle Plague can he prevented, and can he extinguished at comparatively small cost and with the greatest certainty in countries such as England. Whatever tentative trials are made as to treatment, this fact must ultimately reveal itself, that it is impossible to deal with outbreaks of Rinderpest by administering drugs. I hold it to be eminently scientific to act on our knowledge of the cause of any disease ; and knowing from, lengthened experience how easily disseminated and malignant Cattle Plague virus is, it has been my duty to insist on its early and complete destruc�tion, so that it should never reach the systems of herds of animals, in which, when it has once entered, it cannot be counteracted by any known antidote.

The Cattle Plague is not so deadly in its effects as equine glanders, cancer, or well-developed human phthisis; hut no known remedy restores an animal once severely attacked, and the administration of medicine is, as a rule, not required to save the small percentage which may recover. 1 lad I recorded the many recoveries which have occurred from first to last in animals treated under my directions, I might have convinced my adver�saries that others have probably not done more than myself; but if any one wishes to test the effects of medicines in this disease, let him treat at least 100 animals on any one system and leave another 100 to nature, having proper regard for their comfort and judicious hygienic management.

It is not a little strange how the malady has varied in severity during the present outbreak. Dutch cattle have suf�fered less than our own, both in Holland and Great Britain;

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and, it is doubtless duo to this circumstance, that the use of medicines have been applauded, and homoeopaths have Avon laurels in South Holland. If non-professional persons have claimed for themselves the discovery of valuable and some�times unfailing remedies, it must not be considered that they have afforded proof of greater wisdom than the many veteri�narians who have spoken more modestly, but who probably have done as much. Veterinarians have not manifested ignorance on this subject, but have candidly confessed what was possible and what was not; and if full scope had been afforded them to do as they wished, the normal statt; of the cattle trade would by this time have been restored, and the Plague, though undoubtedly not forgotten, would, so far as Great Britain is concerned, have long been arrested. As, however, the malady has been suffered to spread, veterinarians are called upon to adopt means of cure. With a view, therefore, to indicate what has been suggested and what may be attempted, I shall draw attention to the following points:�

I.nbsp; Precautions to be observed so as to prevent the spread of disease from a herd under treatment.

II.nbsp; Hygienic management.

III.nbsp; nbsp;Medicinal agents used.

IV.nbsp; Methods of treatment suggested at various times in this country and abroad.

I. Precautions tobe observed so as to prevent the spread of disease from a herd under treatment.�I Hscased cattle should be placed for treatment in warm and detached buildings where proper ventilation, drainage, and facilities for feeding can be obtained. They should not be left in the fields, and are best kept entirely

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in the house until perfectly recovered. Tlio sheds should be kept clean, frequently disinfected, and every particle of urine and excrement mnst be disinfected by means of chlorinated lime. People attending the stock must be kept there for that pur�pose, and not allowed to rove about and go on other farms, or to fairs and markets. All dogs should be tied up, and every attention paid to cleanliness with other stock and in farm�yards generally. Dirt and negligence are great propagators of the Cattle Plague. It is impossible to be too clean or too care�ful in avoiding the carriage of tainted objects from an infected to a healthy farm or district.

II. Hygienic 3Ianagcment.�This is of far greater importance than any medicine or system of medication hitherto recom�mended; and I have to direct the attention of my professional brethren to several points of incalculable importance. It is not desirable to have many animals in the same shed when under treatment, and several attendants are essential, so that proper care be taken of the cattle. When a largo stock has to be treated the labour and trouble is enormous; it will not do, therefore, to trust to a few attendants, who get tired and faint�hearted over their work, especially when the number of animals recovering is not large. If possible, it is undoubtedly best to have the animals loose; but this can only be secured where isolated cases are under treatment. With forty or fifty beasts sick at one time loose boxes cannot usually be obtained; and it is not desirable to keep many sick animals loose in a yard. As a rule, in winter all the animals should be clothed, lightly but sufficiently, so as to favour cutaneous exhalation. The shed is best kept at a proper and never-varying temperature, not exceeding 58deg; Fahr. Proper ventilation is indispensable to

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recovery, and heat must not bo purchased at the expense of atmospheric purity. Clothe the animals rather than close the apertures made for the purposes of ventilation. In order to secure purity of the atmosphere every attention should be paid to sweeping away excrement and washing the stalls thoroughly by means of common soda and water. The use of chlorinated lime is not to he advocated where stock is under treatment, as the chlorine gas induces great disturbance, irri�tation of the respiratory passages, and a troublesome cough. I prefer cleanliness and abundance of fresh air whore the cattle are actually diseased, to any system of disinfectants, and the chlorinated lime is best used to disinfect the manure-heap and other objects outside the shed containing the sick. I have suggested the use of perforated boxes containing substances capable of absorbing noxious gases which emanate from living animals, ami I believe this means of ensuring purity of atmo�sphere is preferable to the dispersion of chlorine gas through the air.* The food allowed to animals varies much according to cir�cumstances. During the various stages of acute disease it should be given sparingly. At first linseed-tea or linseed-gruel, well boiled, may serve as a laxative, with or without medicine. Linseed is not to be continued when purging begins, well-boilod oatmeal-gruel should then be substituted for it. The oatmeal-gruel, which is perhaps the best nutritive material to be given from first to last, is made by taking a peck of meal for every three or four animals, and adding some cold water ; boiling water is then mixed and stirred with the whole until it acquires a proper consistency to be poured through a towel or

* Mr, Barton of Oxford Streut, the eminent manufacturer of stable-fittings, has undertaken to work out the plan I have recommended.

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sieve. And thus all the coarser and more indigestible portions of the meal are removed. The gruel is boiled for at least ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, and is used warm. About half a gallon of it may be given three or four times daily; and if the cattle drink it voluntarily, so much the better. Badly made oatmeal-gruel irritates the stomach and intestines, and aggravates the diarrhoea. When animals are severely affected they do not eat; but if they have any appetite, well-boiled mashes should be made for them. Of these wo can suggest a great variety, such as steeping barley for a time, throwing off the water, adding fresh, and boiling the barley ; the whole is then allowed to rest for a while, and bran is mixed with it, as well as a certain quantity of well-boiled turnips. The mash must be moderately salted. The barley may be replaced by brewer's grains, and a moderate quantity of bean or peasemeal �say half a pound of the latter morning and night. One of the best managers of cows I over knew, and who attended to Or. Smart's experimental byres in Edinburgh, made, for every sick animal that would eat, a mash of four handfuls of bran, four of brewer's draff, one pound of peasemeal, and two pounds of well-boiled mashed turnips. This was given thrice daily to each animal. Cattle have been fed on milk, soups, Are., but not with the same benefit as with vegetable food which was properly cooked, and not allowed to get sour. Great moderation in diet is essential. The sick cattle must have cold water to drink in small quantities, and at least every two hours. Their mouths are parched, and great benefit is derived from frequent allow�ances of fresh water, which may be acidulated with a little vinegar, or given alone. All animals under treatment must be kept scrupulously clean, and are benefited by brushing, washing, hand-rubbing, bandaging the legs, amp;c. As a means of

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ensuring cleanliness and action of tlie skin 1 think it, is very probable that the hot-air bath, when at hand, may be of great service, as also the vapour bath or the wet packing used occa�sionally. As curative means these often fad, but as adjuvants in a proper system of hygienic management they may at times render service.

III. Medicinal agents used.�Under this head it is proper to consider the various methods which may be adopted for using remedies ; and if any branch of inquiry merits careful investiga�tion, if only for the benefit of therapeutical science, it is that laborious and difficult one of watching the action of any agent or number of agents under different plans of administration. I do not anticipate that such an inquiry would enable us to deal with the Steppe Murrain in future outbreaks as a curable dis�ease, but it might indicate how best to employ medicines, so as not to aggravate the malady in animals which have a chance of recovery. Wo might learn how to aid nature without unduly taxing the system; and the inquiry might throw light ou the management of human disorders of not so deadly a character, in which some of the difliculties attendant on the effectual use of medicines are not unlike those witnessed in this the most malignant of all known pestilences of modern times.

A. Inteenal Administhatiox of Mbdiotnes.�The plan principally adopted in the treatment of cattle suffering from Steppe Murrain lias consisted in giving solutions, mixtures, and powders, either alone or in food. There are various ways, how�ever, which might be resorted to, and perhaps with benefit, and which would effectually set aside some of the uncertain and often injurious administration of draughts. In order to explain

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myself fully on this subject I shall consider the various methods by which remedies may be given internally.

a. Administration by the month.�It is often possible in the early stage of disease, and in favourable cases when appetite returns in tlio later stages, to give animals tasteless or palat�able drugs in food, and this is by far the best plan. The frequent, troublesome, and somewhat dangerous drenching to which sick cattle are subjected, should if possible be dispensed with. I have seen so many animals tormented and injured by the administration of medicines, treacle, gruel, and other liquids, that I venture to malce a few remarks on the operation of giving a draught. In the first place, glass bottles are dangerous; and nothing is so useful as a horn of proper shape, or a tin instru�ment made in the shape of a horn, with its mouth well rounded off. Such twisted tin cups may be had from any tinsmith for about sixpence each. The operator should go up to the right side of the animal, pass his hand over the face into the angle of the mouth on the left side. The head is bent round, not ele�vated, except to a very slight extent; and if the person giving the draught plants his feet well on the ground, with his back against the animal's shoulder, he can steady himself well, and, holding the horn or other instrument charged with the draught in his right hand, he can pour it by degrees into the animal's mouth. It has often pained me to see sick cattle seized by the nose, and, with their heads drawn up and necks stretched out, required to gulp down a quantity of liquid which cannot be conveniently swallowed in such a position. Often have I seen an animal get worse after such treatment, and the passage of medicine into the windpipe and lungs was not unfrequently the cause of aggravated symptoms. One great objection to the

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administration of draughts when an animal is suffering from the Cattle Plague is, that they accumulate in the rumen, do not reach the true stomach until the diarrhoea inseparable from the disease sets in, and then the accumulated drugs exert a most prejudicial influence. It is incredible bow long a vast amount of medicine, and very acrid irritating medicine too, may remain unchanged, unabsorbed, and inactive in the paunch of an ox, which is usually full of vegetable food throughout the progress of an attack of the Plague. It would be well to consider if the use of draughts could not be anticipated by the employment of other means of unloading the stomach and intestines. Even then the state of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane would indicate that the majority of drugs would not be tolerated, dis�solved, and absorbed, and it would be well to give a fair trial to other processes now to be referred to.

b.nbsp; Administration by the rectum.�Injections given carefully with the enema funnel, introduced by my father, and manu�factured by Mr. Benjamin Latcbford, St. Martin's Lane, London, have the benefit of creating little disturbance, and the power of solution and absorption of remedies is probably as great, if not greater, in the rectum during this disease as in the stomach and small intestine. Simple warm-water injections, cathartic, stimu�lating, sedative, and even nutritive enemata, deserve a fair trial, and as much good may be anticipated from them as from the administration of draughts.

c.nbsp; nbsp;Subcutaneous injections.�Various medicinal agents have been effectually introduced into the system by being injected into the open tissue beneath the skin. Tin's plan can be adopted if such remedies as tincture of aconite, solutions of belladonna, of various alkaloids, and other agents which do not irritate and inflame the tissue, are used.

H 2

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d. Injection into veins.�The principal object in view in re�sorting to tins operation would be to try tlie effect of injecting about a pint or a quart of water at 100deg; Fabr. after abstracting a similar quantity of blood from one of the jugular veins. The operation should bo tried in the early stage of the disease, and the result usually observed is purgation, action of the kidneys, and free exhalation Ironi the sMn. The system might thus be prepared for any further course of treatment. The operation is simple, and unattended with bad results.

B. External Appuoatious,�The method of applying heat, cold rubefacients and blisters to the surface of the sTrin, is too well known to deserve any lengthened description. Dashing cold water over the body, and then using towels and wisps of hay to dry and warm the animal, has been often recommended. The vapour bath, by covering the animal, head excepted, with woollen rugs fixed out by sticks, amp;c., and then heating the air between the rugs and the skin by a spirit or gas lamp, has been suggested. If mustard poultices are used, they should be large, warm, and applied with a rag to the body, so as to be kept on for three or four hours. Rugs dipped in boiling water, wrung out thoroughly, and applied to the abdomen, have been resorted to. I need not refer to the barbarous practice of using the actual cautery for this disease.

C. Ixteuxal Remedies.�A. close observation of the treat�ment adopted by empirics has led me to the conclusion that no remedy, or class of remedies, can he regarded as absolutely efficacious in any real case of Rinderpest Some animals recover despite the mode of treatment, but the majority die. I shall here notice some of the principal remedial agents used by myself and others under various heads.

a. Purgatives.�Most veterinarians consider that the overdis-

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tended stomachs and the marked constipation should be relieved. From the fact that the omasum is loaded with dry food, even in the later stages of cases attended by great diarrhoea, it is believed by some that smart and early purging is desirable. Full quan�tities of Epsom salts, linseed oil, and even croton oil, Lave been given, and a very common result of drastic cathartic doses is to induce an early and very fatal diarrhoea. There are more ad�vocates for mild laxatives; such as treacle, small and repeated doses of sulphate of soda, sulphur, and oil. I have treated many cases successfully without attempting to relax the bowels, and have certainly had as much success then as when either mild or active purgatives have been prescribed. A purgative which may be used advantageously is the following:

Sulphate of Magnesia......nbsp; nbsp; 12 oz.

Sulphur..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4 oz.

Spirits of Nitric Ether......1 oz.

Nitre...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^ oz.

quot;Water...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 quart.

As this is not apt to induce much purgation, a bottle of linseed oil may be given after it. Oil of turpentine to the extent of two or four ounces has been given with a quart bottle of linseed oil, and with good effect when no other purgative has been administered.

b. Enemata.�I think that injections have been too much overlooked in the treatment of this disease. They may be given at first to move the bowels, and various forms of medi�cated or nutritive injections might prove of service. When the diarrhoea comes on, and there is some tenesmus, an injec�tion may be given of one pint of starch emulsion containing one ounce of laudanum, to be repeated if necessary. It is desirable to guard against irritation of the rectum as a result of frequent enemata.

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c.nbsp; Diuretics.�Nitre Las been extensively used during the present outbreak, and in considerable doses, with a view to aid in the elimination of the virus. It is apt to weaken, and must be prescribed iu moderation. It has no specific action of value. Oil of turpentine, which is a stimulant as well as diuretic, has been strongly recommended by some in ounce and two ounce doses.

d.nbsp; Diaphoretics.�Warm clothing, the application of beat to the skin by means of heating the air confined with woollen covers arranged round the animal, and the internal \ise of liquor am�moniac acetatis, oil of turpentine, and other agents calculated to excite perspiration, have been most strongly advocated. I undoubtedly prefer to excite the action of the skin by raising the temperature of the air rather than by the employment of internal remedies, which often act feebly and very imperfectly on the lower animals.

e.nbsp; Stimulants have bad their strong advocates. I have given whisky, brandy, spirits of wine, in two ounce doses every two or three hours, and some animals have recovered whilst others have died. Carbonate of ammonia iu half ounce doses has been largely employed, and seems to agree as well as anything with the sick animals. Strong ale, porter, port wine, and other more or less active beverages containing alcohol have been principally used when animals have been convalescent.

f.nbsp; Sedatives.�I have not resorted to sedatives to any great extent in this malady. Tincture of aconite in 30 drop doses has been administered at frequent intervals. Extract of bella�donna, and considerable doses of opium have been chosen from amongst narcotic remedies, as affording the best chance of regu�lating at different times the condition of the bowels.

g.nbsp; Neutral Salts.�Nitrate of potash, chlorate of potash, and

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 103

acetate ofquot; ammonia have been freely administered, and in some cases with apparently good effect. These agents are almost exclusively relied on in certain febrile disorders from their action on the blood and the favourable effects they induce in activating the secretion of the skin, kidneys, and mucous mem�branes generally. They are administered singly, or combined, in moderate and repeated doses with or without carbonate of ammonia, and dissolved in a considerable quantity of water.

h. Mineral and Vegetable Tonics are used with benefit in the convalescent state, and if not given in large doses so as to induce derangement of the stomach and bowels, they accele�rate the return to health in a very decided manner. Vegetable tonics, such as cinchona bark in decoction, or infusion of gentian, are given about an hour before feeding time, and serve to stimulate the appetite. Of all the mineral tonics sulphate of iron is the best, and should be given in drachm doses in food. Preparations of iron have been supposed to act powerfully as prophylactics, and for this purpose I recommended them when I first recognised the existence of the disease in the country.

i. Antiseptics.�On the first recognition of the Cattle Plague I used Condy's fluid�the red solution of permanganate of potash�in water alone, or in water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. About two ounces of the fluid were given every two hours. The effect obtained was as a rule diminished foetor of the excrement. A similar effect is obtained by the internal administration of small doses of carbolic acid or sesquichloride of iron. Chlorine water admits of being used in moderation in this way.

k. Mineral acids have claimed a great share of attention, and I have been in the habit of using them freely. Hydrochloric acid largely diluted has lately been vaunted as a specific. Sul-

104

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

phuric acid lias been more frequently used. Nitronmriatic acid is serviceable in the convalescent stage.

IV. Methods of Treatment suggested at carious times in this country and abroad.�JIany have loudly denounced the advo�cates of the stamping-out system, and declared that quot; every dis�ease must be curable.quot;' They have gone further, and suggested remedies. I have received a large number of letters from cure-discoverers and others who believed themselves capable of suggesting specifics if I would only send them a resume of the symptoms and nature of the disease. The policy of recording a list of vaunted remedies may be doubted by many, but it may deter some from venturing to suggest what has been used before; and I might almost publish a list of all the articles of the Materia Medica as having been at one time or other employed in cases of Rinderpest. Those who denounce the pole-axe must not forget that in this country experiments as to treatment have been numerous and more in favour than slaughtering sick and infected animals. Sanatorium after sanatorium has been established and subsequently closed or disused from the failure of all remedies. The favourite British system of dealing with the Plague�in opposition to our most earnest recommendations�may be learned by reference to the following recipes. It may be well to classify them under two heads�Preventive, and Curative Treatment.

A. Peevbntive Tbeatment.�A somewhat rational plan recommended from the commencement was the daily adminis�tration of tonics, in addition to proper feeding, ventilation, and use of disinfectants. Iron has proved so useful in my own practice during outbreaks of contagious diseases, that in a circular entitled 'Advice to Owners of Cattle,' dated the 3rd

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of August, I said :�quot; The administration of tonics in modera�tion, and especially preparations of iron, may be recommended for all cattle that have been accidentally subjected to the contact of infected animals. All should be done to support the animal's strength, that it may withstand the disorder.quot; Shortly afterwards the British Consul at Warsaw brought to the notice of the British (rovernment in the month of August a remedy for the Rinderpest adopted with much success in Poland in 1857�quot; the putting of old iron into the troughs from which the cattle drink, so as to prodnce a highly chalybeate water. The efficacy of this mode of treatment is said to have been discovered by the almost entire immunity from the disease in 1857 of the cattle on a farm where there was a chalybeate spring.quot; An observer recommended in The Scotsman of the 18th of August a plentiful supply of bruised oak bark as a great pre�server, and fresh powdered carbonate of ammonia dissolved in about the proportion of a teaspoonful to a quart of the water supplied to the cattle, to keep their blood pure and in a state to resist infection. Sulphurous acid and its salts have been strongly advocated, and attention was drawn to Dr. Poili's experiments in man as suggesting the use of these salts for the lower animals, on the 26th of August, by Dr. Taylor, of Nottingham, in the columns of The Times. Since then Dr. Druitt, Dr. Smart, Dr. Wilkinson of Sydenham, and others, have recommended daily doses of hyposulphite of soda to healthy cattle in infected districts. On the 26th of September quot; A Land Agentquot; suggested the use of vinegar. Two calves were placed amongst a number of diseased cows, quot;and had a wine-glassful of vinegar in a pint of water twice a day; they also had their eyes and nostrils sponged with the same mixture, with complete success. Tar-water made of the best Barbadoes tar and capsi-

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cum was also suggested. Hot tar was to be painted on the

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cribs and mangers, and a little tar was to be smeared on each nostril and upon every foot and between each hoof. Colonel Talbot, writing to The Times on the 29th of August, said� quot; I keep 100 cows within six miles of London, which are fed, like most dairv-cows in the neighbourhood, on cut grass. grains, mangold-wurtzel leaves, and Hour. They are never turned out into the fields. On hearing, three weeks ago, that the Plague was raging iu my (the N.W.) district, I deter�mined to give each cow daily half a pint of prepared charcoal mixed with her grains and flour, and one ounce of nitre (dis�solved in cold water) in half a pint of water every other morning. I have freely used Burnett's disinfecting fluid, dashing it with a wisp of hay against the boards upon which the cows breathe, and along the alleys and openings into the drains. I limewash my sheds every month, and paint the cows' noses with Stockholm tar every morning; I attend to the ventilation, which is as free as I can make it. I have not yet clone it, but I intend to fumigate the sheds by burning a little tar on red-hot bricks in them every day. Hitherto, I am thankful to say that the Plague has not visited me. I do not mean to say that these means are a preventive, and I am very far from being presump�tuous enough to say that my turn is not at hand.quot; It may be noted that shortly afterwards Colonel Talbot's cows suffered severely from the Plague. Homoeopaths early entered the field with preventive medicines, and in fact spoke of the virtues of belladonna and arscnicum on the first night that a meeting was called together to discuss the Cattle Plague in England. On the 7th of August a correspondent of The Star, signing himself quot; S. quot;W.,quot; suggested belladonna to be given to cattle in health two or three times in the twenty-four hours, in all eases where

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the disease was prevalent or suspected. It is well known how the use of arseuicum has been lauded, and that it still continues to he administered to the profit of homccopathic chemists, but certainly not to the benefit of the British farmer.

B. Curative Teeatmext.�It is difficult to classify the many extraordinary methods of treatment suggested since the 1st of August last for the treatment of Steppe Murram. Advo�cates of hot-air and vapour baths have been very positive in their statements; some, like Mr. I\. Monteith, insisting on the value of the first, and others asserting their firm belief in the second, especially in combination with other remedies. The vapour bath is an old method of treatment said to originate with the celebrated Timer, the father of scientific agriculture in Germany, who is reported to have applied it with signal success during the murrain year^- of 1828. A large copper kettle is sunk in the earth and filled with water. A strong fire is then kindled underneath the kettle, over which per�forated boards have been laid. When the water boils, the sick animal is placed on the boards and covered with a woollen cloth, and a linen one above it. The animal is kept there from half to one hour, then rubbed dry, kept warm, and allowed hay and gruel. Great attention was paid to this method of treat�ment b}^r a Bussian farmer, who explained it in a letter to our ambassador at the Court of tiie Czar, Sir A. Buchanan, which was forwarded in a despatch to Earl Russell, on the 3rd of October, 1805. Mr. Fouling, the gentleman in question, spoke confidently of the value of the vapour bath; and the faith in the remedy increased when Mr. Graham, of Capellie, near Glasgow, detailed recoveries under the following system. Mr. Graham administered

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Three table spoonfols of Sulphur, Three table spoonfuls of Nitre. Haifa table spoonful of Ginger, One pound of Tieaele, lu wann water.

The animal was to bo packed in three heavy horse rugs, well saturated with cold water, and three other rugs were wrapped over them. In a letter to Sir Fitzroy Kelly, Dr. Druitt enters somewhat fully into the kind of remedies which may be found serviceable in the treatment of the Plague, and his observations are condensed in the subjoined note:�

quot;In any zymotic disease, the first question is, can we stop it ? can we put out the lire ? Have wo any medicines capable of summarily checking the disease, before it comes to the point at which it is naturally spent? Id votum est. We wish we had, but have not. Providence will show ns the way some day, if we exert ourselves. But at present the only fev.ers which we can cut short are the malarious ones: ague, re�mittent, fchhre pemieiosa, jungle fevers, amp;c.; against which we have quinine, arsenic, and other tonics. We have not at present any remedies on which we can rely for cutting short any true zymotic disease, such as small-pox, chicken-pox, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid, typhus, whooping cough, and all that other dreary catalogue. But if we are to make experiments on the Bmderpest, there are two or three glimmers of light to guide us. raquo;Supposing that we seek for remedies for the early stage : to cut the disease short, deliberate trials should be made. First, into the various alkaloids, amorphous or crystallized, produced from chinchona bark, of which quinine is the chief. But there are many others, such as chinchonine, chinchonidinc, and quinidine, which are got from the bark, which may now or will soon be obtained abundantly in India, and which are

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 109

cheaper. Wo have just as much reason, and no more, to expect these substances to cure the Cattle Plague, as the raquo;Spanish I'il-grims had, three centuries ago, to expect the Lark to cure the Countess of Chinchon's ague. It was a fair experiment, which succeeded. Certainly, large doses of these alkaloids ought to be well tried. If wo give six doses, of ten grains each, to a man weighing 100 lbs., we ought to give in the same proportion per weight to a cow. Mr. John Eliot Howard, quinine manufacturer, London, E., should be written to, for the cheaper and amorphous varieties of the cbinchona alkaloids. Secondly, there are various combinations of bitters, astrin�gents, and aronuitics, with stimulants. When they could get no Peruvian bark on the Continent, during the war with France, combinations of alum, oak bark, gentian, and aromatics were used, with more or less success, for their malarious fevers. Thirdly, there are certain saline matters�such as nitrate of potass and chlorate of potass, antimony, purgatives, amp;c.,� which have more or less virtue in allaying some feverish symptoms, but which are not to be relied on in any zymotic or malarious disease. Lastly, there are stiimdants which may be tried in the commencement, of tin,' attack with the hope of enabling the animal to shake off the disease, even as a glass of hot brandy-and-water, Turkish bath, and other excitants, may, as I believe, enable man to shake off the earliest stage of influenza. So far then as remedies an; concerned, which tend to cut the disease short, experience bids us look for specifics amongst the quinine group. And it is experience only that can teach us : a priori reasoning gives a very feeble glimmer. But, confessing that we are unable to deal with the disease in its essence, there is a very great deal we can do in the way of mitigating its local effects ; of keeping up the strength ; of

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preventing the patient from being poisoned by the poisonous secretions generated witliin her own system; of checking ex�hausting discharges; and of rendering those secretions innocuous to other animals. It must, however, be borne in mind that whilst we speak of the different stages of the disease, and can always separate them in idea, they may be all so crowded together that it may be necessary to begin at the very outset with the treatment adapted for preventing local ravages and intestinal infection. Now the chief local effects produced by the Rinderpest, arc a softened, congested state of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, with copious fetid discharge from the bowels; and the most likely class of remedies are those which will restrain this discharge, and so prevent it from draining the patient, and which shall deprive it of its poisonous qualities, and thus hinder it from doing mischief to the patient, or, if voided, from contaminating other animals. If putrid excretions be poured out in the bowels of any animal, they poison the animal's blood, they cause all fresh food to be tainted, and when voided they are the source of contagion to others. Now then we seek a remedy which shall not be poison�ous in itself; which shall have tonic or nutritive virtues; which shall restrain excessive discharges; and which shall have the power of deodorizing and disinfecting the contents of the ali�mentary canal. Such a remedy is the tincture of sesqmehloride of iron. The Mineral Acids, well diluted�as the nitric, muriatic, and sulphuric�do in a lesser degree what the tincture of steel does. Their influence in atonic diarrhoea is marvellous; and we ought to know their results in the Rinderpest. Small quantities of opium may be added. The Trimitrate of Bismuth in ounce doses would deodorize the alimentary canal, and soothe it. and restrain diarrhoea. I have published cases, showing how, in

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE, 111

threatened ulceration of the bowels, the human alimentary canal may be quieted by adequate doses of this excellent drug. See Medical Times and Gazette for 1802, yoI. ii., p. 595. Sulphite of Potass and other compounds of sulphurous acid have great virtue in checking fermentation, and have been proposed by Polli as remedies in zymotic fevers. The admir�able preparations of Mr. Condy, the permanganate of potass, amp;c. We want experiments with large doses of these. But I suspect they are of more value as preventives than as cura�tives�to disinfect unwholesome water, to rinse quot;the mouths of animals exposed to contagion, and the like. There is the class of Creosotes � medicines, such as carbolic acid, which check fermentation, act as antiseptics and deodorizers, and are capital in certain cases of dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Here then we have half-a-dozen remedies, and the example I have given from practice on man shows the precise method in which good results are to be looked for. I reiterate again the necessity of disinfecting the whole tract of bowels, of re�straining discharge, and of rendering the fa3cal matter in�nocuous to the patient and her neighbours�all this, too, as a means of helping the patient to live through her disease till its fury be overpast. Whisky, sweet spirits of nitre, beef-tea, and other nourishment, should be given freely. There are other remedies too, as yeast in large quantities, whose modus operandi is probably that of an antiseptic, and others. Enough if I can succeed in inducing any one who can do so with safety to make a resolute series of experiments on diseased animals.quot;

Often compelled, and usually against my will, to treat cases of Rinderpest, I began early in August to prescribe the frequent administration of Condy's fluid in water acidulated by sulphuric acid, in addition to chlorate of potash, sesquicarbouate of am-

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monia, acetate of ammonia, nitre, mild laxatives, and various other remedies, according to the condition of my patients. I preferred as a rule a somewhat stimulating plan of treatment, and the recoveries were not fewer than those claimed by other people. Mr. Josiah IIniton of Sudbury, in company with his brother, cured fourteen out of twenty Dutch bullocks belonging to Mr. G-arrett of Cavendish by giving ammonia and tonics. Stimulants were administered as required. All the water used for drinking was medicated with mineral acids, and the beasts themselves 'frequently washed with water impregnated with ammonia. A medical man, writing to The Daily Telegraph suggested as quot; highly importantquot; the hypodermic injections of certain alkaloids, as quinine, atropine, and others, dissolved in distilled water and injected under the skin of the animal. A veterinary chemist, in a letter published in Tlie Standard of the 14tli of August, prescribed as follows :�

Chlorate of Potash ......nbsp; nbsp; 1 oz.

Nitrate of Potash.......nbsp; nbsp; 1 oz.

Strong Muriatic Acid......nbsp; nbsp; 1 dr.

Powdered Opium.......nbsp; nbsp; I dr.

Decoction of Linseed......nbsp; nbsp; A pint and a hull'.

Mixed together for one dose.

This gentleman spoke positively as to the value of his remedy, and said, quot;it cannot fail to alleviate the trouble, if not entirely ward off the disease, if given on the first symptoms and followed up three times a day.quot; quot;N. N.,quot; writing to The Daily Telegraph on the 22nd of August, recommended bisulphite of soda in half-ounce doses thrice a day, and after the first day or two six or eight grains of sulphate of quinine with a drachm of dilute nitric or sulphuric acid mixed with brandy or spirit of wine and water, and adding laudanum if the diarrhoea was troublesome.

�

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 113

An M.D. in The Tmim of the (5th .September recommended the following prescription:�

Chlorate of Potash I

Common Saltnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gt; Of ouch . . . . 1 oz.

Nitrenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

Dissolve them in a pint of hot water in which an ounce of dilute hydrochloric acid has been mixed, and administer in a sufiicient quantity of their gruel for a dose. Mr. Moffat's pre�scription published in the columns of The Field consists of�

Chlorate of Potash......3 dr.

Tartar Emetic.......5 ^r.

Carbonate of Iron......15 gr.

Mr. Crotch, M.A., recommended, on the 6th of November, the injection of various antiseptic and parasiticide salts into the circulation of the veins, and the hyposulphite of soda, the per�manganate of potash, or the perchlorate of soda, are said to be well adapted to this purpose. Dr. Can' of Blaekheath, writing to The Times on the 12th of October, spoke of a dozen cows cured quot;by removing the diseased cattle from the shed and tethering them in a shaded spot in the Held, administering warm drinks of gruel or linseed tea, with aromatic seeds (fennel or caraway), an astringent, if diarrhoea be urgent, and blistering the throat. The mouth is frequently washed with strong vinegar and water; and vinegar is also administered to the extent of a pint or more daily.quot; Mr. Wilson of Croydon, on the 26th of October, wrote to The Times regarding the cura�tive effects of a pint of fresh yeast in a pint of beer given in two quarts of gruel three times a day. Electricity, the electro voltaic pile, the actual cautery, cod-liver oil balls, bleeding to fainting and giving a bottle of brandy to revive, calomel and fumigation with mercurial vapour, and prescrip-

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tions liiiving cayenne pepper for their bases, have all had tboir advocates. I shall close my observations under the head of quot;Methods of Treatment,quot; by drawing attention to the boinoeo-pathic system, and by appending three of the more elaborate and possibly more valuable systems of treatment published. They are those of 3Ir. Heatley of Market Drayton; Dr. Smart of Edinburgh; and the Edinburgh Medical Committee appointed to report on the subject.

The homoeopaths have received a large measure of support in the comitry, and considerable sums of money have been spent in fostering and furthering their system of treatment. The results arrived at in Xorfolk are referred to in the subjoined letter, bearing the signature quot; C,quot; which appeared in The Times on the 2Stli of December:�

quot; Sin,�Such hasty and inaccurate statements are so fre�quently made about the success of the homoeopatbic treat�ment of Cattle Plague, that it seems right the public should be made aware of the results of the treatment in this district. Some two mouths ago the Earl of Leicester offered a prize of 100 guineas for the discovery of a cure for Cattle Plague. The conditions were�1. That every ease treated should be certified as one of real Rinderpest by two veterinary surgeons. 2. That not fewer than 30 beasts should be treated. 3. That not loss than GO per cent, should be cured. Mr. Moore and his son on the part of the homoeopaths, Messrs. Wells and Smith as the two certifying veterinary surgeons, and Mr. Forrester on behalf of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association, made two visits to five farms. On these five farms 42 animals were found in various stages of the disease, some so early as to show but few symptoms, others so far gone as to bo hopeless. Much discus�sion and some difficulty arose as to which should or should

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not be taken. Eventually 21 wei-e registered for treatment and 21 were rejected. All the parties expressed themselves satisfied with the selection, and the treatment proceeded. The result is easily told: every one of the 42 animals died; those which were treated and those which were rejected alike succumbed. I should say that two of those treated were killed by mistake, but it is beyond a doubt that they would have died in a few hours. After this experience Mr. Moore declined to proceed with the competition for the prize. Undaunted by this failure of their system, the London Homceopathic Association instructed their representative, Lord Bury, to propose to the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association to allow a still farther trial, in which there should be no certifying veterinary surgeons and no restrictions of any kind. Again the'Xorfolk Association generously agreed, and not only became responsible for the outlay of both these very costly experiments, but even awarded the sum of 50?. to aid tbe homoeopaths in their expenses. Again the Messrs. Moore and a competent staff of assistants appeared in Norfolk, and during the last three weeks they have treated, or are still treating, 45 animals. The results are not quite complete, and 1 will therefore content myself with savinquot;-that 3!) of the 45 are dead, and the remaining six are by no means recovered. Such arc the facts, and while the disease is rapidly spreading into almost all the counties of England, it may save the pockets of agriculturists and the funds of cattle assurance associations to know how much, or rather how little, this vaunted system has hitherto effected in Norfolk.quot; Mr. Heatley gives this as his method of treatment:

Take of spirit of turpentiuo, 1 ounce; castor oil, 7 ounces. To be given first in one ilose, und not repeated.

Take of stt-quicarbonate of ammonia. 1 drachm; powdered Peruvian bark, 1

i 2

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draclim; powfloved gingor, 30 grains; peppermint water, C, ounces. To lie given in one dose three times a day.

Take of mutton suet, 1 ounce, boiled in lialf a pint of now milk, strained, and given in one dose every night.

Take of brandy 4 ounces, given in half a pint of linseed tea every morning.

The doses may be increased or decreased according to circumstances.

Dr. Smart's method of treatment has been described by himself as follows :�

quot; General Principles of Treatment.�These are based upon a knowledge of the pathology of the disease, and indicate the line of treatment to be adopted in dealing with it.

quot; 1. The Animal Temperature is Lowered and Deficient.� This has to he restored and maintained. To do so the affected animal is protected from all direct draughts of air, placed in a house or byre with an equable temperature not under 70 deg. Fahr., and the hide thoroughly cleaned and rubbed down, and a warm covering kept on the animal throughout the progress of the case. 2. The Stomachs are Loaded and Distended with Food.�This condition, by preventing access of medicine and suitable nourishment, presents a very great obstacle to treat�ment. But it also indicates the line of treatment to be adopted at this stage�namely, to remove the hurtful accumulation as (prickly as possible. This must be done by mild purgation, suited to the already irritable condition of the lining mem�brane of the stomach and bowels. The medicines here in�dicated are gentle relaxants combined with diuretic action. 3. Extreme Vital Depression is Characteristic of the Disease throughout its entire Progress.�This is conjoined with a very peculiar and rapidly destructive change of some of the internal structures. Stimulants to support the depressed vital powers, and resist, as far as possible, this tendency to destructive dis�solution, are thus clearly indicated from the very coinmence-

TREATMENT OP THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 117

ment. And as it is of importance to make tLe healthy organs subserve the purpose of removing from the blood the morbid materials that may exist in it and in the general system, stimu�lant treatment should conjoin with it remedies fitted to excite the functional activity of the two great eliminators of this class �namely, the skin and kidneys. Hence stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic action are here indicated. Regular milking of the diseased cow, in order to prevent the retention in the blood of the elements of the milk, is also, on the same general principles clearly indicated throughout the entire course of tbe disease. 4. It almost appears an axiom to say that a properly regulated and rational system of nursing is iu the treatment of disease in cattle, as in man, of very great importance to the comfort of the sick, and as an aid to their recovery. In the present example, no method of combating the malady can be of any use in which careful nursing does not form the basis of every other effort to restore health. It is not idle to repeat this, be�cause in any system of treatment hitherto made public, the importance of this fact has either been insufficiently recognised or entirely overlooked. Hence arises the necessity of there being kind, skilful, and experienced attendants, and a well-regulated dietary,

quot; liemedies.�These are few, simple, and selected on the principles above stated. My experience of their suitableness is every day more established by fresh examples of their efficacy. There are yet only three kinds of drugs which I found it requisite to employ. 1. Laxative, with diuretic action. This is principally used in the early, but often required at other periods, in the progress of the disease. It is composed of�

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.Of oach � . . 1 oz. Powdered �mg'^-

Powder of Sublimed Sulplmr . . . 2 oz. Treacle.........I lb.

Water to make a quaxt, and well mixed.

This quantity is given uight and morning, or, if requisite, oftencr, until scouring is produced. Afterwards, an occasional bottle will maintain the free movement of the bowels without inducing excessive action. As the vital powers sink rapidly, there should be as little delay as possible in administering stimulants. I have found the following mixture possessing stimulant, diuretic, and diaphoretic properties very effica�cious :�

C'arb�ilate of Ammonia .... | oz.

Sweet Spirit of Nitre #9632;raquo;

�..,�,,.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;} oi each . .11 oz.

Spirit oi Blmderena J

Cold Water. 9 oz. Mix.

Tliis dose, from the commencement of treatment, is administered thrice a-dav during the entire course of the disease. When prostration is great, it is sometimes needful to give it from the commencement, and to combine it with any other medicine that may be given. In such cases, the doses may be reduced one third When convalescence is fully established, a simple tonic hastens recovery. I find none so good and safe as cinchona bark. The best quality only should bo used, and given in doses of one ounce and a half of the powder. This tonic in the early period of convalescence is combined with the stimulant, and at a later period with a quart of good sweet ale, given once daily. It is best administered tit night. Two table-spoonfuls of laudanum may be added at any time to any other medicine which the animal is getthur, or given in the food when it becomes requisite to control excessive diarrhoea, or obviate

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straining. With this exception, there are at present no other drugs employed.

quot; Diet,�It should be simple, and, until decided convales�cence, well cooked, and given in small and regulated quantity. I use the following:�1. Full mash. It is composed of�

Four handfids of Bran.

Four haadfola of brewer's Draftquot;.

1nbsp; lb. of PeasemeaL

2nbsp; Hi. of mashed Turnips, vrell boiled.

Not too thick, and given night and morning. At mid-day a drink of gruel is given, made with 2 lbs. of oatmeal, well boiled in six quarts of water. In addition to these, some raw turnip (2 lbs., for example, of greentops), and 1 lb. of hay, may be allowed in small quantities during the twenty-four hours. To allay thirst, three to four quarts of water, previously boiled and allowed to cool, is given in mouthl'uls during the day. This constitutes the full diet of a decided convalescent. Half of this diet is, in most instances, during the acute course of the disease, too much. In all cases the same kind of food and periods of giving it are followed. There are some animals that for a time refuse all food, not excepting gruel. In such cases the gruel is administered by the bottle thrice daily, along with or after the medicine. The animal should get a little mash so soon as it takes it voluntarily. It is often expedient to miss a meal, especially whenever symptoms of an unfavourable indication appear. These are not of unfrcquent occurrence during the course of treatment. Grass is given, and the quantity of hay and turnip increased as there is progress towards more perfect recovery.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^

quot; Symptoms of Convalescence.�The more obvious indications are:�1. Recovery of appetite ; 2. Greater animation ; 3. Ee-

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turn of breathing and |iiilse to their normal condition; 4. In�crease of milk ; 5. Chewing the end. The seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first days are critical periods in the progress of the disease.

quot;Summary of Treatment.�]. The animal is at once taken from its ordinary food and separated from the rest. 2. Placed in a well-aired byre or house free from draughts, and the tempera�ture of which is maintained at 70^J F. or 75deg; F. 3. It is to be well rubbed down, and thoroughly cleaned and covered with a good rug. 4. If there be constipation, begin with laxative and continue night and morning, or, if required, oftener until there is free scouring. 5. Let there bo no delay in giving the stimulant, and. if needful, combine it with the laxative. 6. Defer giving ale and bark until convalescence appears. 7. To obviate strain�ing or excessive purging, two tablespoonfuls of laudanum night and morning may be added to other medicine. 8. Be careful to avoid overfeeding, as an error in diet may prove fatal. 9. See that the cow is well milked night and morning (even when there is no yield), during the course of the disease. 10. All the droppings should bo at once disinfected by solution of chloride of lime, and quickly removed. 11. The affected animals should bo frequently and closely observed, and threat�ening indications treated as they occur.quot;

The Edinburgh Committee on the Cattle Plague having been authorised by the Royal Cattle Plague Commission to make observations and experiments in reference to the prevention and treatment of the disease, considered it desirable, in ad�dition to the experiments on treatment which they proposed to institute themselves, to obtaiu a record of observations and experiments made by as large a number as possible of qualified veterinary practitioners throughout the country. With this

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 121

view, they drew up the following Suggestions for Methods of Treatment of various kinds, Prophylactic and Curative, which they wore anxious should be tested ou an extensive scale:

quot; The Committee before specifying the various methods of treatment in detail, would premise a few general remarks, which they consider to be applicable to all cases.

quot;FlHST, as to G-eneral Sanitary Measures, Disinfection, fyc.� 'J'he Committee content themselves with referring for full in-formation on these matters to the Supplement of the Report of the lioyal Cattle Plague Commission, which is in the hands of all veterinary inspectors.

quot; SECONDLY, as to Food.�The Committee deem it desirable to state it as their opinion that, as a general rule, at all stages of the disease, and whatever treatment is used, food should not be pressed on the affected animal. They believe that too much, even of the softest food, is hurtful, the powers of digestion being so greatly impaired by the disease. During the earlier stages they believe that the safest articles of diet are oatmeal gruel, barleymeal gruel, with linseed tea, hay tea, or bran tea, and that little if any addition to these is needed. Daring con�valescence it is also very necessary that the food should be both sparing and of easy digestion. The same diet as during the earlier stages may be continued, with the addition of mashes of well-boiled turnips or carrots, but in moderate quantity. When rumination commences to be re-established, a handful of sound hay, damped with salt and water, may then be given in addition.

quot; TimtDLY, as to the Maintenance of the Heat of the Animal.� The tendency to chill of the surface is a marked feature of the disease, and it is very essential that the animal should be guarded against cold. The byre should be kept heated up to

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a temperature uf 65 degrees. The animal should be thoroughly rubbed down from time to time, and be kept covered with an ample clean rug fastened on with a roller, or band of any kind.

quot;Fourthly, as to the State of the Bowels.�In the early stages they are apt to be constipated. To remove this condition mild laxatives may be required, but strong purgatives of all kinds are both unnecessary and unsafe. The best laxatives are either raw linseed-oil, in the dose of a chopin-bottleful (an English quart), or from two to three ounces of flowers of sulphur mixed up with two pounds by weight of treacle and two ehopin-bottlefuls of water. These doses may be repeated cautiously according to circumstances. Sometimes even in the early stages, but more frequently when the disease has continued for some days, Diarrhea or Scouring is apt to come on, and to prove irritating and exhausting to the animal. The simplest and bust treatment for this symptom is one ounce of laudanum, mixed with a chopin-bottleful of lime-water, repeated twice or even thrice a day if necessary.

�� Having thus premised these general recommendations, the Committee proceed to state in detail particular methods of treatment, classified under the heads of

a.nbsp; nbsp; dlaphoeetic and stimulant treatment.

13.nbsp; nbsp; Acid Treatment.

0.nbsp; nbsp; Eestorattve Treatment without Deugs.

D.nbsp; nbsp; Peophylactic Teeatment.

quot; A. Diaphoretic and Stimulant.�The Committee are anxious to give a full trial to the method of exciting sweating by means of the Vapour Bath. The method of using tins agent is as fol-

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 123

lows:�The animal is to be placed in a stall enclosed on all sides, the height of the enclosure being a few inches more than that of the animal. Over the top of the box or enclosure thus formed is thrown a tarpaulin which should cover it completely, with the exception that an opening is left in it sufficient for the animal's head to pass through. There is then to be placed on the floor of the enclosure, under the animal, a tub containing boiling water to the depth of half a foot. A continuous evolution of steam is to be maintained for half an hour by means of red-hot bricks thrown into the tub one after another. Under the use of this steam bath, if properly managed, the animal may be expected to become warm and to perspire profusely. After awh. vapour bath the animal should bo washed with tepid water containing M'DougalTs disinfecting soap, taking care to dry it well after the washing. It should then be covered with an ample rug, kept, as already stated, closely applied to its body by means of a roller, or band of any kind. The bath may be repeated either on the same day or following days, according to circumstances. During and after the bath the animal should be allowed a draught of cold water, which helps to promote perspiration. The objects chiefly aimed at by the use of the vapour bath are to promote the circulation at the surface, to relieve the congestion of the mucous membranes, and to elimi�nate the poison from the system. Combined with the vapour bath may be used various other remedies not incompatible with it, but calculated to aid its action.

quot; Several of these remedies the Committee now proceed to mention; it being, however, understood that oidy one of them is to be used along with the bath in each case where the ex�periment is made; they are not to be used together in the same case. 1. Oil of Torpentine.�Tin's may be admiuinistered in doses

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of ibm^- tablespoonluls. well shaken up with a chopin-bottlefol of gruel, and may be given twice a day. This remedy may be expected to act beneficially by its powers of stimulating and of exciting- perspiration. It may probably also, in most cases where it is used, supersede the necessity for giving any laxative medi�cine. 2. Infusion of Coffee.�The method of preparing this remedy is by infusing two ounces of ground roasted coffee for a quarter of an hour in a chopin-bottleful of boiling water. It must, of course, be allowed to cool somewhat before being admin�istered, and may be given in the above quantity every six hours. In addition to its stimulant and nutritive qualities the coffee may act beneficially in consequence of the empyrcumatic oil and caseine which it contains. 3. Carbonate of Ammonia.�This medicine, which lias been found in mauj^T cases to act benefici�ally as a powerful diffusible stimulant, may be administered three times a day, in doses of half an ounce, either alone or preferably combined with three drachms of nitre dissolved in a chopin-bottleful of gruel.

quot; B. Acid Treatment.�This treatment is suggested in conse�quence of the alkaline state of the secretions which is found to exist uniformly in the Cattle Plague. 1. Diluted Muriatic Acid is said to have been successful in Holland. It may be given twice a day in doses of three drachms mixed with a chopin-bottleful of gruel. 2. Vinegar.�This may be used in doses of two ounces mixed with a chopin-bottleful of gruel, and may be given four times a day.

quot; C. Restorative Treatment without Drugs.�This consists in carrying out in full the sanitary instructions of the Eoyal Cattle Plague Commission�in regulating the diet according to the instructions already given�in keeping the animal warm�and in administering two chopin-bottlefuls of good Scotch sweet

TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 125

ale three or four times a day. It is desirable that this system should be carried ovit in a certain proportion of cases, all drugs being rigidly abstained from.

quot;D. Prophylactio Treatment.�The Committee would farther desire to draw attention to the importance of experiments being made as to the efficacy of Prophylactic (protective) treatment either in preventing the development of the disease or modifying the intensity of the symptoms when the disease becomes developed in animals which have been exposed to the infection. In such cases, of course, all the sanitary mea�sures of the Cattle Plague Commission should he strictly carried out. There may also be given at the earliest possible period Prophylactic drugs, of which those most deserving of trial seem to be�1. Sulphite of Soda,* given morning and evening, in doses of one ounce dissolved in a bucketful of water. 2. MXDougall's Solution, of which a wine-glassful in a bucketful of water may be given twice a day. 3. A mixture of half an ounce of Sulphite of Soda and two tablespoonfuls of M'Dougall's Solution in a bucketful of water may be given twice a day.

quot; It would have been easy for the Committee to have given a much longer catalogue of Methods of Treatment, but this would only have been embarrassing to practitioners. In the suggestions made;, they have sought to combine simplicity, safety, and economy. Whatever the result of the experiments may be, all of them may bo easily and cheaply carried out under almost any circumstances. It should be borne in mind.

* The sulphite of soda is a prophylactic, and must not be confounded with sulphate of soda (or Glauber saltlaquo;), which is a purgative, and not a prophy�lactic

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that tlio results of the experiments, whether positive or negative, will be important.

quot;The Committee, in eouelnsion, bog to invite communications as to the results of treatment from practitioners, and are pre�pared to give their best consideration to any plans which may be proposed for experiment.quot;

Prevention- of the Cattle Plague.

There is but one rational and sufficient system whereby the Russian Plague can bo kept in chock. That is. by preventing direct or indirect contact between animals affected with the dis�ease and those that are sound. All else is valueless; this is clearly established if we consider how and why we are losing the homed stock of Great Britain.

We should have prohibited direct importation from Russia.

We should have established foreign stock-markets and slaughter-houses.

We should not have trusted to the insufficient system of inspection at our ports and markets.

The disease should have been recognised earlier.

We should have killed the diseased and infected animals with the greatest determination from the very first.

The Government should have acted promptly, without trusting to the tardy development of public opinion and the hesitating action of country magistrates, mayors, and others entrusted with authority.

Greater reliance should have been placed in veterinary sur�geons, who, knowing the disease and the desperate measures it

PREVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;127

required, could Lave saved the lives of thousands of valuable animals. I did my best on the 29th and 31st of July, 1865, to rouse

the Government to a true sense of our position. I then advo�cated the formation of a national association for the prevention of cattle diseases, of a national insurance fund, and created some astonishment when I said on the 1st of August, that quot; the present calamity will not fall on a class as in the case of the cotton famine. It must affect the nation throughout its length and breadth. It is too late now to avert such a result, and, with a view to enable us to cope with very extraordinary difficulties, there must be a general and extraordinary co-opera�tion amongst the people.quot; I afterwards advocated the conti�nental system, and said, quot;I quite agree with the Austrian veterinarians that to cure is in this case to kill, because so long as sick and convalescent animals are kept about, the danger of propagating the malady is enormous. Kill by all means, and if you can compensate, kill all that has been near a contaminated animal.quot;

A public journal, commenting on my first speech on the Steppe Murrain, wrote, quot; Professor Gamgee detailed the steps which foreign governments had taken, or were taking under the same circumstances. The tirst�about which there can be no hesitation anywhere�is to isolate the infected herds and pastures. This is the only chance at all of dealing with a plague which is incurable when it once appeared. The next point is to make it to the interest of cattle-keepers, when the pest arrives in their yards, to confess the fact, and to destroy the affected beasts. Continental governments endeavoured to ofi'ect this purpose by compensating cattle-owners, but the practice led to great frauds; the graziers made a profit from their stock out of the State

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funds, and the meat market was worse instead of better. The wiser course, and the one most likely to succeed in this country, is that which the sheep farmers adopted in 1862, when variola ovina was so prevalent; clubbing together, they formed a fund to pay for casualties, and thus in three weeks the malady was killed out. We agree with Professor Gamgee that this plan should be pursued at once in ihe present case. The cow-keepers, for their own sake�it would be wasting breath to ask them to do it on any other ground�must form provisional com�mittees, to take steps for isolating the mischief and paying for its suppression. As for the professor's other suggestion, that the country itself should come forward as it did in the cotton famine, that cannot be seriously supported, at least until the purveyors of filthy meat have given very strong proofs indeed that they are ready to devote some of the past profits to keep themselves from ruin and the public from death in the pot!quot;

In reply to the above, I said :�quot; The remark in your leader to-day is calculated to do injury to many who do not deserve any such punishment as the one they are now compelled to bear. It is indeed for the protection of the honest and deserving that every one should come forward now, so as to neutralise the effects of the dealings of those whose conscientious scruples have been of the most flimsy description. Whenever a plague devastates a country, the good are afflicted as seriously as the wicked ; and if the Steppe Murrain be not speedily checked in its progress, the honest artisans and the thrifty housewives of Britain must keenly feel the result.quot;

One of my suggestions was at length adopted. On the first week in August, was issued the subjoined circular, announcing the formation of a National Association for the Prevention of Cattle Diseases:

PKEVENTTON OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 129

National Associationquot; for tiik Prevention of Cattle Diseases.

This Association has been formed for the purpose of adopting measures with reference to outbreaks of disease amongst our domestic animals, watching and advocating the interests of stock-owners and the country at large in connexion with the manifestation of plagues, and providing relief for the sutTerers from such calamities.

With a view to carry out these ohjects, the Committee appeals with con�fidence to all owners of cattle, sheep, and other animals to join the Association and co-operate in the undertaking.

Owing to the recent introduction of the Pussian Cattle Plague, or Steppe Disease, and the rapid extension of the malady since its first appearance, it is of the utmost importance that all persons interested in the health of stock should aid as follows :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;By joining the Society as Members, forwarding their names to the

Secretary of the Association without delay, enclosing the Annual Subscription of One Guinea, and any further donation to the extent they may deem fit.

2.nbsp; nbsp;By supplying early information as to the manifestation of epizootic

disease, and especially of the Russian Cattle Plague, in any district, shed, or farm, with details as to the extent and nature of the out�break.

3.nbsp; Distributing circulars, tracts, or pamphlets, issued by this Association

for the purpose of disseminating knowledge on the subject of the Cattle Plague or other malady.

The Committee trusts that the Office-bearers and Members of Local Agri�cultural Associations throughout the country will exert themselves, and appoint local secretaries for the receipt and transmission of subscriptions in aid of the National Association now formed.

Owing to the great importance of arresting all Cattle diseases, that whole�some food be kept at a price within the reach of the poor inhabitants of densely-peopled cities, the Committee feels that it can, with all justice, appeal to the Corporations in various parts of the united Kingdom to con�tribute in such a way as materially to further the objects of this Association.

From the rapid manner in which the Cattle Plague destroys the cows kept in towns or elsewhere, it is of the greatest moment that farmers, graziers, cow-keepers, and others, whose animals are seized, should communicate as soon as possible with the Society's Secretary. All communications of this description will be regarded as private and confidential, and only to be used for benefit of the persons appealing to the Society for advice and assistance.

Georoe AiiiiiTACiE, Secretary,

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Appended to the above circular, was given the following advice to owners of cattle :

48, Pall Mull, London, S.W., August 3rd, 1865.

From the miiiil spread of tlio Russian Cattle Plague, the Committee of the National Association for the Prevention of Cattle Diseases have requested me to issue such suggestions to Owners of Stuek, as may be of some service under existing circumstances.

It is important at once to state that reports of fresh outhreaks arc reaching us daily ; that persons acquainted with the Cattle Plague, who have visited the Metropolitan Market, have seen animals purchased after having been in close proximity with those diseased; that infected animals have lgt;con freely bought from the dairies or farms where the disease lias appeared, and that some unprincipled dealers are attempting to turn this serious calamity to profit by buying what they know to be contaminated, at a low price, to be sold at the value of sound stock to the unwary. The Association has reason to believe that infected animals have thus been purchased in the Metropolitan Districts, and been transported to country markets and fairs, where they have been sold as healthy stock.

The Purchases of Stock must, therefore, bo conducted with great care; and whereas all dealings should be effected with persons of undoubted respecta�bility, a special warranty, as to the condition of animals bought, should bo obtained. Purchases should be few and far between, and no cattle for feeding or dairy purposes should for the moment be bought in large markets, where foreign or English cattle in a diseased state may be exposed for sale.

Rat.e of Stock.�It is the duty of all persons to protect their neighbours and the country at large from the sale of animals concerning which there may be the slightest suspicion of being affected with the Steppe Murrain. If the officers of this Association arc consulted, arrangements may' bo made for the sale or disposal of cattle. On no account, however, should infected animals be travelled by road, in railway trucks, or steamboats ; and it is best to have them slaughtered at home, or be conducted to slaughterhouses in suitable vans.

Quarantqte.�Newly-bought cattle should be kept separate for a period of not less than ten days, and on no consideration whatever should they be placed amongst stock known to be diseased. As an indication of the great value of this measure, I may be permitted to refer to one of several important cases which have come under my notice. A cow-feeder in Surrey purchased two German or Dutch cows, early in July. lie took them home and placed them in quarantine. Both sickened and died ; but the standing slock of thirty animals still remain in perfect health.

Subdivision of Stock.�It is very desirable to keep stock in small lots, so that, should the Plague attack any single animal, it may be confined to the lot in which that animal may he found. One of the earliest outbreaks of the disease occurred in a shed belonging to a cow-keeper who had his cows scpa-

PREVENTION OF THE CATTLE I'LAGrE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;131

rated in three or four places. Out of 140 animals only 24 were infected, and the disease lias not spread from the single shed in which it was first introduced.

Thk Food on which the cows are fed should be carefully selected, properly stored, and given in sufficient but not immoderate quantity, and with great regularity. Sour grains, bad hay, amp;C., must be carefully avoided.

Management of Stock aftek the Appbaeakob of the Disease.� Whereas it is of great importance to attend to perfect cleanliness and proper ventilation under any circumstances ; it is especially so if the Plague or any such malady enters a stock. The sheds should be flushed with water, and disinfectants most freely used. Scrubbing all wood with hot water and soda, and applying disinfectants, such as chlorinated lime, chloride of zinc, Condy's Fluid, Macdougall's Powder or Solution, are to be specially recommended. Wherever diseased cattle have been purging, all excrement should be removed and the parts thoroughly purilied.

Watchinq tue Fikst Symptoms, which consist in sudden suppression of the milk secretion, loss of appetite, shivering, extended head and drooping ears, hot mouth and red eyes, husky cough, discharge from eyes and nose, with costiveness or diarrhoea, must be regarded as of the highest value. At the early stage the malady is not so infectious as at a later period, and by early removal of the sick the remainder may be preserved.

It is best to err on the safe side, and no animal thus removed should be returned to its place unless on the advice of a competent person acquainted with the nature of the disefise.

I have always found that convalescent animals arc apt to spread disease, from persons erroneously supposing that because an animal is thriving after an attack of illness it can no longer injure its companions.

The Administbation of Toxics in moderation, and especially preparations of iron, maybe recommended for all cattle that have been accidentally sub�jected to the contact of infected animals. All should be done to support the animal's strength, that it may withstand the disorder.

The Tkeatment of sick animals consists in careful nursing, allowing a little meal and water, and using stimulants in moderation and under the guidance of a veterinary surgeon. Hot-water applications to the surface of the belly, and even the use of embrocations, may be advisable.

Persons have recommended the internal use of antiseptics, yeast, carbolic acid, the alkaline permanganates, iodine, and others ; but there is no reason to believe that such measures have proved of any substantial service.

By applying to the Natioxat. Association fob the Prevention of Cattle Diseases, special instructions may be had on points which cannot be referred to in a circular such as the present.

Jons Gamgee,

Veterinary Surgeon to the Association, Princi/pul of the

Albert Veterinary College.

K 2

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In practice the prevention of the Cattle Plague has led to the adoption of various expedients. They are:�#9632;

I.nbsp; Preventing the importation of live stock into any country.

II.nbsp; nbsp;Quarantine.

III.nbsp; Inspection of frontiers, ports, markets, and the country generally.

IV.nbsp; Slaughtering sick and infected animals. Y. Indemnity.

VI.nbsp; nbsp;Insurance�local and general.

VII.nbsp; Stoppage of fairs and markets.

VIII.nbsp; The use of disinfectants.

IX.nbsp; Inoculation.

X.nbsp; Vaccination.

i. preventing the importation of llve stock into any Country.

A peremptory order prohibiting the importation of live stock has often saved countries from the Cattle Plague when it has travelled near them and might easily have been communicated. This interference with foreign trade, however, need only be limited, and is rarely required beyond a brief period. In my opinion cattle should not have been imported into this country direct from Eussiaat any time ; and had it been found necessary to open a trade with that country, a system of quarantine such as the Prussians enforce should have been instituted. The pro�tection of Ireland from the Plague evidently depends upon the restrictions placed on importation of stock. This demonstrates how much can be done by preventing intercourse between a healthy and an infected country.

One question should be solved definitively, and that is, If two

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countries adjoining each other are both infected, should trade be carried on between the two ? I say, decidedly not; and cannot understand why the Dutch trade has been sanctioned up to the present time. No cause has been more active, since the early introduction of the disease amongst us, in aggravating the outbreak and favouring the dissemination of the Plague, than the importation of infected stock from Holland. I have traced many outbreaks to newly imported animals. I have even heard of outbreaks resulting from diseased cattle, which were washed ashore after having been thrown overboard on their way to England, and Professor Simonds stated to the Cattle Plague Commissioners, quot;we have traced several out�breaks in England which were dependent upon the introduction of animals from Holland.quot;

It is contended that our imports of live stock from Holland are too important to be meddled with. Is it not strange, however, that the fact is entirely overlooked that Holland supplies us with only part of the stock embarked at its ports for our shores, and that that country is to a great extent the high road through which the cattle of Central Europe come to us? Why not favour a deviation in the course of trade rather than encourage a means whereby our animals are with all the greater certainty infected and destroyed? The Dutch breed largely to supply our markets, but they also buy; and as no other country has been supplying us with infected herds since the importation of the lievel cargo, we should undoubtedly have either prohibited importation from Holland, or killed all Dutch animals on landimr. If the historical notes in the second part of this work are studied, it must bo apparent to all that one obvious measure of defence has been neglected. The Belgians and French did not keep their ports open when the disease

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hud readied them, but with vigilance and decision at home protected themselves from further invasion from abroad.

EL Q�AKANTINE.

The eonliuement of men and animals within narrow limits on the frontier or ports of landing of any country has not found favour in England. Quarantine regulations relating to humau diseases have so often failed, that many are prejudiced against them. In the case of cattle, however, they have been fouud sufficient to protect countries from plagues; and the reasons why quarantine is more operative in the case of cattle than human disease, are :�

Firstly. That the animals travel in herds at intervals of greater or less length, but always sufficiently to secure a perfect supervision of the traffic.

Secondly. The collateral means by which cattle diseases can he carried are not so numerous as in the case uf human disorders.

Thirdly. It is possible in some cases to maintain without interruption a quarantine system between countries enjoying extensive intercourse from a large cattle traffic.

Fourthly. The epizootics against which quarantine is re�commended are purely contagious, with a definite period of incubation, and well-marked signs at their outset. It is, there�fore, useful for such maladies as small-pox in sheep and the Cattle Plague. Epidemics which have led to the adoption of quarantines from time to time, have been maladies due pro�bably to more than simple contagion, and dependent on local as well as general causes, or on the heat and drought of peculiar seasons, and so forth.

Continental governments and veterinarians recognise that

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the Stoppe M�urain admits of being kept iu check by cpia-rautine, and the Austrians aud Prussians have absolutely en�forced the strict isolation of suspected stock in their eastern frontiers for a period of twenty-one days. At the Veterinary Congresses of 1SG3 and 1SG5, a somewhat general desire, which terminated in a speciiic recommendation, was expressed for shortening the period of quarantine to ten days. The object of thus curtailing the period of isolation was to abolish an illicit trade�the smuggling of cattle, which has been most damaging to the Austrian empire. The Committee appointed to report on this subject at the last Congress agreed on recommending that quarantine should not extend beyond ton days, but only on the following conditions:�

Firstly. When the organization of quarantine establishments is carried out in accordance with the requirements of trade aud the peculiarities of the frontier, special attention being paid to the erectiou of quarantine stalls, with facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water.

Secondly- All animals in quarantine to be watched closely; the inspectors being duly qualified veterinarians.

Thirdly. All animals entering the quarantine sheds to be branded.

Fourthly. All animals to be thoroughly washed and dis-infected before leaving the quarantine.

Fifthly. Returns to be obtained of the cattle in eastern dis�tricts, and their sanitary state regularly investigated by com�petent veterinarians.

Sixthly. A poll-tax to be levied to form a fund for the in�demnity of owners of stock whenever animals in the frontier districts have to be killed, in order to stamp out the liinderpest so soon as it appears.

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Seventhly. A dose inspection of cattle travelling in tiie interior of the country.

The conditions above detailed indicate that the Committee considered the ten days' quarantine insufficient for sure and safe protection without the adoption of special precautions. The object of the Committee, and indeed of the united mem�bers of the Veterinary Congress, was to fix on a uniform system capable of general adoption. Professor Hertwig showed how very differently countries bordering on Eussia dealt with the question. The Prussians always have a twenty days' quaran�tine, except when the disease is near their frontiers, and then importation is strictly prohibited. In Poland fat cattle destined for immediate slaughter have been admitted from Pussia after a quarantine of twenty-four hours to three days; but when the animals were destined for store purposes quarantine extended over twenty-one days. Several eminent veterinary professors have expressed themselves very strongly on the iusufKeiency of a ten days' quarantine; and Professor Jessen, of Dorpat, after proving that the period of incubation of the disease does not extend beyond ten days, stated that the cattle of the steppes might, on entering the quarantine and on leaving, not only after ten but after twenty-one days, appear sound, and yet be suffering from the disease. No man has had greater experience on this subject than Professor Jessen, and, in terms that could not he mistaken, he said at Vienna last August, that, from his observations, '-'steppe cattle may be so mildly affected with Rinderpest that no veterinarian, however great his expe�rience and ability, could recognize it.quot; He added, quarantine never can, therefore, afford entire and perfect protection.

The numerous distilleries in Austria, affording a ready supply of food for cattle, naturally lead to an extensive importation of

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beasts for the eastern provinces of the empire. And, indeed, the cheapness of Eussian stock must always tempt the Austrians to make these purchases. The twenty-one clays' quarantine afforded complete protection to Austria from all the cattle which were subjected to isolation, and from 1850 to 18G3 only one case of Einderpest was reported as connected with a qua�rantine establishment. The Austrian outbreaks which have been numerous, and led to a loss of animals valued at 30,000,000 florins in fourteen years, have been due to smuggled cattle; and that this smuggling has been carried on most extensively is proved by the fact that during the above period 25,000 animals were set down as imported througb the custom-houses of Eastern Galicia, whilst no less than 50,000 head of these cattle had been sold for slaughter in Vienna alone.

The results of my inquiries as to the early and decided ele�vation of temperature in animals sickening with the Einderpest tend to show that the ten days' quarantine would be perfectly safe, if proper arrangements were made in quarantine establish�ments for strict daily thermometric observations. I trust that my professional brethren in Austria, Prussia, Russia, and other countries will contribute information on this branch of the subject, so that some decided conclusions may be arrived at as to the value of this means of recognising the disease.

Any system of quarantine established in an island such as our own, can be most effectually carried out; and, whilst we must admit the force of Jessen's objections, it is evident that for Russian cattle quarantine would be preferable to trusting to that system of inspection which did not prevent the introduction of the disease into this country in May, 18G5.

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111. Inspection of Frontiers, Ports, Makkets, and the Country generally.

No system of Cattle Disease prevention can be carried on witliout inspectors, and the great point to attend to is, that those intrusted with the arduous and difficult duties of inspection should be properly qualified veterinarians. Not only, however, should inspectors be skilled and lit for the task imposed on them, but they should be asked to do what is possible and of service� not, as is too often the case, that which it is beyond their power to accomplish. The system of inspection at our ports has always proved insufficient to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases Irom the continent,; some different and more effectual jdan is, therefore, urgently desired. The Austrians indicate how inspectors may prove of service on the frontier of any country, similarly situated to their own. We must have officers at our ports, able to examine stock, and to superintend their isolation or slaughter, in connection either with a quarantine system or with foreign stock markets and slaughter-houses. I have, however, seeu too much of inspection at ports to warrant me iu recommending that full reliance should ever be placed in it, to prevent the introduction of foreign diseases. I wish I were in a position to say that one or more skilful veteri�narians could afford us protection. Apart, however, from the fact that it is not possible to declare, on the simple inspection of a cargo of cattle, that it is absolutely sound, it is impos�sible to secure for many ports a staff of men absolutely proof against bribery, and not chargeable with negligence. We must adopt a system of protection from foreign plagues which will work surely and constantly, and not depend for its efficacy on tiie honesty, industry, and professional skill of any man, or

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liody of men. I make these remarks with all deference to 1 hose who now hold the posts of inspectors at our ports.

Inspectors of markets, fairs, farms, town-dairies, amp;c., are essential in order to note the progress of disease, report on outbreaks, and see to the carrying out of preveutive measures. These inspectors are always needed. Had this system of inspec�tion been in force before the Cattle Plague appeared, wo should have known more of the disease when it first broke out. The false policy of economising a comparatively small animal sum which should be devoted to a rational system of veterinary inspection throughout the country must therefore be apparent. Continental States recognise the value of having veterinary inspectors in nil parts of their dominions, ready for any emer�gency which may arise. Indeed, it is for the furtherance of such a system that large sums arc annually expended by foreign governments for the maintenance of Veterinary⁷ Colleges.

Custom-house regulations arc necessary when the Russian Plague prevails in a neighbouring country, to prevent the introduction of the raw produce of diseased animals. In the Austrian regulations are the following instructions:�

quot; As not only the diseased animals themselves are the bearers of the malady, but also their horns, skins, hoofs, fat, and ilesh, amp;c., bear within themselves the infectious stuff of the disease, particular attention is therefore, to be directed to these animal productions at their importation from the above countries, and namely:

quot; (a) Skins may only be imported when perfectly dry and hard. Fresh skins are only allowed to pass the frontier alter having undergone the process of dis-infection by the vapours of sulphurous acid.

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quot; (b) Horns and hoofs must be immersed for twelve hours in salt-water (10 lbs. of rock-salt to one pail of water), must be frequently stirred and dried, while the tips of horns must be well washed with salt�water and well dried only.

'� ((,') Melted fat or grease can only be admitted in casks; the melted tallow in abundant wrappings, can only be admitted after these coverings have been de�stroyed or cleansed on the frontier.

quot; (tZ) Unmelted tallow and raw meat are to be refused entrance.

quot; If the malady prevails extensively in the neighbouring foreign states, the authorities may for the time being prohibit the importation of cattle generally, and in fact of all productions coming from the infected places.

quot; Should the Plague break out in districts close to the frontier, all sorts of sheep, goats, and swine are not to be admitted, and particular attention is to be paid to dogs and fowls which frequently carry about the disease, and it is de�sirable to check as much as possible their wandering about; this especially applies to dogs. Persons coming from infected places, as also cattle-dealers, butchers, tanners, amp;^rc., are to be refused entrance, or must undergo the usual quarantine process, while all intercourse is strictly prohibited with the infected place itself.quot;

IV. Slaugiiteeing Sick and Infected Animals.

Wherever the Steppe Murrain appears it is, as a rule, prudent and wise to kill at once all affected and infected animals; none should be slaughtered but those which there is reason to believe

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have been infected. This effectual method of stamping out the disease, which has been recommended by myself and other professors of veterinary science, must not be confounded with what is termed quot; indiscriminate slaughter quot; by those who adopt an opposite view. By such men reverting to the pole-axe is considered barbarous, unscientific, and unworthy of the time and the country we live in. I take a different view of this question. What does science teach us? In the first place. That the Cattle Plague virus is subtle, deadly in its effects, and capable of rapid production and dissemination. We must not, then, wait to counteract it till it reaches and enters the systems of susceptible animals; but we must annihilate it wherever it can be traced. A lengthened and close experience has led me to this conclusion: that the only sure and certain way to annihilate this virus is to destroy the animals which by their sickness indicate its presence, or by their associations afford certain proof that they are passing through the period of incubation of the Rinderpest. In the second place, science teaches us, that the cause�contagion�having been traced, the most rational, and most scientific plan of preventing the disease is to render its transmission unlikely or impossible. It is not expedient nor economical to adopt any other method of prevention when the Cattle Plague enters a country such as England, except that of extinguishing all centres of infection with promptitude and determination. From every point of view, that which is best is always the most scientific. Abroad it is enacted that no animals suffering from the Cattle Plague shall be submitted to medical treatment. Thus, in Prussia, not only is the treatment of diseased cattle strictly forbidden, but the same order holds good for recommending and publicly advertising remedies.

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There arc those who argue that slatitrhterinor is oulv aihnis-sible on the first appearance of the disease; und that such a course would have been prudent in August, 1805, but it is not proper now. They consider the disease so widespread that to ef�fectually carry out such a system, the entire stock of the country would have to be destroyed, and they prefer trusting to an impossibility�the eradication of the malady by doing away entirely with the cattle traffic of the country.

I hold that it is best to spend at once four or five hundred thousand pounds, or more if required, in order to kill out the disease, than permit it to increase at its present rate. Every week delayed, increases the loss by upwards of one hundred thousand pounds, and this sum will go on augmenting, until we shall inevitably lose many millions sterling. The Privy Council returns indicate that the number of animals attacked weekly does not yet amount to ten thousand. The area of unin-fected country is, therefore, still large. I consider it quite possible to clear out every trace of disease in two months. My advice is to prohibit, under a heavy penalty, all attempts to treat the malady. Adopt cither a system of Government indemnity or insurance, and insist on the instant slaughter of all sick and infected animals. Nothing short of the most ener�getic and determined measures will preserve the remnant of our valuable breeding stock.

As it is, what is the result of not hilling the animals ? They die to the extent of 90 per cent, or thereby wherever an out�break occurs. What is the saving of 10 per cent, on the hundred and ten thousand attached now, to the hundreds of thousands doomed to slower and more painful death hereafter, if the right and only effectual method of eradicating the disease is not at once enforced? Economy, humanity, the very exist-

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ence of our British breeds of cattle, should impel us to dis-coimtenance orthodox and heterodox dispensers of draughts, baths, aud disinfectants, and to resort without further delay to the stamping-out system.

Y. IXDEMNITY.

The bare idea of imlemniiying owners of stock was scouted when first hinted at on the nature of the outbreak being recognised. It is now in favour in many quarters, and there are even those who believe that Parliament will vote a sum to compensate persons whose animals have been slaughtered by order of the inspectors before the issue of the consolidated Order of the Privy Council. Lord Winchilsea addressed a letter to Thamp; Times on the ISth of October, which was written in that nobleman's usual forcible style. He concludes:�quot; Were some large cotton or other manufactory employing hundreds of workmen suddenly to develope cholera, and were an Order in Council to be issued thereupon, connnanding the building to be razed to the ground and the machinery burnt, without indemnity to the owner, I would gladly be informed of the nature and extent of the outcry that would follow; the '1 Slack Country' would go into permanent rebellion; and yet such a proceeding would neither be more unjust nor more ridiculous than the issuing an order commanding the destruction of infected cattle, on public grounds, without an indemnity to the owner. Let the authorities carry out free trade in its entirety; by which I understand the full and indefeasible right of any one possessing a diseased cow to take it to market and sell it for anything it will fetch; or else, if prudence and precaution oblige them to act otherwise, let them compound with the owner, and come to

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tei-ms upon which they may become entitled to the beast, and slaughter it in the common interest. Upon such terms, and upon none other, is the public entitled to take cattle. If they do not pay, they steal; and if they steal, they break the Commandments, which exist de se and per se, and are good against one or a thousand, a pickpocket or Great Britain.quot;

Mr, Algernon Clarke, writing in November, thought that the time was long past when there existed any chance of quot; stamping outquot; the Plague, but he called on the country to pay for what it killed, and said, quot; I make no appeal to national charity for my kine that may fall before the destroying angel, but I claim full repayment for every head of my stock that may be wantonly killed by Government order for the presumed good of the nation.quot; Mr. Howard, of Bedford, an eminent agriculturist and breeder of stock, in an admirable address to the Central Farmers' Club, urged this question of compensation on Go�vernment, and quot; A quot;Warwickshire Farmer,quot; taking up the subject in The Gardener's Chronicle, contended quot;that had the Privy Council when passing the law for wholesale destruction, at the same time announced their determination to give a certain compensation (the higher the better, as being more effectual), the disease would ere this have been almost if not quite extirpated, for then the owner of any diseased beast, finding the Government almost as good purchasers as any private individual, would not have run the risk of incurring the penalty for selling from a herd already infected, and which penalty even merciful magistrates could then have found no plea for evading. Had this course been adopted at first, how much suffering would it not have saved, and how many thou�sands of beasts spared for the use of the community at large; for it is by no means a fanner's question only, but a thoroughly

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national one.quot; Mr. Wooler and others well known in the matter of agricnltnral science, also took up the subject, and their arguments tended to show that I was not wrong in strenuously advocating a system of indemnity, so that we might be enabled more speedily and completely to stamp out the disease.

It appears to me, however, that it would be more in accord�ance with the feelings of the country if we developed a national insurance system; and this leads mo to the sixth subject under the head of preventive measures.

VI. Insurance�Local and General.

The Insurance of live stock against disease was unknown in this country prior to the introduction of foreign maladies. In my Report to the Privy Council on quot; Cattle Diseases in Relation to the Supply of Meat and Milk,quot; I furnished some startling facts and statistics on the subject of Cattle Insurance, and proved that Companies of all kinds established on the mutual, or on the proprietary system, had failed ; the only exception to this rule was furnished by certain small cow clubs, especially in healthy districts of the country, where farm servants insure their cows on the mutual system. Knowing what I did of the value of Cattle Insurance when disease made its appearance, I insisted from the hist night that I lectured on the Cattle Plague in London, on the importance of a national system�a compulsory one if possible�but at all events one backed by Government, so as to inspire the confidence of farmers through-' out the country, and induce healthy districts to share the loss with the infected ones.

The movement in Norfolk induced farmers in many other parts of the country to form local associations, which, however,

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as I anticipated, failed to fulfil the purpose for which they were established. Mr. Howard, of Bedford, alluding to this subject in an address to the Central Farmers' Club, said, quot;Praise�worthy efforts have been made in most counties, by owners of stock banding themselves together to indemnify each other against apprehended losses. It appears, however, from inquiries I have made upon the subject, that with two exceptions only, viz., Banbury and Hertford, these associations have not been formed upon a legal basis: this is an important matter. Mr. Tidd Pratt, an eminent authority upou such matters, informs me that to render any assurance association legal, it must be registered under the Joint Stock Companies' Act of 1862; and unless this is done, proceedings cannot be taken against members for the recovery of the amounts due from them. And what is perhaps of more importance, there is no limit to the liability incurred by individual members. The principles upon which these associations are established are as numerous almost as the counties in which they are in action. If they are to gain a permanent and successful footing, it strikes me they must, like fire insurance offices, be few in number, and embrace all diseases.quot;

A letter appeared in The Scotsman of the 7th October, I860, signed quot; No Procurator,quot; referring to the legality of the pro�ceedings of local associations, in which it is said that quot; it would appear that an Act, which has scarcely had time to become generally known, bears directly on this new kind of insurance. It is an old law of George III., remoulded in the Gladstone cast, and dated so recently as iJth July, 1865, 28th and 29th Viet., cap. 91). The best way to explain it will be to quote that part of it relating to the matter in hand; and any person wishing to prosecute his information further will get the whole

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Act for sixpence:�'There shall he charged and paid for upon any policy of insurance, whereby any lawful insurance not chargeable with stamp-duty�as life assurance, Are assurance, or sea insurance�shall he made upon any property or interest whatever from loss or damage of any kind .... or whereby any sum of money shall be assured or agreed to be paid as for loss or damage arising from or consequent upon the happening of any accident, the following duties (that is to say):�If the premium or consideration for such assurance shall not exceed 2*'. 6d., one penny; and if the sum shall exceed 2laquo;. Gd., and shall not exceed 5a., 3d.; and if the sum shall exceed 5s., then for every 5s., and also for any fractional part, 3a!. And where such assurance as aforesaid shall be made on such terras or conditions that the rates of duty aforesaid cannot bo applied to the same or the policy charged therewith, then, and in lieu of the foregoing rates of duty, there shall be charged and paid upon such policy, in respect of the amount insured, the same rate of stamp-duty as is now chargeable by law on a policy of life assurance.' Clause 13 imposes heavy penalties on any evasion of the law.quot;

A proposal was made by quot;A Practical Farmer,quot; in The Mark Lane Express to the effect that Government should share the losses sustained throughout the country with the local associations. He wrote: quot; The associations shall be responsible, and pay one third of the amount of established claims, and the Government two thirds. I name this proportion as being fair, owing to the expenses attendant upon keeping open these associations. One great advantage attending this organization would be the virtual legalisation of these societies. Of course, if members are only to be compensated through their operations, every member will strive to keep upon correct and prompt

L 2

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terms with them; and these societies, on the other hand, will take care not to prefer claims till all their demands are met satisfactorily. It would wonderfully conduce to the independ�ence of these associations. I am convinced that sooner or later Government must render very considerable help, and the sooner the better, lest these associations should flag and dissolve.quot;

Sir James 1'. Kay Shuttleworth addressed a letter to The Times which appeared on the 5th October, 1865, in which he advocated a national insurance system. A letter coming from such a'source should command great attention, I therefore do not hesitate to reproduce it in extenso. Sir James said :�

The spread of the Cattle Plague presents a new problem to that system of personal liberty and sell-government to which we are attached. Arbitrary governments, possibly with the advice of men of great experience and scientific knowledge, have acted on their conceptions of the origin and mode in which the disorder is propagated; have prohibited importation ; prevented all markets and fairs; isolated infected farms from all intercouTse of man or beast; slaughtered all cattle that sickened; and paid an indemnity to the owner. In this country the interference of the Government is limited by the maxims and practice of our free constitution. Here we discuss in the public journals all the scientific questions of the origin of the disease; its character; whether it is simply contagious ; by what moans the contagion spreads, and what are the conditions which promote its diffusion ; what animals are susceptible of its attacks : whether the disorder undergoes any, and if so, what modifications in sheep or swine; the utility of inoculation ; the establishment of cattle hospitals for its treatment and the best remedial measures. The people will be quite as responsible as the Government, if, in the unrestricted freedom of our discussions, we either allow the time for effectual action in the suppression of the Plague to pass, or impair the vigour of our efforts to limit its diffusion. If the progress of the disease cannot he arrested, measures ought to he adopted to prevent tire burthen of a national calamity from being borne by only a part of the people at the cost of their ruin. Those who are familiar with the modes of thought: and habits of small farmers in remote districts must be aware of the necessity of simplicity in instructions as to all sanitary and preventive measures. As in a free country the Government mainly relics on the intelligence, activity, and energy of the people voluntarily to adopt and carry into execution whatever measures are necessary for their protection in such emergencies, it seems indispensable that the landlords should intervene on estates divided into small farms�should take care that every tenant is well

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informed as to all the orders and suggestions of the Privy Council, and on matters on which no instructions have been issued, should lend the aid of whatever information they can obtain. Thus the knowledge of an educated class may be made useful to one which derives little information from reading. The iiitervention of the landlords will be most influential wherever they offer to their tenants to pay one-third or one-half of the instalments required in a system of mutal insurance. Without such assistance and the exertion of the influence of the proprietor, a large class of the smaller tenants will enter no association. Yet, as a large part of the losses of tenants will have to bo deducted from rents, the landlord is almost as much interested as the tenant in the diffusion of the burthen of the loss by a system of insurance. The Privy Council have hitherto issued no suggestions as to the principles on which societies for mutual protection against losses from the Cattle Plague should be founded. These principles do not appear to be self-evident, for such associations are in course of formation on plans so different, that it is clear that many will issue only in disappointment and confusion, while others will fail to attract confidence and support. With the hope of contributing something towards the removal of the mists with which the questions connected with the organi�sation of such associations appears to bo covered, I hope I may not ho regarded as presumptuous if I strive to point out what are some of the principles, and the arrangements flowing from them, which have to be defined. The Cattle Plague Societies are commonly called Insurance Associations. This is a dangerous name. It is more or less founded on the presumption that, even with respect to the ordinary diseases of cattle, the amount of risk has been ascertained against which an insurance has to he effected. The limit of the rate of payment in most Cattle Societies, as an insurance for ordinary risks, has been settled on the presumption that those risks do not exceed two-and-a-half per cent, on the indemnity. Thus taking the average indemnity at 10?., 1 am informed that most of these societies limit the contributions of their members to five shillings on each head of stock insured; but owing to this limit and to imperfect management, many such associations have hecomo bankrupt. If the amount of risk arising from the ordinary diseases of cattle has not been ascertained, much less has it hitherto been possible to define the risk of the Cattle Plague. Whatever shall prove to be the mortality from the Plague in the whole country, the losses in different counties or unions will bo very various. It is therefore clear that an average risk founded on the mortality of Great Britain, if it could be foreseen, would not he applicable to regulate the payments to an insurance fund limited to any smaller area. Such an average would be as much below the losses of some counties or unions as it would bo above those of others. Yet an approximation to the mortality likely to occur in the whole country might be arrived at by a careful comparison made by experts of the rate of mortality which lias occurred in other countries, and especially in those most resembling England. A Cattle Insurance Society for the whole country could only be founded upon some such data affording

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presumptive evidence of an average amount of risk. Is there any probability that any private society could inspire sufllcient confidence', or that anything short of the foundation of a National Insurance Society by the Government would succeed? Thus, if for the sake ofa basis of calculation, I assume that the whole mortality during the continuance of tlie Cattle Plague is likely to be one-fourth of the stock of Great Britain, and if Air. Henley's estimate that we have eight millions of neat stock be correct, the deatli of two millions of stock would involve a loss to farmers of at least twenty milliona of money. The premium of the insurance for eight millions of cattle would have to be calcu�lated for the whole duration of the Plague, and if the indemnity were estimated at two-thirds of the value, more than thirteen millions of money would have to be subscribed to meet it. Insurers would have to make an average payment of nearly 1?. 13s. on every head of neat stock insured; but if the insurance were undertaken by the Government on a national basis, the whole charge might be spread over five or ten years, and paid either ratably on the heads of stock insured, or on the assessment, or otherwise; and any surplus fund might, on the cessation of the Plague, be in like manner redistributed. For the sake of simplicity, I exclude the consideration of the insurance of sheep and swine. It is also clear that on such a basis the rate of insurance for one year, or per annum, might bo determined with an approximation to accuracy ; and farmers would probably prefer to insure upon an annual rate rather than to enter into an engagement for five or ten years. But wo may conceive that in some counties or unions the mortality might be greatly in excess of one-fourth, and if the plan of a National Insurance be not adopted, a proportionate payment would be required from insurers in such districts which would not be needed in a National Association. Hence, in the formation of local societies, arise difficulties in settling the terms of insurance. Sometimes it is not perceived that the amount of risk has not been ascertained, and then only a definite amount of payment is required, often at a low rate, on the presumption' that it will be sufficient, In other associations, the maximum of the cumulative payments which each member engages to make is fixed, on the presumption that five or ten per cent, on the average value of the stock will suffice. In one association I observe that fifteen per cent, on this value has been adopted as the limit. It is clear that these several limits of liability are founded on no ascertained facts, even as to a general average of mortality likely to affect Great Britain, much less would they cover any instance of exceptionally great mortality. Wherever the stipulated payments do not cover the losses of the insurer last stricken, the association Las foiled to do justice. It is obvious that many of these associations are founded on illusory hopes of such justice, and that, on the contrary, many persons who have paid every instalment of the calls will have to boar their own losses, unaided by the association, because its funds will have been exhausted. Thus the extension of the system of mutual protection against losses from the Cattle Blague, is hindered by the natural hesitation of farmers to agree to an unlimited liability to meet the indemnities

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promised by tlio association to ail its members who sustain losses ; or on the other hand, whore the liability is limited, by the apprehension that the Society may afford no effectual protection to those who last sustain loss. These diffi�culties would obviously be diminished in proportion as an approximation could be made to an estimate of an average loss, likely to occur in Great Britain, and the consequent settlement of the liability to calls on that average. But though the obstacles to the formation of societies might be thus reduced, their power to meet claims in counties or unions where an exceptionally great mortality occurred would still fail. In the absence of a National Association, the society for mutual protection in one county or union would be bankrupt before half the mortality had occurred in the insured stock of its members ; while in another county or union the assigned limits of the calls might ho far from being reached. Another obstacle to the progress of mutual protection societies, is the reluctance of small farmers to sign any contract deed, or even any document binding them to fulfil the conditions of the association. In lieu of this, some societies, composed of opulent and intelligent farmers with exten�sive arable culture, have agreed that fifty per cent, of the indemnity of two-thirds of the value of the stock which have perished by the Plague, shall be retained, to meet the future calls of the association. Where the farms arc small and the farmers poor, the whole idenmity is indispensable to the fanner, to enable him to purchase fresh stock. Consequently, societies composed mainly of small dairy farmers decline the suggestion of any such society for the payment of future instalments, or limit it to ten per cent, on the indemnity. Moreover, these societies are often founded on the misconception that they are identical with insurance associations with an ascertained risk, and that one rate of payment can equitably, to other members, insure a farmer against cumulative casualties. Thus, if a fanner have twenty head of stock, and pay the successive calls on this twenty, he may lose them all, and it is conceived in some societies to be equitable to other members of the association, that he should receive the indemnity not only on this twenty, but as often as ho shall encounter any further Casualty, even if he lose his whole stock a second or a third time, without any increase of the rate of instalments to be required from him at any stage of those successive losses. The extension of the Cattle Plague to sheep also raises questions as to the facility of its communication to them, and the rate of its diffusion and mortality, on which no sufficient information is generally possessed. Yet without sound data it is impossible to settle the conditions on which sheep can be admitted as subjects of indemnity in existing societies, nor can separate associations be safely founded on entirely unknown risks. 1 might almost indefinitely extend the enumeration of the difficulties attending the foundation and management of these societies. It will be clear to proprietors, that, however ably the principles of such associations will bo discussed and settled by the opulent and intelligent fanners of such counties as Norfolk and Bedfordshire, there is little hope of making some of those principles oven intelligible to the small farmers of remote districts. Moreover the most

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intelligent farmers would obviously prefer a National Association, founded on an approximation to the probable mortality of the whole of Great Britain, ami managed. by some responsible public authority, such as a Government com�mission, than a society which would have to encounter the risk of a mortality which might greatly exceed the average. The farmer's indisposition to report cases of Cattle, Plague will 1m proportionate to his apprehensions of loss, for he will have an eager desire to disperse the rest of his stock during the period of incubation, lest he should either be required to kill them without compensation, or to incur the loss consequent on sending their carcases to market from a herd affected by disease. A National Insurance which covered both of these degrees of loss by that proportion of compensation which might be deemed expedient, would add greatly to the efficiency of all public measures intended to limit the diffusion of the disease by giving a premium on the immediate publicity of every case occurring among insured stock. On the other hand, by limiting the indemnity to two-thirds of the loss, temptations to a waut of vigilance, or to a shortsighted selfishness in speculating on various forms of risk with respect to the disease, would lose a great part, if not the whole of their force. Tho Government has, with great advantage to the public, founded tho Post Office Savings' Banks, and more recently a system of annuities and other deferred payments based on tho general principles of life assurance. If the agricultural community is to he organised to meet the imminent national calamity of the Cattle Plague by a system of independent mutual protection, I conceive this can only he effectually done by the aid of the Government exerted in some way similar to its interference in the two instances which I have cited. I need not enter into any details further than to remark that in the district inspectors appointed under the Orders in Council, the Inland Revenue officers, and the Post Office, a staff exists which, with district committees of lauded proprietors and farmers, and an appeal to the magistrates in petty sessions, might efficiently work a National System of Insurance.

I feel convinced that a national system of cattle insurance under Government control is an essential and fundamental element in any method of dealing- with the prevention of Cattle Disease in this country. Its advantages may be stated as : �

Firstly. Enabling us at all times and under all circum�stances to know where and to what extent cattle diseases were prevailing.

Secondly. Affording an opportunity of applying the resources of science to the early prevention of such diseases.

Thirdly. Encouraging the breeders and feeders of stock,

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enhancing the value of laud in many parts of the country where rents are kept low from the losses farmers sustain by disease, and affording the country a guarantee that everything was being done that could be done to enhance the production of stock at home, and make us independent of foreign importations.

Fourthly. Introducing a constitutional system adapted to this free country, #9632;whereby the Government would be empowered to deal promptly and unhesitatingly on the recurrence of any such emergency as that experienced on the first appearance of Russian Murrain in 180.3.

The objections to it are :�a. That we cannot at once estimate the losses to be incurred, and hence that a tentative system must first be introduced; h. That the Government of this country cannot adopt a compulsory system, which is essential to the great prosperity of such an institution ; c. That the public funds cannot be touched to guarantee any section of the community against trade losses, which should be met in the ordinary way in which losses are usually provided for by other classes; d. That it would create a new Governmental department, and add considerably to the duties imposed on the already overworked Ministers of State.

Confident of the inestimable benefits to be derived from a national system of live stock insurance in this country, I trust to be enabled to silence objectors.

FirstI//, as to estimating the losses zvhicli ive are likely to sustain. �As we shall only know the exact epiantity of stock in this country three or four months hence, we can only calculate percentages, and approximatively estimate the sums of money^rinvolved in this insurance system. The amount of horned stock which we have some reason to suppose must exist in the United Kingdom is as follows:�

-#9632;^^^^^^^^^^^^#9632;#9632;w

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England and Wales (estimated in 1S�4) . 3,422,165 Scotland (statistical retains for 1857) . . 974,437 Irelandnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 3,498,414

7,890,01(1

We may in round numbers accept the total at 8,000,000 head of cattle. An extensive collection of insurance statistics extant, though not published, and a great part of which I have personally investigated, proves that a near approximation of value of this stock is 10?. per head, and that the value of stock lost�-which, for reasons admitting of easy explanation, is always the best�amounts to 11Z. lUs. per animal.

Prior to 1842 the average mortality of the United Kingdom probably never exceeded 2i per cent. After the introduction of the Lung Disease the rate of loss rose to 4^,915 per cent, in Scotland, 5 per cent, in England, and upwards of 7 per cent. in Ireland. Cattle Insurance Companies thought twenty years ago that 31th per cent, would cover all losses, whereas they eventually exacted in premiums double that amount, and then failed. This is to be ascribed to two circumstances�first, that the area of insurance was limited ; and second, that no pre�ventive measures were or could be enforced by them. It is essential to success in live stock insurance that the larger part of the horned stock of the country slionld be insured, and that as diseases arise they should be combated. Veterinary science is now in a position to guarantee the prevention of many fatal diseases, and this is all that is needed to render success in cattle insurance a positive certainty. Thus we find that the extraordinary mortality amongst cattle in this country has been due to forms of anthrax, which always admit of certain prevention. I never yet failed either completely to prevent or to arrest an outbreak of black quarter and other

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anthracic disorders in districts most infected by tliem. In many parts of Ireland, and indeed even in some parts of Great Britain, nearly 50 per cent, of the calves that are born die of diarrlioea. This is in a large measure attributable to im�proper management, and irregularities of diet, both of which can be easily guarded against. Since 18-12 hall' our total loss amongst stock can be traced to Pleuro-pneumonia. No disease admits of more certain prevention than this by inoculation, and the Dutch long since inaugurated a successful system of insuring the cattle of those only who would adopt that and other preventive measures. Itquot;, therefore, the loss in this country amounted on an average to 5i per cent., I am confident that the proper and energetic enforcement of preventive mea�sures, coupled with insurance, would reduce it at least to -1 per cent.

We must now consider what is the loss to be expected from the ravages of the Rinderpest. If unchecked, this disease must carry off at least half a million of stock in 1S66. Circum�stances must be highly favourable to the segregation of herd from herd if this estimate be above the mark. If the rate of increase in the number of cases for the month of January, 1SCG be kept up, we may expect 20,01)0 animals seized per week in subsequent months. As the stock of the country gets thinned, however, the rate of increase must diminish. A fourth of the stock of this country must ultimately go. if another year of hesitation and blunder similar to our experience of the past six months be allowed to pass away. Not accepting the return of the Privy Council as accurate, and believing that if the stock of this country had been insured, we should have had to pay for at least 100,000 animals already it would appear that in six months�as the losses were trilling in June, 1865�

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we liave lost by Rinderpest alono at the rate of 2^ per cent, per annum of tlie total stock of the land. This loss has been in�curred when the disease has been permitted to rage, so that its victims have numerically increased with great rapidity. I pro�pose that we should adopt a system whereby the victims may diminish in a similar ratio, and indeed I believe much more rapidly, so that 2^ per cent, per annum on the value of our stock would still afford sufficient money to enable us to exter�minate the Cattle Plague.

In the steppes of Hungary the Cattle Plague has greater chances of spreading than in any other part of Europe�Eussia, Holland, and England excepted. There, the annual loss on the total stock has not exceeded of late years 5 per cent, per annum. This is of course due to preventive measures.

Thus the rate at which at first sight wo should have insured the horned stock of this country, had we commenced on the 1st of January, lSG(i, would have been4 per cent, for the ordi�nary mortality of the country, and 21- per cent, for the Cattle Plague if the stamping-out system had been followed out. In reality, however, the premium need not have been C-^- per cent., as the destruction by the Cattle Plague reduces the number of victims by Pleuro-piieumonia and other diseases ; and after mature thought and calculation I believe that, coupled with sound disease preventive measures, 5 per cent, quot;would still meet our losses. It is, however, essential that the entire value of the lost cattle should at no time be repaid. A rate of 5 per cent, over the country, and insurers receiving three-fourths of the insured value of the animals, would meet the whole. This is equivalent to more than 6 per cent., and indeed to 7 per cent, if the salvages were retained in the shape of hides, bones. amp;c.. of the animals that died or were slaughtered. In connection

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with the stamping-out system tlio salvages would bo enormous, as the stock slaughtered which liad simply been in direct com-muuication with the diseased animals, would realise a good price iu the dead-meat markets.

I could add many calculations to the foregoing, but for the sake of simplicity, I prefer sketching a plan which has long siuce been matured by me for such an emergency as the pre�sent. I am satisfied that the Government could inaugurate a system of cattle insurance which would prove of inestimable value to the nation.

Secondly, the objections to a compidso?-?/ system in a free country. �Those I consider fall to the ground when the great benefits to be derived by protection to the property of individuals, of the farming community, and of the country at large, are con�sidered. The system might be made compulsory to this extent, that whenever contagious disease appeared amongst uninsured cattle, so as to endanger the live stock of the country, tho uninsured animals would then and there be confiscated and dealt with as circumstances demanded.

Thirdly, as to the objections of making the imhlic funds re�sponsible for any extraordinary loss, I have simply to state that the country could not and ought not to grudge a few hundred thousand pounds for the protection of its most valuable animals which are so essential to our prosperity and^-comfort. I contend, however, that such a system of national insurance would not be a burden but a source of safety to the country at large.

Fourthly, and lastly, as to the additional labour lohich would devolve on Qovernmcnt, it is evident that if the country is pre�pared to pay for such a system, the brains to devise and the hands to carry out can be found. I trust that in course of time the necessity of having a responsible Minister of Agriculture

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connoetod with Government will be rocognisec!. Apart from this, however. Her Majesty's Privy Council might add one more to its several departments, and none I am sure would be more' popular nor more useful tlian that of Agriculture.

Since the foregoing observations have been in type some pro�gress lias been made towards solving the problem of cattle insurance for the extermination of the Plague. On the 26th of December Mr. Gladstone published, in a letter to Sir T. D. Lloyd, the following reasons against a Government cattle insurance system :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;The difficulty, and not the difficulty only, but tbe impossibility of pre�venting carelessness, waste, and fraud of every kind, from the first moment it should become known that the ultimate responsibility (beyond a fixed limit, which would at once bo found a very, very narrow one) lay with the public purse.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The fact that in a number of cases particular districts and landlords have already made their own arrangements, which must have been acted upon. Were Government to move into the field, these good examples would bo neutralised, and those who have met their own losses would be called as lax-payers to assist in meeting the losses of other people, too.

3.nbsp; nbsp;If it shall appear, as is probable, that it is to prevention rather than cure or compensation that we must chiefly look, under Providence, for the mitiga�tion of the calamity, nothing could be so unfortunate as a measure like a State guarantee, which, by relaxing vigilance and the ingenuity of self-interest, would tend to take the minds of men off a subject obviously of the greatest moment, and, as clearly, not yet sounded to the bottom. This objection does not apply to plans of a voluntary nature, where every man would be checked by his neighbours, and each scheme would have its proper adjustments.

4.nbsp; If the Cattle Plague should not extend itself on a large scale, and so the losses of a severe character should be confined to a small fraction of the farming class, there seems an obvious impropriety in relieving landlords, neighbours, and rateable property from the duty of assisting, so far as assist�ance is necessary, those on whom the blow has fallen. And the precedent would be an evil one.

5.nbsp; But if, on the other hand, the disease should extend very widely, the result must inevitably be felt iu a much augmented price of meat. The con�sumer would then, probably, taking the country all over, pay the same or a larger aggregate amount of money for a greatly diminished quantity. All

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those who were not smitten in their own cattle would thus [irofit largely by the disease as producers, while as consumers they would only suffer in common with the community at Large. How then could the community he asked to pay twice, first for their meat in extra price, and, secondly, for the cattle lost; while landlords and cultivators of the soil would, probably, as a class, have their loss (as in a bad corn year) countervailed by a corresponding or greater benefit ?

Subjoined is a second letter from the Chancellor of the Ex�chequer, to Mr. Ayliff of Holbeaeli, relating to the proposal for insurance which was urged on Mr. Waddington by the deputa�tion of South Lincolnshire:�

Hawarden, Chester, Srd January, 18G0.

Sir,�Mr. Gordon has forwarded to me a note of the statement he received yesterday from a deputation from South Lincolnshire, with respect to a plan of national cattle insurance.

In the first place I need not assure you of my own strong anxiety on the subject as well as that of the Government. Personally I have every reason to be on the alert, for the disease prevails extensively in this parish, and is indeed on land belonging to me.

I do not, however, see what cognisance the Treasury can, as a department, take of your plan, unless the question be whether the charge entailed by the ravages of this Plague should be borne by the Consolidated Fund.

I understand that the deputation disclaim and disapprove any such plan, and I certainly am of opinion that the funds of the country cannot be made responsible for losses incurred by the holders of one particular description of property.

I shall, however, be most ready to enter upon the consideration of any plan, or any request, brought by the deputation before the Government, and I assume that they have laid your application with regard to the general in�surance of cattle before either the Lord President of the Council or the Secre�tary of Slate for the Home Department.

For my own part 1 shall be anxious to concur in what may appear to be bust, after full consideration. But my present impressions are against the attempt to force the entire country, notwithstanding its diversity of circum�stances, into uniformity of procedure. Quite apart from charge on the Ex�chequer, I am apprehensive also that any attempt to use the machinery of Government for the purpose of cattle insurance would of itself lead to delay in a case where all feel that promptitude is indispensable. On the other hand, I believe that in certain cases�one, at least, has been reported to me�the local organisation of counties has been employed for the purpose of pledging rate-

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able property to boar the burden in raquo;pial proportions between landlord and tenant.

Unless I am misinformed, the people of Abcrdeenshirc�landlords and tenants�have met together and agreed to treat the cost of this deplorable calamity by a charge upon the rateable property equally divided between the two classes, at the same time making their own internal arrangements for working their plan. It does not at first sight appear why a voluntary arrange-ment {inntatis mutandis) of this kind might not be adopted in English counties, and some legislation for separate counties would be much easier and quieter than a plan to operate uniformly and compulsorily for the country at large.

I have the honour to bo, Sir,

Your faithful servant,

E. G. Ayliff, Esq., amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; W. E. Gladstonk.

P.S. The disease appears to have been stopped by rigid measures in Abor-deenshire after 272 cases.

The following is Sir J. Kay Slrattlewortli's scheme as repre�sented and defended in Ins letter of 8th January:�

The plan consists of two proposals. TJte �rst partakes of the character of insurance, by diffusing an uncertain and unequal loss over all insurers in England. 37;laquo; second makes the loss thus equally diffused a rent-charge (on the farms in which cattle are insured) proportionate to the average or appraised value of the stock, and mitigates the pressure of this rent-charge by a loan for thirty years, to be repaid by annual instalments, at the same rate as the loan under the Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act.

As respects the fir*t proposal�the dillusion of the loss over all insurers in England�there is no intention of profit, nor any risk of loss. The instalments paid by insurers are intended to cover an actual loss as ascertained by expe�rience, and not a loss estimated by experts. There would therefore be no need of any guarantee from the Government, nor of any grant or subscriptions in aid of the losses of insurers. The whole proposal partakes of the character of insurance, because it provides in each case (by the payment of the average of the actual ascertained loss) against the possible incidence of a loss three or four times this average.

But even this average loss might bo in certain cases an intolerable burden. It is therefore proposed to spread this burden over thirty years by a public loan, to bo secured on the farms the neat stock of which are insured, and to be paid by annual instalments, recoverable as rent-charges from those farms.

If seven millions of neat stock exist in England, and one-fifth will die of tho Plague, or 1,400,000 head of cattle, their value, at tho average of 107., would be 14,000,0007.; and a compensation at two-thirds of this value, if all were in-

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sured, would amount to upwards of 9,000,000?. If this compensation were provided for hj a loan for thirty years, and repaid by annual instalments of a rent-charge at 6 per cent., the annual charge would he nearly 560,0002., diffused over the whole of the farms on which insurance was effected, in proportion to the number of neat stock insured on each. If the charge were not diffused over a series of years by this loan, farms which had lost a large part of their stock and had received only a compensation of two-thirds of their value would have, in addition to this burden of one-third of the value of their lost stock, likewise to pay, in one year, their proportion of the average loss throughout England.

Mr. Gladstone's objections, not to this plan, but to other plans which have reached him, are insufficient to justify the rejection of this.

1.nbsp; The check on quot; carelessness, waste, and fraud in every kind quot; applies to a plan in which quot; the ultimate responsibility (beyond a fixed limit, which would at once be found a very, very narrow one) lay with the public purse.quot; The burden in the proposal submitted would be imposed on the farms which in�sured, and not on the public purse.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The representations made from many counties show that the arrangements made by landlords and tenants by mutual assurance associations have either failed to attract general confidence or to provide compensation for the loss which has already occurred, or are paralysed by the apprehension of losses which cannot be borne without ruin within a limited area.

3.nbsp; nbsp;The hope that, with 11,000 foci of disease established, the executive authorities of a free country, with a police barely numerous enough for the ordinary protection of persons and property, can prevent the epidemic diffusion of this Plague, will be speedily abandoned when the Plague is thus established. Such a hope has no warrant in the experience of the most arbitrary Govern�ments, who have used in vain, or with but limited effect, the gendarmerie and the troops of the line, under the direction of the most scientific counsels ; and with a people accustomed, as the English are not, to the restraints of a despotic authority, it cannot be anticipated that tmy pnvenfive measures will now do more than retard the epidemic progress of the Plague. Last week the deaths from this Plague amounted to 7C93. As soon as they reach 10,000 weekly, the loss will be at the rate of upwards of five millions of money in a single year, and this may be destined to bo doubled before Easter.

4.nbsp; The agriculturists, if they adopt this plan of relief, would help one another. They would receive no aid in money from the State which they would not repay. There woidd be no quot;evil precedentquot; that the farmers who suffered small losses would not share the burdens of those who encountered quot; losses of a severe character,quot; even though they quot;should be confined to a small fraction of the farming class.quot;

5.nbsp; nbsp;Then as to the hypothesis that the increased price of meat would com�pensate for the loss of stock, this might enable the farmers who suffered small losses more cheerfully to pay the rent-charges of the national loan; but this

�^^^^

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increase in the price of meat would be no advantage to those farmers who haA lost all their stock, ami would lie a most inadequate compensation to those wlio had lost one-half or one-third of it.

The landlords would give the most effectual help on this plan by consenting to the insurance of their tenants' stock, with the security of a rent-charge on their farms for the repayment of the national loan. They would make, no doubt, liberal arrangements with incoming tenants as to this rent-charge, which would thus become a burden both on the rental and on the profits of the farm. The proprietor would remember that without this security he would have run the risk of an indefinite loss of rent, and the tenantry would acknowledge the great advantage to their class of this diffusion of the losses arising from a great national calamity.

The entire nation should feel grateful for the manner in which Sir J. Kay Shuttleworth has persevered in his original design. The result of his efforts may ho gleaned from the following correspondence:�

33, Gloucester Square, Eyde Park, IF., Jen. 6.

SlE,�1 beg to submit to yon, for your consideration and that of Her Ma�jesty's Government, the enclosed memoranda as to a scheme of National Insurance against losses from the Cattle Plague, which the rapid increase of the ravages of this pest appears to me to render expedient.

In the sketch of the details of a Bill which I submit, the Government is asked to do no other thing than to diffuse the burden of losses from the Cattle Plague over the farming hauls of the whole of England, without taxing any other property, or making any compensation from the public taxes, or in�curring any subsidiary risk, and likewise to diffuse this burden over a series of years.

The principle on which the first part of the scheme rests is that of a Na�tional Insurance, whereby the risk is transferred from a limited area to the whole of England, and is thus equalised, being greatly mitigated in counties in which it would otherwise be an intolerable burden.

Tbc principle on which a loan is proposed is the same as that on which loans are granted for great municipal and other public works of permanent advantage. It is proposed to spread the loss arising from a great national calamity over a series of years, in the same way that the charge of some vast outlay for water-works, or the arterial drainage of a city is diffused, lest it should be an insupportable burden to the rate-payers who sanctioned the expenditure. This principle was applied to the relief of the cotton-districts during the recent American War with great benefit, in giving a stimulus to the outlay of capital and the employment of labour. This interference of the Government is gratefully remembered by all classes in Lancashire.

PREVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 1C3

The measure is submitted in consequence of a growing conviction of the inadequacy of all private efforts within a limited area, to provide by a system of mutual assurance against extensive ruin among fanners, and a consequent grievous public embarrassment.

I am, iSrc,

The Eight lion. Sir G. Grey,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,1. P. Kay Shtittlewoeth.

WMtehaU, Jan. 10.

Sir,�I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to inform you that, having referred your letter of the Cth inst. and its enclosure, as to a scheme of National Insurances against losses from Cattle Plague, for the consideration of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, he has received in reply the letter of which a copy is enclosed.

With reference to the first part of your proposal�namely, that the burden of the loss incurred by the Cattle Plague should be diffused over the whole of England�Her Majesty's Government are of opinion that, even -wore this expedient, very serious practical difficulties would be found in attempting to give effect to the proposal; nor, if the attempt were made, is there any suffi�cient reason why the scheme should be limited to England, and not include other parts of the United Kingdom.

The Government could not properly undertake to superintend or control the machinery which would be required for the management of a National In�surance Association. They think, moreover, that the necessary result of such a scheme would be an injurious interference with county and other local asso�ciations, which are far better adapted than a national association to insure vigilance and efficiency in the administration of the funds applicable to the purpose of such association, combined with a stronger interest in the adoption of the most effectual means for checking the disease. Her Majesty's Govern�ment, however, are of opinion that the second part of your proposal�namely, that the loss should he diffused over a series of years�is well entitled to favourable consideration. If they should have reason to believe that such a proposal would be generally acceptable to the interests specially concerned. Her Majesty's Government would be prepared to ask the sanction of Parlia�ment to a Bill authorising, under certain conditions, the advance of money from the public funds by way of loan upon adequate security to county or other local associations, with a view to spread the charge in respect of losses from the Cattle Plague over a short term of years, in cases where the amount of such loss has been considerable.

The same principle might be applied to individual land-owners, if they desire to avail themselves of it in respect of losses incurred on their estates, either by themselves or their tenants.

I have the honour to bo, Sir, your obedient servant.

Sir J. Kay Shuttleworth.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;H, Waddington.

M 2

^^^^#9632;#9632;quot;

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Treasury i'haiahtrs, Jan. 11. Sir,�The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have had before them your letter of yesterday's date, enclosing one from Sir J. Kay Shuttle-worth, forwarding a memorandum as to a scheme of National Insurance against losses from the Cattle Plague, and their Lordships desire me to acquaint you, for the information of Secretary Sir George Grey, that they conceive that the inquiry addressed to them officially refers to the second part of Sir J. Kay Shuttleworth's proposal, and that it would, perhaps, be going beyond their province were they to give an opinion on the question as to whether the liability for losses by Cattle Plague ought to be extended to the whole farming lands of the country, or placed on any other than a voluntary basis; but their Lordships do not hesitate to say that, in cases where any machinery which may have the approval of Her Majesty's Government shall have been put in action for ascertaining, checking, and compensating, in whole or in part, such losses, and where it shall appear that the amount of such losses is too great to be reasonably expected to be at once discharged, they are of opinion that public funds might properly be made available by way of loan (in default of any other means of meeting the emergency) upon adequate security, with a view of spreading the charge over a longer or shorter term of years.

1 am. Sir,

Your obedient servant, H. Waddington, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;H. 0. E. Childers.

38, Gloucester Square, Hyde Park, Jan. IT.

g_IKj�[ have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated the 16th inst., conveying to me the opinion of 1 [er Majesty's Government on my proposals with respect to an Act of Parliament and a loan, to enable agricul�turists to aid each other in sustaining the burden of losses from the Cattle Plague, by diffusing those losses over all insurers, and over a series of years.

I should not trouble you with any remark did 1 not think it probable, from one passage in the letter from the Secretary to the Treasury (quot;or placed on any other than a voluntary basisquot;) that their Lordships had, from an omission in my letter to Sir George Grey, conceived that I had proposed a compulsory distribution of the average loss from the Cattle Plague over the farming-lands of England.

in my letter to Sir George Grey I ought to have inserted the limitation, carefully provided in the scheme of National Insurance which 1 submitted� viz., that this charge was intended to be distributed only over the farming-lands of owners who consented to the insurance of their own or their tenants' stock, and in proportion to the number of stock so insured. The initiation of this insurance was to be a voluntary act, done with the consent of the owner of the land, and in no degree compulsory. The stock-breeding districts, like

PKEVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 165

Aberdeenshire, Craven, Westmoreland, and the dales of the Pennine Chain, might easily avoid the purchase of any store stock, isolate themselves, and decline to insure on the presumption that their risk would continue to be below the average rate, as the mortality in their herds now is. Xor need such voluntary national insurance interfere with any existing association, which may have obtained sufficient confidence among farmers to maintain an inde�pendent existence. But 1 should be much astonished, considering the gravity and uncertainty of the risk, and the general want of confidence in such asso�ciations, if any one of them should prove to be so established that it would be unwilling to merge itself in a well-ordered national scheme.

It was not until many counties had declared that their efforts to found asso�ciations for mutual assurance had failed, that 1 ventured to submit to the consideration of Her Majesty's Government a plan which, by an Act of Parlia�ment, would (by removing legal difficulties and disabilities and providing an administrative machinery) enable agriculturists more effectually to combine for the voluntary distribution of the average loss from the Cattle Plague over the farming-lands of insurers, and likewise over a series of years, by means of a loan secured by a rent-charge, to be assessed like the property and income-tax on the owner and occupier in fixed proportions.

1 asked the Government to take no other responsibility than the passage through Parliament of this Act, providing the requisite legal powers and administrative machinery, which need not necessarily be that of any existing department. But I also sought, by the action of the Government and the sanction of Parliament, to inspire a confidence as to the insurance of stock which the general failure of cattle insurance associations through a long series of years has undermined.

1 did not enter into the details by which carelessness, waste, and fraud might be reduced to a minimum. The safeguards would obviously consist in a skilful adjustment of local interests in the Act of Parliament, insuring the utmost vigilance, and oven, as in Aberdeenshire, extending to measures for the suppression of the Plague.

I have only further to thauk Sir George Grey for the honour which he has done me in submitting my proposals to the consideration of Her Majesty's Government, and for the courtesy of the reply.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

James Kay Shcttlewobth.

H. Waddington, Esq., Home-Office.

In my opinion Government should do much more than it has declared itself ready to do ; in the meantime, however, there is some encouragement lor further efforts in establishing local

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insurance societies, and if the people of England act wisely tliey will sink petty jealousies, and join together to form ont of the many associations disseminated thronghout the land a grand and solid national society, with branches spreading over the whole country. The promise on the part of Government amounts almost to a Government guarantee, and I cannot see why additional guarantors, to give form and suhstance to any national association, should not he secured. To gauge our responsibilities must not he thought impossible. Premiums enough can be secured to be independent of public or private subscriptions, but something more is required to encourage stock-owners to insure their live stock. The insurance should be general and permanent, embracing all animals and including all diseases, and should be carried out in connection with the adoption of sound disease-preventive measures.

VII. Stoppage of Fairs and Maekets.

When asked by Her Majesty's Commissioners if I would stop all movement of cattle, I suggested that at first this would have been a proper and prudent thing to do, but that it was now too late to begin (October IG, 18G5). I said that I should have stopped every single store stock market, and that in order to arrest the progress of the disease, I should have slaughtered the entire horned stock on every infected farm. Combined with a system for exterminating the disease, the entire traffic of the kingdom might have been temporarily suspended, say for a fortnight, but I hold it to be impossible and needlessly severe to prevent all movement of cattle in such a country as Great Britain for any number of weeks. The cattle traffic should be regulated�stopped in some places, directed through others, and

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controlled differently at different periods�by orders issued direct from the central Government. I have been opposed to the recommendation of Her Majesty's Commissioners, simply because it dealt only with the cattle traffic and not with directly com�bating the disease. All great cattle fairs should have been prohibited, as proved by the disastrous consequences of holding the FalMrk Trysts. Great central markets should have been suppressed ; provincial ones in healthy districts, for the sale of stock from such parts, could in some instances have been advan�tageously held. Her Majesty's Commissioners doubtlessly re�commended a measure which imposed little trouble and no expense on Government. The order might have been issued, but I hold that we have not had the disease limited to the extent we might have expected it would have been, even by the already widely enforced interference with trade. Our first object should have been to bunt clown the disease, and the second to regulate, and not annihilate, for a time the cattle traffic of the entire country. We have been asked to choose one of two extremes, doing nothing or completely suspending the trade in cattle. I believe there are now many who under�stand that de se and per- se the recommendation of Her Majesty's Commissioners, apart from the impossibility of acting on it for any lengthened period, would not have resulted in the complete prevention of the Cattle Plague. Cases of indirect contagion would have occurred, and when the time came for the order to be rescinded, the malady would again have spread in all directions.

VlII The Use of Disinfectants.

The value of disinfectants for the prevention of the Cattle Plague has, on the whole, been exaggerated in this country.

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Such agents can only be of service by directly neutralising the poison, if mixed with it, as in disinfecting fajees, and they cannot, in my opinion, shield animals from infection where the atmosphere is strongly charged with the products thrown off by diseased cattle. I have seen herds destroyed where the greatest vigilance had been exercised in disengaging chlorine in sheds and freely distributing chlorinated lime. As the virus of the disease is apt to become fixed and preserved wherever dirt accumulates and stagnant atmosphere prevents its diffusion, one can understand without any stretch of imagination that good ventilation, with steady atmospheric currents, though avoiding draughts, must be of service; and also that the abundant use of water, either alone or mixed with alkalis and decomposing agents, must bo adverse to the concentration and propagation of the poison. I shall not attempt to write much on the relative value of disinfectants; and for my present pur�pose it will suffice to state briefly what means can bo recom�mended to ensure purity of sheds, stables, iiehls, and objects by which the disease may be carried.

I.nbsp; The most valuable and harmless of all agents used for the dilution and destruction of animal poisons is water; and when�ever it can be used to ensure cleanliness, it should be freely employed. Boiling- water is the best agent in which to immerse rugs, clothes, pails, cans, and all articles which can be thus treated without detriment. It can be used with advantage on walls, woodwork, floors, amp;c., but is of course most active if ren�dered strongly alkaline with washing soda or soda ash. The alkali effectually destroys the virus, whether used hot or cold; it causes oxidation and decomposition; and since the com�mencement of the outbreak I have strongly advocated its use.

II.nbsp; nbsp;Drv heat is of course invaluable for a great variety of

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purposes. No organic poison can resist a temperature above 2U0^o Fahr., and the prolonged exposure of clothes, wood, amp;c., to this heat would purify them effectually.

III.nbsp; nbsp;Preparations of chlorine have been in great demand amongst farmers and others. I do not object to the use of chlorinated lime for the disinfection of manure, for throwing over the carcases of animals, and for free distribution where animals are not made to inhale the gas. I however object to its use in sheds and stables, and have known persons alarmed at their cattle coughing and suffering from redness of the visible mucous membranes, discharge from the eyes and nose, and extreme restlessness, all which distressing symptoms were evi�dently attributable to the precautions taken for disinfection. When the atmosphere of any place in which cattle are housed is to be purified, the animals must be temporarily removed and chlorine gas disengaged by pouring sulphuric acid on common salt, or using some other of the well-known mixtures for the preparation of this powerful antiseptic. All openings should be closed, so as to cause the gas to penetrate into boards and crevices ; and when the place has been thus closed for two or three hours it must be thrown open freely and thoroughly ventilated before cattle are again admitted into it.

IV.nbsp; nbsp;Dr. Benjamin W. Richardson is a great advocate for the diffusion of iodine wherever it is suspected that an organic poison may exist.

V.nbsp; Condy's preparations have been freely used to wash ani�mals, disinfect their excretions, and purify all kinds of objects. I find them of value in disinfecting instruments, such as ther�mometers used with sick cattle. They are of value for washing the hands, and can frequently be found of service; but where they have to be used with a very large mass of organic matter

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they are too expensive and too readily decomposed to be recom�mended.

VI. The coal tar products have been steadily and generally advocated. Carbolic acid, crcsylic acid, dead oil, MacdougaU's powder, gas lime, amp;c., have been widely resorted to. There are those who believe that all these products are too actively preservative of organic matter to be of value in destroying the virus of Einderpest. To solve such a question direct experiments should bo instituted.

TIL Sulphurous acid gas, and the same in solution, have been employed by me as active antiseptics.

IX. Inoculation.

The Steppe Murrain attacks animals but once in their lives. It is readily induced by inoculation, and all animals recovering may he declared exempt from further attacks. In this respect it is without doubt analogous to small-pox, and to the con�tagious Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. The idea of inoculating for the Cattle Plague, first entertained in Groat Britain more than a century ago, was of course suggested by the success of inoculation for human small-pox. In 17�4 Dodson spoke of inoculation for the Einderpest in England. Dr. Malcolm Flemynge, in his work dedicated to the Earl of Macclesfield,* after having referred to his preventive medicine, says, quot; If the inoculation of calves could be brought generally to answer, all the trouble and charge my preventive matter retpures would in a short time be justly superseded. I heartily wish success to it, and that it may do the highest honour to the worthy, public-

* ' A Proposal in order to diminish the Progress of the Distemper amongst the Eomed Cattle, supported by lacts.' London, 1755.

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spirited man who first proposed it, and even put it in execution with some encouraging success.quot; The practice was then advo�cated and extensively adopted abroad. Thus in 1778 and the early part of 1779, 4075 head of cattle were inoculated in Mecklenburg, and of these only 438 died; at the time the report was published 290 more animals remained sick however, and 160 had not caught the disease. In some parts the results of inoculation were so favourable that scarcely one per cent, died. The best of the early reports on inoculation were pub�lished in Copenhagen in 1775. The operations commenced in 1770, and were continued in 1771 and 1772. The suggestions of tho illustrious Peter Camper were followed. The small island of Aonde, on the south-west of Zeeland was chosen for the experi�ments, and the stock kept in three lots; the first, prior to being inoculated; the second, after inoculation until signs of sickness appeared ; and tho third consisted of sick cattle. The virus was obtained first from natural cases of Rinderpest, and afterwards from the inoculated animals. Threads were charged with tho virus and passed beneath the skin in the form of setons, which were left in 48 hours or longer. On the third or fourth day Cam�per's saline draught was administered. It consisted of 12 ounces of common salt in w^rater, sweetened with syrup. The inoculated animals suffered less than those naturally affected. The first 11 animals which had passed through the disease were sent into an infected herd in Zeeland, and withstood further infection. Camper's observation to the effect that pregnant cows calved prematurely, was not observed. The majority of the cows and heifers inoculated in 1770 were pregnant, and those which recovered calved normally at the full period of gestation. Tho greater part of the calves lived. The subjoined table gives results of the experiments:�

172

THE CATTLE PL4.G�E.


	Total No.		1	Heifers.				Hesults.		Dead.	Re-
Date.	ot Animals Hulls. Cows			Heifers.	Usen. uuves.					Dead.	covered.
	inoculatcU.				Severe.			Mild.	Negative
1770.
Aug. 21)	12		5	5	1	1	2	9		2	10
Sept. 5	s		3	4	1		7	1		6	2
,, 8	2			2			1	1		9
gt;, W	1		2	2		.. i 4			#9632; �	4
.. 20	6		2	4		1 5		I		4	2
., 25	8		i	4		8				8
., 2lt;i	7		3	4		6		i		6	i
,, o	12		8	4		..; i		u	��	9	3
,, 11	2		2					2		1	1
1771.
June 19	SO			211	1			19	11	..	30
,, 20	10			9	1	..		7	3		10
July 15	40			38	2					� �	40
An- 17	40			38	2						40
Sept. 13	40			38	2 j ..						��
1772.
Feb. 10	1)	,.	1	6	1			(1	3		9
July 27	40			38	2			24	16		40
Aug. 23	40			38	2		1	29	10		40
,, 28	10			10				7	3		10
Sept. 7	15			15	..			11	4		15
,, 11	15			13	2 ; ..			13	2		15
,, 28	40	..		38	2 '#9632;		i	38	6		40

Results of Inoculations.

Years. Animals inoculated.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Recovered.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I.Jied.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Not sickened.

1770 ......... 61nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;42nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

177! ......... 160nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;91nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 killed 68

1772 ......... 100 123nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;44

390 232 45nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 113

The experiments foi- 1770 seem most reliable, as some extra�ordinary observations are recorded of long periods of incubation and constant recovery epiite incompatible with our existing knowledge of the disease.

So favourable, however, was the progress of the disease alter inoculation in various parts of Europe (hiring last century, that some hare supposed that the malady is more virulent now

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than formerly. The science of last century led to the crea�tion of a band of skilled mocnlators, who dealt in inoculated cattle, which were branded to indicate their immunity from Rinderpest. In 1778 Camper suggested the establishment of inoculation institutes to keep up a supply of fresh lymph, and Ulrich Christian Salehow published a pamphlet in 1770, which he dedicated to the crowned heads of Europe, and in which he promulgated the idea that Rinderpest might be completely ex�tirpated by inoculation. Many years did not elapse before faith in the practice began to weaken, either from the deaths which occurred directly after inoculation, or the imperfect protection afforded by it. In England failure was first observed, and Dr. Falke raised Ins voice against the system, basing his opposition on observations made at home, in Denmark, and in Holland.

In 1802 Frank, in 1803 Walz, in 1809 Viborg, in 1831 Jessen, and in 1846 Spinola, recommended inoculation as a means for the complete eradication of Rinderpest in Russia. In 1817 the Russian Government sought the advice of various European veterinarians who recommended the improvement of veterinary police measures, and resorting to the stamping-out system. In 18-17 Dr. Barrasch inoculated 2500 head of cattle in Hungary, and of these 75 died. The serious losses in Russia, estimated at ten million roubles annually, led to the appoint�ment of a Commission in 1852, which reported quot; that a system of quarantine could only be adopted in Russia when the bound�aries of the native haunts of the disease were known, and that the greatest difficulties presented themselves against the exten�sion of veterinary police measures especially in the steppes; lastly, that even existing regulations could only be very imper�fectly carried out.quot; The Commission concluded its report by drawing attention to the favourable results of inoculation in

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times past, and suggested the prosecution of experiments. In the same year (1S;32) Professor Jessen published a pamphlet on the complete extirpation of the Einderpest, and renewed his recommendations for the establishment of inoculation institutes. He based his advice on the following propositions:�

First. We who belong to Northern and Western Europe hold that the Cattle Plague always comes to us through steppe oxen from steppe lands, and that it does not originate spontaneously amongst our indigenous cattle :

Second. So long as we do not eradicate the Pinderpest from steppe lands, the people of Northern and Western Europe arc never safe from its invasions, inasmuch as they require the cattle from there:

Third. It is impossible to prevent outbreaks in the steppes, as we do not know what causes induce them ; and if we did, we could not probably counteract them. Active police measures, after the disease has appeared, cannot be carried out there, so that we have but one hope, in inoculation :

Fourth. Every animal that has once had the Steppe Murrain, either naturally or as the result of inoculation, is- exempt from further attacks:

Fifth. The Rinderpest is much milder in the Eussian steppes than elsewhere, so that the losses as the result of inoculation are slight:

Sixth. When the required number of inoculated and pro�tected cattle exist in the steppes, no dealer, no Tsclmmak would buy susceptible animals, and thus the exportation of the Murrain from the steppes would be prevented. So soon as it was known that in the inoculation establishments the Einderpest was pre�vented, private persons would have their herds inoculated.

The Czar granted permission for a series of experiments, which

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were commenced in 1S53 in the districts of Charkow and Knrski, and afterwards in Cherson and AVjiitka. The results were un�favourable in the last-named province ; but in the first two, out of 1059 inoculated animals 990 recovered. This success led to further experiments in 1854 in Cherson, Kasan, and Dorpat. Pro�fessor F. Unterberger undertook the trials in Cherson, though he was not an advocate of inoculation. lie states that be accepted the office for the purpose of studying Rinderpest in the South of Russia, and in order to try inoculation with lymph from ani�mals who had the disease with a marked cutaneous eruption. He speaks of the eruption occurring rarely, more rarely than during during last century, when the disease was regarded as an epizootic of variola. Unterberger wished to work out in the case of Rinder�pest the idea suggested by Pessina in 1802, who recommended the cultivation of sheep-pox. Unterberger's most sanguine anticipations were realised in Southern Russia, near Odessa. Of sixty-four animals only one died, and that not of Rinderpest. He used some lymjdi preserved twenty-four hours, and some with negative results preserved for ten months and twenty-four days. Twenty animals inoculated in 1853, and eleven in 1854, were sent into the German colony Helenenthal, where the Rinderpest prevailed, and all resisted contagion. Every attempt was made to infect these animals, but without success. Not heiug satisfied with the counter-experiments, Professor Unterber�ger submitted thirty-two non-inoculated animals to contagion; twenty-two calves grew visibly leaner, and only four showed signs of Rinderpest. New test experiments were subsequently made with the inoculated animals of 1853-54, by placing them in infected localities in the province of Kasan when the Plague was very malignant. The results were favourable.

In 1855 Professors Unterberger and Jessen prosecuted experi-

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ments at Baraboi, by boeulating the experimental animals of 1853-54 with virus of undoubted activity, to determine how far its effects were modified, and further to inoculate herds which bad already passed through the disease.

First Experiment.�Virus from Bessarabian bullocks, with eruptions on the mouth and nodular exanthema on the shin. The virus was kept two days. Ten bullocks were inoculated vith nasal discharge, and three with the serum of blood. Seven other bullocks were inoculated that had previously had the Rinderpest.

Second Experiment.�Niras kept from two to three days. Blood from Bessarabia. Three bullocks were inoculated that had not suffered from Rinderpest. Two calves that had been inocu�lated in 1854. Five bullocks concerning which it was uncertain whether they had previously had the Blague. In addition to these, 27 bullocks were inoculated which had served for experi�ments in 1853, and 37 of those inoculated in 1854.

Of the whole 98 animals inoculated only 3 showed signs of indisposition, and these exhibited no distinct symptoms of Steppe Murrain.

In the above experiments the animals were allowed to pasture freely. Seven other animals were inoculated and kept in stalls without result. Four others were inoculated with virus from another district without result. Two calves were inoculated with virus from an inoculated animal, and with a needle on the mucous membrane of the lower lip. Both took ill and died. Virus of the third remove was used to inoculate 51 animals : 11 took the disease, and 2 died.

Professor F. Unterberger has just published an interesting pamphlet on this branch of my subject, from which I extract further historical notices:�

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The Operations of the Charkow Veterinary College.

Under tin's Lead attention is iirst directed to the fact that the Rinderpest which was prevalent in and around Charkow in 1853, was a ccmtinuution of the outbreak which was imported into three districts of the province in 1852, by way of Tschu-maki. quot;The disease did not extend uniformly: in some dis�tricts few animals only were attacked, and then it ceased com�pletely; in others, it was'at iirst very violent, then it became milder, and lastly disappeared. But it must not be supposed that the disease left for want of animals; on the contrary, in many villages it broke out only on separate farms, and left others unharmed, although all cattle in the last-mentioned farms were apparently fed and treated in the same manner as those in the infected places. An immediate contact between all cattle of the village continued after the appearance of the disease as before, and no police measures were employed to protect the healthy cattle against infection.quot;

The first experiments were made on the 1st of August, 1853, at a time when the epizootic was very prevalent at Charkow, in the Veterinary College, on 7 cattle of the German breed; ;! recovered and 4 died.

On the lOth of September a second series was undertaken, to discover if cultivation of the virus by transfer from inocu�lated to non-inoculated animals was possible. For tbis purpose. Little Kussiau cattle were bought at a place where Rinderpest at the time had not broken out. By these attempts 10 removes were inoculated one after the other, and in the report we find : quot; It was distinctly discernible that the operation of the lymph was in the last 7 removes much milder and weaker, so that of 13 head of cattle inoculated with the 10th remove only

#9632;#9632;quot;

178

THE CATTLE PI.AGUE.

1 died; whereas in the first 3 removes, 3 died out of 16 inocu�lated animals.quot;

Professor Unterberger had the opportunity of seeing the more detailed manuscript reports of the Charkow Veterinary College, with regard to the mentioned attempts, and he made the fol�lowing notes:�

With the 1st remove were inoculated 2 head of eattle, of which died 1, recovered 1

,,nbsp; nbsp; 2nd

,.nbsp; nbsp; 3rd

,,nbsp; nbsp; 4th

,,nbsp; nbsp; 5th

,,nbsp; nbsp; 6th

,,nbsp; nbsp; 7th

,,nbsp; nbsp; 8th ,.

,,nbsp; nbsp; 9th

,,nbsp; nbsp;10th


1		1
3	2	1
9		2
2		2
3		3
2		2
1		1
o	1	1
i		1

In accordance with the method generally adopted of expressing the loss in per centages, the losses by these experiments would be: 1st remove, 50; 2nd, 0; 3rd, 66f; 4th, 5th, 0th, 7th, and 8th remove, 0; 0th, 50; and in, the 10th remove 0 per cent.

The connter-tests/to which 10 of the recovered animals were subjected, proved very favourable. Although they were exposed in a place where Einderpest had been prevalent only a short time before, all the 10 animals remained perfectly healthy.

Nearly at the same time when the attempts in Charkow and near Odessa were made in 1S53, Professors Prosovew and Solo-towsky made some inoculation experiments in the village Is-chewskoi, situated in the district of Wjatka, which is celebrated for its small arms factory*

* ' The Significance of Ttindcrpost Inoculations in the Practice of Veterinary Medicine,' by A. L. Solotowsky, 185�.

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Three calves, the mothers of which it was asserted had never had the Binderpest, were selected for the first experiment on the 30th of August. The lymph was four days old, and had been obtained from a calf which had died in the neighbourhood. It was attended with no apparent result, and these calves, although they were repeatedly inoculated and placed together with animals sick of Kinderpest, remained perfectly healthy.

In a second experiment on the Gth of September, and for which 3 calves were taken from cows that had recovered from Einderpest, the animals, in spite of repeated attempts at infec�tion, remained healthy.

Inoculations hy Removes.�1st Kemove.-Of 3 calves, inoculated on the 14th of September with matter three days old, and taken from a heifer which had died of Rinderpest, 1 recovered and 2 died. 2nd Kemove.-On the 23rd of September 2 calves were inoculated, with matter obtained from a calf inoculated with the 1st remove and recovered: both recovered. 2nd Eeraove.-Two calves inoculated on the 2ik1 October with matter from a recovered calf (1st remove). Result: I died, 1 recovei-ed. 3rd Remove-Day of inoculation, the 9th of October. Matter from a recovered calf inoculated with the 2nd remove; 2 calves inoculated; I died, 1 recovered. 3rd Remove-One calf, inoculated on the 13th of October with matter such as that used for the above-named animals, recovered. 4tli Remove-was performed on the 17th of October on a heifer and 3 cows. These animals, as well as those previously men�tioned, belonged to the native breed. The virus, 3 days' old, had been obtained from a calf inoculated with the 3rd remove which had recovered. These four animals recovered. It would be desirable that Mr. Solotowsky, who is at present Professor of the Imperial Medical Surgical Academy in Petersburg, should

n 2

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publisb his highly instructive work in the German language. The attempts made under the superintendence of Professor Prosovew belong to the most rational ever undertaken in Pussia, and furnish, next to those of Dorpat and other places, the proof that if the real Rinderpest appears after inoculation, the in-cnbation of the malady never exceeds ten days.

Experiments in the Central Kiiymcm Horde in 185(3.*�On the 1st of August the veterinarian Kobuschew, obtained matter from a cow sick of natural Rinderpest, and inoculated with it on the 4th of August 15 head of cattle; 14 fell sick, and of these 1 died. On the 14th of August he inoculated 25 head, with matter from an animal inoculated with the 1st remove ; 12 recovered, 13 died. Of 28 head of cattle inoculated on the 5th of September with the 3rd remove, 20 fell sick and 10 died. Thirty-eight head of cattle were inoculated with the 4th remove on the 23rd of September ; 29 fell sick severely, 8 mildly, 1 not at all, 15 died, 5th RemoTe.-Of 20 head of cattle inoculated on the 3rd of October, 8 fell sick violently, 12 mildly, and 2 died. 6th Remove.-Of the 10 head of cattle inoculated on the 15th of October, none died; the\^T were slightly affected.

It is to be regretted that the attempts with the 4th remove were interrupted suddenly. Professor Jessen communicates from the original report of Mr. Kobuschew, that he was obliged to discontinue these attempts in consequence of the early com�mencement of the bad autumnal weather.

It ought to be mentioned here that 0 bull-calves inoculated in the same Kirgisian Horde in 1855, were placed with those inoculated with the 1st remove on the 4th of August. Of these.

#9632;Review of Rinderpest InocolatioDS,' by N. Halicki.

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5 fell sick and 3 died = 60 per cent. Further: On the 25tli of August, 0 oxen were inoculated with matter which bad been obtained from the previously-mentioned ccw sick of natural Rinderpest, and had been used for the 15 head of cattle as stated above. It produced on these 6 oxen no result; but when they were inoculated afterwards with the 4th remove all fell sick, and 2 of them died.

In tbe village belonging to Mr. YVasskow Rinderpest was prevalent from the 2Sth of September to the 22iid of October;* of 221 head of cattle, 52 fell sick; of these 29 recovered, and 23 died. The inoculation commenced on the 11th, and was continued to the 22nd of October. The matter was taken from an animal which had been inoculated in the Veterinary College with the 3rd remove. One hundred and twenty-nine inocu�lated animals fell sick, and of these 19 died. On the 17th of October 17 head of cattle belonging to 3Ir. KarapsTd were in�oculated with the 5th remove. They fell sick between the fourth and eighth day after inoculation; 14 recovered, 3 died. Twenty-six head of cattle _tbelonging to Mr. Panow were inocu�lated on the 24th of October, with the 5th remove; to the eighth day after inoculation all had fallen sick; 21 recovered, 5 died. On the same day, 25 head, belonging to Mr. de Dimi-triew, were inoculated with the 5th remove; 21 recovered, 4 died.

On the estate of Count Podg�retschani-Petrowitsch the Plague appeared on the 6th of October; of 2 animals, 1 died and 1 re�covered. Between the 21st and 30tb of October G3 head were inoculated with matter of the 4th and 5th remove, and with some obtained from the above-mentioned animals which had

* Trials raadu by the Members of the Veterinary College of Charkow, in the provinces of Charkow ami Kursk, arid the Central Kirgisian Horde, in 1853.

; -

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recovered. Noue of the animals fell sick with perceptible symptoms of Rinderpest, und none died. The entire loss was therefore only 1 animal. Of 68 head of cattle on the estate of Mr. Stremancliow, 14 fell sick between the 19th and 26th of November; 11 of these died and 3 recovered. After this, 54 head wore inoculated with matter of the 9th remove from the Veterinary College ; they all fell sick between the fifth and tenth day after inoculation; 43 recovered and 11 died.

During November and to the 7th of December, 50 head of cattle on the estate of Mr. Kwitka fell sick of natural Rinder�pest ; 28 died. From the 7th to the 28th of December 52 head were inoculated with matter obtained from cattle which on the same estate had recovered from the disease. All inoculated animals had, from between the fourth and tenth days after inoculation, cough, discharge from the nose and eyes, and some had a slight diarrhoea, but all recovered.

During the Year 1854, on the estate of Mr. Poliewsky there were only native cattle of the Little Russian breed, which, until the year 1852, had never been attacked by epidemic diseases. In August, 1852, and in February and June, 1853, they fell sick with the Foot-and-Mouth IHseaso, but none died. In January, 1854, 4 head fell sick. Diagnosis: Rinderpest. Three died, and the fourth, a cow-calf, recovered.

The latter supplied the matter with which 23 head of cattle were inoculated on the same estate on the 15th of January. On 10, distinct signs of Rinderpest became developed between four and ten days after inoculation; but the other 13, with the exception of a swelling on the inoculated spot, did not fall sick at all. Seven recovered, 3 died. A calf, on which there was not even a swelling on the iix'enlatiou spot, was re-inoculated, but without success.

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From the 15th of January to the 12th of February, 22 head, belonging to peasants, fell sick of natural Rinderpest, 11 of which recovered and 11 died. The remainder of the herd was inoculated with matter from a six-year-old bull, which had recovered after having been severely sick. Only 1 animal showed symptoms of llinderpest, but it recovered; 12 others remained healthy.

In another village, belonging likewise to Mr. Poliewsky, the result of the inoculations was the same. Between the 18th of January and 12th of February, out of 11 animals sick of natural Rinderpest 5 had died and G recovered. Fourteen were inocu�lated : 9 fell sick, and 3 of them very severely: not one died; 5, with the exception of the swelling at the inoculated spot, did not fall sick at all.

The same result attended the inoculations which were per�formed on different estates by members of the Charkow Veter-inaiy College, from between the Cth of January to the 4tli of May, 1854. Of 908 inoculated animals, only 17 died; c.ff. 1 out of 148; 1 in 22; 3 in 56; 9 in 59 ; 1 in 5, and 2 in 30; with the remaining 17 experiments, of 588 inoculated animals not one died. Two of these 34 attempts ought to be especially men�tioned. The first was made on the estate of Madame de Swerew, in order to ascertain what result inoculation would produce on such animals as had recovered from natural Rinderpest. On the estate mentioned the disease had been prevalent in December, 1853. Of the whole herd, consisting at the time of 31 head, 30 fell sick, 16 died, 14 recovered, and only 1 nine-year-old cow of Little Russian breed, did not fall sick at all. The last-mentioned 15 head of cattle were inoculated on the 23rd of February, 1854, with new pest virus. There appeared in all a swelling at the inoculated part, differing in size between

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a lien's egg and a fist; in some an increased secretion of tears, and a mucous discharge from the nose was observed, but no distinct signs of Rinderpest, and all recovered.

The second trial was proposed to determine how long the virus of Rinderpest could be preserved without losing its efficacy. For this, liquid from the nose, eyes, ulcers in the rectum, and the blood of animals suffering from Eiaderpest had been preserved in well-closed vessels, at a temperature of from 8deg; to 10^D Reaum., in a dry cellar of the Yeterinary College. These substances had been obtained from animals which had been very severely affected, and of which the greatest number had died. They had been collected in December, 1853, and in February and March, 1854, and were used repeatedly on six experimental animals in the clinic from the 4th of May to the 16th of June, 1854. The whole were completely decomposed, covered with mould, and stinking. At the part inoculated a swelling appeared, but the animals otherwise remained healthy. To obtain a decisive result, the cattle were inoculated twice after this with fresh matter only two days old, but again without effect, except the previously-mentioned swelling. As the tem�perature at the time of the last inoculation in and around Charkow had readied the height (on the 3rd of June) of 30deg; Eeaum., it was supposed that the fresh matter had lost its strength in consequence of the heat. The assistant to the clinic, Chirikow, therefore collected on the evening of the 15th of June, in tho town of Solotschew, forty worsts distance from Charkow, matter from sick animals, which was employed on the next day. After a lapse of three days more decided symptoms of the disease were observable, namely: fever, pulse 95, heat over the whole body, loss of appetite: the evacuations had be�come less frequent; cough very similar to that of liinderpest;

PREVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 185

discharge from the nose and eyes; weakness in the loins and pains in the region of the fourth stomach. On some animals diarrhoea appeared ; but all these symptoms vanished after five days, and the animals had then recovered. On the estate of Mr. Gordegcnko, Binderpest appeared at the end of December, 1853, and by the 25th of January, 1854, 20 head of cattle belonging to peasants died. The cattle belonging to the estate were on a cattle-farm about one and a half worst from the village; prior to tiie inoculation none of them fell sick of Rinderpest there. Ninety-six animals were inoculated on the 29th and 30th of January, and on the 8th, 9th, and 23rd of February, with matter from those animals which had been inoculated on the 22nd of January with the 3rd remove, and with other matter one day old, and collected from animals suffering from Rinder�pest. On all inoculated animals a reaction took jd^ce. On some, mild symptoms of Rinderpest supervened ; on others, and these were the most numerous, the well-known swelling ap�peared, varying in size from a goose's egg to an orange. Thus matters stood till the end of February. Then, in consequence of natural infection, the Rinderpest appeared in the experi�mental herd, and 35 head died one after the other; the last at the commencement of April.

On the estate Kadinetz, belonging to Mr. Podgoretschani, oxen were admitted in 1853 from Tschumakes for the purpose of being fattened. In a week four of these oxen died of Rinder�pest. The carcases, after the hides had been removed, were left above ground, at a place near to which the animals were driven daily to water. On the 3rd of February the inoculations on the estates of the previously-named gentleman were com�menced, and continued to the 30th of March. Of 8, 1 died; of 73, 5; of 12, none: of 8, none; 36 died out of *'3, and !l of

#9632;^laquo;^#9632;�^laquo;

laquo;r

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83�altogether 51 Lead. Even more unfavourable results were obtained by tlie attempts on the estates of Countess Kleinmicliel. Since October, 1853, Itinderpest had been ravaging the neigh�bourhood, and commenced to decrease when the inoculations were commenced, after the disease inquot; a neighbouring township had left scarcely the twentieth part of a herd unscathed.

On the estate Dmitriewki, Tyrolese and Swiss cattle, amongst which an admixture of foreign blood was observable, were bred. On the 15th of March G8 head of cattle were inoculated ; amongst these were 43 cows, 12 calves, and 4 bull^, of the Tyrolese and Swiss breed, and 9 cows of the Ukraine breed. The virus which was used for the inoculation of the foreign cattle had been obtained from a bull in the neighbourhood, which had recovered from the inoculated disease; but for the inoculation of the Ukraine cattle, the matter had been procured from a village in Kurskisia, where 215 head of cattle had died out of 330. Of the foreign cattle 40 died from three to ten days after inoculation, but all the Ukraine cattle recovered.

On the Chutor Siirzow, Ukraine cattle are bred, and there likewise an admixture of foreign blood is observable. On the 231x1 of February 55 oxen of this breed were inoculated with matter four days old, of the 3rd remove. On all these animals inconsiderable swellings appeared at the part inocu�lated, but no symptoms of Rinderpest, and they all recovered. Twenty-one days later the inoculation was repeated, with virus taken from cattle inoculated with the 1st remove. The Kin-derpest broke out, and half of the herd (27 head of cattle) died. This case, like others, belongs to those which, previous to Veith, induced the erroneous belief that the period of incu�bation in llinderpest could last several weeks.

Escperimente during the Year 1855.�They were commenced

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on the 20tli of May. Until this date from 3 to 10 animals had died daily on the estate of Mrs. Stepauow ; altogether, since the disease had broken out on the 20th of April, out of 299, 142 head of cattle had died of llinderpest. In the clinic of the Veterinary College, experiments were tried again with 4 ani�mals that had been inoculated in 1853, and had recovered. They wore not killed by the experiments in question, only the swelling at the inoculated part re-appeared. Symptoms were not observed on 4 animals, which had been bought solely for this purpose, and had never been previously inoculated, although now, the same matter (tour days old) had been employed. Prof. Ostrowsky, in company with the veterinarian Kobuschew, and two students, inoculated in the Central Kirgisian horde 111 head of cattle. On 63 of these a slight result was discernible, but they all recovered. We have previously learned that of those which recovered from this experiment, 6 oxen were exposed in 1856 in the same Kirgisian horde to natural infection, 5 of them fell sick, and 3 died, which amounts to 60 per cent.

Attempts during the Years 1856 and 1857.�These took place in the Kirgisian horde in 1856, as mentioned before, and in the Veterinary College, and consisted in buying young cattle (the number is not mentioned) which had not had llinderpest; they were inoculated with virus which had been preserved in the College since the years 1853, 1854, and 1855. In spite of all endeavours in the mouths of January and February, 1856, and in February, 1857, to infect the animals, no result could be obtained.

Attempts during the Year 1858.�On the 29th of October, Mr. Waszkow, alter having been convinced of the utility of inoculation, inoculated 89 head of cattle, nearly all of which fell slifflitlv ill, but recovered. On another estate the same

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result was obtained with !) head : but on another estate, belonging to Mr. Kwitka, the result was unfavourable. The natural Ein-derpest broke out in the herd of this gentleinan, and from its coumu'iieement to the 25th of November, Ki head died, all two-year-old heifers. During the period from the 25th of November, 1858, to the 2nd of January, 1859, 35 other head fell sick, and of these 16 died. It is worth mentioning, that amongst the animals which fell sick of natural Rinderpest and died, there was not one which had recovered from the inoculated disease in 1854. Although there existed no doubt that all the animals had been infected, to satisfy the wish of Mr. Kwitka, the inocu�lation was performed on the 14th and 23rd of December, 185S. On the first-mentioned day two four-year-old bull-calves were inoculated, and on the 2ord, 22 milch cows, all between six and ten years old, and of Ukraine breed ; likewise 22 draught oxen, between four and ten years old. Of 45 inoculated animals, 13 oxen between four and five years old fell severely sick, and 8 of them (Gli per cent.) died; of the other animals, besides the swelling at the inoculation spot, no further general morbid symptoms could be perceived.

Experiments during the Year 1859.�From the 9th to the 23rd of October, Mr. Stepanow inoculated on the estates of the Messrs. Sadouskv:


Sncldiig-calves ........	69 ...	..of these	there d	ied 10
One-year-olds ............	6 ...			i
Bulls 2 years old .....	... 159 ...			26
Heifers 'J. years old.....				6
	2S ...			�raquo;
Heifers ;! years old......	#9632;gt;-j			�
Cows 4 yours old........	... 11 ...
	... 195 ...		#9632;�	....
Cows ......................	IS .
Milch cows ........	60 .			1
Bulls.......................	... 34 ...
AltoKethcr inoi-ulu	eil G28 ...		liud	02

PREVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

180

Since the year 1859 the inoculations have been discontinued in

the districts of Charkow and Kurskis; but the Rinderpest, quot;which never ceases in those regions,quot; according to Mr. Halicki, Director of the Veterinary College at Charkow, has always prevailed.

It is well known that the directors of two inoculation insti�tutes proceeded differently with regard to the preservation of the virus (tears, mucus from the nose, amp;c.), and asserted they had learned that in consequence it became gradually milder.* The reaction which took place after its use was generally very inconsiderable, and consisted in a somewhat augmented secretion of tears on inoculated animals, cough, loss of appetite, und other less apparent symptoms of the disease; sometimes the animals manifested scarcely perceptible symptoms, or none at all; and nevertheless they were, so it was asserted, protected against any future attack of Rinderpest.

The Director of the Inoculation Institute of Dondarewka, Mr. Sergegew, inoculated, with cultivated lymph obtained from Prof, lioschnow, all animals belonging, almost without excep�tion, to private individuals, but those belonging to the Crown were generally inoculated with fresh lymph, in consequence of which, symptoms of Rinderpest were observed, more or less, on the animals belonging to private owners, which were more frc-(piently subjected to counter-tests. Mr. li. considered it the more necessary to subject the last-mentioned animals to a more careful control, because amongst those inoculated by 31i-. S; in four years, out of nearly 1000 bead, more than 90 per cent, were the property of private individuals.

* Extract from the Report of the Superior Veterinarian by the Medical Board in the Ministry of Crown Lands, Professor Kosclnunv, at present doing (hitv at the Veterinary Institute of Cherson.

�

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In the institute there were 14 head of cattle of this descrip�tion ; but the Director did not permit their being inoculated again with fresh virus, quot; because lie feared that the cattle, in consequence of the injury with the inoculation needle, and as maggots appear in the inoculated parts, they might lose condition on the bare and bad pasture-ground.quot; For this reason, thus reports Professor E., he mentioned no proprietors who might have been willing to give a few head of cattle of their own, in order to have them subjected to counter-tests. Fortunately, continues Professor R, the proprietress of an inocu�lated herd, Mrs. Kotsehani, visited Bondarewka on the 26th of August, and expressed her readiness to give fgt; of her inoculated animals for the purpose, under condition of being compensated for losses. quot;With regard to the result of the inoculation of her cattle, which were inoculated on the 3id of June, 1863, with matter seven months and three days old, 3Ir. Sergegew reported to the Committee for the Improvement of tbe Veterinary Sj'stem and of the Measures for the Suppression of Epizootic Diseases, at Petersburg, that he had inspected the herd in question only once after inoculation, and added that according to the assertion of the drovers, the lymph had produced effects on many ; cough, continual lying on the ground, and discharge from the eyes had been tbe consequences. Mr. Sticksel con�firms Mr. R. in stating the cattle were more or less sick after the inoculation. On inspecting the boohs of the institute, it was found that it had not been noted down if symptoms had been observed on the animals inoculated on the 3rd of June, or if any had been observed. The results of inoculations which were undertaken on the 29th of August in presence of the entire Commission, on the t! above-mentioned cattle, and on the 2 vonng bull-calves which had not previously been inoculated

I i

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with lymph obtained from a calf sick of natural Rinderpest, were as follows: all inoculated animals fell sick of Einderpest, and until the 7th of September, the day when the Commission left, 2 head, belonging to Mrs. Kotschani, had died; 4 remained severely sick; 1 of the animals belonging to the crown which had been inoculated with the 1st remove had died, and 1 gave hopes of recovery.

A few days before this experiment, Einderpest broke out in consequence of natural infection amongst the 14 previously-mentioned head of cattle. Eight of them, belonging to Mrs. Krusser, had been inoculated on the 22nd of May, 1863, with matter six months and nineteen days old, and on 3 of them, according to the report of Mr. Sergegew to the Committee, the inoculation produced results; they were dull, did not eat, and coughed. It is a pity, says Professor Eoschnow, that these animals had not been marked; and in consequence it could not be ascertained if the animals had fallen sick after being sub�jected to the counter-test, whether the inoculation had been effective or not at the first time. Eesult: Of the 8 animals belonging to 3Irs. Krusser, of a steppe breed, one and two years old, 4 fell sick, and of these 3 died. Of the other 6 head of the herd in question, which were likewise inoculated in May, 2 fell severely sick, of which, when the Commission left, 1 gave hopes of recovery.

Inoculation hy Removes, undertaken under the supervision of Professor JRoschnoiv, from the 2nd of August till the 8fh of Sep�tember, 1863.�1st Eemove.-For this experiment 4 head of cattle were selected which had not been inoculated previously (2 bull-calves of German breed and 2 steppe calves), besides 4 other head which had previously been inoculated. It was found out later that an error had occurred in the selection: 7 head,

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namely, of llioso which had been selected, had not been inocu�lated before. In the absence of a branded mark, it was very difficult to distinguish in the institute the inoculated animals from those which had not been inoculated. All were inoculated with matter one day old, and obtained from the German colony Waterlow, about four-and-a-half miles distant from the institute, where the Rinderpest was prevalent. Result: On 3 inoculated animals active symptoms of Rinderpest appeared on the fourth and fifth days, 2 died, the 3rd recovered ; 3 others showed very slight symptoms, and quot;2 did not fall sick at all. 2ml Remove.-Inoculated 2 two-year-old bull-calves of German and steppe breed. Both fell sick on the fourth day; the attacks were severe. The calf of German breed died, the other recovered. 3rd Remove.�Two calves of Gorman and steppe breed, fifteen months old. Period of incubation again four days. The steppe calf died, the other recovered. 4th Remove.-Again two calves of steppe and German breed, 1 one-and-a-half and the other three years old, were selected for this attempt. Incubative period five and six days. Both died.

Trials made with oiler Lymph.�It had been preserved by Mr. Sergegew in hair tubes, with both ends hermetically closed during nine months and nineteen days, and was tried on 2 calves. It remained without efiect. The lymph tried on 1, 3, 3, 4, and 1 calf, which 3Ir. S. had preserved nine months and twenty-four days. Professors Jessen and Rawitsch thirty-one days and thirty days, likewise eleven months, and one mouth and twenty clays, proved just as useless.

Professor Rawitsch visited in 1863, in the course of his journey to Cherson, the Count Podgoretschani-Petrowitsch, in the province of Cherson, and mentions in Ins report having heard the Count declare that he would not have his cattle inoculated a second

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time after the unfavourable experiences of the past. The Count and the elders of his village confirmed the assertion of Regi�mental Veterinary Surgeon Dudarcw, that out of 400 head of cattle which had been inoculated in 1854, about 120 had died. Dudarcw and Orlow, then students at the Veterinary College of Charkow, had been commissioned to perform the inoculations on the estates of the Count Podgoretshani-Petrowitsch.

With regard to the manner in which the police measures were formerly enforced at the Inoculation Institute of Bonda-rewka, Professor Eawitsch makes the following astounding statement in his lleport: quot; The servants in Bondarowka who had to tend the sick animals were sometimes occupied even with the healthy; they caught them when they were intended for inoculation, opened the bodies, and interred them.quot; The subjoined communication, made by Mr. von Scheidemann, as�sistant to the chief superintendent of the estates belonging to the Grand Duchess Helena Paulowna, is also remarkable : quot; In 1860, Rinderpest of a very virulent character was prevalent amongst a herd, which was only separated from his (the nar�rator's) cattle-farm by a narrow river. Although no special measures were adopted for the protection of this herd, it re�mained healthy.quot; Involuntarily, on reading this, the first ques�tion that strikes one is. How many of Mr. von Scheidemann's animals would have died of the disease if some mucus from the nose, tears, blood, etc. of diseased cattle had been introduced under the skin of the cattle of his herd ? Apodictically, of course, this question cannot be answered, but, if a conclusion can fairly be drawn from all the circumstances before us, the answer would be: In the herd belonging to Mr. von Scheide-mann at least as many cattle would have died as in that on the other side of the river affected with natural Rinderpest. This

if''-

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conclusion is justified by the facts from Dorpat. Professor Jessen went, in company of Professor A. Unterberger, on the 2Gth of November, 1809, to Weisscnsee (five miles distant from Dorpat), and to the farm Waelli, where in the course of ton days, out of 16 head of cattle, 10 had died and 3 had been killed. That the mortality was due to Rinderpest was ascer�tained by an examination of animals alive and dead, and mea�sures were ordered for the protection of GO healthy cattle on the farm and those of a peasant whose homestead was separated from this farm by a hedge. From the stable where the healthy cattle had been placed, a cow was removed on the morning of the 29th, which, in consequence of fever, shivering fits, short hoarse cough, staring coat, tenderness of the loins, liquid dis�charge from both eyes and both nostrils, was suspected of Rin�derpest. The experiments at the Veterinary College confirmed the correctness of the diagnosis. The inoculation was per�formed on 2 calves and 2 cows ; both these animals had been formerly inoculated with matter eleven months old, obtained from Karlowka; in consequence, both calves and one cow died of Binderpest. The loss amounted, therefore, to 75 per cent, in tho above-mentioned stable, and in the homestead adjoining the infected farm, which had likewise 1-1 head of cattle, none died.

Professor Kawitsch, in a recent publication, states the con�clusions to which be and Professor Jessen arrived, in con�sequence of the results obtained at the Inoculation Institutes in the provinces of Cherson and Orenburg, in 1SG3. They are: �

1.nbsp; quot;The inoculation with old lymph proved inefficacious.

2.nbsp; quot; Animals which had been unsuccessfully inoculated with old matter fell sick afterwards, after a second inoculation, or in consequence of natural infection.

3.nbsp; quot;The inoculation with fresh matter occasioned a very

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serious loss iu the Inoculation Institute of Cherson. Besides those in the Institute, 80 animals were inoculated in a village where the Rinderpest had been prevalent for some time. Of these, 1(5 died. It ought to be remembered that the virulenee of every epizootic disease becomes mitigated in the course of time. 4. quot;Cattle which bad recovered from the disease after in�oculation could not be infected again in spite of all attempts.quot;

Report on the Inoculation of Rinderpest in Karlowha, from May

to September, 18G4, by 31. liaupack.

The first attempt was made on the 15tb of May on 120 animals with matter of the 2nd and 3rd remove, which bad been collected in March. The virus was completely spoiled, and the inocnlatiou utterly failed; not a single animal was even slightly affected. Further attempts with the same matter did not prove more satisfactory.

Inoculation mth Bemoves.�1st Remove-6 one-year-old calves were inoculated with matter, obtained 34 hours before, from an animal sick of Rinderpest. All fell ill; 2 on the 6th and 4 on the 7th day after inoculation, were without doubt suffering severely from Rinderpest; 1 died. Loss, 16sect; per cent. 2nd Remove.-Iuoculatcd 3G one-year-old calves. All animals were very severely attacked; 21 on the 7th, 13 on the Sth, and 2 on the 9th day after inoculation; 4 died. Loss, 11J per cent. 8rd Remove�Inoculated 136 head amongst oxen and bulls one and a half to three and a half years old. On the 6th, 7th, and Sth day after inoculation all were distinctly and severely affected; 5 died ; thus inducing a loss of 3| per cent.

27id Series of Attempts.�1st llemove.-The same matter which had been employed for the first series, was now six weeks old; 10 two-year-old heifers were inoculated. They fell sick percep-

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tibly and severely, 1 died, and 9 recovered. Loss, 10 per cent. 2nd Eemove.�Inoculated 12 two-year-old heifers. All fell sick perceptibly and severely; 4 animals on tlie 6tli, C on the 7th, and 2 on the 8th clay, bnt all recovered. 3rd IJemove.�97 two aud three-year-old cows, 4 calves six montlis old, and 26 two-year-old oxen; altogether 127 bead of cattle fell sick distinctly and severely; 34 on the (Jth, 53 on the 7th, and 40 on the 8tb day after inoculation; 8 (0t per cent.) died, amongst tbem 3 two-year-old oxen. The two-year-old oxen had been bought at a fair, for which the peasants generally prepare the animals, especially draught beasts which they intend to sell, by giving them better fodder. This is accomplished principally hy means of excessive quantities of mealy drinks, which certainly give the animals a sleeker and better appearance, but which is said to weaken their digestive organs, and render them less capable of resisting and overcoming diseases. These bought animals were very ill after inoculatioQ, and suffered particularly from profuse diarrhoea. 4th Eemove.-Inoculated 10 animals �bulls, oxen, and bull-calves. All fell perceptibly sick; 2 on the 7th, and 7 on the 8th day, but none severely, and none died. These, as well as other animals mentioned in this report, with the exception of 4, belonged all to the steppe breed. At the same time as the previous, and with the same vims, M. Baupach inoculated, for experiment, 4 oxen, one and two years old, of Devonshire breed. They were seized with symp�toms of Kiuderpest, and died between the 6th and 9th day after the inoculation. 5th Bemove.�Inoculated 10 two-year-old oxen winch had been bought at a market, and 2 belonging to a peasant of Karlowka. All 12 animals took the disease; 11 on the 7th, and 1 on the 8th day; 1 died, and the loss therefore amounted to 8J per cent. The same remarks apply

PEEVENTION OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 197

to the 10 oxen, as those stated previously with regard to the cattle inoculated with the 3rd remove.

It is astonishing, as the Eeport informs ns, that all the steppe animals which were used for these experiments in 1864 in and around Karlowka, should possess so great a predisposi�tion to Kinderpest. Of 349 inoculated animals all fell sick quot;distinctly,quot; quot;severely,quot; or quot; very severely,quot; and only 10 were declared quot;not severelyquot; affected. Immunity was not observed in a single animal. Professor Unterberger asks whether this fact should not be accepted as a proof how disadvantageous, under certain circumstances, the protective inoculation may be even in the steppe regions of Southern Russia, where there are herds amongst which Rinderpest had not been prevalent from ten to twenty, and in one case even forty years!

In a Supplement to his Eeport, M. Raupach mentions that, in 1864, Adjutant-General von Grrimwaldt, bought 32 head of two and a half-year old oxen, which, at the General's request, were inoculated at Karlowka. Of these, 2 (6^ per cent.) died of the inoculation. quot;But, after inoculation was completely finished 2 more of these animals died of anthrax, which was then preva�lent in and around Karlowka, aud another died of an accident.quot; As the 32 head of cattle had been insured against losses from inoculation in the Institute of Karlowka, compensation had to be allowed, and this amounted to 15| per cent, of the value of the animals. Altogether there were inoculated in Karlowka, from the 8th of November, 1857, to the end of the year 1864, 11S9 head of cattle, which on the large stock of cattle there is a comparatively small number. According to M. Raupach, the peasants in Karlowka, in the year 1860, owned 13,000 bead of cattle, notwithstanding that the Rinderpest quot; had been terribly prevalent amongst the herds of the Karlowka peasants and in the whole suiroundins; district.quot;

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Since the coturmencement of the present outbreak in this country I have had occasion to inoculate a number of animals for experimental purposes, amongst them 63 young animals on a farm where the disease was rapidly spreading, and all the cattle had been subjected to infection; the result was somewhat in favour of inoculation, as in Tquot;) eases -10 per cent, of recoveries was obtained. I do not, however, recommend inoculation as a preventive. The observations I have; to make on it may be thus summed up :�

First. Inoculation induces, as a rule, a mild form of disease amongst steppe cattle. On cattle of other breeds the loss has sometimes been slight, but is usually nearly as severe as that arising from natural Rinderpest.

Second. The inoculated disease is communicable by re-inocu�lation and cohabitation. My experience would indicate that the animals iid'ected by simple cohabitation with inoculated cattle suller more than those inoculated, and die in considerable numbers.

Third. The results of inoculation arc seriously aggravated by cold, wet, and exposure. The most successful cases have been those carefully attended to in-doors.

Fourth. In my opinion, inoculation never can be resorted to with success, even in Russia, as a means of exterminating Kinderpest.

Fifth, Means adopted for the cultivation or modification of the virus have proved unsatisfactory, and cannot be relied on.

Sixth. Any liquid from the body of a sick animal serves to communicate the disease by inoculation.

Seventh. The period of incubation is usually from four to five days after inoculation, and the invasion of the disease is indicated first by elevation of temperature, and secondly by distinct white epithelial eruptions on the inner side of the lower lip, below the corner incisor, and on the inside of the nose.

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Eighth. The cutaneous eruption not constant in natural Rin�derpest is usually seen in inoculated animals.

Ninth. Sheep can be inoculated from cattle, and then again cattle from sheep, without modifying the virulence of the virus.

Tenth. I have not witnessed any modilication in the inocula�tion with different secretions. I have tried blood, milk, abdo�minal fluid, contents of the intestine, frothy mucus from the windpipe, saliva, and tears.

Eleventh. I have reason to believe that glycerine modifies and then destroys the virus, as in the case of Pleuro-pueumonia. On this point further experiments are required; but I feel tolerably certain that mixing glycerine with the virus of Kinder-post cannot bo relied on to obtain a mild form of the disease.

Twelfth. All animals that escape after inoculation without indicating symptoms such as elevation of animal heat, and eruption in the mouth, are not protected from further attacks.

Thirteenth. The produce of animals which have had Rinder�pest is as susceptible to attacks as any other.

Fourteenth. Age docs not materially affect the results of inoculation.

X. Vaccination.

Dr. Murchison's papers on the points of resemblance between Cattle Plague and small-pox have led lo innumerable experi�ments as to the preventive effects of vaccination against attacks of Einderpest. Mr. Tollemache, the High Sheriff of Cheshire, who has been an active supporter of vaccination, wrote a letter to Tlie Times early in January, 1866, advocating it.

Letters, telegrams, special messengers, veterinarians, from all parts of the country, have been visiting us daily for that which we could not supply. All wished for one of three rarities : some natural cow-pox lymph, some human small-pox virus, or

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the vaccine which may be obtained from the establishments created and kept up for the special protection of mankind from the ravages of variola. Dr. Murchison may claim the honour of having drawn attention to, and having encouraged trials on the supposed virtues of vaccination, in preserving cattle against the Plague. It would doubtless have been well had he been successful in stemming that torrent which has swept away herds large and small, and which at the present moment threatens to involve the whole agricultural community in disastrous min! He has only paved the way, however, for another great disap�pointment. Drug after drug, order after order, system after system, have just left us where I ventured to predict, as far back as last August, they would leave us. It may bo unsatisfactory on my part to raise my voice loudly against every suggestion, medical or nou-medieal, for effecting cures, and securing pre�ventives which might supersede the pole-axe, but unfortunately, on the vaccination question I have again been in the unpleasant position of a destroyer of hopes, and firm in my belief that until we kill out the Iiinderpest it must continue to destroy our stock. I was present at a meeting of the Pathological Society when Mr. Hancock exhibited an eruption on his hand, which was regarded as variolous, and as an example of a special erup�tion induced by the Cattle Plague poison. I had previously inoculated myself more times than I venture to name, aud continued my post-mortem examinations week by week, without suffering from any eruption akin to variola or vaccinia. Was I susceptible? To solve this question, I was vaccinated�not having been submitted to that operation since infancy�from a well-developed eruption on an infant's arms. No less than five out of eight pricks proved productive of results, and I have had live well-developed and markedly uinbilieated vesicles. If I escaped variolous inoculation from the Rinderpest, it could not

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tlierefore be either from avoiding such inoculation, or immunity which I enjoyed.

I cannot resist quoting a few observations on this important question from an admirable leader in The British Medical Journal for the 13th of January:

The public minil has lioen somewhat and hastily inflamed with hopes by statements made on this subject. Men of science must not let judgment out�run discretion. Vaccination has over-hastily become the cry throughout the country, although there is at present no proof that it will serve its in this difficulty. Already the demands for vaccine arc so great, that there seems a danger of vaccine-matter running short, and so that the supply for human youngsters may fail. Few of the persons, moreover, who are now rushing into the vaccinating of bullocks, have an idea of the difficulty attending the operation, and the precautions required to ensure its being effective. For these reasons, therefore, we venture to suggest a word of caution to our medical brethren. . . . There is one striking fact to be derived from the historical study of Cattle Plague, which has not been alluded to (as for as we are aware), and which, nevertheless, seems to be, a priori, a strong argument against the identity. It is this, that in the many very accurate histories of the terrible and numerous Cattle Plague epidemics which have now for centuries ravaged all parts of Europe, we nowhere find it stated that the disease has been com�municated from the ox to man. Dr. Murchisou has argued that quot;vaccinated persons arc constantly exposed to small-pox poison with impunity.quot; Sut it must be remembered that we are now speaking of the epidemics which occurred before the days of inoculation and of Jenner; when man could not have been exposed to the small-pox poison with impunity.

How comes it, we might ask, that at the beginning of the last century, in the epidemics which have been so faithfully described by Laucisi, Lanzoni, llamazzini, and others, that we meet with the history of no single case in which the disease was communicated to man'? When we recollect that for many consecutive years this Cattle Plague raged from one end of Italy to another; that it carried off, in some parts, almost the whole of the oxen; that herdsmen wore constantly in attendance upon, and intimately mixed up with, the diseased animals, it seems almost incredible that the disease, if really small-pox, should have failed to have been�in some instances, at all events� communicated to man. That physicians were alive to the supposed identity of the two diseases is certain, from the fact that all authors speak of the sup�posed identity, and that it was a subject of discussion in their academics ; and we may, therefore, be very sure that cases of this kind would not have been overlooked had they occurred.

No doubt it is true that great difficulty is experienced in communicating the disease from one species of animal to another; hut still, if the case of Mr.

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Hancock be rightly interpreted by those who use it as a very strong argument in favour of the identity of the diseases in question, it follows that the Cattle Plague disease is communicable to man. And if so, again we ask, how comes it that, in all the numerous records of the Cattle Plague, no single instance of the kind is recorded ? Hundreds of thousands of oxen must have perished of the disease in Italy between 1709 and 1714. Thousands of men must have been constantly engaged in tending upon these oxen�in physicking, skinning, cutting up, and burying the infected animals;* and yet we have no record of the disease having been communicated in any instance to these non-inoculated, non-vaccinated, utterly unprotected men. Lancisi, who has left us nothing to add to his description of the Cattle Plague, tells us of no such case, and, indeed, denies the identity of the two diseases. His masterly eye would have hardly missed such an important fact, had such an one ever occurred ; and, as the medical world in 1712 were discussing the question of identity at that very time, we may bo sure that any such case would have been at once brought under their notice.

Cattle that have been vaccinated are dying. Some may not have been vaccinated successfully, but we are tracing reports of outbreaks where we know, from undoubted medical and vete�rinary evidence, that herds which have had cow-pox in past years have been destroyed as rapidly as other herds supposed never to have been affected with variola vaccina.

Mr. Tollemacho wrote a second letter to The Times, in which, with all caution, but with great earnestness and ovi-deuce of growing laith, he spoke of the quot;ray of lightquot; in the results of vaccination on his ten cows, and added, in italics, quot; / have not been alle to hear of one fatal case in this neiyhbour-hootl where tlie operation has been successful.quot; With becoming candour, he. however, stated, quot; Many vaccinated cows have died, but not one, as far as I can hear, where the vaccine has taken.quot;

Now, in the last sentence is embodied all that is needed

* In 17-1G, Mauohart, speaking of an epidemic of the Cattle Plague in Swabia, says :�quot; All the men who were during this time engaged in feeding and curing the sick cattle, in burying, removing, skinning, and cutting up their bodies, and who breathed heavy clouds of effluvia, remained in perfect health�omnes ac siuguli sani memserunt salviytte.quot;

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to caution farmers against the expensive, and useless vacci�nation experiments so strongly recommended. My own opinion is, that Rinderpest is not variola; I even go further, and affirm that had vaccination proved successful, the present outbreak could not be controlled by the universal practice of the present time, which has been attended with one great evil�viz., drawing the attention of the people from the only sure method whereby the Russian Plague may be driven back to its native haunts in Tartary, or in other broad plains beyond the Don and the Volga.

Mr. Tollemache had a thirteen mouths old Alderney heifer most successfully vaccinated, and placed, on the 11th of January, in an infected shed. This heifer died on the 25th of January. Other two cows similarly treated took the disease. Since then I have received reports from Nantwich and the neighbourhood to the effect that many vaccinated cattle have died. Several cases have been recorded of animals having died of Rinderpest after undoubted attacks of cow-pox. Dr. Murchison has pub�lished some of the most interesting of the unfavourable experi�ments. On January the 15th the Earl of Airlie sent an ox and a heifer which had been vaccinated on January 6th, and an un-vaccinated ox, to an infected farm. On January 2!.)th the vac�cinated ox was dead, and the unvaccinated one very ill. The heifer was coughing. On the 7th of January Mr. Harper, of llolbeach, vaccinated two heifers successfully, and on the ISth they were placed in two separate yards where cattle were dying of the Plague. Both showed signs of the disease on the 23rd, and both died on the 27th.

A calf which had been successfully vaccinated, and three children vaccinated from it, was inoculated by Dr. Burden Sanderson, in the Albert Veterinary College, and showed eleva�tion of temperature on the 4th day, and has since presented the active symptoms of Rinderpest.

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Two cows vaccinated by Mr. Acton were taken to the Eoyal Veterinary College. One was inoculated, showed signs of tlie Plague on the 6th day, and died on the 11th; the other was exposed to infection, showed symptoms on the 7th day, and is still ill.

I might quote many more instances of failure. The French Government has forwarded four successfully vaccinated heifers from Paris to the Albert Veterinary College, in order to aid in the definite solution of the question. I had no doubt of the result from the commencement, and this mainly from the fact, that I was sure of having seen Einderpost in cows that had had cow-pox. The Cattle Plague Commissioners have already ex�pressed their opinion against vaccination, and after many disap�pointments, we are driven back to the point from which we started, as to the best moans for the prevention and extinction of the Plague.

Government Measures for the Prevention of the Cattle Plague.

The occasional appearance of small-pox amongst sheep since 1848, led Government to continue from session to session an Act passed in the 11th and 12tli years of Her present Majesty's reign to prevent the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle and other animals. In 18G4 an attempt was made to legislate further on the subject; but the efforts of Government were defeated, and, I regret to say, amongst the opponents of Government were cattle-dealers, cattle-importers, and veterinary professors in London and in Edinburgh. Instead of the inquiry before the Select Com�mittee of the House of Commons in 1804 leading to more stringent measures for the prevention of contagious diseases in animals, it absolutely led to a relaxation of existing regulations ;

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and whereas the presence of a sick animal in an imported cargo had before been sufficient to secure the condemnation of an entire herd, it was ruled by those in authority that inspectors should only seize and slaughter animals actually sick, thus permitting infected beasts to pass.

It is therefore not to be wondered at that when the Cattle Plague reached England in the spring of 1865 no system existed whereby information respecting the disorder could be obtained, and that the powers vested in Government, when at length the nature of the outbreak was recognized, proved wholly insuflicient for that purpose. In the case of sheep much more could be done, as indeed was done in 1S�2 and during 18G5, but with regard to cattle it was difficult at first to understand liow the Government should act. The greatest error committed was undoubtedly that of not ascertaining at the earliest possible moment the exact nature of the malady. The country should have been warned in time of the impending danger, and this course would doubtless have saved many persons from bank�ruptcy and the authorities much trouble. In several dairies the disease raged with severity at the end of June. It was seen in the Royal Agricultural Society's showyard early in July, and, notwithstanding these warnings, a Privy Council Order issued on the 24th of the last-named month applied in general terms to any contagious or infectious disorder, inasmuch as the dis�order prevailing among cattle in the metropolis, and which had lately appeared,was of quot;uncertainquot; nature. This Order simply required owners of cattle in the metropolis to give notice to the Clerk of the Privy Council of the existence of any disease in his sheds under a penalty of 20/. Professor Simonds has stated that the effect of this first Order in Council was to spread the disease rather more quickly than it would otherwise have been

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from the Metropolitan Market, from the cow-keepers sending their stock there for sale, rather than run the risk of losing it after giving information to the Clerk of the Council.

On the 11th of August the authorities ventured to use the words Cattle Plague, and to make provision for the appointment of inspectors. Any inspector had by the order then issued power to enter and inspect premises, and to prevent the removal of any sick or infected animals. It was likewise ordered that animals suffering from disease should be separated as for as practicable, and that all that died should bo buried, their skins and the premises they had been in being disinfected. All offend�ing against this order were likewise subjected to a 20?. penalty.

So far, this order applied solely to the metropolis, and the dairymen of London were most reluctant to give notice to the Clerk of the Council or to submit their animals to inspection. Sick and infected cows were freely sold to butchers and sent to markets, and thus the malady was propagated in all directions around London, and spread from thence into remote parts of the kingdom.

On the 18th of August the rules laid down for the metropolis were extended, by order of the Council, to Scotland, where the disease was then raging. On the 2.^r)tli of the same month the removal of cattle from Great Britain to Ireland was prohibited, and, thanks to this prudent measure, which was obtained with considerable difficulty and after great clamour on the part of the Irish people, that portion of the United Kingdom was spared the ravages of the Cattle Plague.

It was as late as the 20th of August that the Orders in Council relating to London and Scotland were extended to all parts of Great Britain. The powers of inspectors were rendered operative for all parts of the district for which they were

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appointed, including fairs and markets. Any inspector could insist on separation of sick from healthy animals, or the slaughter and burial of those affected with the disease, or the disinfection and even destruction of fodder and manure; and, lastly, the travelling and sending to fairs or markets of any animal labour�ing under the malady was strictly prohibited.

Tims matters stood for nearly a month. The disease ad�vanced ; but no official reports were issued indicating the extent and position of the outbreaks. This essential matter was wholly neglected, though by the Order of the 22nd of September, con�solidating and amending all previous orders, inspectors were required to report to local authorities; this Order was, perhaps, more for the purpose of knowing when inspectors were at work and how far they bad travelled, than for any other purpose. The other novelties of this consolidated order, consisted in not allow�ing sick animals to remain on unenclosed land, on road sides, in commanding their burial six feet below ground with their skins on, in prohibiting the sale of any but fat animals for immediate slaughter in tlic Metropolitan Cattle Market, and lastly, in granting power to local authorities to stop markets or fairs.

The last Order issued prior to the appointment of a Royal Commission to investigate the whole subject, which appoint�ment is treated on in another portion of this work, bore date of the 29th of September, and it referred to the removal of sheep or lambs, or their skins, from Great Britain to Ireland. Such removal was prohibited because of certain statements regarding the prevalence of the Cattle Plague amongst sheep.

The 7th Order appeared after the first report of the Royal Commissioners was issued; and by it powers were given to local authorities to close fairs and markets, and to one of Her Majesty's principal Secretaries of State to do the same when and where ne-

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cessary; veterinary inspectors were unfortunately superseded to a considerable extent, and cattle could only be slaughtered if tbeir owners refused to obey the inspector's orders as to separation.

An 8th Order, which almost immediately followed, virtually opened up closed districts, by permitting animals to be sent or carried by railway through or out of them ; or any cattle brought by sea into such parts might be taken to the nearest convenient railway station for the purpose of being removed to a distance.

All the Orders issued by Council excited much discussion, and gave rise to considerable dissatisfaction. Respecting them, Mr. Wise wrote to Tlie Times as follows:

Sir,�As much confusion seems to prevail as to the meaning of the orders and notices prohibiting or restraining the removal of cattle, the following sum�mary is submitted for the guidance of those interested :�

The Orders in Council are two�one of the 23rd of November, and the other of the IGth of December, J805. By the latter Order so much of paragraph 5 of the former Order as defines the local authority in Great Britain is revoked, the Quarter Sessions being made the local authority of the county, riding, or division in the place of the Petty Sessions.

Animal is defined to mean quot; cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, lamb, sheep, goat, or swine.quot;

There are three paragraphs authorising tho local authority to prevent or restrict the removal of animals�viz., No. 16 and 18 of the Order of the 23rd of November, and No. 4 of the Order of the 10th of December.

No. 10 relates to mar/cits and fairs and the exhibition ff cattle for sale, and authorises the local authority by notice to prevent removal of the before-mentioned animals or any specified description thereof to any market or fair, or any place whatever within their jurisdiction, for the purpose of exhibition or sale, except under such conditions as the local authority may think fit to impose.

No. 18 relates to the fyringing of cattle from any place out tf to any -place within the jurisdiction of the local authority, and authorises the local authority by notice to prohibit such animals as aforesaid, or any specified description thereof, from being brought from any other part of Great Britain into any place within tlie jurisdiction of the local authority, either absolutely or under such conditions as tho local authority may think fit to impose, provided (1) that any person may send or carry any such animals by railway through such jurisdiction ; and (2) any person may bring or send with the licence of any two justices acting in and for the jurisdiction to which the notice applies any such animals from any land or premises iu his own occupation beyond

OOVEllNMKNT PEEVENTIVE MEASURES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;209

such jurisdiction to any other hind or premises in his own occupation within such jurisdiction.

No. 4 relates to the removal of cattle from one place to another wUhin the same jurisdiction, and to all such animals as aforesaid except quot;sheep, lambs, goats, or swine,quot; and authorises the local authority, hy notice, to proMbit the removal of any such animals except as aforesaid from any particular part of the jurisdiction of such local authority to any other part of such jurisdiction, or from any place or places within such jurisdiction, to be specified in such notice, to any other such place or places, also to be so specified, or from place to place generally within such jurisdiction, or within any specified part thereof, provided that it shall not bo unlawful to send or carry any such animal hy railway through or out of such jurisdiction, or to send or carry the same if brought from any place out of Great. Britain into such jurisdiction, to the nearest convenient railway station for the purpose of carrying it through or out of such jurisdiction.

The effect of the Orders is :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;That the justices are not authorised to prohibit or restrain the removal of sheep, lambs, goats, and swine from place to place within their jurisdiction, except to a market, fair, or place for exhibition or sale.

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;That sheep, lambs, goats, or swine cannot bo brought from any place out of the county or jurisdiction, except in compliance with the Orders in Council and of the justices of the county, amp;c., into whoso jurisdiction they are to be brought.

3.nbsp; nbsp;That cows, heifers, bulls, bullocks, oxen, and calves cannot be exhibited for sale or brought from any place out of the jurisdiction or removed from place to place within the jurisdiction, except in compliance with the orders of the justices.

4.nbsp; nbsp;As no two local authorities appear to have adopted precisely the same form of order, the notices must in each case be referred to to ascertain the con�ditions upon and subject to which animals may be removed, but keeping in mind that so much of any order or notice as purports to prohibit or restrict the removal o( sheep, lemhs, yoats, or swine from place to pilace within the same jurisdiction, except to a market or fair, or place of exhibition for sale, is null and void.

March, Jan. 16.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;P, J. Wise.

A letter was addressed to the same paper by Lord Folkestone

which led to the publication of the following on the 19th of

January:�

Sib,�Lord Folkestone has published a painful truth, of which I have been for some time cognizant, but which for prudential reasons, which will be

21Unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

obvious, I have endeavoured to conceal, except from brother magistrates. His Lordship solicits a power which cannot be granted him by the Government, as I proceed to show. Some months ago I submitted the following supposed case, with a request for advice from the Home Secretary of State. A drover is found with, it maybe, two or 20, or 200, cattle on the public highway. He is asked by a policeman who he is, whose are his boasts, whence brought, whither bound. He refuses to answer any question. What is the policeman to do ? He cannot arrest the man, and if he could, what is'to be done with the cattle ? He has no powei to seize or detain ; he can only follow, and the pursuit may last, so to speak, for any extent of distance and any length of time. The matter is not altered as a question of law even by the Plague being visible among the cattle. In such a case no person has power to interfere, except an authorised inspector, and ho cam do nothing where there are no Plague symptoms, should it happen that he may be within reach. Having put the case thus, and shown that a drover, so he but act upon his employer's instructions, by declining to give information, will travel through and contaminate county after county, from Liverpool to London, from Hull to Holyhead, and Perth to Penzanoe, I ventured to offer a sug�gestion. It was, that the earliest possible power should be given by the Privy Council, in order to correct so serious and expensive an evil. The reply ad�dressed to me by the direction of Sir George Grey is now offered through your columns to the perusal of Lord Folkestone and the public. It will tend to show what a vast extent of mischief must still continue without any magisterial or constabular ability to stop it, if not to show that Parliament ought to have been called together in November in order to prevent so great a national calamity. Permit me now. Sir, to notice another matter by which the magis�trates in nearly every part of England have beer, greatly embarrassed. I refer to the ignorance in which they have been compelled to remain as to the law of penalty, notwithstanding repeated applications for a correct opinion. Sir George Grey, with the Attorney and Solicitor Generals and various other legal officers at his command for counsel, has constantly avoided giving a direct and posi�tive reply to the question whether penalties can bo inflicted at what I may call per transaction or per animal. He has encouraged magistrates to adopt the principle of multiplied fines, but with the pleasant addition that by so doing they can force the question to an issue before the Court of Queen's Bench. Whether any magistrates desire to have their regulations and pockets sub�mitted to such a process I have not heard, but 1 have some doubts whether any such arc to be found, and am rather inclined to think that the Orders of Privy Council, which have puzzled us at each fresh communication, would have been more useful if they had boldly commanded us to do what wo wished, or told us in plain terms by what means we could exercise our dis-cretionary power. Lot me add that I say this with no political feeling. If Lord Derby had been in the position of Lord I'ussell, and Mr. Disraeli of Air. Gladstone, T should have, considered them to have abdicated their duty by

GOVERNMENT PEEVENTIVE MEASURES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 211

loavinp; the magistrates unmformed and unassisted as they have been loft tarongfa the vacillations, if not timidity, of the existing Government. I enclose you the letter referred to.

I have the honour to remain, Sir,

Your obedient Servant, Farthinghoo Rectory, near Brackley,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Fuancis LicnriEi.D.

Jan. 17.

Whitehall, Dec. 22. Sir,�I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 11th inst., with reference to the evasion of an order of the justices through the drover of cattle refusing to give the in�formation required ; and I am to inform you that Sir George Grey regrets that the Act does not empower the Lords of the Council to enforce any other penalty for the violation of their orders than that named in the statute.

I am. Sir, yonr obedient Servant,

T. G. Baking. Rev. P. Lichfield, Farthinghoe Rectory, Brackley.

The Order in Council of 3rd November, 1865, applies exclu�sively to the quot; Nortli-Western District of Scotland.quot;

The quot;North-Western District of Scotland¹' is defined and interpreted as meaning and embracing quot; the whole of the county of Argyle and the whole of Scotland lying to the north and west of the Caledonian Canal.quot;

It is declared unlawful for any person to remove any quot; cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, or lamb quot;to any port or place within the district above defined from any other port or place in Great Britain.

But this Order does not prohibit the removal of any of the above-specified descriptions of animals from any port or place in the district above defined to any other port or place within that district, or within any other part of Great Britain.

Two new Orders in Council have been published. One, ap�plicable to Great Britain, and issued on 20th January, contains three clauses. The first extends the powers of local authorities. They were formerly empowered to impose certain restrictions on the movement of animals ; they are now instructed to enforce

p 2

' '!

212nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

similar regulations quot; to all raw or untanned hides and skins, and all horns or hoofs of animals as defined as aforesaid .... except such hides, skins, horns,, or hoofs as are directly imported into the United Kingdom from India, Australia, South Africa, or America, and to the offal of any such animals as aforesaid, and also to all dung, hay, straw, fodder, or litter likely to propagate infection.quot; There is nothing in this clause to prevent any one from removing, with the licence of two justices, any such materials from land and premises in his own occupation, to any other land or pi^-ennses in his own occupation, during a time to be specified. The Order of the IGth of December relating to the transmission of animals by rail, is extended to the materials detailed above, and an amendment has been made by striking out the words quot;or out ofquot; from the proviso at the end of the fourth clause.

The second Order in Council, issued on the same day as that just described, makes provision for the contingency of the Plague's extending to Ireland, The word animal is defined j the authorities are specified ; persons are ordered to give notice of the appearance of the disease: constables are em�powered to inspect, and instructed to send reports to the nearest magistrate, as well as to the Chief or Under Secretary for Ireland. Infected districts are to be mapped out, and pro�claimed, and the cattle traffic within them stopped, though no restriction is placed on the carriage of carcases. Constables and sub-constables are to be posted round infected quarters to stop the egress and ingress of live stock. Those places are to be considered infected until the expiry of twenty-one days after the last case of death or recovery; and up to that time all dogs within the prescribed boundaries are to be chained. In�spectors have power to slaughter and bury. Persons who go near sick animals are to leave their clothes in the Plaeue-stricken districts. No drovers' dogs are to be imported into Ireland from England.

ACT 11 amp; 12 V1CT., CAR 107.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2J3

Before publishing the Orders in Council it may be well to reproduce the only Act of Parliament now in force which authorized the Government to act when the Cattle Plague was recognized amongst us:�

ACT 11 amp; 12 VICT., Cap. 107.

Ax Act to prevent, until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then Session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious Disorders among Sheep, Cattle, and other Animals.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; [Ath September, 18-18.]

Wrbbeas a contagious or infectious disorder, known or described as the Sheep i'ox or Variola Ovina, now prevails among the sheep in some parts of the United Kingdom, and it is necessary to take measures to prevent such disorder from spreading: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the autho�rity of the same, That in case any sheep or lambs infected with or [nfected sheep labouring under the said disorder, or anv disorder of the like nature, ^lt;'^xlquot;'^stlj ^lquot;^r ^^al(;

anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' may l)c .selzt-il

be exposed or offered for sale, or be brought or attempted to be mlaquo;! destroyed, tu-

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , i r inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,#9632; i �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i quot; n- i rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gether with pens,

brought tor the purpose ol being so exposed or onered lor sale, m any hurdles, amp;c.

market, fair, or other open or public place where other animals are

commonly exposed for sale, then and in any such case it shall be

lawful for any Clerk or Inspector or other officer of such fair or

market, or for any constable or policeman, or for any other person

authorized by the Mayor, or by any two Justices of the 1'eace having

jurisdiction in the place, or for any person authorized or appointed

by Her Majesty in Council, to seize the same, and to report sucli

seizure to the Mayor or any Justice of the Peace having jurisdiction

in the place; and it shall bo lawful for such Mayor or Justice either

to restore the same, or to cause the same, together with any pens,

hurdles, troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other articles which he may

judge likely to have been infected thereby, to be forthwith destroyed

or otherwise disposed of in such manner as he shall deem proper, or

as may be directed in manner herein-after provided ; and any person

Penalty on par-

bringing or attempting to bring any sheep.Iambs, oxen, bulls cows,nbsp; nbsp;Jjesexposing cat-o quot;a i o .-) j i' . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;t'c for sale, know-Calves, or other horned cattle, into any such market, fair, or open ornbsp; nbsp;lug them to be

public place as aforesaid, knowing such sheep, lambs, or cattle to be

214nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

infected with or labouring under either of such disorders as aforesaid,

shall, upon conviction thereof, forfeit and pay for each and every

such offence a sum not exceeding twenty pounds.

Penalty on pot- H. And be it enacted. That if any person turn out, keep, or sons depustariDgnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,

diseased sheep, amp;c. depasture any sheep or lambs infected with or labouring under the

said disorder in or upon any forest, chase, wood, moor, marsh, heath, common, waste land, open field, road side, or other undivided or un-inclosed land, such person shall, on conviction thereof, forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds. Penalty � per- HI. And whereas it is expedient for the preservation of the public SJe'roeatunflt for health, to make more eilectual provision for preventing the exposure human food.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f_or _sal(; ₀f any moat unfit for human food : Be it enacted. That if

any meat unfit for human food be exposed or offered for sale in any market, fair, or other open or public place, it shall be lawful for such clerks, inspectors, constables, policemen, or other persons authorized as aforesaid to seize the same, and to report such seizure to such Mayor or Justice as aforesaid; and such Mayor or Justice may either order the same to be restored, or to be destroyed or other�wise disposed of as aforesaid ; and any person publicly exposing or offering such meat for sale shall, upon conviction, forfeit and pay for each and every such offence a sum not exceeding twenty pounds. Privy Council IV. And for the more effectually preventing the spreading of UUods as ton* contagious or infectious disease, be it enacted, That it shall be lawful movol of sheep, f_or _t\_w LijkU and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such Orders and Regu�lations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal, to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to as to purifying propagate infection ; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, amp;o.j ' ^b*'quot;^!'' stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or as to disposing of other vehicles; and also for the purpose of directing how any animals �fectetTstate!¹ ^'quot;S ⁱⁿ ^a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of this Act, are to be disposed of; and as to giving lt;'^llKl ^ho for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appear-�ncTof disease! ^anc0 ⁰' ^aiiy ^'s⁰'''¹¹-'¹' among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to ^amp;c-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect

to the provisions of this Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations; and all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like Penalty for of- force and effect as if the same had been inserted in this Act; and all tlies�aic. ^ugiquot;quot;^st persons offending against the same shall for each and every offence

ACT 11 amp; 12 VIOT., CM'. 107

215

forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or sucli smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any caso by such order direct.

V.nbsp; nbsp;And he it enacteil, That all orders and regulations made under the authority of this Act shall, within fourteen days after the issuing thereof, be twice published in the London. Gazette; and in ease such orders or regulations apply to any particular places or districts, then the same shall also bo twice published, within fourteen days as afore�said, iu some newspaper or newspapers circulating in the County or Counties within which each of such places or districts, or any part or parts thereof respectively, is or are situated.

VI.nbsp; nbsp;And be it enacted. That a copy of every such order or orders shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament within six weeks after issuing the same, if Parliament be then sitting, and if Parlia�ment be not then sitting, then within six weeks after the commence�ment of the then next Session of Parliament.

VII.nbsp; And be it enacted. That in case any person wilfully obstruct or impede any person acting under the authority of this Act, or of any order or regulation made in pursuance of this Act, every person so offending, and all others aiding and assisting therein, shall and may bo seized and detained by such person so acting under the authority of this Act as aforesaid, or any person or persons he may call to his assistance, until suck offender or offenders can be conveniently taken before some Justice of the Peace having jurisdiction in the county or place wherein such offence shall be committed, and when convicted before such Justice as aforesaid (who is hereby authorized and re�quired, upon complaint to him upon oath, to take cognizance thereof, and to act summarily in the premises,) shall, in the discretion of such Justice forfeit any sum not exceeding five pounds, and in default of payment thereof shall and may be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two calendar months, unless the amount of the penalty shall have been sooner discharged.

VJUJL. And l)e it enacted. That every penalty or forfeiture imposed by this Act may bo recovered by summary proceeding before two Justices; and upon the exhibition of any information in writing before any Justice such Justice shall issue a summons requiring the party complained against to appear before two Justices having jurisdiction, at a time and place to be named in such summons; and every such summons shall be served on the party offending, either in person or by leaving the same with some inmate, at his last or usual place of abode; and upon the appearance of the party complained against, or in his absence, after proof of the service of such Summons, it shall bo lawful for any two Justices having jurisdiction to proceed to the hearing of the complaint; and upon proof of the offence, either

Orders, amp;c., to be published in Qazette and In county newspa. pers;

and to be laid Iw-fore Parliament.

IVnalty for ob�structing persons in the exeeution of this Act,

Penalties to he

summarily reco�vered before two

justices.

216

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Penalties to be levied by distress.

by the confession uf the party complained against or upon the oath of one credible witness or more, it shall be lawful for such Justices to convict the offender, and upon such conviction to adjudge the offender to pay such penalty as may seem fit, and not greater than the penalty or forfeiture specified in this Act, as well as such costs attending the conviction as such Justices shall think fit.

IX.nbsp; nbsp;And be it enacted. That if forthwith upon any such adjudi�cation as aforesaid the amount of the penalty or forfeiture, ami of such costs as aforesaid, be not paid, the amount of such penalty and costs shall be levied by distress, and such Justices, or either of them, or any other Justice having jurisdiction as aforesaid, shall issue their or his warrant of distress accordingly.

X.nbsp; nbsp;And be it enacted. That it shall be lawful for any such Justice to order any offender so convicted as aforesaid to be detained and kept in safe custody until return can be conveniently made to the warrant of distress to be issued for levying such penalty or forfeiture-and costs, unless the offender give sufficient security, by way of recognizance or otherwise, to the satisfaction of the Justice, for his appearance before him on the day appointed for such return, such day being not more than eight days from the time of taking such security ; but if before issuing such warrant of distress it shall appear to the Justice, by the admission of the offender or otherwise, that no sufficient distress can be had within the jurisdiction of such Justice whereon to levy such penalty or forfeiture and costs, he may if he think fit, refrain from issuing such warrant of distress; and in such case, or if such warrant shall have been issued, and upon the return thereof such insufficiency as aforesaid shall bo made to appear to the Justice, then such Justice shall by warrant cause such offender to be committed to gaol, there to remain without bail for any term not exceeding three months, \mless such penalty or forfeiture and costs be sooner paid and satisfied.

XI.nbsp; nbsp;And be it enacted. That where in this Act any sum of money, whether in the nature of penalty or otherwise, is directed to be levied by distress, such sum of money shall be levied by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of the party liable to pay the same; and the overplus arising from the sale of such goods and chattels, after satisfying such sum of money, and the expenses of the distress and sale, shall be returned, on demand, to the party whose goods shall have been distrained.

XII.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;And be it enacted, That no distress levied by virtue of this Act shall be deemed unlawful, nor shall any party making the same be deemed a trespasser, on account of any defect or want of form in the summons, conviction, warrant of distress, or other proceedings relating thereto, nor shall such party be deemed a trespasser ah

In default of

tlistrcamp;s, justices may commit tUe offender io jtiison.

Ilistn s.-j, how to be levied.

Distress not un�lawful for want of form.

ACT 11 amp; lli V1CT., CAP. 107.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 217

mitio on account of tiny irregularity afterwards committed by him,

but all persons aggrieved by such defect or irregularity may recover full satisfaction for the special damage in an action upon the case.

X11I. And be it enacted, That all penalties and forfeitures reco- J^^⁰� quot;* veredunder this Act shall be applied as follows: one half thereof shall he paid to the person who shall sue or proceed for the same, and the other half to Her Majesty's use, and shall be paid to the sheriffs of the county, city, or town where the same shall have been imposed, and shall have been duly accounted for by him ; and that all con- Convictions to vietions before Justices, and all fines, forfeitures, Or penalties imposed Quarter Sereiona

in consequence of such convictions, shall be returned to the court of

under 3 Gcu. IV. c. 46.

Quarter Sessions, under the provisions of an Act passed in the third year of His late Majesty King Gcoryc the fourth, intituled An Act for the more speedy return and levy iny of fines,'jitnalties, und for�feitures, and recognizances estreated.

.XIV. And be it enacted. That no person shall be liable to the Penalties to be

7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r i �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^Sm'^t' ^t'^0r ^uit!lin

payment of any penalty or forfeiture imposed by virtue of this Act twu months after

for any oll'ence made cognizable before a Justice, unless the complaint f^c. quot; ^u

respecting such offence shall have been made before such Justice

within two months next after the commission of such offence.

XV. And be it enacted. That it shall be lawful for any Justice to Penalty on wit�nesses malungae-summon any person to appear before him as a witness m any matter fault.

in which such Justice shall have jurisdiction under the provisions of

this Act, at a time and place mentioned in such summons, and to

administer to him an oath to testify the truth in such matter; and

if any person so summoned shall without reasonable excuse refuse or

neglect to appear at the time and place appointed for that purpose,

having been paid or tendered a reasonable sum for his expenses, or

if any person appearing shall refuse to be examined on oath, or to

give evidence before such Justice, every such person shall forfeit a

sum not exceeding live pounds for every such offence.

XVL And be it enacted. That no warrant of commitment conse- Proceedings not

.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i - * ^ i ii i iii¹quot; ¹quot;¹ qoaslied fur

quent upon any summary conviction under this Act shall be nelil want of form, nor

void by reason of any defect in such warrant, provided it bo therein �quot;nquot;quot;' ^gt;J ^ctrU'

alleged that the party has been convicted, and there be a good and

valid conviction to sustain tho same; nor shall any conviction, order,

or other proceeding in pursuance of this Act be quashed or vacated

for want of form, nor shall the same bo removed by certiorari or

otherwise into any of the superior courts.

XVH. And bo it enacted. That if any person shall think himself RirHilt;s ncRriov-

iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i , - ,-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i- t i-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j*nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ti.-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -..i ^ noayappeal to

aggrieved by any determination or adjudication 01 any Justice with Qnarter Sessions

respect to any penalty or forfeiture under the provisions of this Act, ^quot; S'�*' ^imi-

he may appeal to the General Quarter Sessions for tho county or place

in which the cause of appeal shall have arisen; but no such appeal

218

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Court ni;iy makG Bach orderasthey think reasonable.

sliall bo entertained unless it be made within four months next after the making of such determination or adjudication, nor unless ten clays' notice in writing of such appeal, stating the nature and grounds thereof, he given to the party against whom the appeal shall he brought, nor unless the appellant forthwith after such notice enter into recognizances, with two sufficient sureties, before a Justice, con�ditioned duly to prosecute such appeal, and to abide the order of the court thereon.

XVIII.nbsp; And be it enacted. That at the Quarter Sessions for which such notice shall be given the court shall pi'ocecd to hear and deter�mine the appeal in a summary way, or they may, if they think fit, adjourn it to the following Sessions; and upon the hearing of such appeal the court may, if they think fit, mitigate any penalty or for�feiture, or they may confirm or quash the adjudication, and order any money paid by the appellant, or levied by distress upon his goods, to be returned to him, and may also order such further satis�faction to be made to the party injured as they may judge reason�able ; and they may make such order concerning the costs, both of the adjudication and of the appeal, as they may think reason�able.

XIX.nbsp; And be it enacted, That in case the Mayor or Justice to whom the seizure of any sheep. Iambs, or cattle supposed to be infected as aforesaid, or of auy meat supposed to be unfit for human food, may have been reported, shall upon inquiry order the same to be restored, and in case it appear to such Mayor or Justice that there was a probable cause of seizure, then and in such case such Mayor or Justice shall grant a certificate to the party making the seizure that there was such probable cause, and in such case the person or persons who made such seizure, being a person or persons acting under the authority of this Act, or of any order made in pursuance hereof, shall not be liable to any action, indictment, or other suit or prosecution on account of such seizure; and in case any action, indictment, or other suit or prosecution shall be commenced and brought to trial against auy person or persons, being a person or persons acting under such authority as aforesaid, on account of the seizure of any animals, parts of animals, hay, straw, fodder, or other articles seized as forfeited under the provisions of this Act, or of any order or orders made under the authority of the same wherein a verdict shall be given against the defendant or defendants, if the court or judge before whom such information or suit shall have been tried shall have certified on the said record that there was a probable cause for such seizure, then the plaintiff, besides the things seized or the value thereof, shall not be entitled to above two-pence damages, nor (o any costs of suit, nor sliall the

If suit bnmglit un account of seizure uiui tli� Judge sliall certify that there waa probable cause, plaintiff to have 2d. damages, and defendant fined not more than Uquot;.

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defendant or defendants in such prosecution be fined above one

shilling,

XX. And bo it enacted. That this Act shall continue in force until Act to continue 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i � i ^ln Kgt;rce fur two

the first day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand eight years.

hundred and fifty, and if parliament bo then sitting then further

until the end of the then Session.

XXL And it be enacted. That nothing in this Act contained shall Act not to af-

'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ⁰nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; feet the rights,

prejudice or derogate from the estates, rights, interests, privileges, amp;c. of the city of

franchises, jurisdiction, or authority of the Mayor and Commonalty

and Citizens of the City of Lohdon or their successors, or the Lord

Mayor of the said city for the time being, nor prohibit, defeat, alter,

or diminish any power, authurity, or jurisdiction which at the time

of passing tins Act the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens, or

the said Lord Mayor for the time being, possess, by custom, charter,

or otherwise, for the regulation, management, and control of markets,

or the sale of infected meat, hides, skins, horns, hoofs, or other part

of any infected animal, or infected hay, straw, fodder, or other article,

or the Lord Mayor and court of Aldermen, or the Lord Mayor,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;li

Aldermen, and Commons of the city of London, in Common Council

assembled, under or by virtue of any Act of parliament, did or might

lawfully claim, use, or exercise.

XXII, And be it enacted. That this Act may be amended or ^Act, ,ⁿ?^y ^ll0

^Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amended, Sec

repealed by any Act to bo passed in this Session of Parliament.

ORDERS IN COUNCIL.

I.�July 24.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 24th day of July, 1805, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lord Pbesident, Sir George Gkey, Bart., Mr. Milser Gibson.

Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Parlia�ment, the spreading of contagious or infections disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; and which has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall

2^0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

be lawful for the Lords and others of ILt Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regula�tions as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such pans or places as they may desig�nate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hod's, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection ; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles ; and also for the purpose of direct�ing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of this Act are to bo disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to bo given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 20?., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any such case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder, of which the nature is at present uncertain, has lately appeared, and now prevails among cattle within the Metropolis, and in the neighbourhood thereof, and it is expedient to take measures for preventing such disorder from spreading:

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue and in exercise of the powers given by the said recited Act, and by the several Acts continuing the same as aforesaid, order as follows :�

1. If at the date of the publication of this order in the London Gazette there shall bo any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, or ox labouring under any contagious or infectious disorder in the possession or custody of any cow-keeper, dairyman, or dairywoman, or of any niilkman, or milkwoman, or vendor or purveyor of milk, or of any dealer in cattle whatsoever within the city of London or within the limits of the metropolitan police district, or if at any time hereafter, while this present order shall continue in force and unrc-voked, any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, or ox, being in the possession or custody of any such person as aforesaid within the said city of London or within the metropolitan police district, shall be seized or attacked with, or be found labouring or suii'ering under any such contagious or infectious disorder, notice of the existence of such disorder, or of the first appearance of such disorder in or among the cattle belonging to or in the custody of any such person as aforesaid, shall immediately thereupon be given by the person in whose pos�session or custody such diseased animals or animal shall bo, to the Clerk of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in waiting at the oflico of Her

ORDERS IN COUNCIL.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;221

Majesty's Privy Council at Whitehall, in the county of Middlesex ; nnd it shall he lawful for the said Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, and for all such persons as he shall by writing under his hand authorize in that behalf, thereupon, and at all reasonable times thereafter, to inspect and examine all or any such diseased animals or animal, and to report to the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council all such information and particulars as to the nature or character of such disorder as may seem to him expedient for the purpose of enahling proper regulations to bo made for preventing or checking the further propagation and increase of such disorder.

2. Every person offending against this order, and omitting to give such notice or to permit such inspection and examination as aforesaid, shall for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding 20/. which the Justices before whom he or she shall bo convicted of such offence may think lit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Edmund Uauuison.

II.�August 11.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 11th day of August, 18G5, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Earl Pi�ssell, Sir Geoege Grev, Bart.

Whereas, by an Act passed in the Session of the llth and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Parlia�ment, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; and which has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, it is (among other things) enacted that it shall he lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or inore of them, from time to time to make such orders and regu�lations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may desig�nate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection ; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of direct�ing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other thing seized under the provisions of this Act, are to Vie disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to he given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provi�sions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations ; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in

-r

222nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

any sucli order or orders eontained shall have the like force, and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 20/., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order diiect:

And whereas an order was made, in pursuance of the authority of the said Acts, on the 24th of July, 1865, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, applicable to the city of London and to the metropolitan police district, containing certain provisions for the purpose of preventing the spreading of a certain disorder, of which the r.aturo was at the time of the making of the said order uncertain, but which lias since been ascertained to be of a typhoid nature, and is commonly designated as the quot;Cattle Plague,quot; and which maybe recognised by the following symptoms;�

quot;Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering, staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature, raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging : quot;

And whereas inspectors have been appointed in pursuance of the provisions of such order:

And whereas it is expedient to make further regulations for the district to which the said order is applicable:

1.nbsp; That in this order the word quot;animal quot; shall bo interpreted to mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf.

2.nbsp; Every inspector appointed or to be appointed under the provisions of the Order in Council of the 24th of July, 1805, shall have the power of entering upon and inspecting any premises in or upon which he has reason to believe that there is any animal labouring under such disease, from time to time, as often as he may think necessary,

3.nbsp; Every person within any district for which an inspector shall have been appointed as aforesaid, upon whoso premises there shall be any animal labouring under any such disorder, shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate and apart from all other animals, and no person shall, without the licence of such inspector, send to market or remove from his premises any such animal, or any animal which has been in the same shed or stable, or has been herded, or been in contact with any animal labouring under such disorder.

4.nbsp; Every animal within any such district as aforesaid dying of such disorder, or slaughtered on account thereof, shall bo buried, if practicable, on the premises where it has died or been slaughtered, or (if this be not practicable) as near thereto as may be convenient; and if such animal be

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not buried with its skin, its skin shall be disinfected in such manner as the inspector of the district may direct.

5. Every person within any such district upon whose premises there shall he any animal so labouring as aforesaid, shall cleanse and disinfect such premises iti such manner as the inspector of such district shall direct.

Every person offending against this order shall for every such oflenco forfeit any sum not exceeding 201. which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Aktiiur Helps.

III.�August 18.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 18th day of August, 1865, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Ilunourahle Privy Council.

Present�The Lonn Ciiancellok and Viscount PAi.MEESToy. Whereas, by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; and which has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, it is (among other things) enacted that it shall be lawful fur the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time, to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles ; and also for the purpose of directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of this Act, are to be disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purjiose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 201., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

224nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Anlt;l wlicreas a contagious or infectious disorder has lately appeared, and now prevails among cattle within tlio metropolis, and in the neighbourhood thereof, of which disorder the nature was at the time of the making of the order next hereafter mentioned uncertain, hut which has since been ascer�tained to he of a typhoid nature, and is generally designated as the quot;Cattle Plague,quot; and may be recognised hy the following symptoms:�

quot;Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering, staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge from them, und also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature, raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth, diarrhcca, or dysenteric purging :quot;

And whereas it was expedient to take measures for preventing such dis-ortler from spreading :

And whereas, for such purpose, an order was duly made, in pursuance of the authority of the saiel Acts, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, dated July 24, 1805, applicable to the city of London and the metropolitan police district:

And whereas since the making of the said order, the said disorder appeared in other parts of England, and another order was, on the 1 Lth day of August, 1865, duly made by the said Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, in pursuance of such authority, applicable to all parts of England :

And whereas the said disease has now⁷ appeared in Scotland, and it is expe�dient to extend the provisions of the said orders to Scotland:

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do Lcrchy, hy virtue and in exercise of the powers given hy the said recited Act, and by the several Acts continuing the same as aforesaid, order as follows:�

1.nbsp; That this order shall extend to all parts of Scotland.

2.nbsp; That in this order the word quot; animalquot;' shall be interpreted to mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf.

3.nbsp; If at the dato of the pubheation of this order in the London Gazette there shall be any animal labouring under any such disorder in the possession or custody of any cowkeeper, dairyman, or dairyworaan, or of any milkman or milkwoman, or vendor or purveyor of milk, or of any dealer in cattle, or farmer, or person in possession of cattle whatsoever, within those parts of the United Kingdom to which this order refers, or if at any time hereafter while this present order shall continue in force and unrcvoked, any animal being in the possession or custody of any such person as aforesaid, within the lastmentioned parts of the United Kingdom, shall be seized or attacked with, or be found labouring or suffering under any such disorder, notice of the existence of such disorder, or of the first appearance of such disorder in or among the animals belonging to or in the custody of any such person as aforesaid shall immediately thereupon be given by the person in whose possession or custody such diseased animals or animal shall be, if such person shall reside within any burgh or town having a town-council, to the provost or other principal magistrate of

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such burgh or town, or, if elsewhere, to the Clerk of the Peace of the county in

which he resides; and upon receipt, of such notice, or upon uny other infor�mation which satisfies him or them that such disease has appeared within his or their jurisdiction respectively, it shall be lawful for such Provost or other principal magistrate and for the justices of such county, if he or they shall think fit, from time to time to appoint some veterinary surgeon, or other person duly qualified, to be an inspector for the purpose of carrying into effect the following rules and regulations within the burgh or town or county for which he shall have been appointed; and the same authority may from time to time revoke such appointment.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Every such inspector shall have the power of entering upon and inspect�ing any premises in or upon which he has reason to believe that there is any animal labouring under such disease, from time to time, as often as he may think necessary.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Every person within any district for which an inspector shall have been appointed as aforesaid upon whose premises there shall be any animal labotmng under such disorder, shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate and apart from all other animals: and no person shall, without the licence of such inspector, send to market, or remove from his premises, any such animal, or any animal which has been in the same shed or stable, or has been herded, or been in contact, with any animal labouring under such disorder.

(i. Every animal within any such district as aforesaid dying of such dis�order, or slaughtered on account thereof, shall be buried, if practicable, on the premises where it iias died, or been slaughtered, or (if this be not practicable) as near thereto as may be convenient; and if such animal be not buried with its skin, its skin shall be disinfected in such manner as the inspector of the district may direct.

7. Every person within any such district on whose premises there shall be any animal so labouring as aforesaid shall cleanse and disinfeel such premises in such manner as the inspector of such district shall direct.

S. Every person offending against this order shall for every such offence forfeit any sum not, exceeding 201., which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

Abthttb Helps.

IV.�August. 25.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 25th day of August, 1865. By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Sir Geobgf. Grey, Bart.; Mr. Secretary Cabdwell.

Whereas, by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12tli years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot; An Act to prevent until the first day

226nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

of September, 1850, and to the end of tlie then next Session of Farliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; and which lias since been from time to time continued by divers snbscqnont Acts, it is (among other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of slice]), cattle, horses, swine, or other animals; and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, ur vary any such orders or regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders con�tained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every oftenco forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 20?., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder has lately appeared, and now prevails among cattle within that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, which is generally designated as the quot;Cattle Plague:quot;

And whereas it is expedient to take measures for preventing such disegt;rder from extending to that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland:

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue and in exercise of the powers given by the said recited Act, and hy the several Acts continuing the same as aforesaid, order as follows :�

1.nbsp; That in this order the word quot; cattle quot; shall be interpreted to mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf.

2.nbsp; That after the date of the publication of this order in the London (rrt�cHe, it shall not be lawful for any person to remove any cattle from any port or place within that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, to any port or place within that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland.

And the Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury are to give such directions herein as may he necessary to ensure due obedience to this order.

Aethub Hkixs.

V.�August 26.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 26th day of August, 1865, hy the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Sir Geoklaquo;e Grey, Bart., Mr. Secretary Cardweu..

Whereas, by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot; An Act to prevent until the 1st day

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of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Parliament, thu spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,^-' and which lias since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, it is (among other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulatimg the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection; and also for the purpose of puri�fying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of this Act, are to be disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations ; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 201., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct :

And whereas several orders, dated respectively 24th July, and 11th and 18th August, 1865, have been made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the spreading of the cattle disease described in the two last-mentioned orders :

And whereas it is expedient to vary the said orders :

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue of and in exercise of the powers given by the said Acts, order as follows:�

1.nbsp; nbsp;That this order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.

2.nbsp; nbsp;That in this order the word quot;animalquot; shall be interpreted to mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf.

8. That whenever the mayor or other principal officer of any corporation, or the justices acting in and for the petty sessional division of any county, or district in the nature of a county, within England or Wales, and the provost or other principal magistrate of any burgh or town, or the justices of any county within Scotland, shall have reason to apprehend the approach of the said disease to the district over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be lawful for such mayor or other principal officer, and for such justices in England or Wales, and for such provost or other principal officer, and for

Q 2

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such justices in Scotland, if lie or they sliall think lit, from time to time to appoint one or more veterinary surgeon or surgeons, or other person or persons duly qualified, to Tic an inspector or inspectors, for the purpose of carrying into effect, within the district for which he or they shall have been appointed, the rules and regulations made hy the said recited orders and by this order. And the same authority may, from time to time, revoke such appointment.

4.nbsp; nbsp;The powers of every inspector appointed under any of the said recited orders or this order, shall extend to any fair or market held within his district, and to every other place within snch district, in which animals, as defined in this order, may be found.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Every such inspector shall have power within his district to order and direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring under such disease shall be kept separate and apart hum every other animal which appears to be free from suck disease. And every person having the charge of any animals shall obey every such order or direction given by any such inspector.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Every such inspector shall have power within his district to seize and slaughter, or cause to be slaughtered, and to cause to be buried in any convenient place, any animal labouring under such disease.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Every sucb inspector shall have power within his district to cause to be disinfected, or, if necessary, destroyed, any fodder or manure which he deems likely to propagate the said disease ; and every person within such district, upon whose premises any such fodder or manure shall be found, shall obey any order or direction given by such inspector for that purpose.

8.nbsp; nbsp;That it shall not be lawl'al to send or bring to any fair or market, or to send or carry by any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or to place upon, or to drive along, any highway or the sides thereof, any animal labouring under such disease.

9.nbsp; nbsp;Every person offending against this order shall for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding 20/. which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Abthub Helps.

V I.�September 22.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 22nd day of September, 18(35, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lokd President, Duke of Somerset, Eakl of Clarendon, Earl de Gray and I'ipox, Mr. Secretary Cakdwell, Mr. II. A. Bruce.

Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter 107, intituled quot; An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Par-

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liament, the spreading of contagions or infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; and which has since been from time to time con�tinued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the Session of the 28th and 20th years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter 119, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time, to make such orders and regulations as to tliem may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiiing or regulating the removal to or from such ['arts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection ; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, onthonse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of the said Act, are to be disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regula�tions; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails among the cattle of Great Britain, which is generally designated the quot; Cattle Plague,quot; and may be recognised by the following symptoms :�

quot; Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering, staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature, raw looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging :quot;

And whereas several orders, dated respectively the 24th of July, the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August, I860, have been made under the, authority of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder :

And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the said orders:

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given by the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as follows :�

1.nbsp; This order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.

2.nbsp; The said orders dated respectively the 24th of July, the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August, I860, are revoked, with the exception of so much of the said

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Older of the 24th of July, 1805, as empowers the clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Coimoil to appoint inspectors within the limits of the Metropolitan Police Dis�trict, provided that such revocation shall not aflect any appointment made, or any act done, or penalty recoverable, under any order hereby revoked.

3.nbsp; nbsp; In this order the word quot;animalquot; shall mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or swine ; and the word quot; inspector quot; shall include any inspector appointed under this order, or under any of the said revoked orders.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Whenever the local authority, as hereinafter defined, shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in, or have reason to apprehend its approach to, the district over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be lawful for such local authority, if he or they shall think fit, from time to time to appoint one or more veterinary surgeon or surgeons, or other duly qualified person or persons, to bo an inspector or inspectors, for the purpose of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by this order, within the district for which he or they shall have been appointed. And the same authority may, from time to time, revoke such appointment.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Subject to the powers herein reserved to the clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, the local authority within the city of London, and the liberlies thereof, shall be the Lord Mayor; in any municipal borough in England or Wales, the Mayor; in any petty sessional division in England or Wales (exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the inspector of so mnch of the said division as lies within the limits of a municipal borough for which an inspector has been appointed), the Justices acting in and for such pietty sessional division. The local authority in any burgh or town in Scotland which is subject to the juris�diction of a provost or other principal magistrate, shall be the Provost or such principal magistrate; and in any other place in Scotland not within the juris�diction of such provost or other principal magistrate, the Justices of the county in sessions assembled.

(gt;. Every inspector shall from time to time report to the local authority by which he is appointed the steps taken by him for carrying into effect the regu�lations prescribed by this order ; and the local authorities shall certify, in such manner as may ho directed by one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, the number of clays that such inspector has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty, and the number of miles travelled by him while thus engaged.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Council with such infor�mation in regard to the said disorder as their lordships may, from time to time, require.

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person obliged to give notice�that is to say, within the Metropolitan Police District, to the said clerk of the Privy Council; within the city of London and the liberties thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any borough, burgh, or town subject to the jurisdiction of a mayor, provost, or other principal magistrate, to such mayor, provost, or other principal magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the clerk of the justices acting in and for the petty sessional division; and else�where in Scotland, to the clerk of the peace of the county.

9.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall have power to enter upon and inspect any pre�mises or place in which any animal or animals maybe found within the district for which he is appointed, and to examine and inspect, whenever and wherever he may deem it necessary, any animal within such district.

10.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall have power within his district to seize and slaughter, or cause to bo seized and slaughtered, and to be buried, as herein�after directed, in any convenient place, any animal labouring under the said disorder.

11.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall have power within his district to cause to be cleansed and disinfected in any manner which he may think proper any pre�mises in which animals labouring under the said disorder have been, or may be, and to cause to he disinfected, and, if necessary, destroyed, any fodder, manure, or refuse matter which he may deem likely to propagate the said dis�order. And every owner or occupier of such premises shall obey any order given by such inspector for that purpose.

12.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall have power within his district to direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring under the said disorder shall be kept separate from animals free from the said disorder. And every person having in his possession or under his custody such animal shall obey any order given by such inspector for that purpose.

13.nbsp; Every person having in his possession or under his custody any animal labouring under the said disorder shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from all other animals, and shall not, if the animal be within a district for which an inspector lias been appointed, remove the same from his land or premises, without the licence of the inspector.

14.nbsp; nbsp;No person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or expose for sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or place upon, or drive along, any highway or the sides thereof, any animal labouring under the said disorder.

15.nbsp; No person in any district for which an inspector has been appointed shall, without the licence of the inspector, send or bring to or from market, or remove from his land or premises, any animal which has been in the same shed or stable, or has been in the same herd or flock, or has been in contact, with any animal labouring under the said disorder.

1(5. No person shall place or keep any animal labouring under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land, or, if the animal be in a district for which an inspector has been appointed, in any field or pasture, where, in

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the judgment ol' the inspector, such animal may bo likely to propagate the saiJ disorder.

17.nbsp; nbsp;All animals having died of the said disorder, or having been slaughtered on account thereof shall be buried with their skins, and with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime, or other disinfectant, as soon as practicable, and shall be covered with at least live feet of earth, or shall, in districts for which an inspector has been appointed, with the consent of the owner, bo otherwise dis�posed of iu manner directed by the inspector.

18.nbsp; nbsp;Dnring the continuance of the quot;Cattle Plaguequot; within the said city of London, or that part of the Metropolitan Police District which is under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works, no animal shall be brought or sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, or any other market within the said city, or the said part of ihe Metropolitan Police District, except for the purpose of being there sold for immediate slaughtering; and every such animal, as soon as sold, shall bo marked for slaughter, in the manner in which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the Metropolitan Cattle Market.

19.nbsp; nbsp;Whenever any local authority, as hereinbefore defined, declares, by notice published in any newspaper circulating within his or their jurisdiction, that it is expedient that animals as hereinbefore defined, or some specified description thereof, shall be excluded from any specified market or fair within that jurisdiction, for a time to be specified in such notice, it is hereby ordered, that after the publication of such notice it shall not be lawful for any person to bring or send such animals or description thereof into such market or fair; pro�vided always, that this clause of this order shall not, unless renewed by a further order, be in force after the expiration of three calendar months from the dale of this order.

20.nbsp; nbsp;Every,person offending against this order shall, in pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding twenty pounds which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convictcil of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Aktuuk Helps.

VU.�September 20.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 20th day of September, 1S�5, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable I'rivy Council.

Present�Duke of Somebset, Mr. Secretary Cahdwell. Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot; An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,'' and which lias since been from time to time continued by divers sub-

OKDEHS IN^T COUNCIL.

233

sequent Acts, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall he lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time, to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the pm-pose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals ; and to make any other orders or regula�tions for the purpose of giving effect to the previsions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid, in any such order or orders contained, shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder has lately appeared, and now prevails, among cattle within that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, which is generally designated as the quot; Cattle Plague :quot;

And whereas it was expedient to take measures for preventing such dis�order from extending to that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland; and whereas, fur sueli purpose, orders were duly made in pursuance of the authority of the said Ads by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, dated 25th August and 7th and loth September, 1865; and whereas, by such orders, the removal to any port or place, in that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland, from any port or place in that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, of any cow, heifer, hull, bullock, ox, or calf, and, with certain exceptions, of the skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any of those animals, was prohibited :

And whereas there is reason to believe that the said disorder has made its appearance among sheep and lambs :

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, in exercise of the powers given by the said recited Act, and by the several Acts continuing the same as aforesaid, order as follows :�

That it shall not be lawful for any person to remove any sheep or lamb, or the skin, or any other part of any sheep or lamb, from any port or place within that part of the United Kingdom called Groat Britain, to any port or place within that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland : provided that this order shall not extend to skins brought into Great Britain from India, South America, or Australia, and afterwards removed from Great Britain to Ireland :

And the Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury are to give such directions heroin as may be necessary to ensure due obedience to this order.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Autiiuk Helps.

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VIII.�November 23.

At the Council Cbambet, Whitehall, the 23rd day of November, 1SC5, by tbe Lords of Her Majesty's Host Honourable I'rivy Council.

Present�Lord Privy Seal, Duke of Someeset, Eari, Eusseix, Sib Geoegb Gebt, Mr. Milnee Gibsox, Mr. Bruce.

Whei'eas by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and twelfth years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter one hundred and seven, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of (he then next session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; which Act has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the session of the twenty-eighth ami twenty-ninth years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter one hundred and nineteen, it, is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's I'rivy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles ; and also for the purpose of directing how any animal dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of the said Act, are to be disposed of ; and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect tu the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations ; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act ; and that all persons offending against the same shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council up.y in any case by such order direct:

quot; Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shiverings, staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head, reddened ej'es, with a discharge from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature, raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging :quot;

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And 'whereas several orders, dated respectively the 24tli of July, the llth, 18th, and 26th of August, the 22nd of September, and the 31st of October, 181)5, have been made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder :

And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the said orders, and to make further provisions with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder :

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue of and in exercise of the powers given hy the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as follows :

1. This order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain. '.!. The said orders, dated respectively the 21111 of July, the llth, 18th, and 26th of August, the 22nd of September, and the 31st of October, 1805, are revoked, with the exception of so much of the said order of the 24th of July, 1805, as empowers the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council to appoint inspectors within the limits of the metropolitan police district, provided that such revocation shall not affect any appointment made, or any notice given, or any act done, or penalty recoverable, under any order hereby revoked.

3. In this order tire word quot; animal quot; shall mean any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or swine ; and the word quot; inspector quot; shall include any inspector appointed or to be appointed as aforesaid by the said Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or appointed under tins order, or under any of the said revoked orders.

4-. Whenever the local authority, as hereinafter defined, shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in, or have reason to apprehend its approach to, the district over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be lawful for such local authority, if he or they shall think fit, from time to time to appoint one or more veterinary surgeon or surgeons, or other duly qualified person or persons to be an inspector or inspectors, for the purpose of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by this order, within the district for which he or they shall have been appointed. And the same authority may, from time to time, revoke such appointment.

5. Subject to the powers herein reserved to the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, the local authority within the City of London, and the liberties thereof, shall be the Lord Mayor; in any municipal borough in England or Wales, the Mayor ; in any Petty Sessional Division in England or Wales (exclusive, so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the inspector, of so much of the said division as lies within the limits of a municipal borough for which an inspector has been appointed), the Justices acting in and for such Petty Sessional Division. The local authority in any burgh or town in Scotland which is subject to the jurisdiction of a Provost or other principal Magistrate, shall be the Provost or such principal Magistrate; and, in any other place in

236

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Scotland not within the jorisdietion of such Provost or other principal

Magistrate, the Justices of the County in Sessions assembled.

0. Every inspector shall from time to time report to the local authority by which he is appointed the steps taken by him for carrying into effect the regulations prescribed by this order : and the local authority shall certify, in such manner as may be directed by one of her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, the number of days that such inspector has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty, and the number of miles travelled by him while so engaged.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Cumicil with such infor�mation in regard to the said disorder as their Lordships may, from time to time, require.

8.nbsp; nbsp;Every person having in his possession, or under his custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall forthwith give notice thereof to the inspector of the district within winch such animal may be, or if no inspector shall have been appointed for such district then to the Officers hereinafter named, according to the place where such animal may be; that is to say, within the Metropolitan Police District, to the said Clerk of the Privy Council : within Ike City of London and the liberties thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any other borough, burgh, or town, subjecl to the jurisdiction of a Mayor, Provost, or other principal Magistrate, to such Mayor, Provost, or other principal Magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the Clerk of the Justices acting; in and for the Petty Sessional Division: and elsewhere in Scotland, to the Clerk of the Peace of the county.

9.nbsp; Every inspector shall have power, within the district for which he is appointed, to enter upon and inspect any premises or place in which any animal or animals which he suspects to he Labouring under the said disorder may be found, and to examine and inspect, whenever and wdierever he may deem it necessary, any animal which lie suspects to he labouring under the said disorder within such district.

10.nbsp; nbsp;Every inspector shall have power within his district to cause to be cleansed and disinfected, in any manner which he may think proper, any premises in winch animals labouring under the said disorder have been, or may be, and to cause to be disinfected, and if necessary destroyed, any fodder, manure, or refuse matter, which he may deem likely to propagate the said disorder. And every owner or occupier of such premises shall obey any order given by such inspector for that purpose.

11.nbsp; Every person having in his possession, or under his custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall keep such animal separate from all other animals, and no person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or expose for sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any ship or vessel coast�wise, or place upon, or drive along, any highway or the sides thereof, any such animal.

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12.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;No person having hi his possession or under his custody any animal labouring under the said disorder, or which has been in the same shed or stable or in the same herd or flock, or in contact with any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall remove such animal alive from his landor premises without the licence of an inspector, or if no inspector has been appointed for the district within which such animal may be, without the licence of a Justice of the Peace, acting in and for the jurisdiction within which such animal maybe; provided that such licence shall be in writing, and shall only permit the removal of such animal to some place where it can be conveniently kept apart from all other animals until such inspector or Justice is satisfied that there is no reasonable probability of sueh animal propagating the said disorder.

13.nbsp;#9632;�No person shall place or keep any animal labouring under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land, or, if the animal be in a district for which an inspector has been appointed, in any field or pasture, where, in the judgment of the inspector, sueh animal may be likely to propagate the said disorder.

14.nbsp; Every inspector shall have power within his district to direct that any animal labouring under the said disorder, or which he suspects to be labouring under the said disorder, shall be kept separate from animals free from the said disorder. And every person having such animal in his possession or under his custody shall obey any direction given by such inspector for that purpose. And where the person having such animal in his possession or under his custody shall disobey such direction given by such inspector, then and in such case, and such case only, shall such inspector have powerto seize and slaughter, or to cause to be seized and slaughtered, such animal.

15.nbsp; nbsp;All animals having died of the said disorder, or having been slaughtered on account thereof, shall be buried as soon as practicable in any convenient place, with their skins, and with a sufficient quantity of quicklime or other disinfectant, and shall be covered with at hast five feet of earth, or shall, in districts for which an inspector lias been appointed, be otherwise disposed of with the consent of the owner, in manner directed by the inspector, and the inspector shall have power to cause the carcase to be disinfected when necessary previous to tho burial or other disposal thereof.

16.nbsp; nbsp;Whenever any local authority, as hereinbefore defined, declares, by-notice published in any newspaper circulating within his or their jurisdiction, that it is expedient for a time to be specified in such notice to prevent the removal of animals as hereinbefore defined, or some specified description thereof, either absolutely, or except tinder such conditions as such local authority shall think fit to impose, with a view to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, to any market or fair, or to any place whatever within his or their jurisdiction for the jmrpose of exhibition or sale, then, in such case, and after the publication of such notice, it shall not be lawful for any person to bring or send any such animal, or description thereof, except in accordance with such conditions as aforesaid, into such market or fair, or to any place within

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such jurisdiction, for the purpose of cxhibitiuu or sale, or to receive, exhibit, buy, or sell any such animals so brought or sent.

17.nbsp; Where the removal of animals, or any specified description thereof, to any market or fair or elsewhere for the purpose of exhibition or sale, has been or shall be prohibited, absolutely or conditionally, within the jurisdiction of any local authority in pursuance of any of the powers conferred by this or any of the said recited orders, and complaint is made by such local authority to one of her Majesty's principal Secretaries of State that the local authority for some adjoining or neighbouring district neglects or refuses to publish a notice with a view to a similar prohibition within the jurisdiction of such last-mentioned authority, and that, in consequence of such neglect or refusal, there is reason to apprehend the spreading of the said disorder, then in such case it shall be'lawful for such Secretary of State, and he is hereby empowered, to publish such notice in any newspaper circulating within the jurisdiction of such last-men�tioned local authority, and such notice so published by the Secretary of State shall have the same effect as if it had been published by the local authority so neglecting or refusing as aforesaid ; provided that nothing contained in this or the preceding clause of this order shall be held to prohibit any person from exhibiting or selling on his own land or premises any animal belonging to him which has been on such land or premises for not less than fourteen days previous to such sale.

18.nbsp; nbsp;Whenever any local #9632; authority, as hereinbefore defined, declares by notice published in any newspaper circulating within his or their jurisdiction, and also by notice published in some newspaper or newspapers circulating �within the county or counties bordering upon the county within which the jurisdiction of such local authority is situate, that it is expedient, for a time to be specified in such notice, that animals, as hereinbefore defined, or some specified description thereof, shall not, either absolutely or except under such conditions as such local authority shall think fit to impose with a view to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, be brought from any other part of Great Britain into any place within his or their jurisdiction, it shall not bo lawful for any person to bring or send any such animal or description thereof except in accordance with such conditions as aforesaid, from any place in Great Britain beyond such jurisdiction into any place within such jurisdiction; and the copy of any such notice shall be sent forthwith by the local authority by whom it is made to the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, and shall be published by him in the London Gazette: Provided always, that nothing con�tained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to send or carry any such animals by railway through such jurisdiction ; and provided also, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to bring or send, with the licence of any two justices acting in, and for the jurisdiction to which such notice applies, any such animals from any land or premises in his own occupation, and beyond such jurisdiction to any other land or premises in his own occupation within such jurisdiction.

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10. Any such local authority, or any of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, may, from time to time, if lie or they think fit, renew, revoke, or modify all or any part of any nolice published or to he published by them or him under the powers given under this or the said revoked orders, either absolutely or under such conditions as to such local authority or to such Secretary of State may seem proper, by a further notice to be published in the same manner as such notice is required to he published.

20. During the continuance of the quot; Cattle Plaguequot; within the said City of London, or the Metropolitan Police District, no person shall bring or send, or cause to he brought or sent, any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, except for the purpose of being there sold for immediate slaughtering; and every such animal so brought or sent shall, before being allowed to leave the said market�and although such animal may not have been .sold�be marked in the manner in which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the said market, videlicet, by clipping the hair off the cud of the tail. And the officers of the said market shall cause such mark to be duly made. And no person shall buy or sell, or cause to be bought, or sohl, any such animal in the said market, except for immediate slaughtering ; and every person buying any such animal in any such market shall slaughter or cause the same to he slaughtered in all cases within seven days of such purchase, and, if such animal be removed beyond the limits of the Metropolitan Police District, within forty-eight hours after such removal.

VILl.�Doecmher to.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 16th day of December, 1865, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lord Pbesidekt, Dttke or Somerset, Sib Gbobge Grey, Babt., Mr. Mii.xer Gibson'.

Whereas, by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and twelfth years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot; An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; which Act has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the session of the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth years of her present Majesty, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other

^#9632;plusmn;0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or otbei parts of any animals, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving efl'ect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations ; and that all provisions lor any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained, shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act ; and that all persons offending against the same shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagions or infectious disorder now prevails among cattle within that part of the United Kingdom called Gnat Britain, which disorderis generally designated as the quot;Cattle Plague :quot;

And whereas with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder, an order dated the 23rd of November, 1865, has been made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, consolidating and amending certain orders previously made for that purpose.

And whereas it is expedient to alter and amend the said order of the 23rd of November, 1SG� :

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, in exercise of the powers given by the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as follows :

1.nbsp; nbsp;So much of the said order, dated the 23rd of November, 1865, as defines the local authority in Great Britain, is hereby revoked.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Subject to the powers reserved by the order of the 23rd of November to the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, the local authority within the City of London, and the liberties thereof, shall be the Lord Mayor ; in every borough in England or Wales which is within the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, the Mayor; in every county, riding, or division of a county or liberty, having a separate Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace in England or Wales, the Justices of the Peace for the said county, riding, or division of a county, or liberty, in General or Quarter Sessions assembled : Provided that no county of a city, or county of a town, or borough, which is within the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, shall he deemed for the purposes of this order part of a county, riding, division, or liberty. The local authority in every burgh or town in Scotland having a Town Council shall be the Provost or other principal Magistrate; and, in any other place in Scotland, the Justices of the County in Sessions assembled.

3.nbsp; nbsp;All appointments made, notices given, and other acts done hy any local authority under and by virtue of the said order of the 23rd of November, 1865, or the orders thereby revoked, shall be valid and effectual until altered, varied, or revoked by the local authority hereby constituted, and such local authority shall have and exercise all the powers given b}^- the said order of the 23rd of November, 1865, to the local authority therein described.

4.nbsp; nbsp;quot;Whenever any local authority declares, by notice published in any

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newspaper circulating within its jurisdiction, that it is expedient for a time to be specified in such notice, that no cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf shall, except under such conditions as such local authority shall think fit to impose with a view to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, be removed from any-particular part of the jurisdiction of such local authority to any other part of such jurisdiction ; or from any place or places within such jurisdiction, to bo specified in such notice, to any other such place or places also to be so specified: or from place to place generally withiu such jurisdiction, or within any specified part thereof; then it shall not bo lawful for any person to remove any such animal in contravention of such notice: provided always, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to send or carry any such animal by railway through or out of such jurisdiction, or to send or carry any such animal if brought by sea from any place out of Great Britain into such jurisdiction, to the nearest convenient railway station, fur the purpose of carrying it through or out of such jurisdiction.

5. Any local authority may from time to time renew, revoke, alter, or vary all or any part of any notice, published or to be published by him or them, or any previous local authority within his or their jurisdiction, under the powers given under this or any former orders, either absolutely or under such conditions as to such local authority may seem proper, by a further not ice to be published in the same manner as such notice is required to be published.

0. The notice required by section 8 of the order of the 23rd of Xovcmber, 1805, to be given in England to the Clerk of the Justices acting in and for a petty sessional division of a county, shall hereafter be given to the Clerk of the Peace of such county.

7.nbsp; nbsp;This order shall be in force from the 3rd day of January next until the 1st day of March next, and no longer, unless continued by some further order.

8.nbsp; nbsp;Every person offending against this order shall, in pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, which the Justices before whom he or she shall bo convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Artiiub Helps.

For the Orders in Conncil issued in January, 1806, see the Appendix.

FIEST REPORT OF ITEE MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS.

COMMISSION.

Yictoiua R.

Victoria, by the grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faitli: To Our right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin and Councillor John Poyntz Earl Spencer, Knight of Our Most Noble Order of the Garter, Our trusty and well-beloved Eobert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil, Esquire, (commonly called Viscount Cranborne,) Our right trusty and well-beloved Councillor Robert Lowe, Our trusty and well-beloved Lyon Playfair, Esquire, Companion of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Clare Sewell Read, Esquire, Henry Bence Jones, Esquire, Doctor of Medicine, Richard Quaiu, Esquire, Doctor of Medicine, Edmund Alexander Parkes, Esquire, Doctor of Medicine, John Robinson M'Clean, Esquire, Thomas quot;Wormald, Esquire, Robert Ceely, Esquire, and Charles Spooner, Esquire, greeting:

Whereas a contagious or infectious disorder, which is gene�rally designated the Cattle Plague, now prevails among the cattle of Great Britain: And whereas We have deemed it expedient that a Commission should issue fully to investigate the origin and nature of the said disorder, and to ascertain, as far as possible, the mode of treatment best adapted for the cure of the affected animals, and the regulations which may with the

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greatest advantage be made with a view to prevent the spread�ing of the said disorder, and to avert any future outhreak of it:

ISTow know ye, that We, reposing great trust and confidence in your knowledge and ability, have authorised and appointed and by these presents authorise and appoint you the said John Poyntz Earl Spencer, Eobert Arthur Talbot Gtascoyne Cecil (commonly called Viscount Cranborne), Eobert Lowe, Lyon Playfair, Clare Sewoll Read, Henry Bence Jones, Richard Qnain, Edmund Alexander Parkes, John Eobinson M'Clean, Thomas Wormald, Eobert Ceely, and Charles Spooner, to bo Our Commissioners for the purposes aforesaid.

And for the better enabling yon to carry these Our royal intentions into effect, Wo do hereby give and grant to you, or any three or more of yon, full power to call before you such persons as yon shall judge likely to afford you any information on the subject of this Our Commission, and to inquire of and concerning the premises by all other lawful ways and means whatsoever.

And We do by these presents will and ordain that this Our Commission shall continue in full force and virtue, and that you Our said Commissioners, or any three or more of you, may from time to time proceed in the execution thereof and of every matter and thing therein contained, although the same be not continued from time to time by adjournment.

And Our further will and pleasure is, that you Our said Com�missioners, or any five or more of you, upon clue inquiry into the premises, do report to Us in writing under your hands and seals your several proceedings under and by virtue of Our Com�mission, together with what you shall find touching or con�cerning the premises.

And Wo further ordain that yon, or any five or more of yon,

r 2

244nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

may have liberty to report to Us your proceedings under this Commission from time to time, should you judge it expedient so to do.

And for your assistance in the duo execution of this Our Com�mission, We have made choice of Our trusty and well-beloved Mouutague Bernard, Esquire, to be Secretary to this Our Com�mission, whose services and assistance We require you to avail yourselves of from time to time as occasion may require.

Given at Our Court at Saint James's the twenty-niath day of September, 1865, in the twenty-ninth year of Our reign.

Ey Her Majesty's Command,

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; G. GEBT.

FIRST EEPORT

The Comshssionees appointed to inquire into the Origin and Nature, etc., of the Cattle Plague.

TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

Termsornbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Your Majesty was pleased, by your Commission dated the

20th day of September, 1865, to intrust to us the task of investigating the origin and nature of a disorder which now prevails among the cattle of Great Britain, and is generally designated the Cattle Plague, and of ascertainiiiir as far as possible the mode of treatment best adapted for the cure of tlie affected animals, and the regulations which may with the greatest advantage be made with a view to prevent the spread�ing of the said disorder, and to avert any future outbreak of it. Your Majesty was at the same time pleased to ordain that we.

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or any five or more of us, might have liberty to report to you our proceedings under the Commission from time to time, should Ave judge it expedient to do so.

The terms of the Commission therefore authorise us, if we ^LeaTi*quot;

'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; report rgt;po-

think fit, to report specially to Your Majesty on any part of the ^cUlquot;y-subject committed to us, reserving other parts of it for further investigation. The nature of the calamity under which England and Scotland are at present suffering, and which may at any moment attack Ireland, the extensive growth of the disease, its destructive character, and the imperfect success which has hitherto attended all endeavours to arrest its progress, make it clearly our duty to take this course, and to lose no time in humbly presenting to Your Majesty such recommendations as, after careful consideration, we believe the emergency to require. We shall introduce them with a brief statement on the history of the disease and on its general character.

The disease, which is the subject of this inquiry, was first Outbreak

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observed and recognised in Great Britain towards the close of'¹,^iSK,'^sc'quot; the month of June. Two English cows had been purchased on the 19th June in the Metropolitan Cattle Market by a cowkeeper residing in Islington, in whose sheds they were when the symptoms of disease attracted, on the 27th, the notice of the veterinary surgeon in charge. Similar symptoms were observed on the 2Sth by the same surgeon in a cow belonging to a dairy�man in Hackney, which had been purchased in the same place and on the same day. Two Dutch cows in a Lambeth shed, likewise bought in the market on the 19th, were attacked on the 2-lth. The malady broke out immediately afterwards in many London dairies, and spread with extreme rapidity, destroy�ing great numbers of animals. The Islington cowkeeper lost her whole herd of 93; she afterwards bought more and lost them also, making lOo or 107 in all. An inspector who had charge of a great part of the north and north-east of London states that in his own district more than four-fifths have either died or been slaughtered, and the general average within the precincts of the Metropolis is probably at least as high. Very

246

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

early in July it appeared in Norfolk; a little later in Suffolk and Shropshire; thou in one county after another, and before the cud of the mouth it had invaded Scotland. In all the earlier cases at least it seems to have been directly traceable to purchases made in the Metropolitan Market; but Norwich Hall and other country markets speedily became, in their respective districts, subordinate centres of infection. On the 14th October it had extended into 2i) counties in England, 2 in Wales, and 10 in Scotland, and was still advancing.

The subjoined tabular statement, prepared by the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council Office from such oflicial in�formation as that department has received from inspectors throughout the country, has already appeared in the public papers:�

Total Ca�L'S reported from the Commencement oi the Disease.

| Week Week Week

ending ending ending Attacked. Killed. ' Igt;ied. I Del. 14. ^: Oct. 21. Oct. 28.

Kcco jBemoin-vered. i Ing.

1.nbsp; Metropolitan I'o-i^

lice District......I

2.nbsp; Soutli-Eastern

Counties__

3.nbsp; South Midland )

Counties.........j

i. Eastern Counties ...

5.nbsp; South-Western l


	158	194
	225	154
	73	94 ^:
	141	iss
	17	ii

15Snbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5,773nbsp; nbsp;2,557 2,529

205nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3,284nbsp; nbsp;1,169 1,667

230 #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8�3nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 373 I 2S2

335nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3,081nbsp; nbsp;1,051 1,482

202 197

#9632;185 251


	42 1	136
	161	387
	7	13


	51	45
	74	112
	54	41
	55	75
	66 212	120 201

Counties.........I

6.nbsp; West Midland \\ ₃₁

Counties........./

7.nbsp; North Midland l| g

Counties.........I

8.nbsp; North-Western 1 .,,,

Counties.........(

!). Yorkshire ............ 26

10.nbsp; nbsp;Northern Counties I -17

11.nbsp; nbsp;MonmontUsliire \! ,.,

and Wales ....../

12.nbsp; Scotland...............; 257

Total...............1,054


11 i	3	116
9	31	214
32	18 �	109
39	42	170
SO 1 8(J	113 34	253 472
GO	38	ISO
S2S	666	3,182

4 184

24 S

004

110

1,729 1,873 17,073 0,800 7,012 i 848 2,017

It must bo remarked, however, that such statements as this cannot be accepted as accurate accounts�which, indeed, they do not profess to bo�of the real state and progress of the dis-

FIRST REPOET OF COMMISSIONERS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;247

ease. They represent such cases only as the several inspectors have been able to detect since they were respectively appointed. But information reaches the inspector indirectly, by accident, or by common report; and a butcher, jobber, dairyman, or farmer has strong motives for not disclosing to the inspector anything that lie can easily l�de. We were told by a London cowkeeper that, of 41 cows which died or were slaughtered on his premises, the inspector got only the knacker's receipt for the 11 that actually died of the disease. It must, therefore, we fear, be assumed that the cases reported form but a small pro�portion of those which have actually occurred; and it would be unsafe to draw from them any inference as to the amount of loss actually caused by the Plague.

Meanwhile, from the same general centre, the Metropolitan Netoionds. Market, it appears to have crossed the sea to Holland with some Dutch oxen which had been shipped from Rotterdam to London, had been exposed during three successive market days, and, not finding a sale at an adequate profit, had been re-shipped from London to Eotterdam. The disease broke out among them soon after their return, when they were pasturing at Ivethel, near Schiedam, in a long strip of meadow, on which other strips abutted, each occupied by stock j it spread at once in many directions, and soon overran the whole province of South Holland, and thence, we believe, it has been from time to time re-imported into this country. The measures adopted in the Netherlands seem to have been at the outset less stringent than was desirable ; too much discretion was left to the local authorities; but the provinces of North Holland, Utrecht, and Guelderland have, by strictly guarding their respective frontiers, protected themselves in a great measure from the contagion.

Franco and

In both France and Belgium importation from England has bS, been prohibited, and stringent and minute regulations have been issued by the Government of each country with a view to extinguish the disease wherever it might break out. These measures appear to have been successful. Only a few isolated and somewhat doubtful cases have been hitherto reported from each of these countries.

Twenty-three days at least before the first outbreak in souroeoftha London, a parcel of Russian bullocks, the first, it is asseifed, ^,i!,',^l^i',d.'ⁿ

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that were ever brought direct from that country to England,* were sold in the Metropolitan Market by the importer, a London cattle-salesman. They had been shipped at Eevel and landed at Hnll; part of them had there been sold, and sent to various places in the north of England, and the rest despatched to London. The southern provinces of Russia are, if not tho birth-place, tho constant home of a disease which, as we shall hereafter show, is identical with the Cattle Plague, and to this cargo the introduction of the Plague into England has been often and confidently ascribed. Some obscurity hangs over the earlier history of the transaction. That the province of Esthonia, where the cattle were contracted for, and where the bulk of them, at least, were collected, was at and before the date of the shipment free from the Plague is certified by authority which we should be reluctant, and have indeed no ground, to question. But it is alleged by the importer's agent, who pro�cured and shipped the animals and had charge of them on the voyage, that a few (13 out of 321) were not Esthonian, but part of a larger lot brought in vans from the neighbourhood of St Petersburg to make up the number required; and he further alleges that out of this lot two were ill at Pevel with a disease which he believes to have beeu the Cattle Plague. This part of his story is flatly contradicted by his principal, as his assertion that the animals were not examined on landing is by the Customs' Inspector at Hull.t It must be added that lie does not know the disease otherwise than by description�that of the 321 imported none appear to have shown any signs of disease, except one, which was ill on the voyage, but looked well when it reached London�and that no animal is proved to have contracted the disease in the Metropolitan Market from the 1st

* A copy of an entry from the books of the London Custom House lias been sent to us, from which it would appear that 20 Russian oxen were lauded in London from St. Petersburg on the 4th July, 1860. The point is of no im�portance.

t It is proper to add that we have been furnished with the original certificate, dated the 29th of ifay, and signed by the two veterinary surgeons who were charged with the examination of the cargo, that they had examined it, and that it was sound and free from disease,as well as with a subsequent declaration by iheui to the same effect.

FIRST REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;249

(the date of its supposed introduction) to the 19th (that of its supposed transmission to the Islington, Lambeth, and Hackney cows), a negative circumstance of no great weight, since an early case of the malady may easily have been mistaken for one of plenro-pneuinonia, but not to be left ont of consideration. The facts then, though by no means inconsistent with the theory which attributes the appearance of the Plague in England to tlie Ilevcl cargo, fall far short of establishing that theory, unless we assume that the event cannot possibly be accounted for in any other way. Further inquiry may throw new light on the question. At present we are not able to pronounce a decided opinion on it; nor, for the practical conclusions which we are about to offer, is it material on which side the truth lies.

Another explanation has been suggested in the following ^^AJj,, extract of a letter from Her Majesty's Consul-General at ^tx'^,T:lquot;^uti�UHamburg:�#9632;

quot; Mr. Schrader, an intelligent veterinary surgeon, who is specially employed by the Hamburg Government to examine cattle and sheep shipped for foreign ports, has informed me he thinks it most probable that the murrain has been introduced into England by importation from Holland. He states that in the course of the last spring a considerable number of Hungarian cattle were conveyed from Vienna into Holland through Germany by land carriage and river navigation; that at the same time the Rinderpest hud broken out in the neighbourhood of Vienna, particularly in the village of Florisdorf; and that in the month of May a number of cattle at or near Utrecht in Holland had been attacked by it. Although, therefore, the Murrain broke out with much greater violence at a later period of the year, it would be cpxite possible that it passed from the Dutch ports into England so early as the month of May last. With respect to the rumour of diseased cattle having been imported into England from the Russian port of Ivevel in Esthonia, either directly or by way of L�beck, no credit is attached to it here, and indeed the great distance of Revel both from Great Britain and from the cattle districts in Southern Russia, seems to render it unlikely that diseased cattle should have reached Ensrland from that port without any observation.quot;

One fact mentioned in this letter, and which lias also been

250

THE CATTLE I'LAGUE.

Importations from Hun-!l;irgt;- and Giilicia.

elicited in evidence, deserves particular attention, since it is of more than historical importance. Hungarian and Galiciau cattle now undoubtedly come in considerable numbers to the Eno-lish market. quot; Large quantities,quot; says one dealer, quot;''are sent every Meek.quot; Hungary and Galicia, from their neighbourhood to the steppe country of Eussia in Europe, are often attacked by the Plague, and Hungary at least has suffered severely from it during the present year. The completion of the two great lines of railway which, traversing central and southern Germany, now connect Hamburg and Rotterdam with both Vienna and Lem-berg, have opened to us these new supplies. Kespecting the average duration of the transit we have no precise information, nor do we at present know how far it may be abridged in particular eases, nor by what regulations it is guarded at the beginning or end of the journey. We may have occasion to recur to this point hereafter; at present -we advert to it only as suggesting a possible solution of the question how the Cattle Plague reached Ensrland.

The disease coittagious. General character of the con�tagion.

II.

That the disease in question is contagious, that the contagion is extraordinarily swift and subtle, and that it is most destruc�tive in its effects, there can be no doubt whatever. The manner in -which it has spread, travelling perceptibly, for the most part, in the track of animals brought from some centre of infection, and establishing a new centre wherever it has been suffered to effect a lodgment�the very difficulty that lias been often found, even where the fact of infection was certain, in tracing the exact means by which the infection was conveyed�the havoc it has made in open pastures not less than in the London cowsheds, and against which fresh air, wholesome food, and careful tending seem to have afforded no defence, would be quite enough to establish these conclusions, even if no light were thrown upon them by past history, or by the experience of other countries. Of the witnesses, indeed, whom we have examined, even those who believe it to have been spontaneously generated here acknowledge that it is contagious, and (with hardly an excep�tion) admit that it is new in England.

FIRST REPORT OP COMMISSIONERS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 251

But wo see no roasou to question the evidence wliicli 1ms been raenUBai

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produced before us proving tluit it is tlie same disease as that�mioyolaquo;

¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;plusmn;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;or Steppe

which has been long known under the name of the Hindertest Mumuo (Cattle Plague), or Steppe Murram. Tlie symptoms during life, the results of post-mortem examination, and the whole train of general characteristics, are precisely the same, or varied only by such minute shades of difference as we might expect to find in different breeds and climates. A comparison of what we see with the full descriptions contained in foreign medical works leaves on this head no doubt at all; and no doubt is entertained by competent and trustworthy witnesses who have had and used opportunities of personal observation both here and abroad. The whole experience gained of it in countries where it is not, as here, a stranger�countries frequently infested by it, where its effects are perfectly quot;well known, its nature has been carefully studied, and the strictest measures have been devised and are enforced by law to detect and extirpate it as often as it crosses the frontier�becomes, therefore, at once available for our guid�ance. These measures arc wholly based on the view that the disease propagates itself by contagion, and by contagion alone, and the extreme stringency of them proves in the most forcible manner the virulence and activity of the evil which they are designed to keep at bay. They are measures indeed which never could be enforced, they involve sacrifices to wliicli no people could be reasonably asked to submit, unless in the presence of a dreaded enemy, and under a sense of overwhelm�ing necessity. The same view is, we believe, universally held among the eminent veterinarians of Germany, men of high education and intelligence, and it has recently been endorsed by the Congress of veterinary surgeons held at Vienna in August last, which was attended by members of the profession from almost every country in Europe.

This is not, however, the first time that this Plague has visited Em-Mer

_.._'.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ^cnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Cattle Mnr-

Pmii'land. ratal murrains among cattle, analogous to, if not�quot;''quot;

. 1 . i � i . inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; England,

identical with it, have at various tunes appeared here. In 1348-9, alter the Black Death had produced great mortality among men, a grievous plague attacked cattle, which perished by thousands. A great rise in the price of food followed, not�withstanding an abundant harvest. The diseased cattle were

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slaughtered, and infected herds were as much as possible separated from those which were sound, while the herdsmen who attended the former were not allowed to come in contact with the latter. About a century later, in 1480, a second murrain of the same kind committed great devastation. There is no accurate account of the symptoms exhibited by cattle attacked during these murrains, and we are therefore unable to ascertain whether they were different from or identical with the present disease ; but there is every reason to believe that the distemper which in 1715 made a brief inroad,.but was promptly expelled, and which in 1745 renewed the attack and held its ground till 1757, was exactly the same as the present Plague. Of this we have proof in the descriptions extant of the symptoms then observed, and of the morbid appearances after death. In a paper communicated to the Eoyal Society in January, 174G, by Dr. Mortimer, he ascribes the origin of the murrain to two calves imported from Holland by a farmer living near Poplar, early in 1745. The spring and summer had been very wet, the autumn dry and cold, the early winter cold and damp. The disease communicated to the cows of this farmer spread through Essex, reached London, and was propagated in various directions from the metropolitan markets. It entered Berkshire, however, by two cows bought at a fair in Essex. Almost simultaneously with its appearance in London, a violent distemper broke out among the horned cattle of Argyllshire, sweeping off 6000 beasts; but there is no exact information as to the nature of the Scotch murrain. The disease for some time advanced in a manner which appeared to justify the Government in treating its attacks as mere local outbreaks, and it was nearly a year after its first appearance that the country became sufficiently aroused to use national measures for the repression of it. But by this time it had taken too deep root lor these to be effective. A Commission for Middlesex was appointed on the 25th November, 1745. The Commission, with the short experience of 1715 to guide them, appointed various cowkeepers and butchers as inspectors of cattle, and instructed them:�

1. To inspect cowhouses and to separate sick from sound cows.

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2.nbsp; To see that all cowhouses and yards were kept thoroughly clean.

3.nbsp; To kill all sick cows and calves, to slash their hides so as to render them useless, with several cuts from head to tail and round the body, and then to bury them in graves ten feet deep, with two bushels of uuslaeked lime to each cow.

4.nbsp; To certify to the destruction of cows, for each of which the Treasury gave 40s.

5.nbsp; To see that proper returns were made by cowkeepers as to their losses.

The disease having spread beyond Middlesex, an Act was passed and received the lioyal Assent on the loth February, 174(3, empowering the Crown to issue, through the Privy Council, rides and directions in order to prevent the distemper spreading amongst horned cattle.

On the 12th March, 1746, an Order in Council was passed in which the incurable nature of the malady is set forth and the following regulations appear:�

1.nbsp; nbsp;Cowkeepers must shoot infected beasts, and bury them entire with slashed hides, four feet covered with lime. (The direction as to the use of lime was subsequently revoked.)

2.nbsp; nbsp;All hay and litter used by diseased animals must be burned. No herdsman who has attended a diseased beast is to co'near a sound one without changing his clothes.

3.nbsp; Infected sheds must be thoroughly washed all over, then disinfected with burning sulphur, amp;c., again repeatedly washed with vinegar and water, and not used for two mouths.

4.nbsp; Convalescent animals are not to bo mixed with sound ones for one month, and not then till they have been well curried and cleansed with vinegar and water.

5.nbsp; Flesh and entrails of diseased cattle are not to be given as food to other animals.

6.nbsp; No man whose herd is infected is to be allowed to drive any cattle, whether diseased or not, beyond the boundary of his farm. And even when disease has disappeared, his herd is to be held infected for a month.

7.nbsp; Local authorities, such as churchwardens, overseers, con�stables, or cattle-inspectors, who may be appointed, are charged to see to the execution of this order. They are to report to each meeting of justices and make exact returns.

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

8.nbsp; These local authorities are to persuade owners to divide up their herds into separate parts ; they arc not only to see to the burying of diseased cattle, hut also the burial of all infected dung.

9.nbsp; Cattle travelling on roads are to bo stopped and examined.

10.nbsp; Houses, buildings, or yards used for cattle, sound or dis�eased, are to be carefully kept clean.

11.nbsp; nbsp;Compensation for slaughtered cattle is to be paid at the rate of lOs. per head ; for calves, 10s.

Towards the end of the year the Government found that the local authorities had not assisted them vigorously in the exe�cution of the first order, and they issued a second to the effect that from the -!7th December for three calendar months no person shall send to fairs or markets any cattle except for imme�diate slaughter, or quot;buy, sell, or expose to sal.-,quot; any cattle except those which are ready for immediate slaughter. Nor is this privilege of selling fat cuttle permitted to any one whose herd is infected. Therefore all beasts going to fairs or markets must bo provided with passes from a justice, or, failing him, from other competent local authorities, given on the owners oath that his cattle arc and have been for a month free from the Plague.

No raw bides shall be sold or allowed to be transported with�out like passes, but hides and horns of diseased beasts must absolutely be destroyed, and a compensation of 10s. per hide is given.

A third Order in Council was issued, proscribing the district from the Hnmber and Trent, and not allowing cattle to be driven out of it northwards from the 19th December, 1747, to the following 27th March.

On the loth February, 1747, an Act to amend and extend the powers of the previous Act was passed ; and this was followed, up to 1757, by various continuing and enlarging statutes. In addition to the measures before specified, these statutes also pro�vided that sales of cattle should only take place when the seller had bad them in his possession for forty days; calves wore not allowed to be sold, in order that they might be preserved for breeding purposes, and severe restrictions were put on the sale of the hides of diseased animals.

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Various Orders were issued during the year 17 i 7, stopping-local fairs, and empowering local authorities to do so wheu they Ibuud it expedient.

The Plague, in consequence of these Orders, was extinguished where the local authorities acted with vigour, but lingered in other places, from whence it spread after a time as rapidly as ever. In consequence of this, in September, 1747, there is a now suspension of all fairs and markets and of all movements of cattle, except for slaughter, throughout the kingdom for three months. This was modified afterwards, sound loan cattle being allowed to be changed to clean pastures, and cows being allowed to go to bulls Avhen both were sound.

The same result followed this new Order as its predecessors. The disease was extinguished in many counties, but lurked in others where the local authorities had been lax in lookihg after the execution of the Order. Hence in December, 1749, the Council admits its failure in putting down the disease, and now again prohibits all movement of cattle except for slaughter, and the place of slaughter must be within two miles of the spot where the cattle arc on the 14th December, 1750.

The requirement that cattle should bo slaughtered only within two miles of their stalls was found very grievous by London and Westminster, and the outcry raised against it by these influential places produced a revocation of it within a month of its issue,

quot; Unfortunately,quot; says Mr, Youatt, in his well-known work, quot; the restrictions with regard to the sale or removal of cattle and communication between different districts were so frequently evaded, that it was either impossible or impolitic to exact the penalties.quot; (Youatt, Cattle, their Breeds and Diseases, p. 391.) The system of compensation was carried on for some years until the Government found it produced serious frauds. Every animal that was ailing, or had diseases of any kind, was killed and dharged to the Government as having died bv the Plague, and in consequence of these frauds compensation was abandoned. One cause of the ill success of the repressive measures adopted is thus described in the words of Layavd, who, writing even in 1757, says: quot; The disease, thank God, is considerably abated; and only breaks out now and then in such places where, for

The disease in countries borderixig en Buss�u

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want of proper deansiDg after the inloetion, or carelessness in burying the carcasses, the pntrid fames is still preserved, and is ready, at a proper constitution of the air, or upon being un�covered, to disperse such a quantity of effluvia, that all the cattle which have not had it will be liable to infection.quot; (Layard, Tlu: JJistcmper among- Horned Cattle, p. 20.)

For some time alter the revocation of the Order of 1749, each county proscribed neighbouring infected counties, and refused to receive their cattle. The roads from one county to another were strictly guarded, and cattle, hides, carcasses, and tallow from any infected comities were carefully excluded. These measures, however, had but a very partial effect. Cheshire lost in the first half of 1757 and three months of the preceding year about 30,000 head of cattle, and many other counties in pro�portion. For the next two or three years this local war against the disease was allowed to be waged, the Government occa�sionally interfering when the magistrates permitted lairs in places likely to be injurious to neighbouring counties. It con�tinued up to 1750 with considerable variations, the Plague being intense in some counties, milder in others, and absent from many, until it wore itself out. There is no accurate record within our knowledge of the mortality produced by it. In the third year of the attack b'0,000 head were slaughtered under the Orders in Council, and a far larger number perished by the dis�ease. During its course it must have destroyed several hundred thousand cattle.

There was some dispute as to the means by which England received its infection in 1715 and 1745, but it is certain that the Plague was raging in different parts of western Europe at that time. Wherever during war Eussian and Austrian parks of cattle followed the movements of armies, the Cattle Plague appeared, and spread gradually to the adjacent countries. France in this way received it at least half-a-dozen times in the last century.* From 1711 to 1714 foreign authors state that

* Much interesting information on this part of the subject is contained in a memoir by M. Renault, President of the Veterinary Scliool of Alfurt, trans�mitted to tlio French Minister of AgricultTire, and published in several French and English newspapers.

FIRST REPORT OF OOMMISSION^TEI{S.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 257

western Europe lost 1,500,000 head of cattle by the Plague; while from 1745 to 1748 (a period which includes three years of the great English attack) 8,000,000 are believed to have perished in western and central Europe. Those figures are probably not exaggerated, considering the great losses sustained by particular states. Thus the Danish monarchy, in the four years from 1745 to 1749, lost 280.000 head, andquot;Holland, in the three years beginning with 17(i9, lost 395,000 head. These, disasters attracted the attention of Governments and scientific men ; and the long peace which began in 181 (gt; permitted the adoption of those careful and systematic measures of precaution which, in the countries bordering on Russia, have been maintained ever since with various modifications, and on the whole with,con�siderable success. It was ascertained that Europe usually received the infection through Russian steppe cattle sent into Poland and Hungary. These cattle feed in vast numbers on the luxuriant herbage of the steppes in the Russian provinces watered by the lower part of the Dnieper and its tributaries. Large herds of them are annually driven to different parts of Russia, to Poland, G-alicia, and Hungary, and often carry the seeds of disease in their train. In 1862 the number attacked by the plague in the Austrian dominions was 296,000, of which 152,000 died. In 1863 it again invaded and overran not only Galicia but the whole of the kingdom of Hungary and its dependencies, the Bukowina, Dalmatia, Carniola, Lower Austria. Moravia, and Styria. Fourteen per cent, of the cattle in these countries took the infection, and the average mortality, as stated in Schmidt's Jahrlueh der Gesammten Medecin. 18fi5 (p. 95), was as follows:�

Hungary.......nbsp; nbsp; 65 per rent.

East Galicia......nbsp; nbsp; 77

Croatia and Slavonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. .nbsp; nbsp; 81 #9632; 6 ,,

Military Frontier ....nbsp; nbsp; 83

Moravia.......nbsp; nbsp; 88

Lower Austria.....nbsp; nbsp; 02 ,,

West Galicia......nbsp; nbsp; 94

Bukowina and Styria . . .nbsp; nbsp;100 ,,

It should be added, that the number attacked in the last two provinces was small.

258

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

General character-

istics of the disease as ascertained by expe�rience.

III.

Our present experience then, our past experience, and the experience of foreign countries, coincide so far as they respec�tively iro; they identify the English Cattle Plague of 1805, the murrain of 1745, and the Rinderpest of eastern Europe, as the same disease, and they yield some clear and well ascertained results, which may be briefly stated as follows:

The Cattle Plague is, in the langnage of medicine, a specific disease, belonging to the class of contagious fevers. The con�tagious matter is subtle, volatile, prolific, in an unexampled degree. It is conveyed in a most virulent form in the excre�tions from the diseased animal. Any particle of those excretions may serve as a vehicle for it. We know not the limit of time within which it disengages itself from them, nor to what distance it may not be diffused. It may travel, we know, in the hide, horns, hoofs, and intestines of the dead animal; the offal, there�fore, is highly dangerous. It lurks undeveloped in the system for a period about which some difference of opinion exists, which certainly is not less than five days, usually is seven or eight, but appears to be more prolonged in some cases. Towards the end of this period of incubation, but at what precise j)omt we do not know, it becomes capable of diffusing itself by contagion. A diseased animal may therefore be infectious before it shows any signs of disease, or at all events before the malady betrays itself to any but a very close and very skilful observer. The proportion of cases in which it is fatal is extraordinarily large. No specific has been discovered which neutralises or expels the poison: judicious treatment may enable nature to resist till the virus has spent itself; injudicious treatment may have a con�trary effect; but that is all. The practical conclusion, there�fore, at which foreign physicians and foreign governments have arrived,�the conclusion that it is better always to kill a dis�eased animal, or a few diseased animals, where by so doing you can kill an isolated germ of disease, instead of suffering that germ to linger and fructify whilst you are attempting a cure, for the precarious prospect of an insignificant saving,�is justified by reason ; it is also directly justified by experience?, which shows that, whilst the Plague propagated from a single germ

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speedily becomes unmanageable, .spreads from herd to herd, from province to province, and from country to country, multi�plies in a continually increasing ratio, and exhausts itself only after ruinous havoc and a long course of time, it may be effectu�ally eradicated by prompt and unsparing measures. The experience of Prussia is especially valuable in this respect. The Plague lias often appeared, says Professor Gerlach, in the pro�vinces bordering on the Russian Empire, in East Prussia, Posen, and Silesia, but it lias never, since 1815, penetrated eastwards, even so far as Brandenburg. Lastly, -sve must add, it Las not been found to give way before cold weather or rain. The reverse seems to be the case. It is worse. Professor Gerlach informs us, '� in cold and wet weather, and butter in warm and dry weather.quot; quot; It spreads,quot; says Mr. Ernes,^;' as fast in a cold as in a hot season.quot; The murrain of lli� broke out here in early spring, the tempe�rature of the preceding year having been low ; and it is stated to have raged most violently during the winters, and to have diminished in intensity with the advance of summer.

These conclusions, which are all that for our present purpose '

Ijjprts of the

it is necessary to state, are far, of course, from exhausting all ^i,1|i^uir3' that is known upon the subject. Beyond what is known, how-over, there is a large field of inquiry which may be usefully explored. To observe carefully the premonitory and pro�gressive symptoms of the disease under various conditions�to determine precisely the period of incubation, the effect of remedial and of preventive agencies, (including under the latter head disinfectants, therapeutical measures, and inoculation)� to ascertain within what range, and under what modifications, the poison may be communicated from a diseased cow to other animals of the same or different species�these are branches of investigation practically important, but which will take time. With a view to the thorough examination of them, we have obtained the assistance of men eminent in various departments of science, and we hope to be able to report on them hereafter. But we have now to deal with more pressing questions. Are the measures hitherto adopted to stifle the Plague at homo, and stop its entrance from abroad, effectual for the purpose? If not, what other measures are likely to be effectual ? To these questions, having early satisfied ourselves of the general character

s 2

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of the disease, we at once directed our attention: and the evidence which we have received has been chiefly taken with a view to them.

IV.

moquot;laquo;quot;'�⁰ ^^^e preventive measures hitherto adopted by Your Majesty's

�qjted Government may be briefly stated.

Act 11 :iml 12 Viet.

By an Act of Parliament, passed in 1848, and continued by

several subsequent Acts to the present time, the Lords and others of Your Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, are authorised to make from time to time such Orders and Regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such Orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection: and also for the purpose of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts, carriages, or other vehicles ; and also for the purpose of directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of the Act are to be disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other animals, and to make any other Orders or Regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such Orders or Regulations ; and it is enacted that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such Orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the Act: and that all persons offend�ing against the Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the Council may in any case by such Order direct.

orders innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Under the powers conferred by this Act, several Orders in

Council.

Council have been issued, dated respectively the 24th July (fourteen days after the first notice of the outbreak was given by Professor Simonds to the Privy Council Office), the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August. 1865, the substance of which was

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afterwards embodied in a Consolidated Order, dated tlie 22nd September, 1865. This Consolidated Order contains the regula�tions now in force relating to England, Wales, and Scotland. Some farther Orders have been made prohibiting the importa�tion of horned cattle and sheep, and regulating the importation of hides, from Great Britain into Ireland, and likewise pro�hibiting importation into the island and barony of Lewis.

(a.) Under these Orders inspectors have been appointed by the Clerk of the Council for the ^Metropolitan Police District; as to all the rest of Great Britain, the appointment of inspectors is discretionary in England with the Justices of each Petty Sessional Division, in Scotland with the County Justices in Sessions ; within municipal boroughs the power is vested in the Mayor or Provost. The discretion, however, may only be exercised where the local authorities are satisfied of the existence of the disease in, or have reason to apprehend its approach to (this was added on the 26th August), the district over which their jurisdiction extends.

(amp;.) Every inspector is empowered to enter and inspect all premises within his district in which any animal (this word is defined as including neat-cattle, sheep, goats, and swine) may be found, to seize, slaughter, and bury animals diseased, and to disinfect the premises, and to order the separation of animals suspected of being diseased.

(c.) Owners of diseased stock are forbidden, absolutely, to send to market or expose for sale, to send by highway, railway, or coasting vessel, or, lastly, to turn out on common or unen�closed land any diseased animal: if within an inspector's district, they are also forbidden, without the inspector's leave, to remove from their premises any animal which is diseased or has been in the same shed or herd, or in contact, with a diseased animal, or to place any diseased animal in any field or pasture where, in the inspector's judgment, it would be likely to propagate the disorder.

(d.) The local authorities may, by published notice, exclude all animals, or any specified description of them, from any fair or market within their jurisdiction; and no animal is to be sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, so long as the Plague exists within the Metropolitan Police District, quot; except for the purpose

Orders in Council not effectmL

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of being there sold for immediate slaughtering, and every such animal, as suou as sold, shall be marked for slangliter in the same manner in which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the Metropolitan Cattle Market.quot; The two latter provisions date from the 22iid September.

Inspectors have been appointed under those orders in a large number of districts. Cattle landed at the port of London or at any of the ontports are inspected on landing by inspectors ap�pointed by the Board of Customs, who are now veterinary surgeons, except in very few cases where no veterinary surgeon can be procured.

These Orders have not arrested the march of the Plague, nor

can we persuade ourselves that they will materially serve to arrest it, now that it has spread so widely, i. inspection. Inspection is the instrument on which the chief reliance is placed. But it is not enough to clothe an inspector with the most ample powers as to diseased cattle, if ho cannot certainly know whether a beast is diseased or not. During the period of incubation, as the evidence shows, even a skilful practitioner may be at fault. Nor are we by any means sure that in all the infected districts a sufficient number of competent persons have been found, skilled in the diseases of cattle. The demand has been sudden; we have reason to doubt whether it has called forth an adequate supply. At any rate, many cases have been brought to our notice, in which tradesmen or others without professional qualification have been charged with this office. It must bo added that an inspector, set to fight single-handed in his own district against this insidious enemy, with a private practice, and among farmers and butchers to whom he looks for employment, has a hard task to perform, and is likely to find their motives and opportunities for concealing the disease more than a match for his means of detecting it.

2. Metro�politan mar fcet

An important step was taken by prohibiting stock from being

sent to the Metropolitan Market, except for immediate slaughter. But how is this prohibition enforced ? The beast, if sold, is marked by clipping the hairs of his tail, and this is understood to mean that he is marked for the butcher. But such a mark is sure to lose its significance as soon as the regulation becomes notorious; and, significant or not, there is nothing in it to prevent him

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from being carried into the country, turned out to graze, or re�sold, while unsold animals are not marked at all. Cases of this kind, where the animals carried infection with them, have been brought to our notice. In fact, of all the cattle which are sent from the country into London, about one-third, after having stood in the market, are distributed again from London over the country.

The discretionary power given to local authorities of closing JJquot;^quot;^^^ wholly or partially fairs and markets is still more important, ^markets-provided it be exercised generally, promptly, and firmly. But, in the first place, such a power is not proper to be entrusted to Mayors of Boroughs and Justices of Petty Sessional Divisions. Wider interests are concerned than these little circles enclose. The Mayor of a town, to which its market brings large and regular profits, is not the fittest jutlge of the expediency of closing that market before it becomes a source of infection to the surrounding rural district. All Justices are not equally firm, equally ready to do an unpopular thing, equally convinced of the magnitude of the calamity. A large number of markets and fairs have, it is true, been closed, one by one, against lean or store cattle; the example once set has been gradually fol�lowed. But what has been done has not been done uniformly. In some places all fairs and markets for both store and butcher's stock have been stopped; in others those for store stock only. The periods of stoppage also have been very various. Here, however, uniform action is everything. Restraints on the ordi�nary course of business and traffic must be of brief continuance if they⁷ are to be strictly enforced ; they must be sharp and sweeping if they are to be brief. What is necessary to be done should be done at the same time, wherever it is necessary, or it might almost as well not be done at all. In the second place, the prohibition is easily evaded, and does not go far enough for even its limited object. It is evaded (this also has been repeatedly urged on us) by auctions and other public but unauthorized sales conducted without even those imperfect checks and safeguards which exist at a market or fair.* Small jobbers too, we are

* A later Order, issued on the 31st October, prohibits, wherever fairs or markets have been closed by the local authority, the quot; bringing or sendingquot;' of

Other mea* sures re�quired.

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informed, are begimung to roam tlio country with droves, out of which they supply customers who are not nice as to what they buy. It would he difficult to invent means better adapted to sow infection broadcast.

We are convinced then that other measures are required. We proceed to consider what those other measures should be. In doing so we shall endeavour to point out clearly the general course which we think should be pursued, without entering into details, which more properly belong to your Majesty's Government.

We are perfectly sensible that this is a question of extreme difficulty. The difficulty lies in the magnitude of the sacrifices we have to call for. the inadequate notion which prevails of the extent of the evil to bo subdued, the facilities for dishonest evasion and the risks from inadvertence which spring up with every attempt to mitigate those sacrifices. For it must be observed that we have not merely to guard against criminal or unscrupulous acts: nothing is easier than for a man, without being guilty of so much as gross negligence, to become the means of spreading infection over a whole county.

Let us first say a word about the system employed with so much success in Prussia; wo mean the system of Cordons, by which infected places are isolated, and the disease either suffered to exhaust itself or stamped out by indiscriminate slaughter. Nothing can be more efficacious where the disease is confined to a very few points; but in order to be efficacious the isolation must be complete and must be soon over, and slaughter (as the Germans themselves hold) is merely wasteful where the number of animals is large. When the disease has widely diffused itself, and disappears at one point only to appear at another, the diffi�culties of isolation become greater, and the chances of its being efficacious less. We need hardly add that in countries accus�tomed to a strict half-military police and the constant presence of soldiery, where men and cattle are lodged in close-packed villages

animals to any place for the purpose of exhibition or sale, and the receiving, exhibiting, bnying, or selling of animals so brought or sent.

System of Cuit.lon=.

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encircled by tracts of open ground, and where tlie system itself is well known and the necessity for it felt, it finds facilities which would be wanting among our lanes and scattered home�steads with a people to whom it was novel and who are unused to restraints and jealous of interference. These considerations are by no moans conclusive against the application of it, with some modifications, to England, far less against resorting to it in Ireland, but they warn us against expecting too much from it, or relying on it alone.

Against a disease which is highly contagious, undiscoverable ^ deg;�quot;_d, at a certain stage, and too widely diffused for an army of in- Jj^^quot; specters to cope with it, there is clearly but one remedy which would be certainly and absolutely effectual. That remedy is, to prohibit everywhere for a limited time any movement of cattle from one place to another. Enforce this, and, within a time which cannot last very long, the disease is at an end. It must stand still, and it must starve for want of nutriment. This great sacrifice would certainly eradicate the evil; we cannot say so of any sacrifice less than this.

We arc perfectly sensible of the vast train of losses and in- ₍^l_lfⁱ�'_iquot;^lti''^sconveniences, public and private, which must attend upon such a measure; and the possibility of mitigating them by circum�scribing the prohibition in different ways, without rendering it ineffective, is a point to which we have given the most anxious consideration.

The distinction which may be drawn between lean and fat

(ween store id fa: stock.

stuck, or rather between cattle moved from place to place for'

the sake of grazing or fattening, and cattle moved with a view to immediate sLmgbter, here suggests itself at once. In the case of store stock, the risk of propagating infection is on the whole great, and the evil of stopping circulation is less. The fanner who has lean animals to dispose of, and the farmer who has winter food for them to consume, must undoubtedly suffer ; and there might be reason to apprehend some diminution in the supply of winter-fed stock for the spring and early summer of next year. But it must be remarked that the fear of infection now deters many farmers�in infected counties, indeed, all but the very needy or the imprudent�from buying at store markets; and that the persons who would lose most by the application of

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the remedy arc also those who are most deeply interested in the matter, and will be the greatest losers if no effectual remedy is found. We have little difficulty, therefore, in arrivinp at the conclusion, not only that public sales of lean stock should be suspended for a time, but that private sales, over which it is impossible to exercise an effective control, should be stopped likewise.

On the other hand, to interfere with the circulation of fat stock is to interfere directly with the meat market; and to em�barrass it is to raise, for a time at least, the price of meat. To require that every bullock sold for slaughter shall be slaugh�tered on the premises of the seller, will undoubtedly in a multitude of cases be inconvenient to both fanner and butcher. There will be difficulties about the actual slaughtering, about the disposal of hides and offal, about transport: and these diffi�culties appear still more serious when we consider the manner in which the live-meat trade is now carried on, through salesmen and jobbers, and the vast quantities of fat cattle continually in motion to and from London, and from one market to another. .V large system of trade and transport will have to be deranged, and many new arrangements to be made, and the cost of effect�ing these changes on the spur of the moment must fall to a considerable extent on the consumer of meat.

Qnestioni uiiidi would

If the distinction be admitted, however, many other questions

pringamp;om arise. In the first place, how is it to be enforced? If a, nrivi-

null adis-Unction.

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lege is conceded to cattle destined for the butcher, how are we to make sure that a particular animal is really destined for the butcher, or that he will bo slaughtered immediately, or slaughtered at all; or that he will not scatter infection on his road ? May he be driven home by the nearest country butcher who will buy him, or must he be sent to market? May he go to any market, or only to one where conveniences for slaugh�tering and for careful inspection are or can be provided ? May he, if unsold, be sent home again, or transported from one market to another, or if not, what chance will the seller have, should the market be overstocked, of making a fair bargain? In considering these points, it must be borne in mind that a butcher has, as some witnesses have remarked to us, facilities which a farmer has not for concealing the presence of the

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disease; and that lie has not those motives for being on his guard against it which the amp;rmer has. A farmer who brings home a diseased animal may probably lose his whole herd. But it is often the butcher's interest to ask no questions.

Answers more or less complete may be furnished on all the points above enumerated and precautions may bo devised with a view to each of them. In general terms it may be stated that such precautions must in the main rest on some or all of the following expedients :�on a modified adoption of the Cordon system ; on the imposition of new and peculiar legal obligations upon butchers, and probably upon drovers, railway companies, and the authorities in charge of markets j lastly, on a system, more or less extensive, of permits, certi�ficates, or declarations. We ought not, however, to shrink from distinctly saying that no answers can be given which, in our judgment, are perfectly satisfactory, and no precautions invented on which it is possible entirely to rely; and that we believe it to be best for the country, and even for the interests which will suffer most in the first instance, that the prohibition against the circulation of cattle should be maintained in its integrity.

We have stated frankly the difficulties and sacrifices for Reaaonsfor

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which the country must be prepared, should this proposition Biw�m. be carried into effect. Of these difficulties the one which will probably be felt most strongly relates to the supply of food to the great towns. Fears have been expressed that to close the Metropolitan Market, for instance, against the influx of cattle from the country, would create a famine. quot;We have already seen that the attempt to restrict the markets of London and Westminster during the Plague which raged here in the reign of George II. was given up on account of the clamour which it created; and it may be argued that the same thing would 1 uippen now. Circumstances, however, have widely changed. In the days of George II., meat could only be transported to London alive; even the roads along which the cattle travelled were what we should now think few and bad; there was little importation from abroad, and some difficulty must have been often found in supplying the wants of the metropolis by the ordinary means of communication. Now, every place where fat cattle are fed in large numbers is approached by railways, which

2G8

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

can transport dead as well as live meat; and it seems no un�reasonable demand to require that, for the sake of averting a calamity of almost incalculable magnitude, London should be content to be supplied with dead meat from the provinces, instead of constituting herself a hot-bed of infection by receiving twice a week great throngs of living cattle. This change is indeed in itself economical and advantageous, and appears to be gradually taking place as a natural consequence of the ex�tension of the railway system. There is obviously an immense waste of labour in bringing the live animal to London in order that certain portions of its carcase may be consumed as human food; dead meat is more easily carried than the living creature, and it seems quite as reasonable to carry the butcher to the ox as to bring the ox to the butcher. We are informed that from Aberdeen alone upwards of lOUO carcases are sent up weekly to the English metropolis during eight months of the year, and 300 or 400 during the remaining four months, and that special dead-meat trains leave Aberdeen on this errand five days in the week. Nor is it to be forgotten that London is at the present moment fed in a great measure with foreign cattle. From the Kith September to the 18th October last, both inclusive, the number of English beasts in the market was but 1!,G-15 to 20,185 foreign. It must further be observed�and this is the most important point�that a general prohibition is capable of being thoroughly enforced. The mere presence of a beast on any highway will be sufficient to prove the infraction of the rule. Any plan which, while laying down the general prohibition, admits ex�ceptions in favour of cattle removed to particular places or for particular purposes, must rest upon the ascertainment of facts more or less complicated, to be proved by certificates from local authorities, upon the accuracy of which, experience warns us, little reliance can be placed. The liberty to remove cattle for particular purposes is sure to be extended and abused for other purposes. A man has only to profess an intention in accord�ance with the law in order, by a little dexterity, to obtain under such a system the utmost facility for violating the law. It will be a long time before the rules are understood, and the period in which they are violated through ignorance will be succeeded by the period in which they are evaded by design.

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England is probably the worst country in tho world for the working- of a system of certificates, permits, licences, and pass�ports ; and the temptation to violate the rules will be very great, for the thought that naturally occurs to every one whose herd is attacketl is to conceal the existence of the disease until he lias got rid of those animals which do not yet show symptoms of its presence. To the objection, true as far as it goes, that the embarrassment thus thrown in the way of trade will probably tend to raise the price of meat, it may be answered, first, that such a rise in the price of meat will afford, at the expense of the community, the means of reimbursing the trade for tho sacrifices it has made for the common benefit; and, secondly, that the immense destruction of cattle which such a measure is alone calculated to prevent is likely to raise the price of meat to a higher point, and for a longer time, than a regulation which really does lit tie more than change the place of slaughter from large towns to country districts and places of importation. In the period from 174:5 to 1757, almost every measure, short of tho one which we are considering, was tried in vain. The dis�ease at first advanced slowly, but it lasted twelve years, and then died out, apparently for want of animals susceptible of its influence, although the difficulty of communication from one part of England to another offered at that time the fairest chance for the success of palliative measures. England has now to contend with the Plague under disadvantages never experi�enced by any other country. The density of her population, the large quantity of her horned stock, and, above all, the enormous facility of communication by railroad, make her peculiarly liable to the ravages of a contagious disorder, and render the prospect of eradicating it within any reasonable time, either by slaughter or by curative and disinfecting measures, almost hopeless.

Recommendations. 1. Suspension of Cattle Traffic in Great Britain.

For the reasons stated above we feel ourselves compelled to recommend to Your Majesty that such measures shall be taken as may be requisite to invest, with as little delay as possible.

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some high officer of Your Majesty's Government with the power of suspending for a limited time the movement of cattle from one place in Great- Britain to another, for extending or shorten�ing such period, and for renewing the prohibition as often as circumstances may render necessary.

la. Suggested Regulations as to Cattle Traffic, should Recom�mendation 1 not he adopted.

We helieve that this measure offers, as we have already said, the only certain means of eradicating the disease, and we con�ceive that the end amply justifies us in proposing to the nation so great a present sacrifice. In submitting this, however, as our First Recommendation to Your Majesty, we are well aware that it is likely to excite much opposition ; that the difficulties to which we have adverted may to some appear insurmountable; and that to those who do not regard the Cattle Plague in so serious a light as we do, the remedy may seem worse than the evil. This view may possibly be shared by Your Majesty's Ministers; we think it right, therefore, to go further, and to indicate the measures which might, in our opinion, be advan�tageously adopted, should an absolute suspension of the move�ment of cattle in Great Britain not be enforced.

a.nbsp; For a period to be fixed, and which might, if necessary, bo extended, no lean or store stock should be permitted to be sold at any fair or market, and sales of such stock by auction or advertisement, or in any other manner whatever, should be prohibited.

b.nbsp; Cattle might be moved for immediate slaughter to a market or to a slaughter-house licensed for use, but only under a license for transit granted by the magistrates in Petty .Sessions. The license for transit should certify' to the healthiness of the district from which the cattle come. With this exception, and except in the case of cattle driven from one part of the same farm to another, the transit of cattle over any public road (including railways), or in any coasting vessel, should be absolutely prohibited.

c.nbsp; Precautions should be taken that every animal sold for butcher's meat be slaughtered within a short and fixed period.

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It maj' be convenient for this purpose that no slaughter-house should be used without a license from the local authorities, and no such license given except on the butcher's undei-takiug to have all cattle which may be sold or consigned to him driven direct to the slaughter-house or premises attached to it, from whence they are not to bo moved alive. Cattle sold at a fair or market should not be allowed to leave the precincts of the borough or other- place where the fair or market is held (in the case of London, the Metropolitan Police District) alive. To ensure this object, it might be required that cattle entering a fair or market should be branded or marked on entrance, and cattle sold elsewhere to a butcher similarly marked at the time of sale, and that it should be penal for any one but a butcher to have a marked animal in his possession. If any regulation of this kind is adopted, it would be advisable that in every place where a public market is held, lairs should be provided in which unsold animals could remain from one market day to another.

d. It would be desirable to draw some more distinct line between infected and uniufected districts than is at present traced by the Orders in Council. For this purpose, whenever a case of infection is discovered, or is known to have existed within a certain period before the time when these measures may come into operation, the district should be quot; proclaimedquot;' as infected in 'The Gazette' and the county papers. The egress of live cattle from a proclaimed district should be strictly prohibited, but cattle slaughtered within it and certified by the district inspector to be (it for food might be sent out of it, under proper safeguards for disinfection. Provision should be made for enabling districts which had been proclaimed to be publicly set free, on proof being furnished that all risk from infection was at an end.

This latter proposal would, if adopted, strengthen the induce�ments of the inhabitants of infected districts to rid themselves of the disorder, and those of their neighbours to watch vigilantly against its approach.

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2. Fcnvers of Inspectors.

AVe are of opinion that the power to seize anrl slanghter vested in inspectors by the Consolidated Order may properly be withdrawn; or that, if retained, it should be exercised only in cases where the inspector's directions as to the separation of sound from diseased stock, amp;c., or any general preventive or sanitary regulations issued by the Government are not complied with. This power is right and useful when the disease has appeared only at isolated spots and attacked a few animals; the public benefit is then very great, and the private sacrifice small; but in proportion as it extends, the hope of thus arresting its march diminishes, the inevitable waste increases, and the sense of hardship tends to become insupportable. In principle, a system of compulsory slaughter should be complemented by a system of compensation, and the objections to promising com�pensation to individuals out of the public treasury on an extensive scale appear to us insurmountable.

3. Foreign Cattle.

No reference has hitherto been made to cattle imported from abroad. Should our first recommendation be entertained, and an absolute embargo placed on all traffic in cattle within Great Britain, we think that imported cattle should be slaughtered at the ports of landing. We are further of opinion that cattle should be allowed to land at certain ports only, where proper facilities can be afforded for inspection and transport. In the other alternative it will be sufficient to say that foreign cattle, if passed by the Customs' inspectors, and not coming from an infected district, may be sent by railway to any market in Great Britain, but shall be then subject to the same regulations as British cattle.

4. Uninclosed Lands.

During the period of prohibition, whether absolute or limited, no cattle should be allowed to be turned on common or unin�closed land.

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5. Periodical Returns.

It is highly desirable that steps should be taken for obtaining periodical returns of the horned cattle and sheep within the area of every parish of Great Britain, and of their sanitary con�dition with especial reference to the present disease.

6. Ireland.

Before tliis Keport is concluded some reference should be made to the peculiar circumstances of Ireland. The disease not having as yet broken out in that country, there is no necessity for the measures which have been recommended for Great Britain. It is still possible, by the adoption of suitable pre�cautions, to avert the calamity from Ireland altogether. The importation of cattle into that country has already been pro�hibited for some weeks past. Considering, however, the de�structive character of the disease, it will not he judicious to rely upon that precaution alone for escaping it. The evidence which has been laid before us leaves little doubt that it can be conveyed by persons who have been in contact with infected animals, as well as by the animals themselves. In case it should, by any accident, be carried over, the Government should be in readiness to eradicate it from any spot in which it may appear; and unless preparations are made for doing so before the Plague shows itself, the authorities laquo;ill hardly be in a condition to act with the necessary speed and vigour when the emergency arises. In Prussia, upon whose eastern frontier the disease frequently appears, a system of precautions has been adopted for stopping its further progress, which have hitherto met with invariable success. It would probably not be difficult to make provision for the application of similar measures to Ireland, and so to secure to it a permanent immunity from the calamity under which Great Britain is at present suffering. But the extreme rapidity with which the disease spreads makes it im�portant that all arrangements for stamping it out, in case of its possible appearance, should be made without delay.

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We append to this Report a short series of practical sug�gestions, drawn np by those members of the Commission who are professionally qualified to deal with sanitary subjects, and which may be useful at the present time to owners ol' cattle.

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Ltos Platfair. Richard Quain. E. A. Parkes. Thos. Wobmald. Robert Ceelt. Charles Spooner. 3lst October, 1865.

MOTJNTAGUE BERNARD.

SEPARATE REPORT of Earl Spencer, Viscount Cran-borne, Mb. Read, and Dr. Bence Jones.

We are unable to join the other members of the Commission in recommending the total stoppage of all movement of cattle in Croat Britain. It is true, that, if such a measure were

practicable, it would be more effectual than any other in extir�pating the disease. But we do not believe it to be practicable. It would involve:¹ an interference with the course of trade at variance with our national habits; and it would demand sacri�fices from large numbers of people, who are. removed from the presence of the disease, and who will therefore not see the necessity fur so stringent a measure. The sudden transforma�tion of the enormous cattle trade by which the large towns are supplied into a dead meat trade, would involve difficulties and dangers of the most formidable kind. The foreign trade, which at this moment furnishes a considerable proportion of the meat consumed in the large towns, would also be seriously interfered with. The price of meat would, in consequence, rise materially and suddenly.

These difficulties would lead to the evasion of the prohibition. And if it is largely evaded, as wo think probable, it will be worse than useless.

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We prefer, therefore, the measures of a less stringent cha�racter, which are recommended as an alternative in the above Report. They demand no greater sacrifice than will readily be made to arrest the progress of so serious an evil; and there�fore, we believe that they are likely to bo thoroughly carried out.

In the other reeomraendations of the .Report wo heartily concur.

(Signed) Spencee.

Cbakbobne,

('lake Sewell Read.

Menky Bence Jones.

Wo are of opinion, however, that store animals may be per�mitted to move from the farm of the seller to that of the buyer, provided they have a certificate from a Justice of the Peace acting in the district where the sale takes place, showing that they are free from disease and that they have been located for a certain time on the form of the seller.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SPENCEE.

Claee Sewell Read.

31st October, 1865.

SEPARATE EEPORT of Mb. IH'Clean.

I dissent from the Report on the following grounds: I consider that the magnitude of the calamity against which it is intended to guard, in no way justifies the interference with the traffic in cattle which the Commissioners in their Report recommend, and that the evils which would arise to the com�munity from even a limited prohibition of the movement, or of the importation of foreign cattle, would far exceed the losses which may arise from the prevailing disorder.

By the last return issued by the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council Office�which, as regards the number of

t 2

��

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animals which have died oi' the Cattle Plague, is correct, and although not strictly accurate in other respects may be con�sidered fairly to represent the progress and present extent of the ravages of the disease�it appears that up to the 21st of October, 180.quot;). a period of rather more than four months from the time when the disease first appeared in Islington, 1-1,083 animals had been attacked, that of these 6711 had died, 5110 had been slaughtered, 707 had recovered, and 1540 remained under treatment.

The estimated number of horned cattle in Great Britain is about seven millions, so that less than 1 per 1000 of such cattle have died of the disease in four months, or about one per day for every 116,000 head.

During the same period of four months, sound and healthy cattle of the average value of (say) 1^1. 15s. per head, have been imported from foreign countries at the average rate of 1000 per day, so that by the operation of the present system, involving careful inspection at the ports of landing, the gain to the country has been 10-0 sound cattle for each one that has died of the disease.

The growing necessities of the community in the matter of animal food, and the comparatively trifling extent of the injury hitherto inflicted by the disease, do not justiiy any exceptional legislation or any systematic interference b)^r Grovernment with the trade in cattle, a trade which, taking its position amongst the other great branches of national industry, must be subject to its own peculiar risks and liabilities.

The existing Orders in Council, enforced by the exertions of landowners, farmers, and graziers who have embarked their capital in the trade, appear to bo sufficient for its protection; while by insurance or otherwise the parties interested should indemnify themselves against loss without appealing to the community to interfere for the preservation of their property bv exceptional legislation.

Since the year 1750 the circumstances of the country and of the cattle trade have entirely changed, and no comparison can fairly be instituted between its state at that period and the present time.

In the year 1750 and the subsequent years of the Cattle

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Plague, the trade in cattle was one of the principal industries of the country, and any loss sustained by tiie owners was almost irremediable, as there were then no available means of import�ing cattle from foreign countries for supplying the people with animal food.

In 1864 circumstances were very different. In that year the computed net value of the articles imported into tiie United Kingdom was nearly 275,000,000?., of which upwards of 40,000,000?. was for alimentary supply, exclusive of spirits, wine, tobacco, and other exeiseable articles.

During the same year the computed net value of tiie articles exported was 212,050,542?., making a total value of 487,520,408?., while the amount of all descriptions of property and profits assessed to the Income Tax was 320,775,501?., about one-ninth of which was for occupation of land, and probably not so much as one-eighteenth was due to pastoral occupation.

The estimated value of the property which it is proposed to protect by penal laws and quarantine regulations, to be carried out at the expense of the community and to their serious lo.ss, inconvenience, and certain discontent, is about 00,000,000?., or about one-eighth of the annual value of the national imports and exportlaquo;.

The importance of the cattle trade, as compared with the other branches of national industry, is much less in 18G4 than it was in the year 1750, while the numbers of the people, their wealth, and means of purchasing animal food, have greatly increased.

The consumption of animal food is not now confined exclu�sively to the wealthy, but has become the necessary food fur the working classes, and the use of it is so general, that so long-as the disease can be discovered at a period when the flesh of the animal is perfectly good and fit for human food, it is im�possible in this populous country for the disease to spread to any great extent, as all beasts showing the slightest symptoms of disease would bo immediately slaughtered by the owner for his own protection.

As the demand, as shown by our imports of cattle, is greater than the home supply, there would only be partial loss when lean cattle had to be slaughtered.

¹¹........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-11 ^^^-^quot;^^^^^#9632;quot;#9632;#9632;Pquot;quot;quot;

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The opinions expressed by witnesses of experience on the pro�posal to supply London exclusively with meat killed and brought from a distance, were not favourable to the plan.

It is further to be considered that any prohibition to the im�portation of foreign cattle would affect and derange the whole of our commercial relations and means of communication with foreign countries.

It would create distrust at home and abroad as to the safety of investing capital in establishing, by steam boats and other�wise, cheap and regular routes by means of which food is pro�vided for the community.

It would deprive the foreigner of an important exchangeable commodity, in many cases the only one he has to offer, and possibly lead foreign Governments to impose restrictions on the export of any food from their respective countries, that might, prove very detrimental to this kingdom.

The farmers of Great Britain cannot produce food enough for the people. Agricultural produce, including cattle, meat, butter, poultry, amp;c., to the value of more than 40,000,000?. sterling, has to be imported yearly from beyond the seas. Any legisla�tion which should interfere with this supply, and the employment of the means which at great expense have been provided for its conveyance to this country, would inflict an incalculable amount of ini'ury, and would occasion great and immediate suffering to the labouring classes, many of whom would be thrown out of work, while the price of provisions would be enhanced, and many of them now able to use animal food would be deprived of it. This would interfere with the value of labour, and with our means of competition with other countries, by increasing the cost of our manufactures.

With these facts and considerations before me, and after care�fully considering the nature and extent of the present disorder in cattle, I am of opinion that it does not at present justify any further restriction in the movement or trade of cattle, and that the powers now vested in Her Majesty's Privy Council are suffi�cient to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, and to avert any future outbreak of it.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; John Robinson M'Glean.

31st October 1865.

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Sanitaey Recommendations.*

On the subject of preventive and medical treatment the Com�missioners Iuiyo received, both from tins country and from abroad, discouraging but decided evidence that all methods hitherto adopted have been found unsuccessful. Nevertheless, being of opinion that medical science may still be able to dis�cover agents capable of mitigating the virulence of the malady, the Commissioners have drawn np a scheme of investigation into the nature of the disease, and have entrusted different enquiries to scientific men of great skill and ability, who will make reports on the subjects entrusted to them at the earliest possible moment.

In the mean time a few sanitary suggestions may be offered which are calculated to be useful to farmers and dealers in cattle. These may be divided into the following heads:

I. The general precautions which should be taken by cattle owners to prevent the spread of the disorder. II. The special precautions required when the Plague is in the neighbourhood.

III.nbsp; The measures, preventive and remedial, which should be

taken when the Plague breaks out in a locality.

IV.nbsp; Measures for disinfecting sheds and cattle which have

been infected.

I. Crcncj'al precautions to^jrevent the spread of the disorder.

1.�As no successful plan of treatment has yet been proposed, the owners of cattle must, in the mean time!, rely chiefly upon those hygienic measures which the experience acquired in other diseases show to be important in preventing the spread of con�tagion, and in diminishing the intensity and area of an attack, when, in spite of such measures, they invade a locality hitherto uninleeted. In the case of the Cattle Plague it is certain that

* Suggestions in the sense of many of these recommendations have been already drawn up by Professor Sitnonds and by Dr. Tlmdiciuim for the Privy Council, and have been circulated.

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no sanitary preuautions can provciit the spread of the disease ulieu it is actually introduced; still, from analogy, we may draw the conclusion that some effect may be produced on the rapidity of the spread, or on the virulence of the disease, by placing cattle in the conditions most, favourable to health.

2. With this view it is important to secure strict cleanliness, good drainage, efficient ventilation, and to prevent overcrowding in all cattle sheds and cowhouses. No accumulations of litter fouled by the voidings of animals should be permitted in, or even close to, the houses or sheds in which cattle are kept. Chloride of lime, carbolic acid, or the powder containing car-bolate of lime and sulphite of lime should be used. The latter is probably the best ; it contains a well-known disinfecting sub�stance which is formed when sulphur is burned, and also a strongly antiseptic material, kreasote, from coal tar. The sheds themselves should be swept and washed daily, and sprinkled with disinfectants. But such purification of the air of cattle sheds or houses will be insufficient to preserve health if the cattle be overcrowded. Pure air and nourishing diet are. of

.-i

reat imp; rtance in protecting animals from the attacks of dis-

ease. Pure water, derived from sources uncontaminated by drainage from surrounding dungheaps, or from the absorption of vitiated air which hovers around them and in the sheds of cattle, is equally essential.

Every farmer should look to the housing of his cattle in the present emergency, as he would look to the housing of his own family, if cholera or other formidable disease were in his neigh�bourhood. Thorough cleanliness of the houses, good drainage, freedom from evil smells, nourishing diet with pure air and water, cannot give immunity from the disease, but they may offer obstacles to its propagation.

II.�Special precautions necessary when the disorder is in the neighbourhood.

Whenever the Plague is known to bo in the neighbourhood, or to be approaching it, the following conditions must be borne in mind :

I. The natural voidings of a diseased animal, as well as the

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discharges which come from its mouth, eyes, and none, dunng the progress of the disorder, can be carried by men and animals so as to infect sound cattle, and in this way the disease is often propagated. A farmer should therefore at once give orders that none of his own labourers should go near infected beasts, and that none of the labourers working on the farm where there are diseased cattle should approach his stock. Even when veterinary surgeons visit cattle affected with the Plague, they should, if they have been with diseased beasts, first thoroughly cleanse their clothes, wash their hands with a solution of chloride of lime, and rub the soles of their shoes with disinfecting powder.

2.nbsp; Both sheep and dogs can carry the seeds of the disease, so that they should be carefully looked after, lest, in having access to diseased cattle, they may attacli to themselves portions of excrement or discharges, and communicate the contagion to sound cattle. The farmer will do well to recollect that both sheep and goats take the Plague in a virulent form, although they are not perhaps quite so susceptible to the influence of the contagion as horned cattle; but even when they do not take the disorder, the wool of the sheep and the hair of goats can long retain the morbific matter, and then transfer it to cattle.

3.nbsp; nbsp;The particles of the poison can be drifted by the wind to some distance, experience having shown that a space of con�siderably more than a hundred yards affords no protection; therefore, if a farmer has the opportunity, he should remove liis stock to the furthest possible distance from that of his infected neighbour.

4.nbsp; If a farmer have reason to think that some of his beasts may have been near infected animals, he should at once wash them over with the solution of disinfecting soap or with a tepid solution of chloride of lime, carefully sponging out the nostrils and mouth so as to remove all portions of discharges which may have been collected.

5.nbsp; He should vigorously attend to the hygienic measures described in the last section.

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE,

HI. Preventive and remedial recommendations when the Plague has attacked a locality.

1.nbsp; Should, unfortunately, the Plague reach the farm or cow�shed, it will bo the cattle-owner's duty to separate without delay the diseased from the sound stock. At once, and before any symptoms of the malady have appeared in the animals which may have been in contact with the diseased beast, he should place them in roomy, well cleansed and dried, well aired and disinfected sheds, having previously washed their bodies with water containing disinfecting soap, or with a tepid solution of chloride of lime ; he will thus place them in the best condition to resist the further spread of the disease. But if he do not possess the necessary accommodation for the removal of the healthy animals, he ought, after separating the diseased boast, to make a thorough disinfection of the house or shed, in the manner to be described afterwards, before ho permits the sound stock to remain in it.

2.nbsp; The sick beast, if allowed to remain alive, should be well rubbed down and thoroughly cleansed, be kept in a #9632;warm but well-ventilated and clean shed, and be covered with a clean horse-rug. The animal will thus be put in a favourable con�dition to receive such curative treatment as the veterinary surgeon or farmer may consider it expedient to employ.

�. Having failed to obtain any assurance of the existence of effective curative methods, the Commissioners only venture for the present to indicate some general suggestions as to diet and treatment, which may be useful to farmers.

(a.) Kind of food.�One of the early symptoms of the disease is that the appetite fails and rumination ceases. When a dis�section is made of an animal that has died of the Plague, the stomachs are usually found to contain from one hundred to two hundred pounds of undigested food. This mass of matter inter�feres with the functions of nutrition in the case of 2iew food, and, further, hinders the action of medicine which may be administered, by greatly retarding its absorption. As soon, therefore, as the beast shows the early symptoms of the disease, its ordinary food should be changed ; and, as rumination has

'If:

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stopped, the dry food should be replaced by warm liquid stimu�lating ma�hes given in moderate quantity.

ib.) Warmth of the air.�It is stated that the temperature of the air of the stall should be kept warm; probably not lower than GO³ Fahr.

(c.) Warmth to the skin.�It is desirable to keep the skin of the animal as warm as possible, and if it can bo done, to promote perspiration. Without expressing any decided opinion as to the exact efficacy of steam or hot-air baths, we yet believe the evidence is sufficient to warrant a lair trial of these measures.

(d.) It is important to lose no time in beginning the treat�ment of the complaint with salines or diaphoretics, or even stimulants, according to the judgment of the veterinary surgeon as to the state of the disease. Every hour that is lost lessens the chance of a successful result. After cattle have been ex�posed to infection, some veterinary surgeons consider it useful to quot;ive saline and febrifuge medicines at once, even thouirh it is not certain the animal has taken the disease.

(f.) When diarrhcea occurs, there seems little doubt that it should be controlled, and not encouraged.

(/.) The animal must be supported as much as possible by very nutritious food.

(g.) Milking cows should bo regularly milked as long as any milk can be got. The milk, of course, should not be used as food.

The general diffusion of the disorder through the system leaves little hope that any local treatment is likely to prove effective.

When the animal shows signs of convalescence, it should only be very gradually restored to the dry food requiring rumination. It may be treated with moderate stimulants and tonics, among which bark and iron are considered to be the most efficacious.

IV. Measures for disinfeetinr/ infected sJteds and cattle.

1. When animals attacked with the Plague have become convalescent, they ought to be kept apart from sound beasts for three weeks, and even theu liol to be permitted to associate

iflt;-

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with them till they have been washed and disinfected as de�scribed previously.

2.nbsp; During all the time that animals suffer from the disease, the litter fouled by tliein, with the dung and discharge on it, should be burned, and not be allowed to mix with other manure. It contains the poison in a concentrated form, and it is ques�tionable whether it can be disinfected efficiently.

3.nbsp; The sheds in which the diseased animals have been must-be thoroughly purified and disinfected. The roof and walla should be washed with lime. The lioor and woodwork, after beine thoroughly washed with water containing washing soda, should be again washed all over with a solution of chloride of lime, containing 1 lb. to a pailful.

4.nbsp; The hides and horns of animals which have died of the disease ought to be buried with the animal, according to the Orders in Council. But the hides and horns of those which have been killed to escape the spread of the infection must bo dipped in, or thoroughly mopped all over (and, in the case of the hides, on both sides) with water containing 4 lbs. of chloride of lime to three pailfnls of water. Unless this be done with care a most fertile source of contagion will be preserved.

5.nbsp; The attendants upon diseased beasts should not be allowed to go near the sound animals in the same farm.

(5. Every one who has had the Plague in his premises should feel the responsibility which rests upon him to destroy, by careful cleansing and disinfection, every trace of the disorder which may bo left on his pastures or stalls, or on his cattle, their horns, hides, manure, and litter. Under favourable circum�stances for its preservation, the contagious poison has been kept, with all its virulence unimpaired, for many months, unless, therefore, each person uses his utmost effort to extinguish the seeds of the Plague which lurk about his farm, they may be�come a centre of contagion, which will again spread it abroad through the country, and render unavailing the sacrifice neces�sary for the speedy suppression of this terrible scourge.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Pakt 11.

THE PAST HISTORY OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE;

FROM THE EABLIEST PERIODS UP TO THE PEESBNT TI3IE :

ITS KAVAGES IN GKEAT BRITAIN AXD ON THE CONTINENT OF EUHOPE BEFORE 1865.

We have precise accounts of tlie appearance of the Cattle Plague at stated intervals for the last 1400 years. It is doubtful, however, if the disease now familiar to us be the same Murrain which attacked the cattle of Egypt in the days of Moses. Youatt speaks of a pestilence which raged amongst the cattle of the Greeks during the siege of Troy. The plague referred to in Homer's Iliad is evidently the Bubonic Fest, and not the Rinderpest, as it spared neither mules, dogs, nor men. Virgil, too, in his Creorgics, does not allude, as is believed by Youatt, to the Steppe Murrain, but to an epizootic form of malignant anthrax, affecting horses, oxen, dogs, and pigs. Columella, about 42 years before Christ, described a malady under the title cruditas as follows:�quot; Crebri ructus, ac ventris sonitus, fastidia cibi, nervorum intentio, hebetes oculi, propter qua; bos neque ruminat, neque lingua se deterget.quot; He recom�mended a system of treatment, but especially the separation of the sick from the healthy. Onthof describes a plague, ascribed to 395, which from Hungary, Austria, and Dalraatia, had passed by Brabant into the Low Countries, Whatever the character-

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istics of the plague which affected cattle in ancient times may have been, is, however, comparatively unimportant. The true Murrain, respecting which we have authentic records, is shown to have spread westward from the bonks of the Don and the quot;Wolga towards the Danube, at the period of the migration of people, when the Goths descended towards Constantinople,and were repeatedly repulsed by Thcodoshis. In the coni-sc of time it stretched over the whole theatre of the war, decimating the cattle of Ulyria, Northern Italy, France, and Belgium. So far as my researches extend, it is at this period we first hear of the Cattle Plague as a specific disease of the ox tribe, independently of epidemics, spreading from east to west. With reference to the year S09, we are told : quot; In illo anno venit mortalitas magna animalium ab Oriente et pertransiit usque in oeeidentem.quot; * When Charlemagne led his army against the Danes in 810, he was followed back into France by the Murrain, which created immense havoc amongst the herds of that country. quot; Tanta fait in ea expeditioue, bourn pcstilentia, ut paene nullus tanto exercitni superesset, qnin omnes usque ad unnm interirent, et non solum, ibi, sed etiam super omnes impcratori subjectus provincias illins generis animalium mortahtas immanissimo grassata est.^;'t In the same year, the Murrain appeared in Britain, for we are told, quot; Maxima mortalitas bourn totam pene vastavit Europam, maxime Britanniam.quot;t A few years after�wards, in 817, the cattle of Hungary were destroyed by the disease, which found its way across the Drave, and again extended to the west.sect; The plague which cut off the cattle in Franco in the year 850 was probably the Rinderpest. Bouquet thus refers to a severe outbreak in 942: quot;In seqnenti anno

* Clironicon Moissiao. Pcrtz M. 1, page 309, v. Heusinger. t Kinluirdi Awnnlcs. Pcrtz M. 1, page 198, et Annnl Fuldens. t Gale Script. BEst Brit. p. 202.

sect; See Spinola Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie uml TherapieJ f�r Thier�rzte, Berlin, 1805.

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subsecuta est pestis bourn ingens per totam Germaniam, Bur-gundiam et Aquitaniam: Italiam din non teuuit.quot; Spangenberg speaks of the Cattle Plague as prevailing in Saxony in lO-i;^, and in 1149 the Steppe Murrain seems to have raged to a serious extent in G-ermany. Many startling accounts of great mortality by plague amongst animals, from which even men were not spared, in the cleveutli and twelfth centuries have been published; but it is extremely difficult to trace with aiiy degree of accuracy the progress of an isolated malady.

Though it is probable that a period of fifty years rarely elapsed without a visitation of the Murrain of the East in some part of the European continent, authentic accounts of general attacks of this pestilence amongst cattle are not to be obtained from 1119 to 1223, when it again passed from Hungary into the western countries. The Russian invasions in Mongolia, and the fighting in Silesia, led probably, according to Heusinger, to the outbreaks of Bovine Plague in 1223, 1233, and 1238. From 1223 to 1225 the malady passed from the East through Hungary, Austria, Italy, the larger part of Germany, and the British Isles. This is the second time on record that the malady appeared in England; and it is somewhat remarkable that, as a rule, both these early outbreaks have been overlooked by writers on the subject. The great, mortality amongst cattle in Europe in the years 1233 and 1234 spread from Hungary, having probably passed from Russia into the Hungarian Steppes. Very little is known of the outbreaks of Rinderpest which have boon referred to the years 1238, 1241, and 1249 ; and still less of an outbreak attributed to 1299. The period of the Black Death, commencing in 1347, is one during which no reliable information can be gleaned concerning the Steppe Disease. Men, horses, cattle, deer, bears, wolves, foxes, sheep, goats, hares, and many other warm-blooded animals died, in the second half of the 14th and in the commencement of the 15th centuries; but these deaths were due to anthracoid plagues, which differed

288

THE OATTLK PLAGUE,

entirely in their origin and symptoms from what is now known as Einderpest. In 1559 the Eussian plagne entered Prussia and raged with severity near Magdeburg, and in other districts. It broke out over the whole of Germany in 1508, and was probably the disease spoken of by Palladio, which in 1599 destroyed 13,000 head of cattle in Upper Italy. In times past, Einderpest has frequently played havoc with the cattle of Venice and Lombardy. Trade across the Adriatic led to these disastrous consequences, and the plague had not to travel far when it is considered that for centuries the Hungarians suffered almost without intermission frour the importation and develop�ment of the Eussian disease. In 1G16 the malady devastated the provinces of Padua, Treviso, Viceuza, and Udine to such an extent that the use of beef and veal was prohibited, and calves were not slaughtered for a considerable time, so that the stock of the country might be restored. In 1G25 the plague entered the north of Italy, and extended itself along the banks of the Po. This was the cause of discord between the inhabitants of Padua and Venice; Dalmatian cattle-merchants introduced it into the first of these two cities, and thence it spread through the Venetian territory.

The reports on plagues amongst cattle arc more circumstantial during the last half of the 17th century, though we find that Murrains of the most opposite kinds were still confounded one with another. This remark more especially applies to an account of a Murrain published in the PMloaophical Transactions for 1683, page 93, in which outbreaks of malignant carbuncular fever in Italy and Switzerland are confounded with others wit�nessed in Poland and Germany, and which were probably forms of the Steppe Disease. Early in the 18th century we hear of many epizootics, of the Foot-and-Mouth disease, and of Pleuro-pneumonia; and Kauold refers in 1709 to an outbreak of Einderpest which extended from Russia westwards. That writer traces the disease to Tartary, but docs not hazard an opinion on

ITS PAST HISTORY.

�_gt;Siraquo;

the vexed question of its origin in the East. He says it may have penetrated European Eussia from Asia, or originated spontaneously, like the plague which attacks man in Egypt and

in Turkey. From its very commencement at this period the disease was recognised as highly contagious and malignant.

The mortality amongst cattle throughout the whole of Europe, from the year 1710 to 1717, has perhaps never been equalled. In 1709, the plague passed from Tartary through Muscovy, into Poland, Bessarabia, Croatia, and Dalmatia, and from thence into Upper Italy and France. From Hungary it travelled to the south of Germany and Switzerland, sind from Poland it spread north and south into Silesia, towards the shores of the Baltic. Its ravages in Eussia were great, especially in the provinces Novgorod, I'ieskow, and St. Petersburg. Eamazzini wrote his #9632; Dissertatio de Contagiosa Epidemica' at this time,* in which he laid much stress on the eruption which appeared in the mouths of the animals on the sixth and seventh days after being attacked; this eruption was only a symptomatic aphtha, but from it Ramazzini styled the malady the quot;Covv-pox Plague.quot; 'Idie pestilence found its way through the Papal States into the kingdom of Naples, where, in a short time, the mortality more than doubled that of the north. During this outbreak it was computed that in Naples70,000, and in Silesia 100,000, head of cattle perished. The malady spread into the Netherlands, and 300,000 animals succumbed to its deadly influences. From the 27th November, 1713, to the 5th November, 1721, the Dutch prohibited the importation of foreign stock. The disease was especially fatal in Denmark, Holstein, and Finland. It crossed the Channel into England in 1714. It broke out at Islington about the middle of .Tidy, and the Lords Justices in con�nection with tho Lord Chancellor, nominated a commission consisting of four Justices of the Peace of the county of

IVlna. ITU.

290

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Middlesex, and Mr. Bates, surgeon to the King's Household.* The commissioners went to Islington and found the report correct. A Mr. Eatdiffe had lost 120 cows out of 200; Mr. Eufford 62 out of 72 ; and 3Ir. Pullen 38 out of 87. Fearing that they would not get a sale for their milk, the dairy�men spoke reluctantly of their losses. Mr. Ratcliffe, however, described the disease as commencing with loss of appetite, cough, clayey froces, discharge from nose, offensive breath, and lastly, diarrhoea, with blood sometimes mixed with the f;eces. Some died in three days, others in five or six, but bulls lived eight or ten days. The commissioners consulted with cow-leeches, and all regarded the malady as a plague. Mr. Bates made the following proposals :�

1.nbsp; That all cows affected with disease should be burned. That all catching the malady afterwards should bo burned.

2.nbsp; The stables in which the sick cows stood were to be washed and disinfected, by burning pitch, tar, and wormwood in them. They were to remain empty for three months before any other cattle were admitted into them again.

3.nbsp; The fields on which sick cattle had grazed were to remain empty for two months.

4.nbsp; Persons attending on sick cattle were not to go near healthy ones.

5.nbsp; Cow-keepers were to be instructed to separate any cows refusing food, and the cases were to be reported to the authorities.

6.nbsp; Cow-keepers were to separate their stock into small lots, each of which was not to consist of more than 12 animals. All complying with the orders were to receive compensation.

The Government allowed forty shillings for every cow that

* A brief account of (lie contagious disease which raged among the milch cows near London, in the j-car 1714. Communicated to the Koyal Society by T. Bates. ' Philosophical Transactions,' vols. 30 it 31.

MHH

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was burned, if it bad only been sick for twenty-four hours, but if the animal bad been longer ill, or was only reported when dead, tbe value of tbe bide and horns alone was allowed. Tins low rate of compensation gave rise to great dissatisfaction amongst the cow-keepers. The Government prohibited the sale of sick cattle, and appointed inspectors to watch for them. The cow-keepers usually neglected to report the presence of tbe disease, as publicity interfered with their trade.

In tbe month of October tbe same disease made its appear�ance in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hertfordshire, and Mr. Bates made some proposals concerning the effectual burial of diseased cattle. The losses were not so great in England as they had been abroad, and it did not last in a virulent form more than three months. It was not, however, entirely subdued until Christmas of 1714. The counties of Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey, lost 5418 bulls and cows, and 439 calves. The cow-keepers stated on oath that their aggregate losses, estimating the value of each cow at 6?., amounted to 24,500/.

Very stringent measures to counteract the malady were adopted in Germany, but the ravages of the disease were so fearful that, according to Paulet, in the three first years of this attack, 1,500,000 head of cattle perished in. Europe. Shrock,* Eamazzinijt -Kanold,| Lancisi,sect; Genf, and many other physicians, wrote upon the subject. Kanold says, that from 1713 to 1730 tbe scourge appeared here and there, but not generally over Europe. Indications of it were manifested in 1723, 1724, 1728, and 1729. It again found its way across Wallachia, Podolia, Volbynia, Hungary, Austria, Prussia, Saxony, and, crossing the Palatinate and following the war, it entered Italy in 1735.

fi. Schrock, Constit. epidem. August, an. 1711.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;f Loc. cit.

t ' Historischen Eolationcn von der Pestilenz des Hornviehs,'von Johannes Kanold, Breslau, 1714. sect; Lancisi, ' Dissertatio liistorita de Bovilla Feste' An. 1711, et Genevae, 1768.

U 2

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A Venetian mandate of the 9tb October, 1735, reports the disease as existing at Friuli, Bassanose, Trevigiano, and in the Coneglianese ; by the 3rd of December it had readied the provinces of Verona, Brescia, and Crema; on the -Ith of January, 173G, it broke out near Mantua and Milan, and extended to the Eoman states ; it also entered Piedmont, and raged there till 1739. In 1740, Hungary and Bohemia again suffered, and the pestilence rapidly covered the whole of Germany�through the south into Switzerland, Piedmont, Franche Comte, and Danphine�northward from Poland to Courland, Livonia, Den�mark, Sweden, Holland, and England. In 1 742 it was imported into Lorraine and the Vosges, and, according to Conrtivrun, it followed tiie army in 1743 from Bavaria into Alsatia. The same year it entered the Dauphine and Franche Comte from Switzerland, and continued to commit great havoc among the herds in Franco during the years 1715, 1 74G, and 1747.

The Plague entered Italy both through Piedmont and through Venice. It passed into Piedmont during the war of 171,4, and led to terrible losses in Upper Italy. Speaking of the misfortunes of war in 1745, Muratori says: quot; And they were not all the misadventures of Piedmont. In the preceding year the Cattle Plague had penetrated in these parts, and it was calculated that about 40,000 oxen and cows bad died. A potent means of spreading any pestilence is war. which breaks through every precaution or measure suggested by human prudence. It was owing to this that the malady extended its deadly influence in the preceding year through Monferrato and other parts of the Sardinian Kingdom, and thence passed to the districts of Milan and Lodi, reaching Piacentino, beyond the river Po, winding its course along the rivers in the Bresciano, and spreading alarm through Lombardy. The destruction was beyond description, and what may be the consequences of so serious a catastrophe I need not teach those countries which have been desolated, and which have been at the same time oppressed by the weight of

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war. It has beeu estimated that 18,0�(J liead uf cattle perished iu the states of Milan,quot;

In the mouth of October 1745 the Stoppe Murrain penetrated the Tyrol; from Carinthia it travelled to Venice, and only ceased in that State in 17-19. It passed through Germany to Holland in 174-1, and in two years destroyed in that country upwards of 'ZOOfiiXJ head of cattle. The faculty of medicine at Leiden was at this time consulted as to the means whereby the Plague might be abated, and its report was published in Dutch by Luehtmans. In 1745, Professors do Haen, Ouwens, and Van Velse, and Dr. Weiterhof, wrote a dissertation on the subject which was published at the Hague, and M. Engelman contributed an essay to the seventh volume of the ' Acts of the Society of Haarlem.' From 1745 to 1749 it killed 280,000 animals in Denmark. quot; The 14th of January, 171(J, was appointed a day of public fasting and prayer to he observed all over Den�mark on account of the mortality amonir the cattle through that kingdom. It is reckoned to have carried off no less than 60,000 before the middle of December. It advanced likewise in Jutland and the apprehensions of it engaged most people to kill their cattle.quot;* It entered Sweden, and, according to Lin�naeus, in the province of Schonen 32,584 oxen and cows died, leaving alive only two per cent, of the entire homed stock of the province.

In 1745 the disease passed from Holland to England. This was probably its fourth importation into Britain. If we can rely on the early records of this Plague, it reached our shores, as shown above, in the years 810, 1225, and 171-1. The fourth invasion was worse than its three predecessors, and commenced, like the last, near London. Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, Secretary to the Ivoyal Society, furnished quot; Some Account of the Distemper

* ' Soots Magazine,' vol. xvii., 605.

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raging among the Cow kind in the neiglibourlaood of Londonquot;* to the Royal Society on the 21st of Norember, 1745. He had quot; been at the tronblo of visiting several of the cowhouses near

the slcirts of Westminster and London.quot; In this first letter special mention is made of a poor man who quot; made a hearty meal of some steaks he cut oft' one of these cows, and that lie was not sick with it.quot; quot; I am assured,quot; adds Dr. Mortimer in a note, quot; that a very sufficient experiment was made in our army in Flanders last campaign in favour of this.quot;

In a second communication, dated the 12th of December, 1745,t Dr. Mortimer expresses his difficulty in accounting for the cause of this distemper, and adds: '�' The cows in Essex had the distemper in summer; it first began about London in autumn. It has spread itself equally among cows which have lain in the fields at nights and those which stood in stables or sheds. It spread itself in Essex at first into such farms where they bought in strange calves or lean cows at market, which they did not know where they came from, but most probably from the hundreds where the disease broke out; but how it got thither, whether by importing any cattle from Flanders, I know

not.

\ i

In quot; A Third Account of the Distemper among the Cows,quot; read by Dr. Mortimer on the 9th of January, 1840, some rpuck cases of the distemper are referred to, and it is suggested whether it would not be the most likely means to put a stop to the spread�ing of the distemper to forbid any cows or calves being brought to market to be sold alive, or that any farmers should buy in any fresh cattle for six months, or till it is found that the dis�temper is entirely ceased; and that all fat cattle should be kept carefully separated from the cows and calves, and that under severe penalties.

* ' Philosophien] Transactions,' vol. xliii., aS t [bid. p. 549.

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On the occasion of the last communication heing read, Mr. Theoliakls, F.li.S., informed the gentlemen present that the first infection of the dreadful distemper among the cow kind was brought over from Holland in April, 1745, by moans of the white calves which a farmer at Poplar near London sent for, in order to mix the breed. The infection was got to Maidenhead in Berkshire by two cows brought out of Essex and sold at the fair there. There was observable quot; a very disagreeable smell on the clothes of persons who had been very conversant with sick cows,quot; and quot; the infection had been propagated by means of sheep, who, it is presumed, carried it in their wool.quot; Dr. Parsons, another Fellow of the Society, said quot; that the cattle in the high ground about Hampstead, Highgate, Millhill, and Ilcmbden, had hitherto remained free from infection; but that it has spread all about in the lower grounds.quot;

Another account of the origin of the Cattle Plague in England in 1715 is. that one of our tanners bought a parcel of distempered hides in Zealand, which were forbidden to be sold thei^-e, and should have been buried, and thus ho transplanted this dreadful disease here. quot; Thus by one man's unlawful gain,quot; says Mr. Layard, quot;if by this way it was conveyed, the ruin of many graziers and farmers was effected.quot; It is certain, however, that the pest first appeared in the immediate neighbourhood of London, and on the Essex side of the river, and that thence it gradually spread through Essex and Hertfordshire, and the whole of the kingdom. For more than twelve years it con�tinued to lay waste the country. The number of beasts that were actually destroyed by it was not, and perhaps could not be ascertained; but in the third year of the Plague, when the Government had so seriously taken up the matter as to order that every beast that exhibited the slightest mark of infection should be destroyed, a remuneration being made to the owner, qo fewer than 80,000 cattle were slaughtered, besides those which died of the disease, and which formed, according to the

mmmemmm^m

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

mix-ration of one of the commissioners, nearly double that number. In the fourth year of the Plague they were destroyed at the rate of 7000 per month, until, from the numerous imposi-tiouri that were practised, this portion of the preventive regu�lations was suspended. A new order was issued by the King in Council on the 15th of January, 17-17, which forbade the suffering any ox, bull, cow, ealf, steer, or heifer, whether fat or lean, to pass the llxunber und Trent northward, from the 19tli of January, 174:7, to the 27th of March; lean cattle feeding in a pasture not sufficient for them, were allowed to be removed to some other pasture in the neighbourhood, though in a different parish, on producing a certificate of their being in health ; and the prohibition formerly laid on the removal and sale of calves, was taken off from all fatted calves.* In this year more than 4�,0U0 cattle died in Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire, and in Cheshire 30,000 died in about half a year. Other counties sufiered but not in the same proportion.

On the 30th of August, 1848, it was announced that the justices of the peace of several counties, where the distemper had raged among the horned cattle, had certified to the Privy-Council that the infection had ceased. In the month of Sep�tember of the same year it was declared that the distemper among the horned cattle had broken out afresh about Burton-upon-Trent in Buckinghamshire, and also near Oamberwell in Surrey.

in the month of (September. 1749, a report from Manchester was published, to the effect that the Plague had reached Lanca�shire, and that it continued to rage iu the counties of York and Durham.

The distemper raged in the month of November, 1750, in the Isle of Ely, and some part of Suffolk.

In the month of May, 1751, it was reported that quot;the infec-

' Scuts Magazine,' vol. ix. p. 4lt;j.

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tiou among the homed cattle raging in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Westmoreland, the justices of the peace of the neigh�bouring county of Cumberland have, at their Quarter Sessions, ordered the roads to be strictly guarded for preventing the introduction of cattle, hides, carcases, or tallow, from any ad�jacent English county. The said distemper is broke out also in the counties of Wilts and Oxford, which has alarmed the justices of the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Mon-mouth; and the justices of Somersetshire have forbid the bringing of cattle from AVales, Wiltshire, and Gloucestershire, an advice that the distemper is spread into those parts. In Cheshire they have lost 80,001) cows since October last.quot;

On the 26th of February, 1752, it was reported that the justices at their respective sessions had announced that the dis�temper was raging in the parishes of Ash Church and Beckford in Grloucestershire; in several parts of Buckinghamshire and the adjacent counties; within the division of Holland, and in several other parts of Lincolnshire; and in the counties of York, Lancaster, and Derby.

In the mouth of March, it was declared that the disease seemed to be much abated. In Wiltshire it had totally ceased, but, in Somersetshire, 16 had died in the parishes of Last Chen-nock and Closworth.

On the 9th of May, it was said:�quot; 'Tis hoped the distemper among the cattle at East Chennock is stopt, not one having been taken ill for above three weeks. Grreat care has been taken by the justices to prevent the calamity from spreading; all fairs have been stopt for some time, and above 20 shot by order of the clerk of the peace. The cattle were appraised, and the owners paid out of the county stock; and one of the oxen in an ox waggon which carried the soldiers' baersrage from Sherbome falling down dead, the other five were immediately shot.quot;

On the �lst of May, il whs announced that the distemper

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was about six miles oast of Heading, Berks, where it had not been before.

Early in 1703, quot;The distemper among the cattle being broke out near Malmshury in Wiltshire, 15 belonging to one man were ordered to be shot, and the justices of the |gt;eaee this day prohibited the holding any fair or maxket, and removal or sale of any, except fat cattle, for immediate slaughter.quot;

On the 15th of October, 1753, a farmer of the parish of Shemping in Suffolk was convicted, on bis own confession, before two justices of the peace in the penalty of 100/., for buying and driving infected cattle contrary to law, and imme�diately paid the penalty, and his servant was afterwards com�mitted to Bury gaol, not beingable to pay the penalty of 50?. for intimidating and preventing the inspector and parish-officers from executing His Majesty's order and regulations, and not suffering them to kill four beasts that were distempered, whereby the infection was spread into several adjoining parishes.

On the 26th of October, 1753, the clerk of the peace for Ipswich received notice of upwards of OO parishes within the county where the distemper had broken out amongst the cattle.

On the 3rd of November, 1753, it was reported that the dis�temper among the horned cattle had broken out at Chatham, and 97 bad died on the roads between that place and Canter�bury. The infection was supposed to have been communicated by some droves lately brought from distant counties.

In February, 1754, it was stated that the distemper con�tinued to rage amongst the horned cattle in the North Hiding of Yorkshire, und some parts of the county of Durham.

In the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' November, 1751, I find it stated that quot; Mr. Dobson, a gentleman of Yorkshire, lately com�municated to Mr. Tyson, a farmer and higgler of Tottenham in Middlesex, a method of preserving his cattle by inoculation. This method Mr. Dobson had learned from an eminent physician in Yorkshire. The operation was performed by an incision in

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tlio dewlap, into wliicli was inserted a piece of tow clipped in the morbid matten- discharged from the nostrils or eyes of an in-fceted beast, and this was allowed to remain till the symptoms of the distemper appeared.quot; 3fr. Dobson thus preserved nine in 10 of his whole flock.

Sir William St. Quentin, of Scampston in Yorkshire, inocu�lated eight calves, seven of which had the distemper from the in�oculation and recovered, and were afterwards turned into a herd of infected cattle without being infected a second time. An ox at Maltou was inoculated, and resisted infection though placed successively with two herds that died.

In the month of December, 175-1, several cows died of the reigning distemper in St. James's Park.

The malady continued more or less in 1755-56. In the month of April, 1757, we find it stated that the contagions distemper among the horned cattle bad appeared at Lewisham in Kent, and in some parts of .Somersetshire. On the 28th of June, the royal assent was given to an Act more effectually to [raquo;#9632;event the spreading of the distemper now raging amongst the horned cattle in the kingdom; and, in the mouth of October, the justices of the peace for the county of Essex at their general quarter sessious prohibited all fairs and markets in order to prevent the spreading of the disease. After this, little more was heard of the subject.

Writing from Huntingdon, on the 2()th of November, 17�7,* in a letter to the Right Hon. George Earl of Maccleslield, XMLS., Dr. Layard strove to remove all doubts and bring con�vincing proofs of the absurdity of fearing a second infection; to show inoculation to be a necessary practice ; and that the contagious distemper might be communicated more ways than one. He says�quot;An entire conviction of the analogy between this disease and the small-pox would not permit me to omit

Philosophical Transactions,' vol. 1., Part II., p. 528.

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meutiouing the great advantages which must arise from inocula�tion.......So long, my lord, as the distemper lias raged in

Great Britain not one attested proof lias been brought of any

head having this disease regularly more than ouee......

The Marquis (de Courtivrou) says that this distemper is not communicated but from one beast to another immediately. I must beg leave to say that, to my knowledge, the distemper in February, 1750, was earned from the farm-yard where I visited some distempered cattle to two other farm-yards, each at a con�siderable distance, without any communication of the cattle with each other, and merely by the means of servants going to and fro, or of dogs.quot;

From 17�� to 1751, 20,(100 prime animals were destroyed on the small Island of Oesel. The disease raged fiercely in Courland and Livonia from 17-17 to 1753; lt; Sallesky tells ns that in 1750, 145,000 head of cattle died in Prussian Lithuania alone. In 1755 MM. Nozeman, Kool, and Tak, pubhshed in Holland tbeir observations on the inoculation of cattle; and Grashuis contributed a paper on the same subject in 1758 to the 'Choice Treatises,' published at Amsterdam by llonttuyn. Professor Schwenke also published an article on inoculation in the first volume of the ' Bremen Magazine,' The Plague wore itself out in the course of ten years in some parts, but it lasted for more than thirty in others; and. in spite of the wisest counsels proffered by the learned of Europe, 3,000,000 head of cattle were cleared off.*

The ravages of the Cattle Plague turned the attention of professional men of all countries to the vast importance of study�ing the diseases of animals. The great want of competent men to recognise the nature of maladies affecting cattle was one cause of the cordial support which Bourgelat secured when, in

' Dclafond,' Folico Sanitaire.' l'aris, L838.

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17^2, lie founded the first Veterinary College in tlio world�that of Lyons. Tlio Plague was not very rife then. It had ceased to bo general in 1750. Twenty years passed over, and cattle-breeders prospered; they accumulated stock to feed the pestilence of 1770. The disease which Youatt refers to as appearing in France in 1757 was not the Rinderpest; that disease spread from west to cast, instead of from east to west, and was not limited to the ox. In 1705 the Steppe Murrain prevailed in Turkey, and was imported into Brack on the Leitha in Hungary in the month of February of that year, continuing until Autumn, and, according to Koczian, passing into Saxony. Outbreaks were more common in 1766 when the disease appeared in Austria, Prussia, the Marche of Brandehourg, and Holland, where it prevailed in 1767, 1708, and 1769, passing afterwards into Belgium. Adatni tells us that the Russian plague was very prevalent in Tower Austria in the years 1708, 1709, and 1770. Hupel speaks of the Cattle Plague as extremely prevalent in Livonia, from 170!) to 1772. In 1709 the true Cattle Plague again entered Holland, and the ravages it committed are de�scribed as terrible in the extreme. In 1709 and 1770 it carried off 08,000 animals in the one province of Frisia, and in the south of Holland during one year 115,665 head of cattle died from its effects. During the same period, in the northern part of Holland, the disease attacked 225,831 animals, of which 102,270 perished; so that the total loss in Holland alone during one year amounted to 375.441. Paulet assures us that before this outbreak entirely ceased, the Dutch had lost 600,000 bead of cattle. Towards the end of 1709 the malady appeared in England; and His Majesty referred to the distemper in his speech to both Houses of Parliament on Tuesday, the 9th of January. 1770. He said: quot; It is with much concern that I find myself obliged to open this Session of Parliament with acquainting you that the distemper among horned cattle has lately broke out in this kingdom, notwithstanding every pre-

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caution that could be used for preventing the infection from foreign parts.quot; *

In the 'Scots Magazine' for 1770 there is a considerable amount of information on the Cattle Distemper. In the March number it is said that quot;the distemper among the horned cattle, the lamentable effects of which in Holland are related in our last, having made its appearance in this country, the gentlemen who have the honour to serve the King exerted themselves speedily, and we hope successfully, to stop its progress.quot; The disease was first supposed to have been communicated to cattle at Portsoy, in the county of Banff, by four packages of hay imported from Holland. Dr. C'ullen, writing on the 15th of April, 1770, says: quot; It is needless to mention that the distemper made its first appearance at Portsoy, a seaport-town situated on the Boyne, in the Moray Frith, about eight English miles to the west of Banff and four to the oast of Cullen, In order if possible to eradicate at once such an alarming calamity, the justices of the peace of Banffshire resolved to destroy every horned head in Portsoy and the neighbourhood, infected and not infected, and to bind themselves to see the proprietors fully indemnified of the value of the sound cattle. This was punc�tually executed on the 21st and 22nd of March, and the carcases, horns, skins, and all, were buried about four feet under ground. Then the dung of all the infected byres with the upper part of the floors were also buried; and the byres were thoroughly fumi�gated with tar and brimstone. The justices at the same time appointed all the cattle within two English miles round Portsoy to be daily visited by four of the most respectable farmers in the neighbourhood, who were ordered to make a report every day of the state of all the cattle within the circle of their visit�ation. Orders were likewise issued to all the Earl of Eindlater's fishers on this part of the coast, prohibiting them, in the strongest

* 'Annu.nl Begister,' vol. xiii. p. 244.

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terms, from assisting, directly or indirectly, to land any goods in a clandestine manner from any ship which might happen to arrive on the coast. This happened about ten days before the prohibition by the sheriff and admiral appeared. For eight days after the Portsoy cattle were buried, the inspectors reported ' all the cattle well,' and the most sanguine hopes were entertained that the contagion had entirely subsided ; but, to the unutter�able astonishment of everybody, intelligence was brought to Cullen, on the 4th of April, that one of the cattle of my Lord Findlater's tenant at Dytach, situated at the distance of about two English miles to the east of Cuiien, three from Portsoy, and one without the line of circumvallation, was dead, and four more very sick. A meeting of the justices was held next day at Portsoy, when information was received that some cattle belong�ing to General Abercromby of Glassaugh were likewise bad. The justices resolved to make one vigorous effort more to root out the infection, by ordering all the Dytach cattle and all those belonging to the General which were kept in the same place with his sick cattle, to be immediately knocked on the head, and buried like those at Portsoy. This resolution was carefully executed on Saturday and Sunday se'nnight. The justices at this meeting likewise resolved to enlarge the circle of inspection, and accordingly appointed inspectors for all the parishes of Cullen, Dellford, and Fordyce, who were appointed to visit and make report every day of the state of all the cattle within these parishes, which comprise a circuit of eighteen English miles at least. Hitherto no appearances of the infection have been discerned, and people begin again to flatter them�selves with the hopes that it is at last fundamentally rooted out. In the mean time the vigilance of the justices and of the people in the country is nowise relaxed. A report having prevailed here that the tenant of Dytach intended to discharge some of his servants who had been employed about his oxen, a positive prohibition was sent him not to dismiss, before the expiry of a

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month, any of his servants, and to keep them within the bounds of his own farm as much as possible. In a word, every pre�caution has been used that seemed in the least conducive to extirpate tliis very dangerous distemper.quot;

An Act received the Eoyal Assent on the 16th of February, 1770, for indemnifying all persons with respect to advising or carrying into execution His Majesty's Orders of Conneil, made for preventing the spreading of a contagious distemper amongst the homed cattle, and for rendering the same valid and ef�fectual, and for preventing suits in consequence thereof; and to authorise the continuing, extending, and executing the same for a further time.

Dr. Cullen's Memoir concerning the contagious disease affect�ing the horned cattle is of a most interesting and satisfactory description.

quot;The sheriff-substitute and justices of peace of Banffshire met at Portsoy on Friday, September 11th, 1770, and made a dividend of 799?. 12s. 2d., issued from the tenancy upon the first certificate to the proprietors of the cattle winch had been slaughtered in order to prevent the spreading of the contagious distemper then raging among them; as also to all others who had been in advance of money upon the same account.quot;*

Atthe Court at St. James's,*September 14th, 1770, present the King in Council, an order was issued, in consequence of the contagion among horned cattle having broken out at a village called Werlpen, between Fumes and Newport, about four leagues from Ostend in Flanders, and supposed to have come from the side of Eerg St. Wenon, about two leagues from Dunkirk, where it actually was. This order prohibited the importation of any cattle, or of any manner of hides or skins, horns or hoofs, or any other part of any cattle or beast, from Dunkirk or any other part of Flanders, or from any of the places mentioned in the

* 'Scots Magazine,¹ vol. xxxii. p. 517.

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aforesaid order of May 2f)th, 17G9, into the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.*

In a letter to Joseph Banks, Hsq., President of the Boyal Society,! Dr. Layard said :�

In consequence of the essay which I published in 1750,1 was called upon in 17G9 by Government to assist with my advice towards the stopping the pro�gress of the contaccious distemper among the cattle which had broken out in Hampshire; and by mere accident I discovered how the infection was brought from Holland to London, and was conveyed into that country.

Speedily and effectually to extirpate the calamity, no assistance was per�mitted to visit the infected villages, lest the farmers should be induced to prolong the illness by attempting to cure their cattle ; but positive orders were issued that, all the cattle should be killed and buried properly, by which vigorous and salutary directions the distemper ceased entirely in a short time.

The same Acts of Parliament and Orders of Council, to kill the cattle and bury them deep, succeeded also soon after in North Britain ; and to the former Acts and Orders issued in His late Majesty King George the Second's reign, these alterations were made : to order that the infected cattle should be killed, without efhision of blood, by strangling; the hides to be neither cut nor slashed, but the carcases buried whole; and that all the fodder, litter, excre�ment, amp;C., should be buried, instead of being burned.

Since that time the contagious distemper has been brought twice into Essex and once into Suffolk from Holland, and as often stopped by the same means.

His Majesty having most graciously been pleased in Apiil 1770 to appoint me to hold a foreign correspondence, the orders and regulations which had happily succeeded in Great Britain were communicated to the Dutch, the Flemish, and the French, and copies of all papers delivered to Baron Nolcken, the Swedish Minister. In Flanders, and I'icardy in France, the system of killing was adopted, and succeeded. Afterwards in 1774, when the same con�tagion was carried into the South of France from Holland through Bordeaux, many attempts having failed to effect a cure, the devastation was at last slopped by no other means than by killing the cattle, as in Great Britain. And hero 1 beg to observe, that Mons. Vicq d'Azyr, in his Expose des Moyem Curatifset Prhervatifs contre Its Maladies Pest�entielles, ties Betes a ('orraquo;cs, published by authority at Paris in 1770, says, p. 577: quot;That the salutary effects of the precautions taken in the Austrian Low Countries had excited the attention of the English, who by the same means got rid of the same calamity. They have exactly and scrupulously translated and put into

* ' Scots Magazine,' 1770, vol. xxxii.

f ' Philosophical Transactions,' 1780, p. 536.

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execution the edicts issued from the Juntos of Client and Brussels, and their undertaking baa been crowned with the most complete success.quot; Mous. Vicq d'Azyr was misinformed ; for, on the contrary, the late Mr. Consul Irvine transmitted the Acts of Parliament, the Orders of Council, ami my papers, containing every necessary instruction, to a member of the Junto of Ghent whence they were sent to the Government at Brussels; and it was also a long while before the Juntos could be prevailed upon to adopt the system of killinquot; as they called it. It originated in England in .17-17; and it is certain that ihe Court of Vienna knew fully the obligations which the Austrian Netherlands had to the British Government, whose orders and regulations had been implicitly followed, and which Mons. Vicq d'Azyr says, p. 585, quot;Ho had modified and adopted to the rides of French government.quot;

In Flanders the infection was also prevented from spreading a second time by the same method of proceeding; but unfortunately in Holland the cattle continue to be exposed to the same disease. The hall-yearly returns which have been regularly sent me contain melancholy accounts ot the severe loss of cattle; sometimes the whole have perished; at other times two-thirds have died- and generally above half fell when the sickness was less violent.

In a country where the illness is become general, and constantly raging more or loss, where the system of killing cannot now be thought of, and where inoculations have met with so many opponents of all ranks, tliere can be no other hope of getting rid of the calamity than by admitting into the United Provinces no other cattle than such which are sound, or recovered from the

infection.*

1 shall not trouble you, Sir, with the returns from Holland, or the tables of inoculation in Denmark, winch would too much increase the length of this letter- but only mention, that in Denmark, where the contagious distemper

become naturalised and general, the Banish Government have not only

wisely adopted the orders and regulations issued in Great Britain, but have with unwearied application pursued the practice of inoculation. Count Bemsdorff and Dr. Struensee had all the necessary instructions, hooks and papers, delivered to them by me, when the King of Denmark was in England ; and 1 am assured by Daniel Delavul, Esq., lately His Majesty's Envoy Extra�ordinary at that court, that inoculation is approved, recommended, and by authority established. Even in the first three years that inoculation was practised, of near 300 head of cattle which were inoculated in a Danish island, not a sixth part were Lost, notwithstanding the many disadvantages which un�avoidably occurred.

Professor Camper had before attempted to introduce inoculation in Holland ;

* Bv the hist half-yearly return from Holland, the number of infected cattle was so small, that it was hoped no further return to the States would be necessary.

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but the learned professor's abilities, diligence, and perseverance, were so mach

counteracted by the obstinacy and interniptiou of the peasants, the badness of the situation, and inclemency of the weather, that out of 112 only 41 recovered ; and yet that number is fully sufficient to prove his opinion of the disease, and of the use of inoculation.

Application was made in 1770 to the Lord Preddeat of the Council by a famous inoculator, for leave to take matter from the infected beasts in Hamp�shire, and to inoculate the cattle in the southern and western counties of England: on a representation to his lordship that by such an operation the contagion would not only be introduced in those counties where it had not yet appeared, but also might spread the sickness so as to become general all over the kingdom as before, a positive and strict injunction was given to drop the intention; especially as by killing the cattle there was � o doubt of extirpating the contagion out of Hampshire. The inoculator therefore made no attempt.

According to the several prejudices of different countries, various opinions have arisen of the nature of this sickness. Such as are averse to inoculation have obstinately refused to acknowledge it was similar to the small-pox in the human body, and have very idly asserted that the only intention of declaring the contagion to be a sort of small-pox was purposely, and with no other view than to promote inoculation for the small-pox. Others have positively declared it to bo a pestilential putrid fever, owing to a corrupted atmosphere and arising from infected pastures ; but unfortunately for Hie supporters of this opinion, while the contagious distemper raged with the utmost violence on the coasts of Friesland, North and South Holland, Zealand, and Flanders, there was not the least appearance of it on the English coast, from the North Foreland to the Humber, although the coast and climate are the same.

I shall not dwell on Mr. Turhcrville Needham's elegant discourse read at Brussels, since he must have been convinced, when he came to England in 177G, that the illness was of another sort than ha imagined; for such a proof of inefficacy of salt recommended by him as an antiseptic in this disease, has been given as is positive and decisive, namely, that in Scania, a province in Sweden, where it is customary to place a largo piece of rock salt, called snl/.-sttin, in water, for the cattle housed to drink, nil the cattle in that province were seized with the contagious distemper, and not one outlived it. Mons. Panlet, in his'Becherches sur les Maladies Epizootiques,'vol. ii., p. 25-2G, Paris, 177(5, has sufficiently explained Mr. Needham's opinion.

M. Bergius had insisted that the contagion was not of the exanthematous sort, and therefore inoculation must be of no use; but this opinion was also fully refuted by the late Professor Erxloben, of Gottingon, in his learned oration on the 20th of October, 1770.

From every information, domestic or foreign, and comparing the several opinions, experience and observation plainly and completely determine the dispute. The disease among the horned cattle, so fatal in many countries, is not endemial or natural to Europe, although it is become so in Denmark from

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spreading all over tlic Danisli dominions, and its long continuance in that kingdom. It is an eruptive fever oi' the variolus kind,* and notwithstanding the exanthemata, or pustules, may have Wen frequently overlooked, yet none ever recovered witliout more or less eruption or critical abscesses; but these differ from the pestilential sort; no otherways similar to the Plague, but, like unto the small-pox, it is commuuicated hy contact, by the air conveying the effluvia wliich also I(laquo;lge in many .substances, and are therebj carried to very distant places. Unlike other pestilential, putrid or malignant fevers, it bears all the characteristic symptoms, progress, crisis, and event of the small-pox ; and, whether received by contagion or inoculation, has the same appearances, stages, and determination, except more favourably by inoculation, and with this distinctive and decisive property, that a beast having had the sickness, naturally or artificially, never had it a second time.

Tims, Sir, 1 have endeavoured to lay before yon and the Loyal Society the result, of my inquiries, experiments, observations, and correspondence con�cerning this calamitous sickness, which from my situation in Huntingdonshire in 1750, it fell to my lot to investigate.

Dated, Lower Lrook Street, April 3, 17SQ.

From Holland tlie disease penetrated Austria and French Flanders, reaching Laon, and it is recorded that in the provinces of A rtois and Picardy 11,000 animals died. Paulet says, scarcely hud Flanders and Picardy repaired the loss of their cattle, than in 1773 the Murrain manifested itself in Hainault, and with renewed Tigour in Eolland. The epizootic desti'oyed the cattle of Flanders, Picardy, Soissons, and Champagne, but the loss, says Delafond, was not estimated at this period. From the year 1740 the south of France was spared by the Bovine Pest; but in the month of August, J774, it broke ont on the borders of the ocean at Bayonne and its environs, and almost exterminated the cattle of many French provinces. The number of animals that succumbed readied 150,000, and these were estimated in value at 15,000,000 francs.

The contagious typhus followed the Austrian troops into

* In a letter from Mons. Vicq d'Azyr to Dr. Layard, dated Paris, Atlgust 28, 1780, is the following declaration : quot; 11 me paroit conune h vous que e'est tunjours la meme maladie qui a regne depuis 1711; et qu'elle a de grands rapports avec 1 eruption variolense.''

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Lombardy in 1793; at tlie end of wliich year it entered Pied�mont, continued through 1791 and 1795, and Buniva relates that in three years Italy lost from 3,000,090 to -1,000,000 head of cattle. The cause of the Piedmontese outbreak was attributed to the coalescence of the Austrian and Sardinian armies. The malady, spreading at this time throughout Italy, continued in that country until 1801. The movement of the Austrian army in marching to Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and the libine, carried the disense to Bavaria, W�rtemberg, the Grand Duchies of Baden, Hesse, and Nassau. In 1790 it broke out amongst cattle in the escort of the French army on the borders of the Rhine, and as its contagions character was unknown�or, if known, unheeded�the malady spread with fearful rapidity to all the horned beasts of tho Lower Rhine provinces. It entered Swit�zerland and returned into Franco by Burgundy, reaching near to the gates of Paris. In the circle of tho Lower Rhine alone the mortality amounted to 11,047 and in the twenty-seven departments of France to which it spread, 130,000 animals died, their value amounting to 12,000,000 francs. Faust* calculated that from 1713 to 1796, 10,000,000 head of cattle perished in France and the above-mentioned parts of Belgium.

During that ever memorable period in history, from 1792 to 1815, when war and rebellion were accompanied by misery and famine, pestilence was one of the calamities which befell man, and the Cattle Plague�constant associate of wars in which the Russians or their near neighbours took part�broke out. It spread through the Danubiau Principalities to the south of Germany in 1795-96, and continued its devastations here and there uninterruptedly up to the year 1801. Walz wrote on it as it occurred in Wurtemburg ;t Will observed it in Bavaria; Keith and Scballer in tho vicinity of Erlangen. From the Grand

* 'Peuille lt;lu Cultivateur,' No. 28, page 173. 1797 and 1798.

f Walz,' �ntersuchungeD fiter dio Natur und Behandlung der Einderpest.'

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Duchy of Baden it entered Switzerland. The ravages it created, and the misery it induced in various regions of Austria, Bohemia, Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Hungary, Silesia, and France, are beyond description. A few years of respite were, however, at hand, for whilst the operations of war were in a great measure confined to the west, the Plague returned to the Russian Steppes; and in 1806, when the Cossacks of the Don, in obedience to an urgent appeal of Alexander, mustered on tiie Vistula, the malady spread from the desert lands into the agricultural districts of Lithuania, Prussia, Silesia, and Kurland. Napoleon's retreat after the battle of Eylau favoured the spread of the Contagious Typhus, and it prevailed in the above and adjoining provinces for two entire years, almost exterminating the cattle. When the grand army advanced to Moscow, and penetrated the heart of Unssia to meet with defeat and famine, all conditions favoured the extension of disease and the spread of pestilence. In 1813-14, when the allied forces under Schwartzenberg invaded France, the Rhine provinces, Switzerland, and France suffered immensely from the losses occasioned by the Contagious Typhus. Stringent sanitary measures�slaughtering diseased animals and isolating healthy ones�soon arrested its fatal march, and until 1827, no more was heard of the typhus in the western half of Europe. The wars in Europe and Asiatic Turkey were carried on with such vigour, that the call on the people in Western Russia and the Danubian Principalities for labour and provisions exhausted all internal resources, and was a fruitful source of disease both in man and beast. The repeated invasions of Turkey led to extensive demands for cattle in the Principalities. The Russians had, however, passed the Pruth; General Geizmar readied Aluta, and his Cossacks had penetrated Little Wallachia without opposition. As a cousecpicnce, the Sultan obtained only 500 head of cattle and 1000 sheep from Wallachia, whereas Moldavia yielded nothing. quot; The Russian declaration of war, however, was accompanied by a demand for 250,000 loads of com, 300,000 tons

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of hay, 30,000 barrels of brandy, and 123,000 oxen, in addition to the forced labour of L6,000 peasants, who were to be employed in making hay on the banks of the Danube. The loss occasioned by the payment for these requisitions in bills instead of cash was not the only disadvantage to which the unfortunate people were immediately exposed; for as the local supplies were soon exhausted by such an army, it became necessary to transport provisions from Bessarabia, by means of forced labour. The peasants, also, soon exhausted their own supplies, and were reduced to such extreme want in consequence, that they died i i great numbers in the wood, as did also their cattle, in conse�quence of a Murrain. The serious extent of the disease covered the roads with carcasses, which by their putrefaction, coupled with the want of cleanliness in the Russian soldiers, gave rise to Typhus Fever in its very worst form�that of the Plague. This fearful scourge first appeared at Bucharest, and it continued to afflict the Russian army, as well as the inhabitants, during the whole of this and the succeeding campaign.quot;*

Bessarabia, Wallachia, and Moldavia, were not the only provinces over which the Cattle Plague extended, producing such terrible disasters, but it again found its way into Podolia, Volhyuia, and thence to Prussia, Saxony, Hungary, and Austria. The losses continued great for some time, notwithstanding all efforts to check the disease ; and in 1830 it appeared in several parts of the Austrian territory, especially in lllyria. At this period excellent memoirs wore published on the Contagious Typhus, especially by Lorinser f and Jessen.!: For throe years, from 1S2S to 1830, Southern Russia suffered much from Rinder�pest, and it continued to break out here and there in the Steppes and adjoining districts, but so long as the indigenous cattle only

* Colonel Chesney, 'Tlie Itnsso-Turkish Campaigns.' London, 1854 f Lorinser, C. J., 'Untersuchungen �ber die Einderpest.' Berlin, 1881. t Jessen, J., 'Die Rinderpest mit besonderer Uezielmug auf Russland dar-estellt.' Berlin, 1.834.

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were affected, deaths were comparatively rare; so soon, however, as the herds of Austrian cattle, belonging to German colonists, were attacked, not even ten per cent, survived. At all times the German colonists suffer from this scourge ; their cattle are infected hy the herds employed to carry salt from the Crimea, and the Steppes of saline base between the Caspian and the Ualtie, which are supposed to have once formed a bottom for the waters when these two seas were united. The German colonies which thus suffer are in Moloshna and in the vicinity of MariopoL It is said that in these colonies the neat cottages, and the well-built barns and out-houses, surrounded by trees and gardens and by highly-cultivated fields, bear the signs of wealth and comfort, and of the care bestowed on them by an industrious population. The German colonies form a striking contrast to the dreary country in which they are situated, and to the miserable Eussian villages, and the still more wretched Tartar aouls around them. Their situation is always well chosen on some sloping ground, on the border of one of the few rivulets that water the country.*

My object in referring to these features of the German colonies is to point out the interesting fact that, although sur�rounded by Steppe land, the colonists and their cattle exist, under very different conditions to those common to the habi�tations and the herds of the Cossacks, the Tartars, and the Cahnucks; and although, as I shall hereafter show, the cattle of the Steppes, accustomed to hard living, withstand the Steppe Murrain, it is no special breed that presents this immunity from disease, but animals in general reared in the most primi�tive manner, and somehow rendered constitutionally able to ward off all injurious influences.

The Cattle Plague passed into Poland timing the war.

* 11. D. Seymour, M.P.,' Russia on the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff.' Lou-dou, 1855.

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spread into C'ouvland, and found its way into Prussia, where it reached its greatest height in 1832. Flerow describes an epizootic in the Steppes of llussia under the Calmuck name Malik, which created great havoc in Eastern Russia from the years IS'IS to 1835. According to Knolz the Rinderpest proved very deadly in Moravia and Hungary in the last named year. In 1836 it broke out in Lower Austria, and passed from Bosnia into Dalmatla. It again proved severe in Moravia and Hungary in 1837, and some cattle shipped from Dalmatia to Barletta in the Neapolitan states communicated the disease to Southern Italy. The Dalmatian cattle proved diseased on landing, and 70 of them soon died, spreading the malady to native stock. This outbreak was attributed to change of climate and pasture, and to the salt water the animals had been compelled to drink on the voyage, coupled with other causes, such as fatigue and disturbance. It was thought advisable to change their pasture; they were therefore removed to Capitanata near Foggia. There the disease followed them, and attacked some buffaloes. They did not however suffer much, but they communicated the malady to other cattle. From Capitanata the pest spread to the provinces of Bari and Taranto. Do Nanzio confirmed Lancisi's statement, that although the malady attacked the buffalo it was not so malignant in that animal as in the domestic ox; and he also states that for three months the people of the Puglia ate the flesh of animals which had died of Rinder�pest without showing the slightest indication of sickness or suffering.

The next account of a special attack of Contagious Typhus is to be found in the twelfth volume of the Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. It is spoken of under the head Typhus ; and, as Hering and others have shown, this outbreak was one of the ordinary Russian pestilential fevers which affects cattle. Towards the end of the year 1811, a ship going from Caramania in Asia Minor, to Alexandria, lost one hundred out of two

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hundred oxen which constituted its cargo. These animals, as Eenault has shown from official documents, were Steppe cattle from Moldavia as well as oxen from the interior of Anatolia and Caratuania. On the arrival of the ship at Alexandria, the remaining animals were declared to be affected. In order that they might bo more effectually treated, they were landed, and driven to a village close at hand, with orders that they should be kept in strict quarantine. This injunction was not attended to in 1842; consequently, the Plague broke out amongst the Egyptian cattle; and the proprietors, in order to get rid of the affected beasts, drove them to the important market of Tantah, a village in the Delta. This unwise expe�dient spread the contagion, and in a short time the Plague covered the whole of Egypt. Its stay was, however, brief; for in the spring of 1S43 it disappeared, most of the animals having been destroyed. Towards the close of the same year large numbers of cattle passed from Nubia into Egypt, espe�cially towards Ghizeh, where the pestilence had committed the greatest havoc. The disease, which had perhaps not been completely extinguished in the spring, broke out again, and destroyed every animal attacked, notwithstanding that many precautions were taken. Buffaloes were also attacked. Ninety per cent, of the entire herds of Egypt caught the contagious fever, and the losses in 1842 amounted to 300,000 head ; on the second invasion in 1843, to 35,000; and on the third, 15,000�that is to say, in three years 350,000 head of cattle fell a prey to the malady.

Dr. Pruner, in his work on the Diseases of the East, describes the attack of the Cattle Plague in Egypt. According to Dr. Pruner, it broke out amongst oxen which were taken from Adaua and Stursus, in Syria, into Egypt; and the chief cause of the outbreak is believed by that writer to have been the use of improper food, especially deteriorated and unwholesome beans; while, at the same time, the animals were cooped up and

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crowded to an unjustifiable extent. Hering considered it most probable tbat tbe real cause was tbe contact of these animals with others affected by Contagious Typhus. No weight can be attached to Dr. Primer's theory as to the cause of the disease, from the fact that similar erroneous views arc constantly set forth regarding fresh outbreaks of the Plague.

In the autumn of 1844, the Cattle Plague threatened many of the countries adjoining llussia. Prom official reports, we find that it spread to Bohemia in September of that year, first penetrating K�nigsgratz and the circle of Pidschow, where an extensive trade in cattle is carried on. Veterinary surgeons in Bohemia recognized the disease, and their observations led them to regard it as the true Pevcr of the Steppes. Medical authorities at Prague argued that the pestilence had arisen spontaneously in Bohemia from a combination of causes, ana�logous to those which had given rise to typhoid diseases and similar epizootics in man; this view having been accepted by Government�it being supported by Nadhemy and others�as the right one, was the cause of much laxity in the adoption of sanitary measures. Meanwhile the Plague extended rapidly throughout the whole of Bohemia, the sixteen districts of this kingdom having been completely invaded. The whole of the countries of Western Europe were now alarmed at its fearful advances. Dr. Eckel, director of the Vienna Veterinary School, repaired to Bohemia to make investigations into the real nature of the then existing malady. lie found that it was without doubt the quot;Rinderpest;quot; which could never have arisen from unfavourable weather or any combination of prejudicial influences of local origin, such as deteriorated food, development of miasmata amp;c.; but that it absolutely depended ou the exten�sion of disease from the Steppes, which of itself would account for the enormous mortality amongst the cattle. Galicia at this time suffered in consequence of the importation or transit through it of oxen from Podulia and the adjoining Prussian

T?�

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provinces. From all appearances it may be conclusively admitted that the malady originated in Bessarabia. During the first half of raquo;September, it spread from Oalieia into Moravia. One after another, it attacked twenty-four districts, throughout which 1005 animals caught the distemper, and out of the whole only 163 recoveries were reported; of those that died, 129 were slaughtered. Instances of the disease were observed only in a few districts of Hungary, but the symptoms presented by the cattle were without doubt those of Steppe Murrain.

In the south of Austria some eases appeared as early as the first half of October 1844. From this time to the 15th of December of the same year, the entire deaths were confined to three districts ; this in all probability depended on the fact that as soon as the disease Mas recognized as the veritable Cattle Plague by delegates from the Vienna College, appro�priate measures to stop its progress were speedily suggested and carried into execution. According to Eckel's investigations during his stay in Moravia, 5224 head of cattle from Podolia were bought at the market of Ollm�z by thirty-two merchants, and they constituted 11!) lots, which were driven into Bohemia; of these, HOGS travelled on the high road to Prague, and the others were driven in various directions. The outbreak of the disease in Bohemia occurred in different parts, corresponding to the directions in which it was afterwards ascertained the cattle had been driven. In conformity with the opinions of Eckel, orders were issued in Prague on the 6th of December, that certain sanitary measures should bo stringently carried into execution. From this time the Plague speedily diminished in virulence and extent, so that towards the end of January 1845 it was considered as having completely disappeared from the Austrian empire.

On the 19th of January, 18-15, a statistical report was drawn up, indicating the losses sustained in Bohemia by the ravages of the Cattle Plague, and the result was, that on the whole, 2197

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animals had boon infected, of which 115 had recovered, 1122 died, 945 had been destroyed, and six were still on the sick list. From 1849 to 1851, various parts of Austria suffered from invasions of the so-called Contagious Typhus of Cattle, and the professors at the Veterinary College of Vienna were called upon to keep up a correspondence with persons qualified to institute inquiries and collect information in those places where it was reported the pestilence raged. As the disease advanced, and as local authorities were opposed to enforcing rigid sanitary mea�sures. Dr. Eckel and Dr. Eoll proceeded in different directions, with the object of making such arrangements as would best tend to check the disease, and in this manner, the first-named gentle�man accumulated materials lor an extensive and remarkably accurate Keport on the history of the Plague from 1849 to 1851. Tin's Report is published in the Qvarterly Journal of Veterin�r)/ Science of Vienna for 1851, and is so very suggestive, that I do not hesitate to draw largely from it for the benefit of my readers.

On the third of January 1849, the Galician Government was informed by Dr. Goldschmidt of Brody�a frontier town of Austrian Galicia which lias trade with Jiussia, Poland, and Turkey�that he had heard from two travellers that in the summer of 1848 the Cattle Plague had spread extensively over Ilussia, and that during the winter mouths it had passed into Podolia, Volhynla, and Poland, having thus reached the Galician frontier. Custom-house officers and other authorities on the confines were, instructed to report on the real facts, but they were so ignorant of them, that it was even proposed to abolish the ten clays' quarantine already imposed on cattle imported from Eussia. The Russian authorities in Volbynia, however, confirmed the statements of Dr. Goldschmidt, and it was ascer�tained that fifteen villages of the last-named province were devas�tated by the Murrain. The quarantine for cattle brought from various infected districts was increased to fifteen days. It was

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reported by the Galieian Government on the 5th of April that the Plague had appeared in the district of Zloczow, bordering on Yolhvnia, and that on the 20th of February it had shown itself in the little town of liadziehow. A veterinarian, Joseplm, was sent to investigate the matter, and he stated that in the month of Jannary the Murrain had appeared at Barytow, Wygoda, and Podmanasterek, all on the frontier. It was said that at liarytowit was not the true type of Cattle Plague which had broken out, but respecting the two last mentioned places no reliable statements were furnished. Joseplm suggested that the importation of cattle into those districts should cease, that the fact of the outbreak of the Murrain should be made gene�rally known, that a strict inspection of animals in every part of the country should bo instituted twice every week, and that further tidings should be collected respecting the state of the Plague in Russia.

The Professors of the Vienna Veterinary College were indebted for the above information to the Minister of the Interior, and weekly Eeports were furnished with great regularity. In the year 1S49 four circles and twenty-five communities were infected iu Galicia. Information of the spread of the Murrain was also obtained from Transylvania. It was also ascertained that from the movements of troops, the disease had been carried into that province as early as the beginning of August, and, in conse�quence of the war, had extended itself over the greater part of the province by the end of December.

On the 4tb of March 1850, the Galieian Government an�nounced the outbreak of a typhous dysentery among the cattle in the district of Zolldew, and further information from consuls and agents disclosed the appearance of the true Plague in Wallachia, Bessarabia, Podolia, Volhynia, and Poland. Satis�factory reports were, however, received from Moldavia, and the governor of Transylvania reported that on the 25th of March the pestilence had been completely stayed in several districts.

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On the 5th of April intelligence readied Vienna of fresh out�breaks in Galicia; but on the 8th of June the malady had almost entirely subsided, only seven animals being at that time affected. Transylvania was also clear of disease, but a district on the Moldavian frontier began to suffer, and the greater part of the province was quickly overrun. On the 8th of August Dr. Eckel, Director of the Vienna Veterinary School, with another veterinarian, Dr. Langenbacher, proceeded to Hungary, to the Baiiat�that portion of South Hungary between the Maros and the Danube�and the Vayvode, where the Con�tagious Typhus had made great havoc, with the view of insti�tuting investigations, and prescribing remedies. Professor Doll undertook a similar mission to Cracow, as the Murrain had extended far into the countries on the borders of the Vistula, and was therefore approaching the Moravian frontier. On the 6th of August some cases of quot;Einderpestquot; had been observed near Vienna in two herds of cattle coining from Ilummrv. These herds had on their road been brought in contact with

jattle leaving the pastures, so that in Eiegelsbrunn, in Sim�mering, and in the Vienna cattle market, nine oxen died, showing unmistakeable symptoms of the quot; Steppe disease.quot; Professor Hayne was empowered to enforce sanitary measures at Wolfsthal and Itiegelsbrunu, where the disease had broken out. Professors M�ller and Pillwax, Brnckm�ller and Briihl, were all actively co-operating cither in or near Vienna, or at a distance.

By no body of veterinarians were the features of the Conta�gious Typhus so well studied, and the progress of the malady so ably followed, as by the learned Professors whoso names have just been mentioned. The details of the origin, progress, and extension of the Murrain through the Austrian dominions from the month of January 1849 to March 1851, have been recorded by them with the greatest exactitude. I repeat what I have said before, that accurate historical notices are most

320

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difficult to gather, but when obtained most instructive to peruse, especially when referring to such a disease as the Cattle Plague �a disease which, by the use of proper means, may be pre�vented, but, when once fairly developed may generally be regarded as incurable.

In 1849, for the eighth time during the prcseut century. Austria was invaded by the Plague, the malady breaking out at two distinct points on the eastern frontier of the empire. It spread from the north-west, and this may be called the Volhynio-Galician lino; and from the south-west, or in the WaUachio-Transylvanian line. The first line of communica�tion extended to lower Austria, the countries on the 1 )anuhe, and the Leytha�and the second or WaUachio-Transylvanian crossed the level country of Temesvar, the town of Baja, Zom-bor, Stutlweissenhurger, and into the district of Oedenburg, where the malady baited on its deadly march.

The Austrian dominions were not quite clear of typhus until after March, 1851. A very interesting pamphlet on the Rinderpest in Kamionka Woloska, in Galicia, was published about this time by Dr. Weber. A farmer had bought at the market in Olaszkowce (in the circle of Zalsczik, on the Russian frontier) 101 oxen which came from Bessarabia. The whole herd appeared healthy, but dght days after the purcTiase, one animal was taken ill. and the symptoms consisted in loss of appetite, diarrhoea, and discharge from the eyes. It had only been three days amongst the other live stock of the farm, bnt seven days later, two animals which had been standing near the diseased one, took the malady, and one of them, a cow, died on the third day from the time she was first observed to be ill. The disease spread through the farm and adjoining portions of the village of Kamionka, so that on the 18th of August 1851, one month after one of the cows of the places had become affected, 2r) beasts wore seized with the Plague; on the 25th of August, 56 animals were affected ; and by the 2Sth of Sep-

quot;

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tember, 158 head of cattle suffered from the distemper. Of these 93 died and 05 were cured. It is most interesting to note, that of the imported herd only one animal suffered, the disease spreading from it to other beasts on the farm and in the village.

The Cattle Murrain was almost confined to Eussia throindi 1852 and 1853. It raged, however, in Hungary, and led to severe restrictions on the cattle trade in that portion of the Austrian dominions. It was singularly fatal in the south of Russia during the summer of 1853, and it has been specially described in a Russian medical journal of that period. It was observed on one estate during intensely hot weather, when even sheep died of the Siberian bubonic pest; great mortality also prevailed amongst swine and birds. The disease in its most dangerous form lasted but eight weeks on this estate.

From the month of October 1853 to April 1854, the Steppe disease can be clearly traced into Galicia through Moravia, Bukowina, Silesia, Bohemia, Lower Austria, and Hungary. The first signs of a pretty general outbreak were observed on the 4th of October in the circle of Przemysl at the village of Bncow. Some fat cattle from Poland, stationed at Bucow for the purpose of being fed and rested, carried the disease with them. The neat stock of a farm at Starrawa was grazing on some pasture land at Bucow, when the animals became infected. Hides were bought at the last-mentioned place and taken to Lackawola, and thus the contagious clement was transported, and the disease communicated, either directly or indirectly, to the cattle of fourteen villages.

At this time. Lord Berners drew the attention of the Royal Agricultural Society of England to the outbreak, and the British Government instituted inquiries through the Foreign Office, which led to information being received in this countiy as to the measures adopted to counteract the disease on the Eastern frontier of Prussia.

' laquo;#9632;-aWr'-i-r

r^rr^ss�^^mgnmm

322nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

In the early part of 1855 the Rinderpest proved very de�structive in Russia. From thence it passed to Poland. By the month of September, however, it had completely disappeared from the Grand Duchy of Posen, where it had been very rife, and at the commencement of 185G the orders against importa�tion instituted by the Prussian Government for the Grand Duchy of Posen were withdrawn.

Darmg the height of the Crimean war in 1855 the French and British Governments were recommended to stop the supplies of fresh meat to their respective armies, as the cattle of the Steppes were dying of the Murrain. Preserved meat in large quantities was sent from Great Britain to the Crimea. This was reearded as a grood and wholesome substitute: but it is feared the reprehensible practice of pickling the carcases of beasts which died from disease prevailed to a great extent; indeed it is recorded that many tons of such vile food were shipped from Aberdeen for the Crimea. There was no one with sufficient authority and adequate knowledge to check these vile operations and bring the purveyors, who thought anything would do for the soldiers, within the pale of the law.

Mr. Mayer, Veterinary Surgeon to the Royal Engineer Field Equipment, says in the Veterinarian for April 1861, that about the end of August 1855, the Murrain quot; was destroying immense numbers of cattle in Asiatic Turkey.quot; quot; By degrees,quot; adds Mr. Mayer, quot; we heard of its nearer approach; and as it was just at this time that we were purchasing bullocks, and, knowing that they had been driven some GOO miles from the interior, we became doubly cautious in our dealings. The French, who were also purchasing about the same time as ourselves, and whose camp was a few miles from ours, first received the con�tagion. I was very suspicious about a lot which we bought the week following, and which T wished, consequently, to have re�jected ; but we were obliged to have them, and in a few -weeks the disease made its appearance in our camp also.quot; The Times

'S'''

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correspondent wrote from the Crimea during the campaign stating that quot;on all sides between the torn tents, dead cattle are rottinff, and no one thinks of removing tiie pest-bringing carcases.quot;

In the city article of the Times of the r2th of February 1S57, it was stated that quot; advices from K�nigsberg give unfavourable accounts regarding the cattle disease, which during the past two years has manifested itself in Poland, and otber parts of Russia, and winch now threatens to spread to Germany. For a short time during last autumn, there seemed to be some abate�ment in the distemper, but it has again become very virulent.quot;

On the 27th of February, 1855, the spread of the disease attracted the attention of the British Parliament. Information was sought for and obtained from foreign consuls, one of whom announced the existence of the malady in Mecklenburg, This was evidently an error, as the Steppe Murrain did not extend so far into Germany, and was confined principally to the Austrian provinces.

The following letters were received at the Foreign Office :�

Warsaw, March 9, 1857. My Lord,�I have the honour to report to your Lordship that the Cattle Disease, which lias caused such ravages in �io farms of the landholders in this kingdom, is still prevalent, although not, so far as I can understand, so much ko as it was during the autumn. AVithin Ihe last fortnight a gentleman of my acquaintance lost nearly every beast he possessed in the neighbourhood of Warsaw. The infection is so virulent that it is said a farm servant, who has been in attendance on sick cattle, may carry it in his clothes and impregnate other beasts with the fatal distemper. The measures adopted to stop the spread of the disease are very summary, the most indiscriminate slaughter of the beasts afiected being ordered and carried out. In Prussian Poland, #9632;where a more stringent execution of these measures has been enforced than has been the case in this country till a late date, it is said that the evil has been nearly, if not wholly overcome. I am not aware whether an exportation of cattle

y 2

-�quot;-quot;#9632;^^^

.⁰,24

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

takes place from Danlsdc for the British ports. If there should be such a trade, it might be advisable to subject all beasts imported either from that town or K�nigsberg to a lengthened quarantine, as there seems to bo no doubt that the disease occasionally breaks out in herds some time after they have been domiciled in their new quarters. The disease originally comes from the Steppes of the Ukraine, whence vast numbers of cattle are yearly driven westward. It would appear to commence with violent fever, which rapidly de�generates into acute dysentery, the animal dying, in a few days after the first appearance of the disorder, of intestinal nleeration.

I have, amp;0., (Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; \V. W. MAJTSFIEtn.

The Earl of Clarendon.

British Consulate, K�nigsberg, March 11, 1857. My Loinraquo;,�I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of Lord Shelburne's despatch No. 2, of 7th of March, and to report that since 1854 rumours of a Murrain or Cattle Plague in Vblhynia and Podolia were current, and that since that time the disease lias been advancing in a northerly and westerly direction, and that most dis�tressing accounts have been received of the ravages amongst the cattle, and of the disease spreading till close upon the Prussian frontiers. The Prussian Government, during the years 1855 and 1850 took great precautions to prevent the disease from entering Prussia, by detaching part ies of military at all the points of egress from Poland below Thorn. In the autumn of 1850 until now, the disease has continued its march, and at last reached Kowno and Tauroggen. The Prussian Government has now enforced most stringent mea�sures all along the borders; and no hides, calf-skins, wool, rags, or any article which is likely to have been in any way connected with cattle, and all Jews and other persons who are in any way suspected of having transactions with cattle, or any of those articles, are per�mitted to cross the borders, and when any such attempt is made the articles are immediately burned. Py these means the disease has, nji to the present time, been kept out of Prussia, and the greatest

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vigilance is observed to destroy mul btuyany aniiuul when a suspicioit of infection exists. The dealers liuve for smne time past avoided the Prussian route and take their goods to L'nssian ports, particnlarly to Libau, for shipment; and Russian hides and calf-skins, which for�merly went through the Prussian ports, all go that way now. I may add, that the hide and calf-.skin export, which was formerly of great magnitude, to Great Britain has now taken a different channeL The skins go now almost all to L�beck, and from thence to Frank-fort-on-the-Maine; or to Stettin, and from thence to Berlin, lt;fcc.; and it is not impossible that the infection may be carried to the heart of Germany by these means, although the precautions of the Prussian Government may have warded it ottquot; from the eastern frontiers. I Lave never heard that live cattle have been shipped from the Baltic ports. The disease is reported to be a violent purg�ing and sudden death.

I have, amp;c., (Signed')nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;W. J. Hebtslkt.

The Earl of Clarendon.

An alarming Report was forwarded by Lord Bloomfield from Berlin, bearing date the 25tli March, 18�7. Writing to Lord Clarendon, he said�'�! regret to have to inform your Lordship that tlie Cattle Disease has appeared in the neighbourhood of Berlin. Every precaution was supposed to have been taken to prevent its arrival in the Prussian States, and measures have now been adopted to endeavour to arrest its progress. Having alluded to the subject this morning in the course of conversation with Baron Manteuffel, bis Excellency read to me a communi�cation which lie bad just received from Monsieur de Kaumer, stating that the disease bad been traced to some cattle lately arrived from Gallicia, and that those which bad not died bad been killed by order of the magistrates; and that further, all the cattle known to have been in contact with them had been destroyed. Baron Manteuffel appeared to be imder considerable alarm that the disease would reappear, notwitlistanding the

#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;1

32�

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

precautionary measures and the utmost vigilance of the au�thorities.quot;

A meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society was held on the 1st of April, 1857, when the ahove Reports and other accounts of the Plague were read. The Council agreed to the subjoined resolutions;�'� That it is expedient to send a competent Vete�rinary Professor to examine into the nature of the Cattle Murrain on the continent. That the raquo;Society gladly accepts the co-operation of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scot-laud, and the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, in this step. The Society ventures to recommend that Professor Simonds, of the Royal Veterinary College, he com�missioned to this task. That he be empowered to take with him a German Veterinary Surgeon, established in London, quite competent for the business, and ulio would smooth the diffi�culties of the German language. It is supposed that about three weeks would be required for a satisfactory examination. That the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland be iu-formed that the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland propose to share the expense of this missive with the Royal Agricultural Society of England; and that they be asked to join in the same manner.quot;

Professor Simonds and Mr. Ernes were afterwards requested to proceed to the Continent, to study the disease, and trace its origin.

Meanwhile the Government issued the followiuir Order in Council:�

Ohdeu in Council. (From (he Supjilemeid to Ike London Gazelle of Friday, April 3.)

At the Court at Buckmgham Palace, tlie 22nd day of April, 1857. Present the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council.

Whereas it has been represented to Her Majesty that certain contagious or infectious disorders are now prevalent among cattle in

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certain countries or places bordering upon the Baltic Sea, and that there is danger of the said disorders being introduced into this country by means of cattle, and horns, hoofs, and raw or wet hides or skins of cattle from such countries or places; now therefore. Her Majesty, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, doth order, and it is hereby ordered, that from and after the date hereof no cattle and no horns, hoofs, or raw or wet hides, or skins of cattle shall be imported or introduced into the United Kingdom which shall come from or shall have been at any place within those terri�tories of the Emperor of Enssia, or of the King of Prussia, or of the (J rand Duke of Mecklenburg .Schwerin, which respectively are in or border upon the Gulf of Finland, or any other part of the Baltic Sea between the Gulf of Finland and the territories of the Free City of L�beck, or which shall come from or shall have been at any place within the territories of the Free City of L�beck; and also, that from and after the date hereof, no cattle and no boms, hoofs, or raw or wet hides, or skins of cattle, shall be imported or intro�duced into the United Kingdom which shall be, or shall have been, on board any vessel at the same time with any cattle or horns, hoofs, or raw or wet hides, or skins of cattle, which shall have come from or shall have been at any such place as aforesaid.

And Her Majesty, by and with the advice of her Privy Council, doth hereby further order, that all cattle, and all horns, hoofs, and raw or wet hides, or skins of cattle, the importation or introduction whereof is so hereby prohibited as aforesaid, and also all hay, straw, fodder, litter, or manure, being or having been in or on board any vessels at the same time with any such cattle or horns, hoofs, or raw or wet hides, or skins of cattle as aforesaid, shall upon their arrival in this country be destroyed, or otherwise disposed of, as the Com�missioners of Her Majesty's Customs may direct.

And the Bight Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Her

Majesty's Treasury arc to give the necessary directions herein

accordingly.

C. C. Grkville.

On the llth of April, Dr. Headlam Greenhow addressed a letter to the liiglit Hon. W. Mausell, M.P., President of the

328

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

General Board of Health, announcing that the disease had quot; been conveyed into Silesia, in the neighbourhood of Breslau and Oppeln, by means of diseased cattle, said to have been pur�chased in Galicia, but has not spread into any other Prussian province ; and has, in fact, thus far been confined to the oxen of the infected herd. Most effective measures have been taken to arrest the disease, and judging from the experience of last year, there is every reason to hope that its propagation will bo pre�vented and its extinction secured.quot;

In the Hamburgh B�rsm Ilalle for the 2r)th April, a Report, dated Berlin the 24th, appeared, to the effect that the Rinder�pest was making great ravages towards the Carpathian Moun�tains, and that troops had been sent to arrest its progress, establishing, in fact, a military cordon aanitaire. The disease had not made its appearance in very many places* in Galicia, though only one district had remained free.

On the #9632;'JOth of April the Augsburg Gazette published a para�graph announcing that the Cattle Plague had almost wholly dis�appeared from Middle Silesia, but still existed in several places of the upper part of the same province. Preventive measures were, however, still stringently enforced.

In the Hamburgh B�rsen Halle, for Friday, the Sth of May, I find that in the district of Tost-Gleiwiz, in Prussian Silesia, the Plague was almost extinguished, but it continued in the afore�mentioned provinces, and the troops were still actively engaged in endeavouring to limit its ravages. On the 13th of 3fay the B�rsen Halle published news of the 8th of that mouth from Austrian Silesia. In the district of Tesehen the Rinderpest was clearing out the stables. The preventive means resorted to

* The term quot;place,quot;' which I liavo been compelled to use so offen, is n very unsatisfactory one. The only word wliicli might have been substituted was quot;community;quot; but that word does not in reality mean the same thing, and is equally vague in its signification. A district is divided into several places, and a place is a collection of ton, or twenty, or even more farms.

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considerably lessened tlio evil, tlie slaughtering of animals having beeu carried out without restriction. The loss sustained by the province must have been enormous, when it is considered that cattle brought a high price, that the markets were closed, and that the Polish herds were prevented from entering Austrian territory. On the 12th of May it was announced that the disease was at Lemberg, and the Times correspondent wrote from Vienna on the IGth: quot; The Murrain has made its appear�ance at Olschan, near Olmutz, where there is one of the largest cattle fairs in Austria. In tw^:o farms, seven animals fell sick, and five of them died; the other two were knocked on the head, as were three more which had a suspicious look about them.quot;

On the 22nd of May, at a meeting of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England, the secretary reported that Professor Simonds had forwarded his first communication on the 30th of April, and by it there appeared to be little doubt but that Pleuro-pueumonia had been confounded with the Steppe Mur�rain: the professor had to proceed to Poland before he could discover a case of the last-named malady. Professor Simonds and Mr. Ernes returned to England on the 3�th of May, and a Report, based on Professor Simouds's observations, was forthwith published by the three Agricultural Societies.

On the 4th of November, 1857, it was ordered by the Queen in Council, quot; That all the prohibitions and restrictions now sub�sisting under the Order in Council of the twenty-seventh day of August, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, on the importation or introduction into the United Kingdom from certain places in or upon the Gulf of Einlaud or the Baltic Sea, of such horns, hoofs, bones, and raw or wet hides or skins of cattle, hay, straw, fodder, litter and manure, as in the said last-mentioned order mentioned, shall on and after the date of the present order cease and determine.quot;

Thus ended the panic of 1857.

330nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

In 1858 the Steppe Murrain raged with severity in llussiu. It broke out in forty-seven Governments from 5-i⁰ to 59deg; latitude by 37deg; to 83deg; longitude. In Astrachan the disease was coraniu-nicated by siek cattle and their carcases. lu Bessarabia it was ascribed to climaterie changes; in the Government of AVitebsk to herds of Ukraine oxen driven through the country, the dead animals having been left unburied by the road side. Careful inquiries concerning the origin and spread of the disease in the Vladimir Government indicated its dependence on the importa�tion of hides from the Southern Governments, and on the through traffic of herds of cattle. In the Volhyniau Govern�ment the plague was proved to be due to the purchase of diseased stock and the distribution of fresh hides, tallow and bones. The malady broke out early in the spring in the Viatka Government, and was attributed to the cattle having been housed too closely, to keep them warm. In Grodno the Kinder-pest appeared in March, and was proved to have been commu�nicated by Volhyniau oxen. The intense heat of the summer, insufficiency of food, and bad water, were inducements to the plague in the Ekaterinoslav Government, and a most instructive Report is given of the outbreak in Kaluga, which commenced by water used in washing salted beef having been given to some cattle to drink. Its further propagation was doubtless due to contagion caused by contact with sick cattle, and the bodies of dead animals not being properly buried. In many Govern�ments the disease arose from traders in fish and salt from the Crimea driving then herds laden with these commodities through the country.

The statistics of the Kussian Kinderpest outbreaks for 1858 are as follows :�

ITS PAST 111 laquo;TORY.

331

Bei�sarabian Territory G�venmu-ut�Astrakhan ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Vladimir

6,806 3,054

5,'.WO 837

i, o:laquo;

8,181

284

781

1,7!)S

817

448

5,4:18

3,582

2,354

485

1,603

929

484

152

3.008

2.04'.)

5,850

2,481

748

5,491

10,054

5,884

12.743

490

3,059

039

5.095

500

8,201

4,801

11.392

125

1,848

13,005

539

1,875

199

1,829

5.490

22,570

2,928

1,473

5,415

823

1,546

5,052

190

725

711

473

384

3,105

2,717

2,182

125

1,157

829

458

152

1,784

2,282

Vologda .. .. Vialka .. .. Volhynia ..

AVilnanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.. ..

Witebak .. .. Voronej

Ekaterinoslav .. (iriiclno

Kicti......

Kasan

Kaluga

Kostroma ..

Koursk

Kovno

Oourland ..

Livonia

raquo;linsk .. ..

Mloscow

Moh�eu .. ..

Nijn�-Novgorod

Novgorod ..

Orel......

Oreuberg ..

Penza

Poltova .. ..

ric.-kuu .. ..

Podolsk .. ..

Perm

Blazon

Smolensk ..

Saratov

Simbirsk ..

Samara

St. Petersburg ..

Tanrida

Tambov

Twer......

Tobolsk .. .. Tomsk .. ..

Tula......

Charkow .. Tschemigoa Estbonia #9632;#9632; Jaroslav

4.951 1,843

045 4,420 0,072

391 6,846

482 1,881

150 5,422

513 4,132 3,855 9.091

125

043 8,080

519

1,530

1,201

3,127

15,579

450

020

1,113

Total...... 178,090 118,315

On the 25th of July, 1800, Binderpest broke out iu the Bukowina and Galicia. It was imported from Podolia, having

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

reached the Bokomna from Moldavia on the one side, and from Bessarabia on tlie other. The Plague appeared in 28 places in 7 circles, and out of 13,571 head of cattle in 217 infected stables, 1803 took the disease, of which 24-1 recovered, 707 died, and 52 were slaughtered. In some places the disease only lasted 21 days,in others as lonu; as three and a half months. On the 7th of March, 1861, both Galicia and the Bukowina were declared free of Steppe Murrain; but seven days later the disease again showed itself in the Czortkowa circle in Galicia, having been imported by foreign cattle. It continued until the 16th of January 1862. Out of 11,341 head of cattle, 1079 fell ill; 1089 of those died, 4fi4 recovered, 55 were slaughtered when sick, and 71 caught the infection.

The statistics of the Galician outbreaks for 1860-61 and 1861-62, n}raquo; to the 16th of January of the latter year, show that out of 24,912 animals in the infected parts 2635, or nearly 18 per cent., took the disease. Of these 708, or about 26 per cent., recovered, while 179(!, or 08 per cent., died ; 107 sick animals, or 4 per cent., were slaughtered, and 24 remained sick on the 16th of January. In the mouth of October, 1801, the Steppe Murrain passed from Galicia into the Bukowina, and out of 5130 animals 273 took the disease, viz., 5 per cent; 82 recovered, amounting to 29 per cent, on the number of sick; 172, or 52 per cent., died ; and 3 per cent, of the sick were slaughtered. Polish oxen carried the malady into Bohemia in the month of November, 1861. Of 1593 animals, 76, or 5 per cent., sickened; 39 died ; 37 were slaughtered diseased, and 40 infected animals were also destroyed. During this outbreak. Dr. Maiesch made his first observations on the Cattle Plague amongst sheep. Of 60 sheep in two infected stables, 2(! became diseased, and of these 12 recovered, 10 died, and 4 were slaughtered. Professor Galainboz had witnessed similar occurrences in Hungary. Polish cattle also communicated the disease to Moravia, where out of 1553 animals. 11 took the disease. 1 recovered, 15 died, 25 were

ITS PAST IIFSTOTiY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Boo

slaughtered ill, and 07 infected. In Lower Austria the Steppe Murrain entered from Hungary, and in two places it seized 36 animals out of 680�12 of these died and 24 were slaughtered� besides infecting 23 animals, which were killed. On the ISth of December, 1801, the malady appeared on the Hungarian frontier, at Brack on the Leitha, but it disappeared on the 15th of January 1862. About this time the Binderpest attacked 0 cows in the city of Vienna. Of these one died, and the rest were slaughtered. It also committed sad havoc in Hungary, seizing 15 per cent, of the animals in infected dis�tricts, viz., 9279 out of 59,(i48. Fifteen per cent., that is to say 13(J5, recovered, 75 per cent, died, and 9 per cent, wei-e slaughtered, leaving 867 ill. In two districts the disease was so virulent that out of 4000 head of cattle 2500 died. Professor Galamboz of Pesth and Ur. Zlamal record that the disease also attacked sheep, and carried off from 25 to 30 per cent, of the infected flocks. In Siebenb�rgen the Steppe Murrain was introduced through three channels, and up to the middle of January, 1802, out of 77,122 head of cattle 4580 were seized, 1G38, or 64 per cent., died, and 13 were slaughtered.

In the month of September, 1802, the Rinderpest broke out severely amongst some Podolian oxen near the frontiers of the Prussian province of Oppeln. Several outbreaks were observed during the succeeding winter, within easy reach of the Prussian bonndarv, but very careful management served to restrict the malady to Galicia and Poland, where it continued for some time to be very severe.

The Polish Revolution seriously aggravated the dissemination of the Cattle Plague in 1803. This caused considerable trouble on the Prussian frontiers, but very slight loss was sustained there, thanks to energetic preventive measures. Austria did not escape so favourably. The malady was propagated far and wide, so that only Silesia, Bohemia, Upper Austria, Salzburg, the Tyrol, Carinthin, and the Italian Provinces remained free.

^^^quot;'^m�B'^mmmw^Bam^mmmmm

834

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

The disease was more malignant than usual, attacking 26 per cent, of the Hungarian cattle in infected districts, and the smallest mortality in infected herds amounted to 05 per cent. In other provinces the percentage of animals attacked varied from 1 to 20 per cent., and the mortality from 77 to 100 per cent.

At no time since the Crimean War was the Cattle Plague more rife than in 1863 in .Southern Russia, the Danubian Principalities, and Poland. Through Alexandria the malady was transmitted to Egypt, and the native horned stock of that country was well-nigh exterminated by the disease. This caused great distress, both for want of labour and animal food, and placed the country in a dependent state, having to import cattle to supply the place of their own, and the active importation lias since led to further outbreaks of Rinderpest and other contagious cattle diseases.

In the month of October, 1802, some Dalmatian cattle were shipped at Trieste for Pescara, Lanciano, and other places in Italy. These animals sickened and communicated the Plague wherever they were landed. The disease crossed the Apennines into the Neapolitan States, and in the month of December, 1802, had already penetrated the Pope's dominions. A veterinary surgeon of considerable merit, Marco de Tuoni, was deputed to investigate the Roman outbreak, and he began his inquiries on the 6th of January, 18(J.!. He ascertained that the malady was introduced into the province of Ascoli-Piceno by cattle coming from the .Neapolitan States. The Neapolitan cattle were the first seen ill, and they communicated the disease to the stock which they approached. The losses incurred by the great stock-owners of the Romagna may well bo imagined. Not a few lost several thousand head of cattle, and the city of Eome was for a time left without milk, and suffered also from scarcity of beef. The stamping-out system was, however, adopted, and every attention paid to sanitary measures, so that by the end of

ITS PAST HISTORY.

J35

the year 1803 the disease had completely vanished. It was the outbreak in the Roman States which M. Eenault, the learned Inspector of the Imperial Veterinary College of France, was commissioned to study in the summer of 1803, and in the course of his travels he contracted the pernicious fever which is so deadly to strangers, and of which he died in Bologna, before he had time to report on his journey.

It is to be regretted that we have no accurate statistics of the Italian outbreaks. It is, perhaps, more to be regretted that our information concerning the ravages committed by the Einder-pest in Russia is not exact; and we have no reliable data except regarding the Austrian Empire, which, of all countries to the west of Russia, suffers most, and for which most satisfactory statistical tables have been prepared by the learned and inde�fatigable Director of the Imperial Veterinary College of Vienna, Dr. Roll. Thanks to this gentleman, I can supply a table showing the total losses by Rinderpest in Austria from the com�mencement of 1863 to October 1805.

Year.

Xo. of | No. of

iniecled ^: lt;raquo;laquo;'laquo; 'quot;

places. infected

places.

Fell sick. Recovered.

KlUed,

Re�mainder.

I lied.

} Sick. Suspected.

1863 1864 1865

1,789 SSO.SGO 172,165 49,880 110,836 9,950 4,168 1,969 988 339,587 t CV.Sfii 17,959 44,447 3,242 3,436 1,815 115 43,282 5,214 l,I9y 3,237 '#9632; 724nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 715 131

It may be well to notice that the disease was far from being so prevalent in Austria in 1805 as it had been in former years.

THE HISTORY OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE

IX 1805 AND 1866.

The llinderpcst prevailed as usual in Russia, the Danubian Principalities, Galicia, Bukowina, Moravia, Lower Austria, Croatia, and Hungary, early in 1S�5. It was reported to have reached the Tyrol in the month of April; but this was found to ho incorrect. At that time an Englisliman, James Burchell by name, was engaged in the Russian province of Esthonia collect�ing together a cargo of cattle for the English trade. He was in partnership with Mr. John H�nck and a Mr. Baker, and the three had agreed to share profits. The Esthonian Agricultural Society had undertaken to supply Burchell with 800 oxen for four copccs * per lb. of live weight, and 800 sheep. The Society collected G40 oxen at Revel, out of which 400 had to be chosen. Forty-six of these animals had travelled from St. Petersburg or its neighbourhood in four-horse waggons, hut the remainder were Esthonian oxen. The steamer ' Tomiiug'left London on the 0th or 10th of May, and arrived at Revel on the I�th or 17th. She left Revel with 331 oxen and 330 sheep, selected hy Mr. Burchell. I have taken considerable pains to inves�tigate the documents relating to these transactions ; and of the oxen chosen by Mr. Burchell three t were sold sick to a butcher named Siehbert, in Revel; one died, and a fifth was ill after the steamer had left Esthonia.

According to Burchell, 13 of the 40 oxen from the interior of Russia were amongst those shipped for England. Mr. John

* A copec is a third of a penny.

f In the evidence printed with the Cattle Plajuio Commissioners' Report, I am made to state tliat 13 animals were slaughtered at Bevel. This is a misprint.

J.I-1 .]_!#9632;#9632; IJHJ..

ITS HISTORY IN 1805 AND 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;337

Jl�nck says, that all the cattle placed on board the 'Tonning' were Estlionian. Tlie St. Petersburg cattle were, however, mixed with the-Esthonian cattle at Revel, and although they might not be seriously ill, it is a well known fact that Ixussian cattle infect others when they themselves are not suffering, or are very slightly attacked. The Plague was in the vicinity of St. Petersburg at the end of 1804, and probably later.

The oxen purchased by Mr. Eurchell were to have been landed in London, but they were entered in the manifest for Lowestoft quot; so as to avoid the doctors.quot; I have seen a letter in which this sentence occurs. After all, the steamer made for Hull. Mr. Burehell declares that they were not iuspecterl at Hull. Others have asserted that they were subjected to a rigid exami�nation, and had they been diseased they must have been stopped. The answer to these statements is to be found in the evidence of one of the Hull inspectors.

Mr. Noel James Lockwood, a veterinary surgeon, employed by the Commissioners of Customs as inspector of foreign cattle at the port of Hull, stated to Her Majesty's Commissioners that cattle landed at that port were examined at the gangway as they left the vessel, and again when untied from a rail to which they are temporarily attached after getting on shore. He con�sidered that the examination was not sufficiently strict before the Rinderpest broke out, to enable him to detect any serious illness in the inspected cattle. When the Custom-house autho-rities found that there were a great number of cattle to be landed from Kevel, they ordered both their inspectors to ex�amine the cattle. Tin's Mr. Lockwood says was owing to the quantity of the stock, as they had not had quot;such a quantity for a long time.quot; The two inspectors were engaged inspecting the cargo for about three and a half hours, quot;as nearly as possible.quot; It was a cattle-boat, and therefore the cattle got off quicker than from the ordinary boats in Hull. Mr. Lockwood and his colleague thus inspected the cattle landed from the ' Tonning'

ssampownim*

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at tlie rate of two a minute, and they did not of course quot; moutli every beast.quot;

Mr. Read cross-questioned Mr. Lockwood as to the examina�tion of the cargo, with a view to show that 600 animals had been quot; inspected quot; in three and a half hours, and he then asked, quot;Do you think from that inspection that you would have been able to detect any disease ?quot; Mr. Lockwood, with great candour replied, quot; I certainly say not.quot; Mr. John H�nck, one of the importers, admitted the laxity of inspection at Hull, and that diseased cattle were more readily admitted there than iu London. He knew of one of the Russian oxen having been ill on board.

On the arrival of the cattle at Hull, Mr. H�nck quot; put them in the hands of a Mr. Ooulson,quot; who sold 106 of them to go to Derby or Leeds. A �h: Hickmau took 40 to sell at Man�chester. The cargo arrived on the 29th of May, and the first 140 animals were disposed of on the oOth. The remaining 175 came to London, and they wore sold on the Thursday following, quot;after they had arrived on the Monday night.quot; The cattle for London were placed in Mr. H�nck's lairs iu York Road, adjoin�ing the Cattle Market. They were then sold for slaughtering, with the exception of 20, which Mr. Baker sent on the following day to Gosport. The 155 animals were disposed of entirely to metropolitan butchers. The sheep were sold at Hull for killing purposes. The steamer ' Tonning' was disinfected by the free use of chloride of lime, and after certain repairs were done to her engine she started for Tonning. The cattle made quot;as nearly as possible 12/. each.quot;

In a leading article in T7ie Times, published on the 15th of August, it is said that as far back as the 12th of June, animals affected with the Steppe Murrain were seen in the Metropolitan Market. As these were not the Russian cattle they must have been animals which had caught the disease in or near the market at the beginning of June. On the 19th of June, Mr. Carvell, of Lambeth Walk, purchased two cows, and

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one of these on the 24th showed signs of sickness. This is the first outbreak I have been enabled to trace, and the first concerning which any reliable record has been obtained. The disease was communicated to 12 animals with which the two newly bought had been placed. On the same day that Mr. Carvell purchased, other two cows were bought by Mrs. Nicholl, Laycock's dairy, and one by Mr. Baldwin of Hackney. All these carried the disease into the dairies into which they were introduced ; and Mr. Priestman was called to the two last men�tioned places to see the cattle on the 27th and 2Sth of June. Mrs. NicholTs cows were supposed to have been poisoned. Her sheds were in fine order, and lofty. The first animals were attacked in open sheds near the lairs used for market cattle. Mr, Priestman had one or two of Ihe animals killed, and made a post-mortem examination of them, and in less than four days he had several which died. Mr. Priestman said to the Com�missioners, quot; In three days we had destroyed, I think, about 12 or 14. I examined them all, and I found the post-mortem appearances the same in every instance; of course the post�mortem examination which I made was made in the slaugrhter-house in the cattle market, or elsewhere; it was only a rough examination which I made. On the 28th of June I was called to a case at Hackney which precisely resembled the cases which I had at Islington. I was with that animal until 12 o'clock on the 28th, and I was in the shed again at 0 the following morn�ing, and I found that the beast was dead. I made an examination of that case, and I found that after death, as I had before found, the post-mortem appearances were precisely the same as in Mrs. NicholTs case. On the 3rd of July I had killed, or there had died, I think something like 20 cases, and I had 20 other cases in a quarantine shed on the premises. 1 applied to Professor Siraonds at the College, and stated to him that I had a disease in one or two dairies which I could hardly understand, and in fact that I could not understand it at all, that it was

z 2

840

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

something quite foreign to me. I described to him the symptoms and the post-mortem appearances. On the following morning I took him down the whole of the viscera of the cow which I had killed purposely, I took it as it came from the animal, and he inspected it; he then went with me to the dairy, and there saw 20 cows under treatment, 10 of which I had condemned on the morning prior to leaving as hopeless cases.quot;

The malady was not recognized. Mrs. Nicholl's cows were sent to the market or to slaughter-houses. She lost 93, bought some others, and lost them also.

The history of the Hackney case was, that it was due to the purchase of a cow in the Metropolitan Cattle Market on the 19tli of June, being one sent from Bucldnghamshire with several others by a Mr. Birdscy, who is a large cow-dealer. The animal was bought by Mr. Baldwin on Monday the 19th of June. Almost simultaneously with the appearance of the disease among Mrs. Nicholl's cows this cow was attacked with the disease. Mr. Priestman, the veterinary surgeon, saw her on the evening of .Wednesday, June 28th. She died within 24 hours of being noticed ill, but the true nature of the disease was not suspected. No other case occurred at Mr. Baldwin's until July 5th, when Mr. Priestman was called to a second cow which had also been bought in the Metropolitan Market on June 19th. This animal was slaughtered. On Friday, July 7th, three cows and a bull were attacked, and they also were slaughtered. On Sunday the 9th, four more were attacked, and were taken to the slaughter-house. On Monday the 10th, an�other was slaughtered; thus making 10 out of Mr. Baldwin's stock of 20 in the course of 12 days. The animal he bought on the 19th of June in the Metropolitan Market was an English cow. Sir. Birdscy is a highly respectable cattle-dealer living in Buckingham shire.

By the 14th of July the disease had appeared in another dairy in Islington, and in others in Goswell-street, Holborn,

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Somers Town, Camden Town, Hendon, Dalston, Kingslund, and near Cumberland Market.

Twenty-three Dntcli cattle exposed in the Metropolitan Market on the 22nd, 26th, and 29th of Jane, remaining unsold, were sent back to Rotterdam in the ' Batavia,' on the 2nd of July. They were placed in a field near Schiedam, and in a few days 21 had died. This was the commencement of the Dutch outbreak, and immediately afterwards we imported Dutch cows in all stages of Rinderpest.

As early as the 1st of July, the first cattle were bought in the Metropolitan Cattle Market which took the disease into Norfolk, and the disease continued to spread in all directions. It may, perhaps, best servo the purpose I have now in view, if I refer to details with regard to the outbreak in the various counties in Great Britain, and I can then furnish a brief summary on the origin and progress of the malady.

ABERDEEN.

In the end of July the Plague was conveyed from London to this county. The outbreak in the parish of Forgue is thus described by The Banffshire

Journal of the 15th August, 1865:�quot;On the 18th of July last 4 calves arrived at Htnitly by train from the south, and were removed to Forgue in a common cart�each calf in a separate sack. They were sent by a well known country dealer, whoso name we give below. On one of the sacks, in the form, of an oval, were the words, marked in red paint, 'Horsleydown New Stairs, London.' Within the oval the outline of a horse in a recumbent position, with the head turned backward; across the top wore the words ' On hire.' On the other side of the suck the name 'Thomas D. Lee,' and above the name Fig. 3 and under it iSTo. 13. Three of the calves were taken to the farm at Brackenbraes, but fortunately, according to previous custom, kept apart from other stock. On the 22rjd July one of these three calves died, on the 24th a second, and on the 29th the third. Up to the present time, 14th August, no other case has appeared on the farm. The fourth calf was taken to the neighbouring farm of Westertown, occupied by Mr. Ogg, and put to a cow. In seven days after (25tli) the calf died. The disease shortly made its appearance among the other stock, and the deaths were as follows:� August 2nd a calf; 3rd, a calf; 5th, a cow; (ith, a cow; 7th, a cow; 8th, a calf; IGlh, a calf; llth, a cow; 1.2th, a calf; 13th, a calf; 14th, a cow.

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A Mr. Jamieson got a calf from the sfime lut, and put it to a cow oa Berry-hill, one of his farms close to the InTerurie station. In a few days the calf died, and, some days later, the cow also. At the date of the 14th August, 16 beasts were dead, and three or four others, the only other cattle on the farm, were seriously ill. The calves were supplied by Mr. Barrie, Stone-haven.quot;

Mr. Keith, Bogenjofan, near Strichen, had up to the same date lost 20 head of cattle by the pest, here also introduced by London calves. On September llth it was reported that the stocks on Berryhill and Bogeojohn had been exterminated. The disease had, however, attacked 7 head on the farm of Barnyards, and which had pastured in a field adjoining that containing the diseased beasts on the neighbouring farm of Berryhill. It had also killed 9 beasts at Strichen Mains, the home farm of George Baird, Esq., of Strichen. Over GO cattle altogether had at this time been destroyed.

On the 28th September it wijs reported at Mr. Gall's farm of South Essie, St. Fergus : 13 cattle had been shot and buried, and 3 healthy ones killed and sent away. By the 4th October it had spread to the Kirktown, to Windyhills, and to the mains of Kinmundy, in the parish of Langside. At Windyhills all the stock (6) had been slaughtered, and at the mains of Kinmundy 5 \vere dead, while the stork of TO excellent and apparently healthy animals were being slaughtered.

On the first outbreak of the malady in Aberdeenshire, meetings were held and an Association formed with central and branch committees ; an assessment of 2d. per pound was laid on the rental, to be paid in equal parts by landlord and tenant, aud inspectors were instructed to slaughter diseased animals, the losses to be defrayed from the funds of the Association. These, with active measures of disinfection, led to the extinction of the disease in the course of October.

On the Oth Kbvember a second outbreak was reported in the Buchan district, ou Mr. Gall's farm of Middle Hythie, in the parish of Old Deer. It had been communicated by cattle brought from the south. On the Kith November it was reported on the farm of Boghead of Kiuiumouth, near Fraserburgh, and orders were issued to have the whole stock slaughtered.

The manner in which the disease lias been twice stamped out in Aberdeen�shire has attracted groat attention. There arc other examples of similar success, and the later experiences in Aberdeen indicate how useless any system limited to counties must be. A third outbreak took place at Pilmillan, Foveran, on the 23rd of January, when 14 animals were found affected: the disease was stamped out again. A fourth occurred at New Bauchory, four miles from Aberdeen, and � animals slaughtered ; and a fifth at Mindumo, in the Parish of Old Machar, where the disease had broken out some time ago, was imperfectly dealt with and has reappeared.

All this would swell the official returns, which indicate up to January the 2Tth that 27 farms had been attacked, containing 50(1 head of cattle, of which

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49 were slaushtered healthy, 299 wore attacked, 219 killed, 77 died, an only 3 recovered.

AYRSIIIRK.

The Plague was convoyed to Ardrossan by 8 Imllocks sold in Glasgow by Messrs. Swan and Sons to Mr. �obertson, butcher, Ardrossan. The cattle were destroyed and buried on the shore.

By the 11th October it was reported to have broken out at Oenoch and Carwiushoeh, in the parish of Maybole, and about six miles from Ayr. Andrew Hendin, cattle-dealer, Ayr, had bought a lot of 27 bullocks at the September Falkirk Tryst, and sold them to Mr. Craig, the tenant of Grenoch. On the 27th September one died of what was thought to be dysentery: ten days after another took ill, and died in two days, by which time two more showed marked symptoms of the Plague. The whole herd was destroyed. Mr. Ilowat, of Burnton, had some young stock grazing at Carwinshoch, adjoining the field containing Mr. Oraig's beasts, and one of them died on the twelfth and another on the thirteenth day after disease appeared among the bullocks.

(.'ases were also reported at Cumring Park, and at Olenays on Carrick Shore, and on the 24th October it was reported that on the farm of Largs 15 cattle out of a herd of 27 had died in the course of a week. At the same date it had broken out on the farm of Dunduff, about seven miles from Ayr.

The Privy Council Returns up to January 27th report 44 farms attacked, containing 1065 cattle. Killed healthy, 93; attacked, 465; killed, 27; died, 282; recovered, 53; unaccounted for, 103.

BEDFORDSHIRE.

Reports from Woburn, in Beds, state that several cases of Plague had occurred in the neighbourhood during the week ending 4tli September. The disease was traceable tu calves�the produce of London dairy cows�bought at Leighton Buzzard market.

The Plague did not extend in the sonthom portion of the county, but by the loth January, 1866, about 70 head of cattle had been lost in the northern district bordering on the counties of Hunts and Northampton : the parishes of Dean, Perton Hall, and Keysoe have particularly suffered.

The Privy Council Returns up to January 27th report 07 farms attacked, containing 870 cattle. Killed healthy, 124; attacked, 405; killed, 77; died, 305 ; recovered, 59 ; unaccounted for, 24.

BERKSHIRE.

The district of Maidenhead was attacked immediately after the outbreak in London, and, like the first outbreaks, generally was traceable to cattle brought

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from the Metropolitan Market Being a purely agricultural county, the Plague ruulo rapid progress amongst the stuck, nutil nearly the whole county was involved. On the 6th October, in the Maidenhead Petty Sessional division, including the town of Maidenhead, 24,1 cattle had already died or been killed while suffering from the disease. Several cattle bad died on Oakley Green, the farm of Mr. Johnson, and situated midway between Maidenhead and Windsor. Cases bad also occurred at Xew Lodge, the residence of Mr. Yan de Weyer, the Belgian Minister, and at that of Mr. Hall Say, about two miles from Windsor.

In the Maidenhead district, during the week ending October 16th, 27 ani�mals had died, 2 were killed, and 37 still suffered from the disease. Mr. Johnson had lost 10 more cattle during the week, making 20 in all, and 3 new cases had occurred at the Belgian Minister's. Mr. Carl, of Wedbrooke, had also lost 7 beasts.

During the week ending 24th October 24 new cases had occurred in the same district, 21 had died, and 11 recovered. 5 of these were at Oakley Green. At the Belgian Minister's there had been no new cases : � had reco�vered, and 1 only died. At Mr. Hall Say's 2 bad recovered during the week, and 1 died.

The malady continued to prevail in the Maidenhead district, and up to the end of November new cases wore reported at the Belgian Minister's, while at the same date a new outbreak was reported on the estate (Winkfield) close to Windsor.

It had broken out in the town of Windsor by the end of December, and at the same date the losses in the Maidenhead district were reported to be 283 head, valued at 2623/. 10s. These losses had been chiefly at Bray, Cookham, and Winkfield.

The total number of cases in Berks up to December 30th was 502, and in every 100, 19 were killed, G3 died, and 19 recovered.

The following, from a letter of Mr. Gadsden, V.S., shows the extent of the ravages in the Forest Division of Berks up to the middle of November :�

Forest Division.�Mr. Gadsden.�The Plague broke out in this district in August, and has infected 1H different herds, containing about 400 head of cattle : 70 of these were affected, 33 died, 30 were killed, 4 were cured, and 3 remain sick. Farmers are not buying, and the Plague is diminishing; 1 have not seen a fresh case for three weeks. An Assurance Society exists at Heading.

The Privy Council Keturns, January 27th, report 82 farms attacked, containing K�S cattle. Killed healthy, 12; attacked, 616; killed, 102 ; died, 301 ; recovered, 108: unaccounted for, 45.

BERWICK

On November Oth it was reported that I bullock among a slock of 200 belonging to Mr. Wellbank,dealer, Berwick, had died, and that another showed

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symptoms of tbe disease. From this centre the Plague was cunvcyed into the neighbourhood of Swiutun, where it made considerable havoc. When the Plague appeared at Swinton, the importation of cattle was stopped from adja�cent counties, as well as the removal of stock from any place in the county, except in the case of fat heasts which might he removed for immediate slaughter. Another outbreak in the Parish of Chirnside still prevails.

Up to the Clli January, 241: beasts had been attacked in Berwickshire, of which 01 had been killed, 107 had died, 4:8 had recovered, and 28 remained sick.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 29 stocks affected, con�taining 1240 cattle. Killed healthy, 22; attacked, 304; killed, G2 ; died, 140; recovered, 70; unaccounted for, .17.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

By the 7tl!. August the disease was reiorted at Cookhain, and a week later several fatal cases had occurred at Great Marlow, in the south of the county. About the 5tli October it broke out in the Vale of Aylesbury, in connexion with the passage of some suspicious cattle, understood to have been brought from the Metropolis by other than the regular cattle-trains, and which were put into the field where the cows first affected were grazing. In a few days three lots of cows in the same field and two stocks in adjoining fields were seized with the Plague. An Assurance Society had been previously esta�blished, and the distemper was at once met by the destruction of the infected beasts. By the 10th December the Vale of Aylesbury was reported clear.

The following, compiled from reports made by the gentlemen named at the head of the respective paragraphs, will show the state of the Plague up to the middle of November :�

S.W. Division of Newport Pagkell.�Mr. Powell.� The Binderpest first appeared on the 20th August among some beasts bought at a fair, and which proved to be from a diseased herd. Four outbreaks have come under my notice, 110 beasts having been on the farms attacked. 30 cattle were attacked, 11 died, 20 were killed, and 5 recovered. Cattle are still being bought in the district, and with good result, no cases having occurred for more than a fortnight. Several assurance associations exist in the district.

I am opposed to slaughtering a whole herd. In one herd of 43 all died in less than a fortnight, with the exception of 1 animal, which recovered ; in another, of 17, 4 never took the disease, and 3 recovered, making a percentage of over 41 saved.

Buckingham axd Winslow Districts.�Mr. E. Band.�The Plague broke out on the 27th October on a farm belonging to Mr. Rogers, of Thornton. 20 have died or been killed, and 2 more will die. These are young steers and heifers, from 14 to 18 mouths old. The milking cows, on the other side of the farm, are ill with Pleuro-pneumonia. On another farm, belonging to

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Mr. Kidge, of Thornton, 1 oow was seized with Rinderpest on the 11th November, and died on the 17th ; 3 mure are now dangerously ill. Mr. Parkins, of Adstock, has 1 cow ill out of a stock of 28, and Mr. Tomes, of East Claydon, has 1 also, out of a stock of 50. The stock on the four farms amounts to 180; of these 33 have been attacked, 17 have died, 4 were killed, 4 recovered, and 8 remain. The disease is rapidly extending. An assurance association for stock has been started.

It is remarkable that no beasts had been bought upon any of the farms attacked foi' six months, and no droves had passed through the villages. The origin is believed to have been due to the atmosphere. The lungs seemed to suffer more than is often reported, presenting appearances after death in many cases very like those uf Pleuro-pneumonia. Emphysema was invariably present on the back and loins.

Vale of Atlesbukt.�Mr. (I. A. Lepper.�The Plague broke out on the 5th October, and there have been ten outbreaks up to the 13th November. The number attacked has been 21, of which 10 died, 1 were killed, 5 reco�vered, and 2 remain sick. The Plague was distinctly traced to cattle from Islington Market. All open traffic in cattle is stopped, but many underhand transactions with dealers are still carried on. The Plague is still extending. In this district about 10,000 cattle have been insured. We should quot;stop all traffic in lean stock, and let all fat animals go dead into market.quot; The Plague must increase so long as animals from such a hotbed of infection as Islington Market are sent over England.

At WraysbltTg, near Windsor, the disease appeared about the 20th November among the stock of II. Taylor. Three cows, a heifer, and some calves had died during the week. By the 27th November it was reported to have made alarming progress at Adstock, Thornbury, and Thornton, and by the 30th December there had been 419 cases in the county, of which 40 per cent, had been killed, 50 per cent, died, and 10 per cent, recovered.

At the 2iid January it was reported as increasing rapidly in the Buckingham district and at Little Horwood.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 84 farms affected, con�taining 1797 cattle. Killed healthy, 105; attacked, 545; killed, 196; died, 250 ; recovered, 75 ; unaccounted for, 24.

CAMBRIDGE.

Early in the epizootic the Plague reached Cambridge, and by the end of November it was reported as having destroyed 190 head at Willingham, where it still continued very virulent. By the 2nd December it had com�mitted great ravages in the Isle of Ely�Mr. Parrin in the Wisbeach district having lost 1C head ; Mr. Infield of Benwick had lost 38 out of 40 beasts ; and on Mr. Newton's farm near March 12 out of 17 beasts had died. A week later six different stocks were reported ill at Sutton, and the disease was

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spreadiog at lladdenliam, March, Doddington, and WlmblingtOQ. Several

new stoclcs in the vicinity of March have becu affected, and three new lots near Wisbeach. At Willingbam 310 beasts had up to this date fallen victims.

lly the 17th January 120 deaths had taken place at Sutton in the Isle of Ely. At Chatteria 1- deaths were reported the previous week, and at March, Doddington, and Wimblington 20 had perished in the same time.

The Privy Council Iteturns, January 27th, report C07 farms affected, con�taining 9453 cattle. Killed healthy, 1377; attacked, 4364; killed, 693; died, 3007; recovered, 257 ; unaccounted for, 3-17.

CHESHIRE.

On the 11th December the reports were that 1779 had been attacked, 048 had died, 123 had been killed, 029 had been placed under treatment, and 70 had recovered. Since the Cth instant the disease had shown itself in the following additional townships :�Bickertun, Bicerton, Barthomley, Baddington, Edleston, Gawsworth, Iddensball, Einnerton, Lea, Little Budworth, Marhury, Minshall, Vernon, Newton, Shavington, Tarvin, Woodcott, and Wrenbury; making a total of 81 localities in Cheshire in which the malady had now appeared. During the last �ve days there has been an increase of 1-40 attacked per day, and in the same time an increase of 79 deaths daily.

By the ISth December the total number attacked had risen to 29S8. Died, 17-10; killed, 157 ; under treatment, 951 ; recovered, 140. Since the 13th new^: outbreaks had taken place at Brindley, Bickley, Barton, Crewe, Cuddington, Churton, Eaton, Littleton, Marlston-cum-Lache, Norbury, Poole, and Ridley, Last week 1779 were attacked, 948 died, and 123 were killed. The increase attacked per day for the week was 172; the increase of died and killed 118 daily. The Infected townships now number 115.

During the following week, terminating on December 25th, 1051 had been attacked, or 235 per diem, while the deaths were 1109, or 102 per diem. During the week 29 additional townships had been involved, making 135 in all. The total number attacked from the commencement was 4639.

The week ending January 1st, 1800, showed a list of 2155 attacked, or 307 per diem; and the dead and killed during the week amount to 1721, or 245 daily. Thirty additional townships have been attacked, making a total of 164 infected. The numbers attacked up to this time had been 0794 ; killed, 210 ; treated, 1703 ; recovered, 324.

The numbers attacked during the week ending 8th January, were 2G29, or 375 daily; and the killed and deaths amounted to 1940, or 277 daily. The cases now amount to 9423; of which C4G2 died, 235 were killed, 2173 were treated, and 553 recovered.

In the petty sessional division of Nantwich, up to the 15th January, 5000 were attacked, 3723 died, 35 had Ueu killed, 1021 were still under treatment.

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and 281 had recovered. During the previous week in the sumo district 1257 fresh cases were reported, The disease had disappeared for the preceding three weeks from the parish of Stokc-npon-Trcnt, including the borough of llanley.

An eminent medical practitioner practising in Cheshire throws donbt on the statement as to the number of cures, lie attributes an apparent increase in the later weeks to the ranking of all cattle affections indiscriminately under the head of Rinderpest. They are all at once subjected to treatment, and the whole of the recoveries are set down as beasts that have passed through the Plague.

The Plague has already been most ruinous to the Cheshire farmers. The Times remarks that farmers who a short time ago were in robust health are said to be now seen with blanched faces, a prey to despair, and helpless, having been entirely ruined by this sad calamity. Some of them, seized with a panic on hearing of beasts having the Rinderpest in the neighbourhood, and desirous of saving some Little of their property, have sold at a great sacrifice for the slaughter-house. A butcher is menl ioned as having purchased 12 beasts from one fanner for 601. Another fanner killed his own beast, and sold the joints at 8'?. per lb., thereby realising 232. for the one animal.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 1784 farms attacked, con�taining 43,251 cattle. Slaughtered healthy, 2000; attacked, 17,971; killed, 2G6; died, 12,440; recovered, 1144; unaccounted for, 4112.

CLACKMANNAN.

This county became involved in the middle of October, and the disease has led to continuous and comparatively serious losses up to the present time.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 30 farms to have been affected, containing 737 cuttle. Slaughtered healthy, 168; attacked, 387; killed, 9 ; died, 201; recovered, 15-1 ; unaccounted for, 23.

CORNWALL.

This county remained free from the Plague for a short time after Devonshire had been attacked, though the first outbreak in the latter was at Egg Buckland, near Plymouth, and close to the Cornish border. Its raquo;vages were greatest in the neighbourhood of Truro, where no measures were taken to check it, until on the 23rd November it was reported that there was scarcely a fanner or dairyman in the neighbourhood who had not the Plague among his herd. It was estimated that not less than 150 cattle had died within the week in the neighbourhood.

At Padstow, on the north of Cornwall, the Plague had also broken out during the week ending November 23rd, and had already destroyed 21 bullocks out of a herd of 50 belonging to Mr. Williams of Portmizzen, 12 more being affected, and 5 belonging to Mr. Champion of Treator.

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At the same date the disease was raging at St. Austell, LosUvithiel, St. Ives, Penzance, and Heiston. To the last-named place it, was brought by a cow bought at Mitchell Fair, Truro, by Mr. Ilearle of Trenavas. Mr. H. Foster of Castle, a large landowner in the neighbourhood of Lostuitliiel, and having land and herds at Lanwithan, St. Winnow, Colewith, and Laulivcry, had the disease among his herds at each place, and on the previous Sundayand Monday he had (i fine beasts shot and buried.

The following report from Penzance will show the time of the first outbreak there:�

West Pexwitu (Lelant Parish). Pexzasce.�d//-. Ed. Hire.�The Plague appeared on the above farm on November 1st. About 1000 cattle are kept in the parish, and L'3 on the farm, which is somewhat isolated. All the 23 were attacked, 15 died, and 8 were killed. The outbreak was duo to the purchase of two cattle from an infected district. It has not appeared on any other farm. I expect nothing from medicinal preventions, but would theoretically recom�mend tar water, carbonate of ammoriin, and chlorate of potass, wben ill. No insurance society has been formed in the district, but several insure in the quot; Provincial Horse and Cattle Insurance Company,quot; Nottingham.

At the date of the 13th December the Truro district was still losing severely, the Plague being almost generally diffused, and over -10 animals having perished in the course of a week.

In the St. Ives district at the same date the Plague raged in two herds, and 21 animals had perished during ten days.

During the week 8 bad died at Lostwithiel, 5 at Ilelston, and 4 at Padstow,

In the Penzance district two stocks arc reported as infected, the first, that of Mr. Polkingthoruo of Lelant, having apparently caught the Plague from a sow which was seen rubbing itself against a diseased cow, receiving on its skin the discharges from the nose and eyes, and two days afterwards mixed with Mr. I'olkingthorne's cattle. On account of this outbreak the Mayor of Penzance issued an order closing the Borough Market against all live stock until the 13th January.

At St. Austell 2 had died, and several were seized during the week.

During the week ending December lOtli 8 deaths were reported in the Truro district, 9 at Padstow, IT) at Lostwithiel, 20at Peranzabnloe,and 7 at Ludgvan. New outbreaks were reported at St. Minver, Tywardreath, and Philleigh.

During the week ending December 2Gth the Truro district had 22 deaths, the West Penwith 7, and the Padstow and Heiston several each. New out�breaks were reported at St. Columb and at Carlyon in the east of Cornwall.

The report for the week ending January 1st, 18GG, was the worst for this county that had yet appeared, the losses having now amounted to 330, and few pilaces remaining uninfected.

The week ending January 8tb showed no general improvement, though the reports from Padstow and Heiston spoke of the disease as having somewhat

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abated in these localities, rn Trnro 16 beasts Lad died during the week, and

nearly 30 in the vicinity. A new outbreak was reported from Bridgend in the east of Cornwall.

The Privy Council Beturns, January 27tli, report 103 farms to have been affected, containing 2209. Slaughtered healthy, .114; attacked, 811; killed, 102; died, 471; recovered, 90; unaccounted for, 82.

CUMBERLAND.

The Plague was introduced into Cumberland by two short-horn cows, bought about the 5th September in Newcastle, and brought to Carlisle by a dealer, who sold them to two local butchers, Messrs. Wilson and Presoott, at 10/. per head�a figure much below their sound price. The cows were lost sight of from their arrival on Monday till Thursday morning, when they were brought into Carlisle, and placed in a byre in the west eud of the town, being afterwards moved to a field at Etterby Scaur, when they were examined by the two local inspectors, and found affected with Rinderpest. The cattle were killed, and the trucks and byre in which they had been were subjected to a process of disinfection.

On the 20th September a second outbreak took place at Walton, near the market-town of Brampton, in the cast of the county. Two bullocks brought out of Northumberland were pxit to graze in a field along with other cattle, and in a few days first one and then the other were attacked with the Plague : the first died, the second was slaughtered.

Active measures were taken to check the disease, an assurance association was inaugurated, and cattle trade was almost at once at a stand-still, though September is usually one of the busiest months of the year for this trade. The disease appeared to be checked in the districts where it first appeared.

Carlisle Market was closed about the middle of November, but the disease reappeared about the same time on four farms in the vicinity of Carlisle, in connexion with 18 Irish cattle bought in the market before the order for its closure came in force. These cattle it was afterwards found had come imme�diately from Glasgow. These beasts were taken by the purchaser, Mr. Johnson, to his farm; they sickened in a few days, and communicated the disease to his other stock, the whole of which he lost, 29 having died of the disease, and 17 having been killed to prevent its spread. Mr. Edgar, of Neal House, had 2 bullocks in a field adjoining the shed containing Mr. Johnson's cattle, which caught the disease; and some cattle belonging to another farmer in the district, Mr. Armstrong, of Cardewlees, having broken out of their field, and entered that containing Mr. Johnson's cattle, they also became aftected. Mr. Strong, of Battonrow, having driven some cattle past Mr. Johnson's cow-shed while the cattle were tied up in it sick, it soon broke out among them as well. Thus by the 28th November 33 cattle were condemned and destroyed within ten days, and 24, apparently healthy, were slaughtered for meat.

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KoUvitlistamling those active measures, the Plague continned at Cardewlees, Cardeuhall, and Rattenrow, and on the -1th December it broke out in a stock at Campfield, near Bowness-on-Solway, which had been purchased by Mr. John Lawson at Doune Tryst at 21. per head, and turned out to graze on public marshes on the shores of the Solway. The owner in this case consented to the destruction of the whole herd.

An attempt made by Sir Thomas Brisco to raise a fund for the compensa�tion of losers from the Plague broke down from want of support, and though the markets were closed complaints were made of dealers driving stock abont the county and selling them when they could. The Mayor about this time opened Carlisle Market for fat stock to he branded or killed within 24 hours.

By the 18th December in the Orton district (around Mr. Johnson's) 100 cattle had been condemned and destroyed, 40 had died, and about 100 more were slaughtered, apparently healthy, at considerable loss : 5 beasts had reco�vered, and about 12 remained ill. Another outbreak had taken place at Norman, near Caldbeck, where 10 beasts were already dead.

On the 27th December the Plague was still on the increase: 20 cases had occurred in one part of Carlisle in the course of ten days; since the beginning of November l�T had been condemned and slaughtered in the Cumberland ward alone, 123 had been sold, apparently healthy, after the Plague broke out on the farm, 6 had recovered, and 40 remained ill. In the Wiglon district several new cases had also taken place.

dp to January 5th the number of deaths in Cumberland ward since the beginning of November were 300, and 80 remained under treatment. In the Wigton ward there had been 75 deaths, and 40 remained under treatment.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 117 farms to have been affected, containing 2582 cattle. Killed healthy, 273; attacked, 1113 ; killed, 245 ; died, 500 ; recovered, 122; unaccounted for, 24G.

DENBIGH.

The first outbreak in Denbigh appears to have been on the 2nd October in the Wrexham district, and the Plague made rapid progress, the number of deaths weekly rapidly mounting from tens to hundreds. On the 16th De�cember the returns showed 227 deaths during the preceding week, and those of 13tli January reported 292 for a similar period. The stamping-out system had been little tried, most of the beasts being allowed to die.

The following is the report from the Wrexham and Buabon districts up to the middle of November,

Wrexham and Ruabox.�The first, outbreak was on October 2nd; there have been 45 outbreaks in all; 382 beasts were attacked, 271 died, 27 were killed, IG recovered, and 08 remain sick

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 275 farms affected, con�taining 4590 cattle. Killed healthy, 187; attacked, 31G7; killed, 71; died, 2573 ; recovered, 375 ; unaccounted for, 148.

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DE 11 BY.

The PlasTie broke out at Palboton on 12th September in connexion with the purchase of a bullock at Eotherham Market, ami which was put into a pasture along with the cattle that became first affected. It made comparatively little progress, appearing to be kept iu check by the vigorous measures adopted. At the present time (end of January) the Plague has quite disappeared iu North Derbyshire, which had been that affected.

The following is a report up to the lOth December:�

Chesteefield Diviston.�Mr. F. 1:'. Martin.�The Cattle Plague.first appeared on the 12th September at Palboton. It was supposed to be brought by a bullock bought by a butcher at Botherham Fat Cattle Market, which is held every Monday, and turned into a paddock where two animals were kept with a low bad fence between them. The total number of outbreaks has been 14 ; 68 beasts were affected, 32 died, 28 were killed, 8 recovered, and

0nbsp; remain ill. The Plague has subsided here, but is extending at Barlow. An insurance society has been formed at Derby.

Bakewell.�Xo cases. Ko cattle traffic. Insurance associations exist.

Llkstonb.�No Plague as yet.

Ashbourne.�Mr. I'oyser.�No Plague as yet. About 60,000 horned cattle are kept in my district. Its safety seems to lie in its being a breeding and rearing district. The disease is extending in the adjacent county of Stafford. As a prevention I should give 2 to 4 drachms hyposulphite of soda and

1nbsp; or 2 grains white arsenic in gruel and treacle. A cattle assurance association for the county exists.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 45 farms to have been attacked, containing 451 cattle. Killed healthy, 27; attacked, 199 ; killed, 118 ; died, 63 ; recovered, 12 ; unaccounted for, 6.

DEVON.

The disease appeared on the 12th July at Egg Buckland, in some Dutch cattle brought by Mr. Ilolberton, government contractor, and placed in his field there. The next day after the arrival of these oxen 3 of them died, and Mr. Snell, of Coleridge, a neighbouring farm, lent his horse and cart to remove the carcases. Mr. Snell had at the same time 20 cattle in a field separated from that containing Mr. Holberton's Dutch beasts by an iron fence only. Some of these cattle fell ill on the 16th July, and by the 6th August 10 had died, and 9 had been disposed of at low prices to a butcher, while suffering badly from the disease. The only recovery was in the case of the boast first attacked. Mr. Atwill occupied a field on the opposite side of Mr. Holberton's, and there the Plague appeared at the same time, carrying off 11 animals, or all the field contained.

During the last week in August a single case was reported at Brampton Speke. The beast was at once shot and buried.

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Reports from Dartmouth on the 8th September state that several cases had appeared there, traceable to some cattle seut by Mr. Holberton, government contractor, for the supply of llor Majesty's ship 'Britannia.' The bullocks were placed in a slaughter-house which other cattle had to pass daily, and a day after first passing a cow was seized with the Plague, and died in eight days. The other cows sickened in succession, and all died, along with 8 yearlings.

Reports from Egg Buckland, bearing date of September 0th, state that the total losses now amount to 52. A week later the disease was rapidly spreading in this district, new outbreaks having constantly occurred at increasing dis�tances from the original centre.

An outbreak at Fainton is reported as follows:�

Painton.�Mr. Dyer.�Two cows were attacked on the game farm, one on the 21st September, and the other on the 3rd October. Both were killed. No cattle had been purchased for six months, none had been off the form, and neither the owner nor any of his men had been near infected beasts. The other cattle on the farm were divided into half-dozens, and distributed over the farm. To check it I would recommend change of diet and locality.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report 28 farms to have been affected, containing 318 cattle. Killed healthy, 13 ; attacked, 155 ; killed. 40; died, C2; recovered, 20; unaccounted for, 27.

DUMBARTONSHIRE.

On the 19tli September the Plague was reported to have appeared in 9 fat heifers, brought from Mullingar, in Ireland, and sold in Glasgow Market to a Dumbarton butcher, who placed them in a field at Bowling : 0 of the heifers wore killed before showing signs of ill-health, but in a few days the 3 others sickened, and successively died.

By the 3rd November new outbreaks were announced iu different parts of the county : 11 cattle had died in a few days, and 0 more were ill at Knights-wood, in the parish of East Kilpatrick; and several places in the east of the county were declared infected.

On the 20tli November the Plague was reported on the dairy farm at Dumbuek, occupied by Mrs. M'Lea, and next to that on which the disease first appeared three months before. The farm is two miles from Dumbarton, and the premises adjoin the turnpike-road, so that the infection was believed to have been caused by diseased beasts passing. More than a dozen cows died in the course of four days, and 6 of them in one day. By the 12th December the whole of Mrs. M'Lea's stock, with the exception of 2 cows, had perished. At the same date the Plague was pronounced especially destructive in the neighbourhood of Milngavie, one farmer having lost above 40 head of cattle. A new outbreak had also taken place in Mr. Mater's stock, at Cameron, in the parish of Kilmaronock,and 8 beasts had fallen victims. This place was twelve miles from any previously-existing centre of infection.

2 A

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The disease increased in virulence, and spread to an alarming extent, so that l)y the 22iid December in ten farms in a single parish as many as 140 beasts had died, and the Plague was gradually progressing westward.

The Privy Council Ketams, January 27tli, report 06 farms to have been affected, containing 1194 cattle. Killed healthy, 102 ; attacked, 823 ; killed, 17 ; died, 588 ; recovered, 127 ; unaccounted for, 91.

DUMFRIES.

The Plague was reported early in September at Lochmailing, in the parish of Dunscore, but the accuracy of the inspector's decision has been called in question, and it seems probable that it was Lung Disease.

Mr. Hutchinson, of Old Mills, in the parish of Torthorwald, purchased 20 quot;West Highland cattle at the October Falkirk Tryst, and placed them in a meadow on his farm, apart from his other stock. Soon 2 of them began to droop and refuse their food, and died in four days' illness: 3 died the day following, and 2 more two days later: 19 out of the 20 died, and not only conveyed the disease to his other stock, bnt also to that of several of his neigh�bours. The farms of Barnkin, Bush of Craigs, Eirkblane, and liightoun, had each lost several beasts by the 20th November, and the disease was reported on several other larnis bordering the Lochar. Two Highland cattle, believed to have belonged to a lot of 30, out of which Mr, Hutchison's were obtained, and which had been bought by Mr. Sloan, Horseholme, had died, and by the 13th December, out of a stock of 49, he had only two or three qneys, and 16 Highland cattle alive. At East Park, at the same date, Mr. Edgar had only 7 beasts alive out of a herd of 06 ; at Bush Mr. Swan had lost his whole stock of42 Ayrshire cattle; and at liightoun Mr. Haining had lost 33 out of 48. The entire stock were reported to be affected on Kosehall and Acrehead, two of the principal dairy farms in the vicinity of Dumfries; and at East Ilafles, in Mousewald, on several small holdings near Lochar Moss, at Liueluden Mains, on the Stewartry side of the Xith, and at Muiry Hill, in Upper Nithsdale, several cases were reported. During the week ending December 12th there had been 41 deaths and 95 new cases in this district.

In the week ending December 20th eight new farms wore reported affected in the vicinity of those previously attacked, on which the Plague was still proving very destructive. There had been upwards of 40 deaths during the week.

The following week there were 59 deaths in Dumfriesshire, and 12 in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, or 71 in all in the district. Four new farms had been attacked in Lower Nithsdale : several, including Acrehead, had lost their entire stock ; and the disease had attacked the milch cows on the farm of Old Mills, where it first appeared.

The Privy Council Eeturns, January 27th, report 42 farms to have been affected, containing 1150 cattle : killed healthy, 92; attacked, 052 ; killed, 51; died, 532; recovered, 43 ; unaccounted for 21.

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DURHAM.

On the 2nd September the Plague was reported to have destroyed 7 hnllocks on Mr. Carter's farm in the outskirts of Hartlepool. All were foreign cattle, and it is positively stated that they had quot;been imported from Rotterdam. The Plague had also extended to Mr. Carter's milch cows. On the 24th August it had appeared among some foreign beasts on the land of Mr. E. Spence of West Hartlepool.

The Plague continued to � prevail, and by October 3rd as many as 60 beasts had perished of the Plague, or had been killed while suffering from it; and one dairyman, who had been in failing health, and all whoso cattle except one had been lost, died suddenly, death having evidently been accelerated by the sad calamity.

On the 19th September it was reported that a lot of 22 cattle imported from Rotterdam by Messrs. Spence Brothers, cattle-dealers. West Hartlepool, �were observed to be diseased on landing, and were all slaughtered by order of the inspector, the hides and horns being left in the warehouse for disinfection. The same firm imported the first diseased lot at Hartlepool.

South Shields was visited by the Plague about the end of October, 2 cows belonging to Mr. Henderson, Horsley Hill, having been attacked, and 1 having died. The Plague continued to prevail in those localities, and led to consider�able losses.

Early in December an outbreak took place in the Darlington district, and whole herds died out.

The following reports extend to the middle of November :�

Sunderlaxd.�Mr. D. Dud'jeon.�No cases have been met with hero save in butchers' beasts brought from Newcastle Market. These have boon seized on the road and at the railway station, and wore immediately slaughtered, whilst those that had come in contact with them were killed for food before the Plague could be developed.

North Petty Sessional Division of Easington, Houoiiton and Spring.�ilfr. Thomson,.�On the 16th October a case occurred at Great Lumley, which died. On the 21st October it broke out among the cattle of Mr. William Tindall, Ewe Hill Farm ; 19 were attacked, 3 died, 11 were killed, and 5 were slaughtered sound and sold for food. The first cow at�tacked had been bought ten days before. Notwithstanding that she was at once slaughtered and buried, and all loose material that had come in contact with her burned, the Plague attacked his other beasts the following week. The whole district is now clear. Had there been proper facilities for separation, I should have expected good results from ventilation and treatment by laxatives, stimulants, and vegetable and mineral tonics. Cows alone are now being bought in the district, and even they very sparingly.

West Habti-epool.�Mr, H. Peek.�The Plague was first seen in the West Hartlepool district on the 24:111 August, and has now extended to eleven

2 a 2

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farms or cow-slicds, attacking OG cattle, of which, 40 died, 39 were killed, and 17 recovered. There has not hcen a case since the early part of the niontli. Farmers don't buy. I am convinced that the best system would bo to follow the Continental system of killing all the diseased herd, two-thirds the value to be given by Government as Indemnity. Had this been done on the first ap�pearance of the disease hero not 20 animals would have been lost, and the Plague would have been exterminated in a week. Treatment is unsatisfactory. In one instance, I had G recovering out of 12, but, in most cases, I could not get my prescriptions given, the owners preferring to let chemists and quacks try their nostrums. One man bled very severely, taking as much as 20 quarts in three days, but he lost all his cattle.

The Privy Council Returns, January 27th, report G2 farms to have been affected, containing 899 head : killed healthy, 180; attacked, 410: killed, 87; died, 207 ; recovered, G5 ; unaccounted for, 57.

DORSET.

About the 9tli September the Plague broke out at Wyko Regis in Dorset, in close proximity to the slaughter-houses where the beasts are slaughtered for the meat supply of the men on the Government-works at Portland. Mrs. Mary Ward had lost 3 in six days, 2 having died, while 1 was killed by order of the inspector. Mr. Bennett of Dorchester had lost 1 a few days before from Rinderpest.

The total losses in the county, according to the Privy Council Returns, have been 4 killed and 8 dead.

EDINBURGH.

The Rinderpest appeared in at least three different byres in Edinburgh as early as the 9th August, though its presence was denied until the 15th, when it would no longer hide, the three byres in question having been already nearly cleared out. It was introduced by a number of low-priced foreign cows brought from London by an Edinburgh dealer. The cattle wore assiduously treated in the byres in which they were seized, or in adjacent buildings, and in a very short time a number of dairies in each of the three localities and immediately around the first infected byres, were contaminated.

The diseased beasts were conveyed along the public streets in great numbers to be killed in the slaughter-houses, the carcases carried in open carts to the tanners, and at a later date the affected animals were driven or conveyed in an open waggon to the Sanatorium, which was early erected at the expense of the town. Manure was freely taken to the country, and without any disinfection, in farmers' carts, the market was kept open without disinfection, though diseased beasts had been repeatedly exposed in it, and thus, not only did the disease spread rapidly in the. town, but from this as a centre, it quickly spread in all directions into the surrounding country.

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From the primary centres in Thormbauk, M'Dougall-street, and Silvermills, it spread in tliroe weeks to Roseburn, Brongbton, Gauswayside, Tollcross, to all parts indeed of the town; and a census of the city dairy-cows, taken tke last week of Reptcmber, showed a decrease from 1(557, the number on the 17tli August, to 874; a total decrease of 7.^3 in little more than a month. Of these, upwards of 200 had been buried in one trench, many had gone to the knackers, and numbers had gone diseased to the abattoir, though a large margin is still left for such beasts as were sold, bei ire they showed signs of illness, to prevent loss.

The treatment at the Sanatorium was so unsuccessful�there having been from the first an unbroken list of CO deaths, and in the end only 2 or 3 reco�veries�that it was closed in October.

From Edinburgh the Plague passed into the country to Liborton, Corstor-phine, and Saughton, in the course of August, and soon after to Batho, Kirkliston, Cramond, Dundee, Bathgatc, East Linton, West Calder, Cock-pen, amp;c.

In the last week of September the Plague appeared in one byre in Lcith, several cows were slaughtered, and others attacked immediately after put under treatment. The disease soon acquired as wide-spread a prevalence pro�portionately in Leith as it had previously done in Edinburgh.

The Batho and Kirkliston districts each received the disease in one dairy-farm about the middle of October, and it rapidly spread to those around the primary centres, proving so virulent that, in less than a fortnight, whole dairies were cleared out, and in those localities, as well as in most of the other places named, the Plague has proved very fatal up to the present time.

We append a report from the inspector up to the middle of November:�

Ediskurgii and Lisutiicow.

Kirkliston. � Mr, J. Borthmch�The Plague appeared here on the 1st September, and from that time up to the 16th quot;November, 25 stocks have been attacked. All cases were traceable to contagion, except one to which I was called yesterday, and where the owner had not purchased, nor seen the disease before, nor was it in his neighbourhood. About 490 beasts were in the same sheds or fields where the malady appeared, and a largo number were sentio the slaughter-house. The number actually known to bo attacked is 210, of which 128 died, 31 were killed, 38 recovered, and 13 remain sick. Farmers are not buying, but the Plague is extending. My treatment has been, in the first stages, small doses of linseed-oil, and linseed-gruel if the beast will take it. In the later stage, stimulants and tonics. Yet they seem to recover equally well left to nature : thus, out of 10 treated 4 died, 1 was killed, and 5 reco�vered ; while out of 9 not treated, but left in a cold uncomfortable shed, 4 were killed, and 5 recovered.

By the middle of December the numbers attacked in the county amounted to 991, embracing 292 feeding-stock, 557 milch cows, and 142 young stock ;

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while the deaths had been C47, 449 having died and 198 having been slaughtered.

The city of Edinburgh was officially reported to be healthy in the end of January, four-fifths of the dairy cows baying perished. Eeport further states that notwithstanding that a local Order, prohibiting the importation into the town of store cattle, yet the town dairies contain several hundreds more cows than they did a few weeks ago.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks affected, 161: killed healthy, 2770: slaughtered, 714; attacked, 1404; killed, 187; died, 880; recovered, 191; unaccounted for, 146.

ESSEX.

The Plague broke out in this county in tho first week of August, in 2 calves bought at Chelrasford Market, and which contaminated the other stock on the same farm. On the 14th August it was reported in Dengie Hundred, as well as in the neighbourhood of Chelrasford. On the 10th it had appeared at Easton near Dunmow, Ilazleigh, Sandou, and other places. By the 20th it was reported at Dibden, Great and Little Bainficld, Withersfield and Shalford in the Saffron-Waiden district, and at Bobbingworth Hall near Ongar; most of these outbreaks being clearly traceable to recent purchases. On the 30th it was noticed in the forest of Wanstead among a lot of foreign beasts.

On the 7th September it was reported to have broken out near Stratford, and to be spreading in the Ongar district. It had appeared also at Harwich, at Teudring Hundred, and at Komford, in connexion with recent purchases.

The disease continued to prevail in some parts, and towards the end of December it was still existing at Great Bentley, Wix, St. Osyth, amp;c., though its ravages were much more limited than in many other counties.

The following arc reports from different veterinary surgeons in the end of November :�

Dexgie asd Rociiford Hundreds.�Messrs. IT. S, Ilurrdl and Son.�The Plague appeared about the middle of August among cattle recently purchased by R. H. Crabbe, Esq., Fillingham Hall, Mr. W. Meeson of Doggctts, and Mr. James Witney. Tho 18 cattle bought hy the last-named gentleman were placed on a marsh separated only by a ditch from the stock of Mr. W. Allen, and these latter caught the infection from them before they showed any signs of illness. It also spread to another herd of Sir. Allen's in an adjacent marsh, but here it stopped.; Mr. Crabbe's stock (Dengie Hundred) consisted of 6 cows, 1 bull, and 33 young cattle. They were subjected to a tonic treatment, but only 6 survived. Mr. Meeson (Rochford Hundred) had 6 cows and 2 calves attacked ; the former only were treated, yet all died. The 18 purchased by Mr. Witney had laxative and alterative medicines on their arrival, and were sctoned ; 16 took tho Plague. They were treated with vegetable and mineral tonics, permanganate of potass in their water, and nutritive gruels; all reco�vered except 2. The two districts contained several hundred head of cattle.

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In Dengie Handled 34 were attacked and died.

In Rochford Hundred 52 were attacked; 28 died and 24 recovered.

Believe the setoning, amp;c. was beneficial.

The disease is extinguished, and farmers have resolved not to buy. No assurance association has been formed here.

Fkesiiwell.�Mr. 11. M'M.�On the 13tli August the Plague made its appear�ance in this locality, and there have been five outbreaks : 33 cattle have been affected, of which 2G died, 1 was killed, and G recovered: 7 mure were killed in apparent health after exposure to the contagion. The last outbreak was only last week ; no cause was apparent, and it was as virulent as at first, 5 out of (J cows dying in the week. Farmers have been buying Welsh beasts last week without ill results up to this time.

For prevention I would recommend to break the herd up into small lots, afford shelter, and give generous diet. For treatment when the bowels are ehielly affected I give mild doses of alterative medicine, plenty of warm gruel, and attention to comfort. To get a reaction without stimulating the digestive organs would I believe be best secured by the Turkish bath.

Sheep.�Among 85 shearlings bought at Colchester market on Saturday, travelled home (25 miles) so as to arrive on Sundaj-, 2 showed sickness and scouring, and were dead next morning. In ten days 32 were dead. The symptoms were cough, drooping ears, loss of appetite, discharge from the nose, foetid breath, and diarrheca. All the rest were killediby the owner's desire, 27 buried and 26 sent to London market. The owner, Mr. Gibbin, placed these sheep in a pasture separated from that of a Sir. Bavenstock by a river, and from that of a Mr. Augurs by a ditch. The cows of the former were seized with the Plague in ten days and those of the latter in eleven. There was no other visible means of contamination. I have seen other similar cases.

Colchestek.�Mr. Norris.�The first case in this district appeared on the 13th of August: 5 cows, the only ones in the shed, sickened and 3 died; the first recovered with an empiric, the second under treatment by nitric and hydrochloric acids, (30 drops of each thrice daily. The second outbreak took place on the 17th October, 3 out of the 5 on the place sickened, but all recovered. The treatment was by nitric acid, sulphuric a'ther, and gentian. A third outbreak took place on November 7tli; 3 cattle sickened, and all died. Seven others in a shed 50 feet distant have each had a tonic draught since the commencement of the outbreak, and all are healthy j-et (November 25tli). Be�sides the generally recognised symptoms of the disease, a very characteristic one is the swelling of the eyelids and the obliteration of the depression or pit at the inner canthus.

Farmers and dealers are again buying, but I have not traced any recent outbreak to this. An assurance association exists, and appears to work well.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks attacked, 374�comprising 3084 cattle: slaughtered healthy, 403; attacked, 2104; killed, 374; died, 1303; recovered, 260; unaccounted for, 167.

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FIFE.

In Fif'esliirc tlio Plague was first observed on September 14th, on tlie farm of Thornton, tenanted by Mr. Campbell, and close to Thornton Junction of the North British Railway. All the beasts (28) were reared on the place, and the field in which they all wci^-c was on the cast side of the main line of railway, and immediately adjoining it. By the end of the month oidy 5 cattle out of the 28 survived. Three of tbe 5 died later.

About tbe 20th of September another outbreak took place on Major Wilson's farm of quot;Ballo, near Leslie, among some cattle brought from Ireland a week.or ton days before ; one beast was ailing on its arrival. From these it extended in the course of another week to a second herd on tbe same farm, but in a different field. The disease soon spread to Broomhill, in the parish of Salim ; Mackie's Mill, parish of Markwich; Chapel, parish of Abbotshall; and Bullions, parish of Torrybnm ; and Bandon. The disease made great progress at first in the western districts of the county, but towards the middle of December it progressed much more rapidly in the east as well, so that towards the end of tbe month it existed more or less in almost all parts of the county. At this time it was reported that over a wide stretch of country from Thornton to Kingskettle few farms had escaped.

Privy Council lietnrns, January 27tb. Farms attacked, 259�containing 6891 cattle: killed healthy, 1265; attacked, 3821; killed, 94; died, 2475; recovered, 922 ; unaccounted for, 330.

FLINT.

This county was involved early in October, though the Plague made little progress till the end of Xovember, since which time the losses have been large.

Privy Council lleturns, January 27th. Firms affected, 248�containing 3950 head of cattle: killed healthy, 183 ; attacked, 2058; killed, 30; died, 1149 ; recovered, 246; unaccounted for, 333.

FOEFAB.

The Plague was conveyed into Forfarshire by a lot of 200 stirks brought from the September Falkirk Tryst, and placed on four different farms in the neighbourhood of Brecbin. The disease showed itself at the end of four days, and in the course of a week after some eight or nine farms in all bad been affected. It had previously appeared on the 12th September in Dundee in a byre adjoining a park into which some stock from Edinburgh had been put, but it did not at that time spread further in that town, though in a subsequent outbreak it proved very fatal.

In the first week of October the Plague broke out in the vicinity of Arbroatli among a lot of 10 Irish stots, bought at Forfar Market by Mr. Kyd of New-barns, parish of Invcrkeillor. About the same time it broke out in the vicinity

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of Montrosc, and soon spread over the whole county, giving rise to very exten�sive losses. The various outbreaks were nearly all clearly traceable to cattle iKnight at Falkirk Tryst, and the rapid spread of the disease was largely due to the treatment of the malady which was all but universally adopted.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Herds attacked, 884�containing 21,770 head of cattle; killed healthy, 4187; attacked, 10,099; killed, 1013; died, 5G89; recovered, 2157; unaccounted for, 1240.

GLOUOESTEESHIBE.

The disease appeared in the vale of the Severn on the 14th of September, and various outbreaks were reported soon after in different parts of this county. By the middle of December it was stated that at Upton, Beach, amp;c., in the parish of Bilton, more than 200 cattle had died, involving a loss of upwards of 2000?. This loss fell chiefly on dairy farmers, whoso whole means nearly con�sisted of cattle.

By the middle of December it was reported on several farms in the vicinity of Mabneshury.

Lawford's Gate. � Mr. leigh. � The first case was on the 14th Sep�tember. On the places infected there were about oOO head of cattle; 108 have been attacked, GO died and 48 were killed. The malady is extending, and farmers won't venture to buy till spring. An assurance society exists hero. All the cases I have seen proved fatal. I give the best of good hay and corn ad libitum to prevent.

Stow-ox-the-Wold.�Mr. li. G. Veniey.�Tho Plague has not yet ap�peared in this district. All fairs and markets are suspended, and no business is transacted.

Tewkesbuuv, Bouougii of.�Mr, It. 11'. Thomas.�'The Plague appeared here on October 8th inl beast, which died. Tho stock in the locality amounts to about 150. After the disease has made its appearance, treatment seems useless. Fanners don't buy any. There is a county mutual assurance associ�ation at Gloucester.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 14�containing 359 head of cattle; killed healthy, 23; attacked, 84; killed, 50; died 20; re�covered, 3 ; unaccounted for, 5.

HADDINGTON.

The Plague appeared near Fast Linton on the 20th of August among newly-bought stock, and though these were sent back to Edinburgh, an adjoining farm became affected, as seen below.

Early in Xovember it appeared on the farm of Elphinston Tower, near Tranent, among Irish oxen put there to graze. By the. 14th, 108 had either died or been killed, in consequence of showing symptoms of Plague, which had also spread to the farmer's (Mr. Fortune's) own cows.

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In the course of October it broke out on the farm of Barney Mains, in the HaJdington district, and proved very fatal. It was not known how this out�break origiuateJ, as there bad been no purchases. During November it showed itself in the stock on AthelstaneforJ Mains, and proved very destructive ; and early in December the neighbouring farms of Markle and Brownrig, in the parish of 1'iestonkirk, caught the infection. These farms lie to the north-east of AthelstaneforJ Mains, and the prevailing winds having been from the south�west the infection was suggested to have travelled in this way. Another farm, still to the north-east, in the parish of Wbitekirk has now been attacked.

The following is from a report by the district inspector, Mr. Storrie: �

E. Lintok.�Mr. Storrie.�The Plague broke out on the farm of Stonelaws among 11 heifers, purchased from an Edinburgh dealer on the 23rd, with a warranty : 1 was killed and 10 returned on the 'J8th. A second outbreak took place on the adjoining farm of Bedside. In all 25 were attacked, of winch 18 died, 2 were killed, and 5 recovered. Some won't buy at present, while others buy a third, a half, or even the full amount of their usual stock. Ko ill effects have followed in this district, but within a few miles of me a stock of 85 are almost all dead. Xo assurance association exists.

Privy Council Returns, January 2Ttb. Farms affected, 72�containing 1529 cattle : killed healthy, 372; attacked, 612; killed, 31; died, 405; re�covered, 40 ; unaccounted for, 74.

HAMPSHIRE.

In the second week of September, 1 of a lot of 9 cattle from Barnet fair died on the road at Atterburn, near Winchester. The remaining 8 were found in Amuficld Wood, 3 of them being sick. They were put in quarantine in the wood, and thus kept from contact with other stock.

By the 25th 20 beasts had perished out uf a lot of polled Scots also pur�chased at Barnet fair, by W. H. S. Stanley, Esq., of Paulton, near Poinsey, and in the Isle of Wight several farms were attacked.

The first outbreak in the county would however appear to have been in the end of July, as will appear from the following remarks supplied in November by the inspector in the Isle of Wight, where the malady has since been got rid of.

Isle of Wight.�Mr. E. Wheeler,�The first case appeared about the 25th July, having been brought by contractors' cattle from London market. There have been 13 outbreaks, 105 animals have been attacked, 75 have died, 3 were killed, 25 recovered, and 2 remain sick.

Southampton, Basisgstoke.�Here the Plague broke out in the end of Julv. There were two outbreaks, in which 10 cattle died and 3 were killed. The infected locality contained about 300 head. Fanners agreed to buy none for three months, and meantime the Plague is diminishing in virulence. There is no assurance association.

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Petty Sessional Division of Winchester and Citvt op Winchester. �Mr. Bedford.�The Plague appeared on a small farm on 2Cth September. Three were attacked and died, and 2 more were killed in apparent health. No case has occurred since October 7th. The cattle fairs have been stopped.

Southampton and IlAMrsiiiRB, Alton.�Mr. Charles 8. Green.�The Plague appeared hero September 28th; 3 herds were attacked in localities containing 400 beasts, 10 sickened, 7 died, 2 were killed, and 1 recovered. The district is now clear. No purchases are made. In treatment, stimulating medicines are to be condemned.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks attacked, 50�containing 621 head : slaughtered healthy, 58 : attacked, 269; killed, 63; died, 171; re�covered, 25 ; unaccounted for, 10.

HEREFORD.

BeWs Messenger of 23rd November remarks on the authority of Mr. Duckham, of Bagshaw Court:�

quot; The first case occurred on September 14th, and although the man who lost that animal believed it to be the Plague, and the subsequent sufferers and others repeatedly entreated the magistracy to call in a qualified inspector, no steps were taken for two months ; and it was not until Friday the 17th inst. that Professor Simonds's opinion was taken, when he pronounced it decidedly Plague. Unfortunately several small herds have been completely swept away, and 39 valuable animals belonging to Mr. Dart, of Morcton Jeffries, have fallen victims to this direful calamity ; and wc are sorry to hear 40 more of that gentleman's valuable herd are ill. The animal causing these losses was a bull, and he had been traced as coming from London to the Hereford Market, So much for keeping markets open with such an infectious and fatal malady in the kingdom.quot;

Reports on 9th January state that the Plague had proved very disastrous in the neighbourhood of Broomyard within the past few weeks. Mr. Dent, of Morcton Jeffries, had lost 90 to 100 head ; Mr. Gooch, of Felton, the whole of his herd, and Mr. Owers, of Irington Bury, near Leominster, had had 50 deaths out of 51; some of his cattle having been purchased at from 50 to 80 guineas each. Others had suffered in proportionate amounts.

By the latest accounts the Plague appears to bo increasing in this county.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 45�containing 667 head of cattle : killed healthy, 18 ; attacked, 539; killed, 47; died, 390; recovered, 38; unaccounted for, 64.

HERTFORDSHIRE.

'The following report will show how early this county was affected :� H. Hempsted, Great BicRKnAMrsTEAi) and Thing.�Mr. A Prudames* �The disease appeared here the last week in August, and there have now

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been three outbreaks ; 10 cows were attacked, 8 of which died and 2 recovered, 5 having bad the full benefit of treatment. In addition about 10 calves perished. Few and cautious purchases without ill results. The Plague has disappeared at present. Tonics such as iron I think useful as preventives, and in the first stages give diuretics with a laxative, followed by stimulants and tonics. Cattle are insured in the Hertford Insurance Company.

On the 26tli November it was reported as existing between Ilitchiu and Stevenage, and has more or less prevailed since.

Privy Council Ileturns, January 27th. Farms attacked, -19�containing OTT : killed healthy, 79 ; attacked, 3GT ; killed, CO ; died, 252 ; recovered, 35 ; unaccounted for, 14.

HUNTINGDONSIIIHE.

The Plague was reported to have committed some ravages on the fen and lowland parts of Huntingdon as early as the 15th August. It was supposed to have been caught from diseased beasts brought to St. Ives Market. The verity of this report was afterwards called in question.

About the 20th October it broke out at Lilbrook, near Kimboltou, among some cattle bought at Leicester Fair. It appeared about the same time at Whittlesea.

The Plague prevailed for a length of time, and proved exceedingly disastrous in the vicinity of Kimboltou.

The following report indicates another outbreak in the vicinity of St. Ives, at a later date :�

St. Ives.�Mr. Cr. Waters.�About the 28th November Rinderpest appeared in a bullock, about two miles from the village of Garith, in the vicinity of which about 100 bullocks are pastured. It rapidly spread; and it is no un�common thing for the farmers in the neighbourhood to find several of their cattle dead in the fields in the morning, though the previous night they had only slight scouring,

Privy Council Ileturns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 272�containing 4473 head of cattle ; killed healthy, G29 ; attacked, 19G7 ; killed, 219 j diedquot; 1524 ; recovered, 92 ; unaccounted for, 132.

KENT.

Greenwich seems to have been as early involved as London from the same cause, and large numbers were lost. The next outbreak was at Dover on the llth July, caused by 12 cows sent down from London. Another outbreak near Canterbury was duo to 4 Dutch calves brought, from the London Market, and the whole home stock except 1 soon perished. It had appeared early in August at Deal and Walmer, in connexion, it was believed, with diseased cattle brought by Government contractors for the supply of the troops, and which were sent by rail to Shepherd's Well, and thence travelled to their desti�nation.

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The Plague jiroved very destructive on the forms where it first appeared, some holders having by the middle of September lost 100 head each ; yet the malady was still coofined to isolated spots, and appeared to be disappearing in some districts.

At Rltham it appeared ou the 3rd August among a large lot of cattle allowed to graze on a common, and proved very destructive.

The following reports are up to the middle of November:�

Greenwich.�Mr.H. W, Pink.�Little can be learned from the co\v-keepera_ The outbreak took place simultaneously with that in London. At that time about 700 cows were in my district, and now there is not over half that number; but it is impossible to say how many died, bow many were killed, and how many sold. The cow-keepers are buying in fresh stock, but as far as I know the disease has not reappeared even where it proved most fatal.

Dovek.�Mr. W, II. Buhner.�The first outbreak in this district was on the 11th July. There have been four distinct outbreaks in all, the total number of infected animals having been IG, of which 3 died and 13 were killed. Dairymen are buying cautiously but with good result, and the Plague is diminishing. The Norfolk Insurance Company have opened a branch here.

Eochesteb axi) North Aylesfokd.�The first outbreak was on 12th August; 6 outbreaks have occurred, 31 animals were affected, 20 died, 10 were killed, 5 recovered without treatment. Ko treatment has appeared to do good. It seems to be subsiding. A few purchases have been made into the district without ill effects.

Gravesexu.�Mr. T. J. I'oulton.�On 18th August I was appointed inspector in consequence of having applied for an order to bury a cow that had died of the Plague the previous evening. In a second dairy of 2 cows, separated from this one by a slaughter-house, 1 was ill. One of two dairymen who herded their cows together had previously bought a bull at Eomford Market; it sickened and died, as did also their other cattle. There have been 7 outbreaks, and 4 cows from the Metropolitan Market were found affected on their arrival by railway. Tire infected dairies contained 74 cattle, of which 31 were affected, 26 died, 13 were killed, 3 recovered, and 25 cows, 1 bull, and 3 calves did not take the disease. None now remain sick.

Dairymen shun the Metropolitan Market, but buy elsewhere without pro�pagating the disease. For the last fortnight we have not had a case, not oven by rail. Much good may be done by isolation. The fatality has been mostly in crowded byres. Chalybeate water seems serviceable. One farmer lost 2 cows, and gave rusty iron water to the 3 others; they remained healthy, although he frequently passed from the infected animals to these, and milked them twice daily. Another farmer lost 3 only out of a stock of 28. In the cases of 4 cows which died, 1 of the calves sucking them died, and the 3 others escaped.

Ashfoud.�-li/'. Fordham.�The Plague appeared in this district on August 17th, and since then there have been 3 outbreaks, 11 animals have been attacked, 4 of which died, and 7 were killed. Fanners are not buying.

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I boliove that the Plague would be loss deadly in cattle at pasture if the healthy were removed to fresh pasture, and put in small lots as soon as disease appeared. Thus on the first outbreak, August 17th, only 5 cows died; the last was on October 5th, and there were intervals of from seven to ten days between each case, and this notwithstanding that no separation was had resort to.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 259�containing 288(5 cattle: killed healthy, 349 ; attacked, 1486 ; killed, 356; died, 980 ; recovered, 84 ; unaccounted for, 57.

KINCARDINE.

This county was implicated early in October, and has suffered severely since the middle of December. The last Returns show that 64 stocks have been implicated, containing 1905 beasts: 78 were killed healthy: 876 were attacked; 157 were killed; 386 died; 111 recovered; and 222 are unaccounted for. The increase during the last week was 71 cases.

KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

This county was first attacked in the beginning of December. Three farms have been attacked, containing 96 cattle: 15 beasts were killed healthy; 45 sickened; 7 were killed ; 27 died; 4 recovered, and 7 are unaccounted for.

KINROSS.

The disease was first reported in Kinrossshire on the 10th October, having appeared on the estate of Kinneston, where at the end of two months 21 had died and 12 had recovered. By the 10th November it had appeared among some cattle belonging to Mr. Stevens on the farm of Cavilstone. In the course of December it spread to several other places in the east of the county, and led to considerable losses. The Plague appears to be spreading at the present time.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms invaded, 24, with a stock of 808: killed healthy, 68; attacked, 378; killed, 2; died, 218; recovered, 48; unaccounted for, 110.

LANARK.

On the 19th August the first case of the Plague observed in Glasgow was seen in a cow sent from Edinburgh. The entrails were destroyed, and the carcase passed into consumption. The constant transit of cattle from Edinburgh to Glasgow markets led to the appearance of new cases in quick succession, and by the 30th September 432 beasts had been attacked, of which nearly all died or were killed. It spread rapidly in the Glasgow dairies, and in the middle of October several cases occurred in the dairy of Mr. Harvey, whose stock amounted to about 800. Hero it proved very fatal, as many as 25

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having died in one niglit; and to avoid further loss tlie owner disposed of tliem beforo they were seized, parting on one occasion with as many as 50 in one day.

By the end of October every part of the town was contaminated, and si'eat losses had resulted. Seventy beasts had been treated at a sanatorium, aud of these 31 were now reported well, the remainder having died.

It prevails with varying fatality up to the present time, and as in Edinburgh has been the means of spreading contagion into the immediately surrounding district as well as into more distant localities.

The Plague appeared in the vicinity of Airdrie about the Oth October on the farm of Faskim, tenanted by Mr. John Fleming, and in ten days 13 out of a stock of 21 had been swept off, the remaining 8 being so bad that they were not expected to live. One case bad also appeared at this time at Cairuhill. It soon spread to neighbouring farms, and acquired an extensive prevalence in the district.

In Cambuslang parish the disease appeared in October, and proved very destructive, a number of dairies and farms having been attacked by the end of November.

An outbreak took place in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire on the 15th November in the model dairy of INliss Edmonston Cranstouu of Corehouse. The whole dairy of 48 cows were almost sinmltaneously affected, and in little over a week only 5 remained, which however ultimately recovered. The con�tagion was believed to have been carried from Glasgow by the boxes sent there with the butter, more especially as these had to stand over-night in a butcher's shop on their way home.

Privy Council 1'eturns, January 27th. Stocks invaded, 282�containing 5107 head: killed healthy, 517; attacked, 4371; killed, 1570; died, 1954; recovered, 416 ; unaccounted for, 431.

LANCASHIRE.

In the last week of August the Plague appeared on the farm of Mr. Hunt near Preston in two foreign oxen bought the day before at a local market. They had been kept separate from the other stock, and were buried in their hides with lime. A farmer at Brindle had bought five oxen from the same lot, and 2 of them wore already dead. At the same date two cases were reported at Liverpool. Several additional outbreaks took place near Preston, one case being traced to Scotch cattle.

The disease prevailed extensively for some time in and near Preston, but by the 22nd December scorned to have disappeared, having however extended farther into the country. At this time it existed at Penwortham, Howick, and Hesketh Bank, districts within a short distance of Preston.

On the 22nd September it was reported that 3 beasts bought by a butcher in the Cattle Market had died from the disease. Also that 5 Dutch cattle im�ported via Leith bad been slaughtered in Liverpool while suffering from the

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disease. The Plague spread fo Wavertree and oilier places in the vicinity of Liverpool, and led to considerable losses. Cases occurred near Manchester on October 12th.

An outbreak at Leigh led to considerable losses, and on January 8th the Plague spread thence to Wigan, where several farms were affected. Two new outbreaks at the same date near Preston were promptly checked by the .slaughter of all beasts on the premises where the malady had appeared.

The following reports arc up to the latter part of November :�#9632;

Wavertkee, neaii LIVERPOOL.�J\fi: ('. Twist.�This district contains few cattle, having little pasture laud. Twenty-six cases have occurred in all, 1(1 have died, 3 were killed, 5 recovered, and 2 remain sick. It was caused by cattle brought through the district from Liverpool to market, which is a short distance from Wavertree. When a case occurs 1 recommend that the healthy animals be sent to the butcher. Treatment has been by tonics, ale, �:c. Farmers are buying nothing at present. An attempt is being made to establish an insurance association.

Borough of Liverpool.�The first case was seen on 31st August, and since then 47 cattle suffering from the disease have died or been slaughtered, lu addition upwards of 250 cows have been hurried off to the shambles, to escape the certain destruction which would have ensued by keeping them in infected places.

Okmskirk.�The Plague has only appeared on one farm. The first case happened on 4th November; 9 were affected, 5 died, and 4 were killed. It was brought by 3 rearing calves bought in Liverpool. Purchasers are very cautious. The prompt slaughter of the infected seems to have stamped out the Plague. An assurance association exists in the district.

Over Daewen District.�The first outbreak in the district was on Sep�tember f2th, another on the 24th September, and a third on the 1st October: 85 cattle were attacked, of which �l died and 4 recovered; 30 were killed healthy, and 6 or 7 escaped taking the Plague. No farmers are buying. The Plague is diminishing here, but spreading in the adjoining district. Several assurance societies exist.

Pkeston.�Here the Plague appeared in the latter end of August, and there have been nine outbreaks in all ; 37 beasts were attacked, 21 died, 9 were killed, and 7 recovered. It has now ceased. Farmers are not buying. 1 used car�bolic acid as a disinfectant, and gave it internally, with apparent benefit, in combination with iron and potass.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 325�containing 3517 cattle: slaughtered healthy, 720; attacked, 1625; killed, 329; died, 883; recovered, 154; unaccounted for, 259.

LEICESTEESHIEE.

The county of Leicester remained almost free from the Plague until December 20th, when it broke out among 10 young heifers at Leine, four miles

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from Lutterwortli. It has not yet attained any wide prevalence, but lias been almost entirely confined to isolated farms.

Leicester.�Mr. M. Hack,�In this district the Plague has appeared in one isolated animal oidy, on the 25th August. It was slaughtered. Cattle bought in Leicester Fair since have taken the Rinderpest, but none in this district. An assurance association has been started stipulating for the immediate destruction of all infected cattle.

Privy Conncil Betorns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 37�containing 811 head of cattle: killed healthy, 48; attacked, 202; killed, 52; died, 113; recovered, 21; not accounted for, 10.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

The first outbreak in the county appears to have been on the 21st September in the neighbourhood of Brigs. It led to considerable losses; and in the course of November the Plague appeared also in the Grantliam and Sleaford districts, and spread through a great part of the county. Near Stamford and Spalding the losses during November was very great, instances having been met in which large stocks had been almost entirely destroyed.

The report on January 6th says :�

The disease has made its appearance in the ncighbonrhood of Market Basen: I stock affected, 15 animals dead. In the Louth district: G stocks affected, 4G deaths. About Alford : 4 stocks, 7 deaths.

In the Trentside district the disease is still extending: 3 stocks, 188 deaths. About Stamford the disease does not appear to be so violent.

Mr. Harris of Irnham has lost his whole herd, except one cow. Boston dis�trict : 7 stocks, 11 deaths. Long Sutton district: 13 stocks, 116 deaths. The deaths in the Spalding district during the week are returned thus :� Spalding, 4 ; Pinchbeck, 1.1; Cowpit, 11; Westen, 6; Whaplode, 1; Deeping St. Nicholas, 15 ; Moulton, 16. Bound Market Deeping the disease is making sad havoc: 10 stocks, 123 deaths.

The disease has prevailed with terrible virulence in the village of Scredington. In all 45 animals have died, of which 34 are owned by Mr. Gordon alone.

The Plague continues to spread in Lincolnshire, and the number of cases goes on increasing.

Bostos.�Mr. Dickinson.�The nearest place infected was East Fen, about twelve miles from Boston. The farmer (Mr. Carter) bought 3 cows in poor condition, at Partney Pair, to feed. The disease broke out about seven days after, 12 died and were buried, and the remainder were killed and sold, some coming to Boston. On November 14th I seized and ordered the burial with lime of the feet of 6 cattle ; and I think much danger results from the trade in hides and feet, as it can't be said whether they are from healthy animals.

Grimsby.�Mr. Wentworth.�No Plague yet exists here, nor in the Bradley Ilaverston division of the county. As a preventive I would theoretically recommend oil of turpentine in three-ounce doses twice daily.

2 B

370

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Grantiiam.�Mr. J. Batchchhr.�No case lias, I boliove, occuvred within a radius of twenty miles of Grantham. It is very virulent at Peterborov^fa, the outbreak being attributed to the October Fair. Fairs and markets for store cattle are stopped. An assurance association lias been founded here.

Bums.�il//'. J. M'lhigh.�The Plague appeared on September 21st in 17 newly-bought animals. There have been five outbreaks in districts containing 1000 head of cattle; 5fl beasts sickened, 28 died, 18 were killed, 0 recovered, and 4 remain sick. The cattle trade is at a standstill. I would suggest that Government should appoint, and pay permanently, veterinary surgeons effec�tually to stop the extension of the Plague. Farmers like things cheap, hence the great evil done by general treatment of quacks.

Privy Council Itetunis, January 27th. Farms attacked, 025�containing 9159 beasts: slaughtered healthy, 978; attacked, 4086; killed, 393; died, 2923; recovered, 345 ; unaccounted for, 419.

LINLITHGOW.

The farm of Dykeside in the vicinity of Bathgate seems to have been the first seat of the Plague in West Lothian. It appeared on the 20tli September in a lot of 14 cattle bred on the place by the tenant, Mr. James Russell, The cause of the outbreak appeared to be a lot of lambs which Mr. Russell bought in Edinburgh a week before, and put to graze in the same field with these stock. It rapidly spread to other lots of cattle on the same farm, and in the course of October and November extended to neighbouring farms, including some in the parishes of Livingston, Blackburn, Crofthead, and Torphiohen.

About the 1st October the Rinderpest appeared in a dairy near Kirkliston. The first ease was followed a week later by several others, and, by the end of October, 16 out of the 21 animals wore dead, 2 out of the 5 that recovered being Dutch cows. About the Tth October a lot of bullocks in the vicinity were attacked, and most of them died. By the middle of December it was reported as less virulent, though new stocks were still being affected.

At the same date it still prevailed, and continued to spread in the Bathgate district.

Privy Council Returns, January 27tli. Farms invaded, 41�containing 1045 cattle: killed healthy, 273; attacked, G24; killed, 44; died, 478; recovered, 7G; not accounted for, 26.

METROPOLITAN DISTRICT.

This is the Metropolitan Police District, which includes the whole of the county of Middlesex, and parts of the counties of Essex, Herts, Kent, and Surrey. It was the first part of the United Kingdom involved in disease. In the foregoing pages a statement is made of the earliest appearance of the Plague in the Metropolitan Market, and of its manifestation in Lambeth, Islington, and Hackney. Soon after these outbreaks the disease appeared

ITS HISTORY IN 1800 AND 180laquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;o71

most rife in and near the Essex Marshes. Dairymen having stock at pasture in the marshes sustained terrible losses, and the sick cattle were sold, as soon as symptoms appeared, in the metropolitan or other markets. Most of the London parishes were visited at once by the Plague. It did not cross the Thames until late in August, and spared Paddington through the entire period of its continuance in 18C5. The Government experiments conducted in the Albert Veterinary College, Queen's lioad, Bayswater, led to an outbreak in a dairy adjoining towards the end of January. In the first Report published by the Privy Council, in November, the total number of diseased animals reported since the commencement of the Plague was �718, out of 10,000. There were slaughtered 2749, 2278 died, and only 138 recovered, leaving 553 on the sick-list. This Report was most inaccurate, and I have failed to get any reliable statement on the subject. The last Report, issued on the 1st of February, 18G�, states that 7474 animals had been attacked, out of a total of 12,460. The slaughtered animals numbered 3149, those that died 3408, and the re�covered only 315, leaving C02 unaccounted for. I should say that these numbers indicate little more than half the truth.

NORFOLK.

The Plague appeared in Norfolk on the 2nd of July at Reopham and North quot;Walsham, and by the 10th August had attained to most startling dimensions in the districts of Trunch, Swafield, North Walsham, Wood Dalling, Foul-sham, Guist, Thimblethorpe, amp;c. At North Walsham there were six occupa�tions infected ; in one case, several carcases had been thrown into a pit, and covered by twigs, amp;c., but without earth. The outbreaks were all traceable to cattle from London brought on the premises or passing them.

By the 20th August the Plague was reported as still prevailing with great severity. New outbreaks had taken place at Burgh St. Peter, Gorleston, Wraxham, Burgh near Acle, Attlebridge, Somerleyton, Mundesley near Lyng, and at Horsted, seven miles from Norwich.

On the 5th September the Plague was reported to lie on the decrease, but the improvement was only temporary. It received a new accession of force, and committed such ravages that, by the 25th November, the Cattle Plague Association, which reimbursed losers onl3' to the extent of two-thirds the value, voted in one week over 1000?. The following week not less than llCSi'. was allowed after salvage had been deducted, the largest sum paid in one week since the commencement of the Society iu August. The following week the sum of 1055Z. was allowed, while claims for 1600?. stood over for considera�tion. On tnc week ending December 24th, 17847. had been paid in compen�sation, and the balance in hand had dwindled down to 4717?., 9449?. having been already paid to losers. The following figures show the amount of claims for compensation admitted by the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association, and afford a tolerable indication as to the progress of the disease :�

2 b 2

372nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.


Week ending	Auimal�.	Am	ount
September (!.	15	�84	6	8
� 18.	23	156	4	4
� 20.	17	108	2	0
� 27.	88	579	8	0
October 4.	48	235	13	0
� U.	21	171	13	4
� 18.	22	189	0	0
� 25.	07	442	9	3
November 1.	24	205	9	0
8.	103	725	IG	3
� 10.	64	287	in	0
22.	im	1031	12	3
29.	17:!	lie's	5	4
Deeembex G.	177	1035	7	4
18.	182	1113	15	11
� 20.	201 1386	1734	�J	5
Total	201 1386	. �9313	IG	1

On the 17th August and the 1st September respectively the lamb disease, #9632;which gave rise to so much discussion, broke out at Mr. Temple's farm of Blakeney, and Mr. Harvey's of Crown Point. In the former case, the sheep wore supposed to have conveyed the disease to the cattle, inasmuch as that ten days after the former had last come in contact with the lambs, the first cow was seized with Binderpest, and the place was fourteen miles from any previously existing centre of contagion : 46 out of 120 lambs died or were killed. At Crown Point it is remarkable that the lambs were attacked before any cattle on the place had been, and this notwithstanding that they had been on Crown Point since the previous spring.

Korth Walsuau, Tunstead, and Happing.�The Plague first appeared on the 9tli July in foreign beasts, bought, in Norwich Market on July 1st. It broke out on twenty-three different farms, attacking 176 head, of which 91 died, 62 were killed, 21 recovered, and 1 still remains. Its virulence seems abating. Farmers are still buying cautiously from Ireland and other grazing districts. When Norwich Market was reopened after six weeks' closure the Plague was spread in every direction. Curative measures have been unsatis�factory, homoeopathic and otherwise.

Brothebokoss, Smithdon, and iSToRTH Gkeeniioe.�Mr. James Wright.� The first case was on September 17th. About 100 head of cattle existed in the locality, 10 were attacked, and all were killed at once. Farmers have bought very sparingly, but with good results. All join the Norwich Assurance Society.

East Flegg Hundred, Yarmouth, Part of Mutford (Lottinoland Hundred, Suffolk).�Mr. W. Shipley.�The Plague appeared on the 22nd August, and since then there have been fifteen different outbreaks: 98 beasts have been attacked; 12 died, 76 were killed, 7 recovered, and 3 remain sick.

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There is mucli loss cattle in tlie district than is usual at this season, and few will Imy. I have not seen bad results from this cause. The disease is ox-tending, but the cases are not so severe as at first. All recoveries that I have seen would have taken place equally, I am convinced, without medicinal agents. There is an insurance society for Flegg Hundred and Norfolk generally.

Holt and North Gueeshoe.�The Plague appeared here on the Oth September, and there have been four outbreaks in all in localities containing about 150 head of cattle : 39 have been affected, 38 of which are dead, and 1 remains sick: 33 beasts were killed, about half of these before showing symptoms of the disease, as they were good fat. Within the last few days I have seen milder cases than previously. An assurance association has been formed, but the funds will soon be exhausted. Farmers are purchasing stock bought from Denmark without getting the disease.

Swaffiiam.�The Rinderpest appeared here on the IGth September, and there have been 19 cattle affected. Out of these 7 died, 8 were slaughtered, and 4 recovered. Buying is stopped, and so is the disease. I have not had a case since October 21st. I have promised my employers not to treat any cases, and thus to prevent contagion.

Bi.oFiF.r.D.�Mr. Julin Dovend.�The first cases were seen on the 21st August, and there have been six outbreaks. The infected localities contain 889 head of cattle; of which 39 have been affected, 11 died, and 28 were killed. A few slots have been recently bought without taking the Plague. Only four cases have occurred in the nineteen parishes composing my district since October 4th, and at present we are perfectly clean. As prophylactics I have given :�Potas. nit. et ol. terebinth internally, and tar ct calx-chlor. externally, with success. Treatment objectionable. Farmers insure in the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association.

DOCKEMSG, HUXDREDS OF FrEERBRIOII LyXN, SmITHBON, AXD BBOTHEB-

ceoss.�Mr. TF. Chambers.�The Plague was brought to the neighbourhood by 13 Irish steers purchased by Mr. Balwin at Falkenham Market, and driven to Dressingham. The disease appeared among them in a few days, on the 21st October, and as nothing was done by the owner to check it, spread in all directions, and eleven outbreaks can be traced to these, viz. :�Jlr. Mitchell and Mr. Gayford, Wolferton; and Miss Bussy, Mr. Burns, Mr. Man, Mr. Petie, Prince of Wales, Mr. Piches, and Mr. Flits, at Dressingham; and Mr. 1'atrie, Ingoldiesthorpe. Altogether, 58 head fell victims, and no treatment seemed of use though I tried many methods: CO cattle were attacked; 23 died, 3(5 were slaughtered, 1 recovered, and 2 remain sick. Farmers still buy, and I only know of one outbreak owing to this. The Plague is at present extending.

Walton.�Mr, J. 8. Worm.�No Plague has occurred in my district, chiefly, I believe, owing to strict attention to precautionary measures, and particu�larly the avoidance of all purchases, which I strongly impressed on all.

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Almost all cases in the county are traceable to cattle from Norwich, which is the great hot-bed of the disease in Norfolk. A few purchases made within the last month still remain healthy. As a pre\-entive I would allow no cattle to be removed alive from their present situation.

I have seen many cases of Plague, and have lately had several animals which showed symptoms very similar to, if not identical with that disease, from eating beet, and from the excessively wet weather. All recovered.

Bale, Thetford.�Mr. J. Ilamiaoud. � I have seen sad losses among bullocks from the disease being communicated by sheep, viz., at Blakeney and Sharham, Norfolk. The outbreak at the latter place was entirely owing to the owner disbelieving that sheep would take the Plague. The result is that a valuable lot of sheep and bullocks is now affected.

Privy Council Returns, January 27lh. Farms attacked, 55(1�containing 8213 cattle: killed healthy, 500; attacked, 40(33 ; killed, 1865; dead, 1791; recovered, 137; unaccounted for, 270.

NOETHAMPTONSHIKE.

NOBTHAMPTON,�Mr. Garrott.�The Plague first appeared on the 23rd August in 2 cows sent by a cow-dealer in London to a butcher in North�ampton. They were stopped at the railway-station, and proving decidedly diseased were killed and buried. The same day 2 cows bought in London the previous Monday were sold by auction in the market-place. On examination they were found diseased, and were placed in an isolated byre until next day, when the symptoms being unmistakable, they were destroyed. A cow that had grazed with the latter was also killed, and its fourth stomach presented spots of uloeration. All trade in store beasts is stopped, even fat beasts and sheep are debarred from the markets and lairs. Cattle are generally insured and as three-fourths of the value is allowed it is to the owner's interest to kill his animals when attacked. But that the owners destroy them, many would probably be cured.

WEr.niXGBOEOUdii.�Mr. If. Aris.� No cases have occurred in this dis�trict, but heavy losses have been sustained in the Northampton, Ketterins, Daventry, and Towcester districts, in all cases traceable to diseased cattle brought into the localities. I consider the suspension of all fairs, markets itc. for the sale of cattle and sheep, highly necessary; and that the orders to this effect should proceed directly and peremptorily from the Privy Council no alternative being left to the local authorities. Farmers are shy of purchasing yet many in this district have with safety so far bought directly from the breeders and rearers of stock. Some fanners have joined the Northampton Cattle Plague Insurance Company, but many have not insured at all.

Privy Council Eoturns, January 27th. Farms invaded 279�containing 5305 cattle: killed healthy, 950; attacked, 1G80; killed, 482; died, 1025; recovered, 102; unaccounted for, 71.

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NORTHUMBERLAND.

The earliest attack in Northumberland was on the 27tli July, on the farm of Skedlaw, situated on the south side of the Tweed, a few miles below Kelso. A lot of 14 foreign bullocks brought from London and sold in Kelso on July 21st, were the first subjects of the disease, and 8 of these having died, the remainder were sent back to London. Five home-bred beasts with which the foreign cattle had grazed contracted the Plague, but it did not proceed further.

At Bedlington the Plague was noticed on the llth September, and on the 24th it became known that Newcastle was coutnniinated. A whole ship's cargo newly arrived were destroyed, yet the Plague showed itself among some cattle pasturing on the Seazes. At Camboise also several cases had occurred. At Newcastle np to the 29th of September the disease continued to spread in the cowsheds in town. On the 3rd October, reports from Link House Farm, Camboise, stated that out of a lot of CO Irish cattle first attacked, 49 had died in the course of nine days, and other home-bred stock were attacked.

Beports from Newcastle up to the 17th October spoke of the disease as spreading very seriously, nine new byres having been attacked during the week, as well as a number of animals grazing on the Moor. Up to the end of October, in the town of Newcastle alone, 218 beasts bad been killed, while suffering from the disease, and 158 had died. Of these 204 were milch cows.

The Plague continued to spread in Newcastle and the surrounding district during the greater part of November, but in the end of the month it was reported as rapidly abating. It has continued with varying virulence up to the present time (January).

The following report from Bedlington will show the course of the disease in that district ;�#9632;

Bedlington.�Mr. D. M'Cfregor.�The first attack was on 14th September. It has appeared on nine farms in all, but on these there were eleven outbreaks. In all 95 animals were attacked: 41 died, 51 were killed, and 3 recovered. Have confidence only in killing affected animals, thoroughly disinfecting all places where disease has been, and stopping all traffic in men and animals from infected to healthy places. The Plague was brought to the district by fresh stock, and since then cattle traffic may be said to have ceased. It seems to bo diminishing in virulence. Attempts to form assurance associations have failed.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks attacked, 180�containing 22C6 cattle : killed healthy, 489; attacked, 952 ; killed, 2G1; died, 549 ; recovered, 71; unaccounted for, 71.

NOTTINGHAM.

On the 2Sth August the Plague appeared in the herd of Mr. Brett, of Oston Grange. A case had been previously seen in the town of Nottingham.

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At a later dato the Rinderpest appeared near Preston and in various other parts of llie comity.

By the ISth January it was reported as spreading in the Newark petty sessional division of the county, and as having been very disastrous in the Bast Itetford pictty sessional division, while at Sutton, Welhani, Lound, Grringley, amp;c. it still prevailed.

Mansfield.�Mr. It. Reynolds,�Only one case has occurred on the 21st October. It-was killed. Purchases are made with no evil result. Two local assurance societies and a county one exist.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 54�containing 1214 cattle: killed healthy, 80; attacked, 478; killed, 34; died, 235; re�covered, 22; unaccounted for, 137.

OXFORD.

The first appearance of the Plague in this county appears to have been on the 19th September at llenley-oii-Thames.

In the middle of the following month it appeared among the stock of Mr. William Howes, dairyman, near Oxford. Some beasts from the Metropolitan Market put to graze in an adjoining field just before the outbreak, were ob�served to look unhealthy during their stay. Mr. Howes had l(j beasts at�tacked, and none of these recovered. The disease rapidly spread in both the valley of the lais and that of the Cherwell, and proved very disastrous to the herds. In the course of November it was particularly destructive in the villages of Binsey and Marston, nearly every herd having been attacked.

ISy the end of December it had made alarming progress, and was very viru�lent in the parishes of Cassington, Garnton, Ridlington, and Watereaton, in tue Woodstock district, while at Otmoor (Bicester district) and Crawley (Witney district) the disease had now appeared. Allopathy, homoeopathy, and the hot bath were largely tried with an equal want of success.

Oxfokd.�The Plague was reported as still extending in a radius of eight miles round Oxford up to the (ith January. In some cases stirks and animals not in calf had recovered to the extent of 40 or 50 per cent., but with this exception it continued as virulent as ever. The admiuistratiun of sulphites to a whole herd where one had been attacked had materially mitigated the severity when the disease subsequently manifested itself. The Plague is now wider spread than it has been at any antecedent time during the present epizootic.

IIexlev-on-Tiiames.�One outbreak took place on 19tli September: 2 cattle H'crc attacked and died. Farmers avoid buying. They have an assurance association at Reading, Berkshire.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms affected, 81�containing 2138 cattle: killed healthy, 89; attacked, 829; killed, 97; died, 4G9; recovered, 121; unaccounted for, 142.

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PEEBLES.

Only two farms have Buffered in Peebles, one in October and one in Deceni-ber. Six beasts were attacked, 5 of wbicli were killed, and the remaining one recovered.

PBBTHSHIRE.

On tbe 25tli September tbe Plague was reported among a lot of cattle bought at the September Falkirk Tryst, and put into a park at Blair-Drummond. . Another outbreak was reported from the Cask estate, a few miles east of Cupar-Angus, among a lot of recently purchased Irish cattle. One had died, and the rest were at once sent off to London for sale. In the end of November 8 beasts out of a lot of 28, bought at Palkirk Tryst by Mr. Playfair of Banchory, near Cupar-Angus, were attacked. All were slaughtered, and the healthy carcases sold.

Reports from Grocnloaning and from a farm on the Oehil range reported outbreaks towards the end of October, and in the former case it was supposed to have been caught from diseased cattle passing by the Scottish Central Railway. At the same time the Plague broke out among a lot of 101 Irish cattle belonging to Mr. Spiers, cattle-dealer, and brought to Nether Kinalty and Linross, in the parish of Airlie, and at Knockdeuny, G lands. At the time of the report 50 were ill. It had also spread to several new farms iu Lower Stratheam, in the parishes of Dunning and Forteviot.

In the end of October a lot of 9 Irish cattle affected with the Plague, and deserted by their owner, wore killed and buried at Oliverburn. At the same date reports from Comrie, Blair Urummoiul, Doune, Stratliallan, Strathtay, Dunning, and other districts in the county, state that the Plague was on the increase. On the 12th November it was reported in the byres of Mr. 1'isher, within a gunshot of those of the Dowager-Duchess of Atholl at Dunkeld.

From its proximity to Falkirk, from the number of cattle bought at the Trysts, and the herds left, unsold at the market and afterwards driven about in search of purcliasers, Perthshire suffered to a greater extent from the disease than most other counties, and it has continued to prevail with a varying in�tensity up to the present time.

1'rivy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks invaded, 005�containing (i845 head: killed healthy, 740; attacked, 4107; killed, 101 ; died, 2552; re�covered, 015 ; unaccounted for, 039.

RENFREW.

This county was early involved and suffered considerably.

The recent Privy Council Returns, January 27tli, are as follows:�Stocks attacked, C7�containing 810 head of cattle : slaughtered healthy, 202: sickened 569; killed, 84; died, 314; recovered, 132; unaccounted for, 39.

378

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

ROXBURGH.

The Rinderpest broke out on the 26th July, at Skedaw.iu the Kelso district, but on the Northumberland side of the Tweed. The next appearance of the

Plague was at Crailing Tofts, near Jedburgh, in the first week of October. The fanner, Mr. Rutherford, bought a lot of 20 slirks at the Jedburgh Hoodday Fair, on the 29th September, and received a fortnight's warranty. The beasts were from Yorkshire, an uniufected county, but Mr. Rutherford kept them apart from his other stuck. Must of the affected beasts recovered, and the #9632; Plague did not extend further.

The next outbreak appears to have been about the 20th November, on the farm of Uld Belses, tenanted by Hr. John Little. Three milk calves bought in Cumberland died of the disease, and communicated it to others on the same place. Four calves, 3 cows, and a lot of 13 store cattle perished from the Plague.

The Plague appeared in the first week of January on the farm of Knowtown-head, near Ilawick, tenanted by the proprietor, Mr. Maxwell, of Teviot Bank. It broke out among some lean stock bought near Carlisle nine weeks before.

The following is from a report by Mr. Robertson, of Kelso, in November:�

Kklso.�Mr. W. L'ohciison.�The Plague appeared here on the 2�th July, and there have been six outbreaks in all, in localities containing several hundreds of cattle. Twenty-seven cattle have been attacked: 12 died, 0 were killed, and 6 recovered. Farmers buy very sparingly ; this purchasing seems to promote the propagation of the disease. By way of prevention 1 would suggest that the importation of foreign store cattle be stopped, or that au efficient inspection and sufficient quarantine he given. Jgt;'o assurance society against the Plague has been formed here.

Privy Council Returns, January 2Tth. Farms attacked, 9�containing 187 head: killed health3-, 8; attacked, 51; killed, 22; died, 20; recovered, 3; unaccounted for, 0.

RUTLAND.

There has been only one outbreak in Rutland, which took place in the last week of December. Out of a stock of 2G, 25 were attacked; 3 killed; 15 died ; and 7 are unaccounted for.

SELKIRK.

On the 27th September the Plague was reported at Holly bush, near Gala-sliiels, among a lot of cattle bought in Edinburgh four months before. The herd was slaughtered by Mr. Elliot, the proprietor, and the healthy carcases passed into consumption, the diseased having been buried. It broke out about the same time in a park at Haining, Selkirk, and several cases quickly followed in town dairies. It spread to several holdings in the district, but did not attain a wide-spread prevalence, and lias now entirely subsided.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms involved, G�containing 167 cattle: killed healthy, 13: attacked, 17: killed, 5; died, 10: recovered, 2.

ITS HISTOHY IN 1865 AND 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 370

SHROrSIIIRE.

The Plague broke out on the Gfcb July, at Mrs. Minor's, Tyrley Castle, near Market Drayton, among a stock consisting of 25 milch cows, 0 heifers, and 4 calves. It was coimnumcated by some foreign stock which had grazed in an adjacent meadow, but had broken out and mixed with Mrs. Minor's cattle a few days before. When Mrs. Minor's iirst cow became affected these beasts wore examined, when it was found that one was dead and ihreo were in the last stages of the disease. Mrs. Minor lost her whole stock before the end of the month, except 3 cows and 2 heifers.

It attacked two other herds in the early part of August, and destroyed 40 cattle in all; but by active measures of separation, disinfection, slaughter in certain cases, and other precautions, it seemed to be subdued about the end of August. A month later it reappeared on the other side of Market Drayton, and spread rapidly devastating the herds in the locality to a frightful extent. By the 12th December upwards of TOO beasts had perished, no less than 50 farmers being sufferers. It still prevails in this l�calil\^r.

The following, from a report by Sir. Dayas, indicates the occurrence of an isolated case at Longnor :�

Loxgxor.�Mr. C. Dayas.�Have only had one case oil the 18th October, in a cow belonging to a dealer. Could trace no other source than through the owner's constant attendance on fairs. Three cows herded with this one escaped. All fairs and markets have been stopped, and few cattle change hands. An assurance association has been formed, but makes little progress.

In the Whitchurch division up to the 2Tth January 538 beasts had been attacked, 405 had died, and only 49 recovered, while 84 still remained under treatment.

Privy Council Returns, January 2Tth. Farms invaded, 171�containing 4750 cattle: killed healthy, 375; attacked, 2161; killed, 103; died, 1511; recovered, 229 ; unaccounted for, 258.

SOMERSET.

The Rinderpest was reported in Somerset in the end of July, and early in August several dairy farms were contaminated in the neighbourhood of Shepton Mallet, especially in the parish of Dilchct.

About the 1st December it broke out in an unmistakable form near Bath, and in a few days out of a stock of 27,10 had cither died or had been destroyed. A case had also been seen at Olastoubnry and one at Bridgnorth, in a beast that bad been exposed in the market.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms invaded, 14�containing 260 cattle: killed healthy, 42; attacked, Gl; killed, 35; died, 21; recovered, I; unaccounted for, 4.

STAFFORDSI.I1KE.

Isolated cases appeared in this county before the disease spread. Thus near Litchlield a beast newly purchased at a fair contracted the disease. And near

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Stafford .in outbreak occurred on the 20th Scptcmhor, and a whole stock suffered.

The next outbreaks appear to have been in November, in some places by newly-purchased animals, and in others adjoining infected districts. In the parts adjoining Market Drayton in Shropshire, and Nantwioh in Cheshire, it spread to an alarming extent; reports in the end of November stating that it appeared to bo sweeping off the entire stock.

In the beginning of December the Plague was said to be raging violently in the north of the county, in the neighbourhood of the potteries. Within an area of a few miles 100 beasts had died, the property of 17 persons. Six of these individuals had lost iu the aggregate 123. Five of the herds were infected by beasts bought at a sale of farm stock at Hornby a few days before, the auctioneer having incautiously allowed a butcher to put in a cow which was afterwards found to have come from an infected farm.

The Plague still prevails in these localities. The following reports are up to the middle of November :�#9632;

Licufield.�M,: W. Burry.�The first case in this district happened on August 2-lth, the animal having been bought at a fair. A second on the 28th November, recently bought from a dealer. Two died; one was killed. We have the Stafford County Assurance and Lichfield Union Association. Farmers are buying cautiously.

Stafford, Pekkeidgb and Stoke.�Mr. Jolin Carkss.�The Plague ap�peared in the Stone district about the 20th September. There were 18 cows in the herd, 15 of which were attacked, 13 died, and 2, more mildly seized, recovered. It appeared in another farm on the 12th November: stock, 12 cows and calves, 4 were attacked, killed and buried, 5 were killed on the promises for consumption, and 2 remain healthy. On a larger farm about a mile distant it broke out on the 20th November, 9 arc ill and the majority will apparently die. On an adjoining form in the Easingwold district the Plague has existed 5 weeks, and killed 25 cows. It was here caused by 2 calves from Stafford Fair and which came from an infected district. Farmers buy from stocks known to be healthy. For prevention we rely on isolation and disinfection. The symptoms vary much, hence so must medical treatment. Those that recovered bad a saline aperient, followed by gruel and ale every three or four hours, with the addition of two or three ounces of brandy night and morning so long as they seemed required.

Tamwobth.�Mr. IF. Robinson.�No cases of Plague have occurred in my district, the immunity being duo in my opinion to the careful attention given bv farmers to the sanitary rules published for their guidance some time back, and the importance of which I have daily endeavoured to inculcate. In par�ticular, they avoid public sales of cattle. Adjoining districts have been less fortunate; but the losses have been invariably due to the purchase of low-priced cattle at fairs.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 132�containing

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3012 cattle: killed healthy, 202; attacked, 1354 ; killed, 1G1; died, 877; recovered, 130; unaccounted for, 186.

STIRLING.

On the 18th September Rinderpest broke out among a lot of 11 three-year-old stots recently purchased in Glasgow Market, and put into a field at Campsie. The surrounding fields being filled with dairy and grazing stock, the stots were at once slaughtered; but a few days after a cow and an ox in a field about 100 yards off were seized ; they also were killed.

It had previously appeared on the 4th September at Dunipacc among West Highland bullocks bought at Falkirk Tryst, and it broke out in quick suc�cession in numerous stocks, clearing out whole herds in a marvellously short period of time. The cause of this great mortality may be appreciated from the following extract from The Scotsman of 19th Ootuber:�quot; The bad results attending the holding of the late Falkirk Tryst, against the very general wish of the holders of stock in the district, arc now becoming apparent. At the close of the market upwards of 000 head of Irish cattle were left unsold, and those wore (quartered in parks in the neighhourhood, in tho expectation that an extra tryst would be held for the disposal of such stock. Murrain and Rinder�pest have broken out in most of these herds, and tho latter disease in particular has worked great havoc. The stocks are crowded in parks, the grazing of which is quite inadequate to tho support of the animals ; and now that the dis�ease has appeared among them, of course none of the neighbouring farmers will let additional parks for tho accommodation of tho Irish drovers for fear of infecting their own stock. The consequence is, that the infected and sound animals mix together; and unless some arrangement is come to speedily, the whole of the animals must become affected.quot; It goes on to state that many farmers and Scotch dealers whoso herds had become contaminated are equally badly off for means of separation, so that the Plague was not only wide spread but unusually destructive.

The following report from tho inspector about tho middle of November will show the state of matters at that time :�

Duxipack ami Dknxy.�Mr. Wavyh. � The Plague appeared here on 4th September among West Highland stirks brought to Falkirk Tryst. It has attacked thirty-three different herds, comprising little short of 700 head of cattle; 350 have boon attacked, mostly Irish, 309 died, 2 were killed, 39 re�covered, and 20 remain sick. Not a beast is bought except those that have gone through the disease; these are bought up by farmers who have lost all. The cattle continue to die as fast as ever, but as the herds diminish there are not so many to bo attacked. No assurance societies exist.

Treatment had full scope. 1st, sweating, warm clothing ; 2nd, M'Konzie's powders; 3rd, Mr. Graham's Capillie system; 4th, Dr. Smart's; 5th, Pro�fessor Dick's, which I must say succeeds better than the preceding; Oth, chlorate of potass; 7th, tar and Castile soap, Sec. Those that were least doctored got on

382

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

best. The greatest number of recoveries took place in a lot of 68, Avhose owner lost heart and left them exposed, with no shelter, to all the inclemency of the weather, with free access to water, hut with no medicine; 23 of these recovered. [ don't think one recovered by the steaming process. I have known stocks affected which had no contact with diseased, and have known it carried through the atmosphere as the wind blows.

I have had 103 deaths and 22 recoveries among the stock of eight Irish dealers brought to Falkirk Tryst; value 1050Z. Among the stock of twenty farmers T have had 241 deaths and 17 recoveries; value 272GZ. 15s.

The districts of Falkirk, Stirling, and Denny were all but universally involved in the disease, and at the beginning of November it was conveyed to Grange-mouth by some cattle belonging to Mr. Simpson of Town Croft, and which had been jnst brought from Denny Loauhead as having been in too close proximity there to infected Irish cattle. It rapidly extended here, and many farmers in the districts lost severely.

In the end of October as many as 13 carcases lay for nearly a week in a field at Dunipaco teilbar, the owners being without funds sufficient to bury them, and the same occurred in other places as well.

Up to the middle of December the progress of the disense had been rapid and calamitous in this comity. Since then it has somewhat subsided, yet during the last fortnight not less than 200 deaths had taken place, and every day revealed fresh outbreaks.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks attacked, 238�containing 4035 cattle: killed healthy, 190- attacked, 2838; killed, 04 ; died, 1824; recovered, 405 ; unaccounted for, 545.

SUFFOLK.

In the neighbourhood of Ipswich the Plague broke out in the first week of July, in the Homie Hundred on the 14th July, and in the same month in the extensive marsh lands near Beecles in the northern parts of the count}-. This last outbreak was traced to Dutch beasts that had been put to graze on the corporation marshes. On the 1st September it appeared near Harwich among 3 Dutch beasts bought on the 25th August at Jlr. Sexton's sale at Harwich. In the first week of September an outbreak took place at llawstead. West Suffolk, caused by 3 beasts brought from Norwich Hill, and purchased by Mr. Orbell at Bury St. Edmunds. At Milford an outbreak took place, due to Irish beasts also bought at Bury St. Edmunds. Other outbreaks took place at Worlington, Walsham-le-Willows, Gislingliam, Pickinghall,Coddcn-ham, Mickfield, Holton, Knoddishall, Carlton, amp;c., in the course of September. In the parish of Milford alone by the end of September 187 beasts had died in addition to those that had been slaughtered as fit for consumption. It still prevailed at Milford in the end of October, but seemed to have subsided at Ipswich, Samford, and Bosmon Hundreds. In December it spread to Eye, Occold, Stoke Ash, Cosford, Lidgate, amp;c. At the commencement of January

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Sudbury district was reported clear. Over the whole county, however, there is still a weekly increase.

LoTnixoiiAXD akd JIutfoud.�Mr. P. P. ITarvcy.�The Plague broke out on the 8th August, and there were 16 outbreaks in all. In some infected localities there were 500 or COO cattle, in others none except those attacked wore within two or three miles. Numhor attacked, 100; died or were slaughtered, 81 ; recovered, 19. None now remain. It seems in many cases to have become less virulent of late. For prevention I would recommend killing all foreign stock as they are landed, and preventing the removal of cattle from place to place for a time. Treatment is useless; quite as many recover if left to nature. An assurance association has been formed in the district.

Boboxtgh of Bury St. Edmunds.�The only outbreak appeared on Sep�tember 28th ; 10 beasts were attacked, and all were slaughtered. An insurance society exists in the district.

Mn.DENHALL.�Mr. Ed. Petley.�The malady broke out on the 18th October; 3 cattle wore attacked, 1 of which died, and 2 were killed. It was introduced through a purchase. Cattle trade is almost suspended, and an assurance society has been established to meet the losses.

Ipswich ami nbighbouehood.�Mr. Shorten.�The Plague first appeared about the first week of July. There have been 31 different outbreaks; 160 animals were affected, 37 died, 11-1 were killed, and 9 recovered. Since October 14th no new case has happened ; at that date G were buried and 14 slaughtered for food out of one herd; 34 beasts pastured in adjoining en�closures escaped. The risk of contaminating the healthy is too great to allow of treatment. Even in walking home from an infected shed virus may bo left on the roads, Szc. The Plague cannot cease in country districts until cattle are prevented from being sent into the country after standing in the Metropolitan Market.

House TIuxdeed.�The first cases occurred on the 14th July, and it has appeared on seven different farms containing about 150 head of cattle ; 40 were attacked, 23 died, and 17 were killed. Some farmers have purchased recently with good results. The disease is diminishing. A mutual assurance society has been established in the district.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 307�containing 2933: killed healthy, 231 ; attacked, 1070 ; killed, 029; died, 810; recovered, 141 ; unaccounted for, 90.

SURREY.

Lambeth, Prixton, and other localities on the Surrey side of the Thames became infected almost at the first appearance of the disease in England; but the effects of the malady were less felt here than in the northern parts of London for from one to two months after the outbreak. The rural districts of Surrey maintained a comparative impunity until the second week of August,

384

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

when the disease appeared in two or three localities in the neiglibonrliood of Dorking and Guildford. At Petoham 38 beasts have died in the conrsc of ten days, the outbreak being traced by the owner to the fact of his having a farm on the Essex shore contignous to the place where Dutch cattle were lauded for the London market. The losses in these country districts have been com-paratively limited up to the time wc write, considering their proximity to the metropolis.

Guildfoud.�Mr. 8. EversJted.�A great many fanners in the district have been visited by this dreadful Plagne, and the losses sustained have been im�mense. I am trying various methods of treatment, among others the vapour hath.

Wakdswoeth.�Mr, W. Cheesman,�No Plague has appeared in the im�mediate neiglibonrliood. The nearest 1 have heard of were at Tooting and Merlon, the owner at the latter place having only 7 or 8 left out of 130 cows.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Stocks affected, 157�containing 3061 head : killed healthy, 347 ; attacked, 1295; killed, 4�3 ; died, 047; recovered. 111; unaccounted for, 84.

SUSSEX.

The first outbreak appears to have been in the end of August or beginning of September, and since then the Plague has maintained its hold on the county without any very marked variation either as regards increase or decrease, though on the whole considerable losses have been sustained. The latest reports are much more satisfactory than the preceding ones, the disease appearing to have almost subsided.

Abundel.�Mr. 11. Croft.�The first outbreak here occurred on the 1st September. The following are the numbers recorded in this district:�

Name and Rc-sidtnco of Owner.

Total No. ' At-of Stock. . tacked.

Died.

Diseased animals

killed.

Healthy

animals killed.

No. ex-

posed to

disease and

escaped.

Mr.nbsp;.T. Suter, Walberton ...

,,nbsp; Bonnrlt, lulplmm ......

,,nbsp; Elliott, Backbam ......

,,nbsp; nbsp;Robinson, Amberley ...

,,nbsp; Carpenter, Amberley...

,,nbsp; Rose, Amberley.........

,,nbsp; nbsp;Newell, Amberley......

, ,nbsp; Mniulv, Felphom ......

,,nbsp; nbsp;C. Duke, Arumlel ......

,,nbsp; .T. Duke, Leominster ...

,,nbsp; Humphrey, Amberley..

,,nbsp; nbsp;(KG. Coote, Tortingtou

,,nbsp; nbsp;W. Duke, Leominster...

,,nbsp; Partis, Ford ............

,,nbsp; Baker, Leominster......

,,nbsp; G. Crouch, Yaptou......

, ,nbsp; (1. Boniface, Ford ......

30 10 36

7()

I 1

8.5

175

198

;s5

154


	1	1
	4
	10	4
	3	1
	7	3
	2	1
	I
	2
	18	8
	2
	1
	2	1
	5	1
	5
	1	1
	1	J
	12	3

4 6 2 4 1 1 2

2 1 1

4 5

14 11

2!)

I 10

Under treatment.

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In two outbreaks recently-purobased .sheep liad been put on the farms imme�diately before, and the malady was without doubt introduced by this means. For two months, or since Bamett Fair, no fresh stock has been brought into the district, and now not a case of Plague exists.

For prevention I would counsel to slaughter and bury the diseased, and if any healthy beasts have herded with them, and arc at all fit for the butcher, let them also be killed. If treatment is determined, let all healthy beasts be removed to the distance of at least a quarter of a mile. Remove those that have herded with the diseased, placing them under cover, and as far from each other as possible, leaving the diseased to the premises where it first broke out. Kill all the worst cases, and give the remainder saline aperients, vegetable and mineral Ionics, and, if no appetite, thick gruel thrice daily. indulge the appetite as much as possible, under this treatment 8 yearlings recovered out of 12, but all the 8 were mild cases : twenty-four hours in every case decided their fate. Before this all remedial measures had proved abortive, on account of the rapid progress of the malady. In all cases where the mouth has been much affected, the chances of recovery have been few.

Privy Coraici! Returns, January 27th. Farms involved, 188�containing 3851 cattle: killed healthy, 308; attacked, 1179; killed, 520; died, 544; recovered, 94; unaccounted for, 21.

WARWICKSHIRE.

The Plague appeared on the 20th August at Meriden, near Coventry, 10 beasts being attacked, and 5 recovered. Another outbreak was reported at the same time from Hurley, near Coleshill. Isolated outbreaks appeared at intervals in different parts of the county, and ultimately broke out with great violence at Burton Daasett, on the verge of Oxfordshire, at Guy's Cliff, and at Milverton. It was very violent in these localities in the middle of December, and lias prevailed with much intensity since, the numbers having shown a steady weekly increase.

Rugby.�-l/gt;. Walker Wulxoraquo;.�The Plague appeared in this district on the 30th August. There have since been six outbreaks, five being nearly at the same time, and duo to the continued movement from place to place of two bulls brought from Rugby Fair. The total number of beasts affected was 27, 18 of which died, and 9 were killed. The recent eases have been the most rapidly fatal. Farmers avoid buying, and this has a good effect in keeping the disease within narrow bounds. Treatment seems of small avail. As regards prevention, I would recommend stopping all traffic in live cattle, and subject foreign stock to quarantine.

A county insurance, named quot;The Warwickshire Mutual Cattle Assurance Association (Limited),quot; has teen formed, and largely availed of. The principle is one penny in the pound on the aggregate value of stock, no animal to be valued at more than 20Z., and two-thirds of the value to be allowed in case of loss. The insurance also includes Bleuro-pneumonia.

2 c

386

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Petty Sessional Divkioxs of IIenly, Wabwick, and BoBOtraH of Warwick.�Mr. James Hose.�The Plague first appeared on September Pitli, and there have been four tlistinot oufbreaks. 19 animals were infected, 14 died, 1. was killed, 1 recovered, and 3 remain sick. Farmers generally are not buying, though two have introduced the Plague into their farms by so doing. I have adopted all the precautionary and curative measures recommended by yourself and others, but the Plague is making steady though slow progress in the district. Assurance associations have been established at llenly and Warwick.

SoLinuLL.�il/r. A. U. Procfon�Here the first outbreak was on the 20th August. There have been three distinct outbreaks, in which 10 animals were attacked, 5 of which died, and 5 were killed. Farmers arc not buying. One butcher and farmer bought a calf from Birmingham Market, which died of the Plague, and conveyed it to two cows on which it was put to suck. The Plague is extending, though my district is now free.

Gannon Street, Birmingham, Xovember 25, 1SG5. Deaf. Sin,�I enclose answers to your questions respecting the Cattle Plague, and at the .same time forward you a history of the various outbreaks which have occurred under our observation.

We are Inspectors under the Order in Council for five Petty Sessions Dis�tricts, and, taking Birmingham as a centre, our duties take us six miles in every direction except one ; we are thus able to keep up communication with a large area of farmers, amp;c. I may here state that we have a large number of dealers in our neighbourhood. One, who is also a carcase butcher, has pur�chased from one hundred to five hundred beasts a-week at the Metropolitan Market; these animals are invariably foreigners. Many butchers follow the occupation of dealer, and nine out of ten buy their stock at Islington. They then bring it to Birmingham for Tuesday's market, and what they cannot sell is slaughtered by themselves, or turned out and again shown at Thursday's market. Some beasts come as often as three times to the market. The markets are inspected by us, but we never have seized any beasts for the Plague there up to this date. We have recommended that a few should be killed under our inspection, which has been done, but in no instance have we seen enough to justify us in saying that these beasts have had the Plague.

Outbnak 1st occurred at West Bromwich, Staffordshire, on July 24th. A farmer had bought a milking cow (Dutch) from one of the butcher-dealers, named Mason. She was taken home, and placed amongst the farmer's cows. Six died within nine days, or were killed. This cow was bought at Islington on July 17th. A farrier bought two calves from this infected stock, which were put with seven cows belonging to a gentleman at Ilandsworth. These cows all died or were killed, and the calves also, within ten days of the calves eomiug to the place.

Uuthreuk 'Znd took place in Birmingham Borough, and is attributable to the

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purchaso by a Imlchei-dealer of a lot of cows in the Metropolitan Market. Of these cows three at least were down-calving. Two milkmen bought the three; all three died from the Plague, and they gave the disease to four others, which died or were killed between August 22iid and September 14th.

Outbreak 3rd was at Ilandsworth, Staffordshire, cm September 5th. The same dealer who introduced the disease to West Bromwich, as before stated, imported some bullocks from Ireland, and sent them direct to London Market of August 28th. They were not sold there, and were sent to Wolverhampton Market of the 30th. They were then sent to Birmingham Market of Angust 31st. Another butcher bought two and one died on the 5th September in his field at Ilandsworth. The seller turned his four out (there being six in all) at Ilandsworth, about a mile and a quarter from the other two, and, after slaugh�tering three for his own trade, one died in his field on the same date. Three beasts in adjoining fields died within ten days, or were killed for the disease. From the other one first described that died serious consequences resulted. Two stirks of a herd of six, turned out in a field, only separated by some iron hurdles from the one that died, were seized with the Plague. Both were killed on account of it. A cow on the other side of the turnpike-road, about sixty yards off, was seized and killed within eighteen days. We attributed the fact of this cow having the disease to the coachman having been particu�larly busy in going to the neighbour's stirk while she was ill, and then touching and feeding his cow. This cow was first seen to be, ill exactly a fortnight after the death of the butcher's animal on September 5th. A firmer named Hill, whose cows travelled backwards and forwards, for milking, along the lane skirting the butcher's field, had one seized with the disease on September 19th. This was again exactly a fortnight in the incubative stage. Of this herd ten wore attacked, nine died or were killed as incurable, and one, a cow that slipped her calf, recovered. Three heifers, turned out with the others, escaped the disease, and four cows were slaughtered for food. The remaining four stirks were also killed for food.

Oufbreck 'Uh occurred on a common, called Delve's Green, near Walsall, Staffordshire. Four cows, belonging to cottagers, were pastured on this laud. A dealer, bringing some cattle from Walsall, is said to have left one behind on this common. She died there on August 30th or 31st, and by September IGth all the cottagers' animals were dead. The first died on September 7th.

Outbreak 5th was amongst some milking cows at Erdington, Warwickshire, in some meadows intersected by the Derby Railway. Five cows died or were killed as incurable by September 18th. Four healthy ones were quot; converted into beef.quot; Six calves that had got in amongst these cows escaped, as did also two old cows. Hen; there is no evidence of direct contagion, neither was there before nor since any Plague within four miles of the spot. No new animals had been bought in for months.

Outbreak �th was at a farm at Ilandsworth on October 28th. 2s^To new stock had been bought for a long while, and we have no evidence of direct contact

2 c 2

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with diseased animals. This farm is surrotmded by dealers' fields, but careful inquiries have been made, and no case has occurred within half a mile; and there were cows turned out hetween the two farms which have been perfectly health}-. Three died, and four were killed. One recovered, and three milking cows that had been in the same field with the diseased ones have escaped hitherto, and, it now being four weeks since contact, they may be considered safe.

Oi'threak l/h.�This again is an instance where we are not able to trace the disease to contagion. The place is situated on the high road from Birmingham to Walsall, and a large number of foreign beasts and sheep arc driven along this road twice a week from the London Market. We cannot glean that any strange animals have been on the premises, which are situated at least two miles from the outbreak No. 6. Two cows and a calf have died since the first appearance of the Plague on Xovember XOth, and we have just received infor�mation that another heifer is ill.

Hitherto we have been very fortunate in confining the disease to small areas. Notably in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5t,li outbreaks. We have generally advised that the apparently healthy animals should bo slaughtered, and in no case have we killed any diseased ones without the owner's consent. The first outbreak was before we were appointed Government Inspectors, and part of these infected animals took the disease to Kingsbury, near Tamworrh, and caused several deaths from Plague. Others were sent to the Eastern Counties on August 3rd, and possibly some of the cases in that district may be traced to the nine beasts taken thither from Birmingham on that day, which beasts were part of the first, herd described.

Tours truly,

Joseph M. Pakker, M.B.C.V.S.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 01�containing 1632 cattle; killed healthy, 10G; attacked, 653; killed, 86; died, -103; recovered, 107 ; unaccounted for, quot;w.

WILTSHIEE.

The Plague was reported at Holly Ditch, near Calne, on the 12th October, having attacked 1 of 3 heifers recently purchased from Mr. Abraham Whale. Two died, and the third was killed. It was at the same time reported at Crickiade and at Brinkworth, in the latter place among a small lot of lambs belonging to Mr, Philip Whale. In the northern and north-western parts of the county the Plague still continues to exist, though the southern parts have continued free. It has never attained any extended prevalence, and seems now to have almost subsided.

Privy Council Returns, January 27th. Farms attacked, 2-1�containing 663 cattle ; killed healthy, 37 ; attacked, 118 ; killed, 46; died, 52 ; recovered, 15; unaccounted for, a.

*^^^T^T?

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WORCESTERSHIRE.

The Plague broke out in the noi-l h of Worcoster in October, and continued to exist there without spreading, for up to January the remainder of the county was reported free. Early stoppage of fairs and markets and the pro�hibiting strictly any removal of stock no doubt contributed to this end. The latest reports show that the Plague has almost ceased to exist.

Privy Council Betoms, January 27th, Farms attacked, 12�containing 173 cattle ; killed healthy, 3 ; attacked, 47 ; killed, 11; died, 20 ; recovered, 8 ; unaccounted for, 2.

YORKSHIRE.

The first appearance of the disease in this county was in the beginning of September, in the Thorpe Hall pastures, near Leeds. These pastures contain about 100 cattle; these are frequently changed, and the animal first attacked, a foreign bullock, had been brought from Hull, sold in Leeds market, and put into these pastures alxmt three weeks before he took ill. The sewage from the Leeds slaughter-house flows into the river Aire, which runs for a long distance along the side of these pastures. The number of cases in the pasture gradually increased for a month, when several outbreaks took place in other herds in the vicinity of Leeds.

About the 20th October an infected Irish bullock was found on the roadside near York, and was at once destroyed. Four different outbreaks were reported at the same time at or near the village of Wilstrip, about eight miles from York. On the olst October an outbreak was reported at the Green, near Settle, in the Craven district, one of the richest grazing parts of Yorkshire. Two calves, recently brought from Manchester, were the first victims, and the other stock soon caught the contagion. About the same time it broke out at Bradford, JIalton, Hull, and most districts of Yorkshire, with the exception of those in the western division of the county. A great number of the out�breaks were distinctly traceable to York market, which was long kept open.

The following quotation from The Times will show how the disease was met in Yorkshire generally :�quot; The poleaxc as a remedy has been superseded by medical treatment, which in several cases has proved successful. Killing and not trying to cure is everywhere condemned and discountenanced in toto by the Malton bench. The result of this mode of treatment has been, that the Plague has attained to most serious dimensions, and the losses have pro�bably been more serious, even proportionately, than in any other English county.quot;

Horscastle.�Mr. Thomson.�The Plague has not yet invaded my district, though I am in daily dread of its appearance, as it is decidedly increasing in the county, and has attacked some cattle in the adjacent district, near Spilsby and Boston. This outbreak was clearly traced to Scows exposed for sale at Partney September Fair, and which came from the neighbourhood of Leeds.

390nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE TLAGUE.

We Luve nn assurance association for cattle in the district. I think at least the ports should be closed against ibreigu cattle, whatever other preventive measures are adopted.

Harrooate.�Mr. Dcarlove.�The Plague has not yet reached us, though playing sad havoc within eight or ten miles, the nearest point being Knares-borcmgh. There a herd of 24 Irish cattle unsold at the fair hold in the middle of October were put into a pasture near the town ; only 4 or 5 now remain, and are not likely to recover. A few more cows have died in Knaresborough, and it extends north, south, and east of the town, but luckily our side (west) is yet free.

Inspectors generally are in ill favour, from errors in diagnosis, and caprice in carrying out their functions�killing all the diseased on one farm; treating all on a second; and neither slaughtering, treating, nor separating on a third, but leaving them in the open fields to infect adjacent stocks. Power to kill without indemnity is felt on all hands as a monstrous injustice. One man suffers for the good of his neighbours and the country at large, and surely the latter should compensate for these losses.

Leeds, West.�Mr. CutKbert.�The first case was on the 14tli October in a beast purchased a few days before at a neighbouring fair. There are about 450 beasts in the infected lucality, 11 have been attacked, 5 died, 3 were killed, 1 recovered, and 2 remain sick. The Tlaguc is extending, and few care to buy. There is no assurance society in the district.

AVentwouth, RothebhAM.�Mr. Peech.�There is no disease in the imme�diate neighbourhood, chiefly owing, I believe, to care in buying. Adjacent districts have suffered greatly. 1 think evil has resulted from the manner in which inspectors have gone from sick to healthy beasts, and far more from open markets.

South Austos, Bothebham.�Mr. W, B. Taylor.�Xo cases have occurred nearer to this than ten miles. Earl}- in October I wrote a small pamphlet and sent round the district, warning farmers of the malady and recommending precautionary measures, which I believe have been useful. Many losses have been sustained near Doncaster. One outbreak there was caused by 12 bulls bought in Doncaster market, which took the Plague a week later : they were put in a shed not ten yards from the Great North Road, and treated, but all died or were shot. The five farms nearest this shed soon got contaminated, and in the order of their proximity. On one farm all the cattle at all fit for the butcher were sold, leaving about 0G to be treated, not one of which, I understand, recovered, and a week ago only 3 or 4 were left alive. The inspector has resigned. I found on two farms that the pigs were constantly fed on the refuse food of the diseased cattle, covered with their saliva, and mixed freely with them, but did not suffer in any way. On another farm where I made particular inquiries the sheep ran amongst the affected cattle and fed with them without in the least suffering, though the cattle have now nil died both young and old. I have had to treat many flocks of lambs this

ITS HISTORY IN 1805 AND 18G6.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 391

year, and many farmers have lost these largely from want of timely attention. In all cases 1 found filaria bronchialis, against which the lambs bore up badly. This year parasites on both animal and vegetable kingdoms seem to have been more prevalent and hurtful than usual. The freshness of the young clovers seems to have produced an inflammatory constitution which rendered even a small number of worms injurious. Where diarrhoea ensued the cases did best; where this took place the lungs were not implicated, and no fatal lung cases purged. They were successfully treated by changing to bare old pastures, folding at night, and giving linseed mucilage of turpentine, linseed oil, liq. ammon. acet., sp. ictheris nitrici, and tartar emetic, with bleeding from the nose.

quot;When the digestive organs are affected, the symptoms and post-mortem appearances strongly resemble those of Rinderpest, yet in all cases I found great quantities of worms in the large intestines rolled together in bundles. These I conceive kept up irritation in the bowels, giving rise to the coffee-coloured evacuations, and soon kill the lamb. I have seen nothing more resembling the Plague, and doubtless many cases of great fatality from the Plague are of this kind. It is not at all infectious, though when the liquid brown ftctid stools occur nothing seems able to save the patient. At an earlier period alkaline solutions with stimulants and turpentine seem most efficacious.

Keighlky.�Mr. Emmott.�The first case of the Plague that came under my notice was on the 8th July, in what was called a Hamburg beast. I was not cognisant of its existence in the country at that time, but from a recollec�tion of your lectures I recognised the disease. 1 treated her with stimulants and mineral tonics, but she died. I have since learned, on good authority, that a nobleman's steward purchased 10 out of the same lot, and that these took ill, most died, and all had to be destroyed. The cargo had been landed at Hull early in July. I could not learn what became of the remainder.

The next, case happened on Wednesday, the 8th November, among cattle from Leeds Cattle Market. I detected the disease in one while inspecting the cattle at the Midland railway-station ; next morning another showed symptoms of Binderpest, and both were destroyed. A third bullock belonging to the same butcher, Mr. Elison, was attacked on the loth, it was killed and buried, and the rest of the lot were at once slaughtered for food. The three seized were foreign beasts. To-day (18th November) I have found the characteristic lesions of Rinderpest in a foreign cow found dead in a field at Wilsden. She was near the calving, and had been bought in Leeds Market on the 8th inst. Few farmers risk to purchase. The Plague is extending here.

To prevent T would recommend to stop importation from countries where the disease is generated spontaneously, and from all where it exists ; slaughter at the landing-ports all of which there are doubts; stop all fairs and markets for a time; allow cattle only to change from place to place under the guarantee of a certificate of health from a legalised veterinary surgeon, bearing that they are from a locality at least one mile from the nearest centre of contagion.

392nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE J'LAGUK.

Treatment should be stimulant, in my opinion, and sulphate of iroa may be

given as a tonic. We have a general insurance society and a local one, which must fail if we have much disease.

Bauxsi.ey.�Here the Plague broke out on October 14th. There have been two outbreaks�one at Skelinanthorp, and one at Kyehill; both among stock bought at a recent market. At the former ]ilace there were about 200 cattle, at the latter 300. Only 24 have been attacked; 10 of which died, 10 were killed, and 2 recovered. The disease seems extending. No assurance society has been formed.

Oi;se axd Debwent.�Mr. Bowman,�The Binderpest broke out in this district on the 31st October, and all cattle brought here from York Market since the 1st November have communicated the Plague. There have been in all seventeen outbreaks in localities containing from 000 to 1000 cattle. 70 in all have taken the disease; 31 have died, 1 was killed, 9 recovered, and 29 remain sick. The Plague is undoubtedly extending. Xo assurance society has been formed in this district.

Rudfobth.�Mr. G. Jldiii.�'Ihc first outbreak was on the 3rd November in a herd of cattle bought by Mr. Plummer, Undforth, at Borronhridge Fair, on the 22iid October. It also broke out among other two lots from the same fair, and among two herds from York Fair, which was held fourteen days ago. 65 were affected; of which 40 died, 11 were killed, 5 recovered, and 65 remain sick. Farmers have stopped buying, yet the Plague increases in virulence. There is no assurance association for stock in the district.

Gooi.e.�Mr. II. Duff.�The Cattle Plague broke out here in the end of August or beginning of September. There have been six outbreaks in all in, a locality numbering about 2000 head: 48 beasts were attacked; of which 42 died, 13 were killed, 1 recovered, and 5 remain sick. The disease is steadily extending. Farmers buy sheep in place of cattle, a few buy the latter from neighbours. No assurance association exists in the district. To prevent 1 would recommend slaughter of diseased, a separation from healthy; for treatment careful nursing, stimulants, and feeding on boiled linseed, and other easily-digested food.

Wath-�POK-Deam.�Mr. M. Stone.�It broke out at Wath on the 21st October, and at Swinton (two miles distant) the day following. It occurred among dealers' cattle which had been exposed in different neighbouring fairs. Up to the present time 42 boasts have been attacked, 9 have died, 15 have been killed, 7 have been cured, and 11 remain under treatment. Farmers have not bought in any stock since the malady appeared. No assurance society has been formed here. The type of the Plague appears to have become milder since it first broke out, and 1 have found diffusible stimulants, such as chloric rother, ammonia, amp;c., given in oatmeal-gruel frequently, with counter-irritation to the chest by blisters and serons, to be of great service.

M.\i!KiiT Weighton.�-I//-. �/. Cooperaquo;^-.�The Rinderpest first appeared in this district on the 18th November among some cattle bouiiht at York Market.

HWKB!�mlaquo;quot;quot;;

ITS HISTORY IN 1865 AND 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;393

There have been femrtcen outbreaksj 91 beasts were affected; 48 died, 13 were killed, 15 recovered, and 16 remain sick. On the infected farms 104 beasts remained free from the disease. At the present time it is rapidly spreading, and has got such a firm hold that it seems impossible to prevent its spread. If the markets bad been stopped two months sooner I believe we would not have had tbe disease in East Yorkshire. All the early cases were traceable to beasts bought in the York fortnightly cattle markets, or at Be-verlcy Fair, on the 6th November. Nothing short of complete isolation can stay its progress. Farmers are not buying stuck at present. An unsuccessful attempt was made to get up an assurance association.

Privy Council Returns, January 27tli. Farms affected, 3212�containing 3962 cattle ; killed healthy, 3555 ; attacked, 19,331 ; killed, 924 ; died, 11,863 ; recovered, 3034 ; unaccounted for, 3510.

It will be gleaned from the foregoing pages that I adhere to

an opinion expressed by rao last autumn, that the Cattle Plague

was imported into England from Russia, through the Baltic,

at the end of May, 1865. The theory that the disease came to

us through Holland has been disproved. Holland was con-

taminated by stock from England in July. That the malady

...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;

reached us from Austria is quite contrary to our experience of

the results of traffic with that country, and the outbreaks by Rinderpest in the Austrian dominions were fewer and less important in 18(55 than in any previous year for a long time past.

The first outbreak of the Cattle Plague in London succeeded the importation of the Russian stock, and from London the malady was propagated in all directions. I regret that the historical details as to the disease in the counties of Great Britain are not more complete; but I have collected together what facts have come to my knowlege, and they furnish a satis�factory indication of the progress of the disorder.

-Mt*^^^^mmm^*m^*^mmm

394nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUEquot;

THE CATTLE PLAGUE IN HOLLAND.

51 r. Defries, a J3iitcli cattle salesman, received in the month of June some fat oxen from his father near Scliiedara, for sale in the Metropolitan Market. Twelve of these animals were shown on the 22nd, 26th, and 29th of June, and 11 on two of these occasions. In the intervals between the market days the cattle were placed in Mrs. Nicholl's lairs and fields, where the Plague prevailed. The highest sum offered was 13?. 10^. per head, and this being below the value of the oxen they were sent back by 1 Uackwall to Holland in the ship ' Batavia,' on the 2nd of July. Mr. Simmonds, the veterinary inspector at Black-Mall, saw these animals embarked, noticed their sickly look, but had no power to prevent their exportation. Mr. Lefries sent the cattle to Kethel, near Schiedam. By the time they reached their destination 6 were affected, and supposed to be suffering from the Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Several of the sick cattle were sold to a butcher and tanner in Schiedam, others were sent to the market at llotterdam, and one of the oxen sank on the road side between Kethel and Schiedam, and was there slaughtered; others were taken to the Hague, so that the first Plague-stricken animals in Holland were dis�tributed in various directions. The presence of the Plague in Holland was determined by Professor Hengefeld, of Utrecht, on the 18th of July.

The son of the farmer where the oxen had been sent to feed near Kethel, not only attended to these animals but milked his own cows. He had a herd of 100 grazing in a polder about 870 paces distant from where the sick cattle -were lying. quot;On the 27th of July the first case occurred in this herd of cows; other cases followed on the 4th of August. And the Plague progressed through the whole herd, out of which 39 sick and

¹ ' #9632;#9632;

IN HOLLAND,

395

infected animals were sent to the Rotterdam Market in the month of August. Several herds in the vicinity were directly and indirectly infected, and Professor Gerlach has furnished a diagram of the relation between this and other herds, which I here reproduce.


1	2	3	�1	5	0
CG					0
⁷			S	0	10
18					.11
17					12
10					13
15
11

A. Kethcl where the Plague appeared.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gt;

15, Schiedam.

C. The tield containing the herd of the Kethel farmer.

The Plague-stricken cattle at C were in direct cominunieation with the cattle in the fields from 1 to 0, and in indirect com-munieation through the herds from 7 to 9, with those in the fields from 10 to 18.

The district in which the Plague broke out is one famous for its distilleries, where large numbers of cattle are kept, and at the time of the disease appearing it contained from 23,000 to 24,000 bovine animals. Through the Rotterdam Market the

396nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE

malady was propagated by tlio end of July and beginning of August into various parts of South Holland; by the end of September sixty-six places in this province were infected.

Other parts of Holland began to suffer, and amongst the earliest were Amsterdam, Lijenmuiden, Breukeln St. rotor, Maarssenweem, Maarssen near Utrecht, amp;c. Immediately on the communication of the disease to the Dutch cattle, animals with the Rinderpest were exported from Rotterdam to London, and numerous outbreaks in this country were traced to Dutch stock so imported. These outbreaks led to inquiries on the part of our Government, which proved that the Dutch people were in ignorance of what had befallen them, and that they had had the malady a fortnight or three weeks without the Dutch Government having been made aware of what was going on near Schiedam.

The Dutch statistics are singular as affording proof of the mildness of the Plague in Holland. There is one source of fallacy that must not be overlooked on this point. We have distinct evidence that the Dutch have sold out their herds to be shipped for England. This was carried on very extensively during the first outbreak of the disease, and it would be really interesting to have a complete and satisfactory analysis of the Dutch tables.

The last general report published on the 3rd of February show that there have been�


Animals attacked.	Dead.	Slaughtered.	Recovered.	Remaining sick
SI,165	9,t!4.^!!	7,846	10,962	2,714

The experiences in Holland as contrasted with those of France and belgium are most interesting as in favour of the stamping out of the disease.

IN BELGIUM.

397

THE CATTLE PLAGUE IN BELGIUM.

The Steppe Murrain was introduced from Holland into Belgium by infected cattle, but the exact date of the first introduction of the disease is unknown. The Belgian Govern�ment was for the first time officially informed of outbreaks of the disease at Hofstade and Alost on the 30tli of August. The malady was propagated rapidly, and sixty-six outbreaks occurred in forty-two communes of six provinces. This was really the first invasion of the disease, which was met most promptly by the Government, and up to the end of the year 180.5 the statistical return was as follows :�


	¹ No. of i infected ' communes.	Aitimal.s s Infected.	laagbterf	d. 1	Dead.	Total
	¹ No. of i infected ' communes.	Aitimal.s s Infected.	Sick	d. 1	Dead.	tered.
Antwc-rj) ................	2	0 27 32 64 G 0	3 40 88 ! 131 11)		1 27 9 1 G 2	3
Brabant.............	6					G7
West Flanders...	M'j					120
East Flanders ............... Huinault; ..................... Liiubourtr.......	........ 12 ........ i 8 1					195 23 3
						195 23 3
Total.........	........ 45	129	2S4		46	413
		129	2S4		46

Making up a total loss of 459 animals.

The losses have thus been limited to a very small amount by the '�' stamping-out system,quot; in spite of the facilities of transit between Holland and Belgium. The sum it has cost the national exchequer has amounted to 3680L, in addition to the small sum not yet estimated for the service of veterinarians engaged in extirpating the disease. The country is at present clear, and there is every probability of its continuing as free as it has been since the 24th of November.

398nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE

THE CATTLE PLAGUE INquot; FRANCE.

No sooner had we openly declared the existence of the Steppe Mnrrain in Great Britain than the French Govoniment appointed a commission�not of noblemen, members of Parliament, and physicians�but of veterinarians, to investigate the nature of the outbreak and suggest preventive measures. The report afterwards published by M. Armand Bijhic, Minister of Agri�culture and Commerce, was inspired by such a man as Professor Bouley of Alfort, and the ports of France from Nantes to Dun�kirk, through which there was a probability of the disease entering, were closed by an order of the 5th September, 1S65. The disease however appeared on the Belgian frontier, whither M. Lecoq, Inspector General of Veterinary Schools, was sent with sufficient funds to indemnify owners and stamp out the Plague. An animal purchased at Malines on the 3rd of Sep�tember communicated the disease to the department of the Nord and Pas de Calais, and the outbreak was killed out with a loss of 43 animals. There was a report of a subsequent attack amongst cattle, #9632;which seems to have been of a very doubtful nature; but in a scientific point of view the most inte�resting outbreak since the origin of the Steppe Murrain in Western Europe in 18G5 has been the communication of the disease to the animals of the Acclimatization Society, by two gazelles purchased by M. Geoffrey St. Hilaire from Mr. Jamrack, a dealer in Shadwell at 180 St. George's Street. The gazelles had been in Mr. Jamrack's possession a couple of months, and were kept in a stall between a number of animals of all kinds. One gazelle had died, it is said of cold, before the two gazelles were imported. Mr. Jamrack's stables are surrounded by dairies in which the Cattle Plague had existed. It is not far from slaughter-houses; and on the occasion of a visit I paid there with M. Bouley wo saw raw meat, bullocks' hearts, amp;c., hanging up whore all the animals were enclosed. The gazelles were placed

IN FRANCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 399

in boxes and sent from London Bridge to Newhaven in a wagaron

onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; no

constantly used for conveying hampers of meat from London into the country. The gazelles reached their destination on the 15th of November in apparent health, but five days afterwards one of them showed signs of illness. They had been placed in a small stable divided in three compartments, and in two of them was a Muntjac doer and a Brazil deer. The first indication of one of the gazelles being ill was on the 19th, when they were removed to a large stable composed of a central space and two wings. The one wing where the sick gazelles were placed con�tained 11 yaks, 4 zebus, 1 polled Norman cow, 2 camels, a springbock antelope, 3 gazelles, 2 sheep, and 22 goats. The central space was occupied by 2 aurochs, so that, including the other animals with which the gazelles were placed at first, a total number of 50 animals bad been more or less in com�munication with them. The gazelle which fell sick on the 19th died on the 24th ; but this did not excite any attention, as it was not unusual to lose newly-bought animals. The first gazelle that died was sent to M. Verseaux, a naturalist, in the Place lioyale, and its viscera could not afterwards be traced. On the 25th the second gazelle fell ill, and M. Leblanc, senior, veteri�nary surgeon to the society, was called to examine the animal whilst on his ordinary visit to the gardens. M. Albert Saint PTilaire had noticed that a number of animals in the same stable had refused their food that morning, and from M. Leblanc's examination the strong presumption arose that they were affected with Rinderpest. Professor Bouley was called in, and removed all doubts on the subject. The symptoms were great depression, greenish liquid discharge from the nose; injection of the con�junctiva; flow of tears; quickened breathing; deep redness of the gums round the incisor teeth, and a discharge of grey or yellowish fluid excrement. There were twitchings of the head and general tremors, and on the second day the respiration was attended with moaning.

Seventeen animals were recognised as sick on the 30th of

400nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAG UK.

November. They were seven yaks, a scebu, a cow, a spriugbock antelope, four gazelles, including the one from London, a male aurocli, a Muntjac deer, and a Brazilian deer.

A young yak, three-parts bred find four months and a half old, was slaughtered. A post-mortem examination revealed the ordinary lesions of Ixindorpest. The gazelle from London was then killed; and although the lesions it presented were less marked than those of the yak, they were nevertheless distinct. On the 1st of December a female yak was killed, and ou the same day the male anroch was depressed, and evidently affected; the female was still lively. On the 2nd of December three gazelles were killed, besides an old male zebu, a polled Norman cow, and the Brazilian deer. Two yaks were slaughtered on the 4th December, and one presented marked ulceration of the mucous membrane of the pyloric end of the stomach, of the duo�denum, and ccecum. The other, the female, had some fribinous deposits varying from the size of a pea to a nut adhering to the coats of the small intestine. A gazelle of Cuvier, the Muntjac deer, and two goats were also sacrificed. Three goats and an antelope were killed on the 5th of December. On the Oth another gazelle was killed, and the female aurocli sickened. On the 7th a common goat and five goats from Senegal were de�stroyed. On the 9th a Brazilian deer was killed, and on the 10th the female aurocli died. After this four peccari took the disease, and 34 animals in all died, or bad to be destroyed before the Plague was stayed. Thus ended the most remarkable out�break of Einderpest ever recorded. I had entertained a sus�picion that deer would take the disease, and proved this by submitting a buck to infection in the Albert Veterinary College; but the valuable evidence as to the many and varied kinds of animals susceptible to, and hence probably frequent carriers of, the disease, could only have been obtained by the misfortune which befel the French Acclimatization Society�a misfortune yielding great and valuable scientific results.

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

40]

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQTJIEY.

REPOET No. 1, FOR W3BEK ENDING XOYEiNIBEK 4tli,

1865.

These Ueturns do not profess to give the Total Number of Ci-scs which liiivc occurred in Great Britain, bat only those which luve been ascertained from the Official Information received at this Office from Inspectors, whether appointed by the Clerk of the O'uncil or by the Local Authorities, Colnmns 1 and 2 only record theCoses reported a.s having commenced during the quot;Weeks indicated by the Headings; quot;backquot; Cases being added to Column 3.


	COUN'TIES on raSTRICTS.	.Viimber of Farms, Sheila, or other Places in vhicb rrosfa Cases of Disease are reported iquot; baveoccurrod dmiug the Weeb ejiiling Nov. 4, 1SC5.
	ENGLAND, Bedford...............
	Berks............
	�tirkmo-liai'i .

	Chester.................. Cornwall.................
	Derby....................
	Dorset.................... llUl'lhtlU ..............
	Esses.................
	Gloucester .......
	Hants ............

	Hertford .....
	Huntingdon............ Kenl ,.
	Lancaster................ Leicester............... Lincoln.................. raquo;Middlesex ,,..........
	Norfolk ................
	Northampton ........
	Northumberland ..... Nottingham
	Oxford .
	lllltliUlll ................. Salop.....................
	Somerset ...............
	Suffolk .................
	Surrey .................. Warwick ...............
	Westmoreland ........ Wilts ....................
	Worcester .............. York ....................

Remaining

from last Week's

Report, to Xov 186S

Cases of quot; Cattle Plannte quot; reported as having commenced during the Week ending Xov. 4th, istj�.

Attacked during Week end�ing Xov 4, ' 1S85.

Died,

Recovered. iBemaining.

III)


:!	4	5
18	it
1	:gt;
9	quot; 4
1	2
8	1	i
1	2;!	t;

1	!)	2
1	2	11
8	4	1
13	1(1	3
1	15	4
2	2	2
52	'29	i
2	n	1
17	31 gt;	8
2

130 12

12 58

0 27 12

i�

127

5 12 60

23 3

6 13 34 31

140

152 10

;i,-gt;

8 48 84

41 1


4	18	6	5
.-)1	S	1	^gt;
03	12	Q	13
26	18	8	9
21	4)	irgt;	14


York ....................	4G	108	31	54 270 ^:12	12 84 6	57
	4G	108	31
('OfNTIKSOF EXGl.AMU quot;quot;Metropoutan 1 ToLICE DlSTKKJT 1	70S ^:546	C06 40	223 21			827 553
Exgi.axd Total	1,344	055	247	282	90	1,380

402nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE RNQUIllY.

EEPORT No. 1, FOR WEEK ENDINQ NOTEMBER Itli, 1865�contmitsd.

COUNTIES

0): DISTUICTS.

Xumbc-r of

#9632;^Z. Eemalntog whidi (resb '^romdkiesof last Week's

Report reported tonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;y ,

dnriiigtlie ^: ^1Kb5VTeek endlns Nov. 1, 18��.

Cases^of ''Cattlf Plague quot; reported as having commenced

timing the Weulc ending Nov. 4tli, isos.

Attacked during \V' ek end�ing Xov, 4.i

Recovered,

Remaining.

WALES,

Anglesey................

Brecon....................

Cardigan................,

Caermarthen............

Carnarvon...............

Denbigh.................

Flint.....................

Glamorgan .............

Merioneth...............

Montgomery............

Pembroie...............

Radnor..................

Wales Totai...

SCOTLAND,

Aberdeen ...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr' .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick-on-Tweelt;I ...

Bute .....................

Caithness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Domamp;ies ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

File .....................

Forfar ..................

Haddmgton ............

Inverness ...............

Kincanlinc ............

Ivinross ..................

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark..................

I.inlitlijow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew..................

Eoss and Cromarty ...

Boxboxgh...............

Selkirk ..................

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

SCOTI.AXII TOTAI___

2: i

2 2

3 163

387

lo 57

131

10 203


		' 1
quot;l	��	!) quot;'2
14	3	�
5		8
45	13	157
40	3	130
102	68	539
7		IS t

751 3

] 39 12

124

184 6

i:.i

703

40 22

�jn

36 9

124

1,571

1,05laquo;

819

410

148

CATTLE PLAG 0 B E NQ �11! Y.

403

REPOET No. 1, FOB WEEK ENDINa NOYEMBEE 4th, 1865�ecmUmied.

COUNTIES

DisTEiars.

SLivls.

orother Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Oct. 28�1,1865.

1 I'lai't* ill

: uiii.-li lr.-L____________________________________________________________________________

I Caselaquo; ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

Disease unjnbsp; RemainlDg

reportedto vftek

Attacked. Killed

anrumtiM ending

Get 21.

\Vv.l.-.

ENGLAND.

Bedfoid ..........

Berka .............

Buckinghaui .....

Cambridge ......

Chester ...........

Cornwall...........

Cumberland......

Derby...............

Devon..............

Dorset .............

Durham...........

Essex...............

Gloucester.........

Hants..............

Hereford...........

Hertford...........

Huntingdon......

Kent...............

Lancaster.........

Leicester...........

Lincoln............

raquo;Middlesex........

Moumouth.........

Norfolk............

Northampton.....

Northumbeiliind,

Nottingham.......

Oxfoid.............

Eutland............

Snlop ...............

Somerset. .........

Stafford............

Suffolk............

Surrey.............

Sussex..............

;gt; I 1

3 5

quot;3

130


	2 142
	13	'28
	�2 12	t:; 4
	#9632;n	18
	i	3
	116 5 ;-!() 3 6 ;	128 22 68 3 3

12 4

2 o7 1-2

2 15

14 8

37 10 17

50 8

38 2 3

145


5	1		1	1	4
49	IS	12	4		51
07	20	12	9	2	103
23	22	10	8 '	1	20
19	21 1	⁴1	12		24
46	74	10	61	3	46

Warwick.....

Westmurelani

Wilts..........

Worcester.... York..........

Conx iiksok Kxm.AM

*Metropohtan 1

Police Dishuct J

Exglaxd Total

700 547

5S2 170

701

177

107

284

308 53

3G1

798 546

1,344

1,307

2d 2

404nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 1, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 4th, 1865�eotdmued.


COUNTIES	XimilKT ul Pamu, Sheds, or other Places in wlil.-li (nih Casesot Dilaquo; Lseare reported tu	2. Diseased Animals reported for the Wee	: ending Oct. 23lh, IS65.
on DISTRICTS.		Remaining

mii'i- tii.- ending

Week.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Oct. 21.

Recovered. Remaining.

WALES.

Anglesey ...............

Rroeoti ..................

Ciinlimtii ...............

CaenuartUeo ...........

Carnarvon...............

Denbigb.................

Flint.....................

GrlamorgaD .............

Merioneth...............

Motitgomei'v............

Pembroke...............

Radnor..................

Wales Total...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen ...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

istniir.....................

Berwick-on-Tweeil ...

Bute .....................

Caithness...............

Claekmannan.........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Eclinbargh ............

Elgin, or Momy ......

Fife.....................

Forfai ..................

Haddington ............

Inyemess ...............

Eoncardine ............

Kinross ..................

Kirkcudbright..........

Lanark..................

Linlithgow ............

Xairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles.................

Perth.....................

Renfrew ...............

Ross and Cromurty ...

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk..................

Stirling..................

Sathcrland ............

Wigtown ...............

Si iiti.ani) Total ...


.....CO.....	07	10	36 #9632;#9632;	13 #9632;�

:'.i;


1	11	4
3
ITS	11	19
55	62	-l
197	:;il	19
n	7
quot;l
1	G
730	171	97
*\-gt;*	24	2
I		1
U	46	3
11	10	3

163

117


	18	58
	l�	387
	1	14
	1
		1
	5	7�1

39 12

124

1,324

823

152

350 i

1,571

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

405

KEPORT No. 1, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEIIBEK 4th, 18G5�continued.

! Total Xtinibeiquot; of

Total Number of

C.llllu

Total Xuiubrr of Diseased Animals reported since the

commencement of the Disease. Note.�Additions will, from time to time, bo made of ^u backquot; Cases, not included in tlio Weekly Eeports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Report.

COOTTTiES

DISTRICTS.

Farms, i Sheds, or ^; iquot; Sheds,

l.lll.lTI.UVS quot;I' -HlOl-

in whichnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Haoeswhera

mwaiCDnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (he Disease

has j officiaUy

appeared, inbsp; repurtlaquo;! to

ENGLAND.

Bedford.............

links ...............

Baakmgham ......

Ciimbiiiluo.........

Cbcstei..............

Cornwall ...........

(.'iiiulicrlitiiil.......

Derby...............

Devon................

Dorset..............

Durham .,...........

Essex................

Gloucester.........

Hauls................

Hereford ...........

Hertford............

Huntingdon.......

Kent................

Lancaster..........

Leicester ...........

Lincoln.............

raquo;Middlesex........

Momnoutb.........

Norfolk.............

Northampton......

Northumberland .

Nottingham.......

Oxford...............

Rllthtrul ............

Salop................

.Somerset ...........

Stafford.............

Suffolk..............

Surrey..............

Sussex..............

Warwick ...........

Westmoreland ....

Becorered. Remaining.

28 33 14

127

152

10 35

quot;4

quot;e

8 48 84 27 S3


Wilts..................	.. ; s 14 1,319	3 0 3SG	2 2 91	1 4 215	23
Worcester............... York.....................	.. ; s 14 1,319	3 0 3SG	2 2 91	1 4 215	23	57
COIXTIKS OF E.VGLAXI) #9830;Metropolitan I i'OLici; DisTEicrr /	'] 23,581 10,100	8,892 5,718	3,344 2,749	4,133 2,278	588 : 138 :	827 553
EsoiiAND Total	.. ; 33,081	14,010	6,093	0,411	720	1,380

40G

CATTLE PIAGUE ENQUIRY.

BEPOBT No. I, FOR WEEK ENDING XOVEMEER 4th, \Sij5�cont!mt�d.

Total ,#9632;' Number of

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease. Xoti:.�Additions will, from time to time, be made of quot; back'quot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in-forniittiou received since last Ueport

COUNTIES

DISTEIOTS,

dumber of

Fiinns, jnbsp; onFaims,

Sheds, or 'nbsp; nbsp; iuSbeds,

other Placesnbsp; nbsp; oroOnx

the Diseasenbsp; nbsp; bssbeeo

lias |nbsp; nbsp; offidaU;

appeared, inbsp; quot;lquot;^¹ #9632;quot;

Attacked. Killed.

Pied. Recovered. Remaining.

WALES.

Anglesey.......

Brecon ..........

Cardigan .......

Caermartben.....

Carnarvon .......

Denbigh .......

Flint.............

Grlamorgan.....

Merioneib.......

Slontgomery....

Pembroke.......

Badnor..........

3G8

222 10

52 1

132

Wales Total.

141

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayrquot; .....................

Banff.....................

Benriok-on-Tweed ...

Bute .....................

Caitbness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfties ...............

Edinburgb ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Kite .....................

Forfar ..................

Haddington............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................

Kirkcudbrigbt.........

Lanark .................

Linlitbgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles ..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew..................

Boss and Cromnrty ...

Boxbuigh...............

Srlkirk ..................

Stirling..................

Suthedtmd ............

Wigtown ...............

Scotland Total ...


.quot;(it)	235	108	04	3
154	quot;21	8	it		quot;l
321	19	quot;0	quot;l		9
quot;ll 103 LG3 1,946	quot;24 65 22 940	quot;3 13 3 111	h 39 ii 594	' 8 7 81	2 6 S 157
893 ; 4,306 : 385	418 1,508 68	62 359 6	185 404 37	41 11G 7	130 530 IS
59	5 14	4 2	11	1	1
2,455 207	1,989 119	534 36	093 61	59 13	703 9
'' 34 048 200	3 192 96	quot;2 57 57	81 27	1 18 O	36 9
96	9	' 2	quot;2	quot;	quot;5
'889	#9632;302	'29	140	quot;3	124
13.300 !	0.055	1.465	2,472	301	1,757

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

407

REPOET No. l.-SUMMAKY FOR WEEK ENDING NOTEMBEB 40., X865.

Kxi;i,an'd (Total).

WaIjES .............

Scotland..........


Numhor of Furnilaquo;. Sheds, or other Placeg iu which tresh (^es .-r Dieeaee are reported to hareoccttrred dnring Hi.' W,. I. ending Not. 4,186laquo;.	Remaining frmn last Week's liepurt, to Nov. i, 1S6�.	Ciises ofquot; Cattle Piagnequot; during the AV'eok		1. reported as having commenced ending N'ov. 4111, 18tj5.
	Remaining frmn last Week's liepurt, to Nov. i, 1S6�.	Attacked during U'ei-k end ing Nov. 4 1raquo;65.	\| j Killed. :	Died.	Recovered. Remaining. \|
	1,344	055	i 247	282	90	1,380
	13	52	2	29	3	31
	1,571	1,058	319	410	143	1.757
	2,928	1,765	5GS	721	230	3,168

Total

Kamber

of Punas,

Sliods,

or other

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Oct. 28tll, 1866.

distkicts,

Placoa in

wlilub tresh

I Caaesof

! Dlaeode are Remaining Imported to ^V�lt;-k | #9632; ^u^-�.quot;#9632;'#9632;quot;gt;?'� * end�iff I Attacked.

during the [ quot;-quot;quot;-quot;'ft Week. I Oct. 21. j

Died. #9632; Recovered. Bemainlng

England (Total). Wales .............

SCOTLAM)..........


.. j 1,307	761	284	301	79	1,344
.. \| 33	27	10	3G	1	13
.. ; 1,324	823	152	350	74	1,571

Total

2.664

1.611

lie,

717

15-1

2,028

DISTKICTS.

Total I Number ofi

Forms, : .Sheds, or other Places

in which the I tfaease

1ms : appeared.

Total

Number of

Cattle on Farms, in Sheda,

cr ntli. r

Places where the DIs aae

lialt; been offldaU;

\. ;#9632; #9632;gt; ti .1 tu exigt;it.

Total Number of Diseased A nimals reported since the commencement of the 1 Msease. Notk.�Additions will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Reporte, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Ileport.

Attacked, j Killed.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Died. iRecovored. Kemaining.

Exglaxd (Total).

Wales .............

Scotland..........

Total ....

33,081 379

14,010 0,093 I G,411

720 ' 1,380

232

141

13,300 0,055 1,465 2,472

861 1,757

47,366 ^: 20,897 ' 7,011 9,024 : 1,094 3,108

4U8

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

BEPOET ^^T.

FOE WEEK ENDING XOVEMBER lltb, 1803.

Number of

COUNTIES DXSTKICTS.

Farms, Sheds,

or other

Places in whirl! freab

CiUS-S uf

Oiseaaa are reported to

haTeoccnrxed

Bemoinbig'

from last Week's

Report, corrected to

Nov. u,

Cases of quot; C;iti lo Plague quot; reported as having commenced ihiring tin- Week enaiug Nov. nth, Istij.

Attacked ! during

Week end�ing Xov. n, ' 1865.

Recovered. Bamp;nalnmg

.luring lluraquo; I 1S(J5 Week ending Nov. 11, 1865.

ENGLAND.

Bedford .........

Berks ............

BuckmgUam

Cambridge ......

Chester .........

Cornwall .........

Cumberland......

Derby ............

Devon ............

Dorset ............

Durham .........

Essex ............

Gloiicc�ter ......

Hants ............

Hereford .........

Hertford ..........

Huntingdon......

Kent................

Lancaster..........

Leicester ..........

Lincoln.............

raquo;Middlesex .......

Monmouth .......

Nbrfoli ..........

Northampton .... Northmuberland ,

Nottingham.......

Oxford .............

1 athmd .........

Salop ............

Somerset .........

Stafford ..........

Suffolk.............

Surrey .............

Sussex .............

Warwick ..........

Westmoreland... .

Wills................

Worcester..........

York................

2S IJ7 14 '.) 14 i:.

10 4

11 1

U4 22

30 10

32 19


5	H	3	1		12
i	4		4		4
17	7	quot;o	'io	i	7
130	9	..	7		132
4	27	20	8		3
to			��		10
5	3	1		2	5
32	66	10	[#9632;gt;		70
60	28	6	11	15	50
28	65	24	11!	6	50

I !

15 13

l:;


	52	ill
	10	143
	35	36
		1
	4	7
	(!	1
	s	30
	50	94
	SI	�8

82 24

163 43

8 11

13 41 17 12

100

�7

21!

I 134

112

185


('OCNTIKSOF EKGLAJnj 1,11 *Meteopolita ) ,,. Police Distbiot j^:	913 554	1.270	305 40	20	84 14	1,257 545
Et-�land Total...¹ 100	,407	1,347	351	563	98	1,802

CATTLE PLAGUE EXQUIUY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 40!)

KEPOKT No. 2, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER Utb, lSG5�contimied.

C0UXT1KS

1USTKICTS.

or other Remaintog Places in ' from wtii'h fresh last WeeVs

,''#9632;'-----' Report,

Disease are :nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. i ^

reTJortod to corrected to

i,,.;. v,,,-,-,.! Nov. n

.huiiv Um 1S05.

Oases of quot; Cattio Plamio quot; reported as baving commenced daring the Week ending Xuv. nih, isii.j.

Attacked during Week end- Killed. ingXov.U,

1S6�.

Recovered, Remainii

WALES.

Anglesey ...............

Brecon ..................

Cardigan ...............

Caermarthen .........

Cuniorvon...............

Denbigla ...............

Flint.....................

Glamorgan ............

Merioneth...............

Montgomery............

Pembroke...............

Badnor..................

Walbs Total ...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen ...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick-on-Tweed ...

Bute .....................

Oaitbness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

DinulViis ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, cir Moray ......

Fife.....................

Porfar ..................

Haddington ............

InvenK'ss ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................

Kirkcudbrighl.........

Lanark ..................

Linllthgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

Uonfrew..................

Ilu^s and Cromarty ...

Hoxburgh...............

SeUdrfc..................

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

Scotland Total...

It 82

313

I I

157

i:!0

�54

1 33

quot;2

119

G 13 49

171


	⁵ :	3 152
	24 17 2	142 580 23

153

1 26

703

(il 1

539 11

124

219

21 ! 109 2 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

11laquo; 14

213

1 i 160

198

58 1,778 1,206

165

836

166 1,817

410

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

BEPOET No. 2, FOE WEEK ENDING NOVEMBEB Htli, ISeS�eonUrmed.

COUNTIES

DISTEICTS.

Number

of Fomiii,

or other

2. Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. -Uli, 1S05.

Placea it,

whi.-h livrtii__________

Ctunsiot

Diseoaoare Eemaining

raportcdto ,.. , haveoccurrednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,.

ixaiDg the , ending

\V.,k. ! Oct.2.s.

I'ieJ. Ilecovered. Remaining.

ENGLAND.

Bedford............

Berks...............

Buchmgbam......

Camliriilge ......

Chester..................

Cumwall .........

Cumberland......

Derby ............

Devon............

Dorset ............

Durham .........

Essex...............

Gloucester ......

Hants ............

Hereford .........

Hertford .........

Huntingdon......

Kent...............

Lancaster.........

Leicester .........

Lincoln............

raquo;Middlesex ......

Moiimoiith ......

Norfolk............

Northampton ...

Northmnberiand......#9632;

Nottingham............

Oxford ..................

Butland..................

Salop.....................

Somerset ...............

Stafford.................

Suffolk ..................

Surrey.................

Sussex ..................

Warwick ...............

Westmoreland .........

Wilts.....................

Worcester...............

Turk.....................

COtTNTlES OF EN'GLANIp

*Mi;troi'Oi.itan j Police Distkjct )


2	30 33	8	1	7	2	28 33
2	17	9	3	4	5	14
7	5	27	18	5		9
8		12	1	3		8
quot;2	3	'l5	quot;9	4		quot;�
1	5	2	1	2		4
rgt;	3	27	quot;s	quot;4	i	17
1	130	27	1	23	G	127
2	3	l:;	7	5		4
	12	10	1	9	2	10
	'is	6	1	2	11	5
�t	12	13	8	4	1	12
3	5laquo;	;u	1?.	it;	3	CO
11	12 3	31	1	15	4	23 3
1	3	4	2	2	2	1
'27	145	89	52	'29	1	152
5	9	7	2	:i	1	10
20	41	52	17	33	8	35
	1	2	1	2
3	2	4	9			4
	4	9	7			0
quot;2	t	quot;is	6	5	3	8
4	51	8	4	3	4	48
3	103	12	3	13	15	84
9	26	18	8	9		27
	21	41	15	14 quot;	3	33
40	46	108	31	54	12	57
165	798	606	223	270	84	827
it;	546	49	24	12	6	553

e.vgland totai___

181

1.344

282

1,380

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;411

ItEPOKT No. 2, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVKJIBER llth, ISG�amtmued.

COUNTIES

DISTKICTS

dumber cpf Ponna. Shads, or other PJoctt in raquo;�hlob tmh

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. 4th, 1866.

Hi-1 I-,

ore RexnainiDfj

rrlwl Week InSthe j ending Week, I Oct. 28.

Attacked. Killed.

Recovered. HeouUnini


WALES. Anglesey ............... Brecon .................	� 5 i i i 9 5 89 8 39 �gt; 14 22	13	⁵quot;	�2	�� 20	3
Goxdigcm .............
Cncnuartlicn
CJaruarvon. .
Denbigh ...............							31
Flint.....................
Merioneth............... Montgomery............
Pembroke............... Kadnor..................

Wales Total ...		18 quot;l 5 2 0 163 '58 387 14 1 751 3 ' 1 89 12 5 124	50 35 7 '�24 in 57 ., 131 525 11 184 6 4e 22	�)	29	3 31
SCOTLAND.				35 �2 quot;s quot;5 10 203 36 quot;5 20	1 .. 14 5 45 46 102 7 �� .. 151 34 5	�� 13 quot;3 68 45 quot;l 10
Argyle ..................
Ayr .....................							1
Banff.....................
J Serw ick-on-Tweed ... Bute .....................							9

Clackmannan ......... Dnmbaxton ...........							2 (!
Dnmfriea ...........							8
Edinburgh .....							157
Elgin, or Moray ...... Fife ............'.........							130
Forfar ..................							539 IS
Inwriu¹^ ............... [Kincardine .
KiiiToss .....							1
Kirkcudbright.........							703
							9

Orkney and Shetland Peebles..................
Perth..................... Renfrew.......							30 !)
Eoss and Cromarty ...							quot;0
Selkirk..................
Stirling..................							124
Sutherland ...........
Wigtown......

Scotland Total...	139	1,571	1,058	310	410	143	1,757

#9632;412nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY,

REPORT No. 2, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 11th, 1865�confenued.


	Total	Total			3.
	Number of	Kumber of ; Cattle	'i'otid Number of Pis		ased Anini;	Is reported	since the
COUNTIES	Sbeds, or	on i'quot;i(rm-, tu She�a, \	commencement of the Noiquot; �A;idi:uns will, IV-mt tirn.			Disease. to time, lraquo;!¹ made of
		Plan laquo;wlewj	quot;b:ukquot; Cases, not		nduded in	tho WVeld	' Iii#9632;torts.
DISTRICTS.	the Disease has appeared.	ihr Disease has been l offlciaUy reported to exiat	and corrections (if any) arising from additional In�formation received since last Report.
	the Disease has appeared.	ihr Disease has been l offlciaUy reported to exiat	Attacked j Killed.		Died.	Recovered.	Remaining.
ENGLAND.
Bedford ..............	22 51 35	310 805 658	196 4SI 221	49 91 96	101 291 S2	11 59 J.quot;)	32
Berks .................							40
Bnckingham...........							28
Cambridge ...........	HO	Tin;	170	89	50	8	32
Chester................	25 *�gt;* 3	504 131 11	116 46 4	23 J 1	51 20 1	in 2	32
ComwaU ............							19
Oumberloiid .......
Derby ..........	15 1	#9632;281 152 12	73 86 6	38 40	17 34 lt;;	S 5	12
Devon .........							4
Dorsel...............
Durliom.................	#9632;is 237	323 2,158	137 1,272	00 260	40 71U	21 110
Essex....................	#9632;is 237	323 2,158	137 1,272	00 260	40 71U	21 110	132
	8 42	1 to 535	5.J 211	33 51	47 135	12	o
Hants .................							10
Hereford ..............
Hertford ..............	IS 21	250 327	00 204	59	08	17 1	5
Huntingdon ..........	IS 21	250 327	00 204	59	08	17 1	70
	161 IV)	1,412 531	807 240	290 85	427) 83	12 22	50
Lancaster..............	161 IV)	1,412 531	807 240	290 85	427) 83	12 22	50
Leicester ..............	/	109	22	12	7		3
Lincoln...............	10	361	93	34	30	5	24
raquo;Middlesex ...........		..
	217	2,017	1,170	536	438	00
Norfolk.................	217	2,017	1,170	536	438	00	163
	si 126	1,500 1,525	384 492	172 196	146 235	23 2G	43
Northtunberland.....	si 126	1,500 1,525	384 492	172 196	146 235	23 2G	35
Nottingham .........	6 l 7	59 66 227	20 27 �11	8 16	14 111 10	1 8
Oxford ...............							(j
Rutland ............
Salop...................							6
Somerset ..............	2	11	11	4	7
Stafford ..........	^! 26	253	12]	11	59 o71	f,	10 89
Suffolh.................	104	1.922	012	402	59 o71	50	10 89
Surrey ................	128	2,438	000	376	435	70	100
Sussex .................	152	3,142	9(12	451	413	65	33
Warwick ..............	.: 41	895	213	59	i 13	19	o'gt;
Westmoreland........
Wilts..................	2 i	8 60	7	2	1 4
Worcester..............	2 i	8 60	7	2	1 4
York ....................	101	2,174	746	136	002	33	185
	101	2,174	746	136	002	33	185
COUSTIESOF F.Nia.ANI	i 1,996	27,12:!	10.011	3,764	4,807	723	1,257
raquo;Metropolitan Pouck District	631	10,339	5,801	2,790	2,008	152	545
Enolakd Tota	. 2Xi-27	#9632; 37,462	16,442 6,560		7,2071	870	1,802

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 413

REPORT No. 2, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 11th, 1865�continued.

COUNTIES

Total N'nmber of

Farms,

Sheds, or

other Place

in which

the Diseas

has appeared.

Total

NltllllHT tjlquot; C.lltli,

(in Fiuma,

iu Sbeds, or otlier

Plac� laquo;li.r.

the �hmoae It.i-i been mliiiailv

v )gt;.ini^i to exl�t.

Total Nximl'fr of Diseased Animais reported sinco Ihc cummencement of the ] )isea8e. Mote.�Additions will, from time to time, bo made of quot;buckquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Eieports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Report.

DiSTRicra

Attacked. Killed.

Died.

. Etecovered. Remaining

WALES.

Anglesey .................

Jirocnn ..................;

C'anlisim ...............

Caermarthen .........

Carnarvon .................

Denbigh ............... 35

Flint..................... 2

Glamorgan ............

Merioneth...............

Montgomery..............

Pembroke...............

Radnor ..................

Wales Total ... :;7

258 10

54 1

168 9

642

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick-on-Tweelaquo; 1 .. .

Bute .....................

Caithness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Blgin, or Moray ......

Fife.....................

Forfiir ..................

Haddiagton ............

rnyemess ..............

KincanliiRi ............

iviiiross..................

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark..................

Linlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

TtenlVew ...............

Boss and Cromarty...

Boxburgh..........'.....

Selkirk.................

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

16 12

-1

liW


221		iii'i	8
�-n		36	9
i it		�21	3
223		86	13
ID:!		31	4
103	1	02S	147
075		513	64
740	1	!i2:l	440
#9632;ill		SI	11

i i'.i


11	S	�gt;
5G	12	5
24		'lt;gt;
643	86	152
242	65	142
722	181	580
38	9 1	oo
19	1	1
92raquo;	12:1	539
83	14 I	11
190	27	116
36	4	11
o		(!
HOfl	ii	198

171

130


231	2,142 Ml	560 36
34	''.,	2
166 1	�Ill	78
212	113	59
117	11	3
376	545	30

I 5S 20

Scotland Total...

16,746

381 1,642

i,: gt; i ij

546

1,817

414

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT Nu. 2.�SUMMARY FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER lltli, 1805.

DISTRICTS.

Number lt;gt;r

Farms, Sheds nr other Places i.i laquo;rhhsli fresh

lt;jwlt; of Dial .im- are reported to

baveoccarteO dariiig the

Wci-k ondii

Nov. ii, is.;

Rana�iing from

lasl VVeck'i

Kep* in, correctlaquo;! to

NmV.11

ilaquo;e5.

Cases of quot;Cattle riaKuequot; reported as having commenced daring the Weekending Nuv. mil, i^g�.

attacked during Week end- Killed, Died, ^: Recovered Remaining.

ing Nuv. i 1,

ENGLAND (Total)....

WiLtES ...............

Scotland .............

Total,

160 1,4:67

1,347

351 563 !nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;98nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,802

2 35nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2nbsp; nbsp; j 26

1G5 S3Gnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 166nbsp; nbsp; ' 1,817

SS -1,778

1,206

:53 3,283

2,580

518 1,434

200 ; 3,045


	Number of Farms, Sh.-.K orother Plao - which lr. ih Cases ol li;-.,,- ,.;,- reportea to liavcoccnrred during the Wraquo; k, 181 5 139	lliscas	d Animals	3. reported for th	Week eiuting Nov.		4 th, 1SCS.
DISTRICTS.		.teinnining Week ending Oct28.	Attacked.	^! Killed.	Died.	Recovered.	Remaining.
England (Total...... Wales ...............		1.344 13 1.571	G5.5 52 1,058	217 2 319	282 29 410	90 8 143	! 1,330 1 31
RpOTl WD .........							1 1,757

Tor at....	325	2,92S	1,765	508	721	230	3,108

Total

Tola]

DISTRICTS

I-., ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(.' Nnmlier oi

MNumDei oinbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.,,,,;,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'louX Nuuibor of diseased Auinials reported since the

Farms,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; on rlaquo;rms,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; commencement of the Disease.

Mieds. itnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ⁱ^_I.�^'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Note.�Additions will, from lime to time, be made of

oiln r i'l.ieesnbsp;^j ^ #9632;#9632;^l_hi _tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;Ii.iek'' Cases, not included in the Weekly Reports,

#9632; 'quot; wliu-hnbsp; nbsp; ,;,,. I,, , ..,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;mid ronveiioits (if any) arising from additional in-

tne Diseasenbsp; nbsp;.bashcen i Ibnnatiun received since last Report.

has

..tli.ii. U-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^r

England (Total:

Wales ............

.Scotland.........

appeared,nbsp; nbsp; quot;i;^;'¹quot;nbsp; nbsp; _Attacked.

2,027nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 37,462nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;16,442

37nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 012nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 208

734nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;10,740nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7,381

Killed, j Died. ; Recovered. Remaining.



0,50(1	7,205	875	1,802
55	177	10	20
1,012	3,376 \|	540	1,817

Total..

3,308 54,850 24,091

8,257 10,758 j 1,431 3,045

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY. EBPOET No. 3, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 18tb, 1865,

415

'Farms. Sheds,'-

uei

during the weekentunf

:od as having commenced Noi-. istb, la�5.

CODKTIES

! Places innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;from

. wi.i.i, (resh i._lst Week's �

; ife';:.:.';;,v ^1!'^,lgt;;^tquot;. Attacked

rep rtadto corrected to dnrlns .h,_v\:._mmi Nov. is, _Wvl._k ,?;�!.

Killed.

DISTKICTS.

Uocovcred. OemainiiiLr

Week i.....i

INov. IK. 18i

1865. ingSTov.lgJ

186:

ENGLAND. Bedford ..............

Berks .................

Jjifkiiisiuuii...........

CarabrM^n ...........

Chester.................

Cornwall...............

Cumberland...........

Derby .................

Devon .................

Dorset .................

Durham ..............

Essex....................

('� [ouoester ...........

Hants .................

Hereford ..............

Hertford ..............

Huntingdon...........

Kent....................

Lancaster..............

Leicester ..............

Lincoln.................

�Middlesex ...........

Monmouth ...........

Norfoli.................

Northampton ........

Northumberland.....

Nottingham...........

Oxford .................

Rutland.................

Salop....................

Somerset ..............

Stafibrd.................

Suffolk .................

Surrey .................

Sussex .................

Warwick ..............

Westmoreland........

Wilts....................

Worcester..............

York....................

Counties of Ex�lanu

*.MKTROrOr.lTASnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;|

Pojuoe District i Esglakd Total...

37 40 33 32 42 19

111

101

19 1

14 9

14 1

quot;2 3

8 S3


	4	89
	5	34
	4	23
	2 1	38
	2	87
	i	17
	1	13
		4
	1	quot;l
		111
		2
	4	9
		5
		35
	⁷ i	49
	4	45
		3
	1	23
	3	179
	4	23
	8	43
		quot;3
		quot;(I
	I	18
		90
	1	94
	2	30
	3	21


(i #9632;1	76 58	14 23
14	63	42
2	24	44
S	133	195
12	43	89
1	35 6	69 12
7	*quot;e*	0
1	18	10
1	88	7
2	102	33
	37 #9632;	30
	24	4

17 22

4 16 21


1		4 2	O	2		1
70	252	453 ^:	63	28C	87	319

176 15

1,312 542

1,317 210

377 33

709 125

109 23

1,374 577

191

1,884 1,533

410

924

132

1,951

416nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQDIRY.

EBPOBT No. 3, FOB WEEK ENDING NOVEMBBE 18th, 1865�continued.

N'nmlwrof

Cases of quot;(J.itllo Pliisw'quot; during lLo Week

reported as liaviiig commenced ending Nov. i8tli, l*�5.

:-quot;i. tns.Sheds.L, . . ; othot Remaining c � #9632;(#9632;-. in ! from

COUNTIES

DJSTK1CTamp;

raquo;hid, trash ^t Week's

Dfaavlaquo; are : 'quot;iquot;quot; � i Attacked repottalto correctedto _llllril,.,

IMV,.,,.-,-,!,-,-.,^ NOV. 18,

1- KUled. togNov.18,

i8li5.

Died, i Recovered. Hemainin^.

iIurluR the [Week eniling Nov. l*s 1866.

WALES.

Anglesey ...............

Brecon ..................

Cardigan ...............

Cuoniuirliiou .........

Cttrnarvon ............

Denbigh ...............

Flint.....................

lt; rlamorgan ............

Merioneth...............

Montgomery............

Pembroke...............

Badnor..................

Wales Total...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff ..................

Berwiok-on-Tweed ...

Bute.....................

Caithness...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife .....................

Forfar ..................

Haddington............

Inverness...............

BCincardine ............

Kinross..................

Kirkeiulbri^lit.........

Lanark..................

Linlitbgow ............

Nairn ..................

Orlcney and Shetland

Peebles.................

Perth....................

Renfrew ..............

Eosraquo; ami Oromarty ..

Roxburgh..............

Selkirk.................

Stirling.................

Sutherland ...........

Wigtown ..............

Scotland Total...

:�#9632;;


	60 �� �#9632; �
	60
	'33
	20 � �

r.s


	20
1	o II	1 34
1	28	#9632;I
7	152	#9632;id
S	142	113
39 1	581 2;j	515 i

3 1


		2
	?.	39
		31
	14	142
	32	121
	76	G1S
		Ti

G 71

331

539 11

142 16

-:;

549


19 2	117 14 6	iis #9632;1	6 2	60 2 � #9632;	22 1	144 13 quot;e
quot;3	IDS	'is		7		200
95	1,851	1,040	124	C40	161	1,966

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;417

REPORT No. 3, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER ISth, ISGo�mntinued.


COUNTIllaquo;	Number (.-t Famu, Sheds, or othet riaca in wblcb fn-sli Caaesof Diseiuw nr.' reported to haveoccnxred iluriiit; tbfi \V,f.:k.	Diseased	2. Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. nth, 18G5.
Ott DISTKICTS.		Remaining Week ending Nov. 2.	Attacked.	Killed.	Died.	Recovered.	Remaining.
ENGLAND. Bedford ..............	1 17 4 2 quot;4 3 6 quot;4 'l5 13 13 quot;l 1 quot;3 1 3 2 4 quot;l 43	28 37 14 9 14 13 quot;5 4 17 130 4 10 quot;5 32 60 28 3 1 152 10 35 quot;4 quot;6 *quot;s* 50 84 27 25 98	16 4 33 77 64 22 11 4 7 9 27 quot;3 66 28 65 45 iii 143 36 1 quot;l 30 94 38 67 26 quot;l 234	1 quot;9 29 7 quot;3 6 20 quot;l 10 6 24 7 65 20 8 1 1 *quot;s* 11 5 34 3 1 25	11 1 7 25 80 16 1 4 'l0 7 8 12 17 13 14 32 82 24 quot;4 1 13 41 17 12 23 02	3 quot;9 quot;l quot;2 15 6 quot;l quot;3 8 4 .. quot;l 3 'is 3 .-10	32
Berks ...........							40
							28
Camln'idge ....							32
Chester..................							32 19
Cumberland............ Derby ...............							i2
							4
Dorset .............
Durhiim............							7
Essex..................... Gloucester ............ Hants ..................							132 3 10
Hereford ............... Hertford ...............							5
Huntingdon............ Kent.....................							76 50
Lancaster .............							50
Leicester ...............							3
Lincoln.................. �Middlesex............ Momnouth .........							24
Norfolk.............							103
Northampton ,........ Nori 1 mmberland......							43 35
Oxford ..................							6
Rutland..................
Salop..................... Somerset ............... Stafford..................							6 16
Suflolk ..................							89
							100
Sussex .................. Warwick ............							33 22
Westmoreland .........
Wilts.....................							quot;
York.................							185

couxties of exgland Polick District /	141 19	913 554	1,270 77	305 46	537 26	84 14	1,257 545
England Total...	160	1,467	1,347	351	563	98	1,802

2 E

418nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 3, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER ISth, ISGa�continued.

Number of Fftrms,

couxties

DISTRICTS.

or otbex

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending X�v. llth. 18G5.

Plaoes in whifli fresh Ciises of i

Dtaeaaa im* Remaining

raportodto laquo;Vek

Attacked.

Recovered. Remaining

Weak.

Nov. 4.

WALES.

Anglesey...............

Brecon ..................

Cardigan ...............

Caermartlion .........

Carnarvon...............

Denbigh ...............

Flint.....................

Glamorgan ............

Merioneth...............

Montgomery............

Pembroke...............

Radnor..................

;;s

Wales Total...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr.....................

Banff.....................

Benvick-on-Tweed ...

Bute .....................

Caithness...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife .....................

Porfer ..................

Haddingtou ............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................

Kirkeudbright.........

Lanark..................

Linlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles............

Perth............,..

Renfrew .........

Ross and Cromarty...

Roxburgh.............

.Selkirk................

Stirling................

Sutherland ..........

Wigtown .............

Scotland Total.


5	38	27	2	35	9	26
1	quot;2	quot;i		quot;l	'#9632;	quot;5
��	quot;9	17	quot;3	3		20
	quot;2	;;			�#9632;	quot;2
1	11	4		0	4	5
	8	9	1	13		3
7	137	82	33	49	5	152
5	i:^:!0	quot;95	quot;2	-57	24	142
31	554	313	69	171	47	580
	18	13	5	1	2	23
1		1	1			..
1	1	9		8	1	1
17	703	�� 153	26	227	64	539
2	n	25		22	1	11
quot;7	36	219	21	109	quot;9	�6
2	9	17	2	9	1	14
	quot;5	quot;2	quot;l			6
'l3 ::	124	243	1	160	8	198
88	1,778	1,206	105	836	160 1	1,817

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 419

EEPORT No. 3, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER IStb, lSG5�cnni!nued.

coraxiEs

DISTRICTS.

Tofill X innber of

ParmS)

Sbcds. or

otberPloces

in which the J raquo;isease

lias appeared.

Total

N'mjiinr of Oittle

on Fuma,

in Sheds,

or other

I'l.u-f.i laquo;lien

the Disease has been ..illi-iiUv

reported to

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since tlie

conimencement of the Disease. Kotr.�Additions will, from time to time, he made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the quot;Weekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in-formalion received since last Report.

Attacked. ' Killed.

Died.

i Recovered. Remaintiug

ENGLAND.

Bedford ...............*nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;29

Berks.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 51

BucMngham .........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -10

Cambridge ............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 54

Chester..................ⁱnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 38

Cornwall ...............\nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Cumberland............^!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

Derby ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21

Devon ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 20

Dorset ..................1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

Durham ...............!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 28

Essex.....................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 238

Gloucester ............'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8

Hants ..................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 42

Hereford ...............

Hertford ...............jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

Huntmgilon............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 27

Kent.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;171

Lancaster...............;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 84

Leicester ...............jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Lincoln..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21

�Middlesex ............

MonmoutU ............i

Norfolk..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 230

Northampton .........!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 94

Nortliuniberlanil......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;133

Nottingham............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

Oxford ..................inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Rutland .................

Salop.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 15

Somerset ...............'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Stafford..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3U

Suliblk ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;196

Surrey ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;134

Sussex ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;152

Warwick...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 42

Westmoreland...........

Wilts.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8

Worcester...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

York.....................^:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 310

Counties of Englandnbsp; 2,271

#9830;METEOrOLlTAN 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;c-l

Police Distbict )nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^J

England Total..Jnbsp; 2,922


402	258	03 '	138	18	39
895	481	92	291	04	34
723	230	90	96	21	23
938	248	117	83	10	38
909	234	38	96	13	87
203	80	10	47		17
00	32	29	1	2
309	94	52	20	9	13
152	87	44	34	u	4
12	0		6
338	138	02	53	22	1
2,189	1,313	204	780	158	111
140	53	33 ;	17	1	2
535	217	54 :	138	10	9

250 : 444 i

1,008 :

843 !

109 ;

370 |

90 218 800 300

22 137

35 07 300 139 12 53

33 115

405

140

1 52 30

'ic

o 35 49 45

3 23

3,170

1,690

1,014

107

4�G

309

1,902

2,581

3,203

895

1,422

474

561

077

193

210

'24

418

400

472

529

228

207

7 77 370 403. 439 110

' 1

0 789

37 27 29

179

20 49

11 149

940 ,037 ,008 219

SO 67 22

18 90 94 30 21

63 359

9 1,419

230

319

30,971 ; 12,545 4,333 5,909 10,594 j 0,031 ; 2,837 2,430

809 _i 1,374

181 ^: 577

41,505 ; 18,570 7,170 8,405 I 1,050 1,951

Z E 2

420

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 3, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER IStli, 18G5�continued

COUNTIES

on DISTBICTS.

Total I Tquot;^ . : Xumh..,- of ^^#9632;' Farms, j onifcims, ^!

Slicils, or j in -SluiLi. otlloll^,l:lCCS,�quot;^lquot;quot;^ll'V^r

Im.-' been offlkdally reported to

Total XumbfTof Oijp.isimI Animals reported since the commencement oiquot; Ihe Disease. Note.�Adilitions will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from a�ilitional in�formation received since last Iteport.

Attacked. Killed.

Pied. Kecov-red. Uemaining.

i appeared

WALES.

Anglesey...............

Brt'con ..................

Cardigan ...............;

Caermafthen .........

Carnarvon...............

Denbigh ...............

Flint.....................

G-latnorgan ............

Meiionetli...............

Montgomery............

Pembroke...............

Ruilnor..................

1:! 2

905 11

354 10

220 9

Walks Total...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwiok-on-Tweed...

Bute .....................

Caithness...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Eilinburgli ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife ............quot;.........

Forfar ..................

Haddington............

Invemc�S...............

Kincanlinc ............

Kinross..................

Kirkoudbright.........


45	010	804	5(5	229	10	00
16	808	285	168	04	3
13	208	00	11	22		83
quot;4	417	52	15	17		20
quot;3 8 126	'02 258 337 2,108	'25 139 04 1,008	quot;4 18 4 159	11 71 29 007	.. 8 10 100	quot;2 39 81 142
46 210 20	1,051 7,240 443	620 2,440 82	70 511 11	338 1,054 39	07 257 0	121 018 23
quot;5 2	85 130	6 25	5 2	'20	1 1	quot;2
	85 130	6 25	5 2	'20	1 1

Lanark ..................

Linlithgow ............

Nairn ..................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew...............

Ross and Cromarty...

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk..................

Slirlinp:..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

Scotland Total...

181

2,050 281

2,284

100

583 36

1,010 93

13G 14

549 17

1 si 22

quot;5

1,375

229

117

1,442


3	2
520	84	252
117	61	38

144 13

200

500

30 i

2 313

846

19,819

,492 1,772 j 4,040

708

1,900

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUJKY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 421

EBPORT No. 3.�SUMMAET OF AVEEK ENDING NOVEMBEIl 18th, 1805.

Number ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.

i^Fquot;� uih¹,'quot;'quot;' Remaining Cases of quot; Cattle Plague quot; reportoil as baviDg commenced

#9632; places in fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; during the Week endiog Nov. 18th, 1866.

lUSl'IUCTS.

d�^, quot;quot;feportr! _Attackedreportea to corrected to airing

ilaquo;v,_;;Kgt;iimJ Nov. 18, ;_W(,,._k _end. _Km ,

Died.

Recovered. Remaining.

dtulnrtbe i ih(15. :

|ingNov.l8,|

1800.

ⁱ^^lll'^u-

Week euding Nov. 18, lHli,^r).

England (Total)......! 191 1,884 : 1,533

Wales ..................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5 ^: 26nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;90

|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

Scotland...............ⁱ 95 1,851 i 1,040

410

124

924 52

040

132 i 1,951

9 : 00

161 i 1,9GG

Total......

291 3,701 2,009 : 535 j 1,616

302

3,977


	Number lt;if Fonns, Sheds, m- other Places in whiclifreah �iaesof Disease are reigt;orted to haveoccorred during ttio Wirk.	2. Diseased Animals reported for tlio Week ending Nov. 11th, 1865.
DISTRICTS.		Remaining Week ending Nov. 4.	Attacked. � Killed. [ I'ied.	Recovered.	Remaining,
Enolanu (Total)...... Wales .................. Scotland #9632;.....	160 5 SS	1,407 j 1,347 351 , 563 38 27 2 i 35 1,778 1,200 105 830		98 2 166	1,802 2G 1 817
	160 5 SS	1,407 j 1,347 351 , 563 38 27 2 i 35 1,778 1,200 105 830		98 2 166
Total.........	253	3,283 2,580 518 1,434 200			3,045
	253	3,283 2,580 518 1,434 200


DISTRICTS.	Total �Total Number of quot;quot; larms, ,�, r,,,�raquo;, Sheds, or in sslictis, olhciTlaccs,,, quot;^r,Jquot;quot;;^r the Disease bag blaquo;en lias (itiicmlty ajipeared. ni-'iilaquo;;.! u,	Total Number of Dis eonimen Note.-Additions wil quot; back quot; Cases, no and corrections (it formation received Attacked, j Killed.		3. eased Animals reported since the enient of the Disease. . from time to time, he made of included in the Weekly Reports, any) arising from additional in- since last Report. Died. Recovered. Remaining.
England (Total)...... Wales ..................	2,922 : 41,505 45 910 840 ; 19,819	18,570 304 8,492	7,170 50 1,772	8,405 1 1,050 1,951 229 19 00
Scotl\nd...............				4,010 70S 1,906

Total.........	S_S]3 : 02.300 \ 27.432 8.998 12.080 1.777 i 3.977
				i

422

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

KEI'ORT No. 4, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 25th, 1865.

CUUXTIKS

on DISTBICTS.

Number oft tavniis,Shecte,L . .

orothet Remaiamg i Places in 1 from wU^amp;m1gt; llastWeekquot;laquo;

Cases of quot; Ciittlo Plague quot; reported as baviug commenced iliiriiisc the Week ending Nov. 'J�tli, I8tgt;5.

Attacked

;

! Di�-nscnri! j rep jrtwt to

luivrixVlll-li it

.inrti^' the Week esding TAov. *3, I8es.

Report

corrected U

�t during I Nov. 25, Week end-1865. linRNov.25,

lSf.5.

Killed,

Died. #9632; Recovered. Bemaining.

ENGLAND.

Bedford..................

Berks.....................

BuckingUam............

Cambridge ............

Chester..................

OomwaU ...............#9632;

Cnmherland............

Derby ..................

Devon ..................

Dorset ..................

Durham..................

Essex.....................

Gloucester...............

Hants.....................

Hereford ...............

Hertford ...............

Huntingdon............

Kent .....................

Lancaster...............

Leicester ...............

Lineohi..................

�Middlesex ............

Monniouth ............

Norfolk ..................

Northampton .........

Northumberland ......

Nottingham ............

Oxford ..................

Rntlaud...................

i^alo]).....................

Somerset ...............

Stattbrd..................

Suffolk ..................

Surrey ..................

Sussex ..................

Warwick ...............

Westmoreland.........

Wilts.....................

Worcester...............

York.....................

C0lquot;XTIES OF ESGLASD,

'Hetsofqlitan \ Police District, ../

ExGt.ASD Total...

24 26

120

14 152

158

#9632;1 24

3 1

II 50 09 10

36 31

147

123

50 20 74 45 71 3 54

3 16

I -1

9 50 12

�� II 47

4 #9632;J� 21

33 7G

#9632;)�_gt;

58 '73


	4	16
	11)	2
		1
	6	13
	15	42
	3	13
	9	16

202

2(j 49

Go 99

21 8

34 55 W

189 43


2	3	15	5	4	quot;l	8
1	45	2	quot;l	quot;l		45
5	#9632;47	20	7	n	� �	58
5	113	16	(1	0	1	115
9	07	16	G	18	6	83
5	30	2G	13	12	2	29
1	21	21	8	IG	8	15
	1	1			quot;l	quot;l
1		5	4			1
173	464	72G	37	405	93	655
331	1,817	1,705	305	934	102	2,091
12	592	78	31	20	29	590

343

!.4�9

1,843

42G

954

191 ! 2,681

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 423

KErOET No. 4, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBEK 25th, 1863�continued.

Faniia.Sheda,fo_)WTIn|_n|�- i c_aSes ₀f laquo; Cattle ri;isuequot; reported as having commenceii Vlii''!-quot;?!! ' liquot;iMnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;dining the \Veek ending Nov. 25th, ISfi�.

COUNTIES

\viiii?h ire^h last Week's

lt;#9632;#9632;' I Kep'rt. ^pMtedto eorreotedto

WALES Anglesey Brecon Cardigan Cueriiwrtlien C';irunrvon Denbi

Flint.......

Glamorgan

Merioneth

Montgomery

Pembroke

Badnoi

Wales Total

DISTRICTS.

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen ...............|

Argyle ..................

Ayr.......................

Banff.....................;

Berwiok-on-Tweed ...;

Bute .....................

Caithness ...............

Clackmannan .........^!

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

File ............'.........

Forfer ..................

Haddington............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................


..	19	'12	..	quot;io	quot;4	*quot;n*
quot;2	24	quot;9	U	4	6	quot;9
	�� 2	quot;7	2	#9632;�		quot;7
1	50	20		32	5	39
2	31	75	16	31		59
5	142	02	⁵	21	9	169
quot;9	m	174	� #9632; 4	91	51	149
35	678	525	IS	302	111	772
3	34	DO		73		51
�	11	13	2	15		quot;7
i	2	3		3	� �	2

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark..................

Linlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles ..................

Perth.....................

llenfrew ...............

Ross and Cromarty ..

Roxbnrgh..............

Selkirk.................

Stirling.................

Sutherland ..,........

Wigtown ..............


9	540	89	19
2	17	7
�� .. 34	181	231	quot;2
3	13 quot;e	14	3
2		6	1
10	253	245
j
1

146 12

431 12

145 9

53 3

212 12

' 6

353

120

Scotland Total..

117 i 2,139 i 1,582

1,016

309

2,310

^^^^�

424nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT Nu. 4, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 25tli, lSG5--continued.


	Number of Farm,			2
COUNTIES	or other Places in which freab	DiseuscU Aniiiul� re		tortcd for the Week ending Nov. 18th, 1865.
OR	or other Places in which freab
DISTEICTS.	Disease ore reported to baveocennred duriiiL- tile Welk.	Kfmainiiig Week ending Nov. 11.	Attacked.	lulled.	Died.	llecovered.	Reniiiining.
ENGLAND.
Bodford..................	��	87 40	25	1 1	18	4 5	39
Reife.....................	��	87 40	25	1 1	18	4 5	34
Bnckioghaffi............	2	33	2		8	4	23
Oambridge ............	15	32	GO	28	33	2	38
Chester..................	8	42	101	14	40	2	87
Cornwall ...............	5	19	34	9	27	..	17
Cumberland...........
Derby ..................	(5	12	19	14	3	1	13
Devon ..................		4	1	1	#9632; #9632;		4
Dorset ..................		4	1	1	#9632; #9632;
Durham..................		7 111 o	1 10	2 3	4 7	1	1
Essex .....................							111
Gloucester...............							2
Hants.......		10	6		3	4	9
Hereford ...............		10	6		3	4
Hertford ...............		5		, .		,.	5
Huntingdon............	(J	76	14	8	47	..	35
Kent.....................	4	58	23	3	22	7	49
Lancaster...............	14	U.S	42	19	27	14	45
Leicester ...............		8					*'gt;*
	2	24	41	10	15	11	23
quot;Middlesex ............							..
Monmonth ............
Norfolk..................	8	153	195	93	73	3	179
Northampton .........	12 5	43 35	80 69	21 20	SI 32	4 3	20
Nortluuuberlaiul ......	12 5	43 35	80 69	21 20	SI 32	4 3	49
	4	(i	U		quot;is	��
Oxford ..................	4	(i	U		quot;is	��	3
Rutland..................
Salop......................	7	6	9	/	2		0
Somerset ...............
Stafford..................	1	18	19	(j	12	1	18
Sullolk ..................	1	88	i	4	1		90
Surrey ..................	2	102	33	16	24	1	94
Sussex ..................		37	30	21	14	2	30
Warwick ...............		21	4	1	3	3	21
'Westmoreland .........
quot;Wilts.....................	1		4 2	3	quot;2	..	1
Worcester...............	1		4 2	3	quot;2	..
York.....................	7('gt;	252	453	63	2S6	37	319
Counties of England	ITC	1,342	1,317	377	799	109	1,374
*Metropoutan ) Police Disteici J	15	542	21(3	33	125	23	577
Exg lax d Total. ..	191	1,884	1,533	410	024	132	1,951

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQU1UY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 425

REPORT No. 4, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 20th, 18G5�continued.

oommEs

DISTBICTS.

NuiiiKt t.t Kumis, Sli_f-.ls. ..r othor Flacaa in which taah #9632;Cases of

Diseased Animals reported (br the ^\^{^}c�c#9632;k ending \ov. i?th, iyf.5.

Di-L-iusc are Remalatng reported to I ^quot;tx-k

Recovered. Remaining.

WALES.

Anglesey .........

Brecon ............

Cardigan .........

Ciiennarthen......

Camaxron.........

Denbigh .........

Flint ...............

Glamorgan ......

Merioneth.........

Montgomery......

Pembroke.........

Radnor............

Wales Total ...

SCOTLAND, Aberdeen.............

Argyle ................

Ayr ...................

Banff...................

Berwiok-on-Tweed .

Bute ...................

Caitlmess.............

Claokmaanan .......

Dumbarton ..........

Dnnilries .............

Edinburgh ..........

Elgin, or Moray ....

Fife ...................

Porfer ................

Haddington..........

Inverness .............

Kincardine ..........

Kinross................

Eirkcadbiight.......

Eanurk ................

Einlithgow ..........

Nairn...................

lt; (rkney and Shetland I

Peebles.................

Perth....................

Renfrew ..............

Ross and Cromarty ..

Roxburgh..............

Selkirk .................

Stirling.................

Sntherland ...........

Wigtown ..............

Scotland Total..


5	�2G	96	1	52	9	GO
*quot;}*	quot;g 20	�� 38	quot;3	*quot;s*		38 ''20
quot;i	quot;2	quot;l	1		��	2
	n	34		3	3	39
i	28	4		1	� �	31
7	152	40	12	24	14	142
8	142	113	G	9G	32	121
39	581	515	71	331	7G	G18
1	23	1		1		28
1	quot;l	2		1
	quot;l	2		1		2
*quot;u*	539	142	'23	9G	13	549
	11	1laquo;		10		17
'io	ii?	115	quot;g	60	22	144
2	14 quot;g	4	2	2	I	13 �
quot;3	198	'15 � �	#9632;*	7	��	20laquo;
95	1,851	1,040	124	640	1G1	1,9G�

42()nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EEPOET No. 4, FOR WEEK ENDIXG NOVEMBER 25th, 1865�continued.


COUNTIES OB DISTEICTS.	Total Number of Farms, Sheds, or other Placed in which the Disease lia^ appeared.	Total (tumborol Caltl.. Ui SheiU,' or other Placed wliere the Di.....k Imraquo; been officially reported to	3. Total Nnmber of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement ot the Disease. Norrc.�Additions wiii, from lime to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Report^ and corrections (if any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Keport.
			Attacked.	Killed.	Tiled. ! Recovered.	Remaining.
ENGLAND. Bedford.................. Berks..................... J)tU*lvhl^1,'li;Uil............	80 52 42 87 74 12 7 26 20 1 30 21 � 12 42 9 28 52 174 93 7 36 276 119 144 5 9 28 2 39 214 139 159 45 3 7 598	405 895 782 1,494 2,009 216 165 322 152 12 386 2,520 347 535 184 386 882 1,655 904 109 630 3,823 2,130 1,676 59 137 958 11 041 2,227 2,642 3,426 991 77 70 6,540	263 500 267 449 449 106 38 116 87 6 lit 1,424 75 221 Ml 170 378 903 429 22 280 1,709 583 619 23 54 208 11 234 1,160 1,069 1,036 242 8 16 2,495	65 91 102 227 65 19 35 76 44 65 275 54 �13 105 318 149 12 115 828 223 224 8 8 '95 4 71 493 411 485 69 quot;5 7 293	143 \ 19 299 ; 76 116 j 25 142 ^ 13 215 ; 22 67 1 1 i 2 28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9 34 5 6 53 22 854 172 20 1 139 ! 16 94 84 ^: 17 193 6 482 58 164 , 45 7 94 \| 17 648 ; 44 287 i 30 310 i 31 14 I 1 29nbsp; nbsp;, 9 '�S #9632; '.'. 7 ! .. 99 ! 6 484 \ 68 489 i 86 453 , 69 133 25 quot;li -] 8 1.366 : 181	36 31 24
Cambridge..............						67
Chester.................. Cornwall ............... Ci�iilturlainl............						147 19
Derby .................. Devon ......						3 4
Dorset ..................						4
Esses.....................						123 2
Hants .................. Hereford ............... Hertford ...............						12 50 20
						74
Kent ..................... Lancaster............... Leicester .............. Lincoln..................						45 71 3 54
raquo;Middlesex ............ Motunoiith...............
Norfolk................						189
Nort lun hi raquo;ton ....						43
Northumberland......						54
Oxford .................						8
Rutland.................. Salop..................... Somerset ............... Stafford.................. Suffolk .................						45 58 115 83
Sussex .................						29 15
Westmorelai id .........
Wilts..................... Worcester............... York.....................						1 1 655
Counties op England *meteoiquot;outan 1 1'oLicii District.,.)	2,866 676	40,398 10,783	15,938 6,626	5,139 2,948	7,031 \| 1,077 2,873 1 215	2,1191 590
Enoland Total...	3,542	51,181	22,564	8,087	10,504 1,292	2,681

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQL'I�Y.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;427

EEPOET No. 4, FOR WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 25th, ISG��coitUnued.

#9632; Total

Total

NiiihImt u

Total XmnlKT of Diseased Animals reported since the coimiu'iK-enient of the 1 gt;isoase. N't'Ti;.� AfUiitiotiri will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not inchided in the Weekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Keport,

COUXTIICS OB

DISTEICTS.

XumlK-T of

farms, ^ii Farm

Sheds, or iquot; Bheda,

ollifrl'l[Claquo;�,quot;^rquot;'^lquot;;^r

, . . Plan-' quot;Inn-: lquot; quot;l.n-li awDiaease Ike JMsease baslieen

haSnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^: oltirinllv

appeared, ^i, .u.n,)

Attacked. Killed.

Died. #9632; Recovered. Remaining.

WALES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon ..........

Gardigan .......

Caermarthen .

Carniuvim.......

Denbigh .......

Flint .............

Glamorgan ....

Merioneth.......

Montgomery,,.,

Pembroke.,.....

Badnor ..........

1,138 65

56 1

328

�ir.

115

Wales Total ...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayrquot; .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick-on-Tweed ...

Hute .....................

C'iiiihticjs.s ...............

Glackmannan .........

Dniubtirtoii ............

DuiiilVicri ...............

Edinburgli ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife.....................

Fuvlal- ..................

Haddington ............

Inverness ...............

Kincaidme ............

Kinross..................

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark ..................

Liolithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney und Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth.....................#9632;

Kfiit'tew..................

lioss and Oromarty...

Boxbnrgh..........'....

Selkirk..................

Stirling..................

Sutherland............

Wigtown ...............

1.203

510

339

04 54

#9632;jo

127

18nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3(JS

14nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 293

'' Cnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 438

235 88 '00

108

'is

3 I .. '4 [ 17

'c i quot;9

166

430

280

140

1,130

0 13

20 104

540

14 2

002 30

195

688

8 33

109

149

772

10 i 484 135 : 2,310

109

59nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1.82(;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 800

305 #9632; 8,983 3,208

32 ^ 040nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

429nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 14S

1,571nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 109

117 inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

S 2

190 12

85 130

3,066

208

42 28

2,373

107

1,102 105

178 14

431 12

134

' 5

109


34	3	2 1		1
1,943	841	80 1	434	100	212
270	131	04 \|	47	s	12
117	11	3 i	2		0
41	0	1	#9632;gt;		3
2,075	987	42	533	59	353 �#9632;
24,000	10,870	1,917	5,511	1,102	2,310

Scotland Total. .. 1,089

428nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE BNQUIRT.

HEPORT No. 1.�SU5IMAKY FOE WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 25th, 1865.

Number of;

cisTEicra

^'nV^.thc'r¹ ' ^equot;¹^quot;quot;¹^ Cases of quot;Gittie PUiruoquot; reported as having commenced I'l!^! .-quot;innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; daring the Week ending Nov. 25ih, l^GS.

wl.i.i. fnsii i_ast \Veek'a^:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;^^

m^L ⁱ ^1:quot;!'quot;rt. ' Attacked

raquo;portedto conrectedto ₍i_uri_llK j baveoocurred ^ov. U5, ^Voolc end-¹wS'^l ^ld,i5- kNov.26j Not. 2i, 1805.¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1868. j

Killed.

Remaining.

En�i^�nd (Total,

Wales ............

Scotland .........

313 ! 2,409 | 1,843

13 : 60 ! 185

117 ! 2,139 ! 1,582

426nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;954

1 i 110

86 j 1,016

191

7 309

2,681

127

2,310

Total

473 ! 4,608 j 3,610

513

2,080

507

5,118


	Number Of Fiirms SIraquo; ib, or other P.......i In	2. Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. 18th, 1865.
DISTRICTS.	: osesof Duense are reported to haveoccurred dl.....g ll.u Wok.	lienmining ending , Attacked. , Killed. Nov. IX.			Died. Recovered. Remaining.
EXGLANT) (Total)...... Wales .................. SCOTLWD...............	191 5 95	1,884 26 1,851	1,533 96 1,040	410 ¹ 124	024 52 040	132 9 161	1,951 60 1.966
	191 5 95	1,884 26 1,851	1,533 96 1,040	410 ¹ 124	024 52 040
ToTAI.............	Ml 3.761 ^; 2.C69 i 535 ! 1.616 302						3,977

DISTRICTS.

Total

Number of.

Kanus,

Sheds, or |

other Places

iti which

the Disease,

hits

appeared.

Total

Nimilvcr of

Ciiifle

on Farm.laquo;.

in Sheds,

or otber

Pieces whore

the Disease

has been

ollidiilly

reported to

exist.

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease. Note.;�Additions will, frana time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Gases, not Included in the H'eekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional in-formatlon received since last Report.

Attacked. ^: Killed.

Died. Recovered. Remaining.


England (Total ...... Wales ..................	3,542 62 1,089	51,181 1,203 24,006	22,564 549 10,870	8,087 57 1,917	10,504 339 5,541	1,292 26 1,102	2,681 1⁹7
Scotland...............	3,542 62 1,089	51,181 1,203 24,006	22,564 549 10,870	8,087 57 1,917	10,504 339 5,541	1,292 26 1,102	2,310
Total ......	4,693	76,390	33,983	10,061	16,384	2,420	5,118

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;420

REPOET No. 5, FOE WEEK ENDING DECE3IBER 2ik1, 1805.

COUNTIES

Number ofi

FannStSbeds.!,. . , or other Eemainlng Places iii i from

whKb In Ji tost tVock;;

Cases ofquot; Cattle Plaguequot; reported as baTing commenced during the Week eoding Dec 2nd, 1S65.


	Attacked
	during
	Week end-	Killed.
	ing 1 )ot. 2,
	1S65.

Died. ^; Recovered. Remaining

DISTBICTS.

C.u^^i i.f Disease u reported I

Keport, corrected to

Dec. 2, 1S65.

,' tli.

ENGLAND.

Bedford............

Biiks...............

49 34

24 159

iss

16 ^ i

24 j 177 374 I

14 i

40 9 1

52 6

235

�

2 4

quot;3 18

197

300

Buckingham.. Gambndge ..

Chester.¹......,

Cornwall ___

Cmiiberland .

Derby .......

Devon .......

Dorset .......

Durham .... Essex..........

3 4

'#9632;1

128

59 26 si 48 92 3 61

15 12 14 70 4 28

134 2

12 32 22 140 48 97 3 55

Gloucester .......

Hunts .............

Hereford ..........

Hertford ..........

Huntingdon.......

Kent................

Lancaster..........

Leicester ..........

Lincoln.............

raquo;Middlesex .......

Mouinmith .......

Norfolk.............

Northampton .... Nortliumberland .

Nottingham ......

Oxford ............

Eu�and............

Salop...............

Somerset .........

Stafford............

Suffolk ............

Surrey ............

Sussex ............

Warwick .........

Westmoreland ...

Wilts...............

Worcester.........

York ...............

'is

20 35 14 145 9 49

5 36

quot;7

quot;3

quot;9

It 4 3 5

217

120 83

29 15

6 1

752

102

101

51 10

59 US

20 i 60

1 I 45

195

'40

109 95

37 19

9 ' 1

8 22 quot;8

203

938

i i

594

144

909

Counties of Exgland

*Jli.;Tr;oi'OLiTAS \

Police District /

Kngland Total...

403 15

2,464 589

2,477 44

357 1,489

268 i 2,827 4 584

418

3,053

2,521

372 1 1,519

272 ! 3,411

430nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EEPOET No. .-gt;, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 2q(1_gt; 1865�eoirtamp;med.

jXuniher of,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l_f

^l!'iquot;o'ih_tquot;r ''#9632;- Remaining Cases of quot; Cattle I'hipuo quot; reported as having commenced Plnnu ia i from ^ during the Week ending Dec. 2nd, 1*65.

COUNTIES

DISTRICTS.

wMcli trab lagt Weefe's------------------------

i.;:';;:.'.;',,. I ^]:'-p-i. Attacked

reported to oofeoted to a_uring haTaocoumd Dec. 2, Week end-.v., k .^.iii,_s; ⁱ ^^ mgDec. 2,

Dec 2, ISO.quot;.. ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; IStiS.

Killed.

Died.

Recovered. Remaining.

WALES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon ..........

Caidigan .......

Caermarihen .

Carnarvon.......

Denbigh .......

Flint.............

Grlamorgan ....

Merioneth.......

Montgomery___

Pembroke.......

Radnor ..........

135

116

120

105 2

Wales Total..

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen..............

Argyle .................

A\tquot; ....................

Banff....................

Berwick ..............

Bute ....................

Caithness..............

Clackmannan ........

Dumbarton ...........

Dumfries ..............

Bdinburgh ...........


12	137	116	2	121;	18	107
	1					1
	17	quot;s	..	irgt;	5	5
3	'io	19	quot;4	'' 3	��	22
quot;2	7	'is		quot;s	quot;l	'in
4	43	20		13	6	53
3	59	82	4	92	2	43
i 4	1(J9	70	3	.-id	7	173

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife. .....................

Forfar ..................

Haddington............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................

Ejikcudbright.........

Lanark ..................

Linlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetian 1

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew ...............

Ross and Cromarty ...

Roxlinrgli...............

Selkirk..................

*gt;Stirliiig ...............

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

Scotland Tota l. ,,

10 : 103

30 ' 7quot;.quot;i G 50

97 473

322

177

85!)

485 28

29 1

148 34

s #9632;I

inn

84 18

11 1

212 81

quot;e

354

117

1!)


1	113	26	ISO
1	C	2	44
1	1	2	10 354

2,366 : 1,191

S23

106 2,564

� Xoretnms have Ijeon rencivclt;l from the County of Stirling for Weelt omlmg Dec Znd up to tlie time of maUngiqt this Deport.

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;431

EEPOET No. 5, FOR WEEK ENDING DEOEMBEE 2ud_t lS05-continucd.


	CO�NTIK OB DISTRICTS.	Number of Farms, Sheds, or other Plncea in which fresh Cases oi Disease are Fepoiied to haTeoccurred dnriiigthe Week.
	ENGLAND. Bedford..................	1 24 26 2 3 3 *quot;I* 3 -� O i io ! }\ quot;9 5 24 7 quot;2 quot;l 5 5 2 ..' quot;x 173 1
	Berks.......
	Bnekiii^,rhiun............
	OoXOLDtluSQ ............
	Chester.................. GomwoJI ..........
	Cumberland............ Derby ..................

	Dorset .................. Durlium .............
	Essex..................... Gloucester...............
	Hereford ............... Hertford ...............
	Huntingdon............ Kent.....................
	Lancaster............... Leicester..............
	Lincoln..................


	Norfolk..............,...
	Xt n'tliam i )ton .........
	NorthumberLmd......
	Oxford .............
	Rutland.................. Salop.....................
	Somerset ............... Stafford..................
	Suffolk .................
	Surrey .............
	Sussex ..........
	Warwick ............... Westmoreland......... W�te.....................
	Worcester............... York.....................i

2. Diseased Animals reported for tiie Week ending Nov. 25th, ls6�.

Remaluing

Week

ending

Nov. It)

Attacked. ^! Killed. I Died. Il.eoveied. Remainjxig

39 33 29 52 120 25

i.'i

152

158

II 50 99 19

31 24 07 117 19

quot;4

123

50 20 74 45 71 3 54

127

4 25 21

70 22 58

65 99 55

is quot;2

29 10 16

20 21

quot;l

720

4 19

13 42 13 16

6 15 3 9

202 20 49

quot;3

'47 115

97 30 21

quot;l

quot;7 6 6

34 55

quot;4 quot;l

18 12 1(3

189 43 54

quot;s

'45

115 83 29 15

quot;l

055

464

405

Col'xties of England'

*MF.TnOPOLlTAN

I'OLICli DlSTKICT


331	1,817	1,	'05	395	931	102	2,091
12	592		78	31	20	29	590

Exoland Total..J 343 2,409 1,843

426

954

191

2,681

*mmmm

-132nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 5, FOB WEEK ENDING DEOEMBBB 2nd, ISM�continued.

CdL'XTIKS

DISTRICTS.

Xnmber

of Karrns,

Sheds,

orotbex

Plaoea in

whlob tash

Oamp;aefl of Diseaae an

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. 25th, 18G5. Remaining i

reported to I \_V(,,._k

�bl\.....coned _..

I during the I momg Week. | X�V. 18. |

Attacked.

Killed.

Died.

liocovered. Remaining

WALES.

Anglesey ........

Brecon ...........

Cardigan ........

Caermartbisn.....

Carnarvon........

Denbigh ........

Flint..............

Glamorgan .....

Merioneth........

Montgomery.....

Pembroke........

Radnor ..........

171 14

ins

115 12

Wales Total...

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argvlc ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick..................

Bute .....................

Oaitkness...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife.....................

Eorfar ..................

Haddiugton............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross..................

Kirkcudbright .........

Lanafk..................

I.inlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................^:

Perth.....................

Benamp;ew ...............

Rnss and Cromarty ...j

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk..................^I

raquo;Stirling ...............;

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

185

lit)

127

19 24

quot;9

1raquo; quot;4

quot;e

quot;5

quot;9

'51 111

17 quot;9

1 2 5

quot;9

:;.-) 3

56 31

142

121

078

11 2

5411 17

7 20 75 62

17 t

525

13 3

'89

16 5

quot;4 18

32 31

302

'is 3

140 12

1C9

i49

772

' 7 2

�iiil 12

34 3

181 18

quot;e

253

2;!i 14

145 9

53 3

212 12

' 6

3 353

245

120

Scotland Total. ,

117 2,139

1,582

86 1,016

309 2,310

Noretonia haTo been reoeiTedfirom tbe Ocranty of StirUngforWeak onding Dec. 2n.i mi Jo the Ume #9632;�f mnkint: iqtthbB^ort

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

433

EEPOET No. 5. FOU WEEK ENDING DECEMBEB 2iul, IS65�continued.


COUNTIES or. DisTsiora	Total Number ol Farms, Sheds, or otberPlaces in which the Disease appeared. 37 53 45 159 12S 20 10 33 20 si 260 12 44 11 30 SO 184 120 7 55 328 142 151 0 17 30 2 49 221 140 102 47 .. 3 9 858	Total 'Nnmbor of e.ittio on Farms, in Sheds, or uflior Places where the Disease has been officially rc-iiiijat,, 518 913 915 2,005 3,187 360 420 371 152 12 425 2,718 347 554 240 389 1,325 1,699 1,205 109 993 4,707 2,513 1,801 74 451 977 11 859 2,372 2,727 3,449 1,005 174 132 9,825	3. Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease. Xoxr:.�Additions will, linin time to time, be made of quot;backquot;Cases, not indnded In the Weekly Reports, and corrections (it any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Report.
			Attacked. 313 505 2:tl 1,041 882 148 112 130 87 6 147 ], 542 75 241 191 184 543 925 545 22 358 2,089 089 000 32 88 219 11 320 1,176 1,108 1.071 250 28 30 3.098	CUIed, 71 94 // 21 87 82 44 07 301 52 59 30 43 116 319 102 12 124 990 250 220 9 26 95 497 414 501 09 *quot;l* 349	Died.	Beooyered.	Eomaining.
ENGLAND. Bedford..................					103 301 130 500 405 89 0 34 34 6 54 935 20 154 109 98 278 495 224 7 151 849 348 357 15 39 74 7 152 492 512 401 137 14 21 2,109	25 8 1 25 10 40 1 I 5 26 172 1 10 14 21 9 03 02 25 55 34 39 1 9 1 17 78 87 72 25 *quot;I* 331	54
Berks..................... Jgt;UL'kiii^ir!iuiti............							30 29
Cambridge ............ Cliester..................							197 300
Cornwall ...............
Cuniberl�iid............							17
Derby .................. Devon .................							5 4
Dorset .............
Durham .......
Bssex..................... G-Ioucester.........							134 �gt;
Hants .................							12
Etereford ......							32
Hertford .							�gt;#9632;gt;
							140
'Kent...........							48
Lancaster............... Leicester ............... Lincoln. . .......							97 3 55
#9830;Middlesex ............ Monmouth
Norfolk .							195
Northampton......							57
Xortliiimlifriaml......							41 7
Oxford							14
Rutland..................
Salop.....................							49
Stafford..................							69
Sntlolk ..................							109
							95
							37
Warwick ............... Wo^tni�relaiul.........							19
Wilts.....................							5
Worcester............... York.....................							909

Col'ntiesof England Metbopolitan 1 I'OI.ICE DlSTlUOT* /	3,518 703	50,024 10,954	19,703 0,708	5,729 2,978	9,843 2,924	1,304 222	2,827 584

Englasd Total 4,221

01,578 ; 20,471 , 8,707 ! 12,707 j 1,580 : 3,411

SWW^MiWfW

434nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EErORT Jfo. 5, FOR WEEK ENDING DBOEMBBB 2ii,l, 1865�amfenue�.


COUNTIES OB DISTRICTS.	Total Nmubor of Farms, Sbeds. or otherPIaoea in which the Piseuso iias appeared.	Totiil NumU'i- nf Cattle on PannB. In Shedlaquo;, or other Pinoraquo; where the Dteeoae hnlaquo; 1......1 offlcii�ly reported to exist.	3. Total XumlxT of nisfiiscii Animals reported since tlie c�mniem.'emeiit oftbe Disease. Xotf,.�Additions will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not in�laded in the Weekly Reports, and correctious (if any) arising front additional in�formation received sinco lost lleport.
			Attacked.	Killed.	Died.	Etecovered.	Remaining.
WALES, AnMc.^oy ...............	71 25	1,500 343	087 132	58 23	�ISO SO	44 21

Oardigan ��...........

Carnarvon...............
Denbigh ...............							105
Flint.....................							#9632;gt;
OlspBOxgtm ............
IMorioiiL'tU...............
Montgomery............ IVmbroke............... Radnor..................							#9632;�

Wales Total	96	1,843 427 207 4SG 229 H�i 540 2,410 2,2i8 0,920 790 178 130 3,214 317 34 2,101 374 117 S2 2,170	819	83	566	63	107
SCOTLAND.	90 ^- is io quot;5 27 13 141 'is 359 41 io 2 200 13 1 148 29 � lt;gt; 117		247 96 iio 'so 313 222 1,200 072 3,842 231 s 2,540 201 quot;.3 058 179 11 20 1,112	177 13 quot;52 6 13 24 167 �� 70 578 14 �24 2 612 30 quot;2 90 05 quot;3 3 42	66 69 34 '10 208 153 714 553 1,937 120 24 1,207 123 547 00 quot;2 5 040	3 quot;9 gt; quot;9 39 2 110 100 408 11 quot;(I 1 185 11 quot;l 132 10 quot;2 70	1
Argyle ..................
Aj-r .....................							5
Banff.....................
							22
Bute .....................

							16
							53
							43
							173
El^'in, or Motay ...... Fife ..................... Forfei ..................							177 859
							77
XnysmBss...............
Iviucanlino ............							19
KJnross.................							3

Lanark .................. liinlitligoTrf ............							485 28
Nairn.....................
Orkney and Shetland Fccblcs..................
Pertli.....................							180
Renfrew ..............							44
Ross and Gromartv.., Roxburgh..........',,.., Selkirk.................. �Stirlmg ...............							0 10

Wigtown ...............
Scotland Total	1,233	26,586 '	12,424	1,999	G,G03	1,258	2,564

� Nu Betnrna hava been raeeiTed from tiie Cuuuty o( Htirlint,* for Week ending Her. 2nc) up ta the time ot making np this Report

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;435

BEPOET No. 5.�SUMMARY FOB WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 2ud, 1805.

I Number ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,

^oToth, r''*' Kcmnining Cases of quot;Cuttle Plagnfiquot; reported as having commenced pimilaquo;in | fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;during the Week eud�ta Dec. 2nd, lacn.

which tnxb i^t Week's l�Sel Un�lt;. i Attacked repuU-J to corrected to atlring trnvtiocciirri*!, Dec. 2, [Week end

�hiring Om I 186S. : im, TW .. Week ending .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i ' a Jquot;-¹-- ~lt;

Dec. 2, 18i'..^r). inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l^Ca.

DISTEIOTS.

Killed.

Died.

Recovered. Remaining.

Exglaxd (Total)......

418 12

3,053

2,521 116

1,519

120 823

272 18

5.411

107

137

SOOTLASB .

93 : 2,300 j 1,191

100 i 2,501

Total

523 ; 5,550 ; 3,828

438 2,1.08

396 6,082


	Number of Parma, or other Bacoa in which fresh Cana tgt;f Diseaae are repenie� to haTeoccaired dnrbig the Week.	2. Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Nov. 25tli, lS(i5.
DISTRICTS,		Remaining Week , , , ending Attacked. Nov. IS,		Killed.	\| 1 Died. Recovered. Remaining. 1
Englahd (Total)...... Wales .......,.........	343 13 117	2,409 00 9 Itif)	1,843 1S5 1 SR�	420 1 80	054 no 1,010	191 7 309	2,681 127
ScOTLANI)..........	343 13 117	2,409 00 9 Itif)	1,843 1S5 1 SR�				2,310
Total		'					2,310
Total	473	4,008	3,010	513	2,080	507 5,118


DISTRICTS.	Total Xumber of Farms, Sheds, or other Places in whlcil (he Disease has appeared.	Total Noml.T of Cnitle on F.inns. ill Sl�,ls, or other Racoe where �the Dlseiue lues been offidnlly reported to edet	3. Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease. NoTr.�Additions will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Reports, and corrections tif any) arising from additional in�formation received since last Report.
			Attacked. \| Killed.		Died.	Recovered. _\| Remain ing.
Esglaj,t) (Total)...... Walks ..................	4,221 90 1,233	01,578 1,813 20,580	20,471 819 12,424	8,707 81 1,999	12,707 500 0,003	1,580 05	3,411 107
SCOTLAXD...............	4,221 90 1,233	01,578 1,813 20,580	20,471 819 12,424	8,707 81 1,999	12,707 500 0,003	I 1,258 2,504
Total	5,550	90,007	39,714	10,787	19,986	2,909	0,082

2 f 2

436

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 6, FOB WEEK ENDING DEOEMBEE 9th, 1SG5.


	Numlx-r of Panns, Sheds, ..r o�Kjr 1 lauraquo; in which fresh Disease laquo;ngt; reportpd tu uivfiB^ iim.ii ihmiit,- lhgt;' lt;X.,-V. Biidine Dei-. 9, 1868.	Remaining from last Week's Report, corrected to Dec. 9, 18115.	Cases of quot;Cattle PlogU during the Wlt;		1. 3quot; reported as baring commenced ek ending Dec. oth, 1*65.
COCTNTIES OR DISTRICTS. \|			Attacked during Week end�ing Dec. 9, isiis.	Killed.	Hied.	Kec�vered.i	Uc-maining.
ENGLAND. Redfenl ...........	1 3 24 62 5 4 quot;2 i 1 1 15 5 14 1 13 ie 13 5 2 2 quot;1 1 1 8 5 3 2 123	54 30 20 235 310 38 17 5 11 iii 2 12 35 23 140 51 07 3 7/ 210 57 44 7 14 #9632;� 40 1 57 102 90 37 23 5 1,155	8 3 27 314 590 40 82 13 2 17 29 29 7 131 10 *1 i* 1 134 -� 182 108 39 23 32 1 1 31 34 21 18 99 '28 1 1,037	'ie 84 21 0 23 3 �� 5 4 0 3 7 1 37 '73 31 3 6 15 � 4 11 \ #9632;#9632; 5 1 52	4 2 11 257 314 31 15 9 6 0 25 2 l� 12 185 7 57 107 '81 84 24 6 15 1 20 15 8 20 12 .-10 .. G49	quot;2 5 6 53 quot;4 1 1 9 10 quot;l 6 quot;l 4 20 quot;Yd quot;5 13 8 quot;�2 quot;0 4 1 2 4 quot;l 145	58
Burks..................... Buckingham............ Cambridge ............ Ohestei.................. Cornwall ..............							29 24 202 524 11
diinlt�rlnnd............							57
Derby .
Devon..................							0
Dorset ..................
Duritfim ...............							7
Essex ..................							102
							2
Hants ..................							12
							38
Hertford ...............							IS
Huntingdon............ Kent..:.................. Lancaster...............							129 47 90 3
							54

Norfolk..................							239
							37
Kortbtunberland......							48 18
Oxford..................							14
Rutland ...............
							47
Somerset ...............							1
Stafflbrd.................. Suffolk ..................							S3 113
							97
Sussex .................. Warwick ............... Westinoreland.........							80 28
Wilts.....................							17

York.....................							1,340

Counties of England raquo;METROrOMTAN j Police District /	345 14	3,149 COS	3,101 129	427 44	1,907 75	320 43	3,530 575
England Total...	350	3,757	3,230	471	2,042	303	4,111

� Tlio Mefrfip-ilitan FoliOO District incluiles the whole of the County r.f MidiUesraquo;:; and jwiris -if the Ooontiea of Eteex, Herts, Kent, and Sntr�v.

CATTLE PLAGUE BNQUIET.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 437

REPORT No. 0, FOB WEEK ENDINCJ DECEMHER 9th, 1805�continued.


COUNTIES OR D1STIUCTS.	Nmnlu'iquot; of Panns, Shedlaquo; I'lm'i-s 1,1 whlofa ftesh Cams of DlKaseure reporlo I u. baTSoccurred liiiiin^' tba Week ending IX::. 0, 1869.	Remaining from lust Week's Report, C�irccied to Dec. 9, 1865.	Cases of quot; di	1. Cattle Plague quot; reportei ring ibe Week ending		as having commenced )ec. 9th, 1860.
COUNTIES OR D1STIUCTS.			Attacklaquo;! (illlillg Week end-ins igt;oc. 9, 1865.	Kitled.	Hied.	Recovered.	Remaining.
WALES.	12 12	146	171 74		113 23	38 1


C;tenu;irtliL'U .........
Ciiruiii'von...............
Denbigh ...............							141
Flint......................							48
Glamorgan ............
Merionetfa...............
Montgomery............ Pembroke...............


Wales Total...	24	lit;	245 ii �� 17 28 31 107 69 99 034 144 quot;l �ioi 8 254 22 255		1GS	34	180
SCOTLAND. Aberdeen...............	quot;2 quot;3 '�2 8 0 . 13 60 ² quot;l 0 1 14 2 quot;4	1 ' 5 23 16 59 44 174 iss 906 77 19 3 8 485 34 304 44 6 10 409		quot;2 5 ii 4 37 59 1 3	6 ii 14 31 43 57 58 347 98 quot;l '91 12 IGO 32 240	quot;s 1 4 20 #9632;23 75 4 �� 78 7 37 13 83	1
Argyle ..................
Ayr .....................							8
Banff'.....................
Berwick .............							24
Bute.....................
Caithacss............... ( UiktkllliUIUlLll ........							22
l)iiiiilraquo;;iriijii ............							49
Tgt;nmtVies ...............							93
							1G2
BUgin, or Moray ...... Fife .....................							20(gt;
Forfar ..................							1,081
lladilinquot;quot;!laquo; m ............							119
Inremess............... Kincai'diiie ...........							19
Ivinroys.................. IvirlvciuVhri'^iifc........							3 8
Lanark..............							458
							23
Nairn..?..................
Orkney and Shetland Pcolilc-s..................							��
Perth....							3G0
							18
Boas and Cromarty...							G
Selkirk..................							10
Stirling..................							391
Sutlurland ............
Wigtown ...............

Sgotj.vnd Total...	124	2,815	1,881	122	1,204	309	3,001

438nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAUUE EXQUIUY.

REPORT No, (I, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 9tli, iSt�-continued.


COUNTIKS	Nnmlx-r ,.f Farma, or ullior Places in laquo;lii h ir.sh CiL^� of Disease arc-reported id #9632;aveoccnmJ during �if Week.	Diseased	2. Animals reported for the Week ending Iloc. 2nci, 1865.
Olt DISTRICTS.		Renudnlng Week ending Nov. 25. '	Attacked.	Killed.	Died.	Recovered.	temaintng.
ENGLAND. Bedford..................! Berks.....................	4 3 31 81 4 3 7 quot;l 1 1 13 2 10 is 20 28 4 quot;s 1 ' 5 4 1 2 2 203	4'J 34 24 ; 150 188 i 37 i 3 4 j quot;4 ⁱ 128 : 2 VJ. 59 26 .81 48 92 � 61 217 46 54 i 8 49 '63 29 15 quot;6	16 2 24 177 374 23 74 14 1 8 '20 85 14 145 9 49 quot;64 1(52 101 44 33 2 quot;r,i 10 .quot;.8 35 S ' 6 938	1 �	8 2 14	2 4 quot;a 18 quot;4 14 i 3 5 13 7 4 8 I io 10 1 3 quot;1 1 144	54 30
				1 �	8 2 14		20
				40 00 9 235 1 22			107
Chester..................				40 00 9 235 1 22			300 37
Cnmbeiland............ Derby .................. Devon .................. Dorset ..................				52 �	5 0 1		17 5 4
Essex..................... (iloilL'fsR'r ...........				1 quot;5 36 7 3 9 '59 20 j 'is 6 3 3 1(1 quot;l 43	1 'is 12 14 70 4 28 53 118 00 45 ;i 1 '29 8 22 8 4 quot;5 504		134 2
Hants ...............��							12
Hcroford ...............							32
Hertford ...............							22
							140
Kent.....................							48
							07
							3
							55

Nortulk							195
							57
Northumberland......							44 7
Oxford ..................							14
Iiuthmd ...............
Salop.....................							40

Stafford................. Sulfi.llc .................							69 109
Surrey ................. Snssffis ..............							95 37
Warwick ..............							19
Wilia							5
Wurcester..............
York.....................							009

Counties of Engl�td mktkoj'olitax ] Police District J	403 15	2,404 589	2,477 44	357 15	1,480 30	208 4	2,827 584
England Total..	418	3.053	2,521	i 372 j	1,510	272	j 3,411

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;431)

EEPOET No. 6, FOR WEEK EXDIXG DECEMBER 9th, 1SG5�continued.

Nttmbor

ot Pnntuh

Shab.

couxriEs

DISTEICTS.

J^isoastnl Animals reported for the Week ending Dec. 'iud, Llaquo;65.

na of

OiatlLSlaquo;' iiro

reportetl to

awoccurred

during ii:u

W.rk.

Uemoining

Week

ending

Nov. 03.

Died. Eec�vercd. EtemalnloK

quot;WAXES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon ..........

Cardigan .......

CaCTinnrlheu...,

Cariiiirvon.......

Denbigli .......

FUnt.............

Glamorgan ....

STedoneth.......

Munlgoniery....

Pembroke.......

liadnor..........

135

126

105

Walks Total..

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen..............

Argyle.................

Ayr ....................

Banff....................

Berwick..............

Bute....................

Caithness ..............

Clackmannan ........

Dumbarton ...........

Dumamp;ies ..............

Edinbnigb ...........

Elgin, or Moray .....

Fite ............quot;........

Forfar .................

Eaddington...........

Inverness ..............

Kincaxdine ...........

Kinross.................

Kirkcuilbriglit........

Lanark.................

Liulithgow ...........

Xairn....................

Orkney ami Shetland

Peebles.................

Perth....................

Renfrew ..............

Ross and Cromarty..

lioxbnrgh..............

SelMtk.................

Stirling.................

Sutherland ...........

Wigtown ..............

137

116

120

107

7 43

169

770 50

15 3

quot;5

2 4 3

quot;io

�

18 29 S2

473 39

148 34

quot;in

13 02 50

322 10

173

177

859 77

19 3

485

84 IS

438 12

H 1

212 34

3�4

117 19

113 0

189 44

0 10

354

Scotland Total

2,366

1,101

823

100 2,504

�rlaquo;laquo;=~T~-

410

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EEPORT No. 0, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 9th, 1865�confenued.

COUNTIES OB

DISTRICTS.

Total

N'umber of|

Farms, j

Sheds, or j

otherFluces

in which 1

the Disease

has

appeared.

Total

SumlMr of

Total Nunib'T

Animals

Blaugh-

! tered

Healthy,

3. Total BTtunber quot;f Diseased Animals reported since

the commencwneut uf the Disease.

!?oib.�Additions will, from time to time, Iraquo;- made

of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly

Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from

additional Information received since last Report,

ci.

KUled.

Died.

#9632;d. Benuduiui

ENGLAND.

Bedford..............

Berka.....................

Buckingham............

Camhiidge ............

Chester..................

Cornwall ...............

Cumberland...........

Derby .................

Devon .................

Dorset .................

Dur!,am ..............

Essex....................

Gloucester ...........

Hauls .................

Hereford ..............

Hertford ..............

Huntingdon...........

Kent....................

Lancnster..............

Leicester ..............

Lincoln.................

Monmonth ...........

Norfolk.................

Northampton ........

Northumberland.....

Nottingham...........

Oxford .................

Rutland .............

Salop...................

Somerset .............

Stafford................

Suffolk................

Surrey ................

Sussex ................

Warwick .............

Westmoreland.......

#9632;Wills...................

Worcester.............

York...................

��

193

212

300

' 191

111

8 quot;S

525 929

1,189 3,395

5,366 473 502 371 I 186 12 j 421) !

2,902 347 554 273 400

1,498

1,769

1,407 ill

1,409

5,117

2,027

1,884

1 17

561

1,010 46

882

2,nbsp; II -J 2,772

3,nbsp;or.:) 1,181

378

194

290

11(1 280 2 is 18 110

28.quot;)

470

357


	322	71
	509	94
	330	135
	422	431
	510	101
	192	28
	194	110
	143	80

108 304 141 I

700 i 792 I

57 1,050

20 156 141 112 420 507 282 7 284

009

433

382

11 190 580 523 481 172

2,931

25 82 30 23 93 1 o

10 0

28 191

1 17

20 21

laquo;8 82

quot;go

202

521

102

12 38 18 129 47 90 3 54

239 37 48 IS 14

1 53

113

97 30 28

164

,657

75 214 239 196 ! 081 i 944 027

23 546

,340

808

7(10

120

221

304

,289

,133

.,089

312

314 52

oil

122

322

173

109

1,072

291

229

14 85

508 425 504

111

357

161

157

31 5

51 232 149 167

87 9

02 287 250 306

3G 88 88 74

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;203

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;132

1,100 12,214

9 ! 56

., j 31

1,137 , 5,178

487 I 1,846

CO�NTIES OF EU�LAND 4,1

Metropolitan i'

59,224 5,159 23,849 4S 11,480 _; 2,125 ; 6,962

6,269 12,310 3,046 3,073

1,731 3,536 208 575

Pouce Distbict )

ENGLAND Total..; 4,870 i 70,710 ' 7,584 30,811 9,315 115,383 j 2,002 4,111

CATTLE PLA�UK EEPORT No. C, FOR WEEK ENDING

ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;141

DEOBMBEE 9tb, 1SC5�continued.

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commeucement of the Disamp;ise.

Xoti-:.� additions will, from tinie to time, hemade of quot;back'' Cases, not incladod in th*- Weekly Reports, ami corrections (if any) arising from additional information received cilice last Report.

| Total ^:{Number of

Total Nnmbez of

Total

Number

Animals

slaugh�tered Healthy.

COUSTiKS OB

DISTRICTS.

Farms,

#9632; on Panns,

In Skate,

,.r uthar

Ptoais when

the igt;isr.-isi!

^:, hm Ijuoii 1 otBdall; rep�rtedto

Shed* or [otUerPlace j in wiiich 'tin; Diaeas halaquo; appeared.

Attiu;keii. I EiUaL I MaL ! necoverea. Itcuiai

WALES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon..........

Cardigan .......

Oiienititrllieii....

Carnarvon.......

Denbigh .......

Flint.............

Glamorgan __

Merioneth.......

Montgomery....

Pembroke.......

liaiitior..........

80 38

2,005 517 i

71)

902

209

625 i 110

141 48

Walks Total... 124

;,.j22

1,111 j

741

189

SCOTLAND. i

Aberdeen...............^; 22

Aigyle ..................'

Ayr .....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;17

Banff.....................

Berwick ...............I 15

Bute .....................:

Caithness...............^I

Clackmannan .........|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Dumbarton ............^! 80

Dnmfrie� ...............: 23

Edinburgh ............' 148

Elgin, or Moray ......I

Fife.....................'lt; 93

Forfai ..................; 404

Haddington............i 45

Inverness...............I

Eincardine ............' 10

Kinross..................#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^

Kirkcudbright.........Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Lanark..................| 206

Linlithgow ............^! 15

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Perth.....................j 1S3

Renfrew ...............; 31

Ross ttiul Ciomarty ...

Roxburgh...............;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

Selkirk..................�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

Stirling..................! 152

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

427 310

(liiU

42 80 12

247

iio

134


	00	I 0
	75	quot;9
	45	8
	33	17
	259	40 !
	197	6 1
	803	130
	630	201
	2,427	005 1
	308	28 i
	24	quot;0 !
	24	1
	1,358	263
	136	21
		1
	803*	109
	92	23
	2
	5	2 ⁱ
	1,042	125

258 544

.ill #9632;2,iiUi

2,S53

12,588

1.044

178

182

3,361

372

!I4 #9632;12 24

on;

277 1,973

120

465

307

332

1,272

1,113

4,70quot;) 53�

13 36

171

042

102

200

1,081

119

19 3

458


	73	24
	30	2
	9	1
	2,750	671
	210	36
	quot;3	9
	1,424	02
	201	OS
	ii	3
	20	3
	1,002	44

3,018 891

117

2,771

491

110

quot;s

4 1211

300 18

391

SOOTLAHD Total... 1,475 i 82,384 ! 4,0211

15,277 j 2,157 j 8,389 1,670 ; 3,001

442nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 6�SUMMARY FOR WEEK ENDING DEOEMBEE 9th, 1805.


	Number of Farms, Shoda, or other Places in which freah CiisesuC Disease are rep irted to haveoocarred dui in^' the V.-,vk .�.li:; D_LL-. 9,:]86S.	Remaining from last Week's Report, corrected lu Deo. B, 18�5.	1. Castraquo; of quot; Cattle Plague'' reported as having commenced daring the week ending Dec. 9ih, laos.
DISTRICTS.			Attacked during Week end- Killed. tag 1 lee 9, I.-ilia.		Died.	Recovered. Remaining,
England (Total)...... Wales .................. Scotland ...............	359 24 121	3,757 110 2,815	3,23) 215 1,881	#9632;171 [ 2,012 108 122 ' 1,201		863 3-1 309	#9632;I.Ill 189 3,001
Total.........	507	0,718	5.35G	593 i 3,414 I 700 i 7,301 II 1

Number

of Fanns,

Staats,

oroUun

Pinoraquo; i-i

which IVciL

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Dee. 2nd, 1^(35.

''.:

]raquo;i-;. ase are reportaj to haveiKKurred daring ihi! \V(. 1.

Uemaming

^Weck I ,,. , , ending | Attacked.

Nov. 25.

Recovered. Remaining.

EnGLAKD (Total).....

Walks ..................

Scotland...........

418 i 3,053

,521

1,519 126

823

18 106

,411

107 ,504

12 93

137 I 116 2,300 I 1,191

Total......... 523 ; 5,550

gt;, 828

438

,468

390 i 0,082

�

l-.italnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �^Traquo;^lal ,.

.- .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . gt;,iniil'i r nI

NVilnlicr 01 , Cattle l-'anns, I ..�quot;i.i.nns, Sheds, or \ iraquo; Sheda

Total

1 Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since

tlie commencement of tbe Disease. [Notk.�Additions will, from time to time, be made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in tho Weekly

DISTRICTS.

othi'I

otherPlaces

' . Hacea where i inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

which , ,'1,,, i,;,,.,.., .quot;SJ' j Reports, and corrections (if any) arising fr

., ', I additional information received since last ueport. Healthy. Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ___t___

tbe Diseasel quot;luiahe has I officially appeared.' ^rii-^,;^,_i'quot;₁¹ quot;'

I Attiwl.ril.

BeioaiiiingL

ExtiLAND (Total).....

Wales ............,....

scotlami..............

Total........

4,870 i 70,710 124 1 2,522

7,584 30,811

9,315 15,383

2,002

1,670

4,111

189 3.001

7'. I

1,111

82 ,157

711 8,389

1,475 '' 32,384 j 4,029 15,277

0,475 105,010 12,292 47,199 11,554 124,513

3,771

7,301

CATTLE PLAGUE KXQ�IKY.

443

EBPOKT No. 7, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 16th, 1805.

Blumber of|

COUXTIICS

MSTPJCTS.

^li7gt;r'lth!'r^h' Remaining Cases ofquot; Cattle Plaguequot; reported as having commenced Plaeesin i fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; during tfce VVeek ending Dec. 16th, 1865.

' frlaquo;b last W laquo;ported to corrected to

Attacked during Week end�ing Dec l(j,

IS6�.

Killed.

Kccovcred. Remaining

�i¹ De

ic.

lati�

ENGLAND.

Bedford............

Berks...............

#9632;1

CO 29 31

244

547

(ill 5

114

138

104

251 o7 43 18 11

47 1 64 76 104 36 85

1,571

11 3

21 445 S7U

77 43 10

302

810


	7	10
	CO	301
	27	534
	17	32
	28	24
	4	4
		quot;2
	17	8
		quot;l
		11
	5	118
		If)
	13	CO
		1
	21	181

4 20 40

Bucktogham......

Ciimbriilgc ......

Chester............

Corn wall .........

Cnmberland......

Derby ............

Devon ............

Dorset ............

Durham............

Essex...............

Gloucester.........

Hunts ............

Hereford .........

Hertford .........

Himtingdon......

Kent...............

Xiancaster.........

Leicester .........

Lmcoln............

Monmoufb ......

Norfolk............

Northampton ... Noithnmberland

Notlingham......

Oxlbni ............

Rutland............

Salop...............

Somerset .........

Stafford............

Suffolk ............

Surrey ............

Sussex ............

Warwick .........

Westmoreland ...

Wilts...............

Worcester.........

York...............

quot;l

109

200

300

9:i

25 39

1,202


		30
	1	133
		2
		12
	0	30
	1	15
	5	111
	7	71
	4	96

quot;o

8 10

quot;4

quot;3

105

208 33 49 21 30

102 28 52

1,616

8 13

101 17

152

1 11

quot; 1

3 11

t! 10

4 1

quot;s

1S4

24 17 13 30

h i

874

1 4

quot;4

2 21S

Counties of Knoland

*.Mi;THOrouTAN 1

Police District f

Englahd Total

504 14

3,032 570

4,023 43

445

2,616

SOG

4,408 507

518 i 4,508 j 4,000

452 2,001

390 i 5,005

* TheMetropolilau

Ktut. ami Surrt'y.

Police Districl indudea tho wholfl of Ujc Gonntjr lt;gt;f Uiddleses and iurl* ttS the Cotutles of Bascx. Hw-Ls

mim*

wmmm

444nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EEPOET No. 7, FOB WEEK ENDING DECEMBEE IGtli, 1865�oontintted.

COONTXES

DlSTEZOrS.

NnniluT o!'

Vi-ii-iFi I from laquo;hichfmih last Week's

dST*quot;'' I ^1;eI^lquot;^rl' reiJorteiUo corrected to

Cases of quot; Cat tK¹ Plague quot; reported as having commenced during tin: Week ending Dec. lotli, nsii�.

Attacked

during Week end�ing Dec. 16,

1SU,').

Died.

IU covered J temaining

ihiriiigtlie

Ii05.

Weak miling Dec, 16, ilaquo;.:.'gt;.

WALES.

Angles.'y .......

Brecon ..........

Cardigan .......

(Jiit'i-iiKU'lheu....

Carnarvon.......

Denbigh .......

Flint.............

Glamorgan ....

Merioneth.......

Montgomery....

Pembroke.......

Badnoi..........

164 60

262 25

227

162

Wales Total

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................,

Banff.....................j

Bcrwu-k..................^!

Bute .....................

Otitlmess ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............;

Dumamp;ies ...............

Edinburgh ............

filgln, ur Moray ......

Fife ............'.........

Forfur ..................|

Haddington............

Invernesa...............

Kincardine ............

Einrosa..................

Ivirkciiilliright.........

Ijanark ..................

Linlithgow ...........

Nairn.....................

Orkney und Shetlandjl

P�elgt;lJs.................'}

Perth.....................|

Benfrew ...............

Boss and Crnuiarty...

Boxburgh...............^;

Selkirk..................^!

Stirling..................|

SlltUrrliilld ............

Wigtuwu ......,.........'

Scoti.axd Total


12	224	287
	1
	8	'19
quot;2	24	quot;28
#9632;1	#9632;gt;.;)	49
3	71	22
2	;gt;:-!	11
1	163	36
9	22S	227
32	1,079	017
-,'	119	21
quot;l	44	64
1	3 2	⁹
/	503	168
4	23	IS
1		quot;3
30	3ti0	23(J
4	18 quot;9 10	44
9	425	22G

234

210

quot;2

U 6

20 20

l�s

358 31

10 0

148

1GS

326 1,049

100

S3 12

22 10

41)1 17

1G1 16


	57 5	378 41
	42	(1 10 43S

170

112 I 3,208

1,701

153

1,075 I

3,315

#9632;raquo;mm

CATTLE PLAGUE KNQUIliY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;415

REPORT No. 7, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 16th, 1865�cojrfmued.


CO�NTIHS	Nnmbor ofFaimB, Sheds, or other Places in which Crab Cssesat Disease are renurted in ban......#9632;urr.-a during the \V,-,-k.	8 Diseased Animals reported for			be Week ending Dec. 9tb, 1865.
OK DISTRICTS.		Remaiaing Week	Attacked.	KilleJ.	Died.	Recovered.	Remaining.
		Deo, 3,
ENGLAND. Bedford.................. Berks	1 3 21 62 5 4 :: 2 4 J 1 15 � 14 1 13 16 J3 � 2 2 1 1 I 2 5 3 2 129	54 30 29 235 816 38 17 U 111 2 12 35 23 110 51 97 3 t i �iii; 57 41 i 14 49 1 57 102 23 5 1,155	8 ^:! 27 314 590 40 82 13 2 '\- 29 3 29 7 131 10 tl 1 131 182 108 39 23 quot;l 1 31 34 21 18 22 28 1 1,037	ie 84 21 (i, 23 3 5 3 4 .. 6 3 7 1 37 73 31 3 lt;; 15 quot;3 i 11 3 1 5 1 52	4 2 11 257 311 31 15 9 6 25 .. 2 16 12 135 7 57 107 ' 81 81 24 6 15 quot;s 1 20 15 8 20 12 'io 049	2 5 6 53 4 1 1 2 10 1 0 1 4 20 13 5 13 S quot;2 6 4 1 2 4 1 145	58 29
Buckingham............ Caxabriuge ............ Cheater.'................. Cornwall ...............							24 202 524 41
Gumberlaud............							57
Derby ..................							6
Dorset .................. Durliam..................							i
Essex..................... Gloucester............... Hants.....................							102 2 12
Hereford ............... Hertford ............... Himtiiigdoii............							is 129
Kelil .....................							47
Lancaster...............							90 3
							54
Monmouth ............ Norfolk..................							239 37
NVirilinmherland ...... Nottingham............ Oxford .................. Rutland.................. Salop..................... Somerset ............... Stafford.................. Suffolk ..................							48 18 11 'l7 1 53 113 97
Sussex .................. Warwick ...............							30 28
'Westmoreland......... Wilts.....................							17
Worcester............... York.....................							1,340

Cousties OF Esror.AND	345	3,149	3,101	427	1,907	320	3,530
Metropolitan 1 Police District (	14	COS	129	44	75	43	575
Exglaxd Total	359	3,757	3,230	471	2,012	303	4,111

440nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EBPOET No. 7, FOR WEEK ENDING DECUMBER IMi, ISGa�continued.


COTJNTIES	Number of Parma, Sbeda, or other Places in whicli Eraah Casea lt; -f Diaeaa� ara reported to baTeoccniTed during iliu Week.	2. Diseased Animak reported for iho Week endlog Pec. 9ih. 1865.
OR DISTRICTS.		Remaining Week ending Dec. 2.	Attacked.	Killed.	l)iej.	Recovered.	Remaining.
WALES.	1:	146 ��	171 74	�� #9632;#9632;	143 25	33 1
Brecon..................

Citmuart iicn............

Denbigh ...............							Ill
Flint.....................							48



Pembroke...............

Wales Total	21	146	245		168	34 8 7 4 20 23 75 4 �7S 7 37 13 38	1S9
SCOTLAND. Aberdeen............... Argyle .................. Ayr ..................... Banff.....................	3 quot;2 *quot;h* 6 quot;is 60 2 �quot; quot;l quot;O 1 .. 14 2 quot;4	1 5 16 59 44 174 iss 900 77 io 3 8 485 34 304 44 quot;e 10 409 #9632; �	11 17 '28 31 107 69 99 G34 lit quot;l 201 8 254 22 255	quot;2 5 'll 4 37 '59 1 3	0 'll quot;14 34 43 57 -58 317 98 quot;l 'oi 12 ico 32 240 ;;		1 quot;'s
							21
Bute .....................
Caithness...............							quot;22
Dumbarton ............							49
Dumfries ............... Kiliulmv'h ...........							93 102
Elgin, or Moray ...... Fife ...................							206
Forfar .................. jQsbddinamp;rton............							1,081 119
Inverness ............... Kincardine ............							quot;19
EjUitoss..................							3
							8
Lanark..................							458
Linlitbgow ............							23
Nairn ................
Orkney and Shetland Peebles..................
Perth.....................							3G0
							18
Rosa and Cromarty ... Roxburgli...............							quot;e
Selkirk ..................							10
SUrling.............							391
Sutherland .							..
Wigtown '...........

Scotlvnd Total	124	2,815	1,881	122	1,204	309	3,001

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;447

REPOET No. 7. FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER IGth. ISt�-conilnned.

COUNTIES

Oli

DISTRICTS.

Total

Number of

K;irn is,

SbedE^ or

otherPlaces

in which the Disease

luis appeared.

Total

Nuiuber of Cattle

quot;ii Farms, in Sheds,

ur MihMr

Places r�tere

l� Dislaquo; has

Total Kumber

of Anlmala sltuigh-

tered Healthy.

Total Xnmlior of Diseased Anim.ils reported since

the commeucemeot o( the Disease.

So^e.�-Additions will, fmm time to time, be made

of quot;backquot; Cases not included in the Weekly

Reports, and corroctions (if any) arisiiiK front

additional information received since last Report.

ofKri

re]laquo;!

.-I 1

Attacked.

Killed.

Or i.

Rec

�ered. Beau

ENGLAND.

Bedford...............

Berks..................

Buckingham.........

Cambridge .........

Chester...............

Cornwall ............

Cumherland.........

Derby ...............

Devon ...............

Dorset ...............

Durham...............

Esses..................

Gloucester............

Hants ...............

Hereford ............

Hertford ............

Huntingdon.........

Kent..................

Lancaster............

Leicester ............

Lincoln...............

Monmonth .........

Norfolk...............

Northampton ......

Northumberland ...

Nottingham.........

Oxford ...............

Rutland...............

Snlop..................

Someiset ............

Stafford...............

raquo;Suffolk...............

Surrey ...............

Sussex ...............

Warwick ............

Westmoreland......

Wilts..................

Worcester............

York..................

CorNTiF.soF Enolaitb Mbteopoutas

Police District

Enslamd Totai,

41 56

of) 2ij8 325

:�!:!

820

11(5

2;!0

162

151

377

174

157

38 5

57 241! 151 172

10 ,455

564

937 1.314 4,469

8,282 585 714

59 12 73

519

278 32

102

338 23 58

19 119 280 282

19 153

310

497

408

202

282

300

28 2

1,508

335 512 300 ,905 ,434 209 245 153 103 0 192

143

501

131

189

352 52

127

337

193

197

1,253

308

281

17 103 515

435

500

490

178

300

152

1,113

1,348

154

1,094 20

157 182 122 541 882 305 14 515

1,161

505

423

S3 11

209 500 549 505 210

'35

1,133

29 82 34 49 139

4 11 10

28 194 1 17 29 22 15 75 80

50 30 31

302

810

133

30 15

114

105

29S 33 49 21 30

83 102

28 52

15 3

1,010

224

491

3.003

347

576

345

414

1,709

2,717

1,021

203

2,398

245 281 204 797 1,305 740 44 932

2,7.85 901

700

ISO

239 29

413 1,194 1,180 1,114

378

0,954

5,493

3,130

1,885

157

719

1,247 46

957 2,325 2,809 3,094 1,371

252

136

16,103

73 55 57 1 15

39 90 94 75 41

quot;7

715

,967

707

71,839 11,008

0,308 29,329 2,179 i 7,013

0,891 3,056

15,787 1 2,153 3,122 208

4,498 507

5,734

83,507 � 8,487 30,342

9,917

18,909 ! 2,421

5,005

H3 liavc been dedQSted ttam the Totals of tlio Ootutto of StlffoUc, that numUr ha-

r been entered err�tteously.

448nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE EKQUTUY.

EErOTiT Xo. 7, FOE WEEK ENDING DEOEMBEE IGlli, 1865�eonfa'nued.

Total

Number oil

ITomber of

Total Number

of Animals slaugh�tered Healthy.

Total Number of Diseased AulmRlfi reported since the commencement of the Disease.

Notk.�Additions will, from time tquot; time, be made of quot;lgt;ackquot; ('uses, not included in the Weekly Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from adoilionol iDformatioD received since last Report,

COUNTIES

DISTRICTS.

Cattle FanDS, on Parms,

Slu-ds or ' in Shedraquo;,

otherPlaces' , or other in which . _{�ieDis�age}the Disease] has been

1,;_1S

appeared.

officially reported to

Attaokei 1

mied, i

Died.

Recovered. Scmam�

exist.

WALES.

ABglesey ........

Brecon ...........

Cardigan ........

Caermorthen ..

Oamarvon........

Denbigh ........

Flint..............

Glamorgan .....

Merioneth........

Montgomery.....

Pembroke........

Radnor..........

103 #9632;ii

;gt;t;2

21 80

1,196

2G0

861 137

114

#9632;gt;#9632;!

162

Wales Total

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Arirvlc ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick.................

Bute .....................

Caithness...............

Clackmannan .........

DumliarUiii ............

Bamfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife .....................

Forfar ..................

Eaddington............

Inverness ...............

Eincardine ............

Einrosa..................

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark..................

linlithgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Portli.....................

Renfrew .............;.

Ross and Crotnarty...

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk ..................

2,944

1111 : 1,456 j 82

136

.'40

330

0�G


	#9632;12	217
	80	12:i
	n	162
	95 58	127 #9632;113 346 1,314
	434 2,243 146	1,439 5.-144 551
	'is	212
	1 408 132	17 234
	12 5:!9 167	(j 1,660 245
	' 8 4 165	'�;i 211 1,927


177	66	3 i
20	81	Id
57	54	17
6	65	39 !
14	30�	51 1
in;	217	16
174	827	145
77	788	248 i
088	2,895	812
-1	399	31 i
72	� � 72	H
2	28	2
746	1,473	¹285
as	148	31
5	��	quot;l
92	964	226
68	1(18	28
5	17	quot;s
;#9632;,	5	2
45	1,277	167 .. ��

IS 34

151

113

514 48

213

397

Till

709

2,644

3,302

13,701

1,096

496 155

i 1

168

326

,0411 100

4SI

401 17

229

' G

178.

3,;!70

422

158

3,164

378 41

10 438

Stirling.....

Sutherland

Wigtown ..

Scotland Total 1,667 i 35,!110 _; 5,318 17,588 2.351 0,703 ] 2.129 3,315

CATTLE PLAGUE EXQUIltY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-H9

REPORT No. 7.�SUMMARY FOE WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 10th, 1805.

Parma

,',1 .'.'r i Rematolnffl Cases ofquot; Cattle Plwoe quot; reported as having rommunced

tir o

during the Vveekending Igt;l'c, iiiili, 1065.

distjuc rs.

Places in ! from wbichfreali last Week¹

reported to |Corrected to baveoconxTlaquo; Lj Dec. 16,

��J ^m5-

Dec 18, 186amp;

,V I tacked during Week end�ing Hoc. 16, I 1868.

Killed.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Died.

Recovered. BemafnUig

EngIiASD (Total)....

Wales ................

sootlajid.............

Total

518 i,50S

12 i 221 I 112 I 3.208

4,000

2S7

1,701

452

2,661 234

1,075

31)0

SOG

5,005

240

3.315

153

012 1 7,940

0,051

005

3,SJ7U

71)0 i 8,020

Number

ui Panns,

Shedlaquo;,

or olhn-

2. Diseased Animuls reported fur the Weekending I'ec. 2nd, ISUu.

DISTRICTS.

PIMM In

which Ir.-.-Ji

Disen-w are Remaining reportc.1 tu _Weck

havcowurnM;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

during tho I eraquo;'quot;quot;^

Vf�k. j Dec. 2.

Attacked. Killed.

Died.

Uecovered. Kciuaining.

1 303 j 4,111

34 I 181}

i 309 j 3,0G1

BkQLAND (Total ......

Walls ..................

Scotland ...............

Total

351) 24

3,757 146

3,230

245

1,881

171

2,042

1CS

1,201

3.114

121 I 2,815

122

5'17

0,718

0, dob

503

700

7,301

Total

Xurnlx-r of

Farms,

Sheds, or

Total Number of

Cattle on Parms, in Simla,

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ³-

Total Total Number of Disoasotl Animals reportcii t-iuce Cambernbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the commencement of the Diseaae.

of Note.�Additions will, from time to time, be made Animals ; of quot;backquot; Cases, not included In the Weekly slaugli- ! Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from

tered j additional information received since lost Report. Healthy.-------------#9632;-------------#9632;�#9632;-----

DISTRICTS.

otherPlaces.p.

in which i ^'(.'^liquot;'^, tlie Discasej ium i,.,quot;.,,

has appeared.

olli,#9632;hilly njported to

exist.

; Attacked. ! Killed.

Died.

Becoveted. [fiemainingf,

8,487 30,342 : 9,947

18,'JOU

2,421

130

2,129

5,005

240

3,315

Enoi.axu (Tuttil;...... 5,734nbsp; nbsp; | 83,507

Walks ..................^ 144nbsp; nbsp; I 2,044

101 i 1,450

998

Scotland............... 1,007nbsp; nbsp; j 35,910 I 5,318 47,588

2.351 ; 9,793

Total 7,545nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;122,370 13,000 55,380 ;12,380 29,700

4,686 8,020

2 a

450nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 8, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 23rd, 1865.

COUOTIES

DISTRICTS.

Number ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,

|Faniu,Sbeds, p_i0maj_nj_nK Casos ofquot; Cattle Plaguequot; reported as baving coniraenocd

I l''i!i,quot;quot;quot;i'ii | from Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;during the Week cluling Dec. 23rd, 1865.

i wl.i.h ir.^it last Week'squot;

i .i.-

Hcport, i Attacked I t,.,!,,, ,corrected to, d_mi_llg#9632;mrrnV Doc. 23, jWec^ eai-l

raiffinj ^im5' iⁱnsl^,el-'--S.; i, isswnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;isti�.

Recovered. Bemaising.

ENGLAND.

Bedford..................

Perks.....................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Buckinghani............:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Ouuliridgo ............I 5:5

Chester..................! OS

Cornwall ...............!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

Cumberknd............; 22

Derby ..................inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

Devon ..................

Dorset ..................I

Dm-luau..................Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

Essex.....................Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-1

Gloucester ............^I

Hants..................;

Hereford ...............:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

Hertford ...............|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

Huntingdon............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l�

Kent ..'...................inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Lancaster...............1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

Leicester ...............]nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Lincoln ...............i 28

Mnnmouth ............

Norfolk..................j 13

Northampton .........; 12

Nortlitunberlond......;

Nottingham ............j

Oxford ..................jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8

Rutland ...............'

Salop.....................inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Somerset ...............

Stafford..................^:

Suffolk ..................jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Surrey ..................;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Sussex ..................'#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

Warwick ...............',nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Westmoreland.........

Wilts.....................I

Worcester...............

York.....................j 154

56 30 31

315

874

7 S

128

121 71

10.1 7

194

200

100

102

1,817

347

020 47 87 17 23

20 28

9 33 35 14 32 14

245

010

quot;l 35 40

160

233

iio

1 21 59 15

303

1,003

'is

133 2 7

24 130

64 110

14 272

252 30 34 15 02 7

114

104 30 48

1,863


	41
	42	5
	187	4
	37	6
	78	18
	0	1
	3G1	28

3 14

4 14

11 12

is;

81 11

110 12

1 !

19 24

I 18 4 3 4

2 280

4 1,212

800

COONTIES OPENGLAUt)

�Meiropoijtan l¹Police District Jl

420 5

4,SG2 ] 4,041 587 i 86

454 j 2,061 28 ! 51

520 10

5,208 584

England Total ... 434 15,449 4,127

482 I 2,712 I

530 I 5,852

Tiic HettppaUtan IVlice l^Ltrict inclu.lcs the who]

L- quot;i tfaeGonnty of uicldlaaz, tuid StiiTcy.

ad parts of the Conntieq of E.-:CJ, Kent, Herts,

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;451

RErOHT No. 8, FOB WEEK ENDING DECEMBEK 23rd, 1S65�continued

Number of

COUNTIKS

Fann8_lSbads,

itlmr

Kemaining Cases of quot; C.ittle Plapuequot; reported as having commenced fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; during the Week endlns J'ec. 2;ird, laos.

wbicb fnah _labt Week's

Caaea -#9632;'

Report,

correuttlto

Dec. 2J,

13�5.

Attacked

during I Week end-tng3Deo.23j

1laquo;65.

Killed.

Recovered. Eemalning.

DISTSICTS.

Disease ore

i-; i rtcil to b;i\eilaquo;.-cHrred

doriiig the Week ending

Dee. -23, 16.;5.

WALES.

Anglesey ........

Biacon ...........

Cardigan ........

Caenuarfhen ..

Carnarvon ........

Denbigh ........

Flint..............

Glamorgan .....

Merioneth........

Montgomery.....

Pembroke........

Badnor...........

31 13

184 142

311) 80


	248	'27 i
1	77	17 *�

228 133

Wales Total

405

325

3G1

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen ...............

Argyle ..................

Avr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick..................

Bute .....................

Caitlinesa ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin or Moray ......

Fife .....................

Forlar ..................

Hruldington ............

Inverness ...............

Kineardiuo ............

Kinross..................

Kirkcudbright.........

Lanark ..................

Linliihgow ............

Nairn.....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles ..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew ...............

Ross and Cromarty...

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk..................

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

2 i 4 8

18 34


	12	��
	25	1
	30
	40
	27	2
	42	11
	309	.,
	5G4	51
	1	1
	il	10
	17
	1laquo;
	77
	41
	235	quot;2
	74	/
	173

14 22

1GS

336

,075

100

17 50 24

196

352 2

6 11

102

10 439

184 1,052

5 1 93

14 10

530 17

19 3

515

402 41

438

143 21

S3 9

409

quot;g

468

110

Scotlanb Total...

119

3,418 1,724

91 1,086

386 3,579

2g2

4:52

CATTLE l'LAOUE ENQUIEY.

RKPOET No. 8, FOU WEEK EXDIXG DEOBMBEB 23rd, 1865-continued.


COUNTIES	Number of Farms, SintU orotlier Ptecea to which ftffih Cases of Disease are tepirtad to laveoocorred ilnrlDB the Week.	Diseased Animals re		2. raquo;rtcd for the Week ending Dec. 16th, 1SG5.
OR DiSTBicra		Kemalning Week ending ] )oc. 9.	Attatked.	Killed.	Hied.	TU covered. ! 4 quot;4 26 40 5 1 1 quot;0 1 5 7 4 quot;ie 0 8 10 quot;4 3 3 2 2 1 4 #9632;4 2 218	temaining.
ENGLAND. Bedford ...............	1 4 48 90 i; S 2 .. *quot;1* quot;l 3 3 'I 16 -52 quot;s 13 � #9632; 1 11 7 1 12 4 1 3 1 181 504 14	00 29 31 211 547 11 68 5 7 20 114 2 12 38 19 133 57 104 3 84 251 37 48 IS 14 47 1 64 70 104 30 35 17 1,571	11 3 21 445 870 77 43 10 2 12 45 1 42 6 109 31 09 5 299 300 93 54 4 00 18 3 25 39 27 8 51 19 7 1,202	1 7 CO 27 17 28 4 17 13 21 101 17 2 20 1 3 11 6 10 2 6 1 65	10 2 10 301 534 32 24 4 2 8 1 41 11^ 10 00 I 181 152 72 41 1 14 quot;5 13 21 17 13 30 ii 1 874		56
Berks..................... 13iu-]viiiquot; '11:ua............							30 31
('aiiibrid^,,quot;0 ............							302
Chester..................							SIlaquo;
							O'J
Cumberland............ Derby ..................							49 7
							8
Dorset ..................							80
							133
							2
Hants ..................							12
Hereford ............... Hertford ............... HuTitingdoti............							80 15 114
Kent..................... Lancaster............... Leicester ......							71 96 7
Lincoln .........							105

							298
							33
Northumberland......							49 21
Oxford ..................							30
Kniland.................. Salop ..................							56
Somerset ...............							1 02
Suffolk .................							83 102
							28
							52
Westmoreland........ Wilts.................... Worcester............... York.....................							'15 3 1,010
CoostiesopEsgland Meti;oi'outan 1 Police District J		3,932 570	4,023	445 7	' 2,010 45 j	390	4,498 507
Kngi.axd Total ...	518	4,508	4,066	402	' 2,001	390	5,005


EEPOKT No. 8,	CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIBT. FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 23rd,					463 1865�continued.
COUNTIES	Number of ftmns, SheOa, orotlier Plores in which fresh dues of DLsiiL^c are rc'ilaquo;iitHl to haveucenrret aorlnstlM Wert.	Diseased Animals �:lt;		2. ported for the Week ei		#9632;ling Dee. t6th, 1868.
OR DBTEICTS.		Remaining Week ending Dec. 9.	Attacked.	Killed. *quot;*	1 Died.	Recovered. Remaining,
WALES. Angleaoy ......	'ii i	164 60	2G2 25		i 227 7
Brecon ........						37
Cardigan ...............


Denbigh ..........							102
Flint ................							78
Glamorgan ....						::
Merioneth .........

IVmbruke.......


Wakes Totai.......	12	224	287		231	37 ^! 240
SCOTLANB. Aberdeen...............	2 4 3 2 1 quot;9 32 1 1 quot;7 4 1	¹ \ #9632;#9632; quot;a '19 .. 24 j 28 22 i 49 74 j 22		2 1 quot;�2 quot;l 41 6 19 75 2 quot;3 quot;l	G quot;9 32 15 20 20 ins 358 31 '27 4 83 12 Kll 16 quot;3 470 � #9632;	*' quot;l quot;o 22 2 10 9 20 118 3 5 1 22 10 57 5 42	1

Ayr ................							18
Banff.....................
							84
I'.nte .............
Caithness............... Clackmannan ......... Dumbarton ............							17 78
Dumfries ......
		Kio 228 1,079 119 44 3 2 503 23	�(J 227 517 21 '64 9 168 18				1GS
Eis^in, or Moray ...... Fife ............quot;.........							320
Forfer ..................							1,049
Hoddington............ Inremess............... Kincardino .......							100 57
Kinross.................. Kirkcudbright.........							7 2
Lanark ..................							491 17
Nairn............
Orkney and Shetland Peebles..................		#9632; �	1 3
Perth ..................	Rn sen : 23fi						378
Renfrew..................	4 quot;9	18 44 ! #9632;19 :: 425 226					41
Ross and Oromaity ... Rosbnrgh............... Selkirk ..................							it; 438
Sutherland ............ Wigtown ............

Scotland Total...	112	3,208 j 1,701		153	1,075	SCO j 3,315 j

MHB

454nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT Xo. 8, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 23rd, 1865�lt;!onlaquo;jnlaquo;laquo;d.

COUNTIICS

DISTBICTS.

Total

Number ot

Farms,

SImhK or other I'laces

in which

the Disease

has

appeared.

Total Kmnber of

Cattle on F/iniH,

in Sheds,

or oilier Places when ilie Disease Iiils beeo emolslly raported to

exist.

Xuraher of

Animals slaii(!li-

tercil Healthy.

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since

the commencement of the Disease.

Xotf..�Additions will, from time to time, be made

of quot;hackquot; Oases, not included in the Weekly

Reports, and corrections (if any) arisinfr from

additional informaliou receivetl since last Report.

Attaeketl.

Killol.

Dial.

Beoovored. Bemalnin]

ENGLAND.

Bedford .........

Berks...............

S27

413

324

130

241

178

197

402 186 158

38 1

43 5

57 25!) 152 17!)

1,688

571

944

1.377

5,178

10,728

804

1,007

398

224

549

3,083

347

57(3

.#9632;gt;s-J

610

2,288

2,718

1,780

208

3.204

5,837

3,301

1,900

157

850

1,304

957

2,542

2,927

3,757

1,400

252

171

18,786

588

357

321

338

528

405

2.343

3,403

343

340

170

126

215

1,802

245

329

270

1.008

1.402

831

1,375

152

537

108

172

103

350

5!)

131

343

218

242

1,394

320

238

180

314

176

1,300

2,004

199

1,111

158

223

108

718

910

403

784

1,277

508

452

100

213

537

573

513

210

23 5,201

88 35 77 198 10 19 1(1 11

202

100

303

1,098

133 2

7 35 24

130 04

110 14

272

252 30 34 15 02 7

114

104 30 48

1,8G3

Baddugham.......

Cambridgo .......

Chester.............

Cornwall ..........

Cumberland.......

Derby .............

Devon .............

Dorset .............

Durlmm.............

Essex................

Cloucester..........

Hants .............

Hereford ..........

Hertford ..........

Huntingdon.......

Kent ................

Lancaster..........

Leicester ..........

Lincoln ..........

Moninouth .......

Norfolk.............

Nortliiimpton .... Nortlnnnberland .

Nottingham.......

Oxford .............

Rutland.............

Salop...............

Somerset .........

Stafford .........,

Suffolk ............

Surrey ............

Sussex ............

Warwick .........

Westmoreland ....

Wilts................

Worcester..........

York................

338 23 58

'46 177 285 300 19 218

338 3,010


545		985
417		785
16		59
37		259 10
95		314
9		29
02		416
202	]	,25!raquo;
310	1	,213
308	1	,131
99		385
28		75
2		42
1,788	8	,094

102 17

10t 535 439 512 79

quot;is ii

020

44 96

97 70 42

1 5

1,010

Countif.sof England Metropolitan Police District

England Total ..

5,582 782

81,440 11,803

7.110 34,339 2.191 7,175

7,492 18,884 3,089 3,222

2,095 280

5,208 584

5,852

6,304

93,303

9,307 ;U,514 10,581 22,106

!₎975

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4�5

REPORT No. 8, FOR WEEK. ENDING DECEMBER 23rd, 1805�continued.


COUNTIES OR DISTRICTS.	^ Total Nnrnlior o Farms, Sliolt;i^, or o�ierPlacee in which the Diseas has appeared.	1 Total ¹ Nnmbarol QotUe on Partns, in sii_L.as. or other riiins nhen 111.- lilaquo;.,iso Ims been olii.-iiiily n jlt; rlolt;l to �lst.	Numher of AnimnU slaii^h. 1 tered : Healthy.	3. Total Xumber of Diseased Animal? reported since the commencement of the Disease. EtaTG.�Additions will, i'tniti time to time, b? made of quot;backquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly Keports, and corrections (if any) arisint; from additional information received since last Report.
			Numher of AnimnU slaii^h. 1 tered : Healthy.	Altiutol. 1 KIIM. 1 Died.			1
WALES. Anglesey ...............	111 7S _l	2.845 1,223	� � 08 SI quot; 152	1 Sfift Ti'l		1,138 289	141 56	228 133

CaormarUicn...........
Cui'iiiii'von...............
DenbeWi. ...........
Flint..........				502	21



Pembroke............... Radnor..................
				,
Walks Total ......	210	4,0C8		2,0 :S ; 83 j 1,427 1 197 \| 361
SCOTLAND. Abcvtlccu ...............	2G 'is '20 'is 4S 30 154 136 G04 48 'ig 6 1 228 20 2 249 45 quot;S 184	473 330 759 434 775 881 2,705 4,035 15,772 1,09laquo; 602 183 42 3,755 481 49 3,900 609 158 3,274	49 'so io lil G3 38 681 �GG 2,673 140 i5 quot;l 478 139 VI 552 174 quot;s 170 �� 1 quot; 1	1 9-70. 2(11		68 quot;'⁵76 '71 321 274 851 1,002 3,451 401 96 35 18 1,001 104 1,211 129 quot;i? 1,387	3 25 '45 02 16 158 282 1,059 36 ii 3 1 815 34 quot;l 329 37 quot;3 200	'15 28 '35 97 60 162 439 1,052 93 '58 16 9 515 89 .. 409 78 quot;0 408
Argyle .................. Ayr .....................				in 187 157 494 3S8 1,356 1,800 0.311 552 253 56 33 3,237 275 quot;e 2,013 319 31 2,100	20 58 quot;c 14 38 183 77 749 22 '88 2 5 746 38 quot;5 94 75 quot;5 45
Banff..................... Berwick..................
Bute ..................... Caitlmcss...............

Dumamp;ies ............... Edinburgh ............
Elgin, or Moray ...... Fite.....................
Forinv ..............

ItLTemess...............
Ivitirus.s.......


Linlithgow ............
Nairn.....................
Orkney and Shetland Peebles..................
Perth.....................'
Renfreyv ...............
Ross and Cromarty...
raquo;Selkirk ...............
Stiiiinquot;-..................
Sutherland ............ Wigtown ..........

Scotland Total ...	1,859	40,373	5,978 1	20,011 i 2,473 11.328 i \|			2,631	3,579 i

* Tlic cassa reported aa occnrrlng itraquo; the Cmniy of Selkirk hare been tmnsfcrml to Roslmr^h, linving beoo o IgrnftTij entered in error by the Inspector as btionging tigt; tlie fonnet county.

456nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 8.�SUMMARY FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 23rd, 18G5.

Number oflnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;\nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.

' quot;quot;''o�i¹.''^¹''¹ Etemainlng; Cases ofquot; Cattle Planne quot; reported as having commenced ria.'-Wi'i from quot;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; during the quot;Week ending Dec. 23rd, 1865.

Mi.i-i. iv.sh i^t Week'squot;

MSTKICTS

roiraquo;.itai t.. corrected to ^uriiiK

Dec. 23, _Week ₍._1Ml. 1865. lug |i,.c.-j.-i, 18115.

Died.

1 Recovered. Rwmirinlng.

Dec. 2U. 1866.

Exgi.axd (Total)......

Wales ..................

Scotland...............

Total*.........

434

119

0,449 4,127

482

2,712

325

1,086

530

3SG

5,852 361

3,579

320

405

3,418 1,724

597

9,193

0,250

4,123

900 ; 9,792

Number of Farms,

Sh^ls,

nr other

Diseased Animals reported for the Week ending Dec. 16th, 1SC5.

MSTKICTS.

Places in

which Ctvsh

Cftstu of Itisciw are llemainhip Ireporto�to] _Week

during the ! ' quot;quot;^ulo Week.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dec. 9.

Killed.

Pied, i Ilecovered. Remaining

Exglaxd (Total)......ⁱnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 518

Wales ..................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;12

Scotland...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 112

Total .........'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 042


4,508	4,006	452	2,001	390	5,005
224	287		234	37	240
3,208	1,701	153	1,075	300	3,315
7,940	0.054	6P5	3,970 1	799	8,020

DISTRICTS.

Total

Number of

Karins,

Sheds, or

othcrPlaces

Total

NutiKii- of

Cattle on Fannsi in Shads, r.r other

Numbernbsp; nbsp; T⁰*^ Number of Diseased Animals reported since

₀j-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the commencement of the Disease.

Aninnlsnbsp; ^^0TK-�Additions will, from time to time, 1gt;p made

slauith-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^ot quot;hackquot; Cases, not included in the Weekly

terpdnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Reports, and corrections (if any) arising from

Ih-alihynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ftdditional mrormation received since last Report.

in which I'lf--/-h.T.-the Disease luiH been officially reported to

Attacked.

Beoovereil. Bcaneinlnp.

England (Total).

Wales .............

Scotlaxd..........

Total .......

...I 0,304 ...j 219 ...' 1.859

93,303 ; 9,307 41,514 40,581 122,100

2,975

197

2,031

5,852

301

3,579

4,008 I 152 2,008

! quot;I

40,373 | 5,978 20,011

1,427

2,173 11,328

.. 8,442 137,744 15,137 03,593 13,137 34,801 5,803 9,792

iteturns of 1,0.72 ensw hnve Utn receivelt;l toe lale for iiwrlkui in this liepert,

CATTLE PLAGUE EXQUIUY.

iquot;i

REPORT No. n, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 30th, 1865.

COUNTIES

DISTIUOTS.

Number of j Farms, sIkhK; Remain�ing From

last

Ninnlvr

Coses of ^M Cattle Plague ** reported as having com- j ^laquo;.^Jj?⁸* mencedduring the Weekending DecSOth, isc�. oro�ver

' Placa in

nah

i baea of

Disease nr^

reported to

haveoccaireo

auringthe Week euding Deo. 30. 1865.

Week's

Report^

corrected

to Dec. 30,

llaquo;(i5.

A t tacked during Week end�ing Dec, 30,

1S05.

BocoTerad. Bemain

Cases of Disease iiro

havooocurred dnriug thu

ENGLAND.

Bedford...............

Berks..................

Bucldngham ......

Cambridge .........

Cliester...............

Cornwall ............

Cuiiil'oi-liincl.........

Derby ...............

Devon ...............

Dorset ...............

Dnrbam ............

Gloucester .........

Hants ...............

#9830;Hereford...........,

Hertford ............

Huntingdon.........

Kent..................

Lancaster............

Leicester ...............j

Lincoln..................;

Mnmuouth ............

Norfolk..................j

Northampton .........

Northumberland......j

Nottingbam............I

Oxford ..................^:

Rutland..................

Salop.....................

Somerset ...............!

Stafford..................^:

Suffolk ..................

Surrey'..................

Sussex ..................

Warwick ...............

Westmoreland.........

Wilts.....................

Worcester...............^!

York.....................!

Counties of Enuland Metropolitam i'OLicii District

Enolanu Total

3 2

�

15S

OS 82 43 374 1,201 Gil 70

rgt;

123 2

7 35 24

144 69

111 16

315

253 #9632;10 34 19 G2 14

114

106 2!) 49

3 2,123

9 7

44-1

,703

154

10 46 30


	#9632;)	9
	1	�1
	33	0
	310	40
	1,294	119
	42	IS
	54	13
	1	1
	quot;2	io
	10	2

59 34 34 422 1,521 72

l;;2

122

173 74

153 24

320

228

~41

Srt 99 95 27 51

quot;o

1 2,251

1 1

#9632;gt;#9632;gt;

'46 235

21) 60 47

#9632;!i;r

74 99 42

8 102

4 35

quot;so

102

6 8

1,140

5 3

2 0 1

13 12

12 70

20 1

18 5

li 18

2�

50 20


	27	3
	ISO	13
	2S	ii
	21
	390	38

17 3 3

21 2 4


	58	10
	0
	04	1
	38	ii
	71	3
	10	8
	4	1
	9	12
	quot;fl	'#9632;7
	2	3
	1,002	235

220

154

429 5

072 12

5.817 502

5,481 31

452 11

3,847 20

507

0,102 588

684

6,409

5,512

403

3,807 I 001

6,990

434

No ratumafor the Week bare been received from the Oonot; ofHereforcI quot;igt; to the time of prqioring this Beporb

458nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

REPORT No. 9, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 30th, 1865�continued.

COUNT 11laquo; OR

DISTEICTS.

Number of i

Farmraquo;,SlioH|

Kemain-ing from

Cases of quot;Cattle Plaguequot; reported as having com-

meocfid during tlie Week ending Doe. aulli, lti�5.

Number

of fanus,

Sheds,

or other

FJaoes in

which n-.-^h

Cases of

Diaease Jire

teported to

Ktoarred

during tho

Week,

i.li fri-sl. #9632;

last

Week's Disease am J Report, reported to corrected

,li.ri�K tl,,. to Doc, .ill, W.ik andinej 1866. Dec 30, isco.

Attacked during Week end-ins Dec 30,

1HG�.

Dictl. i Booorered. Uonminins. .

WALES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon ..........

Oardigan .......

Cuermartheu .

Ciirnurvou........

raquo;Denbigl!........

Flint .............

Olamorgaii ___

ATerioneth.......

Montgomery....

Pembroke.......

Radnor..........

1 23

2:13 134

193

118

224 187

Wales Total

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen...............

Argyio ..................

Ayr .....................

B;uiti'.....................

Berwick ...............

Bute .....................

Caithness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dumbarton ............

Dumfries ...............

Edinburgh ............

Elgin, or Moray ......

Fife .....................

Forfar ..................

Haddlngton............

Inverness ...............

Kincardine ............

Kinross.................

Kirkcuilbright........

Lanark..................

Liulithgow ............

Nairn....................,

Orkney and .Slietlnnd

Peebles..................

Perth.....................

Renfrew ...............

Ross and Crornarty...

Roxburgh...............

Selkirk''..................

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown................

367

206

111

131

411

15 28

3 84

:','2

#9632;21:

C 2

35 1 101 60

102

439 ,050

58 16

505

2(j 61 (!8 20

454

4S2 20

in 52 G2 13

280 283

14 4

86 106

GO 102

440

1,048

97 13

409

167

1G8

145

1 101

30 12

446

quot;e

481

437 7ti

270 40

89 22

521

0 488

Scotland Total

149

3,029

1,975

154

1,250nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;519

3,681

� Tlie [napectorot the most Infected District in Hip Otmntyof Dehbigli had not spnt In iiis Betnin op to fbe Umettf preparing tiii^ Bqwrt

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 459

REPOBT No. 9, FOR WEEK ENDING DECEMBER SOth, 18C,5�continued.

Total Total | Knmber of

3. Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since

the commenoement of the Disease,

Xotk.�Additions will, from time to time, he made

of quot; backquot; Cases, not Included in tiiu Weekly

Reports, and correctiona (if any) nrisinf; from

additional information received since last Report.

e^itip

on Fanoa,

iti Sluils,

(ir other

Places where

in which i tl'p Diseaee

the Disease ''i:*!raquo;,quot;

^am , reported to appeared, exist.

Xumher

of Animals

.sluu{;h- i

tered i

Healtliy.'

COUHTIES

DISTRICTS.

Attacked

Died,

#9632;nvt-ml. Bemai

ENGIAND.

Bedford.............

Burks................

Buckingham ....

Cambridge .......

Ciifster.............

Cornwull ..........

Cum herhmil.......

Derby ............

Devon ............

Dorset ............

Durham............

G44

981

1,510

0,177

It!, 345

717

080

171

137

340 23 58

quot;52

227 300 345

297

344

018

425

9 90 210 310 30S 103

308

530

453

2.825

5,095

450

497

174

134

254

1,831

254

329

310

1,278

1,437

974

110

2,007

3,iio

1,119

827

301

350

042

1,305

1,231

1,144

411

10,891


73	198	38
94	310	92
108	210	11
585	1,701	117
200	3,051	323
87	257	34
197	130	32
104	53	11
40	00	11
4	8
81	109	38
350	1,144	209
53	20	1
59	101	22
40	223	31
01	195	28
149	914	42
349	935	79
240	403	118
42	44
271	1,293	117
451	1,333	98
359	050	69
240	474	62
15	40	8
92	158	32
3	12	,.
105	159	5
17	11
130	305	55
558	609	99
441	590	105
517	519	81
80	226	54
'24	45	u
11	25	8
731	6,612	1,297

422

1,521

132

122

173 74

153 24

326

228 41 51 15

79 9 81 1 86 99 95 27 51

quot;6

2,251

0,402 588

S98

633

331

#9632;Ui

109

245

218

293

425 21� 160

44 1

48 5

73 275 154 185

18 11

2,005

1.034 1.364

400 265

002

3,130

350

586

382

045

2.942

2,749

2.212

517

4,444

6,122

3.926

1,971

307

980

1,405

1,532

2,014

2,975

3,817

1,490

Gloucester ......

Hants...............

#9830;Hereford.........

Hertford .........

Huntingrlou......

Kent...............

Lancaster..........

Leicester ..........

Lincoln.............

Monmoutb .......

Norfolk.............

Northampton .... Northnnihcrland ,

Nottingham.......

Oxford .............

Rutland............

Salop................

Somerset..........

Stafford............

Suffolk ............,

Surrey ............

Sussex ............

Warwick .........

Westmoreland....

Wilts................

Worcester..........

York................

399nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;35

171 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

23,500 1 2,164

Counties op EsglaxdI 0,C40

98,044 12,003

8,418 41,720 ! 8,039 23,914 2,218 I 7,238 i 3,103 I 3,263

3,371 284

Metropolitan

803

Police District

England Total

7,443 '110,047 10,030 48,904 11,142 27,177 I 3,655 ! 0,990

No returns for thfi Week hare bedn rpceivcl from the County of Hereford up to the time of preparing tlii-^ Report.

460nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CATTLE TLAGUE EXQ�IUY.

REPO�T No. 9, FOR WEEK ENDING DEOEMBEB r.Oth, ISGo�coiifhnied,

COUNTIES

DiSTKicra

Total

Number of

Farms,

Sheds, or

otherHaces

in which

the 1 tiseasc

has appeared.

Total

Number of

Qittle

im l^imi-,

in Shods,

tir vgt;t!it'r

riiici - ⁱ.'. In !#9632;'#9632;

the Diseaao

lira been

officially

reji irli- i I gt;

exist,

Xiunbtr of

Total Number oiquot; Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease,

\ninnls [NOTE.�Additions will, from �ma to time, be made Blauoh- ⁰^ quot;'^lEK''^cquot; Cases, nut included in the Weekly Reports, und corrections (if any) arising from additional information received since last Report.

Healthy,

lUsvm ivil. ];iiu;ii;[in^

WALES.

Anglesey .......

Brecon ..........

Cardigan .......

Caermarthen .

Carnarvon.......

�Denbigh.......

Pliut.............

Glamorgan ....

Merioneth.......

Mnui^umury....

Pembroke.......

Badnor..........

143

1(12

,880 ,656

(!8 1,591

84 GUI!

08 25

1,158

407

111

224

187

Wales Total

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen ...............

Argyle ..................

Ayr .....................

Banff.....................

Berwick ...'............

Bute .....................

Caithness ...............

Clackmannan .........

Dambatton ............

Dmofries ...............

Edinburgli ............

Kluin, or Moray ......

Fife ............'........

Forfar ..................

Haddington...........

Invemesa ..............

Kincardine ...........

KinToss.................

Kirlcciiilbri^'ht........

Lanark.................

Liniitligow ...........

Nairn....................

Orkney and Shetland

Peebles..................

Perth....................

Hen�rew ...............

Boss and Cromarty...

Boxbargh...............

Selkirk.................,

Stirling..................

Sutherland ............

Wigtown ...............

Scotland Total

4,536

152 i 2,287

OI! i 1,505 , 218

111

20 '�22

506 330 903

40 inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 299

.. Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..

80 ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;144

'l0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;223

219 20 01

7 14 39 187

805

96 2

807

102 03


	3 15	quot;7
	M7 1 ..	32
	59	36
	66	106
	16	66
	103	162
	449	� � 446
	1,2 to	1,048
	14	81
	11	97
	4	13
	4	2
	317	400
	; -¹⁷	10
	1
	410	521
	59	91
	quot;s	*quot;c,*
	2
	208 i	488


17	502	122
51	880	74
31	930	711
159	2,741	000
169	4,748	660
647	16,637	3,010
53	1,182	150
25	725	15
S	296
1	42	1
250	3,855	481
21	500	140
*quot;#9632;2*	'49	12
203	4,978	623
52	707	182
8	158	*quot;s*
0	402	13
200	3,441	170

183

502

458

1,370

2,254

0.915 574

330

3,401

284

81 370 337

804

1,282

3,817

425

120

1,748

189

, 550

111

97 77

1,519

184

17 2,173

17 10

45 ; 1,432

2,005 44,527 'lt; 0,578 22.208 1 2,000 12,749 3,172 \ 3,081

!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

* The [nspoctor of the most infected District in tbc Cciiniy of Denbigh baA not sent in big Retain np i � the Hme ofpr�patlng this Report.

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;461

BEPOBT No. 9�S�MMAEY FOIl WEEK ENDING DECEMBER 80th, 1805.


	uicrs.	N umber of l'.ir.u,-i,Slu,Ii or other Flacea In wliidi froah Caaia igt;f Disease aro reportL-d tgt; baveoocnrred cluring Uk- Week endinB I too. 30, lSG.^r).	Remain�ing from last Week's Report, correct il to l)w. 30, 1S�5.	1. Ciises of quot; Cattle Bagne quot; reported as having com�menced during the Week ending Doc. aotli, LsiiS.					Number of Farmg, .S1.,..Lraquo;. or oUior
DIST	uicrs.			At Indeed daring Week end�ing Dec. �u, 1laquo;B5.	KUleJ.	Die.	liecovcml.	lit'Uiiiiuijitf.	bkb fresh liLscju^e jire reported to hareoccurred duiiii^- the Weak.
E.NOLAND Wales	[Total)......	084 21 149	0,400 30,7 3,629	5,512 200 1,075	403 10 154	3,807 131 1,250	001 21 510	0,990 411 3,081 11,082	434 44 119
Scotland	Total *	084 21 149	0,400 30,7 3,629	5,512 200 1,075	403 10 154	3,807 131 1,250	001 21 510		434 44 119
	Total *	857	10,405	7,693	027	5,248 'i 1,141			507

DISTRICTS.

Total

Total i Number of

Number of; Cattle

Farms, I ^,.^,quot; 'j:'quot;!laquo;

,., ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I in Sheds,

Sheds, or ! _m,�_tll,_rOuierPlaces pincea where

Number

Animals

slaugh-

tere i

Healthy.

Total Number of Diseased Animals reported since the commencement of the Disease. Note.�Additions will, from time to time, be mare of quot;backquot; Cases, nut included in tin: Weekly Heports, and corrections (if any) arising from additional information received since last Report.

in wliiih ibo Disease

has appeared.

lins been offlcially reiwrted t.

Killed.

Died, Itecovered. Remalu

Estslamd (Total).....

AVales .................

scotlaud..............

Total

!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;!

7,443 ,110,047 10,030 48,004 11,142nbsp; nbsp;27,177 | 3,055 ; 0,000

245 i 4,530 i 152 ' 2,287 ! 03nbsp; ^: 1,505 I 218 : 411

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

2,005 -11.527 6,578 22,208 ^! 2,090nbsp; nbsp;12,710 3,172 3,081

9,753 150,710 17,366 73,549 13,931 41,491 ; 7,045 11,082

¹ Botutna of 25:

e been recrivod too luii.- fur imer�ou in tiiL BeporL

462

CATTLE PLA�L'E ENQUIRY.

EEPOET No. 1.�PEEOENTAGB FOB Week ssoma KOVEMBEK 4, 18C5.

Counties ; Metropo*

ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ulan

England. District.

Wales. | Scotland.

Total of

England,

Wales, and

Scotland.

Of the Total Number of Cuttle on

Farms, in Sheds, or other Placeslaquo; when; the Disease has been officially reported to exist, there have been Attacked ...

Of the Total Number of Animals Attacked, then- were :

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Recovered............

And tliore are now remaining Diseased ...........................

37-708 i 50-013 i 01-214

45-500

44-118

37-

007 479 013

48-077

39-839

2-413

22-845

00-770

3-017

13-302

24-105

40-820

5-902

29 017

30-422

43-183

5-235

15-100

9-301 ! 9-071

100-000 100-000 100-000

100-000 ioj-ooo

BEPOET No. 2.�PERCENTAGE fob Week ending NOVEMBEE 11, 1805


Of the Total Number of Cattle on. Farms, iti Sheds, or other Places wberel the Disease has been officially reported? to exist, there have been Attacked......)	39-232	56-108	41-744 20-522 00-045 IJ * 731 9-702	44-070 22-240 45 739 7-398 24-617	43-921
Of the Total Number of Animals Altuclccd, there were: Killed ...............	35�373 40-020 C-794 11-813	48-199 39-780 2-020 9-395			34 - 274
Died .................. Recovered............ And there are now remaining					44-050 5-940 15-130

	100-000	100-000	100-000	100-000	100-000

REPORT No. 3.�PERCENTAGE fok Week endhsg NOVEMBKE 18, 1805.

Of the Total Number of Cattle on Farms, in Sheds, or other Places where' the Disease has been officially reported? to exist, there have been Attacked ...]

Of the Total Number of Animals Attacked, there were :

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Recovered............

And there are now remaining Diseased ...........................

40-505

50-928

39-738 ! 42-848

I I

44-032

34-510

47-581

0-927

47-040

40-392

3 001

15-385 i 20-807

02-912 I 47-045

5-220 I 8-337

10-483 j 23-151

100-000 '100-000

32-801

40-223

0 478

14-498

10-952 ; 9-507

100-000 100-000

100-000

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

4153

EEPOBT No. 4�PEKCENTAGE rou Week ending NOVEMBER 25,1865.

Counties I Metropo-

Ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lityn

England i District.

Wales.

Total of

Englandi

Wales, and

Scotland.

Of the Total Number of Cattle on

Farms, in Sheds, or oilier Places where

39-462 ; 61-448 45-G3C

15-280

44-486

the Disease has been officially reported to exist, there have been Attacked......]'lt;

Of the Total Number of Animals Attacked, there were:

32-244

44-491

10-382

61-749

4-73�

23-133

17-C3G 50-975 10-138

21-251

29-COG

48-212

7-121

15-001

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Eceuveml............

And there are now remaming I Diseased ..........................'. i

47-879 4-K!-3(J0 0-757 3-245

8-004

100-000 100-000 100-000

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;!

100-000loo-ouo

REPORT No. S.�PERCENTAGE fob Week ending DECEMBER 2, 1SG5.

Of the Total Number of Cattle on, Farms, in Sheds, or other Places where! tiie Disease has been offidaliy reported ( to exist, there have been Attacked......I

Of the Total Number of Animals Attacht�, there were :

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Rceovered............

And there are now remaming Diseased ...........................

39-039 i 61-288 1 44-438

40-731

44-123

28-989 44-893

49-805 43-590

0-902 3-309

9-890

GO-109

7-930

10-090 53-147 10-120

20-037

27-102

50-199

7-325

15-314

14-304 I 8-730 13-005

100-000 100-000 100-000

100-000 100-000

REPORT No. 6.�PERCENTAGE fok Week ending DECEMBER �, 1805.

Of the Total Number of Cattle on i Farms, in Sheds, or other Places where (

44-358 ; 74-37

45-477

55-042

50-575

the Disease has been offidaliy reported .'

to exist (nfter deducting those slatlfrb-1 tered healthy),there have been Attacked j

Of tlu; Total Number of Animals Allache�, there were:

Killed ............... 20-280

Died .................. 51-610

Recovered............ 7271

And there are now remainin

Diseased........................... I 14-827

43-752

44-140

3-849

7-381

GO-090

8-911

14-119 54-913 10-931

24-479

51-935

7-090

15-590

8-259 17-012 20-037

100-000 100-000 100-000 100-000 100-000

461

CATTLE PLAGUE ENQUIRY.

EEPOET No. 1�PEEOENTAGE roit Week ending DECEMBEE 16, 1865.

Counties of

Iviglund.

Metropo�litan District.

Total of ESngland. Wales, and Scotland,

Of the Total Xiimbcr of Cattle oiv Karins, in Sheds, or other Places where tin; Disease lias been offldally reported to exist (after deducting those slaugh-teredhealihy),there have been A ttacked.

Of the Total Number of Animals Attacked, there were:

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Eeoovered............

And there ore now remaining Diseased ...........................

44-756 i 73-907 I 51-214

�475

51-064


23-496 53-827 7-341 15-336	43-076 44-517 3-822 8.080	5-632 68-544 9-341 10-483	13-3G7 55-680 12-100 18-848	22-352 53-624 8 461 15-563
100-O�U	100-000	100 000	100 000	100-000

EEPOET Nu. 8.-PERCENTAGE fob Week ekdinq DECEMBEE 23, 1865.

Of the Total Number of Cattle on j

tbT]ⁿ)toL,hm^Sij?L⁰�ffldall^emrted[ 40-202 ; 74-183 ' 02-800 j 08-180 : 51-995 to exist (after deducting thow slaugh-lj

tercd healthy), there have been Attacked,¹

Of the Total Number of Animals ^;Attaelsed, there were:

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Eccovered............

And there are now remaining j Diseased........................... ^


21-818	43 052	4-014	12-358	20-058
54-993	44-906	69-004	50-(109	54-819
7-848	3-903	9-526	13-148	0-125
15-341	8-130	17-456	17-885	15-398

1U0 000 100-000 'lOO-OUO 400-000 100-000

EEPOET No. 9.�PEEOENTAGB fob Week ending DECEMBER 30, 1805.

Of the Total Number of Cattle onj

Farms, in Sheds, or utln-r Places wlicrof the IMsease laus been officially reported) to exist (after deducting those slaugh-l terod healthy), t here have been A ttacked j

Of the Total Number of Auimals Attached, there were:

Killed ...............

Died ..................

Eecovered............

'And there arc now remaining Diseased ...........................

40-210 73-970

58-758 51-070

19-266

57-312 8-070

871 �081 #9632;924

007 430 53,2

12-001 57-170 14-225

18-1111

50-413

9-570

15-313 ^: 8124 17-071

10-508 : 15-007

100 000 100-00� 100 000 100-0011 100-000

#9632; il

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Part III.

OFFICIAL KEPOHT

OP TIIK

ENTERIfATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS,

Held in HaMBDEO, from the 14th tn the 18th of July. 18fi3.

In Marcli, 1863, the following circular was issued by me from Edinburgh:�

PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF VETERINARY SURGEONS,

To HE HELD in Hambueo FROM THE 14x11 TO the 20th J�lt, ISf!3.

It is a fact well worthy of notice, that with progress in the commercial relations estahlishtMl between ditleivnt countries, witli greater facilities for the transit and sale of stock so as to meet the demands of Western Europe, there has been, during the last twenty years, an increased prevalence of contagious disorders.

The want of accurate statistics relating to the losses sustained by plagues communicated from country to country, in the lines of communication esta�blished by trade, is severely fell. It is owing to this want that no measures have been suggested to, or, at all events, adopted by the several Governments of Europe,for their individual and mutual benefit; and that Europe is now suffering, to a very considerable extent, from the system by which one people attempts to save itself from loss, by disposing of diseased and infected stock to another.

It is with a view to give an impetus to the rearing of stock�it, is as a means of direct encouragement to agricultural enterprise, that it is proposed to hold an International Congress of the Professors of Veterinary Science at Ham�burg, and of members of the veterinary profession generally, during the period that agriculturists are invited to derive all the advantages of an Inter�national Agricultural Exhibition.

2 H

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It is hoped that the representatives from different parts of Europe will moot together with an earnest desire to demonstrate the importance of Veterinary Science, and with :i view to suggest an aniform system throughout Europe for the prevention of plagues, thai are a source, at all times, of pecuniary loss, and not unfrequently of disease to man.

In order to fulfil these objects, it is proposed that the representatives from different countries should communicate in the form of essays as much infor�mal ion as possilile on the following points:�

First. On the extent to which contagious diseases prevail in their respective countries.

Secondly. On the imports and exports of live stock, and on the direction in which the plagues chiefly spread in each country.

Thirdly. On the means recognised by the author of the essay as most effectual to prevent the diseases.

Original papers on any veterinary subject may be read during the Inter�national Congress.

It is, moreover, proposed that, with the aid of the information thus obtained, a statement of facts should be prepared, and resolutions drawn up, to be submitted to the different Governments of Europe, with a view to the insti�tution of an uniform system for the protection of stock from plagues, which owe their origin, as a rule, to the climates and soils of the East.

It will then remain for the people or the Governments of different countries to adopt or reject the propositions of those best qualified to advise on the important social questions to be discussed at the International Congress. If the advice be acted on, the object of the Congress will be achieved; and if not, there can be no doubt that an interchange of opinion and a collection of facts cannot fail to interest as well as benefit the veterinary profession in all parts of Europe.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; JOHN GfAMG-EB.

Fibst Sitting, 14th July.

The Congress opened its proceedings on the 14th of July, 18G3, by appointing as office-bearers the following members :�

Dr. Hering, Obermedizinalratb, Principal of the Eoyal Vete�rinary College, Stuttgart, as President;

John Gamguc, Principal of the New Veterinary College, Edin-Imrgli, as Vice-President;

Dr. F�rstenberg, Professor of the Royal Prussian Agricultural Academy, Eldena, and

Prdbstmayer, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon in the Eoyal Bavarian Service, Munich, as Secretaries ;

Schrader, Jim., Veterinary Surgeon, Hamburg, as Treasurer.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 467

Professor Hering thanked the Assembly for the confidence reposed in him, as indicated by its unanimous choice; ho bade all a hearty welcome, and brought at once before their con�sideration the published draught of Statutes for the Con�gress ; upon which it was agreed that the sum to bo deposited by each member should be fixed at two thalers, that the primary project of forming separate under-sections or divisions should be abandoned as unnecessary, and that the speeches and statements to be delivered should be as concise and short as possible and should be restricted from entering into needless details.

Professor Gamgce's proposal to elect a Sub-Committee of four to six members, on whom should devolve any special business which might bo found imperative during the course of future proceedings, was, after a short debate, adjourned until the close of the session, when the necessity for such a committee could be more clearly shown.

It was determined that the principal object of the meeting was to engage in the discussion of questions of universal interest, especially of such as relate to the propagation and to the pre�vention of infectious and epizootic diseases amongst the domestic animals.

Professor Fuchs, of Heidelberg, moved that quot;those diseases should be specified which seemed especially to call for the interference of legal authority,quot; in order to arrive at the most feasible plan for their prevention.

Professor Mavimer, oi Dresden, considered it superfluous to draw up a list of contagious diseases, and was of opinion that the object of an international Congress should be to discuss only such diseases of animals as call peremptorily for the allied inter�ference of several States for their extirpation: these were the Kinderpest and Pleuro-pneumonia, and were therefore the most important subjects for discussion.

Professor Roll, of Vicmna, expressed a similar opimon; and whilst agreeing with the preceding speaker that the two diseases specified by him were of the greatest international interest, and should first occupy the attention of the meeting, yet he would recommend the adoption of Mr. Fuchs' motion as soon as the Assembly had arrived at a common view of the preventive measures to be taken with regard to the above-named diseases.

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Professor NicMas, of Munich, concuxring with the last speaker. Dr. Eaubner's motion was put from the chair in the following terms:�

quot; That the Rinderpest and Plenro-pnenmonia should form the primary subjects for discussion, and that on the conclusion of the debates on them, and providing due time remained for the purpose, Professor Fuchs' motion should be brought under consideration.quot;

Unanimously agreed upon.

After a few preliminary formalities had been settled, President Hering enquired. Whether the Assembly should proceed at once to the discussion of the subjects agreed upon, as many gentlemen were anxiously expected that had not yet arrived ? The answer being in the affirmative.

Professor HCill, of Vienna, rose to speak on the Steppe murrain. He characterised the most necessary steps towards the final extirpation of the disease as consisting in the prevention of its spread from Russia, and in the adoption of the most energetic measures at home. He confined himself for the pre�sent to the first of these measures, and described the quarantine rejmlations then in force on the eastern frontier of Austria with regard to the cattle coming from Pussia. He remarked that since the year 1S4� the length of the quarantine bad been fixed at twenty-one days, and that nevertheless, at very short intervals, contagious typhus had broken out in the different, provinces of the Empire. The introduction of the contagion was not effected by cattle which had obeyed the quarantine regulations, as was amply proved by the official returns, but invariably by such droves as bad crossed the frontier in a secret manner. This illegal practice had even given rise to insurance companies, which guaranteed the safe arrival of the smuggled cattle. All steps which had hitherto been taken against cattle-smuggling had proved fruitless or very insufficient, and this was due, in his opinion, to the extreme length of the quarantine period, which offered temptations to the smuggler.. The Professor next introduced the question. Whether it was truly shown by experience, and knowledge of the period of Incubation of the Cattle Plague, that a quarantine period of twenty-one days applied to animals imported from the countries where the disease origi-

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 469

iiated, should still be considered absolutely necessary in order to protect Germany and Western Europe from tbis contagious malady? The inoculation experiments made in Austria during the existence of the plague, as well as those made in llnssia since the year 1851, proved with sufficient clearness that tbe period of incubation of Rinderpest extended generally from three to five days, and rarely reached the length of eight days. This fact being once proved satisfactorily, a quarantine extending beyond the longest period of incubation became unnecessary for the safety of home-stock. With reference to tbe fact that contagious typhus appears in a much milder form among tbe cattle of the Steppes, a period of ten days, viz. an addition of a couple of days to tbe longest period of incubation, would seem sufficient. Tbe speaker was of opinion that this period of ten days quarantine should be maintained on the eastern frontier of the empire constantly, independently of any reports that might be circulated about the presence of the plague in Russia, and that a simple inspection of tbe cattle¹, crossing the frontier at a time when tbe disease was said not to be present in Russia, could not be entertained. Before however the quarantine period could be reduced to ten days, it would be necessary to reorganise the cattle-quarantine regulations and institutions, and

First. To provide places of Inspection on all such points of the frontier as seem most requisite for the necessities of the cattle trade, and where tbe necessary buildings, for enclosing the cattle could be best erected, whither the requisite quantities of fodder could be most easily transported, and where wells and pasturage are at command.

2ndly. To effect a judicious distribution of these quarantine places of Inspection, so that the different droves may be isolated from one another; that the sick animals may be placed in sepa�rate stables, and that each possess a locality for tbe purification of animals and of animal produce.

ordly. To appoint to these places of Inspection veterinary surgeons of experience, and fully familiarised with tbe primary symptoms of the plague, together with a sufficient number of practised and competent servants.

4thly. To enforce more strictly the frontier-guard, and to punish with much greater severity all found guilty of cattle smuggling.

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The speaker repeated that during the existence of tlio twenty-one days' quarantine, Steppe Murrain had been almost without exception introduced by the smuggling of cattle: only once in fourteen years had the pest been brought over by means of cattle whicb had observed the quarantine regulations. The profits of this smuggling trade, which was encouraged hy^r Insurance Societies, increased with the duration of the quarantine period ; for during the latter, capital is useless, the cattle loses in condition, and the food of each animal costs six or seven florins. It is scarcely necessary to add, that before leaving these places of inspection and of quarantine, the cattle would have to undergo a thorough cleansing, to be branded with the quarantine mark, to be furnished with a sanitary certificate, and that the droves would have to be strictly kept to the roads allotted to each separately. The Professor produced statistics upon the spread of the Cattle Plague in the Austrian States from the year 1819 to July, 1863, and begged the Chair to open a discussion upon the question, to determine whether, upon due experience and knowledge of the period of incubation of the Cattle Plague, a quarantine of ten days does not seem sufficient to ensure the home-cattle from danger of contagion from Eussia ?

Professor Haulner (Dresden) entirely agreed with the last speaker ; he was also of opinion, that if two, or even four days of additional quarantine period were added to the usual incubation period of the steppe murrain, it would be all that would be re�quired for the purpose of safety. Should, contrary to all expec�tation, cases occur, however, after the expiration of the tenth day of the inoculation of the disease, this should not interfere with the period fixed for quarantine observation, as it would simply be exceptional, and not the general rule. lie drew attention to the fact that the Steppe Murrain had of late years �by reason of the rapid means of transit by' railway�grown to be of the highest importance to Western Europe; that, even with the most strict surveillance, the pest was sure to reappear, sooner or later, in the heart of Germany; and that too severe measures taken at one particular place would only serve to direct the trade towards another less strictly guarded and which he was sure would be found. He warned them against too great severity, unsupported by science and experience, and

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 471

expressed his conviction that sucli a system would do more harm than the murrain itself. He considered the importation of the Rinderpest a lesser evil than the ruin of the manufactories.

Professor Zangger (Z�rich) did not entirely concur in this. Without opposing directly the opinion that a quarantine of ten days was sufficient, still he thought that if its present duration (twenty-one days) was shortened, it would be the more necessary that all railways should be prohibited from transporting any other cattle from the Eiist except such as were furnished with certificates of health. The quarantine inspection-places should be also of a nature to justify expectations of success. He remarked that the railways were not always in the hands of the State, and that such regulations did not exist everywhere as were requisite and necessary to prevent the spread of the disease in question. He thought that the transport of cattle by railway should be most particularly watched over by Governments, especially by those Governments in whoso vicinity Binderpest had broken out.

Professor lloll, in answer to the question. Whether a quaran�tine period of ten days suffices in every case, whether the Steppe murrain be in the country or at a great distance ? replied in the affirmative; especially if the quarantine be regularly kept up, though nothing be known of the presence of the disease in neighbouring lands, as is often the case with Moldavia, Wallachia, and Bessarabia. He repeated that a mere inspection of the animals would not suffice, as it would be impossible to find out, by such moans, the animals less dangerously infected. quot;With regard to the regulations affecting the transport of cattle by railway, he was of opinion that it was no easy matter to superintend them when so many- as 2000 to 3000 head of cattle were unloaded in one day and at one place (Florisdorf); nevertheless, Austria observed carefully these prudential measures, and many an abuse of them had been reformed. For such cattle as remain in the country, or are fattened in it, a certificate of health from the last owner of the animal would suffice.

Professor Jhieks (Heidelberg), who wished the question to bo discussed in a purely scientific manner, was in favour of the observance of the triple incubation period (three weeks), as it had been ascertained that cattle can be infected by contact with

472

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

matter brought into tlie quarantine stable by other animals, and asked, upon this ground, whether it was known how long tlie contagion of the Rinderpest remained effectual. For his part, he thought it dangerous to lessen the duration of the twenty-one days' quarantine before the propagating power of the virus was more accurately ascertained.

Mr. Undritz (Petersburg) communicated the fact, that in Russia cases bad been known of cattle (meant for fattening) from the Steppes having transferred tlie disease after months, and without becoming ill themselves, lie was, however, unable to fix any period for tlie duration of the contagious power. The disease spread oftcnev when apparently healthy cattle from the Steppes associated with the home herds. He was. nevertheless, of opi�nion that uo harm could be done by shortening the quarantine period, as the term of incubation generally lasted from three to four days.

President Hering remarked that in these cases the animals had merely been the carriers of the contagion (as has been the case with wool, skins, amp;c.) ; which was of importance, as, were the quarantine period to be regulated according to these and similar accounts, its duration might be endless.

Professor Gerlach, of Hanover, said that he confessed he owed bis knowledge of this contagious typhus of cattle to reading upon the question; yet he considered it would be dangerous to shorten the present period of quarantine. A few years ago cattle were much wanted in Prussia; it was therefore proposed to facilitate the means of cattle-transport over the eastern frontier. Public opinion, however, had inclined towards maintaining the twenty-one days of quarantine. Experience bad justified tliis proceeding, for, more fortunate than Austria, Prussia bad not been visited by the Plague. He could not, therefore, vote in favour of an abridgment of the existing quarantine.

Professor Roll believed that the frontier was fully as well watched and guarded by the quarantine in Austria as it was in Prussia; but that the former ran far more danger through the cattle-trade than the latter nation did, inasmuch as it was in direct communication with the primary sources of the contagion. Such was not the case with Prussia, as the cattle which arrived at Oderberg had already enjoyed the advantage of the Austrian

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 473

quarantine, and had besides passed through Austria. Austria, ou the other band, received yearly, from Bessarabia and the Ukraine, 90,000 head of cattle, one-half of which was smuggled over in defiance of the quarantine regulations.

Professor TJndritz corroborated the statement that so-called quot; drove-cattle quot; never arrived in Prussia.

Mr. K�hne, of Berlin, declared that the cattle-trade between Russia and Prussia was solely prevented by the strict enforcement of the quarantine regulations on the Prussian frontier.

Professor Gerlach remarked, that murrain had often found its way into Poland ; and that it was entirely owing to the exist�ence of the twenty-one days of quarantine, and its strict observ�ance, that the plague had not penetrated further into Prussia.

Professor Haubncr was convinced that it wonld be impossible to draw constantly a strong barrier between East and West Europe. From east to west was the common current of trade. The West will always be compelled to recruit its constantly decreasing stock from the East; therefore the measures to be taken towards the extirpation of the evil in question should not be rendered more burdensome than the disease itself, for fear of a general falling-off in the trade.

President Hering could not but recognize in the home-breeding of stock the best means of resisting plagues which are introduced from foreign countries; therefore home breeding should be encouraged to the utmost.

Professor Gerlach acknowledged that, through the strictness of the measures adopted on the Prussian frontier, or to the complete cordon drawn, not only bad infections diseases been shut out, but the almost total cessation of cattle importa�tion over the last frontier had also compelled Prussia to breed more and superior cattle; the frontier cordon may bo therefore regarded as having been a cause of a higher breed of cattle in the kingdom. The introduction of the disease into Prussia would ruin the nation's breed of cattle, and render a constant import from Russia compulsory.

Professor Zangger deprecated such opinions, and warned them against believing the cordon to be a means of improving cattle-breeding : he held it to be a dangerous principle, and totally inconsistent with the existing means of transport.

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Professor Midler (Vienna), was firmly convinced that the cordon-system had outlived itself,�that it was entirely useless. To keep a perpetual watch over the cattle-roads of Enssia would

be as impossible as would be also a constant and unremitting guard line on the frontier. He was of opinion that institutions which have been rejected by experience can hardly be defended by science ; an absolutely strictly drawn cordon against con�tagious diseases on the frontiers of states was, in these days, an impossibility. Strict cordons had been but lately drawn against contagions human diseases, and sentries had been placed for that purpose at intervals of fifty paces from each other; yet even this plan had to be relinquished, as it was found that wherever any profit could be made by thwarting these measures, they were as constantly thwarted. Science could do no more than recommend the sanitary cordons to be carried out to a reason�able degree, without pressing more upon the interests of trade than was absolutely' necessary.

Professor Hauhner wished to continue the debate upon the subject of contagion-spreading substances, such as wool, skins, amp;c., but upon the expressed wish of the assembly, the sitting was closed by the President.

Second Sitting.�Idtii July.

A number of veterinary surgeons who had not attended the previous day's sitting were, according to their desire, enrolled as members of the Congress. After which

President Hering opened the sitting by recapitulating the salient points of the preceding meeting, and invited the assembly to a renewal of yesterday's debate upon the measures to be taken in order to check the progress of Einderpest.

Professor Hull next explained the reasons for the apparently unequal ravages caused by the Cattle Plague iu the different provinces of tlie Austrian Empire : how in Hungary the Steppes cattle suffered comparatively little, whereas in Galicia notice of the prevailing disease was generally given too late, and, there�fore,- greater losses were sustained.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETEUINA11Y OONGEESS. -ITS

Professor Hauhner remarked that tlie principal question at present before the meeting was to decide concerning Dr. Boll's former motion, viz., quot;Whether it be desirable to shorten the quarantine terra of detention from twenty-one to ten days ? quot; a motion in which he, Dr. Hauhner, entirely concurred.

Professor Unterlerger, Senr. (Dorpat), quite agreed with the opinions expressed hy Drs. Roll and Hauhner. He cited experi�ments which were made in Eussia on the grandest scale, and which gave as an exact result that the incubation period of the Cattle Plague was generally from three to four days_; in exceptional cases reaching six. It was his opinion, therefore, that the quarantine, might, without any danger, be reduced to ten days; a measure which he was also convinced would greatly diminish the present smuggling system that contributed so much towards the propagation of the disease.

Professor Fuchs maintained a contrary opinion, and held the shortening of the quarantine to be a dangerous measure; he wished the quarantine places to be subjected to the strictest inspection, and considered the cleansing of the cattle by washing to be as necessary on the day of their entry as on that of their leaving the quarantine depot. The same cleansing process should be repeated on all the other animals on the day of the death of one of their number, lie added, that he should wish the frontier to be completely closed whenever the Cattle Plague was known to exist in a neighbouring country.

Professor Hull would make a difference, in such a case, be�tween cattle intended for immediate slaughter and others : only the former should be permitted to cross the frontier.

Professor Ilertivig (Berlin), declared the Cattle Plague to be a question of still greater moment to Prussia than to Austria. The latter couutry having onl}^r to apprehend danger from the East, whereas the former had to defend also its southern frontier from the invasion of the contagious disease. The accounts from Poland concerning the ravages of the Cattle Plague in that country were always unreliable and vague, and for this reason alone ho held that the strictest enforcement of all regulations concerning the transport of cattle across the cast frontier of the kingdom was highly necessary. The laws allowed, it was true, when the neisrhbourine country was known to be free from

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contagion, ii greater facility of mutual commercial intercourse ; but when the Cattle Plague had once broken out, then he would guard against any trade in cattle or in contagion-spreading substances. Prussia had been free from the Plague since the introduction of the twenty-one days' quarantine, although Po-hemia and Moravia bad suffered from the visits of the unwelcome pest. According to the experiments of Tode in Copenhagen, cases had occurred in which the duration of incubation was not less than twenty-eight days ; he, therefore, could not vote for the shortening of the twenty-one days' quarantine. He could not hope that the smuggling trade would be considerably diminished by the proposed measure; he was of opinion that that trade would still be carried on : he would only point to the meat-excise, which offered so little prospects of gain and so great a chance of punishnient, and yet frauds were of frequent occur�rence. Finally, he must also corroborate' the statement already made, that the strict preventive measures on the frontier, and the difficulties opposed to the introduction of cattle across the eastern frontier, had materially tended to improve the breed of cattle in Prussia, and especially to improve stall-feeding. It was an open question whether the railway traffic of Prussia required a change in its laws concerning the Cattle Disease.

Vmkssor Ilaubner prognosticated danger not only for Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, but also for the western states: this danger consisted in the railway traffic. The strictest cordon regulations were, by this means, rendered fruitless. The transport of cattle occupied so short a space of time over such a great expanse of territory, that the question should no longer be. What is to be done to avoid a danger which threatens us from a distance of some eight or twelve (German) miles ? but What measures are in the main to be taken against the danger which now threatens all states in common?

Professor Unterberger, Sen., remarked that the Cattle Plague had already, within seven years, twice raged in Prussia, in spite of tiie twenty-one days of quarantine, and that to the railways was to be attributed its diffusion- he considered it his duty to speak again in favour of a ten days' quarantine; he had already given his reasons for coming to this decision, and they were the fruits of long experience.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 477

Professor Hertwig admitted the accuracy of the facts just cited, but reminded tliem that the Plague was soon mastered. The cattle trade between Russia and Prussia was not of great dimensions, but still Poland was a dangerous neighbour. It was well known that the Russian troops were followed by their cattle droves, and thus the introduction of the contagion was easily explained ; for similar reasons he wished the cattle transport by railway to be placed under very strict supervision.

Professor Zangger wished the question to be restricted within narrow limits, viz.:�on the duration of the incubation period ; ho desired also to he furnished with scientific proof, Whether this period lasts six or seven days, or longer ?

President Hering requested that a decision be arrived at, quot; Whether, upon scientific grounds, a quarantine period of ten days' duration may be regarded as a sufficient one for the purpose it is intended to fulfil ? quot;

Professor Oerlach, however, moved that the assembly declare by vote:�quot;Whether the experience gained in the matter up to this day can be considered sufficient to warrant a decision in favour of a shortening of the quarantine hitherto observed from twenty-one to ten days ?quot;

Professor Unterherger, Son., protested against such an amend�ment and opined that, although the first experiments made upon the duration of the Cattle Plague contagion were deemed sufficiently satisfactory to fix the period of quarantine at twenty-one days, yet it must be recollected that these experiments were made towards the middle of the last century, when science and the means of eliciting the necessary information were at a much lower ebb than at present. The experiments made under the most favourable circumstances by Branell, Jessen, and others, were certainly deserving of the most serious attention. The latest experiments gave the positive result that, generally speaking, the period of incubation in cases of common infection lasted from four to five days ; through inoculation from three to four, and in very rare cases six days: one exceptional observation (which to the extent of his knowledge, had only been twice made), stated that the Cattle Plague only broke out on the ninth day. Without professing to have any instructions from his Government to recommend an abridgment of the quarantine, he would give

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his unqtialified support to Dr. EolTa motion ; repeating: that his conviction of its truth and usefulness were founded both upon science and personal experience. How far inoculation could he used as a preservative against the Cattle Plague of the Steppes was a question which could not then be replied to with certainty ; one fact had, however, been ascertained, viz., that inoculation by means of mitigated virus had achieved most favourable results, losses amounting only from 3 to 4 per cent, having resulted, and the inoculated resisting the contagion to which they had after�wards been exposed. He informed the meeting that Staatsrath Jessen, Professor in the Veterinary College of Dorpat, was then, by order of his Government, in the Russian Steppes, for the pur�pose of carrying out experiments regarding the inoculation of the Cattle Disease on the largest scale.

Dr. JIaubner could but repeat that they must be guided by the general rule, and not by exceptional cases; for if undue attention were given to the latter, the discussion would be endless: if therefore three to five days was proved to be, as a general rule, the period of incubation, then those cases in which it extends over twenty-eight days must not bo regarded. He was of opinion that the question of quarantine duration should not be decided by vote, as the result of such a proceeding would never be a definite one, there being many of his colleagues present who, from want of personal observation and experience, would decline to vote.

Dr. Leisering fDresden), was also of opinion that only such members should vote on tho question, whose opinions were guided by personal experience.

Professor Nwklas (Munich), took the same view.

Professor Zangger thought that, although all the members present might not have had the opportunity of personally observing the Cattle Plague in its different phases, yet surely all possessed a certain knowledge of it from reading, and, in the course of these proceedings, might be enabled to arrive at a fixed opinion on the subject. He had convinced himself that a ten days' quarantine would suffice, but a contrary opinion had been expressed; so that everything in the struggle for a good cause should not b^ lost, ho would not therefore insist upon those ten days, but would make the conciliatory proposal, that

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 4a)

the president do l.iy before the meeting the following two questions: 1st. quot; Do the experiments made and the knowledge hitherto arrived at suffice to prove that the period of incubation of the Cattle Plague does not exceed nine days?quot; and, should this be answered in the affirmative: 2nd. quot; Accepting this therefore as proved, can the twenty-one days' quarantine, as it at present exists towards the prevention and introduction of the Cattle Plague, be shortened ? quot;

On the proposers of the former motions having agreed to this mode of putting the question.

President-flenw^ submitted the two questions to the Assembly, when both were by a majority of votes answered in the af-iirmative. In the majority were iDL Roll, M�ller, Pillwax, Unterberger, Sen. and Jnn., Gamgee, llaubner, and Hering; in the minority, MM, llertwig, K�hne, Fuchs, Leisering, Gerlach, and F�rstenberg.

Dr. li�ll re-introduced the subject mooted by Dr. Haubner on the previous day: as to Whether the meeting be inclined to take into consideration the so-called infection-spreading substances, such as wool, skins, amp;c. As also animals, which, during the existence of the Cattle Plague, may propagate the contagion?

This being agreed to :

Professor Unterberger, Sen., informed the meeting that on this subject experiments had been made in Russia in 1853. The skin of an animal wliich had died of the disease had been divided into halves: the one half, in raw condition, had been placed upon a healthy beast, which immediately caught the contagion ; the remaining half was exposed in a Russian vapour-bath to a temperature of 40deg; P., and the animal which it afterwards covered remained in good health.

Professor llertwig considered it highly important to ascertain how long the Cattle Plague contagion communicated its infec�tious power to substances exposed to the open air, and how lornlaquo;-to substances in a packed-up condition. He held its tenacity to be very great indeed. The dung of diseased animals, even after it had lain in a frozen state during four weeks, was known to have transmitted infection; and, according to Abildgaard and Kansch, it was stated as a fact that the contagion spread its infectious power from a distance of '200 paces.

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Professor Unterlerger, Sen., found that bodies of animals which had died of the Plague, and which had been buried close to the surface, but bad been covered with chloride of lime, could not spread the disease after six weeks.

Dr.SaMiner defined the measures against the Cattle Plague to be such as were taken more especially against animals themselves in infected districts, and in such as were directed against infec�tion-spreading substances, as wool, skins, tallow, amp;c., and drew a great difference among the latter, between such as belong to the retail trade and those that belong to the wholesale trade. Regulations concerning the latter he held to be of particular importance. Enquiries should also be set on foot to ascertain whether fodder, dung. amp;:(:, might contain infection and whether sheep, swine, and other animals, were susceptible of spreading infection. Thus bay, which had been kept in a loft situated above infected stables, and had been only used as fodder after a lapse of four months, had communicated the infection; the dung of animals suffering from the disease, notwithstanding that it had been brought out in Autumn and been frozen throughout winter, yet communicated the contagion on the following spring. Trade naturally transported the above-men�tioned articles to great distances, and naturally sought for itself the easiest routes, without fearing to select often very circuitous ones. The difference alone of the regulations in various states rendered this possible. As an example, he said that as Bavaria bad forbidden the import of swine upon her east frontier, the dealers brought these animals by Bodenbach to Saxony, against which there was no obstacle ; so that Bavaria received these self-same swine from Saxony : as with swine, such was the case with other animals, and also with, skins.

Dr. Boll did not believe that the Cattle Plague contagion was often communicated by swine, as these animals rarely came into contact with cattle. Washing was quite sufficient to dis�infect them, and this always takes place on the frontier. It was very different with sheep. Dr. Maresch had observed that they were liable to catch the Cattle Plague itself; this obser�vation had been also made in Hungary, and by Jessen in Dorpat. On the coast-land (Dalmatia, Friaul, Carinthia) disease had broken out amongst sheep in places where the Cattle Blague

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 481

prevailed at the time, and especially in such places where sheep and cattle sliarcd the same stables. In three different places in Carinthia healthy sheep had been infected by dis�eased ones, and through the latter the murrain itself had been re-communicated to cattle. The diseased sheep had stood in a stable, only separated by boards from one in which diseased cattle had been placed. The symptoms of the disease in sheep were perfectly similar to those in cattle ; only the breathing was attended with difficulty: dissection gave also the same result as with cattle, but included also lobular pneumonia. Dr. Roll held the sheep disease to be identical with the Cattle Plague. Experiments had been made on the spot, but their result was unknown to him ; still he was convinced that the propagation of the Cattle Disease by means of sheep and goats had been hitherto overlooked. This fact was also not so new as it may seem, for much earlier disease had broken out among sheep in places where, and at times in which, the Cattle Plague had been prevalent. It was, however, quite clear that in such eases � the most stringent regulations with regard to sheep should be enforced.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; raquo;

Dr. Haulner remarked that when, in 1881, the cholera was Hearing us, and while Cattle Plague was raging in Eussia and Poland, it was often said that sheep had caught the cholera, though he held that their complaint was typhoid dysentery.

Dr. Midler could not agree with Professor Hertwig's opinion that the Cattle Plague spread its contagion to a distance of two hundred paces; according to his own opinion, the contagion was the least of all spread by the atmosphere, for how could it other�wise be possible for separate houses standing in the midst of infected districts to escape from the introduction of tiie disease, as had been often the case. The contagion must therefore adhere to tangible substances and bo spread by their medium.

Dr. fiaMiner proposed that those states most directly interested should adopt common regulations as regards certain articles, bearing in mind, however, that the wholesale trade in wool would not bear any great restrictions, and that therefore the latter should be limited as far as possible without incurring positive danger. As an instance of trade on a grand scale. Dr.

2 I

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THR CATTLE PLAGUE.

Ilanbiiov informed them that 80 evrt. of casks, sent from Pesth to Hamburg had passed to Dresden, where they were filled with butter and exported to the East Indies.

Professor Sertwig wished that, in states where circumstances were so much in favour of experiments, as for example in Russia, many should he made in order to achieve results so important to mankind and to commerce.

Professor M�ller entirely concurred with the preceding speaker; he also wished experiments to be made; but he also wished, when experiments were made, they should be well con�ducted, as they had been and wen; still in Russia�that their results should not meet with incredulity, and that it should not be deemed necessary to repeat them.

Professor Gcrhwh acknowledged gratefully the debt of grati�tude due to Russia for her exertions in this matter, but believed that doubts must be allowed so long as the positive truth had not been arrived at, and that it was unnecessary, through mere gratitude, to alter an already formed opinion.

J)r.//laquo;mJlaquo;laquo;¹ fi'ared experiments such as those which he him�self recommended, viz., touching the wholesale trade, could not be carried out.

Professor Hering closed the debate, remarking that the dis�cussion had not been sufficiently productive of positive and accurate information upon which to found fixed resolutions, he however suggested:�quot;That it is most desirable that further experiments be made concerning the propagation of the Cattle Plague contagion by means of substances such as wool, skins, or by means of animals other than horned cattle!.quot;

This proposal was moved and seconded by ADl. Unterlerger, M�ller, amp;c., and met with the approval of the meeting.

President Hering hereupon adjourned the proceedings until Thursday.

Tmmi Sitting, ICith July.

President Hering instructed the Secretary to read the debates of the two first sittings, and upon his doing so, invited the Congress to commence the debate on the subject of Pleuro-pneumbnia, assuming meanwhile that it would be foreign to

PIEST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. ihd

their purpose to enter into arguments as to the cause and the nature of tin's disease; the primary object beino; to endeavour, by discussion, to ascertain which were the best measures to bo adopted for its restriction and extirpation.

Professor Q-amgee (Edinburgh) then rose and delivered the following address on the subject of Plenro-pnennioiiia :�

It is my duty to state in a few words my reasons for asking the learned amongst the members of my profession to meet here and discuss questions of vital importance to the various European nations between which there is an increasing traffic in live stock. It must be evident to all, that as there are vast regions in Europe where domestic animals are naturally exempt from destructive plagues, it should be the interest of every people, and of every Government, lo confine such plagues within their normal limits of spontaneous development. Too much praise cannot be awarded to Professor Jessen and Professor Unter-berger of Dorpat, and to the Russian Government, for striving to export only such animals as have passed through the attack of the Piinderpest, and cannot aid in propagating so frightful a malady; but it is evident that with reference to Plouro-pneumonia. Sheep-pox, Foot-and-Mouth .Disease, Scabies, and other contagious disorders, there is the same recklessness in the traffic between different countries as there is too often between dealers and farmers in each country. So far as Great Britain is concerned, we have a more extensive traffic in diseased animals than in any other part of Europe I have yet visited. Foreign traders think that anything will sell in the London market, and British farmers and butchers believe that the stomachs and constitutions of the inhabitants of that metropolis are proof against the most active animal poisons. When I tell my bearers in Hamburg, that an animal dying from anthrax, whose entrails readily kill pigs, dogs, or other creatures partaking of them, is sent to our city markets as readily as a healthy one, I can furnish no more striking illustra�tion of the condition of the British meat trade. The British Islands must throughout all time supply the Continent with store animals for the improvement of breeds ; and it is well known that purchases for this purpose have led to the trans�mission of contagious disease to many parts of the Continent.

#9632;1 I 2

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All Europe lias an interest in the purity of British stock. But that Great Britain can afford to be active in preventing epi�zootic disease's, and must suffer if it is not, can easily be proved. Reliable statistics as to the amount of live stock in Great Britain are wanting, and no official returns have ever been obtained in the United Kingdom as to the losses sustained by diseases amongst our domestic animals :�

In 185-1 it was estimated that in England and Wales

the numlier of cattle amounted to ........nbsp; nbsp; 3,422,165

Scotland (latest statistics, 1857) ..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 974,437

ireland (statistics for 1862) ............nbsp; nbsp; 3,250,000

Total homed cattle in the United Kingdom .. 7,646,998

The nearest approximation I can give of the value of this stock is 101. per head. The stock lost is always the best, and, according to insurance statistics, amounts on the average to III. 10s. The number and value of horned cattle thus ac-cepted is, in my opinion, decidedly below rather than above reality. The statistical information as to losses on the above stock is derived from personal experience, and from unpub�lished insurance statistics which can be thoroughly relied on, supported, as they are, in a very significant manner by the history of live stock insurance offices since their origin in 1844. Prior to 1842, the average mortality amongst our cattle could not be estimated at more than 1^- to 2J per cent., but rumours then spread as to cattle plagues abroad. Reports of terrific losses reached this country, and the warning was followed by the introduction of Epizootic Aphtha and Plcnro-pneumouia. The first was called the quot;epidemic,quot; and the second the quot;new disease,quot; the chief difference between the two being that the epi-demic deteriorated stock, whereas the new disease destroyed it. Inquiries were set on foot as to how the calamity should be met. Insurance societies had been established abroad, and similar asso�ciations were then considered indispensable here. This need, be it observed, was only felt after our ports were opened to foreign animals. Then inquirers proceeded abroad to learn the working of such companies; returns were obtained from all sources; and it was estimated that between two and three per cent, would cover' the heaviest losses ever sustained throughout a country.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETEKINAKY CONGRESS. 485

lu 1844 the first English insurance society was established. It bore the name of quot; The Fanners' and Graziers' Mutual Cattle Insurance Company.quot; Its patrons were wealthy and influential; its members wore soon very nuinerous ; the insurances effected attained vast proportions, and under the most favourable con�ditions, as many people wore then more alarmed by continental reports than injured by disease at home. Pleuro-pneumouia, however, cleared out stock after stock and herd after herd in an incredibly short space of time. The company repeatedly raised its rates of premium. Disease, however, continued, and the affairs of this first mutual society became hopelessly embarrassed. Its books were closed four or five years after it was first estab�lished, and many have not received to this day heavy sums in � compensation for losses amongst insured stock. The apparent early success of the above company led in 1845 to the organisa�tion of quot; The United Kingdom Mutual Cattle Insurance Com-pany.quot; Its business was good, but the same disasters naturally betel it as the sister company, and it was obliged to yield under the pressure of enormous liabilities it had incurred and could not meet. In England and Scotland alone two millions' worth of live stock were insured in the first two years of the existence of the before-mentioned companies. There was an unlimited amount of business to do, but the larger the transactions the sooner could it be perceived that persistence implied ruin. As mutual associations could not succeed, enterprising indivi�duals resolved to obtain more correct information as to the real mortality amongst cattle; and to have a large reserve fund to meet any emergency that might arise. Accordingly, in 1845 was published the prospectus of quot; The Agricultural Cattle In�surance Company,quot; which was to be a proprietary association, with a capital of 500,000?. Expectations were as high on the part of the public as amongst the shareholders. The large capital, the absence of all copartnery risks, the still moderate rates of premium, and the alarming losses by disease, led to a very active trade. The business attained truly enormous pro�portions, and insurances were effected at the rate of 300,000/. weekly for a considerable length of time. At the completion of the third year of this society's existence, ten millions sterling was the value of stock insured by it. No other provident insti-

486

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

tution in tlie world ever bad snoh a business. But cattle were dying. The Imrneane which swept away the earlier companies did irreparable damage to the new one. The annual report for 1848 says, referring to the Lung-disease in cattle, 'that in some districts thousands were carried off; so great, indeed, were its ravages, that nearly three-fourths of the losses for which claims were made upon the company were the results of that incurable disease.' The shareholders were summoned to meetings; call after call succeeded at short intervals ; the rates of premium were raised; and the confidence of the public began to be shaken. xVU claims, however, were met; business again increased; but disease did not abate. The losses incurred during the first years could never be made up ; and, struggling on under great diili-culties, this, the greatest Cattle Insurance Company that had ever existed, held out for seventeen years, but was compelled to wind up its affairs in ISGl. Nor was this all. During the period of the apparent successes of the Company, other associa�tions of the same character had been established. In 184(5 'The Scottish Agricultural Cattle Insurance Company;' in 1S�1 'The Essex Cattle Insurance Company,' 'The Bury Local Society,'' The Bouldsworth Cattle Insurance Association,' and ' The Ecclestone Insurance Company.' And these companies, one by one, had joined the ' Agriculturist,'so that when it ceased to exist it was not one, but six companies in one, which were nnnihilated entirely in consequence of the continuance of a frightful mortality amongst cattle. It deserves notice that several times in the history of the 'Agriculturist' Company, its Irish Business was given up on account of the especially heavy losses which it entailed. It is an instructive fact that insurance offices, after having calculated that their utmost possible losses would be coverable by a premium of of per cent., eventually exacted premiums of more than double that amount, and yet within a few years came to ruin. No better proof can be given that the statements I have now to make are justified by tho facts.

Very startling results are obtained by calculating the losses this country has sustained since the importation of cattle and of contagious diseases. The most recent statistics of mor�tality to be relied upon are those of Scotland for the year 18ti0,

FIUST mTBBNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 487

which, on taking the average amongst stock of all kinds, amount to 4*89, or very nearly five per cent. If in 1860 the whole of the United Kingdom had (as I believe it at least to have had) the same rate of mortality as Scotland, in that year there died of disease, in 1860, in Great Britain and Ireland, 374,048 horned cattle, having, at the average value of lOZ. Ss. ikl. per head, a total money value of 3,805,989Z. Ss.; and if the Mid-Lothian experience of the causes of death be applied to this matter, we may infer that more than half the loss was clue to I'ieuro-pneumonia. The number of cattle imported in 1860 was 104,569, and their value (at 81. per head) may he estimated at 836,552Z. It will thus he seen that the number of cattle estimated to have died by disease was 3^-�7 times the number imported in the year, and that the estimated deaths from PI euro-pneumonia were more than 1*89 times the number of cattle imported. Taking the estimated values, we find that the entire deaths from disease represented 4^-5 times the value of the cattle imported, and that the deaths from Pleuro-pneumonia represented considerably above twice the value of these imports.

As one year cannot be considered a sufficiently fair estimate, we may give the calculations for the six years ending 18G0. The average annual loss of cattle during this period has been estimated at 4915, or over the whole stock of the three king�doms to be 375,850. The estimated total for six years amounted to 2,255,100. The value of animals lost amounted, at 11^. IDs. per head, to a grand total of 25,934,650?. Of this number there died from Pleuro-pneumonia considerably above one million during the six years, and these represented a value of about twelve millions sterling. The number of cattle imported during the six years ending 18G0 was 553,033 ; their estimated value at SI. per head, 4,421,204/. The loss by disease was four times the number of cattle imported, and by Pleuro-pneumonia it exceeded twice that number. On estimating their values, we find that the value of cattle lost was 5-8iJ times the value of the importation, and more than half that loss due to Pleuro-pneumonia.

The sheep of the United Kingdom have been estimated * at

* By Mr. Robert Herbert.

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about 40,000,000, and are worth at least as many pounds ster�ling. Their average mortality by disease is not less than four per cent. It attains five per cent, in Ireland, and exceeds this in Scotland. The money value represented by the deaths over the whole kingdom is therefore not less than 1,000,000?. There are, moreover, about 4,208,141 pigs, which may also bo valued at 11. per head, though usually considered as worth considerably more. In Ireland there is a loss at least of 10 per cent, on these animals. In Scotland the loss is small, and the mortality is not very great amongst them in England as com�pared with Ireland. I cannot, however, calculate it at less than throe per cent, over the three kingdoms. This would give a loss in round numbers of 1,209,000?. sterling. Thus the deaths among stock in the United Kingdom probably represent an annual amount of more than six millions sterling. In large towns the mortality of cows very greatly exceeds any propor�tion which I have stated.

I fear that I have detained you too long with these statistics, hxit I expect you will not consider that I have been in error during the last eight or ten years, if I have constantly drawn attention at home to the injury inflicted on the British people by the foreign trade. I do not want to abolish that trade�I wish to encourage it; but it is certain that in the course of time the trade must stop if the British Government, working hand in hand with foreign rulers, does not attend to the health of stock bred, bought, and sold, at home and abroad. We should have great uniformity in the laws relating to the diseases of animals in different countries, and it should bo regarded as a punishable offence in any- country for a man to sell or buy from a diseased stock for exportation, I do not wish to detain yon farther at present, and hope that this our first conference may be the advent of many happy and useful meetings, and that by our continued exertions we may demonstrate the great importance of our noble profession, and show that in relation to the preservation of man's health, and the advancement of man's prosperity, we have public duties to perform which can alone be safely intrusted to us by the princes and people of each aud every nation in the civilised world.

Professor Nlklas, in alluding to the propagation of Plenro-

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGEESS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 489

pneumonia, held this disease to be as great a scourge to the west and middle of Europe, as the Cattle Plague was to the east. Competent judges were hy no means unanimous as to the character and origin of this disease, for whereas some held it to be a mere contagious one, others were of opinion that it displayed itself often without any discernible cause. He himself decidedly believed the malady to be a contagious one, and could not believe in the theory of its spontaneous growth. Many different measures had been had recourse to for the pre�vention and extirpation of Pleuro-pneumonia, several of which had given bcnelicial results; still, no entirely satisfactory result had been attained save by the employment of several of these measures at one time. lie wished, first of all, that Plenro-puenmonia should be enrolled among the defects for which sold cattle should be returned to their vendors, and during forty days, as in Bavaria. The disease had lost ground in the latter country ; he would only cite, for example, Munich, where for every hundred cases which occurred formerly in the slaughter�houses, last year he could only count one. This decrease in the mortality was a consequence of the disease being placed amongst those affected by warranty, and thus do we find one certain measure towards its prevention. Authoritative measures were also imperatively necessary, but the owner of a beast slaughtered by command of the authorities should not be a loser by this measure, but should receive its full value. This could be most easily accomplished by new Cattle Insurance Companies. An�other measure which lie most strongly advocated, consisted iu inoculation, however that opinion may be combated. The means of prevention referred to ho held to be of so valuable a nature, that were they universally adopted he would hope to see the total extirpation of the disease.

Professor Fuchs of Heidelberg wished to know ivhetlicr�and if not�wily, in England, no measures had been taken against Pleuro-pneumonia, if, according to Professor Gamgee's account that country suffered so much from disease ?

Professor ffam^ree replied, that hitherto no preventive measures had been taken; which could only be explained by the prevailing tendency iu his country to permit every man to take care of himself and his property. Diseased animals were slaughtered

490

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

and sold as food, although several rases of illness had been remarked, caused by the consumption of the meat of such animals. He believed that a mastery over the disease was attainable by means of fixed regulations and laws, but inocula�tion alone, was, in his opinion, quite insufficient to arrest the progress of the disease.

Professor Fuchs enquired whether in Bavaria Pleuro-pneumo-nia was by law or not unguaranteed; or, in other words, if the government did not grant an indemnity for cattle slaughtered for this disease ?

Professor JS'iklas answered that the disease in question was by law unguaranteed; nevertheless, it was possible by mutual consent or agreement to escape the responsibility. He was also of opinion that all infectious diseases should be unguaranteed by law, so that it would be impossible to escape the penalty incurred.

President Hering informed the meeting, that in W�rtemberg, according to the new law of 2(itli Dee., 1861, warranty (or secu�rity of possession), a written private agreement, quite sufficed to free the holder from the consequence of the want of general security by law.

Professor Gerlach expressed similar opinions.

Mr. W�tli assured the Meeting that measures had been taken in the Grand Duchy of Hesse for many years past to combat the disease under consideration; and the plan suggested by Professor Niklas, viz. that of placing the disease under the law of warranty, was carefully looked into. It was however relinquished, and he thought quite rightly, as laws can only produce restrictions, which are most unfavourable to trade; a similar law would be difficult to put into practice, and an accurate control over it would be next to impossible. The theory of the axe was then had recourse to, and a law was pro�mulgated, according to which, in cases of Pleuro-pneumonia, the animal was to be slaughtered; the owner, however, was to be reimbursed out of the .State-Treasury. This measure, in its turn, did not hold good, for the expenses incurred thereby rose to such a height, that in the second year of its existence the law was abolished. Inoculation was in constant use, and its good effects must be .allowed, although its accomplishment was often attended with difficulty.

FIRST INTBENATIONAL VF.TRTIINA11Y CONGRESS. 491

Mr. Marcus stated, that Pleuro-pneumonia never commenced of itself in Mecklenburg, but had always been introduced by diseased foreign cattle. Here again the axe was the principal means of combating the plague; and, indeed, not ordy were the diseased animals put to death, but also all others which may have been brought into contact with thera, for which however the proprietor received the full value. The expenses of this mode of proceeding were covered by a tax upon the proprietors of stock; and the latter were the more reconciled to the .system as they had convinced themselves that the Lung Disease was by its means always rapidly and effectually suppressed. A similar measure would, however, be a dangerous one, if a sanitary cordon were not strictly drawn between the country and that in which Pleuro-pneumonia is known to exist.

Mr. Schmelz declared that, taking into consideration the long duration of the incubation of Lung Disease, the axe could only be employed as a moans of extirpation when the losses of proprietors of stock were at the same time reimbursed; besides, this should not bo regarded as the sole method of destroying the evil, as Pleuro-pneumonia could in many cases be cured.

Professor Gerlach drew attention to the fact that the preva�lence of the Lung Disease was for the most part attributable to the cattle trade. Owing to the lengthened period of incubation natural to this disease, its contagion may bo spread before outward symptoms are visible; animals similarly infected are, however, through that very fact, the most dangerous to the trade. Under existing circumstances, it no longer suffices when two or throe separate States act together; the question had become one of international interest, and required the common and energetic attention of all States. He concurred in the plans proposed by Dr. NiMas, and remarked that where the common Roman law was in action, the Lung Disease was eo ipso warranted, and should be reckoned as such in States where that law did not exist, although he was far from ascribing to it the value which had been placed on it that day. Although the sale of diseased animals was already forbidden by police regulations, animals were nevertheless constantly sold when under the influence of the disease; because, as had been already remarked, a long time often elapsed before the symptoms of the mnltulj became apparent. 'The axe was, it

492

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

is true, a radical�but also a barbarous�cure, and could only be employed in countries over which Pleuro-pneumonia had not universally spread itself; in the contrary case, such a measure would not be feasible. It was true that the inspection of cattle-markets and of infected places, veterinary inspection of meat, amp;c., contributed greatly towards stopping the progress and pro�pagation of the disease in question; but the measure to which he would attach the most importance, would bo a law prohibit�ing the sale of animals coming from infected droves within the space of one year; still better would it be, if eveu then, such animals were only brought to the slaughter-houses. He recog�nised in this method the only chance of obtaining a mastery over the disease.

Professor JVildas refuted the doubts expressed by the preced�ing speaker by repeating the facts already alleged (in Munich) ; he declared, however, that he considered the attempt to cure animals affected with Pleuro-pneumonia to be the more dan�gerous, as, often, animals considered perfectly cured were apt to communicate the contagion. He did not wish to apply the axe to healthy animals, but only to dangerous and suspicious ones; besides, he was for immediate inoculation, and there Mas no want of proof to support the validity of his opinions.

3[r. Undritz enquired where PIeuro-pneumouia first originated, as it was declared by all to be a contagion.

Professor Zangger stated that Switzerland had been formerly looked upon as the source of the Lung Disease, but with injustice ; the reason of the accusation was doubtless because the veterinary surgeons of that country had first complained of and written about the disease. Pleuro-pneumonia had already in the IGth, 17th, and 18th centuries committed great ravages. In those times the clergy were applied to for assistance, and public, prayers were ordered for deliverance from the Plague. The disease only appeared at the present day in isolated cases; it had been got under. He conhl not, therefore, do better than describe the measures which had, in Switzerland, effected so favourable a result. The axe was remorselessly used in the canton Z�rich, and to such an extent that, whenever a suspicious beast was remarked in a stable or a pasture, the one with the worst symptoms was killed. If, on dissection, Pleuro-pneumonia

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINABY CONGRESS. id'S

was evident, then the whole stable or pasture was closed, and the remaining animals were slaughtered in succession. The meat, with the exception of that belonging to animals brought down very low by the complaint, served for human food, and had hitherto given no cause for complaint. The slaughtering was meanwhile coupled with reimbursement. Generally, the full value of the killed animals was returned to the owner ; but in some cases the fortunes of the owners were taken into considera�tion, so that the wealthy owner did not always receive the full value of his sacrificed cattle. This indemnification was taken from a fund founded from the proceeds of an institution called the quot; Vieh Controle,quot; or inspection of live stock. The appear�ance of Lung Disease in the last century led to evei-y district and village appointing an inspector of stock (Yiehschauer), whose duty it was to furnish every animal exposed for sale with a certificate of health, as a pi-oof that no disease existed in the place or village from whence it came. Should the latter, how�ever, be the case (of which the inspector must at once be apprized), then no more certificates could be granted, the cattle trade was suspended, and only in extraordinary cases was permis�sion given to send the animals to the slaughter-house. Of the price paid for these certificates, 20 rappen or centimes {2d.), the administration claimed one half, and the remainder not oidy sufficed to cover the loss sustained, but had reached such a surplus that a fund sprang into existence which from its interest alone, added to the price of the certificates, supported the Veterinary College in Z�rich. The measures here cited brought about a concordat law between several of the Swiss Cantons, and its result could but be termed brilliant, as the Lung Disease had almost disappeared from these Cantons, or, if it ever made its appearance, it was at once overpowered. He did not hold it absolutely necessary that the Lung Disease should be classed among the diseases affectedly warranted, for, wherever police inspection existed trade with infected cattle was prohibited, and must be; furthermore, the period over which the warranty extended would require to be indefinitely prolonged, and the seller would run the risk of great loss by his cattle becoming infected. The axe had been eminently successful in Switzer�land, but ho admitted that in other cases and other circumstances

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

its use might not succeed so well. Upon the grounds already cited, he fully concurred in Gerlach's motion, viz.: quot; That it is the common interest of all States to prohibit the sale of cattle which had been seized with the Lung Disease.quot;

Professor Gerlac-h spoke in favour of inoculation, as recom�mended by Niklas, and remarked that, although he had been formerly an opponent of this system, he had been convinced, upon trial, that the lymph obtained through the Lung-disease had a specific action. Although in isolated eases inoculation had produced but a doubtful result, still the number of suc�cessful cases was so great that he must decidedly recommend its employment; especially on such farms where, for various reasons�as, for example, in dairies�it is impossible to postpone the purchase of fresh animals; the inoculation of these latter lessened the duration of the disease, and prevented any future danger. He had himself, by means of inoculation, eradicated the disease on estates where it had existed permanently during twenty years. Slaughtering had been also attended with good effects, but he was inclined to ascribe particular value to the process of inoculation, and therefore, with reference to Niklas's remarks, ventured to propose the following as measures against Pleuro-pneumonia:�

1st. All animals seized with the disease should be slaugh�tered.

2ndly. All suspicious animals should be isolated.

3rdly. During the first year following the disappearance of the disease, live stock amongst which it had prevailed should only be sold to the butcher.

4thly. Within six months of the disappearance of the malady, all animals brought into the stables which it had visited should bo inoculated.

In answer to Dr. Fuchs,

Professor Gerlach said that he included among the live stock alluded to under the third head all that belonged to an infected herd. That the expression quot;herdquot; comprehended such cattle as were brought into mutual contact in whatever manner; whether they occupied a common stable, or whether, occupying a hundred separate ones, they frequented common roads and

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 495

watering-places^ All animals that were either attacked tliom-Kelves by the disease, or had, without previous inoculation, been brought into contact with such as were suffering from it, were to be ranked in the category specified, and lie only exeepted such as had been purchased in healthy condition and had been previously inoculated.

Mr. May maintained that the Lung Disease should be included among those diseases not guaranteed by law, and in support of this opinion, he cited one case in particular in which a pair of draught-oxen, suffering from Lung Disease, had propagated the infection throughout four different parishes, one of which alone lost one hundred head of cattle. Had the law in question been then in force, the first buyer who recognized the presence of the disease could have obtained reimbursement from the seller, and would not have been compelled, through fear of total loss, to rr-sell the animals as quickly as possible.

Professor Fuchs stated the occurrence of a similar case in Nassau, which spoke also in favour of the proposed law, and gave also .another reason to demonstrate its necessity. In Nassau all evidently infected animals had been slaughtered, and their owners indemnified ; but it was soon discovered that the sums paid thus in indemnification increased every year, for infected cattle from neighbouiing States were introduced into the country, and, as reimbursements were certain, their sale was attended with no difficulty.

Dr. M�ller wished the debate limited to its original purpose, and that unnecessary details of separate cases should he avoided.

Dr. Hanhmr quite agreed with the measures proposed, but expressed doubts as to how the certain knowledge was to be acquired, that the animals alluded to had not been sold other�wise than to the butcher: and bow (compulsory) inoculation and slaughtering could be simultaneously recommended.

Professor Gerlaeh explained that be meant only the really sick animals to be slaughtered, and that this measure was not to apply to the whole herd.

Dr. Mauhner believed that even under a law forbidding the sale of such animals under a penalty of fifty thalers, the sale of a tolerably numerous drove would be attended with profit.

President Hering reminded the Congress that the seller, ao

49G

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

cording to laws universally valid, remained responsible for any damage caused by him, either through negligence or intention.

Dr. Haubner recognised the full value of inoculation, but believed that its use could only be expected to produce perfectly satisfactory results if rendered compulsory, and that if this Mere effected then must also indemnification for animals thereby lost be simultaneously introduced; the introduction of compulsory inoculation he deemed however to be of great difiiculty.

Professor Gerlmh stated that a law was at present in exist�ence in Hanover enjoining compulsory inoculation, and offering indemnification for the losses it might entail.

Professor Hertwig agreed with Haubner; ho also was of opinion, that as inoculation was nothing else but an intentional infection, governments would be with difficulty persuaded into rendering it compulsory so long as other expedients existed. Although at that meeting and elsewhere favourable reports had been made concerning inoculation for the Lung Disease, yet there existed facts that spoke strongly to the contrary; ho himself had witnessed by its means the destruction of whole herds, excepting a few head. There lay a contradiction in the assurance on the one hand, that the disease infected for a particular period, and on the other, that it was extirpated at once by means of inoculation ; and it would be necessary to sift the evidence in the cases observed far more carefully. What had been said about the introduction of a law concern�ing the cattle-trade might be very true, if practical difficulties, with regard especially to the three months' duration of the incu-bation period, did not present themselves. In many stables, especially on larger farms, and in such where the dairy was the principal object, it was often impossible, if but three or four animals had been bought during this period (of three months), to discover the animal which had first communicated the disease. Another difficultv lay in the strict observance of that rule, according to which the seller would be compelled to indemnifica�tion, not only to replace the sold cattle, but to bear all the consequences of its infection; many a proprietor would most certainly be utterly ruined by the measure.

Professor Ilauhner moved that a proposal be made to all Governments to enact that, as is the case in Prussia, no animal

FIRST INTEBNATIO.NAL VETERTNAUY CONGRESS. 497

be sold unless famished with a certificate to the effect thnt no disease had prevailed in the district from whence it came; for greater security still, these sanitary certificates might be issued by a com mission appointed for the purpose. Regarding the supervision and the control over the animals among which the disease had prevailed, lie agreed with Gerlach, adding, that there existed a law also in Prussia, that every animal suffering from the Lung Disease should be branded on the horns with the initial letters of the malady (German L. K., Lungen-Krankheit), but unfortunately that law, like so many others, had fallen into neglect. He did not see any necessity for bringing the Lung Disease under a law of warranty ; he would, however, have the legal regulations strictly enforced, and their non-observance punished with the utmost severity.

Dr. F�rstenberg stated, that after the Prussian Government had called upon the veterinary surgeons to try inoculation, that measure had�at least in his district (Stralsund)�been rendered compulsory as soon as the disease broke out in any locality. He himself had carried it out, and the result was that, although the inoculation took, fifty out of sixty-five head died. On a post-mortem examination he found, in one case, the chronic course of the Lung Disease. This fact served to prove the non-success, in some cases, of inoculation.

Professor iV77f/laquo;s adhered to his motion, that a law of warranty be applied to the Lung ] )iseasc, although it had met with opposi�tion from different sides. It had been said that several Govern�ments were not inclined towards a similar measure, but he was of opinion that they would be induced to agree to it, if their best judges would take the necessary steps, and other States set them the example. If the long period of incubation be regarded as an obstacle, be must apply what had been said in the dis�cussion upon the Cattle Plague also to the Lung Disease, viz., that extremes should not be considered, but the average time taken. The protecting power of inoculation had been doubted, but literature contained far more proofs in its favour than the contrary. He was told that inoculation was powerless to protect; in return he asked for a proof that an animal which had been successfully inoculated had, after expiration of the year, been again seized with the Lung Disease; so long as this proof could

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not be adduced, he sliould remain firmly convincod that inocu�lation i^ a preventive when it takes effect^�when the animals are inoculated in good time, viz., before they become infected in a natural way. For these reasons he could but renew his motion : he agreed also with the first three points of Gerlach's motion, remarking, however, that indemnity must accompany slaughtering, and that to this effect especial measures could be taken according to circumstances.

Mr. Sckell thought that slaughtering should be extended also to the suspicious animals, and that moculation should be resorted to when the first plan was impossible of execution.

President Ilerivg did not wish slaughtering to lie practised on so extended a scale, as often the cattle of a whole district might be in a suspicions condition.

Mr. Marcm believed, that as so favourable an effect had been ascribed to inoculation, it would be only in the common interest to propose its adoption, and not that of slaughtering, as being too violent and general.

Professor Zangger was against adopting the fourth measure, viz., that all animals introduced during the first six months suc�ceeding the disappearance of the disease should be subjected to inoculation, as opinions differed so greatly, and experience was also so variable as to its result.

Dr. Roll said that if inoculation was not rendered as a rule compulsory, at any rate compulsion imist not be applied to the last proposal; for if it was required that newly-introduced animals should be inoculated, how much more was it necessary to apply this regulation to animals which may be at least re�garded as suspicious?

Professor Ct(tZlaquo;6'A advocated the principle that measures could only be re�ommended by Congress ; the reason for his motion lay in the fact that land and stock owners could not always postpone the purchase of fresh animals until the contagion had been utterly quelled. The protective power of inoculation could not be totally denied, and as reimbursement was to follow any losses which it occasioned, he thought that his measures should be adopted in preference to the prohibition of sale, especially as the latter would not be always observed, and its non-observance might render the Lung Disease stationary.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 499

Dr. M�ller recognised the great difference between merely recommending measures to proprietors and the Veterinary Congress drawing the attention of GrOTemments to the im�portance of the question, and strongly advised the latter course.

President Hering then brought the following questions to a division:�

(1.) quot;It is desirable that the Lung Disease be included under the law which ensures no warranty of value to the seller.quot;

Adopted by a majority.

(2.) quot; The slaughtering of diseased animals is recommended for the eradication of the Lung Disease.quot;

Almost unanimously adopted.

(3.) quot; All animals suspected of infection to be inoculated.quot;

Adopted by a majority.

(4.) quot; That within the first 3^rear after the disappearance of the disease the animals be only sold for slaughter.quot;

Adopted by a great majority.

(�.) '#9632; Within six months of the disappearance of the disease all beasts brought into the stable to be inoculated.quot;

The show of hands being at first doubtful, this question was again put to a division, and rejected by a majority.

Professor Fuchs now, by desire of the Assembly, communicated the state of deliberations in the grand duchy of Baden with regard to the Lung Disease. After the Agricultural Society had discussed this question for twenty years, it became a subject of discussion also in all district societies and associations of the country, and once also in the Central Committee of the Agri�cultural Society in connection with the Government. The necessity for organising veterinary inspection became now first evident. Hitherto there were in Laden only practical veterinary surgeons, and such as were appointed by the districts and parishes and depended upon these latter for support. The Agricultural Society recognised the harm done by this system, with regard to police regulations concerning the diseases of cattle, and strongly advocated the necessity of appointing in all districts and magistracies a veterinary surgeon to be paid by the State. Furthermore the Central Committee, acting in con�nection with the Central Agricultural Department (a post under Government), resolved:�

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1st.�That the Lung Disease should be for twenty-eight days a quot; gewalirsmangelquot; (viz. under the law which during that period would not ensure the value of stock to the seller).

2nd.�That the police-regulations with regard to the Lung-disease be revived.

3rd.�That insurance, especially voluntary, be especially pro�moted.

Compulsory insurance had been suggested, but rejected. Ke-imbursement by the State or by districts for losses sustained through the Lung Disease, as is still the case as regards the glanders, was also rejected. As a last measure, the inspection by police of cattle-transport by railway was recommended.

Dr. 3ftiller wished all veterinary surgeons to arrive at one and the same decision as to the duration of the period during which the Lung Disease was, in all States alike, to be placed under the law alluded to.

Professor Fuchs replied that in Baden the Agricultural Society had proposed its duration to be twenty-eight days, that being the longest term of laws of deposit (W�hrschaftsgesetze).

Professor Gamyec wished to know whether cases were known in which animals had been saved by the administration of sulphate of iron or other preparations of iron, as he bad ob�tained great success in protecting herds by such means.

Mr. K�hne had often used sulphate of iron, but did not find it to act as a preventive; it caused the animals, however, to pass through the disease more easily.

Mr. Kalttclmidt had been witness where a proprietor had used it perseveringly, yet had to slaughter all his animals.

Professor Fuchs knew a case where a surgeon had used both sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper, but neither these means nor the inoculation of every beast had been aide to arrest the pi^-ogress of the disease, so that the whole stock had to be destroyed.

Mr. May had witnessed during many years outbreaks of the disease on large estates where the proprietors almost constantly had had recourse to sulphate of iron without any favourable results. It had therefore been relinquished in his part of the country.

Professor Qamgee said he often used sulphate of iron as a pre-

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servative, and with the greatest success. The sick animals were slaughtered, and the preparation in question was administered during thirty to forty days to the others; he only knew of one case of non-success. At any rate he held that it was important to increase our experience as to the efficacy of a remedy which was so beneficially used by himself.

No member wishing to address the meeting, the sitting was adjourned by the President to Friday morning.

Fourth Sitting.�17th July.

President Hering requested the Secretary to read over the reports of the previous meeting.

This having been done,

Professor J?uclis renewed the motion made by him in the first sitting, viz.: quot; That those diseases of animals be especially de�signated which it seems most necessary to include in a list of those calling for the interference of authority for their pre�vention.quot; Ho supported his motion by stating that, apart from its evident importance, several States were about to in�stitute new regulations with regard to the diseases of animals, or at least to submit the existing ones to a revision, and he could not but express a wish, in which he was sure those pre�sent would join, that all States should, as nearly as possible, adopt common regulations in this respect. He believed that the course of proceedings would be materially accelerated if mention were made by name of the different diseases to be included in the category in question, and he proceeded to give, by common desire, the following list:�

I.�Diseases which are transferable to mankind:

a.nbsp; Dangerous, as:�

1.nbsp; Hydrophobia.

2.nbsp; Anthrax (including Erysipelas in pigs).

3.nbsp; Glanders and Farcy.

b.nbsp; Less dangerous, as:�

4.nbsp; Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

5.nbsp; Cow-pox.

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0. Scabies in the horse, ox, and goat.

7.nbsp; Ringworm of horses and cattle.

11.�Diseases of animals not transferable to mankind :�

8.nbsp; Steppe Murrain, or Cattle Plague.

9.nbsp; Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia.

10.nbsp; Small-pox in sheep.

11.nbsp; Scab in sheep.

12.nbsp; Malignant Foot-rot in sheep. 111.nbsp; Malignant disease of stallions. 14.nbsp; Catarrhnl fever of cattle.

Iquot;). Typhus in the horse.

16.nbsp; Hydatid disease of the brain in cattle and sheep.

17.nbsp; Hydatid disease of the lungs and liver in cattle

and sheep.

18.nbsp; Trichinous disease.

19.nbsp; nbsp;Measles or cysticercus disease in pig's.

Professor Gcrlaeh, of Hanover, thought the classification of these diseases of animals, according to their transferability to the human race, to be unnecessary, and that it would but increase the difficulty of discussion; lie also opposed the admis�sion of parasitic diseases into the disease-regulations. Ho furthennore should exclude the malignant catarrhal lever of cattle, and typhus in the horse, as they are not contagious.

Professor Hering did not attach importance to the classifica�tion of diseases in order to obtain the desired result, and was of opinion that the debate upon the diseases to bo included under disease-regulations should forthwith commence in the order already given, upon winch

1. Htdkophobia

was, without debate, agreed to.

2. Antiihax.

Professor Zangger did not wish erysipelas in pigs to be ex�cluded when Anthrax was brought forward, as these two diseases often led to each other, the exact limits of the one not being therefore strictly definable, and it being difficult also to dis�tinguish the one from tiie other, lie held it to be proved that

FIRST INTEUNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 503

the erysipelas of swine was infections, as water, for example, in which the flesh of animals killed on account of the disease had been washed, and which had heeu given in soup to healthy pigs, had commuuieated the disease. In Switzerland insur�ance companies had heen formed, but the insured owners lost the greatest number of animals, as they evidently had been wanting in necessary caution. With reference to the tenacity of the contagion, he could assert, with confidence, that it was efficacious upwards of two months. Under such circumstances it was not to be wondered at that the unrestricted sale of animals suffering under this complaint should tend to propagate the disease. He must therefore vote that the final clause�with exception of erysipelas in pigs�he dropped.

Professor Fuchs declared that unfavourable results to the human race from partaking of the flesh of pigs affected by this disease were unknown to him; he had also never been able to detect in the blood of animals similarly afflicted the same appearance as those of Anthrax ; as ho, however, could not deny either the possibility of the disease passing into positive Anthrax, or that the complaints could give rise to mistakes, he was also of opinion that the disease in question should not be excluded from the influence of police-regulations.

Professor Falke agreed as to the necessity of including the disease amongst those placed under police measures, but wished a distinction to be drawn between them as applied to the different complaints.

Sir. W�rst would have Anthrax and erysipelas placed sepa�rately, under disease regulations.

Professor GerlavJi stated that erysipelas often occurred among pigs in Hanover, hut that dissection constantly bore witness against Anthrax; the latter disease he held to be non-infec�tious, as had been sufficiently proved not only by common experience but by experiments. Ho asserted confidently' that the former disease was not a form of Anthrax, but admitted the existence of Anthrax with erysipelas.

Professor Nicldas had never found symptoms of Anthrax in erysipelas in the pig; he understood this, however, to have been the case in Bavaria, and it would be therefore neces�sary to inquire whether there did not exist two forms of the

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malady. As tlie differential symptoms in each had hitherto not been fixed upon, he should also declare in favour of the admission of erysipelas under the disease-regulations.

Mr. Takoby held erysipelas to be entirely dilferent from Anthrax, as both diseases made their appearance simultaneously in different districts.

Professor Wertwig remarked that Anthrax in the common acceptance of the term was not infectious, as, for example, the Cattle Plague or the Lung Disease. It might break out in cer�tain places and districts, and was therefore a disease commu�nicating a peculiar and strong poison, but was not uuiversally contagions; it spreads under certain circumstances, as, for example, when a particular niiasm is observable either in the atmosphere or the earth, but never attacks whole droves at once. Many instances of Anthrax contagion had occurred which could not be accounted for, and the blame had been often as�cribed to occurrences which had at other times been as evident, and yet had not brought forth the disease. The complaint is therefore to be regarded as a peculiar one, and one that calls for distinct regulations from those affecting other diseases.

Dr. Maubner remarked that in districts unvisited by the real Anthrax, as, for example, in the kingdom of Saxony, the Ery�sipelas of pigs had not the anthracic symptoms. In districts, however, where Anthrax had broken out this disease of swine might well be complicated with Anthrax, and this could be proved by its being transferred to healthy animals. Fuchs' assertion that he had beim unable to detect anthracic ap�pearances in the blood of the animals suffering under Ery�sipelas simply proved that the malady under his observation was not Anthrax.

Dr. Lmering bad himself seen the appearance alluded to in the blood of swine attacked by erysipelas.

Mr. Takoly was clearly convinced that this disease existed in two different forms. The one (erysipelas), and more favourable phase, progressed but slowly; the other, with symptoms of An�thrax, was dangerously rapid ; the latter form generally made its appearance simultaneously with an outbreak of Anthrax among cattle.

Professor Hertwig was not of opinion that the presence of

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special appearances slioald lead at present to the conclusion that it was of itself a diagnostic sign of Anthrax. They are to be detected in different other diseases which had none of the characters of Anthrax. He himself had found them in the blood of a boar, which animal, after suffering for three weeks from red murrain, ultimately recovered.

Professor Fucks admitted the presence of special bodies in the blood in other maladies (as in Anthrax), too great an im�portance should not therefore be assigned to them.

Dr. Leisering believed that similar appearances were found in blood by means of the microscope which had nothing in common with those discovered by Fallender, Brauell, and Delafond, and which he himself attributed to crystallization.

President Hering called for a division upon the question: as to whether erysipelas in the pig was to be included with Anthrax ? which was negatived by a large majority.

3. Glanders and Faecy. These diseases called forth no debate.

4. Foot-and-Moutii Disease.

Professor Zangger was, generally speaking, in favour of placing this disease under police regulations ; it seldom, it was true, appeared with great severity, still its diffusion might occasion heavy losses. No regulations were enforced against it either in France, Italy, or England, precisely on account of its mild form. Other and neighbouring States were thus the more exposed to infection; he should therefore recommend that all States do act in common, towards checking the spread of this disease: separate States, acting for themselves, could never ensure the desired result.

Dr. Rueff dwelt upon the fact that the more irksome measures were taken against a disease�and police regulations are always irksome�the more unpopular were the veterinary doctors with the farmers and proprietors. To the former was ascribed all the odium attending the inconvenient measures.

Mr. May knew by experience that the disease under present consideration in his district was principally propagated by swine.

Professor Gerhch remarked that, as was generally known, the

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disease was an infectious one, and its contagion transient. To avoid inconsistency, measures should therefore be adopted towards checking its progress; and tin's would be the more easy of execution, as it was often only necessary to follow the direc�tion taken by the swine-droves. lie was therefore for measures being taken against this disease.

Pro lessor Hamp;rtvng agreed thoroughly with G erlach, and was convinced that Governments in general would willingly give their support.

Dr. Hcoihner repeated that only a system accompanied by the least possible restrictions could lead to a successful result, both as regards the prevention of this or any other disease; ho therefore would recommend the supervision of railways, by means of which diseases were carried to the greatest distances.

Professor Hertwig informed the meeting that a proposal had been made in Prussia to cleanse the carriages used on railroads for the transport of animals, by means of steam ; the end desired could be thus effectually and speedily accomplished.

Professor Hering requested the meeting to decide: Whether the Foot-and-Mouth Disease should be included among the diseases submitted to regulations ?

The question was answered in the affirmative by a largo majority.

5. Cow-rox.

Professor Fudm explained that he merely mentioned this malady in order, it' possible, to obtain matter for vaccinating purposes.

Professor Zangger believed that to take authoritative steps respecting this malady would have the effect of rendering it more secret. Premiums were already offered for the timely announcement of this disease, and yet stock proprietors seldom gave intelligence in due time of its appearance. Taken as a disease, the one in question was of so mild a nature, that it seemed superfluous to take strict preventive measures against it. Hereupon the question :

quot; Whether Cow-pox should be iucluded among the diseases subjected to police regulations ?quot;

Was unanimously negatived.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 507

6. Scabies ok Mange in Horses, Cattle, and Goats.

Dr. F'urstenberg remarked that Scabies should only he brought under discussion so far as it proceeded from the stircoptic parasite.

Dr. iuj'/Z thought it umvise to make any difference as regarded the Scab Disease, whether it be transferable to the human race or not. He therefore proposed: '�'#9632; That Scab be specially included in the disease-regulations;quot; and that thereby a special notice of sheep-scab became unnecessary.

President Hering took the votes, when Dr. Il�lVs motion was

quot;8

reed to.

7. ElNG-WORM AMONGST HOUSES AND CATTLE.

Professor Fuchs was of opinion that this malady should be in�cluded among those which require authoritative measures, as the transmission of Herpes from these animals to the human race had been ofteu observed.

Dr. Fiu-stenhurg said that if these two diseases were included in the order at present under discussion�viz., those diseases which were transferable to the human race,�then the Herpes tonsuraus of dogs should not be omitted.

Several Members having borne testimony to the mild nature of the complaint, its slight infectious qualities, and its easily-effected cure, the question, quot; Whether Ringworm of horses, cattle, and dogs, be included among those requiring authori�tative measures for their prevention ? quot; was unanimously answered in the negative.

8.nbsp; Eestdbepest (Cattle Plague).

9.nbsp; Pleuro-fneumonia. 10. Sheep-pox.

President Hering remarked that there existed no doubt what�ever concerning the necessity of placing the two first-mentioned diseases under preventive measures : they had already been subjects for discussion. A.s for the Sheep-pox, it would, by desire of several members, form, at a later period, a separate subject for discussion.

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U. Sheep-scab.

It having been already resolved that scabies be '�specially included in the preventive regulations,quot; this disease was passed over.

12. Malignant Foot-eot in Sheep

was, without debate, agreed to.

13. Malignant Disease of Stallions.

Dr. F�rstenberg was of opinion tbat the term quot; malignant quot; was a misnomer, as no malignancy existed ; that the complaint which hitherto bore tbis name was eitber tbe common disease of the generative organs, in a higher degree, or else glanders or farcy, and these latter were well known to be transferable to mankind. lie did not think, therefore, that the malady in question should be included among those proposed for regu�lation.

Dr. Roll disagreed with tbis assertion, and declared tbat a malignant stallion's disease existed in reality, and that Dr. Maresch had described it fully in tbe Austrian Quarterly Vete�rinary Revieiv. In various parts of Austria this malady had been carefully observed not to begin merely with deep ulcerat�ing sores, but also with lameness, in which case exudation in the course of tbe nerves, as well as dropsical appearances on the membranes of the spinal cord, had been found. 'Die disease but seldom changed into glanders, although resembling it very closely. He was decidedly of opinion that the disease in question should be included under the regulations.

Professor Hartwig entertained no doubt as to the existence of the malady in question, and its difference from glanders. He cited as examples geldings, standing in close vicinity, had never yet caught the disease, nor did tbe lameness appear in glanders or farcy.

Professor-Henn^¹ asked the meeting, quot;Whethertbe Malignant Stallion's Disease should be included among those subjected to preventive measures?quot; which question was answered in the affirmative.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 509

14. Malignant Catakrhal Feveb in Cattle,

Professor JW�laquo; advocated tlie admission of this malady among those subjected to restrictive regulations, as it had been observed to appear at different times over an extensive district, and had sIrwii itself to be contagious. It had thus emptied many stables in Upper Baden, and eighty head of cattle had died from its attack. It had at first been taken for the common Cattle Plague, or for some disease similar in its symptoms, and it was commonly believed to have been introduced by Hungarian swine.

Dr. Iveraen (Holstein) corroborated, in one instance, the occurrence of the disease by means of infection.

Professor Gerlach stated that lie had observed the repeated reappearance of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, not only in the same stable, but in the same stalls. The newly-purchased animals suffered most; and in a few years a not inconsiderable number bad been seized with the complaint. Hitherto this illness had been unknown in the place, and the cattle had remained healthy in spite of the lowness and badness of their stables. A fire having, however, taken place, the stables had been newly built ou higher ground, and exposed to a pretty strong draught of air. The malady then broke out, and only ceased when the doors on the weather side had been walled up.

Dr. May (Weihenstephan) had also had this disease under his hands, and remarked that cattle placed in very airy stables took the disease during two consecutive years, and that the disease disappeared when the animals had been brought back to their former more protected stable. He had never observed an infectious case.

Professor Hcrtwig held the disease in question to be one which owed its origin to some peculiar local miasm, which, under certain circumstances, brought forth contagion ; and that, in such cases, it became particularly the veterinary surgeon's duty to induce the authorities to take the requisite preventive steps. The malady, however, not being one which called for universal measures of prevention, he should not vote f( gt;r its being included among those diseases which require authoritative inter�vention.

Professor Zander stated that the Malignant Catarrhal Fever of

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cattle, also called Head Disease, seldom occurred with stable-feed�ing; and that mostly young cattle that had been ranch exposed to the wind were seized by it. The disease had been constantly overpowered when the young cattle had been fed on less exposed pasture-ground, when the more draughty pasturage had been allotted to other animals, and when convenient places of shelter had been erected. He was, therefore, opposed to restrictions being placed upon trade in the ease of this disease.

Dr. Falke considered the malady in question a typhoid disease, which he thought explained why, at different times, it had been found infections, and at other times not.

Dr. Roll agreed with Professor Hertwig, that a malady occa�sioned bv mere local eft'ects of niiasm or situation was not one to be classified among the more serious maladies which call for universal regulations.

Professor Hering summed up the debate; whereupon the meeting agreed acjainst including quot; Malignant Catarrhal Pover of Kuminants quot; among the diseases which call for intervention.

15. Ttphus of the House.

Professor Fuchs, to fortify his opinion that this disease should be included among those calling for preventive measures, stated the malady had at times proved itself to be infectious.

Dr. Hauhner had never known the disease in question to bo of an infectious nature, and was for its exclusion.

Professor R�U remarked that Typhus in the horse was subject, in Austria, to preventive laws, but as a form of Anthrax, which measure had been found useful. Typhus was, by several patho-logists, included under the head of Anthrax ; and, as the latter had already been agreed to, he thought that the denomination quot;Typhusquot; might as well be dropped.

On the question being put to the vote, it was agreed that the disease be struck out of the number of those requiring adminis�trative interference.

16. Hydatid Disease of the Brain -in Cattle and Sheep.

17. Hvdatid Disease of the Ltxngs and Liveu in Cattle and Sheep.

IS. Tbiohinods Disease.

FIRST INTEBNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 511

19. Measles, or Cysticeeous Disease in Pigs.

Professor.JW�s stated that the inclusion of parasitic diseases (with the exception of such as proceed from worms) had been recommended on various sides, and wished to know the opinion of the meeting on the subject.

Professor Nlcldas did not class these diseases with those requiring police regulation, it being quite impossible to take steps against them.

Professor Bull thought that the maladies in question belonged more to medical than to veterinary inspection.

Professor Falke did not wish for a separation between medical and veterinary police regulations.

Professor Nieklas expressed a contrary opinion.

Dr. Hauhner held that parasitic diseases more directly con�cerned proprietors than the public, which should be kept in view throughout, and that they should therefore not be included in a category, only meant to comprise infectious diseases. More�over, ho agreed with Professor Nieklas, that a line should bo drawn between medical regulations, which were for the protec�tion of mankind, and veterinary regulations, which were intended for the preservation and protection of the lower animals.

Professor Fuchs rejoined, that however right Hauhner might be in the main, yet it would be impossible to effect a total separation, because the Trichinous Disease of pigs affected the safety of mankind as well as that of animals, and it was well known that trichinous flesh caused illness, and that the Hydatid Disease of sheep could be imparted to other sheep through the trpnia of the dog.

Dr. M�ller (Vienna) also differed from Hauhner; in his opinion it was not possible to separate medical from veterinary police regulations. The veterinary surgeon in the inspection of meat accomplished a purely medical duty, and no one could doubt but that he was called upon to perform, and was most fitted for, that duty.

Professor Hauhner allowed that the veterinary surgeon, in the execution of veterinary police measures, contributed indirectly to the protection of human health ; still ho was not directly called upon to do so, any more than a doctor of medicine would con�sider it his duty to protect the lower animals from disease.

quot;#9632;#9632;*

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Professor Fuchs held it to be a duty incumbent on the veterin�ary surgeon to render his profession as useful towards the protection of mankind as of animals; with regard, however, to animal diseases produced by parasites, he did not insist upon their being included in the disease regulations, as they would be easier dealt with in the meat-inspection instructions.

Professor iJ�ZZ was of the same opinion, but recommended that an exception be made with regard to trichinous disease, which, being equally dangerous to man and beast, seemed to call, for direct preventive measures.

Professor Nicklas thought that if police regulations should be found necessary against triclniuv, the same should equally be applied to Cysticerous Disease in pigs.

Upon a division, the great majority present declared their opinion to be that:

None of the parasitic diseases above referred to should be included amongst the plagues, as they could not be regarded as properly belonging to the class of infectious diseases.

Professor Hering hereupon informed the Congress of the result of the debate, which was to the effect that the following diseases of animals require veterinary police preventive measures, and were therefore especially to be considered in regulations against the spread of epizootics :�

Hydrophobia.

Anthrax.

Glanders and Farcy.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Scabies.

Rinderpest or Steppe Murrain.

Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia.

Small-pox in sheep.

Malignant Foot-rot in sheep,

Malignant Disease of stallions.

Professor Zangger called attention to the importance Avhich railroads had attained with regard to the cattle traffic, and, as they were the principal means of rapidly disseminating infec�tious diseases, he moved as follows:

quot; The meetin�; should draw the attention of all Governments

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERIXAIiY CONGRESS. 513

to the necessity of instituting a veterinary supervision on railroads.quot;

Professor FncJis stated that in the Grand Duchy of Baden the question of checking the propagation of the Lung Disease through the railway traffic had already been discussed, and it had been suggested either to cleanse the cattle-waggons constantly and adequately, or at least to give the public the option of choosing carriages similarly purified, of which a requisite number should be always kept in readiness.

President Hering took the votes of the meeting upon Zangger's motion, which was unanimously agreed to as a Resolution.

Professor Gerlach had often observed that the authorities in Hanover had raised difficulties with regard to the final ex�amination or inspection upon the disappearance of infectious diseases; he held the latter to be a most important measure and moved therefore that:

quot; The meeting do give it as its opinion that, in cases of pesti�lential and infectious diseases, a veterinary inrpiiry is necessary to attest the total disappearance of the disease.quot;

Several members having stated that in their countries a similar regulation already existed,

President Ileriiifj, with Professor G-erlach's consent, worded the motion as follows :

quot; The meeting is of opinion that, in countries where a similar measure does not already exist, a veterinary enquiry should bo instituted into infections diseases of animals, in order to ascer�tain their existence both at the commencement and the end of outbreaks.quot;

The motion as altered, was accepted unanimously.

President Hering now proposed Sheep-pox as a suitable subject for careful discussion; this disease having caused very con�siderable losses in different countries, although comparatively unknown in Southern Germany.

Professor Cramgee (Edinburgh) introduced the subject by a lengthened discourse upon the propagation of the disease.

President Hering did not doubt but that through the inocu�lation of Sheep-pox its contagion might be of longer duration, and the disease spread more rapidly, unless the same sanitary

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regulations were applied to inoculated flocks as to tliose suffering under the natural disease; he moved therefore :

quot; That inoculated docks be treated in the same manner as those suffering from the natural form of the disease.quot;

This was unanimously agreed to.

The day being far advanced, the sitting was now closed, and the further debate upon Sheep-pox postponed until the next sitting, which was iked for Saturday, the ISth of July.

Professor Hertwig, who was prevented by professional duties from attending the next sitting, took leave of his colleagues in the following words :

Gentlemen and colleagues,�before wo separate, allow me, in a few words, to express the feelings both of gratitude and of pleasure which our meeting and the debates to which it has o-iven rise have afforded me. I beg to express mv thanks in the first place to those among us who gave the first impulse to the meeting, as well as to those who so promptly followed tbe invitation. Not only has an opportunity been thus afforded us, dispersed as we necessarily are, of becoming personally ac�quainted with colleagues of far distant lands, and of renewing old acquaintance and friendship, but we have been enabled to prove to the world that there arc men in the veterinary pro�fession who, regardless of personal interest, neither fear the loss of time nor money, if by incurring both they can by means of their scientific experience contribute to the general good. For we have been principally drawn here together by the wish to discuss the existing veterinary police rules and regulations, and if possible to effect their reform according to tbe present views of veterinary science. We cannot, of course, without incurring the reproach of egotism, judge as yet impartially of the probable success of our undertaking, or what impression we may have made upon the educated world; indeed we can scarcely speak of results obtained at all, for we have but laid the foundation of our work, and have only devoted sixteen hours to that pur�pose ; of one thing I am however convinced, viz. that we have made a good beginning; we have, by discussion, obtained a more accurate knowledge of our different veterinary laws and regulations, and a better insight into their shortcomings than

FIRST IXTKliNATIONAI. VETERINARY CONGRESS. 515

we could have acquired by our studies, so that in om- future debates a constant improvement in our suggestions may be con�fidently expected. This, in itself, is a result which, as a first step in the right direction, may well satisfy us. Far more, however, do I rejoice when I observe how many here present have taken part in our tranquil and scientific discussions, and recollect that forty-five years ago, when I first be anie a ve�terinary student, this would have been totally impossible. For, in those days, what veterinary surgeon could have taken initi�atory steps towards the improvement of veterinary police regu�lations? Whose knowledge or experience could then have warranted such a step? Were they not then almost exclusively confined to the doctor of medicine? How could we possibly imagine the fact of a congress of one hundred or more well-educated veterinary surgeons? Eejoice, then, with me, honour�able colleagues, that our science has made such progress and enjoys the same privileges as its sister science of medicine, and that its professors have become both morally and scientifically independent, and that many enjoy the highest consideration. We may hope, from this progress, that the shortcomings in our knowledge and profession will gradually vanish; let us therefore, in this hope, cheerfully work on until our next pleasant meeting. I wish all a very hearty farewell!

The President thanked Professor Hertwig, in the name of the Congress, for his cordial support, which was the more welcome, having for its basis, reputation and long experience

Fifth Sitting, 18th July.

After the reading of the last debates by the Secretary had been gone through, a communication from Veterinary-Surgeon Schutt (Wismar), whom duty had called away, was read to the meeting. It was to the effect that the ordinary sheep-pox bad broken out in three different flocks, partly in very malignant form, even after an apparently successful inoculation with va-riolous matter.

Professor Roll communicated observations which had been made in the Imperial Veterinary College of Vienna, where an

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establishment existed fur the preservation of sheep-pox matter, and which corresponded with those of ScMtt:�while, as a general rule, inoculation had a merely local preservatory effect,

yet of late years annual courses Lad occurred during- which small-pox had manifested itself as the result: of inoculation in several cases; but was succeeded by an universal outbreak; so that the impression arose that inoculation had been of no use to the animals, and that the general outbreak of the disease was perhaps directly ascribable to its effects. That isolated sheep-pox pustules manifesting themselves also on other parts of the body than those inoculated has been occasionally observed. This fact, however, bad nothing to do with the universal out�break following inoculation; and it must be remarked, that neither the isolation of the inoculated animals, nor the disin�fection of the stable, had any influence upon the course of the disease. As lymph was used which had been carried through many removes, these facts would serve to corroborate Schutts assumption, that possibly there are instances during certain seasons in which inoculation produced a general outbreak.

Professor Qerlacli drew attention to several points which in an universal eruption of pox may bo described as causal. To these belong the use of lymph which had been preserved in great quantities, without the previous inoculation of a certain number of sheep from which fresh lymph might have been taken. Also the tardy employment of the inoculating matter when the lymph had begun to decompose ; thus the effect was but weak, and the period of incubation prolonged; and during this period a universal exanthematous outbreak developed itself. He had, in another case, when the inoculating matter used was perfect of its kind, laid the blame on the bad weather, during which the flocks were compelled to remain in the stables; he believed that, in this case, the conlined atmosphere had become impreg�nated with the small-pox poison, and that the universal con�tagion had exerted its influence simultaneously with the inocu�lating matter, and thus caused the universal outbreak. If one of these causes had not constantly intervened, at any rate he could confidently state, that in all cases in which the period of incubation had been retarded lie had also remarked a general outbreak of small-pox.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 517

Dr. Pittwax had often had occasion to inoculate, but rarely observed a general outbreak to follow the operation, and then only in such cases when the sheep were weak, and more especially when they were confined in close badly ventilated stables. He therefore caused the inoculated sheep to be kept in their separate stables, where three or four stood together, and took care not to allow a great number to congregate. He would not altogether deny that especially unfavourable years may contribute to the spreading of the disease through inocula�tion ; but ho thought it was not sufficiently proved, and his experience spoke to the contrary.

Professor Gamgee related the case of a flock in which inocu�lation had been unsuccessfully tried twice, on some animals three times; and in which, after an interval of three weeks, the natural disease was thought to have broken out: upon investigation it Mas found however to be the inoculated disease, or the result of inoculation.

Professor-Hmlaquo;^ believed, that although many causes had been cited, especially by Gerlach, who had witnessed perhaps the most of such cases, still the explanation of a general outbreak after inoculation remained difficult of solution ; it should not, however, be forgotten, that the inoculated animals became conductors of the contagion, which could the more easily cause a general outbreak if other circumstances � such as close, warm, and crowded stables�contributed their influences. The inoculated sheep were thus artificially infected ; but, during the period required for inoculation to take effect over the whole body, they had caught the natural infection, which had taken effect some time after the first.

Professor Ilaulmer remarked that these after-eruptions only made their appearance when�as a proprietor in Pomerania assured him, whose flocks were inoculated by shepherds�the inoculation had passed over very mildly; a circumstance which led him to suspect that the inoculation had been performed with powerless lymph, lie held it dangerous to place sheep in very warm stables before the fever has passed away. Upon the question of the President as to. How to distinguish the eruptions followed by immunity from disease, from others ? llaubucr said, by the more rapid course of the latter.

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Dr. Mtorm remarked, that in Mecklenburg, where greater losses had been sustained than elsewhere (sixteen to twenty per cent.), inoculation was performed almost exclusively by veterinary surgeons. He also ascribed the ensuing general out�break in part to the great heat; ho had been more fortunate with protective inoculation. During the previous autumn, he had produced very perfect eruptions when the temperature of the stable was only from one to two degrees of heat; below freezing-point he was unsuccessful.

Professor Unterlerger, Sen. had in his former place of resi�dence (Simbiuk, in Inner Russia), almost every year, the oppor�tunity of witnessing the disease; he stated that inoculation was there restricted to the superior flocks of greater proprietors, whilst the common country sheep were never inoculated at all. Although the natural disease was generally of a mild character, and although inoculation had been very successfully practised, still there had been years when not only enormous losses oc�curred among the common country sheep, but when inocula�tion had occasioned as great devastations among the better sheep as would have been caused by means of natural infection. In other parts yearly courses had occurred, in which the loss from common infection amoiiquot; the countrv sheep had been but small (two to three per cent.), whereas the losses amongst the superior flocks had invariably been greater. He had seen small-pox in a flock in Liefland only once in thirteen years, it was impossible to discover whence the disease had come; it was fortunately conquered by means of inoculation. In 1833 he visited Prince Esterhazy's sheep-folds in Hungary; the prince then kept a separate inoculating establishment, and inoculation was con�stantly performed by three veterinary surgeons especially ap�pointed for that purpose; on the year in question there had been a greater number of victims than usual. He was of opinion, therefore, that Sch�tt's question should bo answered in the affirmative, viz.. That Small-pox as well as the Cattle Plague, which is also susceptible of the same change in its natural course as after inoculation, and indeed as every other infectious disease, assumes a more mahgnant form in certain years than in others.

Professor Gerlach here remarked, that he had only given it as his opinion that a general outbreak after inoculation could be

FIRST INTERNATJOXAL VETEUIXARY CONURESS.

511)

traced sometimes with tolerable accuracy tu certain causes, but that in general it was inexplicable.

Dr. F�rstenherg ascribed tlie frequent appearance of the disease in question in Northern Germany to the circumstance that the necessary prudential measures, such as isolation, Sec, had not been observed in various districts of the country with regard to flocks which had been inoculated. With regard to the cases quoted by Schutt, he reminded the meeting that in those years in which the real sheep-pox raged as an epizootic, inoculation�far from hindering its outbreak�spread the con�tagion, and hastened it far more than would have been the case in the ordinary course of the epidemic.

Dr. Haubner advised that in recommending inoculation as a preventive measure against the disease, a distinction should be strictly drawn between protective and necessary inoculation.

The following question was then put to the meeting: '�Should inoculation (in cases of imminent danger of disease being brought in before an outbreak has taken place in the dock), be recommended as a preventive measure against the propaga�tion of the sheep-pox ?quot; and carried.

The second question : quot; Should protective inoculation (inocu�lation of lambs in districts where the disease docs not prevail) be recommended as a measure against sheep-pox? quot; was answered in the negative.

Professor Haubner was by no means satisfied that protective inoculation should have been negatived as a preventive measure against the spreading of sheep-pox, if the aim in view was to be the eradication of the disease; he was inclined to go a step further, and proposed therefore: quot;That protective inoculation should be forbidden by police regulation,quot; for what was not forbidden was sanctioned.

Dr. Fv/rstenherg concluded from the last motion that the disease was only considered as a contagion, and that other general causes were ignored which he was of opinion might exert a material influence.

Professor Gerlach considered a division upon Dr. Haubner's amendment unnecessary, as the meeting has already recognised the necessity of treating the inoculated flocks similarly to those infected bv the disease.

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Professor Stock�eth (Copenhagen) assured tlie meeting that in Denmark both inoculated and infected Hocks were placed under police surveillance.

Dr. Hanhner withdrew his amendment.

The President thereupon invited the Assembly to propose further subjects for discussion.

Mr. Adam (Augsburg) referred to the programme of the present Congress, in which, most properly, a great value was ascribed to statistics upon the prevailing infectious diseases of animals and upon cattle traffic. The necessary sources of informa�tion were wanting to enable him to give statistical details upon the cattle trade in Bavaria: on the other hand the commercial summary of the Central-office of the Confederation (Central Bureau des Zollvereins), furnished information concerninir the cattle-trade movements in Germany. In order to produce sta�tistics relating to infectious diseases, it would be necessary that Reports, according to a particular form, should be revised by veterinary surgeons and published by order of the higher autho�rities. The veterinary organisation should undergo a revision itself if these statistics were to be of any value It seemed almost unnecessary to describe the usefulness of similar statis�tics ; the veterinary Reports which had been published in different raquo;States were in themselves a sufficient proof. He moved that the meeting express it as its opinion: quot; That all States (in which this is not already an existing institution), should possess and publish statistics founded upon veterinary reports on infectious diseases.quot;

Dr Rueff held that it would be very difficult to produce works in any way approaching to accuracy, and asked for information as to the means to be employed in order to arrive at the correct figures.

Professor Nicldas did not think that the difficulties would be so very great in countries where the veterinary profession was duly organized. On the outbreak of an infectious disease, a veterinary surgeon might be commissioned by government to watch its progress, to ensure the employment of all existing preventive measures, and, above all, to register the entire stock. This official should at fixed intervals report to his superiors, and these Reports, together with a final one upon the

P1EST INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 521

extinction of the disease, sliould contain its description, tlie increase and decrease of stock, any especial remarks upon tlio complaint, and at the end of the year bo pat together and sent to the highest authority to be confided to one hand for the pur�pose of revisal and publication. Thus it would be possible to obtain, without much trouble, statistics upon diseases prevalent during the year.

Professor Fuchs recognised the value of disease-statistics and the publication of particular observations made during the pre�valence of a disease; he also thought the plan proposed by the former speaker a feasible one; he feared, however, that the accuracy of these Reports would suffer much from the usual concealment of the disease.

Professor StocJcflctJi did not consider the unavoidable con�cealment of the disease to ha of such moment that it sliould much diminish the value of disease-statistics. In Denmark all veterinary surgeons were bound to keep statistical tables of infectious diseases, and to send them in once a year. A general summary was then published in the newspapers.

Dr. Kiriberg (Stockholm) stated that an institution similar to that in Denmark, existed in Sweden.

Dr. lineff admitted that the law in W�rtemberg ordered, on the extinction of a disease, Reports as to the numbers of sick, dead, and killed; still an accurate account was seldom given by the proprietors of stock, and the research was a source of great per�sonal trouble and loss of time to the veterinary surgeon.

Dr. Adam endeavoured to dispute the accuracy of the above remarks by observing that doubtless many present had been commissioned, under police sanitary measures, to watch over live�stock, and had been enabled to keep exact lists without incurring much trouble. He would aim, however, principally towards obtaining a thorough re-organization of the veterinary faculty : once in possession of a well-appointed system of investigation and inspection, the most beneficial results might reasonably be expected.

Dr. Schmelz stated that in the Electorate of Hesso-Cassel the enumeration of live-stock was made by the different district authorities, and that no obstacle intervened to prevent its ac�curacy ; the veterinary surgeons had moreover to send in their own Reports.

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Dr. M�ller believed that similar institutions existed in all States where sanitary laws were in some measure well regulated; in Austria such had beeu the ease for many years.

President Hering thought that there could be no danger what�ever in expressing to the different governments, which as yet lack a similar reform, the mIsIi contained in Mr. Adam's motion, und on a division the motion was unanimously agreed to.

.Professor Fuchs introduced a question, apparently of inter�national interest, viz.: quot; Whether it be advisable to advocate the founding olquot; veterinary experimental establishments ?quot; Under this title, he meant establishments in which scientific experiments could be made upon the origin and spread of dis�eases; upon inoculation and its preservative power, not only against the Lung Disease but against all infectious maladies; upon the etfect of medicinal remedies; in short, upon all subjects connected with veterinary science. It would form a further subject for enquiry whether experimental departments should be fbuucled in the differ.eut veterinary colleges and agricultural societies, or whether similar institutions should remain inde�pendent of all other branches.

Professor-ZVicMiS was of opinion that such establishments were; much to be wished for, as there were a number of questions the solution of which would require a series of accurate experiments. The veterinary surgeon alone, in daily practice, and even vete�rinary colleges themselves, could not arrive at the desired results : they had no time for thorough research. Experimental establishments, acting on that principle alone, could draw up special accounts and lists, and by these means science might be enabled to make greater progress in a few years than had hitherto been possible in treble the amount of time, lie again gave his warm adhesion to the plan proposed, but he was unable to suggest how the means were to be obtained for the purpose of setting it on foot.

Professor Zangger agreed with Dr. Nicklas, that many ques�tions of importance still required solution ; but that result could better be achieved in the first place by means of men of talent and self-denial than of money and assistance of the most varied kind. The question was not merely how to achieve a directly useful result; an inner conviction became necessary, and it was

FIRST 1NTERNATI0KAL VETEIUNAUY CONGRESS. 523

to be feared that a merely mechanical management of experi�ments would fail to give the desired scieutitic result. Public money would be required for the purpose, and a reaction in public opinion would soon be manifest, as the uninitiated were apt only to appreciate rapid and self-evident results, to the total disregard of the interests of science. The universal endeavour towards the solution of controversial questions would soon sub�side, as the State would submit their decision unhesitatingly to such as were appointed by itself for the purpose. lie thought that the State should support men and institutions for the pur�poses enumerated ; he did not favour the idea of founding sepa�rate veterinary experimental establishments.

Professor Ilauhner declared that during his ten years' sojourn in Saxony the Government had never once denied him pe�cuniary assistance towards carrying out experiments, as was well known from the publication of the results thereby obtained. Only very lately a physiologico-chemical experimental depart�ment had been added to the veterinary college; also a special chemist had been attached to his own particular department. Veterinary colleges were not always able to make the necessary experiments; they were often in want of the requisite material. lie was at a loss to account for such questions being put to veterinary colleges as, for example, the origin and dissemination of diseases such as Anthrax, Plenro-pneumonia, Influenza, amp;e. The practitioner had a far more favourable opportunity for ob�servation, and by a careful taking of notes and their publication, was enabled to arrive sooner at distinct conclusions, than could be done in experimental establishments. The progress which had been made of late years in veterinary science was far more due to some men of greater learning and research than we had formerly than to any establishment. He would not support the measure; if however any one should wish to prosecute the scheme, and were in possession of the requisite appurtenances, he doubted not but that any government would grant the necessary funds.

Dr. May stated that the Chambers in Bavaria had increased their grants to the veterinary college, expressing the wish that experiments�both physiological and pathological�should be made. This had been done both in the college and in the quot;Central Schule.quot; He had, however, always been of opinion

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that largo funds, roomy quarters, and much time, were z^-eqmsite for experiments on a greater scale; lie could not speak favour�ably of separate experimental establishments, as tlio necessary money for their foundation would hardly he forthcoming. He hclieved that such institutions might be useful if united to veterinary colleges or agricultural societies; and in such a case, however, the means at disposal should be carefully considered.

Professor Gcrlaeh was of opinion that veterinary colleges must first of all look to their own support. Experiments might then be tried when this first end had been accomplished, lie fully believed that every government was ready to advance the neces�sary funds, if only convinced of the worth and zeal of the pro�fessors. Another question arose, whether it would not be better to unite the physiological experimental establishments to the veterinary colleges, as was the case in Saxony, than to agri�cultural schools: he was decidedly in favour of the former. Jn the latter establishments there was generally but one com�petent judge; the experiments made, therefore lacked the con-clusiveness necessarily arrived at by different professors in a veterinary college.

President iZmnlaquo;/ reminded the meeting that experiments have been made for a long time past at the different agricultural and veterinary colleges with great success, and it is to be wished that they may be continued on a yet larger scale, but that this question does not belong to the programme. It was different with the resolution proposed by Professor Fuchs (founding of independent experimental establishments), and lie invites the meeting to give their opinion by vote on that subject. On dividing, the quot; Founding of independent veterinary experi�mental establishments,quot; was negatived.

Professor Falke (Jena) had made observations on influenza, and published a pamphlet upon that disease. As the latter might be unknown to some of the members present, he offered a number of copies for present perusal; remarking, however, that he did not wish to call forth a discussion, yet was quite ready to answer any objections which might be brought against his views.

He also presented copies of his brochure, 'Anthrax and Hydro�phobia are Typhoids, and can be eradicated by means of Inocu�lation.'

FIRST INTBBNATIONAL VETERINABY CONGRESS. 525

Professor Fuclis laid before tlie mcetino- the Commission's lloports, and a Treatise upon the Veterinary Profession in Baden, which were placed at the disposal of the present meeting by the Agricultural Society of that country, tie stated that this Society had resolved to bring about, if possible, a better organization of the veterinary service, as well as to prevent the spreading of the Lung Disease. The following measures laquo;ere kept principally in view with regard to the latter, viz.:�1st. The classification of Lung Disease among the defects (subject to the law of want of warranty); 2ndly. The revised of the police regulations against Lung Disease ; 3rdly. The encouragement of voluntary assurance societies; 4.tlily. The inspection of animal-transport by railway.

Professor M�ller wished that a common opinion could be arrived at as to the equal duration in all countries of the war�ranty period against the Lung Disease (viz. the length of the period daring which the seller of diseased animals is compelled by the above law of quot;want of warrantquot; to indemnify the buyer).

No motion being however proposed on the subject.

President Hering renewed the motion made by Professor G-amgee in the first sitting :

'� Relating to the nomination of a select committee to assist the chair.quot;

Professor Roll believed that unless the business of a similar committee was to comprise the introduction of the next Congress, it might easily be dispensed with ; for it could not be expected to carry through any of the proposed measures: only the dele�gates of the different Governments had it in their power to make Reportlaquo; to those by whom they were sent, and personally to advocate the execution of the measures recommended by the Congress.

If the duty of such a committee were to consist also in the verification of the Reports, he believed that the account of the debates would thereby lose in impartiality; it would be sub�jected to improvements, and things would appear which had never been spoken, in this meeting. He was of opinion that, as a President and two Secretaries have been chosen by common

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consent and with tlio ful] confidence of the Assembly, the de�livery of the Report may safely he confided to them.

President Hering defined the duty of a committee to consist in seeing to the execution of the business confided to the chair, and to provide proxies or representatives in case they should be wanted.

This speaker believed it to be decidedly necessary, as the bureau had agreed:

quot; That the Report of tlie present proceedings bo printed, sub�mitted to the Governments of all States, and that a copy be sent to each member of the Congress,quot; in case the assembly gave its consent hereto.

The meeting, rising in a body, notify their consent to the motion.

Professor Niehlas held the drawing up of the Report to be the business of the present existing bureau; and the initiatory measures towards the next Congress, and laying down of the questions which wen; then to form subjects of discussion, to belong to the committee. He did not think it right that the latter duties should devolve upon the present bureau, as, ac�cording to an oft-repeated wish, the next Veterinary Congress was to be held in Vienna, which city is not the place of residence of either the present President or Secretaries.

Professor Hauhncr proposed that the meeting follow the ex�ample given by the meetings of the German Naturalists and Doctors, which always chose a president for the duration of their assembly, with one or two managers of the business de-partment. The place of meeting was proposed two years pre�viously, and on the following year definitively fixed upon. First of all it was necessary to understand whether the assembly intended to meet again, where and when, and to whom the cur�rent business was to bo confided.

Professor iZmn^ remarked that as it had already been decided that a Veterinary Congress might be called again together, whi(d) other extraneous undertakings might induce veterinary surgeons to join, Vienna would doubtless meet with no dissentient voice if proposed as the next place of rendezvous. As, however, the period for the Exhibition to be held in that city was not yet

FIRST INTEENATIONAL VETRR1XARY CONGRKSS. 527

definitively fixed, the date for the Veterinary Congress should be tixed by those members to whom the current business was confided.

Mr. WaeltJier (Bautzen), without furtlier introduction, pro�posed :

'�' That the Professors of the Vienna Veterinary College, Messrs. Roll, M�ller, and Pillwax, here present, be chosen as a Superintending Committee, and that the choice of President be made on the meeting' of the Assembly.quot;

The meeting unanimously accepted the proposal.

Professor Midler expressed thanks for the confidence reposed in himself and colleagues, and accepted in his own and their name the duties implied by the choice of the meeting. He believed that the assembly would agree:

quot; That the second Veterinary Congress should take place in Vienna in 1865, should the agricultural show or exhibition take place in thai city during that year;�should the latter, however, bo postponed till 1866, then the Congress should also be held a year later.quot;

President Hering concurred, and the assembly agreed unani�mously to the motion.

The question whether North and Southern Germany should bo visited, as is the case of the meetings of doctors, natural�ists, and landed-proprietors, was not followed up.

Professor Gamgee remarked that not only Germany, but also Switzerland, France, or England might be chosen as places for future meetings.

Professor M�ller proposed that the meeting do express their thanks, by rising, to

#9632;' The present committee for the friendly and obliging per�formance of the duties devolving upon them during the �rst international Congress.quot;

The assembly rose.

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OFFICIAL EBPOET

OF THE

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF VETEEINABY SUEGEONS.

Befobe drawing up the following Report of the proceedings of the Second Inteniatioiml Congress of Veterinary Surgeons, some discussion arose as to one of two courses which should be adopted in laying the deliberations of the members before the piihlh�first, whether tlie proceedings should be submitted in a summary form; and, second, whether it would not be better to give the speeches and resolutions exactly as taken by the steno�graphic writers present at the Congress. It was at length decided in favour of the latter course, so that those not present at the Congress might have an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the entire range of deliberations, and with the arguments which led to the adoption of the resolutions; besides, such a treasure of valuable observations, experiences, and facts had been elicited during the debates that it was deemed advisable for the dissemination of sound doctrine to submit the Report in a complete form; it is therefore, with the exception of repetitions, and more especially of continually recurring phrases, nearly the same as in the shorthand writers' notes.

The First Internationa] Congress of Veterinary Surgeons which assembled in Hamburg in 18C3 selected at its fifth sit�ting on the 18th July as place of meeting for the next Congress the city of Vienna, and the professors of the Vienna Veterinary Institute who were present�Drs. M�ller, Pill wax, and Eoll� were commissioned to make the necessary preliminary arrange�ments. As it was understood that during 1865 or 1866, an international exhibition of the produce of industry, commerce, and agriculture would take place in Vienna, it was resolved, that the Veterinary Congress should meet at the same time. Immediately on his return from Hamburg, Dr. Roll reported to

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAR'S CONGRESS. ^29

the Austrian Ministry oi' State, which, by order of the Emperor, had nominated Mm to the First Congress, that tlio selection for the meeting of the Second Congress had fallen on Vienna ; he likewise submitted on the 1st of February, 1864, to the same Ministry, in the name of the preliminary Committee, the Official Report of the Congress in Eamburg, which was forwarded to him by Dr. von Hering.

By a decree of the Ministry of State, dated June 20, 1864, the preliminary Committee were informed that the Emperor had given permission on the 24th of April, 18�4, that the meeting of the Second International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons, should be held in Vienna. Meanwhile the hope that an international exhibition would take place at Vienna, either iu 1865 or ISG'6 was disappointed; ii became therefore the duty of the Com�mittee to learn if a larger agricultural show would be arranged during the course of the year, at a time when the teachers of the veterinary schools of the different States of Europe and veterinary surgeons practising their profession would be able to leave their homes in order to participate in the deliberations of the Second Congress oi' Veterinary Surgeons, which should be called together at the same time. At the commencement of 1865, it was ascertained that no agricultural show on an extensive scale would take place during August and September, LSfl�, the Royal Agricultural Society having fixed upon May, 1866, as the best time to exhibit the agricultural produce of the empire. Although, therefore, the projected exhibition would have con�tained many interesting and instructing objects, yet was it not considered advisable to delay the period of meeting of the Inter�national Congress, as it was much doubted whether many veterinarians would be able to participate in its deliberations in the month of May. Invitations for the meeting of the Congress wore accordingly issued, the Committee selecting, as best suited for their purpose, the year ISfi�, which year had already been decided on in Hamburg, in the event of no international exhibi�tion being appointed to take place in Vienna.

In the mean time, the Committee communicated with the former President of the First Congress in Hamburg, Dr. von Hering, about the selection of subjects for the deliberation of the next Congress, and. after the Imperial Academy of Science

quot; 2 M

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had placed the required accommodation in their buildings ;it the disposal of the Congress for its meetings, on the 3�th of March, 18(J5, the following circular was sent to every member of the Hamburg Assembly, to all veterinary colleges, to the more prominent agricultural schools, to veterinary and agricul�tural societies, and to numerous personages throughout Europe, lilling (listinguislied positions in veterinary science :�

The First Interaational Congress of Veterinary Surgeons, which met during the year 1863 in Hamhurg, at the instigation of Professor Gamgee of Edinburgh and Professor Hering of Stntgart, resolved in its lii'th meeting on the ISth of June, that Vienna should be the place of meeting for the next Congress during the year 1865, and appointed the undersigned professors of the Vienna Veteri�nary Institute, who were present in Hamburg, to make all preliminary arrange�ments requisite for the purpose of realising the desire of the Congress : that its meeting might he arranged at a period when a greater agricultural exhibition takes place in Vienna during 1805, became impossible, owing to independent causes, which the Committee could neither remove nor overcome. In con�sequence of the possible agricultural exhibition during IBGG, its conditions and extent having only now been made a subject of deliberation of the Imperial Society of Agriculture, and in consequence of its being at present quite tin-certain if the said exhibition will take place at a time when gentlemen, wish�ing to take part in the deliberations of the Veterinarian Congress, will be able, with regard to their duties, to undertake a voyage to Vienna�the under�signed have, in consonance with the wishes of the members of the Hamburg Congress, considered themselves bound, independent, of any such exhibition, to take the necessary steps for the meeting of the Second International Con�gress of Veterinary Surgeons, at Vienna, during the year 1865.

The Emperor has deigned to give his permission that the assembly of veterinarians may take place at Vienna in the year 1805. As the fittest period for the meeting of the Congress appeared to us the second half of the month of August�on the one hand, because the vacation will have commenced in all veterinary colleges, and in consequence the professors would be enabled to bo present at the meetings; on the other hand, because the season has not progressed sufficiently far to render the voyage to the veterinarians from the north of Europe too difficult�the Committee, with the consent, of the Ministry of State, have therefore fixed the time of these meetings from the 21st to the 26th of August, 1865, and should the nature of the deliberations render it necessary, to the 31st of August. The Imperial Academy of Science has placed the necessary localities within the academy (University Place No. 2), at the disposal of the meeting: and from the 18th of August, one or the other of the members of the Committee will be always there to receive the members of the Congress on their arrival.

The purpose (as is known) of these Congresses is, to deliberate on subjects of veterinary science, which are ol international importance, to propose motions with reference to them, and to submit resolutions which have been adopted to

SECOND 1NTEENATIONAL VETERiNAUY CONGl'.ESS. 531

the separate Qovevnruents. Oonseq[tiently, as was the case already in Elam-bui-jr, communications will be made principally about the spreading and the course of animal epidemics in various cormtries; motions about their extirpa�tion, about desirable measures to be adopted regarding the international traffic with animals, and about questions of veterinary science in general, particularly in as far as they are of sanitary, or veterinary interest, will be made the chief subjects of debate. In conseqirence of the diflfering significance and importance which is ascribed to certain animal epidemics in different countries of Europe, it will depend on the individual members to make communications about those subjects which appear to them of especial importance, and to sub�mit them to the discussion of the assembly. The undersigned members of the Committee have agreed, with sanction of the Ministry of State, to propose the following subjects for deliberation to the assembly :�

1. With regard to Rinderpest. Continuation of the discussion, commenced in Hamburg, and, if possible, a final decision about the number of days to which the until now usual quarantine period of twenty-one days for the pre�vention of importation of Binderpesl may he reduced; and about an equalised mode of procedure with regard to the treatment of animals and animal produce in international commerce, during a lime when Rinderpest is prevalent in any country.

-. Deliberation on the existing mode of disinfection of the raihvay waggons for the conveyance of cattle, in several states; and, if possible, a decision of an equal mode of cleansing, having regard at the same time to the interest of cattle-traffic, veterinary police, and the management of railroads.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Hydrophobia was prevalent, during the last few years, to a greater extent, not alone in Vienna, but likewise in other large towns, and even in some districts. A discussion on the cause of the disease, on the results of the measures adopted for its prevention, as for example : a dog tax, periodical visitation, obligation to use muzzles, amp;c., may be conducive to the adoption of a general rational measure regarding dogs.

4.nbsp; nbsp;In several states during the last few years laws regarding warranty have been promulgated, or at least those defects and diseases have been under con�sideration, to which is applied the quality as redhibitory delects. With regard to the international commerce in animals, a general law- of warranty would be of great importance, and an agreement of the assembly about those delicts and imperfections which it would desire acknowledged as redhibitory defects, would be of great utility to the legislation.

The Committee has the hommr to invite to this meeting al Vienna the professors of veterinary science, the members of veterinary societies, all veteri�nary surgeons, and all agriculturists, who feel an interest in discussions of this nature;.

Those gentlemen desiring information on certain points, are requested to communicate in writing with any of the undersigned members of the Com�mittee, who will gladly answer all questions.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tj_k ]'ii,j^v\.\

Dr. Roll.

Fienna, SO�i March, 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; De. M�ller.

2 M

#9632;gt;

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The Ministry of State, which assisted and promoted the endeavours of the preliminary Committee in the most liberal manner, communicated this programme to the Governments of all the states of Europe, and iirnted them to send delegates to this Congress. The result of this step will be best seen by a perusal of the list of members, which includes representatives from nearly every country in Europe.

The Ministries of State, of Commerce, and of Agrienlture, granted to the membera of the Second International Congress many privileges, which were thus brought by the Committee in May, 1865, under the notice of those interested in the proceedings:

With regard to tbe programme of the 30th of March lust, the Committee of the Second [nternational Congress in Vienna Uns the honour to give the fol�lowing further infonnation. The railroad companies in Austria, and tlie

Imperial Austrian Danube Steamboat Company, have ann......oed theirwilling-

uess to reduce the prices for the voyage and return of the members of the Congress of the 1st and 2nd class on railroads, and the Isi and 2nd place on steamboats, if an admission ticket to tbe Congress is produced, signed by the Committee.

Tbe gentlemen who intend to avail themselves of tins, will communicate about the receipt, of their ticket with the member of the Committee, Professor Dr. Pilhvax.

The Ministries have ordered that gentlemen from foreign countries, who, besides their passports, produce the ticket issued from the Committee, shall be assisted in passing the border in the quickest manner; their travelling efleots shall not be subjected to an inspection by custom-house officers, but shall, witliout any interruption, be forwarded to the principal custom-bouse at Vienna.

Tbe Department of the Imperial Master of the Horse, lias given permission that, those gentlemen travelling by way of Bohemia, or the Coast of Carinthia, may inspect the imperial studs situated near the railroad, viz. : at Kladrub (station Kladrub on the northern line), or at the Karste (station Prestranck on the southern line).

Tbe scioulific and art-collections of tbe metropolis, will on different days be open exclusively to the members of the Congress, on production of their tickets of admission to tbe Congress.

A visit to the superior School of Agriculture at Hungarian Altenburg has been decided on at the conclusion of tbe Congress, and His Imperial Highness Archduke Albrecht has given permission to inspect the stock of cattle of the archducal estate of the same name.

Vienna, Mai/, 1805.

To meet the expenses necessarily attendant on the Congress, the Emperor of Austria, was graciously pleased, in a decree of

SECOND INTKENATIONAL VETEBTNTABY CONaBESS. 533

the 7th of May. 180quot;), to grant a sum of money for that purpose. This grant enabled the preliminary Committee to eover tlie expense of printing and sending out programmes, circulars, and tickets of admission; the printing required during the sittings of tlie Congress, the stenographic reports of its deliberations, and other necessary expenses were also defrayed from the Emperor's grant. The directors of the different imperial railroads likewise reduced the prices of travelling to the members of Congress when making excursions to Hungarian Alteuburg, Kladrub, Lipizza, Kisber, and back to Vienna.

The Congress began its sittings on the morning of the 21st of August and continued their deliberations to the 27th, 171 mem�bers having taken part in the discussions of the seven days. On the 2Sth of August an excursion to Hungarian Altenburg for inspecting the superior Agricultural School and the domains of his Imperial Highness Archduke Albrecht, took place, in which about eighty members joined, all of whom were entertained in the kindest and most liberal manner. On the 29th and 30th of August several members of the Congress undertook a journey to Kladrub and Lipizza, and thoroughly inspected the studs placed there, orders that every courtesy should be shown towards the members having been issued by His Excellency Count von Granne, Master of the Horse to His Imperial Majesty. The preliminary Committee was most generously assisted in its labours bv the highest authorities, and frequently expressed themselves much indebted to the court officials and others, for information of interest and importance to the Congress.

List of the Memi;f.p.s of the Second Intkesational Congress of Vete-kixauy Sttrgbons at Vienna duking the Month of August, 1800.

I). G. is meant fur Delegate of Oovmimcnl.

D. C. ,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Delegate ofVeterinary College or Sodely.

1). A.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Delegate of Agricultural College or Society.

�axlr-n �Fuchs, Medical Counsellor and Professor at Karlsruhe, D.Gr. Bavaria.�Adam, Th , Police Veterinarian and Medical Assessor at Augsburg-, D.G.

Bauer, District Veterinarian at Kipfenberg.

Beer, K., Town and District Veterinarian at Amterg.

Biber, Franz, Town and District Veterinarian at Hof.

Brand], Adolf, Division Veterinarian at Munich.

^m.

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Biii'chner, EL, District Veterinarian at G-eiselh�mlng, D.A. Deisinger, District Physician at Pappenheim, D.A.

I'rank, Ij., Professor in the Veterinary College, Munich. Goirer, Dr., District Veterinarian at Ttirkheira. Ilntir, Dr., Professor in the Royal Veterinary College, Munich. Mohr, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon, iCiiremberg. Mussgmig, .Military Veterinary Surgeon, Augsburg. Mussgnug, Veterinary Surgeon, Eegensburg. Px'obstmajT, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon, Munich. Reuther, Fred., District Veterinarian, Wasserburg. R�bl, Town Veterinarian, Munich. Sondennann, Police Veterinarian, Munich, D.G-. Vincenti, District Veterinarian, Prieu, D.A. Weber, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon, Wiirzburg, D.A. Weiss, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon, Munich. Wilin, M., I'ulice Veterinarian, Regenshurg, D.A. Wirth, Teacher in the Royal Industrial School, Hof. Belgium.�Husson, Professor in the Royal Veterinary College at Brussels,

D.G. DenmarTe.�Tscherning, Professor and President of Veterinary Council of

Health, Copenhagen, D.Gr. �auubiaii Principalities.�Kolben, M., Captain and Veterinary Surgeon of

the 1st Regiment of Lancers, Bucharest, D.G. France.�Reynal, Professorin the imperial Veterinary College, Alfort, D.O. Oreat Britain. � Ernes, W., Veterinary Surgeon, London, D.G.

Field, junior. Vice-President of the Royal Veterinary Society, London,

B.C. Gamgee, J., Professor, London.

Spooner, Professor, Royal Veterinary College, London, D.G. Wilkinson, .!., Colonel, Principal Veterinary Surgeon of the British Army, D.G. Hamburg.�Krohn, L. M. P., Veterinary Surgeon, Hamburg.

�chrader, C. F. W., junior, Police Veterinarian, Hamburg, D.G. //anomv�Gerlach, Professor and Director of the Royal Veterinary College,

Hanover, D.G. Hesse (Grand Duchy).�Castres, Dr., Medical Assessor, and District Veteri�narian, Mayence, D.G. W�st, Medical Counsellor, Darmstadt, D.G, Hesse ( h'/i ctorate').�Schmidt, District Veterinarian, Hofgeismar, D.G. Hohenzdlem.�Schanz, .J., Departmental Veterinarian, Sigmaringen. Holstein.�Iwersen, F., Dr., Regimental Veterinary Surgeon (retired), Segeberg. Italian Stoto.�Papa, i'r.. Dr., Professor, General Secretary of the Societa Nazionale di Med. Veterinaria, Turin, D.C. Perosino, Felice, Cav., Professor in the Veterinary College, and Inspector

of the Military Veterinary System, Turin, D.G. Tuu'oeriicchi, Tomrnaso, Professor in the University at Rome, D.G.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL YKTEIUNARY CONGBESS. 535

Nassau.�Gies, District Veterinarian, Westburg, D.G.

Groll, District Veterinarian, Wiesbaden, D.G. Xorwity.�Lambrecht, Veterinary Surgeon, Bergen. Vaumund, M., Veterinary Surgeon, Christdania. Austria.�Annbreoht, Aug., Dr., Professor in the Imperial Veterinary Insti�tute, Vienna-Bauer, Franz, Imperial Superior Veterinarian, Vienna, lileiwciss, M., Dr., Imperial Laud Veterinarian and Professor, Leibach,

D.G. B�hm, C, Veterinary Surgeon to the stud ol' Count Esterhazy, Altso-Jattd. Bruckmuller, Andr., Dr., Professor in the Imperial Veterinary Institute

Vienna. Czech, Wenzel, Assistaut on the Imperial Veterinary Institute, Vienna. Egger, John, Veterinary Surgeon, Villaoh. Ernst, John, Surgeon and Veterinary Surgeon, Mez�-K�vesch. forstei-, Leopold, Dr., Professor on the Imperial Veterinary Institute,

Vienna. Garger, Veterinary Surgeon to the stud of Count Festetits, Keszthely. Geheringer, Jos., Veterinary Surgeon, Valgro. Germarz, Th., Veterinary Surgeon, Munkacz. Gierth, II., Veterinary Surgeon, Baden. Gruber, A., Imperial Veterinary Surgeon, 1st Class, I'esth. Grunt, Franz, Imperial Laud Veterinarian, Krakau. Ilackel, Jos., Veterinary Surgeon, Haida. Hadinger, M., Dr., K�mest, D.A. Hecke, Wenzel, Professor in the Imperial Agricultural School, Hungarian

Altenburg. Uexel, Christ., Imperial Veterinary Surgoon-iu-Chief to the military stud

at Ihidautz. Vun Koch, Joseph, Chevalier, Dr., Imperial Professor, Director of the

Provincial Shoeing Institute, Graz. Kompast. Ed., Imperial First Court Veterinarian, Vienna. Kopatscheck, Imperial Land Veterinarian, Innsbruck, D.G. Kopay, Chr., Veterinary Surgeon, Oedenburg.

Korzil, Raymond, Assistant in the Imperial Veterinary Institute, Vienna. Ercin, Imperial Land Veterinarian, Triest, D.G.

Laugoubacher, Anthony M., Dr., Imperial Land-Veterinarian, Vienna. Laurinsehek, .John M., Dr., Comifat Veterinarian, Agram. Maresch, John M., Dr., Imperial Land Veterinarian, Prague, D.G. Markus, Thorn., Imperial Laud Veterinarian, Agram. Hasch, M., Dr., Director of the Imperial Superior Agricultural School,

Hungarian Altenburg, D.G. Maurer, A., Imperial Veterinary Surgeon, Stuhlweissenburg. May, Kaymoncl, Professor of Veterinary Medicine in the Agricultural

School, Tetecben-Liibwerd, D.C. Mihatsch, A., Veterinary Surgeon, Klagenfurt,

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Mina, Professor, Klausenburg.

Mraseok, Fr., Ini]ierial Veterinary Surgeon, 1st Class, Vienna.

M�ller, Fr., Dr., Professor in the Imperial Veterinary Institute, Vienna.

Nedred, imperial Land Veterinarian, Czeraowitz, D.G.

Neugebauer, Veterinary Surgeon, Briinn.

Neumann, .Jos., Veterinary Surgeon, Vienna.

Nikerle, VV., Dr., Assistant, and Lecturer in the Imperial Veterinary

institute, Vienna. Xovotnj, Fr., Imperial Veterinary Surgeon, 1st Class, Prossnitz. 1'abst, Dr., imperial Ministerial Counsellor, Representative of the Austrian

il inistry of Commerce. Panizza, B., Dr., Med. Professor in the Imperial University of lVulua,D.U. Von Paumgarthen, Max., Assistant on the Imperial Veterinary Institute,

Vienna. Perdan, A., Veterinary Surgeon, Vienna. Petranyi, Jac., Veterinary Surgeon, Hulled. Pillwax, John, Dr., Professor in the Imperial Veterinary Institute,

Vienna. Von Rudda, Chevalier 5i., Dr., Veterinary Surgeon, Vienna. Radimesser, Master of Veterinary Science, Vienna. Reich, Franz, Comit�t Veterinarian, Szathmar. Ileimer, Franz, imperial Superior Veterinarian, 1st, Class, Instructor of

Shoeing, Imperial Veterinary institute, Vienna. Roll, M. F., IM-., Professor and Director of Studies, Imperial Veterinary

Institute, Vienna. Saass, Antli., Veterinary Surgeon, Stein. Salori, pensioner. Imperial Land Veterinarian, liriiun. Schmidt, Max., Veterinary Surgeon, Agram. Slenzinger, Anlh., Austrian Land Concipist. Von Szabo, Alois M., Dr., Director of the Imperial Veterinary Institute,

I'esth, Delegate of the Royal Hungarian Chancery. Thaller, Veterinary Surgeon, Ftinfkirchen. Thalmeiner, Imperial Land Veterinarian, Graz, D.G. Veith, J. E., Imperial Professor, Vienna. Vicenti, P., Communal Veterinarian, Roveredo. WanViy, Naturalist, Kemend.

Werner, John, Dr., Imperial Land Veterinarian, Lemherg, D.G. Wurzel, Imperial Land Veterinarian, Linz, D.G. Zl�mal, M., Dr., ProfoBSOr in the Imperial Veterinary Institute, Festli,

Delegate of the Loyal lluugarian Chancery. Zwerger, All., Veterinary Surgeon, Mondsee. Zwickl, Jos., Cotnitiit. Veterinarian, Oedenhurg. Oldenburg.�Greve, Dr., Superior Veterinarian, Oldenburg, D.G. Poland {Kingdomquot;).�Seifmann, P., Professor n the imperial University,

Warsaw, D.G. Stichel, Hob.. Master of Veterinary Science, Warsaw.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEBINAKY CONGKESS. 537

Portugal.�De Souza, Joaqiiim Sabino Eleutberio, Prol'essor in the Royal

AgriculturaJ Institute, Lisbon, D.fr. Prussia.�Daninian, llr., Lecturer in the Royal Agricultural School, Proskao. Dominic, Royal Court Veterinarian, Berlin, Erat, Departmental Veterinarian, Ctislin.

Furstenberg, Dr., Professor on the lloyal Agricultural School, Eldena, D.A. Qartmann, District Veterinarian, Rybnick.

Hertwig, Dr., Professor in the Royal Veterinary College, Berlin, D.G. L�thens, Departmental Veterinarian, Oppelln, D.G. Mersiwa, District Veterinarian, Leobschiitz. Metzdorf, Veterinary Surgeon, 1st Class, G�rlitz, D.A. M�ller, Teacher in the lloyal Veterinary College, Berlin. Naozinski, District Veterinarian, Ober-G-logau. Renner, District Veterinarian, Steinan on the Oder. Schell, Departmental Veterinarian, Bonn. Seer, District Veterinarian, Glatz. Sesselmann, District Veterinarian, Keichenhach. Ulrich, Dr., Departmental Veterinarian, Liegnitz, D.'i. Winkler, Dr., Departmental Veterinarian, Marienwerder, D.O. y/i/ssilaquo;.�Halicki, Nap , Counsellor of State, Director and Professor in the

Veterinary College, Charkow, 1gt;.G. Jessen, Counsellor of State, 1'rofessor in the Veterinary College, Dorpat,

D.G. Rawitsch, Professor, Member of the Veterinary Committee, Petersburg,

D.G. Von Ohdritz, U., Counsellor and Imperial Court Veterinarian, Peters�burg, D.G. Uuterberger, sen.. Counsellor of State, Director of the Veterinary College,

Dorpat, G.U. Weidemann, Counsellor, Imperial Superior Veterinary Surgeon of the

Stud Department. tiaxony (Kingdom),�Br�uer, Official Veterinarian, Annaberg.

Haubner, Dr., Royal Medical Counsellor, Director of the Royal Veterinary

College, Dresden, D.G. Just, Privy Counsellor, Chairman of the Commission fur Veterinary

Affairs, D.G. Leisering, Dr., Professor in the Royal Veterinary College, Dresden, D.G. Petzold, District Veterinarian, Chemnitz. Prietsoh, A., District Veterinarian, Leipzig. Schleg, District Veterinarian, Meissen. Waltber, Ernst, Official Veterinarian, Bautzen.

Weber, Gust., Academical Lecturer and Official Veterinarian, Tbaraud. Haxony (Grand Duchy),�Werner, Dr., Medical Assessor, Member of the

Ministerial Department of the interior, Jena, D.G. Sweden,�Lundberg, Er., Dr., Director of the Veterinary College, Stockholm. Switzerland.�Dyssli, Veterinary Surgeon, Bern.

Zangger, Director and Professor of the Veterinary College, Zurich, D.G.

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Turkey.�Alimcd Effendi, Chef d'Escadrou, Professor in the Military Academy,

Constantinople, D.G. W�rtemberg.�Dentler, Superior Official Veterinai^ian, Ravensburg, l).(i. Pricker, Professor in ilie Royal Veterinary College, Stuttgart, D.G. Hausmann, Superior Veterinary Surgeon, Xurtingen, D.G. Von Hering, Dr., Medical Cuuusellor, Director of the Royal Veterinary

College, Stuttgart, D.G. Hermann, Superior Official Veterinarian, Mttnsingen, D.G. Hess, Superior Official Veterinarian, Neresheim, D.G. Lamlel, Superior Official Veterinarian, Xaumberg. Marquardt, Superior Official Veterinarian, G�ppingen, D.G. Noll, Veterinarian to the Stud at Scharnhausen. Piiuif, Dr., Professor in the Royal Agricultural Academy, Hohenheim,

D.G. Sreidle, C, Superior Official Surgeon, Heilbronn. Straus, Medical Counsellor, Reporter on Veterinary Aflairs to the Royal

Medical College, Stuttgart, D.G. Weiss, Dr., Professor on the Veterinary College, Stuttgart, D.G. Wetzel, Superior Official Surgeon, Biberach. W�rz, Medical Counsellor and Court Veterinarian.

Fibst Meeting on the #9632;21st of August, 1865, held in the

Green Saloon of the Imperial Academy of Science.

Commencement of the Meeting, 10.30 a.m.

Dr. Roll.�Gentlemen: As one of the Committee whom you uommissioned in Hamburg to make the preliminary arrange�ments for the meeting of this Congress, and before I on my own behalf bid you welcome, 1 take the liberty to introduce to you Dr. von Well, Ministerial Counsellor, who is here as repre�sentative of the Ministry of State, and who wishes to address a few words to you.

Dr. von Well.�Gentlemen : Devastating animal epidemics cause great losses, not only to individual cattle proprietors und parishes, but to whole countries, and largely tend to undermine their prosperity, and this the more, when these countries are chiefly engaged in agriculture and tiie breeding of cattle. This is the case with the eastern provinces of the Austrian empire. In consequence, the Austrian Government, for some time past, introduced veterinary police measures, to prevent tbe develop�ment of animal epidemics within the country, to prevent likewise

SECOND INTBBNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 53�

their importation, and to limit or exterminate those epidemics which already exist. Most paiiiful losses have been inflicted in a great part of the Austrian empire by Rinderpest. The Rinder�pest, an animal epidemic, which never originates in our country, spreads from its home, which is situated to the east of Austria, either passing in its course through the Principalities or entering into Austria direct from the Russian frontier, and causes here great damage and loss. The Ministry of the Interior therefore, revised in 1859 the then existing directions of a veterinary police nature, promulgated and published these revised orders, and insisted on their being carefully put in practice. But the result was not in accordance with the expectation, and the inability to prevent the reappearance of this virulent epidemic became apparent; it has not only spread again in the eastern provinces of the empire, and swept away thousands of cattle, but it has likewise commenced to spread to the southern and western parts of Austria. In consequence, the Ministry of Commerce has been induced to again revise the directions for guarding against this epidemic. This Ministry nominated a commission, which consisted of delegates from the central places, and of competent judges from tiiose parts where the epidemic has caused the greatest amount of damage. This commission submitted an elaborate report to the Ministry of State, accompanying it with a request, that measures proposed therein to arrest the epidemic should be adopted. The Ministry of State made use of this report as a basis for more detailed laws, which it promulgated; but to issue stringent and inflexible regulations was found to be impracticable, because the Ministry did not consider it advisable to introduce the most important point, namely, to reduce the then existing quarantine against Rinderpest of twenty-one days to ten days, without having the assent to this measure from the Governments of those neighbouring countries, situated north and west of Austria. The Ministry of State was just on the point of ascertaining the views of those governments by means of cor�respondence, when it learnt that an International Congress of Veterinarians would assemble in Hamburg. It profited by this opportunity to send, with the consent of the Emperor, the well-known Director of Studies of the Imperial Veterinary Institute, Dr. Roll, to tins Congress, to relate the experiences of the

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Austrian veterinary poKce. By this means, the question of a reduction of the quarantine period was at once made a subject for deliberation. Tiie discussion on this subject showed that a majority was certainly in favour of reduction, but an unanimous vote could not be obtained. But, as the representa�tive of the neighbouring kingdom, Prussia, was more especially opposed to the reduction, the scruples of the ministry regarding the introduction of this limitation were not removed by the opinion of the majority. The Ministry of State was therefore very glad, when it was made acquainted with the resolution of the Hamburg Congress, which Austria considers an honour, that the next International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons would be held in Vienna, and the Ministry of State considered it a matter of great moment to obtain from his Majesty the imperial assent for the accomplishment of this resolution, which assent was given in April of last year. I have now the honour to bid you, Gentlemen, on behalf of the Ministry of State, welcome to Vienna; and I cannot suppress the wish, that the assembly may be pleased to resume the discussion on the reduction of the quarantine period. 1 am in hopes that, alter a careful consideration of the already collected facts, the assembly will come to an unanimous decision about a principle, which will serve as the basis of one of our most important veterinarian-police laws. I know very well that this assembly intends to extend its sphere of operations, so far as to propose principles for laws, which could be employed against all temporarily preva�lent animal epidemics, amongst which the Rinderpest, which often devastates the western part of Europe, will not occupy the most obscure place. I am firmly convinced that this Con-.gress, if it proceeds in its deliberations with the same profound�ness and with the same tranquillity as the assembly in Hamburg, will prove beneficial, and approach its ultimate aim, and will be entitled not only to the gratitude of Austria, but to that of the whole of Europe.

Dr. jB��.-�The representative of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Ministerial Counsellor, Dr. Pabst, wishes. Gentlemen, to address some remarks to you.

Dr. PaJlaquo;*.�Honoured Gentlemen: As representative of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, which has so great an

SECOND IXTKUNATIOXAL VETEEINARY GONGEESS. 541

interest in your deliberations, I likewise take the liberty to give you a hearty welcome on behalf of the ministry just named. We promise ourselves from the deliberations, which so many learned and practically experienced gentlemen are about to commence, the most favourable results. They concera a most important part of national economy, which is continually op�posed in its development and progress by a creeping serpent� namely, the devastating epidemic diseases. It needs only be remembered, that in the Austrian empire, the capital invested in cattle is more than 1000 millions of florins, and that deplor�able consequences are produced, on account of tbis important national economic capital being prevented from increasing, aud even reduced from its normal amount, by these devastating diseases, which appear now in one place, now in another. There�fore, gentlemen, do we expect from your counsel and assistance, an important support for the future, a stay on which we may depend, and from which we may strive towards a better and higher aim. I fear, gentlemen, you will find many things touch�ing your profession�for example, organization of veterinary institutes, or veterinary police�not quite so developed as you expected. For this we claim your indulgence. The shoe piuelies us in many [daces; we know very well where it pinches, but we are not aide to rid ourselves of the pain on every place at the same time. But we have good intentions; I believe we tire progressing and not retreating. We stand in want of your advice and of your assistance in many respects, and are not ashamed to hear and accept it gratctuHy. Personally known to many of the gentlemen from neighbouring countries who are here present, I take the liberty to give my old friends and companions an especial hearty welcome, and recommend myself to your further consideration.

Dr. Roll.�Honoured Gentlemen: The manifold new relative positions, which fifty years back were scarcely dreamt of, into which States separated from each other by great distances have been bronffht by means of the continually-increasing facilities of communication, have originated a desire to obtain common laws for all, which will regulate and simplify intercourse aud stimulate the different, branches of human activity. I5y the formation of international societies and the ratification of inter-

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national treaties, this desire lias to a certain extent been taken into consideration. Thus, loss difficult intercourse lias given to the traffic in cattle and animal produce a greater field ; but. at the same time, it has rendered possible the spread of contagious animal diseases far beyond the limits of their original place of development and from these agencies such diseases have already made their appearance in regions where until now they were either utterly unknown, or where they had only been casually observed as accompanying historical events, especially wars. So long as the intercourse was mainly of a local character, the enforcement of veterinary police measures, such as every larger or smaller state made for its own use, might have been considered sufficient to confine certain contagious animal diseases within prescribed limits; but at present, where herds and animal produce, to satisfy the demands of commerce and to be a source of profit to their owners, travel and are sent great distances in the shortest possible period�when States, which obstruct the intercourse, run the risk of being soon and permanently excluded from the market, everyone will be convinced that a mutual understanding between the different governments becomes a matter of necessity, so that effective measures may be taken to prevent the introduction and spread of animal epidemics, and means adopted for their extirpation. A question deserving the most serious consideration would therefore be, how to bring the operations of a strict veterinary police into harmony with the laws which regulate free intercourse, so as to decide how much the one must and can sacrifice to the other for the sake of the national welfare. But who should be better able to determine these principles than an assembly of competent judges from the different Slates of Europe, who have arrived at the height of veterinarv science, and are well acquainted with the wants and conditions of the agriculture and intercourse of their own coun�tries? It was therefore a happy thought, rich in results, which was originated by Professor Gramgee, of Edinburgh, and recog�nised in its entire bearings by Medical Counsellor von Hering, of Stuttgart, at the time of the International Agricultural Exhibition at Hamburg in 1803, to invite veterinarians from all parts of Europe to meet in the same place, to produce statistics of animal epidemics, to deliberate on general veterinary police.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 543

measures for overeoming tlie principal epidemics, and to submit those to the different governments. Beyond expectation, numer�ous gentlemen from different States of Europe responded to this invitation; not one of them will have forgotten the fraternal �spirit iu which an abundance of suggestions were laid before the assembly; the sincerity which marked the discussion of important questions of veterinary police, the official report, published by the first president, Dr. von Hering, and the secre�tary. Regimental Veterinary Surgeon Probstmayr, gives abundant proof. What amount of consideration the motions proposed to the first (Congress have received, or if some of them have already been practically tried, some members will perhaps be able to state. But, as a proof that the activity of the first Congress, its public utility, extensive bearing, and endeavours full of results, have been acknowledged, 1 may state that the Emperor has given permission that the meeting of the second Congress may take place in Vienna, which town had been decided on by the first Congress; and that the ministers and other high func�tionaries have promoted the endeavours of the preliminary com�mittee in every respect, and in the most liberal manner. On behalf of this Committee, I beg leave to express for this onr respectful thanks. As a farther proof that the endeavours of the first Congress have been acknowledged, I may mention the groat number of governments of different states of Europe, many veterinarian and agricultural colleges and societies, which have sent delegates to this second Congress, at present here assembled ; and that it is graced by a great many men, dis�tinguished alike by their scientific acquirements and practical performances. On behalf of the Committee, which was commis�sioned in Hamburg to make the preliminary arrangements for the meeting of this second Congress, I bid you all respectfully and most heartily welcome, and wish to your deliberations the best progress. In this assembly we miss several worthy col�leagues, whom we learnt to honour and esteem in Hamburg ; causes of different kinds may have occurred, which rendered their attendance here impossible. My honoured colleague, Professor Pillwax, will communicate to you at a later period some letters bearing on this subject. Death has removed from amongst us one of the most zealous members of the first Con-

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gress, whose sciontiiic knowledge will lie sorely missed in the discussions of this Assembly. I bellete I have the concurrence of the Assembly when 1 express the regret felt at the death of our learned and honoured colleague Nicklas, late Professor in the Veterinary College in Munich. Without having the slightest intention to forestall tlie decision of the Assembly with regard to the selection of questions for discussion, the Committee consider it their duty to submit to you several subjects for deliberation, which seem to them of great importance:

1. At the second meeting of the Hamburg Congress, it was resolved by a majority, based on the experience gained especially through the exertions of liussiau veterinary surgeons as to the incubation period of Rinderpest, to admit the possibility cd' a reduction of the quarantine period of twenty-one days for horned cattle coming from Russia and the Danubian Principali�ties, and intended for tlie west of Europe. But a decision as to the lowest possible number of days for this regulation was not arrived at. The great importance which this decision would have in regard to regulating the entire animal quarantine system, and the possibility of thereby preventing the smuggling of horned cattle along the far extending eastern frontier of the Austrian empire, justified the Committee in again recommending this subject for discussion; more especially as experience on the subject of the incubation period of Rinderpest has been largely augmented during the past two years, and the conditions of animal quarantine have, by the continually increasing inter�course, been found to be inadequate. The question, how to proceed with regard to international commerce with animal produce during the prevalence of Rinderpest in any country, so as not to come into collision with the duties of the veterinary police, and not to interfere with trade, was left undecided in Hamburg. By increasing reciprocity, which knows how to remove every obstacle which impedes free intercourse, the state of health of native cattle renders it important to regulate the legal importation of the raw produce of such animals, in the least vexatious manner, but at the same time fulfilling all con�ditions required by rational veterinary police measures. Allevia�tions of the at present existing directions, which should be admitted by the Assembly as practicable, will be gratefully received.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 543

'2. The necessity of a veterinary police supervision of the con�veyance of cattle by railroads was generally recognised in the fourth meeting of the first Congress. But the requirements of the veterinary police with those of free intercourse and an unimpeded railway traffic, not unfreqnently come into collision. To discover modes which might reconcile these often very opposite require�ments, which would impede as little as possible free intercourse, but at the same time protect the native cattle as much as possible from the chance of contagion, through transport cattle, would be a worthy theme for the deliberation of the Assembly. Amongst the measures which in relation to this subject must be consi�dered, a uniform system for the disinfection of railway waggons used for the transport of cattle occupies a prominent place.

3.nbsp; During the last few years, numerous reports from different parts of Europe about the extended appearance and prevalence of hydrophobia have reached ns. The measures which have been adopted to prevent the development, as well as the spread of this, even for human beings, terrible disease, in the different countries of Europe, are, although proceeding from the same cause, very unequal, and of different value. Although an opinion which prevails that hydrophobia is not a specific disease and cannot be transferred to human beings, may make one or more proselytes, yet I hope this will not prevent you, (lentlcmen, from deliberating upon measures which may seem necessary to place limits to the development and spread of this disease, and to form a foundation whereon to build practicable and rational regulations regarding dogs.

4.nbsp; Even now a strUdng diversity exists in the laws of war-rauty in the various States of Europe, as regards those diseases and defects of domestic animals which are counted as red-hibitory defects, as well as the time of guaranty which is fixed for them. Although during the last few years, in various states of Germany, especially Southern Germany, warranty laws? have been promulgated more in accordance with the present state of veterinary science, and therefore more uniform, yet inequality in this branch of legislation is still nearly the rule, to the great detriment of international commerce with cattle. Should this Assembly, which has so many prominent men connected with veterinary science among its members, agree as to which of

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those morbid symptoms should be acknowledged generally as rcdhibitory defects, as well as the duration of the guaranty period, it is to be expected, not without reason, that its resolu�tions will find consideration, and will be accepted by the legisla�tures as bases for further proceedings.

The Committee begs the Assembly to consider whether it is advisable to enter at once into the full deliberation of these sub�jects, or whether it would not bo better to form select committees for their discussion, whose duty it would be to report results to the general body. A subject for consideration would likewise be the formation of sections for separate branches of veterinary science; this was mooted at the Hamburg Congress, and it is now necessary to determine what course to pursue. On behalf of the preliminary Committee, I beg you. Gentlemen, to con�stitute the Congress by electing a chairman and secretaries, and herewith declare the Assembly opened. Professor Pillwax will make a few official communications.

Dr. Pillwax having read over the names of those gentlemen who had been sent by their Governments as delegates to the Second International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons said: I. have to inform yon, that subscription lists are opened iu the reception-room, wherein all gentlemen intending to take part in the excursions to Hungarian Altenburg, Kladrub, or Lipizza, are requested to inscribe their names, in order to communicate in time with His Excellency the Master of the Horse, Count Gr�nne, who will issue directions to the Archducal management of the estates. 1 have also to ask a question in reference to the price of the tickets of admission. We have been enabled by the most liberal assistance of our Government to liquidate all ex�penses iu connexion with the printing of the programme, for the stenographic reports of our deliberations, amp;^tc. ; but printing the stenographic reports and sending them to the individual members will require funds. To meet these necessary expenses, the Committee take the liberty to propose a subscription of about the same sum as agreed on at Hamburg (two thalers), namely, three florins Austrian currency, and begs the Assembly to state its opinion on the subject.

Dr. Roll.�I take the liberty to introduce to you Counsellor Dr. Theodore von Helm, as representative of the Mayor.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINAKY CONGRESS. HIT

Dr. Tli. mi Helm.�Gentlemen; about a quarter of an liour ago, the Mayor expressed a wish to give the Assembly a hearty welcome, and commissioned me to do so on his behalf. I trust you will excuse me, if I fail in any way to do this, as you, Gentlemen, deserve. Having the honour to be Chairman of the Sanitary Section of our Municipal Council, I therefore more readily accepted the commission of our Mayor, as the business of this section of our Council is in close connexion with the end and aim of your Assembly. You deliberate on subjects which are of the highest importance, not only to the general welfare but also to individual prosperity. Regardless of the fact that Vienna, as a city, feels the reflex of everything con-cer'ning the weal and woe of mankind in general, and salutes the one and mourns over the other, there are at present many subjects of interest which engage the attention of the city. I take the liberty to mention that the Sanitary Section has seen with satisfaction that hydrophobia forms part of your pro�gramme. With regard to hydrophobia and the keeping of dogs, the Municipal Council has been engaged during several years devising measures, and would some time ago have come to a decision, but it was anxious not to exact too much on the one hand, and also, from the great importance of the subject, not to treat it, even apparently, superficially, and thus be open to the charge of infringing individual rights. Therefore the present Assembly, by their deliberations, will contribute to a final de�cision on this subject. I repeat, I gladly execute the commis�sion of the Mayor, and bid you most heartily welcome.

Dr. Roll.�I now take the liberty to propose that the Assembly proceed to the election of office-bearers. This may be done by means of voting-papers, and, for the purpose of verifying the result of the election, four or five scrutators ought to be nomi�nated. But, to allow the Assembly to enter at once into the deliberation of the subjects submitted for discussion, the verifi�cation may take place in another room, and in the mean time the former President, as senior, could take the chair.

Dr. Hertwig.�Honoured Gentlemen; the Committee has taken so much trouble, and has executed its task with such care and skill, that wo could not do better than leave the presidency, vice-presidency, and secretaryships in the same hands. If there-

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lore Director EoU and his colleagues are not overburdened and fatigued with their avocations, 1 would like to express a wish that we should by acclamation elect them to the vacant offices, namely, Director Roll, President; Dr. von Hering-, who was president of the first Congress, as a mark of honour, Yice-President; and the other two gentlemen to the vacant Secre-taryships. If, Gentlemen, yon agree with me, follow my example and raise your hands. (Applause and unanimous raising of hands.)

Dr. B�tt.�1 should like to remind all present that the duties of the president and secretaries may conflict with their obli�gations as members of the Committee. I believe there are some things still to be done by us, as members of the Committee, which could not well be done by the president and secretaries. I beg further to remark that the result would certainly be more satisfactory if we sacrifice a quarter of an hour, and use voting-papers. I acknowledge the honour you have done me, and so do my colleagues ; but I believe a more secure and seemingly less partial result would be obtained by means of a regular election, as such a course would not impede our proceedings, because, as I previously stated, our former president would doubtless consent to take the chair in the mean lime.

Dr. Rertwig.�In my opinion, the election would produce no other result than that already obtained by a show of hands. I acknowledge we would scarcely be justified in electing Messrs. rillwax and M�ller to the secretariate, because they are much occupied with other business; but in reference to both presidents, I should like, if gentlemen agree to it, not to withdraw my motion, and I believe that the presidents would best be able to propose gentlemen as secretaries. (Assent.)

Dr. Hering.�I thank you heartily for your confidence; but I confess I did not come here with the intention of accepting either the oflice of president or even vice-president; besides I believe the vice-presidentship is entirely superfluous.

Dr. Roll.�I must contradict this observation, and remark that Dr. von Hering was the very person who during the first meeting of the Congress in Hamburg proved clearly the neces�sity of having a vice-president. (Laughter. Cries of quot; bravo !quot;) The election does not appear completed. (Renewed acclama�tion ; cries of quot; certainly.quot;)

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEPlINARY CONGRESS. 549

Dr. li�ll then took the chair, and Dr. von Bering tho place of vice-president.

Dr. liOll.�Gentlemen, accept my thanks for your confidence in me. I hope to justify your election by my zeal. Xow, as tho presidents have been elected, I beg leave to observe that with regard to the election of secretaries, Professors M�llerand Pillwax should first express their opinion if they are in a position to undertake the duties connected with that office.

Dr. Pillwax.�We are so much occupied as members of the Committee that, although we feel honoured, we could scarcely execute the duties of secretaries to your satisfaction.

The Vice-President. � I believe there are some younger members present, who could be induced to undertake the secretariate.

Tho President.�I would propose, if the two gentlemen named do not accept, Professor Forster from Vienna, and one of the secretaries from the former Congress�either Regimental Veter�inary Surgeon Probstmayr or Professor F�rstenberg�as secre�taries. I believe Professor Forster will be kind enough to accept this office.

Dr. Forste?:�I will do so with pleasure.

The President.�And Regimental Veterinary Surgeon Probst�mayr ?

Dr. Probstmayr.�If gentlemen have been satisfied with the execution of my duties on a previous occasion, I will undertake those duties again.

The President.�The Executive Committee is herewith con�stituted.

The Vice-President.�I take the liberty of claiming the atten�tion of gentlemen for a moment. In Hamburg every member made a small contribution to cover the most indispensable ex�penses. Ont of these subscriptions everything has been paid which was necessary; even the official reports have been sent prepaid-to the members; nevertheless, there remained a surplus of 100 thalers, which I invested in a state-paper, and which I herewith hand over to yon. In the mean time, a sad occurrence took place, as was mentioned previously; our colleague Nicklas has been taken from his wife and children, and has left them in circumstances which render it necessary that they should bo

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assisted. Therefore, I take the liberty to propose that this small amount should be luiuded over to his widow and orphans. (Assent and applause.)

Dr. Mertwig.�I take the liberty to move the following amend�ment. As the two thalers which were paid in Hamhurg hy a lesser number of members were not only sufficient to cover all expenses, but even left a surplus, it is to be supposed that tin-same amount which is proposed to pay this time, and to wbicli doubtless all members will agree, will likewise be sufficient to pay all expenses and leave a surplus. Should this be the case, I propose to add this surplus to tlie other 100 thalers, and to use them for the same purpose. (Applause and assent.)

Dr. Prohstmayr.�As guardian of the orphans of Professor Nicklas, I beg to express my heartfelt thanks, and to assure you that they arc really good children, and deserve assistance. None of them are provided for.

The President.�I now put the motion of my colleague, Pro�fessor Pillwax, to the vote, that quot;gentlemen will pay for the printing and sending away of the report of our proceedings three florins Austrian currency, as subscription.quot; Do you agree to this, gentlemen? (Assent.) I then request that gentlemen will be kind enough to nominate, as was done at Hamburg, a cashier to receive these subscriptions. In Hamburg Mr. Schrader, junior, who resides there, acted as treasurer, and I believe it would bo best to follow the same course, and nominate a gentle�man residing in Vienna to fill the post. I understand that gentlemen agree to the motion of Mr. von Hering, and to the amendment of Professor Hertwig, that a possible surplus derived from the subscriptions to this present Congress should likewise be handed over to Mr. Prohstmayr, to be used for the widow and orphans of the late Professor Nicklas. If gentlemen agree to this, they will intimate their assent by rising. (The motion and amendment were adopted.) Professor Forster will perhaps undertake, besides his duties as secretary, to receive the sub�scriptions, and I request gentlemen to pay to him the amount, producing at the same time their tickets. I now put the ques�tion, which has been indicated before�quot;if gentlemen consider it desirable to enter at once into deliberation on the four subjects contained in the programmequot;�to the vote. In my opinion it

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEIUNAUY CONGRESS. 551

would bo bettor if wc entrust these subjects for preliminary deliberation to separate Committees, which Committees, as the subjects are of international importance, ought to consist of

entlemen from different countries. I believe that if from

seven to nine gentlemen deliberated first on these questions, it would be easier afterwards to agree on certain motions, on the basis of which a discussion before the entire Assembly would commence. I am convinced that the four subjects on the programme, at least some of them, admit of such extended treatment, that it would be scarcely possible to come to a final decision within the six days' duration of our deliberations, should we proceed, inpleno, at once to their discussion. Besides, these four points of the programme arc not the only subjects for discussion, as I have learnt several other debates on important questions will bo raised by members of Congress. I now request those gentlemen who wish to speak on this subject to do so.

Dr. Gcrlacli.�I consider it very important and necessary that such important subjects should first be deliberated upon by Committees, and that their resolutions should afterwards be submitted to us. By this means we shall proceed quicker and hotter to the desired end, and will be able to adopt more mature and uniform resolutions. I am in favour of the motion. With regard to the fourth subject of the programme, I beg leave to submit to the President a project, accompanied by a request that the same may be handed over to the Committee for investigation, because this subject is of so great importance and extent, that without a preliminary discussion it could scarcely be decided. It would likewise be to the purpose, if the Committee consisted of members from different countries, so that the interest of each separate State may be duly guarded.

The President.�The project submitted hj Professor Gcrlach concerns the base of a common law of warranty⁷; that is the fourth subject.

Dr. Ssabd.�Therefore the project ought to be handed over to the Committee which deliberates on the fourth subject.

The President.�We have first to decide whether Committees for preliminary discussions are to be nominated or not.

Dr. Szabo.�I meant to say to give it to the Committee at the proper time.

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The President.�As no uther gentlemen desire to speak, 1 ask the question: Do gentlemen agree to tlie motion, that for the preliminary discussion of tlie fonr subjects of the programme Committees consisting of a limited number of gentlemen should be formed, whose duty it would bo to discuss the question in all its bearings, propose motions, and bring these to the knowledge of the plenum? All gentlemen who are in favour of this motion will rise. (The whole assembly rises.) The motion is adopted.

Dr. Gerlach.�It would perhaps be to the purpose to submit that gentlemen voluntarily become members of one or other of the Committees without being elected.

The President.�But we have to pay some regard to different countries.

Dr. W�st.�quot;With regard to the fourth point, several states have appeared with a sketch of a new warranty law. For one, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, where two years ago I advocated the new warranty law in the Landtag; I believe also W�rtemberg and Baden. I consider it necessary that a member from each of these countries be elected into the Committee.

The Presidoit.�'YAns will bo left entirely to the decision of the Congress. It would be likewise desirable that opinions on the number of Committee members be expressed ; too many members, I fear, will not tend to promote the object in view. I believe that live or seven members would be the fittest number.

Dr. Zangger.�I do not think that members of these Com�mittees should he drawn from the entire Assembly. They ought to be formed by careful selection; and I am of opinion that the president, vice-president, and the secretaries, would be well qualified, with the help of the list of members, to select these Committees; they could then pay due regard to the different countries, and also to the abilities of individuals, because those selected as members of these Committees would be sufficiently known to them. By this means we would obtain better qualified Committee-men, and would escape a tedious election. I think, therefore, it would be better to leave the selection of members for these Committees in the hands of the Committee of the Assembly.

Dr. M�ller.�I think our honoured president should he kind

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAEY CONORESS. 553

enough to introduce the first subject, and afterwards the As�sembly might elect, with especial regard to tlie different countries, the Committee. When the first is elected, we might proceed with the second, and so forth. But if we commence with the four questions at once, the whole affair will become complicated and obscure.

Dr. W�st�If the Committees are elected at once they will have time to work, and this they must have.

The Vice-President.�Otherwise each Committee would have only one day for its deliberations, if the first Committee were elected to-day, the second to-morrow, amp;c., amp;c.

Dr. Gerlaeh.�I believe it would be better to decide to-day on all four Committees.

Dr. Bleiwek.�I agree with the motion of Director Zangger for this reason, that otherwise we should scarcely make any progress. The president has expressed a wish that the mem�bers composing the Committees should not be too numerous, or they would impede each other. With this remark I entirely agree. But, on the other hand, he has likewise expressed a wish that, if possible, all countries should be represented. Well, I scarcely think it would be possible to have a Committee of seven or nine members representing all countries; but then, and this is the principal point, the Committee should especially contain men who have more or less practical experience in one or the other direction. Now we are here, and I say so with joy, numerously represented, but we scarcely know each other. How then shall we elect ? I therefore second the motion of Professor Zangger, and leave the selection in the hands of the Committee of the Assembly.

The President.�There are two motions before the Assembly. One, by Professor Zangger from Zurich, is to the effect that the Committees which have to deliberate upon the subjects of the programme shall be nominated by the office-bearers of the Assembly. 1 believe I had better put this motion to the vote first; gentlemen who are in favour of this motion will please to rise. (They rise.) There is evidently a majority. The counter-motion, to the effect that the Committees shall be elected one after the other, is therefore lost. If I formerly men�tioned that the members of Committees should not be too

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numerous, but that nevertheless different States should be re�presented, I did not intend that every Slate should have a representative, otherwise the representatives of the States of Germany would alone render it impossible to have a small Committee. I intended that only the principal groups of States, especially those which have delegates here, who are possessed of great theoretical or practical experience in one or the other speciality, should be represented. The number of members for the separate Committees, I, of course, cannot determine; perhaps one of the gentlemen will propose a motion in this respect, which I could put to the vote.

Dr. Pabst.�It is not my intention to submit a motion to the Assembly, but in the interest of the Assembly I beg to draw attention to the manner which is employed by the election of Committees of the Agriculturist Society, which has now existed nearly 30 years, and which mode of election answers very well. The office-bearers of the society nominate according to their best ability about one-half of the members of the Committees �say five. These Committees are at liberty to add five others to their number, and t]ie}^T know what is wanting to render their Committee complete and efficient, and whom to select.

Dr. Hertwig.�The proposition of Ministerial Counsellor Pabst seems to me a good one. I perfectly agree to it.

The President.�For which number does the Assembly de�cide ? (Cries of laquo; five,quot; quot; seven,quot; laquo; nine.quot;)

Dr. Hanlmer.�Seven or nine are too many.

Dr. Pahst.�The number fixed by the Society of Agricultu�rists is five.

Dr. Crerlach.�Five.

The President.�If there is no opposition to five�(nobody opposes)�it appears to be adopted. I think it would be best for the purpose of the composition of these Committees to have the list of the names of members autographically multiplied.

Dr. Ilaubner.�I am sorry I must oppose this proposition. It seems to me rather clumsy and roundabout; the consecpience of its adoption would be that we could not commence our deli�berations before Wednesday or Thursday next. I believe the gentlemen are to a certain extent known, and if three, four, or five are nominated for each Committee, then the Committees

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VKTEIUNA�Y CONOEESS. 555

selected could do the remainder without assistance from the Assembly.

The President.�quot;We shall now commence with the construc�tion of the first Committee, which has to deliberate on fixing the quarantine period for horned cattle coming from Russia and the Danubian Principalities into Austria, and the commerce with animal produce at a time when Rinderpest is prevalent in a country.

Dr. Haulner.�I am not bashful, and propose myself as the first member of this Committee.

The Viee-President.�I believe those gentlemen who arc personally acquainted with Rinderpest, especially those from Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and, if five are to be nominated, from Saxony and the neighbouring countries, would be the most capable to deliberate on the first subject. Those who are from countries situated at a greater distance, have, thank God, had no cause to make acquaintance with Rinderpest. From Saxony, Medical Counsellor Ilaubner has signified his readiness; from Prussia, perhaps Professor ilertwig would do the same. (For Russia, Counsellor of State Unterberger and Professor Rawitsch; and for Poland, Professor Seifmann, signified their readiness to serve on this Committee.)

Mr. Ernes.�Excuse an Englishman when he expresses a desire to be a member of this Committee. We have at present Rinderpest in England, and I believe it might be useful were I a member of this Committee.

The President.�Mr. Ernes for England. Dr. Werner from East Galicia will doubtless represent Austria.

Dr. Zangger.�I believe we have in accordance with my motion resolved not to elect, but to leave it to the Presidents Roll and Von Hering, and to the Secretaries Forster and Probstmayr, to nominate the Committees. Therefore, I do not think gentlemen are at liberty to propose themselves.

Dr. Ulrich.�I beg to propose the adjournment of these deliberations for half an hour, that the presidents and secre�taries may have an opportunity to select those gentlemen from the list of names, whom they consider best adapted to servo on the separate Committees, and to select gentlemen at once for the first Committee, as they have to commence their labours

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immecliatcly. We might re-assemble again in half or three-quarters of an hour, and the deliberations could then proceed. (Assent.)

The President.�If gentiemen agree to the adjonrnraent of the meeting, they will please to rise. (They rise.) We adjourn therefore the meeting, and I believe a quarter of an hour will be sufficient to form the Committees.

Adjournment at twelve o'clock. After resumption at half-past twelve:�

The President.�Gentlemen; in accordance with your desire we have formed the Committees which have to deliberate pre�liminarily on the four subjects of the programme. The first subject is : quot;The admissibility of a reduction of the quarantine period for horned cattle coining from Russia and the Danubian Principalities into Austria and the west of Europe,, and the determination of the smallest number of days necessary for observation;quot; likewise the question, quot; How to proceed with regard to international commerce at a time when Rinderpest is prevalent.quot; To act on the Committee regarding this question, we propose Counsellor of 8tate Unterberger from Dorpat, Pro�fessor Seifmann from Warsaw, Land Veterinarian Werner from Lemberg, Professor Zl�mal from Pesth, Professor Hertwig from Berlin, Medical Counsellor Haubner from Dresden. I shall take the liberty to introduce the subject to the Committee. If the gentlemen just mentioned have no objection to serve on this Committee they will please to rise. (They rise.) I now beg to propose that this Committee, in order not to interrupt the daily meetings of the Assembly, should commence its deliberations this evening, so as to be able to submit a report to the meeting of the Assembly to-morrow. For the deliberation of the second question, regarding quot; The supervision of the cattle transport on railways, and the necessary disinfection of the rail�road waggons which have been used for the conveyance of cattle,quot; we propose Professor M�ller from Vienna, who has already prepared an introduction to the subject. DirectorZanggei from Zurich, Professor Rawitscb from Petersburg, Professor Reynal from Alfort, and Professor Perosino from Turin. This Committee likewise would have to meet soon to be able to sub�mit, perhaps the day after to-morrow, a report to the Assembly.

SECOND INTEBNATIOFAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 557

To introduce tbe tliird subject, Professor Pillwax from Vienna lias silt;niifie(.l his assent; the followintr quot;entlemen liave been

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proposed to act ou the Committee:�Medical Counsellor Fuchs from Karlsruhe; Counsellor of State Jessen from Dorpat; District Veterinarian Sondermann from 31�iiic'h ; and Professor Ilusson from 15mssels. With regard to the fourth question, treating on redhibitoiy defects, Dr. von Hering from Stuttgart has undertaken tbe introduction of the subject; the following gentlemen have been proposed to serve on this Committee :� Director Gerlach from Hanover, who has jiresented the memorial with regard to this subject; Police Veterinarian Adam from Augsburg; Mr. Ernes from London; and Land Veterinarian Professor Dr. Bleiweis from Laibach. Perhaps the gentlemen would come to an agreement with Professor M�ller, Professor Pillwax, and Dr. von Hering about the place, day, and hour of meeting ; and I would suggest that the labours and deliberations of the Committee should be so arranged that every succeedine day a subject should be read for the discussion of the Assembly in pleno. According to the resolution of the meeting, each Com�mittee is at liberty to invite gentlemen, whose presence is desirable, to its deliberations; and I believe every member of the Congress may be present at the meetings of the Committees, if the accommodation permit it. I now beg to ask, at what time, commencing to-morrow, shall the meetings of the Assembly take place; it would perhaps be possible to commence at nine o'clock. (Cries, quot;That is entirely the business of the President.quot;)

Dr. Fabst.�I believe it would be better to commence at ten o'clock, to give the Committees time for their deliberations.

Dr. Haubmr.�To-morrow we might commence, on account of the first Committee, at ten o'clock; the other meetings ought to commence at nine.

The President.�Those gentlemen who are in favour of the commencement of the meetings at nine o'clock will please to rise. (They rise.) It is the majority.

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Second JFeetino, 22nd Auc�ist, ISCquot;).

President, Dr. l!�i.r.; 1'ice-President, Dr. von Ueiuno. Secretariis, Drs. Forsteb and Fbobstma.tb,

The President.�Professor Forster will have the kindness to read the minutes of the proceedings of yesterday.

Dr. Forster reads.

The President.�Are there any objections against the correct�ness of the minutes ? (After a pansc.) As this is not the case, I consider them adopted. The members have received a list of the names of those gentlemen who were present here yesterday, and who had given in their names to Professor Forster. I request those gentlemen who have observed any mistake in the title or spelling of their names to communicate it, either to the stenographic officials, or to one, of the secretaries, and it will be corrected. For those gentlemen who arrive at a later period of our sittings a supplementary list will be prepared. Professor Pillwax, as a member of Committee, has to make a communica�tion, after which we will proceed to the order of the day.

Dr. Pillwax-.�We yesterday received two communications. The first from the Society of Veterinary Surgeons in Liege, in which the society expresses its thanks for the invitation from the Committee to take part in the Congress, and regrets that none of its members, because of pressing engagements, will be able to be present. The society also expresses a wish to have a report of our proceedings sent them. Secondly, Professor Falke sent a pamphlet entitled ' What has Veterinary Science to accomplish at the Universities ?' amp;c. This pamphlet is at the disposal of the members in the reception room.

The President.�I now request Professor Hering to take the chair, as I shall have the honour, as reporter, to place the views of the Committee on the first subject in the programme, before the Assembly. (Vice-President von Hering takes the chair.)

Dr. Itull.�Gentlemen ; the subject which occupies ns to-day has already been mentioned at the Congress in Hamburg. It is in reference to the reduction of the quarantine period existing at present in the quarantine establishments on the eastern frontiers of the Austrian empire, for the purpose of preventing the introduction of Rinderpest. 1 had the oppor-

SECOND INTEENATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 559

t unity in Hamburg, assisted by statistical notes, which clearly proved the extension of Kinderpest in Austria, and the pro�bability of an existing smuggling trade with homed cattle on the. frontiers, to learn the views of the Assembly about the pos-siliility of reducing the at present existing quarantine period, which is very long, should a due regard for the health of the native cattle permit it. Different views were expressed. The majority of those who took part in the debates admitted the correctness and reliability of the experiences acquired in refer�ence to the incubation period of Rinderpest; but some of the members did not consider the experiences sufficient to induce an alteration of the system in cattle quarantine establishments; a system which has existed so long and which has proved itself efficient, at least it was pretended that it had done so. After a discussion which occupied nearly two meetings, the following modified motion of Director Zangger was put to the vote: 1. Are the experiences gained up to the present time sufficient to induce the belief that the period of the incubation of Rinderpest does not extend beyond nine days ? and if this should be affirmed, 2. Could then, based on this belief, the quarantine period of twenty-one days, for the prevention of the importation of Rin�derpest, as far as it depends on the incubation period, be reduced ? Professor Hering put these two questions to the vote; both were answered in the affirmative by a majority, and, as 1 had the honour to remark yesterday, the possibility of a reduction of the quarantine period of twenty-one days against the importation of Rinderpest by Russian and Moldo-Wallachian cattle was acknowledged. Dut as to the lowest number of days to which this observation-period could be reduced, the Congress did not come to a decision. It now appears indispensable, if it is intended to make any progress on this question, that a certain base should be determined upon, which might serve as a rule of action for the future regulation of the so-called quarantine period for cattle. Beyond the remark that a reduction of the quarantine period is admissible, nothing practical was agreed on. The preliminary Committee therefore placed this subject, couched in more decided language, on the programme, and yesterday a Committee meeting, for the thorough deliberation, and, if pos�sible, for obtaining a resolution with regard to it, took place, the

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final result of which 1 shall have the honour to report to you. There were present at the meeting of the Committee: 1 )r. llanbuer from Dresden, Dr. Hertwig from Berlin, Professor Seifmann from Warsaw, Counsellor of State �nterberger from Dorpat, Land Veterinarian 1 )r. Werner from Lemberg, Professor Zltuual from Pesth, and myself. I shall now submit to you the motions of the Committee, and the discussion with regard to them can afterwards commence. We divided the subject under discussion into two parts, as it likewise appears in the programme. One part was to decide on the lesser number of days to which the quarantine period may be reduced, and the other was to con�sider those rules which ought to bo observed with regard to animal produce as articles of commerce during a time when Rinderpest is prevalent in a country. The Committee, after an exhausting deliberation, was unanimous in recommending the following motions to the Assembly:�

I.nbsp; The duration of the quarantine period, in consideration of the experiences gained as regards the incubation period of Rinderpest, might, for the cattle coming from .Russia and the Danabian Principalities, and intended for the West of Europe, be reduced to ten days; but this period ought to be, under all conditions of health of horned cattle in neighbouring countries, and without regard to the breed and destination of the cattle, strictly enforced.

II.nbsp; nbsp;The Committee only advises a reduction of the at present existing quarantine period of twenty-one days when the following preliminary measures shall have been put in practice, namely ;�

1.nbsp; When quarantine establishments shall have been founded in every place where the requirements of commerce render them necessary, and where local circumstances make their exist�ence possible. With regard to the latter, the easy procurement of fodder (but not from neighbouring countries which are sus�pected of infection) ought to be kept in view ; and a sufficient supply of water for watering and cleansing tiie animals ought to be considered :

2.nbsp; nbsp;When quarantine establishments are constructed in such a manner that they satisfy the veterinary police, and tend to the preservation of the health of the animals which are there at the.time, and when likewise a reliable veterinarian supervision is permitted:

SECOND INTERNATIONAL YETEMNAIIY CONGRESS. 501

3.nbsp; When a sufficient number of well-instructed and salaried veterinary surgeons shall have been appointed to the quarantine establishments.

The Committee also considers it necessary:�

4.nbsp; To brand every head of horned cattle on its arrival at the quarantine establishment:

5.nbsp; nbsp;To disinfect all cattle leaving the quarantine establish�ments :

6.nbsp; nbsp;To introduce a cattle conscription on frontier districts along the eastern border; to appoint veterinary surgeons there for this purpose, and to watch over the state of health of the cattle in the districts:

7.nbsp; To inspect and supervise most carefully the cattle in the interior of the country :

8.nbsp; To punish those with the utmost power of tbe law who evade or contravene the veterinary police laws concerning quarantine and Rinderpest.

III. The Committee considers it especially desirable that the legislature should fix a certain tax for each bead of native horned cattle, so that from the proceeds of this tax a fund may be formed for the extirpation of Rinderpest. This fund would render it possible to pay an indemnity for the killing of every sick or suspected animal, and thus the exportation of the disease to tbe west of Europe might be prevented.

As will be observed, tbe Committee has agreed to reduce the quarantine period to ten days for all cattle coming from eastern foreign countries, but this reduction is conditional on the pre�vious execution of several measures, which relate to the regu�lation of the existing quarantine system. I believe it would be better that gentlemen intending to speak on tbe question should take up this point previous to our proceeding to a division.

Professor Bertteig.�Gentlemen; those of you who were pre�sent in Hamburg when we discussed this subject, will doubtless remember that I was prominent among the minority by being opposed to the reduction of the quarantine period of twenty-one days, especially on the eastern Prussian frontier. You have heard in the inaugural speech of Ministerial Counsellor von Well yesterday, that they were already (o a certain extent de�cided on this point, but that the opposition of the Prussian

2 o

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representative in Hamburg prevented their coining to an ulti�mate clec-ision. Those of you who know this, and especially my countrymen, will now be astonished to learn that the Committee, of which I had the honour to be a member, resolved unani�mously to recommend a reduction of the duration of quarantine. I consider it necessary to give you explanations to justify myself to a certain extent, and to communicate some causes which, I trust, will partly prevent discussion on the subject. I beg shortly to observe, what all of you, as well as all professional men, doubtless know, that all our measures against Rinderpest are separated into two grand divisions. One division embraces the measures against the importation of Rinderpest beyond the frontiers of the state, and the other the measures for the ex�tirpation of Rinderpest when already in the State. The measures in the first category are in different States differently used. In Prussia, for example, we have on the frontier a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, when the Rinderpest is not prevalent in neighbouring States. But when neighbouring States suffer from the ravages of the Rinderpest cattle are debarred from entrance into Prussia. The just-mentioned measure has a par�ticular reference to Podolian cattle ; other cattle may, at a time when there is no Rinderpest, pass the frontier under very easy conditions. In Russian Poland it is different. There the im�portation of cattle for killing, even Podolian, is, after a quarantine of twenty-four hours, or at most three days, permitted. But if these cattle are intended for draught or work, the duration of the quarantine lasts longer ; if I mistake not, twenty-one days. These differences render difficult the observance of the quaran�tine. We professional men in Prussia, for example, have often been asked by custom-officials to describe the character of Podolian cattle in such a manner that each officer may be able to recognise them under all circumstances, which is simply impossible, even for one who sees a great deal of these cattle. There are transitions which render the recognition difficult, and many a Podolian head of cattle passes as Hungarian. In Austria again other means are employed, which I, as a foreigner, do not know in detail, but I know sufficient of them to be aware that here quarantine measures are not sufficiently protecting. This I do not say in a fault-finding manner. I am not the first who

.....#9632; ' quot;

L.^'-.-^J-A'AiiJ-¹'

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 568

has expressed this opinion; Director E�ll m one of liis works has clone so hefore me. If, to make the matter short, the quarantine regulations as they now exist are carried out in different ways, and as in their present condition they do not serve as a protection at all; if, especially, the circumstance which Director E�ll mentions, namely, that the smuggling trade is carried on with the greater zeal the longer the duration of the quarantine lasts�because the longer the quarantine, the larger the profit to the smuggler and the greater the inducement to smuggle�if all this is considered, and at the same time the more modern experiences which have remained intact from the International Congress of Hamburg until to-day are also taken into account, it must be confessed that the time lias arrived to make an alteration in the present system. This alteration must be such as to produce something better than what we have now. If we now, for example�I speak more especially to my country�men�if we in Prussia have had until now a quarantine with categories, with diversities, and if we had instead of this quaran�tine of twenty-one days and less, one with a fixed period for all kinds of all animals,, and with a- reduced time without any regard to the cattle being Podolian or of a different kind, then I believe we should produce something hotter. The remainder. Gentlemen, I must leave for your further discussion.

Dr. HaUcld spoke in favour of the reduction of the quarantine penod to ten clays. He considered that thanks were duo to Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Helen Paulowlia of Russia, for having founded and endowed an institute for the inoculation of Ihnderpest, which had proved of immense benefit to veterinary science and agriculture.

Mr. Ernes.�Hr. President; Mr. Spooner, Director of the Ve�terinary College, wishes to ask some questions with regard to inoculation for Rinderpest. The Rinderpest is at present pre�valent in England, and therefore tin's subject is of great import�ance. He wished to know if this is a fit time to enter into the subject.

The Vice-President.�It does not belong to the order of the day. But when the debates on the other questions are con�cluded, we may place it on the order of the day. We have now to consider a series of motions by the Committee, and to

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found resolutions thereon. Then we may consider the question about inoculation for Rinderpest.

Dr. TacJiemiiKj.�I cannot vote in favour of an alteration of the quarantine period. Science convinces me of the fact that the incubation period does not exceed nine days ; but, from practical considerations, I believe the time too short to observe the disease accurately. It is not possible to discover it so early. I am of opinion that, from the fact of their making the reduc�tion dependent on so many conditions, the gentlemen of the Committee were not quite certain as to their decision.

Dr. Bleiweis.�Permit me, Gentlemen, to add my mite to the motion of the Committee, that the quarantine period may con�ditionally be reduced to ten days. In supporting this motion, I Mould state that, under all circumstances, this ought to be the shortest period, and that perhaps it would be even better to add two days. As the incubation period must always be considered a safe guide in this direction, and since experience has proved that Rinderpest, Sheep-pest, and Goat-pest are identical diseases, this fact would, with regard to the incubation period, be also of gi-eat importance. AVheu in 1S(J3 the Ilinderpest appeared in

Carniola, where I am Land Veterinarian, and at the same time cases of Sheep-pest and Goat-pest occurred, I was commissioned, by the advice of Director Doctor Roll and with the consent of the Ministry of State, to try the inoculation of cattle with the virus obtained from sheep and goats suffering from the epidemic. For this purpose, the Ministry placed at my disposal the sum of 300 florins. I made experiments in two places at different times, but always in the month of July; some I made at Preloka, on the Croatian frontier of Carniola, and the others at Zagorje in the interior of Carniola. Whereas in Preloka the period of incubation of four head of cattle ceased on the fourth day, the result in Zagorje on the Karst was entirely different. Amongst the three head of cattle inoculated there on the 21st of July, one, a cow twelve years old, was taken sick on the ninth day, the 30th of July. This, Gentlemen, to be sure, is only a solitary case, but it lias been carefully investigated. We have seen here distinctly that the incubation period extends to nine days. On the ninth day the Rinderpest appeared in a most virulent form, and five days later the animal died. This,

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 505

Gentlemen, may serve as an argument in favour of the motion of the Committee that the quarantine period must not be reduced to less than ten days; but it may perhaps be worthy of your consideration, if it would not be even better to add, for the sake of greater security and precaution, two more days, and thus transpose the former number 21 to 12. It is not my intention to submit a motion to this effect, but principally to support the motion of the Committee. I thought it best to mention this case, as it well deserves the consideration of the Assembly.

Professor Jessen.�You are doubtless aware. Gentlemen, that a long time ago I expressed myself in favour of a reduction of the quarantine period. The honoured gentleman who spoke before me has just mentioned a circumstance which invites us to use great circumspection, because he has proved that the incu�bation period�on which, after all, depends scientifically the duration of the quarantine � may extend to the ninth day. Experiences of this kind we have already had, and they are still accumulating. In the last report from Kaupach (Karlowka), you will likewise find the appearance of Ivinderpest on the ninth day. Of 348 animals, 77 fell sick on the fourth day, 149 on the seventh clay, 9!) on the eighth day, and 23 on the ninth day. I have already directed your attention to the fact that, in accordance with experience, the appearance of the dis�ease does by no means invariably indicate its commencement; but that, especially in steppe cattle, where the Rinderpest generally, but uot always, appears in a mild form, the disease may be overlooked during several days, and that tire day on which the first symptoms appears is considered the termination of the incubation period. As yet experience points to the ninth day, and I must confess I have not observed a commencement of the disease later than the ninth day. In this respect, a qua�rantine period of ten days seems therefore amply sufficient. But to this, Gentlemen, is added an evil, which overthrows the whole quarantine system, and which we ought to consider, espe�cially on behalf of those veterinarians who are appointed to quarantine establishments situated on the borders, where steppe cattle pass into countries without steppes. I have always asserted, and here repeat the assertion, that I at least, after the most careful examination, will never maintain with certainty

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that a herd consisting of 10, 200, 300, or 1000 head of cattle from the steppes, on entering the quarantine establishment, is perfect]v sound ; neither do I dare conscientiously to assert that it will leave the establishment in perfect health, no matter whether it has been ten or twenty-one days there. Because experience has taught me that the Rinderpest may appear in the steppes in such a mild form, that no veterinarian, be he ever so experienced, will be able to recognise it. I am con�vinced that even with a quarantine period of twenty-one days the disease might be communicated from animals only slightly sick, or where the disease is not at all discernible, to others who would carry the malady with them from the quarantine establishment. This circumstance. Gentlemen, is of paramount importance, because the Governments require that we should arrive at a positive decision on this question. Whatever #9632;we express here must verify itself iu time, or the fault will lie at our doors. To do away entirely with quarantine we cannot; it therefore appears to me that, as quarantine must exist, in the interest of the present time, and in accordance with the requirements of commerce, its duration should be reduced to as short a time as possible. I am therefore in favour of the motion for reducing it to ten days. At the same time I must remark that I can never believe that quarantine, even when all the preliminary measures which the Committee has wisely added as conditions have been practically executed, will ever be a perfect protection. This, Gentlemen, is all I have to offer on the subject. I have no intention to oppose the resolutions ; on the contrary, I am entirely in favour of a quarantine period of ten days' duration.

Professor Fuchs.�Gentlemen ; in Hamburg I was in the minority, and voted against the resolution proposed there. I consider it therefore necessary to give to-day an explanation in this respect. I am able to agree, from an Austrian point of view, with the motion submitted by the Section, after we have listened to confirmed experiences about the latent period of Einderpest, and after experiences have been acquired in Austria with regard to quarantine, which make it highly probable that by a reduced period of quarantine the Rinderpest will be less easily introduced, than has been the case hitherto. But what

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I might express were the Einderpest to advance farther into Germany�what motions I should propose especially with regard to the country whose delegate I am, is, of course, quite another matter. Then a quarantine period of ten days would certainly not satisfy me. The conditions which have been proposed by the Section I consider sufficient, with the exception of one point about which I already spoke in the Assembly at Hamburg. I mean, Disinfection. Only healthy, or apparently healthy, cattle are admitted into the quarantine establishments, and until now only one disinfection of the human beings, animals, and articles in the establishment has taken place, namely, when they have left it. From this I infer that only one disinfection on leaving the establishment should take place. But it is well known that the infecting substance of Rinderpest is possessed of great tenacity. Although the animal may remain healthy after a quarantine period of ten days, it might yet be possible that during these ten days an infection, or a transfer of the contagion by means of an article which is infected, and which has been brought into the establishment, may have happened, and then the disease would make its appearance in a lew day's after the animals had left the quarantine establishment. Therefore I laid it down as a condition, when speaking in Hamburg, that the animals as well as the articles and men, which are admitted into the quarantine establishment, should be disinfected on entering. Should a disease appear within the establishment during the quarantine period, then of course at the conclusion of the quarantine another disinfection must take place, other�wise I consider the adoption of all the proposed conditions insufficient.

Mr. Seifmann.�I must claim your indulgence should 1 not be able to express myself so well in German as I would desire. I would take the liberty to defend some measures existing in Poland against the attacks of Professor Hartwig. It has been stated, we had in Poland a quarantine period of twenty-four hours, forty-eight hours, three days, and twenty-one days' dura�tion. It might appeal-, in consequence, that there were no definite laws in Poland; but the fact is, in different cases different proceedings are adopted. First permit me to state that there is no quarantine of three days' duration; there exists

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one of twenty-one days, one of two days (more correctly of forty-eight boars), and in particular cases one of twenty-four hours' duration. The cattle which are intended for killing can only he bronght in Poland to certain appointed places, namely, into largo cities and extensive townships which require great numbers of cattle for slaughter; and as the roads are guarded by veterinary surgeons, and the cattle in the places are likewise carefully superintended, a quarantine period of twenty-four hours' duration appears quite suflicient. If cattle are sold thence, they are accompanied by a veterinary surgeon to their place of destination, and there they are subjected to a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration. But the cattle which are intended for draught or other kind of work, and which are brought often in contact with native cattle, have invariably to pass through a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, in accordance with the laws at present existing.

Dr. Ilawitsch.�Permit me, Gentlemen, to speak first upon the principle of quarantine. I believe that the quarantine can only be used in the case of diseases which can be proved to extend by means of importation. If it were possible that the animals could fall sick without infection, that the Rinderpest could be originated spontaneously by animals during the time they are in quarantine, then of course quarantine would be useless. Therefore, it ought to be proved that cattle for killing which are imported from Russia could only fall sick of Rinder�pest when out of Russia, by means of infection. But if we believe that steppe cattle, even when out of Russia, are able to originate the disease spontaneously, then naturally the qua�rantine would not be required. I will only state that, at present, wo have no scientific proofs that the Russian steppe cattle develop the Rinderpest spontaneously while they remain in the steppe, and that in other phices they fall sick of the disease by means of infection. Once admit that they may ori�ginate the disease when removed from the steppes to other places, then the quarantine appears useless. Because, let us suppose the cattle have arrived healthy, and had not only been twenty-one days but fifty days in quarantine without falling sick, and then leave the quarantine establishment healthy but lull sick on the road, then quarantine would have served no

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SECOND INTERNxVriONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 56�

purpose whatever. I beg leave to ask the President to deter�mine, if Rinderpest may be originated spontaneously by steppe cattle when they have been removed from the steppes, or if they can only fall sick then by means of infection ? If the cattle can fall sick only by means of infection, then the principle of tbe quarantine is correct; if the contrary is the case, then the quarantine is useless, and would uot require to be reduced to ten days.

Director Zcmgger.�Grentlcmen ; the opinions which have just been expressed induce me to make a few remarks. Rinder�pest is not a disease of to-day; it is an old disease; and we must, when we deliberate on the measures for its prevention and limitation, not forget its history. And what does this history prove, Gentlemen? It proves that Rinderpest spreads as a con�tagious disease over the West and South of Europe, coming from the East; and this happens always at a time when learned men start the question, quot; does Rinderpest really spread by means of a contagion, or does it become developed primarily ? quot; And when this question, emanating from learned men, excited attention in any country, it was always a misfortune for that country. France, Italy, Holland, and England can bear witness to the truth of this remark. You still remember those devas�tating epidemics in Italy, France, and the Low Countries, where, during the discussion of the question, whether Rinder�pest was developed primarily or not, the whole stock of cattle, as it were, was destroyed. Gentlemen; if we return to this point we have not progressed at all; we have rather acted like the ostrich; closed our eyes to the danger, and not profited by experience. I do not only believe it, but it is an unde�niable fact, confirmed by experience, that in the western coun�tries of Europe, Rinderpest, for a long time past, has appeared solely by means of infection. By⁷ way of improving tin's oppor�tunity, I shall now proceed to the principal question. I suppose the Committee will propose further motions with reference to the treatment of the so-called poison-absorbing substances in man, animals, amp;c., and therefore I shall not enter into that subject at present. Now, Gentlemen, if it was intended to advise a country how long the quarantine ought to last in a locality where Rinderpest is prevalent, I would be in favour of a

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quarantine of longer duration. What has been narrated here to-day proves, that when Rinderpest lias appeared anywhere, free intercourse cannot be restored again ten days after no new case has appeared. But this is not the object under considera�tion at present, we are considering the importance of a per�manent quarantine ; and, if I understood correctly, this excep�tional permanent quarantine is against Russia. Russia, I regret to say, is not in that stage of civilization that, wherever it is necessary for the extirpation of Rinderpest, the requisite police measures could be employed and put in force which could and would be employed in a more civilized country. And because Russia cannot wield the necessary power to extirpate the Rinderpest on the spot where it breaks out, and put in force on that spot the requisite measures for preventing all com-nmnication, we are obliged to protect ourselves continually against this country. This permanent protection up to the pre�sent time consists of a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration; a quarantine which, by greatly impeding free communication, is frequently evaded. A permanent measure of this kind ought not to be put in force with such severity, as one which is employed at the place where the real danger exists. And it is certainly justifiable, with regard to the necessity of freeing the general intercourse from impediments, to relax this severity; but it is likewise justifiable, especially when those guarantees are demanded which are necessary to prevent any possible danger consequent on the liberation of free intercourse from all im�pediments. So soon as Russia is able�and I hope this will be shortly, as that empire has entered on a new era�to put in force police measures against Rinderpest, which Austria em�ploys in most of her provinces, and which we in the West of Europe are able to employ, we should no longer require a per�manent quarantine, and would not want to employ it. Gentle�men, I represent here a country which is greatly- interested in arresting the progress of Rinderpest from the East to the West; and if I should vote for the employment of the severest mea�sures, it would only be an expression of popular opinion. Another circumstance may be noted. As a cattle-breeding country, we might think, we should execute these measures with great strictness, in order to prevent the Podoliau cattle

SECOND INTERNATIONAL YETERINAltY CONGRESS. 571

competing with those in the West of Europe. But I do not believe it would show the elevation of the human mind if envy and other bad qualities exhibited themselves, and acted as in�ducements to vote against a reasonable relief of free intercourse. I therefore believe that, although I represent a country wherein these circumstances exist, I may, with full conviction, vote in favour of this lightening of intercommunieation, and at the same time retain to myself liberty to return to the opinion ex�pressed by Professor Bleiweis of Laibach. And why? Because, between us and Bussia several other countries are situated. Austria is the country most immediately exposed to the danger, and we have seen during a series of years, that it has the ex�perience, the will, and the power to extirpate the Binderpost, as soon as it passes beyond its borders into the interior. Austria is our bulwark. The importation of the disease into Austria, necessitates the employment of the severest measures for its extirpation, and the danger in consequence, so far as we are concerned, loses in magnitude. Certainly, when it becomes farther extended by means of traffic, it may come to us, to France, and to other countries. But then, we in our turn employ, wherever the Binderpest has been imported, tue severest measures. I believe England experiences now�not with regard to Rinderpest, but to Plenro-pneumonia�what enormous losses may be sustained when scruples are permitted to prevent the introduction of the most severe measures. This disease also pre�vailed in Switzerland, not farther back than the first quarter of this century. In consequence of using the severest measures, it appears now only at lengthened intervals; and the severe police measures enforced reduce the losses to a minimum. I believe, that even those who fear the danger greatly, and desire the employment of all means which may prevent the progress of the disease in a westerly direction, may yet, with due regard to the precautionary measures proposed by the Committee, vote for the relief of intercommunication.

Professor Eertwig.�Gentlemen ; what has been stated just now by Professor Zangger, I acknowledge as thoroughly correct. In Prussia likewise the immediate contact with foreign cattle is very general. Prussia possesses towards Bussia a frontier of at least 150 (German) miles. Prussia must likewise act, with regard to the

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other parts of Germany, as a bulwark ; we are therefore obliged to take the same view as that which Professor Zaogger expressed with regard to Switzerland, as a cattle-breeding country. Prussia has, by means of a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, and by employing very severe measures wherever sickness appeared, arrived at that point, that the losses which happen on this long extent of frontier may, as it were, be considered of slight importance. I purposely say, not only by means of the quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, but during the time of its establishment. We are there, on the frontier, continually on the qul vive; and if the disease, in spite of the quarantine, appears on the Prussian side of the border, we are generally able to limit it to a township, sometimes even to a farm or a house. But how? By the employment of the severest mea�sures in the country. Free communication on the border may be prohibited or not, it is all the same. But with the township or the house, all communication is interdicted, and the village watchmen are not trusted to perform this duty, but soldiers with loaded firearms are employed ; and whoever does not obey when he is ordered to quot; stop,quot; receives a shot in his legs (laughter) to prevent his coming again. The club is also used, to remove the infected cattle effectually and at once. 'With regard to the breeding of cattle during the existence of the twenty-one days' quarantine, the possession of that which he had is guaranteed to the farmer. Although the condition of the ground is in many parts of Prussia very poor, yet that kingdom is so rich iu stock, that the importation of herds is a matter of the greatest indifference. On the contrary. Hundreds of the finest head of cattle which we do not require (at one time more, at another less) go from the Berlin cattle market, which takes place twice a Aveek, by way of Hamburg to England. I do not fear, there�fore, as the result of a reduction of the quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, a much greater importation of foreign cattle. This has been a reason which induced mo to agree with the opinions expressed by the other members.

Director Gerlach.�I fully concur in all that has fallen from our eloquent colleague Zangger in reference to the development of Rinderpest. We do not know if Rinderpest has a home, and if it should have one, we even know less as to where that home

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 573

is. But we do know that it is not in Germany, nor in the neighbouring countries. I will pass this by, and at once enter into the main question on which we are deliberating. I believe the two last speakers have deviated from the right point. They declared that they (Professor Zangger more particularly) had no direct interest in the subject; that when the disease should appear it could only secure the employment of more stringent measures, and that they considered Austria and Prussia strong bulwarks. From the last speaker we heard that even soldiers were employed to preserve the security of the country. I should be in the same position with regard to Hanover, which country I represent, and which has no direct source of fear, should the quarantine, which until now has protected ns, cease. But, Gentlemen, here a principle is concerned. Ministerial Counsellor von Well has expressly stated how cautious the Government is in Austria; how it desires first a security�a foundation�before it proceeds to abolish an old and tried measure. The Government did not consider it right and just� and tin's caution deserves high praise�to introduce this measure in consequence of tlie resolution of a majority in Hamburg. It proposed the question again for deliberation, and demands an unanimous resolution on this important subject. Gentlemen, what does an unanimous resolution mean ? In other words, that we should give a technical security based on certainty; that science should explain it; and that all representatives of science should be convinced that it might be introduced,without danger. Now, Gentlemen, I ask, are we able to give this security ? We shall be held responsible for it. And if Government is so cautious, are we not to be so likewise even in a greater degree ? As a foundation for the term of quarantine, the period of incubation has been taken. Well, this is perfectly correct; but. Gentlemen, another consideration ought not to be forgotten. With regard to the duration of incubation, we know from analogy that there are no contagious diseases where it is absolutely always the same ; it varies. The same variations we have likewise in Binderpest. This disease, we have heard, has a period of incubation of from four to nine days. This gives no security that there are not periods of even a longer duration. With other contagious diseases, and especially with those the pro-

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gress of wliich is most malignant, incubation is frequently of a much longer duration. Analogy already invites us to be cautious; that which is proved in one place may also be tlic case iu another. But if we accept even nine days as the longest term of incuba�tion, this is of itself no sufficient foundation to do away with au old and tried measure. Another agent must bo considered, the nature of contagium, an agent which we know partly only from examination, and by no means to its whole extent. We must distinguish between an infection which appears when an animal suffers from Rinderpest and is surrounded by healthy cattle, which in a few minutes and in so many respirations inhale a sufficient quantity of pestilential matter, and in conse�quence of which the incubation of the disease commences; or when we inoculate the contagium, and from the same moment it begins to operate ; then it may be the longest time. But is the infection always thus, Gentlemen? We must remember that, for an effectual infection, a certain quantity of contagium is always required. We know better now than to subscribe to the assertion that the smallest quantity of contagium is sufficient to produce infection. We know this is not the case. A great many experiments have been made with infectious diseases, and it has invariably been found that this is not the case, but that a certain quantity of tlie contagium must exert its influence before the disease can germinate. This is likewise the case in Rinderpest. Thus, when the contagium adheres to infected animals, or becomes adherent to their hairy hides, in very small proportions, it exerts a certain influence without injuring the animal, and is not sufficient to develop the disease. The animal becomes infected, not with one respiration, not with ten, not in an hour. After several days it is really infected, and the disease appears then after several weeks. If we look to the history of the disease, we see that Rinderpest spreads in great leaps; that the disease, when there is no know�ledge of its presence, may lead to further outbreaks, and that it is impossible to follow its gradual extension. What is the reason of this? It has been stated that the disease is pri�marily developed by cattle from the steppes. We are beyond tbat. It, is and remains a contagious disease amongst steppe cattle. In no place lias it been proved, that a spontaneous

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 575

development has occurred. These cireumstances constitute one cause of the disease spreading and extending, as they delude, so that it may be supposed it will appear at a greater distance. We could not explain this by an incubation of from five to nine days' duration. If the period of incubation were so certain, it could not wander thus far. It ought to he borne in mind that there may exist circumstances whereby the period of incubation lasts longer by this contagion. We ai-e therefore not able to guarantee the Government of Austria that security which in its wise caution it demands. For this reason I am to-day just as much opposed to a reduction of the quarantine period as I was two years ago in Hamburg, and cannot be converted to any other opinion by the reasons which Professor Hertwig has stated. The same condition exists in Prussia. The old quarantine is no hair-cue, which could be cut off. It is an old proved measure which lias protected us. If direct or indirect, by means of having kept off Rinderpest, I will not investigate more closely. It has protected us. This ought to be borne in mind, and not to be given up readily, because wo must bo very cautious. The ultimate end which we have in view is so noble and well-meaning that I by no means mistake it. But it is intended to suppress the smuggling trade, and by this means it is believed the object in view will be attained. Gentlemen, I do not believe that a reduction of the duration of quarantine will suppress the smuggling trade. The expenses for ten or twelve days are heavy enough; and they are a sufficient inducement for the smuggler to smuggle. Once promote access to the frontier, and transit will become much greater; commercial intercourse will increase, and by this frequent intercommunication smuggling will become more flourishing, because less control will be exer�cised than at present, and, as a consequence. Rinderpest will spread more. Another point, which certainly docs not concern us so immediately, is: Does necessity force on us the adoption of this measure ? Do we require steppe cattle ? Cannot we exist without them ? Must we open our doors for the annihilation of our herds by a pest, as has happened in all times ? No, Gentle�men. Even in Austria, where there is no profit through this importation, where just as much is lost by the pest as has been gained by the importation of the steppe cattle�much more in

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other laquo;yuutrios�there is no sufficient cmiso for it. The Govern�ment wishes to know with certainty if it may facilitate with security the commercial intercourse. This intention is noble, and deserves acknowledgment. But, gentlemen, I am not in a position to guarantee this certainty; and for this cause I am opposed to the reduction of the quarantine period.

Dr. Boll.�As reporter of the first Committee, I beg leave to make a lew corrections as to facts. A remark has been made which might lead to the supposition that the Austrian Govern�ment intended to grant a concession or pay a compliment to a scientific theory by reducing the quarantine period in accord�ance with the ascertained period of incubation (eight to nine days) in Rinderpest. This is by no means the case. On the contrary, an entirely practical want obliges the Government to ask, if not by means of the reduction of the quarantine period for those cattle entering Austria across its eastern frontier, how a lessening of the danger of importing the Rinderpest might be obtained. This consideration, I believe, must be kept in view. It has been said and written, that Austria does not require the importation of Russian cattle, and it would therefore be bettor to entirely bar the frontier. This has been based on the sup�position that a certain number of cattle is exported from Austria, and in their place a certain number is imported, and that therefore the consumption within the country could be supplied by its own production, especially if the great losses are added which are caused by Rinderpest, and which could be avoided by preventing the importation of steppe cattle. I doubt whether the most stringent prohibition could prevent the importation of steppe cattle into Austria. It only requires to have a slight knowledge of the conditions on the eastern frontier to acknow�ledge the truth of this assertion. In Galicia, in the eastern border districts, there are many distilleries, and consequently there exists a desire for cattle, to make the refuse a source of profit. But so long as it is possible to obtain an ox for 40 to 50 florins from Podolia or Volhynia, whereas one from Galicia costs 7U to 80 florins, the exportation from Russia and the im�portation into Austria will continue. If even the frontier is barred against horned cattle, a road into Austria will neverthe�less be found, and the price of cattle will only rise a trifle in

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 577

consequence of the raised premium on smuggling. If it is said we breed sufficient cattle in Austria to satisfy our own wants, and could therefore do without foreign cattle, I ask in return, How are wo to send the cattle to Upper Austria, Salzburg, Galicia, and other places, and what will they cost when they arrive at their destination? I am convinced the importation of llussian cattle into Austria will continue until laud in liussia, and necessarily the price of cattle there, be�come as expensive as in Austria; but before this happens a lengthened period will have passed away, because close to the frontiers of Austria, large tracts of land are still only used as pasture-grounds, aud the breeding of cattle there is considerably less expensive in consequence. An attempted prohibition would by no means prevent the importation. It has been further stated: we ought not to do away with the quot; proved quot; measure of a quarantine period of twenty-one days' duration. I take the liberty to observe in this respect that a measure can only be considered as a quot; proved one quot; when tangible favourable results are obtainable. If, Gentlemen, you would look into the official report of the first international Assembly at Hamburg, you will find a statistical note of the ravages committed by Kinderpest from the year 1849 to lS(i3 in the Austrian empire. If you investigate figures, you will naturally ask-. How could it bo possible that, in spite of a quarantine period of twenty-one days' duration existing in Austria, such invasions could take place, through which complete destruction is caused, repre�senting a capital of thirty millions and more; and that, in spite of the employment of the most stringent extirpatory measures, the disease appears again continually in the interior of the country ? When you investigate the subject more closely, and have an opportunity of examining the reports, you will find that during years, many^r years, only healthy cattle enter the quarantine. I have examined the reports I received for this purpose very carefully, from the year 1850 to 1863, and only once did I find a case of sickness, as having occurred in quaran�tine. The animals remained twenty-one days in the quarantine establishment, were during this period always healthy, and nevertheless throughout these thirteen years we have had again and again Rinderpest in Austria. Should the animals which, evi-

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den�y healthyj were nevertheless twenty-one days in quarantine, have imported the Rinderpest? Only the Completely healthy eattie of substantial traders come at present into the quarantine. Sick or suspected cattle never reach the quarantine; they are imported into the interior of the country by means of smuggling. That the smuggling trade is not an illusion is proved by figures in an article 'On the Quarantine System,' which I published in the Austrian Beview. It appears that, passing the eastern frontier of the empire, about 25,000 head of cattle entered through the custom-houses of East Galicia, but that 50,000 cattle appeared in the butcher-meat market of Vienna. The question then naturally arises, How does the surplus of these cattle come into the country? Uy travelling on the eastern frontier the worldng of the cattle trade will soon be understood. It has further been stated that the reduction of the duration of quarantine would not take away much of the inducements held out to the smnggling trade. This is likewise incorrect. During a qua�rantine period of twenty-one days each head of cattle in the quarantine establishments of Oalicia or the .Bukowina costs between 8 and 12 florins, sometimes even 15 florins; therefore on an average about 10 florins. The smuggling premium is valued (so it is stated) at about G florins per head of cattle. When, now, the trader smuggles, he pays about (i florins per head; he saves hereby the quarantine expenses of 10 florins per head and the duty of 4 florins 20 kreutzers, without taking into consideration that his cattle, which often represent a capital of 20,000 or 00,000 florins, bring him no profit during twenty-one days whilst they are in quarantine. These are things which the dealer considers very carefully. If now the duration of the quarantine is reduced to one-half, the expenses consequent thereon are likewise reduced in the same ratio; the dealer gains half of the time during which he may draw profit from his cattle, i.e. ho may render his capital avail�able twice during this time. I am convinced, and all who live on the frontier and mean honestly on this subject share the con�viction, that the reduction of the quarantine period to the least duration which the state of veterinary science permits, is the only means of limiting the smuggling trade. But another circumstance must occur at the same time, namely, that quarantine institutions

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SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 579

must be established wherever tho requirements render them necessary; they must therefore be multiplied according to the requirements in order to prevent people from making a circuit of perhaps thirty or forty miles before they and their cattle could enter a quarantine establishment. The Committee has supplied a sketch about the requirements of good quarantine establish�ments for animals in general; but, in doing so, it did not mean to imply that the quarantine establishments used hitherto are so bad as not to be fit for future use, it was only intended to point out that they must satisfy the demands of veteri�nary police, that they must be able to keep the cattle healthy, and must furnish the means of recognizing a disease imme�diately on its appearance. We have then added a few views of our own. But in doing so it was by no means our intention to give instructions on the mode of procedure in quarantine establish�ments. We have said purposely in the motions quot;the demands of veterinary police,quot; amp;c My opinion of the subject is, if an international debate takes place on the animal quarantine system, the fundamental rules for such institutions would doubt�less be first communicated, and only on the conclusion of the debate could an agreement be arrived at on matters of detail. We could not insert opinions on details into the motions. 1 quite agree also with the opinion expressed by Medical Counsellor Fuchs that animals must submit to a disinfecting process on entering the quarantine establishment; but I con�sider this as being already conveyed in the expression that quarantine institutions must satisfy the demands of veterinary police. All animals before entering the Austrian quarantine establishments are at the present time washed; these places of quarantine are so situated that they are bordered by a river. I must protest against one more remark. It has been stated that the Austrian Government had hesitated to reduce the duration of quarantine in order not to abolish a measure which, with regard to Austria, has proved itself efficacious. To this opinion 1 cannot subscribe. The cause of this hesitation was stated to be, if I mistake not, that the Austrian Government would not reduce the period of quarantine before it had arrived at an understanding with neighbouring Governments; as it feared, if it did so without a previous agreement of this kind, that

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preventive measures might be put in foree against Austria, and that neiglibonring countries might he closed against that empire. From purely international considerations did Austria hesitate to introduce this measure.

Professor Ilertiviy.�I have only to claim your attention for one observation with regard to the statement that quarantine has proved effectual as a protective measure during the last fifteen years. During this time we have had the Rinderpest in Prussia coming from the Russian border, and running in an 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;oblique direction through the country with great swiftness,

nearly as far as Dantzig. Another time we had the disease in spite of the quarantine in the Grand Duchy of Posen, extending as far as Silesia and the river Oder. At another time, only a year later, we had it from the Bohemian and Silesian side, extending at once right in to the middle of the country as far as the region of Breslau, and in the district of Oppeln it appeared frequently. Therefore the protection, the unconditional protec�tion, is absent. As T previously observed, if we are able to escape the disease with not so serious losses, this is not to be ascribed to the existence of quarantine as the sole cause, but to those ve�terinary police measures which are employed in the interior of the country. I now request colleague Liitliens, from the district of Oppeln, to confirm this by the statement of a few facts.

Mr. Liitliens.�As is well known, gentlemen, the prevention of Rinderpest is far more difficult than its extirpation. At least I must assert this, so far as regards the results obtained in Prussia from the means employed for its extirpation. That the system of extirpation in Prussia has produced very favour�able results during the last few years is to be ascribed to the circumstance that so soon as Rinderpest makes its appear�ance in a herd of cattle, every animal is hilled without regard to the number of animals which are really sick, and without consideration of how many head the herd consists, should they amount even to several hundreds. This is one of the principal bases of the extirpation system. The second is, as stated previously by Professor Hertwig, that all communica�tion is cut off with the farm where the disease has appeared, and this is done by means of soldiers; this interrupted commu�nication remains in force until a complete disinfection has taken

quot;?raquo;k^*L-* ^'^.W^.-C?^--^.-¹ -..JLi^-*-..,?*^�

SECOND INTEBNATIONAL VETEBINABY CONaEESS. 581

jilace, iu such u manner that after the communication is free again, the contagium conld not be spread. Ihit with the pre�vention it is different. For this we have no secure remedy. Even a quarantine of a longer duration than twenty-one days would not be able to keep the poison�the contagium�from us ; because, Gentlemen, there are many ways by which the contagium may be carried. It cannot be forced by order of the authorities to take its road through the quarantine establishments, so that it may be at once discovered by animals whilst in quarantine. It has been stated several times that the smuggling trade is the principal means by which the contagium is imported to us ; this trade will continue even if a sentinel is placed at every twenty paces distance. There are smuggled animals which may and do bring the contagium to us, as we have experienced and still experience daily. We have therefore an absolutely certain means of extirpating Rinderpest, and this is what I pre�viously described. But our preventive means are not absolutely protective, and therefore the principal means to suppress Rinder�pest and to prevent its gaining ground is to make use of the extirpation system. .Bearing in mind that we are certain to be able in Prussia to extirpate Kinderpest on its appearance, and to prevent its spreading further into Germany, and considering that we have a securely operating means to extirpate the disease, I would recommend in accordance with a wish previously expressed by Dr. Bleiweis, that the existing duration of quaran�tine be reduced to twelve days ; but I must add that this should be done only on condition that the quot;stamping outquot; system as at present employed in Prussia, or one similar to it, be adopted by all other European countries should Rinderpest make its appearance, else the proceeding would not be uniform. Professor Ileynal (in French) wishes to submit to the learned Assembly a few short observations with regard to quarantine employed against contagious typhus. He, the speaker, has not personally investigated the disease; but he has read works published by his colleagues in Grermany on the incubation period. He has not found that its duration, as stated, has been proved undeniably by experiments, as has been said previously by Professor Gerlach. He, the speaker, believes it very difficult to establish a quarantine, the duration of which should be based

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on tlie period of incubation which is likewise not firmly ascer�tained. Under these cirenmstauees Mr. Beynal considers it advisable to investigate the quarantine question in a general manner. By looking at the question in this manner, the pro-lessor considers it necessary to reduce the duration of the qua�rantine as much as possible. A quarantine oi' a long doratiou is very inconvenient to the requirements of commerce: it opposes free intercourse, and leaves the capital unoccupied and idle ; but it protects fraud and the smuggling trade. The dealers try by every means in their power to set the stringent prohibitire measures at defiance; nay, the quarantine laws on the frontiers ai-e often evaded by the very persons whose duty it is to see that they are respected. In summing up, Mr. Keynal shaves the opinions of those members of the Assembly who desire a quarantine of the shortest possible duration. For this the pro�fessor added, that the citizens in every country where the Rinder�pest is prevailing should come forward voluntarily, and aid the Government in its endeavours to suppress the epidemic. Mr. Iveynal is likewise of opinion that it would bo very useful, that in the harbours of Ifussia whence cattle are shipped for exporta�tion, and on the largo railway stations, where great numbers of cattle are often congregated, that sanitary inspectors should bo placed to examine the animals. The professor has seen in Hamburg and Altona cattle exposed to all weathers. In the interior of the vessels they are pressed together closely in a narrow space, and are obliged to inhale the confined and vitiated air. If it were possible to introduce some sanitary measure to ameliorate their condition, without in any way hurting com�mercial interests, it would be a great benefit. Mr. Reynal does not entertain the slightest doubt that these circumstances taken together arc the causes which rapidly develop diseases to which animals are predisposed.

Mr. llaivitsch.�I will, gentlemen, make but one observation regarding the opinion which our colleague Zangger expressed in reference to the spontaneous development of Rinderpest by steppe cattle. I use the word steppe cattle, because I have learnt from history that Rinderpest beyond the steppes, and especially in the west of Europe, is produced solely by means of infection. I never believed, and never intended to infer,

quot;IIU�., It-L -.'-A�

�KCOND INTEENATIONAL VETERINAUY CONGEESS. 583

that tliere likewise it was developed spontaneously. 1 only intended to say that the cattle are driven from the steppes of Russia to foreign countries ; that on the road beyond the steppes they may fall sick spontaneously, and then the quarantine would be useless. The gentlemen who spoke after me have done much to confirm my assertion; thus, for example, Professor Hertwig stated that Prussia is not protected against Rinderpest through the quarantine, but by means of its firmly established police measures, which are rather vigorous. Therefore the quarantine in itself and by itself is useless. In Austria the same is the case. The quarantine does not protect against Rinderpest, because, in spite of it, as Director Roll stated, great losses are sustained. During a period of six years and more, Rinderpest, in spite of the quarantine, was continually in Austria. It has been said that the smuggling trade brings cattle into the country, and spreads the Rinderpest by means of infection. Uut why, gentle�men ? Does not the smuggling trade exist every year ? Why does not the Rinderpest spread every year in Austria and Prussia ? Is this not a sufficient proof that, especially in such years when the cattle in the steppes of Russia show a predispo�sition to the disease, the cattle in other countries may likewise fall sick ? I will not dispute what Professor Reynal asserted, namely, that Rinderpest, or a similar disease, the typhus, may be developed in ships, in consequence of the pressing together of many animals ; this is possible�I mean with especial reference to Russia. I am firmly convinced that Rinderpest in steppe cattle does not only develop spontaneously as long as the cattle remain in the steppes, but far beyond them, and that the disease is specially induced by long marches and privations. By this means it may be explained that a herd may leave the steppes perfectly healthy, and after three months from its arrival in Petersburg or the north of Russia, the disease may appear. Then it will be said, they have been infected on the road by other cattle. But many have asserted, mid it may be stated publicly, that cases occur where these steppe cattle have been infected without having passed through stables where Rinder�pest was prevalent. Arc these cases not sufficient to prove that steppe cattle may, under certain circumstances, 1 do not say always, likewise develop the Rinderpest even beyond the

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steppes? Tlierefure, why refuse to believe that the sarae steppe cattle when they have passed the frontiers of Prussia or Austria, may spontaneously fall sielc of Rinderpest ? But should even this possibility be admitted, it has not been proved scientifically, because history proves only that in the West of Europe, in England, Spain, France, and Germany, Einderpest often censes of its own accord, because there is no importation, and steppe cattle come seldom into these regions. When, therefore, steppe cattle fall sick spontaneously beyond the frontiers of Russia, jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; then quarantine is useless; there is only one means, as Professor

Hertwig stated, and this is to kill them. If quarantine shall nevertheless continue as an old established measure, I am in favour of its reduction, as being rpiite ineffectual.

Mr. Zldmdl.�I will only, in passing, touch on the assertion that Kinderpest may originate spontaneously, and then proceed to something else. My experiences are based on agricultural conditions in regions similar to those in Russia and the Danubian Principalities. We have likewise steppe cattle in Hungary, our herds are likewise accustomed to be in the open air during summer and winter. The breeding is the same as far as other circumstances still permit it. How it will be later I cannot say. I have had opportunities nearly every year since 1838, and during the first six years without interruption, to observe the pro�gress of Rinderpest in Hungary, not generally and from hearsay, but step by step. I found the scent always beyond the frontier; it has always been imported to us. Only defective observations, not being able or unwilling to search, as is too often the case, merely for the sake of discovering something new, has raised amongst us men who assert that the disease originates spon�taneously in Hungary, but fortunately under such circumstances no counter-proof was necessary to demonstrate that it really had been imported to us from other places. Therefore quarantine, regarded as a protection against the importation of Rinderpest, is not alone admissible, but likewise necessary. If one who has had a good insight into these matters can agree with some of the previous speakers, I would certainly adopt the opinion ex�pressed by Counsellor of State Jessen, that we are unable to iix upon a secure quarantine; that the Rinderpest may return to us, or be imported in eight, ten, fifteen, or twenty days.

SECOXD INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGfiESS. 585

But if we intend to proceed from exceptions and possibilities, it would be better to let tbis discussion drop. We must have a base, and must have reasons for tbe adoption of this base. Since 183!), when I first had opportunities to observe Rin�derpest, I tried inoculations. These were not limited to two or three, but extended to 215 head of cattle, and were per�formed under circumstances which permitted us to consider the results as certain, because tbe attempts were not made during a time when Rinderpest was prevalent in infected places�not where cattle were in stables and towns, but in places well adapted for the purpose. I appeal to the testimony of my colleague, Professor, Director, and Doctor von Szabo in Pesth, where we performed the last inoculations, and where tbe in-cuhatiou period, after inoculation�namely, injecting the con�tagious matter below the sldn, and infection by inhalation of the pestilential substance�was limited to four or six days. If we therefore intend to proceed, according to experience and science, we ought to take this as a basis. That the incubation period may last nine days I have never stated, but 1 admit it. Nay, under certain circumstances, as lias been very correctly argued, the quantity and quality of the contagium may exert a great influence. 1 know of cases where an animal, bought at an infected market, did not fall sick before tbe twenty-first day; bow this happened I do not know. I will even ascribe it to the quantity of tbe contagium. �iit it is not, I hope, our intention to found measures on exceptions. If there is any one who is thoroughly convinced that all quarantine might cease, I am that person; because since 1828 1 have seen three Rinderpest invasions, in defiance of all quarantines. quot;Whether quarantines have proved effectual in some cases, I do not know ; but I know they have not done so with us. The Rinderpest was introduced in the year 1828, and stayed with us till 1842. During 1848 it was imported, and lasted till 1856. Again, in 18(51 it was brought to us, and is still raging in spite of all quarantine. If it were, therefore, possible to abolish quaran�tine, and thus free intercourse from all impediments. 1 would certainly be in favour of such a measure, and I must confess it was my intention to introduce a motion to that effect. But certain existing agricultural conditions do not permit this ; and

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therefore I refrain from introducing ray motion. If quarantines are not useful, we must endeavour to modify their effects. They have not protected us at any time; why should they still re�main instruments of annoyance ? One of the previous speakers said: quot; If twenty-one days do not protect, how could ten days do so?quot; Much sooner, gentlemen. The expense for each head of cattle in the quarantine establishments does not, as Professor Jtoll stated, amount to ten florins; this would only be the case at a very⁷ favourable time. The Land Veterinarian for Galieia could irive vou different information with resrard to drousrhty years, when four florins per day is charged for fodder for each animal, and when therefore the expenses for each beast amount durine: twenty days to 80 florins. We must remember that bv such means we encourage smuggling. I am consequently for the greatest possible reduction. I should have desired quaran�tine reduced to eight days, but I acknowledge the force of the reasons stated, and vote for ten days. There are some gentle�men here who admit an incubation of nine days'duration, and yet desire a quarantine of twelve days. I beg to remind these gentlemen that animals do not generally⁷ proceed at once, and on the same day, from their stables to the quarantine establish�ments; they⁷ have probably marched for days, perhaps for weeks, and therefore the observation of them cannot date from the day of their entrance into the quarantine, but the possibility that an infection might have been given previously. Based on this, a quarantine period of eight days' duration would be quite snffi-cieut, for if we iix on ten days, it may always be taken as granted that the infection may have taken place a few⁷ days previously⁷. We do not suppose that disease might originate in the quarantine establishments; this, as experience proves, has very seldom happened. I would also earnestly remind these gentlemen that the cattle do not come from parts in the im�mediate neighbourhood, where, at any rate, other measures would have been employed, but that they have travelled tor some time, during which they must have been infected. We must, in spite of the quarantine, be always prepared for the enemy. When time is given for the disease to spread, then it is necessary to adopt those measures in the interior of the country which Professor Hertwig mentioned and explained so

SECOND ENTEENATIONAL VETERINAEY CONGEESS. 58 lt;

lucidly. There they are not even afraid of the importation, because they know their own ability to overcome it. But the condition on which this quot;overcomingquot; depends, is a knowledge that the disease exists ; and this we knew very seldom, fre�quently not before the whole country becomes infected. What may be a subject for consideration is, how the expenses in�curred in a permanent supervision of cattle could be licpii-dated; this likewise has been pointed out in the motions, and I am of opinion that the formation of a fund Mould prove very beneficial. I believe, that only then could cattle insur�ances exist, that only then could we breed cattle, without sac�rificing every year between 30,000 and 4(J,U00 head, as we do at present, when not only veterinary police measures in the interior are instituted, but when pecuniary means are available to execute them. But then we cannot expect the State or the community to do everything. Those most interested, could obtain security by means of a small contribution, which could never be felt burdensome. I have made a calculation for Hun�gary, and have arrived at the conclusion that each head of horned cattle may be insured for 20 kreutzers; and as sheep are also liable to suffer from Rinderpest, I have projected for them an insurance of 1 kreutzer each ; the result would be 188,000 florins annually. This sum, in the first year, would be required to make all necessary preparations, appointments, amp;c. In favourable years this contribution may be reduced one half; because it is not intended to indemnify for cattle which have died or were killed, but the object is to keep them healthy, and in time such a fund would be the result, as to render all contri�butions superfluous. Let me repeat, that although I was opposed to quarantines, I am convinced they must continue ; but that, because they are of no, or very little use, I should like to see them reduced to a minimum, to prevent their interfering with commerce, their impeding free intercourse, and encou�raging the smuggling trade to too great an extent; lastly, wo ought always to expect the invasion of the enemy; but we must likewise be prepared to receive and speedily to extirpate it.

Dr. Bruckmidkr.�Is it allowable to move that the debate now close?

The Viee-President.�I shall put it totiie vote, if the Assembly' wishes to close the debate or not.

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Director Zcmgger.�I move the contiuuatiou of the debate.

The Vice-President.�Those gentlemen who wish that the de�bate should be continued will please to rise. (They rise.) The majority is in favour of contimiatiou. Counsellor of State Jessen will speak next.

Professor Jessen.�Gentlemen; it has been a source of satis�faction to me to have seen, during the progress of these deli�berations, that the point in favour of which I gave only a few reasons has been acknowledged in general, or if not in general, at least as a complete whole, viz.: that the quarantine establish�ments on tiie frontier are not capable of guaranteeing a complete and unconditional protection. I consider, therefore, the reduction from twenty-one to ten days as a preliminary measure to their entire abolition. In this respect, therefore, I have nothing further to say. But I should like to answer a few accusations (I ought scarcely to call them accusations) which have been raised in the course of the debate against the Russian Govern�ment and against Russian enactments, it has been stated that in Russia wo suffer extraordinary losses through the Rinderpest, because our veterinary police measures are still in their infancy, and we have therefore not the means to prevent the epizootic Gentlemen ; to deny this, would least of all be seemly in me, who #9632;�like others of my colleagues who have expressed their opinion on this subject�have gained sufficient experience in Russia. But 1 must beg you to consider what difference there is between the circumstances in Russia and the conditions here. It is (although not generally accepted) a general opinion here, that Rinderpest does not originate spontaneously in your own country, but that it is always imported from beyond the fron�tier. By this means. Gentlemen, you certainly have it very easy! You might seal your frontiers hermetically and let nothing pass; if you can do without the Russian cattle, you can order a quarantine of forty days, if it can with justice bear tiie name, of twenty-one days, or even of ten days' duration. But what have we in Russia ? We do not know the haunts of Rinderpest. We do not know, at least not with absolute cer�tainty, if the disease originates spontaneously in the steppe countries. We are still trying to solve tins problem; and we. Gentlemen, have tried by inoculation to arrive at a solution

SECOKD INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 589

which, if successful, would, according to ray belief, render all quarantine measures superfluous. Inoculation has been practised for no other purpose than to examine the question: quot; Can we arrive at that point by means of inoculation that we may export only such cattle beyond the borders of the steppes as have no pre�disposition whatever to originate the Rinderpest spontaneously, and which therefore run no risk of being infected during long marches, nor are able to carry the disease into other countries?quot; This great task of inoculation has, unfortunately, not been rightly understood everywhere. But, Gentlemen, I hope we are pro�gressing in the right direction, and that the present time, which provides such extraordinary means for extraordinary purposes, will likewise find a means to prevent gentlemen in future cud�gelling their brains about quarantines for Russian cattle, and enable us to export only cattle which cannot take the disease nor even spread it. This, Gentlemen, I wished to say in conclu�sion. I vote now, as before, in favour of the reduction of the Rinderpest quarantine to ten days.

Professor Haubner.�Gentlemen; I intend to make only a few remarks, and more especially with regard to police mea�sures, which I hold to be heavy burdens, and particularly when they are put in force with greater severity than is necessary. But, I ask, on what was the former and still existing quarantine period of twenty-one days based ? I answer, on former obser�vations and investigations, which we can no longer recognise as effective. We must now use our more modern experiences as bases. And suppose we could overlook everything previously accepted, and the question were asked of us as a learned body: quot; To what duration will you, without regard to previous expe�riences, determine the quarantine period?quot; The answers would be, quot; to eight, ten, or twelve days,quot; according to the views enter�tained. But no one would listen to a proposed duration of twenty-one days. I must also point out, that a measure or law can never be based on exceptions. The rule must be consi�dered ; the rule is, that we have a short period of incubation. It has been stated by competent judges of great experience, that it does not extend even beyond the ninth day, and I believe by this rule we must abide. If we rely upon this, a quarantine of ten days' duration ought to be considered as a proper mea-

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sure. Much lias hern said about the pvoved protection of a quarantine of twenty-one days; but we were often reminded tlint, in spite of this twenty-one days' quarantine, Binderpest entered the country. It has been stated, that liinderpest would enter a country even if a military sentinel was placed at the dis�tance of every twenty paces. At one time an opinion was expressed in the Prussian Ministry that if soldiers were placed so close together that they could shake hands and in the rear a gallows was erected and everyone should lose his head who passed them, many would nevertheless creep through their line. This was proved during the prevalence of the cholera in the year 1831, when Prussia had closed its frontier (not against Rinderpest; hut against something else). But the fact is, the disease cannot be kept back. We have been reminded through�out these deliberations we ought to consider the procedure for the extirpation of .Rinderpest in the interior of the country. Permit me. Gentlemen, to remind you also of something else. We must go further; we must not treat the question, as has been done till now, in a one-sided manner, and express the want and necessity of a ten days' quarantine, we must likewise state how it is to be put in practice. It has already been intimated that it must be brought into connexion with the quot; stamping outquot; system existing in the interior of the country. But some�thing which has been lost sight of altogether is, that this question is closely connected with the supervision of cattle conveyance on railroads�the second question; herein is contained the principal point. When the requisite measures have been adopted there�those measures which are indispensably necessary, not only against Binderpest but other diseases�then we could reduce at once the period of quarantine. I beg therefore to defend the assertion that there is no reason why we should retain a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, as has been already stated in Hamburg. It is our duty to determine the duration of quarantine from a purely scientific point of view, and in accordance with the teachings of experience, we would go too far were we to enter into a further discussion, we would then not progress at all.

Director Gerlach.�Much has been asserted in opposition to what I have stated. A gentleman from Hungary has laid down

SECOXD INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 591

the principle that quarantines are only productive of harm, that they are of no use, and in order to reduce that harm to a minimum the period of duration ought to he reduced. Gentlemen, if this principle he correct, then quarantines must be abolished, they must no longer exist; and to this I could perhaps agree. If all are of opinion that they have absolutely done no good, then without hesitation 1 would be in favour�more so than for half-measures, which are neither one thing nor the other�of their abolition. Secondly, it has been asserted that although I defended a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration, the disease has nevertheless appeared in Austria and Prussia repeatedly. This is quite correct; but, Gentlemen, if cases of Rinderpest have occurred in spite of quarantine, the question must be answered, Did t .ey occur after the quarantine? This ques�tion has not been investigated; gentlemen Im^e passed it by, and, as far as I know, no instance has been shown where a herd, after having been twenty-one clays in quarantine, and leaving healthy, had spread the pest. I may err�I admit that cases may occur, exceptions are possible, but they must bo very rare, fpr were it otherwise I should have known something of them. 1 invite gentlemen to produce facts as to a herd, after Laving been twenty-one days in quarantine, having spread the disease. Without that, the objection could with justice be raised that they have been infected after leaving the quarantine. Thirdly, has too much importance been attached to our ability of extirpating the disease more securely and quickly? A Prussian veterinary surgeon, Mr. L�thens, stated he was in favour of a reduction of the quarantine period, because we are able to extir�pate tho Rinderpest. Now, Geutlemen, this statement must only bo accepted conditionally. Our colleague, Jessen, has declared his inability to recognise Rinderpest at once, and added that it often appears so concealed that it is quite impossible to recognise it. It has been frequently asserted, even by the gentlemen from Hungary, that Rinderpest has been prevalent during several successive years�and we know-that in many places where it appears it remains for years, and is only suppressed with great difficulty, after thousands of cattle have been destroyed and millions of money sacrificed. Is this the secure and certain system of extermination ? Can you

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rely on it, and talve away all means of security from the frontier? I do not think this would be the right plan. If we felt con�vinced that these eases would only appear on the frontier, then it would be possible to watch and perhaps detect the suspected eases. But if this is not done in its immediate vicinity, and we are without suspicion, then the disease gets spread abroad, and thousands of animals fall a sacrifice before it is recognised. Therefore too much importance ought not to be attached to the arguments brought forward for abolishing quarantine. These were the points upon which I intended to speak.

Mr. JEnies.�Gentlemen; with regard to quarantine I have very little to communicate. In England we have none, and for a very good reason. In London alone we import every week 4000 oxen, 7500 calves, 1800 pigs, and 10,500 sheep. Now if a quarantine were established there, what would be the consequence? Famine�and nothing else. quot;Wo have, until now, relied on Germany, which has protected us during the last 120 years against Rinderpest. We had it in the year 1704. At that time it was prevalent during twelve years. Now, England has again, unfortunately, the Rinderpest, and you will enquire how it came to us. We imported only one cargo of Russian cattle; it consisted of Podolian oxen; these were brought per rail to Revel, from Revel per ship to Travenuinde, and from Traveniiiude they were sent again by railroad to Hamburg. In Hamburg they were embarked and part of them went to Hull (?) and the other part to London. One animal died already at Revel, another was kept alive during the passage by means of brandy-and-water. The cargo which arrived in London was brought next day to the cattle-market in Islington, and there other cattle were infected. In one dairy alone twelve head were infected. It was thought the herds were poisoned, so quickly did they die. Professors Spooner and Simonds were summoned. Professor Simonds had investi�gated the disease formerly in Galicia; Professor Spooner recog�nised it at once as Binderpest. On calling on me the next day he likewise saw an animal sick; it surely was Rinderpest. In London alone we lost more than 3000 head of cattle. There are 20,000 dairy cows in London. The British Govern�ment has been advised what to do, but in England this is not

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAHY CONGRESS. 593

easily accomplished. We have advised that cattle from abroad should only be disembarked in certain towns, to have large stables and slaughterhouses erected there iu order to kill the fat cattle at once, and let the cows and other cattle, which are intended for the country, pass through a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration. I believe the country would be sufficiently protected through this quarantine, or better still, if we could prohibit the importation of all Russia� cattle.

Professor FucIls.�I should like to hear from the previous speaker if the Rinderpest, which he mentions, is the same disease about which articles appear in the newspapers?

Mr. Ernes.�It is the same disease about which articles are written in the papers. But in England people refuse to believe it. It is nothing else but Rinderpest; it cannot be anything else if animals die of it in three to five days. Uo you wish me to give the symptoms ? But 1 believe the subject is not on the order of the day. To-morrow, when we speak about it, I will enumerate all the symptoms.

Professor Fachs.�I should like to ask, then, if it is possible to observe and study the disease in London? as no police measures exist there, this would be difficult.

Mr. Ernes.�I have been inspector of a district, and have seen more than one hundred of the sick animals.

Professor Fuchs.�It would be necessary then to appeal to you to receive any information ?

Mr. Ernes.�A veterinary professor in London came last Sunday to me, when I had to inspect some animals. He went with me and saw the animals. One was sick, one had died, and we found what is generally found by Rinderpesi I need not say what the Rinderpest is; we all know it.

Professor Vnterberyer.�I take the liberty to add a few re�marks on the communication of the previous speaker. He stated, amongst other things, that the disease (I do not doubt it is Rinderpest, after what I have heard) which is prevalent in London was introduced there, as is pretended, by cattle bought some time ago by dealers in Revel, and imported thence into England. I must doubt this statement, so long as I am not supplied with more details. According to a statement of the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, the disease had been pre-

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valent among the dairy cattle in London for some time, similar in all respects as it appears in Itussia and other States, and before any official report on the subject existed. The disease was already in London before the cattle mentioned were sent from Revel to London. I must farther remark (and our col�league Jessen will prove it) that for a long time past, and more particularly this year, in the environs of Bevel, in a city only about thirty miles distant from Dorpat, nothing has been heard of Rinderpest. How could the Rinderpest be imported from a country where it does not exist ? I hope, therefore, that it will be clearly determined how the Rinderpest was brought to London. In the interest of cattle-breeders in our part of Russia, I deemed myself obliged to make this statement.

Professor Jessen.�I take the liberty to remark that it was stated the cattle alluded to had been brought to Revel by rail�road ; Revel has no railroads.

Professor Unterberyer.�There is one projected: the construc�tion of which will commence next year.

Mr. Mties.�The cattle were brought to Riga.

Professor Jessen.�\Vitli Riga this may have been more likely.

Mr. Ernes.�It is Rinderpest which we have in England.

Mr. ZU'tmal.�It has been doubted that the disease may appear after a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration. During the year 1861, in September, 1 was ordered, on account of Rinder�pest, to the Bihar Comitat, on the borders of Transylvania. A drove of 400 fat oxen, which had passed the Moldavian fron�tier towards Transylvania, had, on the third day after its arrival in Transylvania, one death, and in all more than 300 died. This is my experience. With us the Rinderpest was prevalent from 182S to the year 18-12. No measures could suppress it. A terrible anthrax occurred in 1842 ; it killed everything sud�denly; therefore no further poison could originate. During the year IS.'ib the disease found its way from us into Galicia, where at the present time it still prevails. Therefore I only attach importance to these measures conditionally.

Director G-erlaeli.�I am obliged to the previous speaker for mentioning a case which apparently proves that Rinderpest occurs after twenty-one days. The supervision on leaving the quarantine must have been defective. At least this is ray impression.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 595

The Vice-President.�I believe it is now time to proceed with the motions of the Committee. We are travelling from the subject before us. Time is passing.

Professor Unterberger.�Gentlemen; in the Committee the first question asked was, Shall we agree to the motion of Professor Roll to reduce the duration of the quarantine period ? The motions which two years ago were discussed in detail in Hamburg, led to the result that the majority were agreed. The prupositions were made by Austrians for Austria; they were supported by the representatives of the kingdoms of Prussia and Saxony�those states which arc most nearly con�cerned when the Rinderpest passes from Russia beyond the frontier. AW these gentlemen know Rinderpest; they have studied the disease. On the other side our colleague Gerlach, who, as far as 1 know, has not studied the Rinderpest, and who represents a country which is situated at a great distance from Russia, appears, and is opposed to the Austrians reducing the quarantine, because the cattle-breeders of Austria would other�wise come to grief. .1 believe, gentlemen, that we ought chiefly to consider those motions which are proposed by Austrians for Austria, Saxons for Saxony, and Prussians for Prussia; if we agree to this, gentlemen, I believe we would very quickly come to a resolution.

I director G-erlach.-�1 ask leave to explain. I had no idea of protecting the Austrian cattle-breeders, but I spoke for the welfare of Germany.

The Vice-president.�I shall put the especial motions of the Committee which Professor Roll has communicated to the vote.

The Reporter (Dr. Roll.)�The first motion of the Committee is: quot; The Assembly may agree to determine the duration of the quarantine period�with regard to the experiences acquired about the incubation period of the Rinderpest amongst horned cattle coming from Russia and the Danubian Principalities and going to the west of Europe�to last ten days;quot; but this period is to be kept in future under all conditions of the state of health of the horned cattle in neighbouring countries, and without regard to the destination or breed of the animals. This is the first part of the motion. The second part contains the propositions which

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596

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

ought to be considered, chiefly in regard to the quarantine system. I believe that, with regard to the first point�

Director Gerlach.�I beg leave to propose an amendment to this question, namely, that in voting on this subject the names shall be taken, because the question is of great importance, and we should know who is in favour and who is opposed to it. Otherwise gentlemen who might vote against the motion might expose themselves to the reproach that they are ignorant of the disease from personal observation.

The Reporter.�I would agree to the amendment, but we have no list of names.

Director Gerlach.�A list might be drawn up.

The Reporter.�This would take some time.

Director Gerlach.�I beg my motion may be put to the vote.

The Vice-Prmdmt.�1 ask the members of the Assembly if they agree to give their names in voting for the first part of the motion of the Committee? Whoever is in favour of voting by names will rise. (Ten in favour of the motion.) It is a decided minority. Then we may bring the substantial motion to the vote. Those who are in favour of the motion, as communicated by Professor Hull, will rise. (They rise.) The resolution is adopted by a great majority.

Mr. Zldmal.�We could satisfy Professor Gerlach, if those few gentlemen who voted against the measure would kindly give

their names

This would be the same as if we had all given

our names.

The Vice-President.�A counter test ? (Cri

^s of quot;No.quot;)

Director Hauhner.�-The gentlemen in the minority should give their names.

The Vice^President.�This is better still. Therefore, gentle�men who have; voted against the motion will give their names.

Professor Fuchs.�On account of the added sentence in the � (Cries, quot;Without giving any reasonsquot;)�I say I am opposed to the motion on account of the supplementary phrase that tliis consent shall be binding on all other States. (Cries, quot; No such a thing ; we have no right to do so.quot;) But it has been said. I beg of you to read the motion again.

The Reporter.�I believe 1 have read very distinctly. (Beads.) The Committee has resolved to propose to the Assembly to

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 597

agree that the period of tlie quarantine, amp;c., in the neigh�bouring foreign countries, which means Russia and the J )anubian Principalities, amp;e., is to be kept np. (Dr. Fuchs: I am in favour of that.) The following gentlemen have given their names as having voted against the motion :�Tseherning (Copenhagen); Gerlach, F�rstenberg, WinMer, Dr. Daniman, Dr. Wemaer (Jena) ; Kenner (Prussian Silesia); Seer, Professor M�ller (Berlin); ProfessorPerosino. Do gentlemen desire that I should again read the other recommendations of the Com�mittee with regard to the regulation of the quarantine system, and will they vote seriatim point after point? (Heads EL 1 of the motion.)

The flce-President.�Those in favour of this point will rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

The .Reporter (reads II. 2 of the motion.)�This point is general, and would serve as a basis for instructions for a quaran�tine.

The Vke-President.�Is this point adopted ? (The Assembly rises.) It is.

The Reporter (reads II. 3 of the motion.) The Vice-President.�Are there any objections? (Xone.) Tlie .Reporter (reads).�Fourthly�(lie is interrupted by�) Professor Jessen.�It appears to me that after tlie words quot; necessarily instructedquot; might be understood quot; routiuiers.quot; Perhaps quot;scientifically educatedquot; or quot;properly examinedquot; would be more secure in this respect.

Mr. Zli'imal.�The question is with regard to educated veteri�nary surgeons, who are at the same time practically instructed in this respect. (Cries of quot; Having a diploma and being well instructed.quot;) The veterinary surgeon possesses a diploma.

Professor Hertwig.�Gentlemen; permit me to say a few words. If I mistake not, the phrase quot;necessarily instructedquot; emanated from me yesterday during the preliminary deliberations of the Committee. I meant to express that it was not necessary that purely scientifically educated veterinary surgeons should be employed, but men who are practically instructed in the know�ledge of Rinderpest, and in matters belonging to the quarantine system. (Cries, quot; This is so.quot;) Every veterinary surgeon, even if he be brimful of science, does not know practically what to do

598

THE CATTLE PLAGUE

iu a qaarantiue establishment, and with regard to quarantine matters. This must be acquired. And it' it should come to a special deliberation on this point�but which I believe is not at present our business�I shall propose that veterinary surgeons who have merely passed their examinations for the purpose of obtaining au appoiutmeut shall be sent by Government from time to time, to quarantine establishments to be properly in�structed. This was my meaning.

The Vici'-Presklent.�It is expected that each Government will take care to appoint none but useful men to the establishments, and that instructions will be given with regard to this. Besides, the point has already been decided by vote.

The Reporter (reads II. 4 of the motion).�This is a condition concerning details which is already contained in the resolution of the Assembly.

The Yice-PreswLent.�This point meets no opposition? (None.)

The Reporter (reads II. 5 of the motion).�I would not object if it stooil : '� Disinfection of the cattle on entering and leaving the quarantine establishments.quot;

ProfessorjPmc�*.�I take the liberty to observe that I have not proposed a motion in regard to this subject; but I do so now. It is this: That all cattle, and all men and articles which have been brought into contact with them, may be disinfected pre�vious to their admission into the quarantine establishments. A second disinfection, to take place when men and animals leave the quarantine, 1 consider only necessary when disease has appeared in the quarantine. (Cries, quot; Quite right.quot;)

The Vice-1'resident. � Does the Assembly agree to this? (Assent.)

Mr. Zldmal.�1 must. 1 am sorry to say, again oppose the use of the word quot; disinfection.quot; When animals are admitted into quarantine, and are healthy, I cannot think of quot;disinfection.quot; (Cries, quot; Cleansing.quot;) To this I do not object.

The Reporter.�The expression is in common use. The veterinary police ought to have free scope.

Professor i^c�.s.�Cleansing is adopted on the supposition that the infecting substance is present.

The Reporter.�quot; The disinfection (cleansing) of all animals on entering the quarantine establishments, and likewise on

SECOND INTEBNATtONAL VETEROTARY CONGRESS. 599

leaving, should a case of Rinderpest have occurred during their

stay.quot;

Professor �Herto^'.�Excuse mo, Mr. President. Already in the first article it is said, quot; water .... for cleansing.quot;

The Reporter.�! think the points Nos. -1 and 5 ought to be embraced in one instruction. It would be better to pass them by entirely, and only accept the points Nos. 1, 2, 3, namely: quot; Quarantine establishments ought to be constructed in such a manner that they satisfy the demands of a veterinary and sanitary police, and ought to be subjected to the requisite veterinary supervision;quot; and, quot;that necessarily instructed veterinary surgeons ought to be appointed for this purpose.quot; This would be sufficient. The other points would be subject to the regulations. Points four and live might therefore be omitted. With regard to the fourth point, concerning the introduction of a cattle registration in the frontier districts of the eastern borders, and the appointment of veterinary surgeons for this purpose, and to watch over the state of health of the cattle there, I am greatly in favour of its adoption. This measure appeared to the Committee as one of the most important for the prevention of smuggling horned cattle ; because the people on the frontier, the greater as well as the smaller landed pro�prietors, stand in the most intimate relation to the cattle dealers, and, by granting them so-called property-certificates, they certify smuggled cattle as home bred. The cattle smuggled by this means into the country pass then as native cattle, are driven on the roads without impediment or obstacle, and thus often spread the disease throughout the country. This is certainly a burdensome measure to the cattle proprietor; but it is then-own fault that the measure should have been considered neces�sary. It has partly been introduced already into Galicia and the Bukowina. igt;ut, unfortunately, this cattle conscription is an extra part of the duties of tinance officers, who have no interest whatever to watch over the cattle with regard to their numbers, or with regard to their health. Tor this reason the Committee considered itself bound to propose that in the frontier districts�partly to determine the number of cattle, partly to watch over the state of their health, and to certify cases of dis�ease, amp;c�veterinary surgeons should be appointed. (Cries,

600

THE CATTLE PLAGr�E.

quot; Very good.quot;) The details ought to be a subject for further deliberation ; but the principle, as something essentially prac�tical, ought to be adopted under all circumstances.

The Vice-Predderi.t.�Is there any objection to the adoption of No. 6 point ?

Professor Ilertwig.�I would beg permission to add something, and ask the Assembly to agree to it. We have uot decided during our deliberations on which side of the frontier these measures which have just been discussed should be employed. Certainly, it seems evident that the Austrian frontier is under�stood. But it would likewise be to the purpose if, on the other side of the frontier, in Russia as well as in Prussia, these measures were recognised as useful.

The Reporter.�It is stated on the quot; eastern quot; frontier; this would be for Austria and Prussia. For Russia, it would be the quot; westernquot; frontier.

Professor Jessen.�This would be likewise very important, as far as we are concerned. Could it not be altered to quot;on both sides of the frontier'' ?

The Reporter.�Then the countries ought to bo enume�rated along the extent of the frontier: Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Professor Zangger.�It does not appear advisable to establish quarantines in that country which principally exports. I do not think it would be to its interest to watch over these quarantines very carefully. Russia tears no danger; the infected cattle can always leave, and to have the quarantines watched over by one tvho has no interest in their being carefully guarded seems of no great value.

Professor Unterherger.�The Rinderpest comes sometimes from Prussia and Austria to us, although at first it certainly origi�nated with us. I therefore agree to the proposition of one of the previous speakers that Iiussia should be placed in the same position as other countries. With this addition I believe we would greatly promote the object intended, especially if we say quot; a sufficient number of well-salaried veterinary surgeons,quot; d'c.

Professor Zangger.�I do not object to it.

The Reporter.�It would then stand thus: quot; Introduction of a cattle subscription in the frontier districts between Austria

SECOND IKTBRNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 001

and Prussia on the oue hand, Russia and the Damibian Princi�palities on the other hand, and appointment of,quot; amp;c.

The Vice-Preddent.�May this be considered as adopted? (Assent.)

The Reporter (reads).�Seventh : quot; The most careful super�vision of cattle in the interior of the country.quot; I believe this to bo an integral part of all proceedings on the frontier.

The Vice-Preddent.�There is no objection? (Xo).

The Reporter (reads II. S of the motion).�Lastly, a wish has been expressed by the Committee to have a compulsory system of insurance established. The idea was, as colleague Zlamal has previously stated, that by taxing every head of cattle to a trifling amount, a fund may be obtained sufficiently large to enable us to use, ou every appearance of Rinderpest, extirpation measures so quickly and to such an extent that well-founded expectations might bo entertained as to arresting the disease, thereby pre�venting an enormous loss of cattle and the extension of the disease to the rest of Europe. Whatever this tax is to be named, if quot; forced cattle insurance,quot; or quot; cattle tax,quot; or quot; cattle quarantine fund,quot; or quot; epidemic extirpation fund,quot; may remain for the present undecided; the idea itself, the foundation of such a fund for the purpose of extirpating Rinderpest, may be admitted by the Assembly as desirable.

Mr. Fabst.�I consider this question so important, that I cannot, without more mature deliberation, recommend it for adoption. I, personally, am opposed to all kinds of compulsojy measures. Voluntary insurance ought to be recommended under all circumstances. This question has been discussed of late in several places in Austria, and the result arrived at was always the same, namely, that no coercive measure can be successful. I would therefore recommend that the question, previous to its adoption, be more thoroughly investigated.

The lieporter.�Permit me to give one word of explanation. I do not think that the circumstance that the Lower Austrian Landtag has for the present refused to grant this measure, should prevent us from expressing our opinion. If the legis�lature will not entertain the subject, well and good; but I believe our views may be nevertheless freely expressed.

Professor Hauhner.�I believe it would be most to the purpose

G02

HE CATTLE PLAGUE.

if ^Y0 simply proposed, or recommended as desirable, the crea�tion of a fond to indemnify for losses which may be occasioned through the prompt extirpation of the disease. This I recom�mend. As to how this fand should be raised, we ought not to concern ourselves. In Prussia there exists, so far as I know, two modes of procedure; in raquo;Silesia there is a com�pulsory insurance, and in the western part of Prussia the district exchequers are obliged to indemnify for all losses occasioned by the extirpation of the epidemic. Cattle pro�prietors are not the only persons who contribute to these district treasuries, but every tax-payer is liable. The same question was brought before the Landtag in Saxony. It was proposed to introduce compulsory insurance j but the chamber declared : quot; We consider the Rinderpest as a national calamity, therefore we will pay the expenses from the national treasury ; because the loss which the proprietor sustains in a direct manner, we feel indirectly.quot;

Mr. Seifmann.�The same measure, namely, compulsory in�surance, has existed in Poland since 1856, and it has proved most beneficial. It has happened that 20,000 head of cattle have been lost annually in the country, and in the year LS31 we lost even above 100,000 head. 1 can state this accurately. During last year we obtained very good results. The insurance was established in 1856, but at a time when Rinderpest had already extended considerably; that year, therefore, I did not take any account, and more especially because the use of the did) was very frequent. But in the year 1857, 104 had died, 22o'o were killed, and 85 recovered ; during the year 1858, 241 died, 1730 were killed, and 17 recovered. In the year 1859 the disease was limited to one place: 33 died, and 247 were killed. During the years 1863 and 1864, the results were not so good; this was not the fault of the measure, but must bo ascribed to the circumstance that it could not effectually be carried out With the example of Poland before his eyes, one is obliged to confess that a similar system of insurance, namely, a compulsory one, works very well.

Mr. Liithens.�1 propose that it would not alone be quot;de�sirable quot; to have a fund for the purpose of granting indemnities for quickly extirpating the epidemic, but that the establishment

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEUINAHY CONGEESS. 603

of this fund is quot;very necessary.quot; In Prussia, at least in Silesia, compulsory insurance exists ; every proprietor is obliged to con�tribute. This institution is no burden to the proprietors, because the actual contribution is very small, in consequence of the insurance being managed by Government free of cost. The cattle proprietors of Silesia seem to be perfectly satisfied with the system of compulsory insurance.

The .Reporter.�Are there any objections to the adoption of this point ?

The Vice-President.�Are there any obstacles to the adoption of Motion ML ?

Professor Zangger.�I beg to propose that we. express our convictions generally that for the execution of strict extirpation measures, and for the losses which these measures inflict on individual cattle proprietors, they should receive a partial in�demnity. We must leave it to the Governments to decide whether the money required for this purpose be drawn from a private fund or from the public treasury.

Mr. ZJamal.�With ns something more is intended ; a fund is suggested, from which losses are to be indemnified, and which would serve to encourage the breeding of cattle. I believe we could entirely omit the word quot; insurance; quot; it is not pointedly mentioned, but it is the fund as a means of liquidation we require. But I believe a wish------

The Vtce-Presidmt.�Is there any objection to the granting of tiiis wish?

The Reporter.�i believe we could omit all reference to the manner in which this fund should be created. In that case the motion would stand thus : quot; The Committee considers it especially desirable that, by means of the formation of a fund, the possibility were offered to extirpate the Kinderpest as quickly as possible through killing all sick and suspected animals, and thus prevent the contagion being carried to the West of Europe.quot;

(A voice from the centre: quot; Would it not be possible to say, � essentially necessary' ? quot;)

The Vice-Preisl�ent.�Every desire cannot be gratified. As nobody seems to wish to make any further remarks, the II. 8, according to the motion of the Committee, and III., according to the amended form, are adopted.

004

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

The Reporter.�So far, we have disposed of the first part of the first subject of the programme. The second part is as follows: Mow, cluiiiiigt;- the prevalence of Rinderpest in a country, are we to proceed with regard to international com�merce with animal produce ? The Committee agreed to the following motions: 1. The following articles maybe imported free ami without being subjected to a process of disinfection: dried cattle-hides, horn-points, dried bones, salted and dried guts of cattle, melted tallow in vessels, cow-hairs and pigs' bristles, and sheep's wool in bags. The Committee arrived at their conclusions after various considerations. They thought there could be no objections raised against the free impor�tation of dried bones, dried and salted guts, melted tallow in vessels, and sheep's wool in bags. The only articles, against the free entrance of which objections might be raised, wcve perhaps completely dry cattle-hides and horn-points. Now, the completely dry cattle-hides, the Committee believe, may be imported without danger, provided they are thoroughly dried. In favour of this conclusion, may be stated, the experiences acquired in Russia, by attempts at infection with dry hides, in contradistinction to wet or green ones. The late Director Renault has, in his work, 'Typhus contagieux des Betes bovines, Paris, I860,' treated on raw animal produce with regard to com�merce. In accordance with all experience, dried hides were classed with articles completely free from danger. In the Austrian quarantine establishments for cattle, an order for the disinfection of dry hides still remains in force. I have made enquiries if it has ever happened that a case of infection has been traced to those supposed disinfected skins, but not one could be stated. The disinfecting process is carried on by means of a solution of chloride of lime, in the proportion of about two loths (one ounce English measure) of chloride of lime to three quarts of water; the dried skin is spread out and sprinkled with this mixture, the hairy as well as the fleshy side; for this purpose a birch broom is used, which is passed several times across the hide : if the solution is poured over the inner side of the skin, it forms drops which at once flow off, the birch broom is carried several times across, and the hide is considered dis�infected. But, in my opinion, the skin remains exactly in the

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETE1UNARY CONGRESS. 605

same state as previous to the sprinkling. The Committee believerl that dry cattlohidos may safely enter as articles of commerce, especially as tliey are generally transported in large quantities. Hora-points may likewise be safely admitted, as the compact and firm construction of the points renders adhesion of the contagiuin scarcely probable. I do not laquo;know if any gentleman wishes to speak on this portion of the subject. The other methods which we propose already contain measures for disinfection.

The I'ice-President.�If there is no objection------

Director Zangger.�It appears to me that the subject is of such

reat importance that it should be considered, if but for one

moment. I request, therefore, that the proposal of the Com�mittee be read again, that the Meeting be then adjourned, and that the discussion of the subject be proceeded with to-morrow.

Dr. Ilaulmer.�T beg that this motion be put to the vote.

The llee-President.�Professor Zangger moves, that the pro�posal of the Committee be only read to-day, and that the deliberation of the subject shall commence to-morrow. (J-entlemen in favour of the motion will rise. (They rise.) The majority is in favour.

The Reporter.�The result of this vote seems to be doubtful. I beg therefore that the counter-vote may be employed.

The Vice-President. � I solicit the counter-vote. (Several members leave the room.) Whoever is against it will rise. It is the minority.

The Beporter.--Y'innt 2. Entire horns and feet must be treated with a concentrated solution of chloride of lime, or of common salt solution. 3. Melted tallow in skins would have to be disinfected, that the outer covering is washed with a solution of concentrated chloride of lime or common salt. (Addendum 1, 2, 3. As a matter of course entrance to these articles should be refused if the}' are imported from infected regions or townships). 4. Fresh bones, fresh hides and guts, raw tallow, raw flesh, raw sheepskins, although they may be dry, are daring the prevalence of Rinderpest, if they come from infected regions and places, not admissible as articles of commerce.

Dr. Poll (taking the chair).�The subject for discussion to-

GOG

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

morrow, when we shall again moot at nine o'clock, will be: Continuation of the deliberation on the first subject of the programme, and, according to admissibility, the commencement of the deliberation on the mode of disinfecting, the means used for the conveyance of cattle and the supervision of the herds conveyed by these means. The meeting stands adjourned till to-morrow.

Tiii�d Meetixg, 23rd Augcjst, ISG.j.

President, Dr. Itorx; later, Dr. von Eebikg. Secretaries, Drs. Foiisteu ami

Pbobstmatr.

The President.�Professor Forster will be kind enough to read the minutes of yesterday's meeting.

Ur. Forster reads.

The President. Arc there any objections?

Dr. Werner.�ify name appears in the minority.

The President.�It is the name of Dr. Wemaer from Jena, and not Dr. quot;Werner from Lemberg.

Dr. Jessen.�I beg permission to make a short remark'. 1 might have certainly made it yesterday ; but the idea only struck me this moment. In the last point it is stated: quot;It. would be desirable that a tax were levied for the extirpation of Einderpest by means of killing sick animals.quot; Xow, it might happen that in other states the killing of animals would not be recognised as a means of extirpation. I should wish to have the sentence altered, if possible, in this manner, that quot;the killingquot; may be included, but that quot;in another way quot;may be added.

The President.�I think this can on no account be inserted into yesterday's minutes, as they only describe the real pro�ceedings of the meeting. I do not think we are justified in altering anything to-day which we considered correct yesterday. If another resolution is passed, it must be inserted in the minutes of to-day. If against the verbal composition of the resolution as passed yesterday there are no objections, we must consider the minutes as passed.

Dr. Jessen.�I did not raise the objection yesterday⁷ because I did not think of it.

SECOND INTEBNATIONAL VE'l'EIUNATlY COKORESS. C)07

The President.�Then there is notliing to alter. If another resolution is passed to-day, it must be inserted in to-day's pro�ceedings.

Dr. Fachst.�I desire to address the Assembly.

The President.�With regard to a correction of facts of the minutes ?

Dr. Fachs.�Yesterday I made a remark respecting the deter�mination of the method in which the disinfection in quarantine establishments ought to be conducted; the President thought fit to prevent further discussion, observing that disinfection belonged to the police orders, and as such had been admitted into the protocol. But as the motions of the Committee were put to the vole, it might seem that the entire Assembly agreed to them. I for one did not agree to the motions with regard to disinfection, and proposed a distinct motion in reference to this subject. If the Commission declares that, in accordance with my motion, the subject belongs to the police directions, I am satisfied; if not, 1 must beg that my motion be put to the vote.

The President.�I must here make a remark which concerns paragraphs 4 and 5, which the Assembly was convinced belonged to the instructions concerning the mode of procedure in qua�rantine establishments. In the official report, based on the stenographic protocols, the observations of Professor Tuchs will be stated ; it will further be stated that the Assembly has adopted the resolution, with this remark, however, that it ought not to be embraced amongst the general principles which the Assembly intended to express, but amongst the instructions or regulations, if they might so be named, concerning the mode of procedure in quarantine establishments.

Dr. Fuclis.� M i\na is done, I am satisfied.

The President.�In the protocol edited by the secretaries, nothing, in my opinion, ought to be admitted, beyond the out�line of the debates and the resolutions.

Dr. Grerlach.�In the division which took place yesterday in reference to the reduction of the quarantine, more gentlemen voted against the measure than are named in the protocol, I therefore trust that this observation will be inserted into the protocol, as well as the stenographic report.

The President.�The list of members was yesterday taken

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as the various members rose and gave their names; these names were written down :�Tscherning, Winkler, Fimtenberg, Grer-laeh, Damman, District Veterinarian Renner, Wernaer, Seer, IVI�ller from Berlin, and Professor Ferosino. (Cries: quot; Several remained sitting.quot;) They have not given in their names. Yes�terday�and I may appeal to the secretaries, and believe the stenographic report will likewise prove it�President von Hering requested all gentlemen opposed to the motion to mention their names.

The Vice-President.�If any of the gentlemen omitted to mention their names it is their fault, and not the fault of the secretaries. They were requested to do so.

The President.�I must protest against proceeding in this manner. Gentlemen opposed to the motion were distinctly requested to mention their names, and only those whose mimes I have in this list did so. I cannot therefore permit any alter�ation of the protocol in this respect, nor take cognizance of a protest which is not based on facts. (Cries: quot;Quite correct.quot;)

Mr. LiitJiens.�I expressed myself against the statement in the protocol, that it would be quot;desirablequot; to raise a fund in order to proceed with the extirpation of Rinderpest more ener�getically. I desired that it should be stated it would be quot;indispensably necessary quot; to possess such a fund.

The President.�I beg to state that the separate observations of speakers cannot be inserted in the dail)^r oflicial protocol. In the stenographic report, gentlemen will find nearly every word which has been spoken. If no further observations or corrections of facts are made, I pronounce the protocol as passed. Several communications have been received, which I shall bring to the knowledge of gentlemen. Professor Taraber-liechi has submitted a pamphlet, quot;Relazione sulla Pesto Bovinal nelF Agro Romano, correndo 1'anno 1863,quot; which may be found in the reception-room; further, a written communication, quot; Com-nnmieazione al Congresso relativa ai Eestiami dell'Agro Ro�mano del Professor Tainbcrlicchi, rappresentante il Governo della Sante Sede.quot; Mr. Ernes has presented several circulars issued by the British Government, concerning arrangements which had been made in consequence of the prevalence of Rinderpest at the present time in England. These circulars are

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 000

likewise to be found in tlie reception-room. We have also received a letter from the quot; Societ� Nazionale de Med. Vet.quot; in Turin, wherein tlie President of the Society, Oav. Dottore Ualcstriuo, informs the Assembly that Professor Fr. Papa, their Secretary-General, who has honoured us with his presence since the commencement of the Congress, lias been nominated as representative of the before-mentioned Society, and sends his cre�dentials ; at the same time, the President of the Society wishes, on behalf of the Italian Veterinarians, success to the Congress. There have also been received :�Three copies of a translation, by Cav. Dr. Balestrero, of my dissertation on tlie Pinderpest-Iike disease of sheep and goats, under the title, quot;La Mallattia delle Pecore o delle Capre simigliante alia Peste Bovina.quot; As a desire has repeatedly been expressed to introduce subjects after the debates on the questions set down in the programme are exhaustedj I have to request that those so disposed should give a short notice of their intention, either to myself or to Professor Hering, in order to enable us to determine the order of the day of the meeting, which might bo held for that purpose after the subjects in the programme are exhausted. I further request those gentlemen who intend to take part in the excursion to Altenburg, which may afford many subjects of interest, to be so kind as to subscribe their names in the lists to-day, because they must be closed and preparations made in Altenburg to meet the requirements of the excursionists. Yesterday, Coun�sellor of State Ilalicki, in expressing his views on the quaran�tine system, proposed that the Assembly should adopt a vote of thanks to Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Helena Paulowna, for the assistance she had rendered in carrying out inoculations in Russia; thus contributing to the furtherance of veterinary science in general, and to the knowledge of the pathology of liinderpest in particular. This motion ought to be put to the vote, and as I am of opinion that tho endeavours of this exalted lady have done much to farther our interests, and that we, by means of continued inoculation experiments in Russia, without regard to anything else, have received new facts with regard to the incubation period of Rinderpest, to which we yesterday very frequently adverted, I therefore take the liberty to put this motion to the vote: That this Assembly

2 R

GIO

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

is of opinion that tlie thanks of the Congress be tendered to Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Helena Paulowna, in con�ideration of the services rendered.

Dr. Zangger.�Mr. President; against the motion in itself I have no objection. 15iit it has been communicated to me that several gentlemen, and Professor Eeynal in particular, hare expressed a wish that the question of inoculation for Rinderpest and the experiences acquired in this respect in Eussia, may be particularly referred to in the course of our proceedings. If this should be the case, and if we deliberate separately on the reports and communications respecting the inoculation of Rinderpest, we would then learn more accurately to whom thanks ought tobe tendered. If I remember rightly, Mr. Ernes likewise expressed a desire that this subject should be brought forward. I wish, therefore, should tins be the case, that the division on this motion bo jiostponed till then.

Dr. Hertwig.�Gentlemen; as it is still uncertain whether a discussion on inoculation will bo possible, and as the subject has been brought forward to-day, I believe it would be well, and even seemly, if we adopted the proposal at once. I do not think there is one in the whole Assembly who would raise any objections to it; and, therefore, I beg the President to ask the Assembly to express its gratitude by the members rising to their feet.

The President.�I considered it right and proper to introduce the motion at this time. It depends entirely on the Assembly whether they agree to it or not. I put it to the vote, and request that all who are in favour of its adoption will rise. (The Assembly rises.) The motion is adopted.

Dr. G-erlach.�I wish to submit an addition to the motion just adopted. I believe I express the wishes of all members of the Congress if I request the President to tender to Counsellor of raquo;State Jessen the thanks of the Assembly for his zealous endea�vours on the question of inoculation.

The President.�Gentlemen who are in favour of Mr. Ger-lach's motion will rise. (The Assembly rises.)

Dr. Jessen.�I beg leave to decline this vote of thanks. I quite agree�and have proved this by my rising�that gentlemen should tender their thanks to the exalted lady who has done so

SECOND INTERNATIONAIi VETERINARY CONGRESS. 611

much for the furtherance of inoculation, and, tlirongli this, for the progress of veterinary science; 'but I do not think it would be advisable in any international assembly to express thanks to an indmdual member. Greatly, therefore, as I value the honour, I nevertheless, for the reasons mentioned, beg to decline the acceptance of any vote in my favour.

Dr. liatvitsch.�Gentlemen ; may the result of inoculation be what it will, this much must I, as a Russian veterinarian, confess in this Assembly, that we Russian veterinarians are all under great obligations to our honoured friend, Professor Jessen, because be was the first to investigate this subject, and has, in order to solve the inoculation question, attempted many experi�ments, through which much that is new has been learned with regard to Rinderpest. The Russian Government has spared neither labour nor expense in sending learned, competent, cele�brated men into the steppes, in order to study the Rinderpest. In this respect, I believe I am called on, on behalf of all Russian veterinarians, to express here publicly our sincere and heartfelt thanks to Counsellor of State Professor Jessen.

The President.�We will now proceed to the order of the day. I shall continue my report on the subject on which the Congress deliberated yesterday. (Professor von Hering takes the chair).

The Reporter (Dr. Roll).�Gentlemen ; I had the honour yes�terday to read to you the second part of the Committee's Report on the first subject of the programme. It concerns the mode of procedure with regard to animal produce in international com�merce when Rinderpest is prevalent in a country. Gentle�men will, perhaps, remember that we classed raw produce in several divisions: such which, as articles of commerce, might pass completely free; then, such which had to be subjected to a previous disinfection; and, lastly, such to which entrance ought to bo refused. To the first category belong quot;perfectly dry cattle hides.quot; I believe it would be best if we deliberate sepa�rately on each article. First, I must mention that I have un�successfully looked through the Austrian and Prussian Vete�rinary Law for an order concerning the disinfection of cattle hides. In the Prussian collection of Veterinary Laws it is stated, in sect; 2 of the order of the 2ik1 April, 1803, and of the 27th March. 1836 :�quot; If, in the neighbouring foreign countries,

2 e 2

612

UK CATTLE PLAGUE.

liiiulevpest has made its appearance, then may from them . . .

......cattle hides only when they are completely hard and

dried................he brought across the frontier,

and in this state into the interior of the country.quot; Therefore, if in neighbouring countries Einderpest has appeared, only com�pletely dried cattle hides may be exported thence, and brought into Prussia. The entering, or permission to enter, is refused to so-called quot;wetquot; hides. sect; 3. quot;If an infected place in a foreign country is only throe German miles or less distant from the frontier, then on a distance of the frontier decided by the pro�vincial authorities, at all events on that which is so nearly

situated to the infected place: (a.) Horned cattle........

must not be admitted; (lgt;.) likewise, dried hides.......

if they are supposed to come from infected places; quot; they are then only refused admittance when they come from in�fected places. sect;4. quot;If Einderpest appears at anyplace in a foreign country which is situated closely to the frontier of Prussia, or even borders on a Prussian place, then the autho�rities are obliged to extend tlio previously stated measures to an entire prohibition of all and every intercourse with the infected place.quot; This order is therefore connected with the total isola�tion of an infected place from the neighbourhood. The Austrian regulation concerning epidemics states, sect; 43, (a.) quot;Cattle hides can only be permitted to enter across the frontier when they are perfectly hard and dried. Fresh skins must, previous to their admittance, be first disinfected with the vapours of sul�phuric, acid, in the manner described in sect; 29.quot; There exists, therefore, as far as I can see, no order whatever that per�fectly dry skies must be disinfected. If nevertheless they are supposedly disinfected, as is don,! in the Austrian quarantine establishments, this is a custom dating from an unknown time. I therefore beg, on behalf of the Committee, to propose that quot; perfectly dry cattle hides/' may be treated in international commerce as entirely free, and request the President to intro�duce first the debate on this subject; because, I believe. Pro�fessor Pawitsch is in a position to help us to a prompt decision in this respect, by communicating the results of experiments he has made with hides treated in various methods.

Dr. Bauritsch.�Gentlemen; the disinfection of skins of cattle

SECOND [NTERNATIONAL VKTKlilXA�Y CONdltKSS. 613

which have died of Rinderpest is not only of vast importance to commerce, but is of great value to the veterinary police, especially to those of Bussia; therefore I take the liberty to mention a few facts which may tend to assist ns in arriving at a quicker solution of the question. The prin�cipal aim is, to simplify those means for the disinfection of skins which until now have been in use, and to render them less expensive. Although it is possible to erect establishments on the frontier, when large quantities of skins are transported, for their disinfection by means of chemical preparations, yet it would he very difficult to employ in separate cases the same means for the disinfection of bides in small townships or villages, in order to render them lit articles of commerce. In con�sequence, there exists a law in Bussia which is rather rigorous, namely, to inter the carcases of animals which have died of the Siberian plague and other very contagious diseases, together with their previously-cut hides. That this law exists only on paper, and is never practically executed, is well known. Although the police may insist that the dead animal shall be buried with the skin, the proprietor will find an opportunity to exhume the animal during the night, take the skin off. sell it as quickly as possible, and by this means propagate the Binderpest. It is necessary to know all the circumstances� I speak only of Bussia�to see of what great importance the hide is to a poor proprietor. My honoured colleague Jessen can bear evidence to this. We were present together at a village, when a poor widow entreated us on her knees to let her keep the hide of her only cow, which had died, and which was the only article left to her. Of course we were obliged to refuse, the law did not permit us to act otherwise. Therefore, the question is, to discover some means by which the disinfection of hides may be simplified, and at the same time afford a guarantee against the further spreading of Binderpest. It is thoroughly understood that this question can only be solved by means of experiments. Bussia, the country of Biuderpest, and, alas! of many other epizootic diseases, was likewise the first country in Europe to set vigorously about devising remedies. During the last twelve years, in almost every part of that great empire, efforts were made to obtain a thorough knowledge of the

614

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

contagium of Rinderpest. These attempts were made in the far East, in the steppes of the half-savage Khirgisians, as well as in the highly civilised provinces on the Ualtie; in the South, on the shores of the Black Sea, as well as in the North and in the centre of the empire. In the course of twelve years, during which many thonsand head of cattle have been inoculated, the inoculations have furnished results, which will perhaps be of interest to the Assembly. Although these measures were only intended to determine facts uith regard to inoculation, yet they have augmented our knowledge in many other respects. With reference to the contagium of Rinderpest, we now know that it can easily be destroyed. This is not the place to enter into a more detailed discussion of this subject, and it would only be presuming on the patience of the Assembly were 1 to enter into a disquisition on the volatility of the contagium of Kinder-pest. This subject is still very obscure; but this much is certain, and experiments have distinctly proved it. that the Rinderpest contagium. when exposed to the air, loses its strength. I will mention facts. On the 20th of June, ISGS, Professor Jessen and myself obtained at Sars Koge-Selo, virus from animals which were very sick; on the 4th of July we arrived in Orenburg, and a certain number of cattle Mere inocu�lated with this matter, without producing any results. The* same cattle were at a later period inoculated with fresh virus and then we had sufficient opportunity to learn the patho�logical anatomy of tiio disease. Many such cases occurred. Once we obtained some virus in a village: a few hours later we inoculated with it, without producing any result. I come now to the subject under notice. Many experiments were made with dried skins and with hides which had been hung�up in the open air and exposed during twenty-four hours. Those skins never produced a case of infection. On the same cattle were afterwards laid fresh hides, or they were inoculated with fresh virus, and they died. I appeal to Pro�fessor Jessen, who will confirm my statement. I believe, if wo have exact in format ion, that during twelve years not a single case of infection has occurred by means of dried skins, we can raise no objection to the adoption of the motion of the Committee.

SECOND ENTEBNATIONAL VETKUINARY CONGRESS. 015

Dr. Rcynal (in Frencli) remarked that before entering into a discussion on the means of disinfection, the varions methods in whk'h contagions typhus can bespread in countries where it is generally prevalent, and likewise in those where it does not exist, without having been imported previously by means of infection, ought to have been investigated.

Dr. Jessen.�I beg leave to say a few words with regard to the disinfection of skins. The experiments which have been made in this respect have been already mentioned. I innst state that every hide which has been dried at a heat of 40deg; to 50deg; Reaumur, is incapable of producing infection. But I do not think that everything in this respect may- be dis�covered by means of experiments. Hides of animals which have died in the steppes may be thoroughly disinfected, and without danger, after being dried during forty-eight hours, by a heat of -KJ⁰ Eeaumur. But the case may be different with hides from, the North, on which the drying process is carried on more slowly. This can never be securely determined by means of experiments. Professor Brauell has made many attempts with the inoculation of dried skins and dried hair ; but when�ever they were inoculated after forty-eight hours no case of in�fection was produced. No practical veterinarian will at present doubt that, by means of dry hair as well as dry hides, anthrax may be propagated. I ask, can one instance be mentioned in which, by means of the influence of dry skins, or their export beyond the Russian or any other frontier, the Rinderpest has spread? If one instance cannot be enumerated, then dry skins ought under all circumstances to be imported free.

The Vlce-Premlent.�The Assembly has just endorsed the first part of the motion of Professor Reynal to remain strictly by the programme, therefore I take the liberty to put the motion which has just been read to the vote. Perhaps the reporter will be kiocl enough to recall it to your memory.

The Reporter.�It must be divided. quot; Perfectly dry cattle hides, free from disinfection, ought to be admitted in trade.quot;

Dr. Jensen.�I beg leave to remark that it would be more to the purpose to add the word quot; hard,quot; because, through this, is pointed out that they are perfectly dry.

The Fice-PreSufowlaquo;,�Does the Assembly agree to this motion ?

616

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

Those gentlemen who are in favonr will rise. If no objection is raised, I suppose it to be------

J)r. Bawitsch.�-I should like to have quot;airedquot; added to it.

The Vice-President.�If no objection is raised, I consider the motion adopted.

Mr. Lntheus.�I would beg to remark that the expression quot; dry quot; includes the idea of quot;hard.quot;

The Vice-President.�It does no harm to add the word quot; hard.quot; Il may be supposed that no objection exists against the proposal. CNo one rises.)

Tin Reporter.�Likewise '�horn-points.quot;

The Vice-President.�There seems no objection to this.

The Reporter.�quot;Dry bones, salted and dry cattle-guts.quot; We have admitted quot;salted and dry cattle-guts,quot; because Medical Counsellor Haubner stated already in Hamburg that they are an important article of commerce.

Dr. Zanr/r/er.�I move to omit quot;gutsquot; entirely. I have already some apprehension that a great number of articles coming from cattle suffering from typhus may be admitted into circulation without any precautionary measures. I have no experience in this respect, and therefore rely on those gentlemen who come from countries where Kinderpest has been observed when they state that dry skins, dry horn-points, and dry hones, may be permitted to pass; but 1 have apprehensions with regard to quot; intestines.quot; Judging from what I have seen of Rinderpest, and from what gentlemen have communicated about it, the mucous membrane of the intestines is the particular seat, the locality, where the principal phenomena of the disease appear, and where the most essential part of the process of the disease is discernible. If wo admit guts as articles of commerce, we have no reason to refuse admittance to any other part of the animal. I may bo answered, and with some show of reason, that these guts are dried first, and that the process of drying destroys the contagium. If this could be proved so as to produce conviction I would not object to it; but until now Gentlemen, the discussion has not furnished this proof. I do not think this has even been supplied with regard to hides, and I, for my own part, do not believe that freeing these articles from all restrictions is of great value. Why should Russia, Hungary,

SECOND INTERNATIOXAL VETEEINAEY CONGRESS. 617

and oilier places where the Rinderpest is prevalent, not cure the animal hides, and bring them as leather into the market? Why can they not make pits in these as well as other places? Why do they want to export the raw skins? The people ought to make use of this branch of industry, and bring the produce into the market. Gentlemen, I took part yesterday and to-day in the deliberations oi' a commission, which has to submit motions regarding the disinfection of railway waggons and ships which have to convey cattle. We shall propose motious to you in this respect. But, Gentlemen, we should be guilty of a great contradiction if on the one hand we demand guarantees that railway waggons which have been in contact with sick animals shall be disinfected previous to their returning to us, and, at the same time, permit the admission of intestines of animals into commerce, if they are only dried.

Dr. Mawitsch.�Not dried; salted.

The Beporter,�We do not intend to propose that guts of animals which had the disease, or which died of Binderpest, should be admitted, but only that fresh guts should not be admitted.

Dr. Zangger.�Gentlemen; if this is the case, if only those guts and hides which come from healthy animals may enter, then I beg that this may be mentioned distinctly in the proposi�tion, otherwise others beside myself may misunderstand its pur�port. If the motion is thus corrected, 1 do not object to it.

Dr. BawitscJi.�The intestines of sick animals are never sold by us. No peasant would sell or even touch them; these, as well as the skin, he would certainly inter, because he cannot derive any profit from them.

The lieportcr (to Vice-President).�I think we ought now to divide on the separate points, in order that a continual recur�rence to subjects which have previously been decided may be avoided.

The Vice-President,�Gentlemen who are in favour that cattle hides, in accordance with the motion of the Committee, may enter, will rise. (The Assembly rises.)

Dr. Bawitsch.�I am in favour of quot; perfectly dry and hard hides of cattle.quot;

The Reporter.�quot; lloru-points.quot; (Adopted by acclamation.)

618

THE CATTLE PLAGHJE.

The Reporter.�quot;Dry bones.quot; (Adopted by acclamation.) quot; Salted guts of cattlequot;

Dr. Fuiicitsch.�'rhoy never are salted when taken from animals which have been sick of Rinderpest.

Mi: Seifmann.�They are pathologically so altered that no one would nse them. (A voice : quot; They may be omitted altogether.quot;)

Dr. llaubner.�Gentlemen; I believe wo must distinguish between tiie circumstances of tlie wholesale and retail trade. We shall, I believe, return to this subject when �'woolquot; is submitted to us for consideration. I believe this distinction ought to be made with this produce and with guts. Guts are certainly articles of commerce. In Pesth exists an extensive quot;gut factory,quot; from which are annually sent out thousands of cwts. If Rinderpest is prevalent anywhere, then guts from this factory must not he used as articles of commerce, although they are sold under the name of 'quot;'salted and dried guts,quot; because in that case guts are altogether prohibited as articles of commerce. You may exclude for similar reasons violin or bass strings, if you believe them capable of spreading the infection, because they are manufactured of guts.

Dr. Hertwig.�In confirmation of the statement just made permit me to mention one fact. Nine years ago, when Rinder�pest was prevalent in several Austrian provinces, the proprietor of an extensive sausage factory in Berlin bought, in Austria, salted guts of cattle to the amount of fifty thalers. They arrived at the Austro-Prussian frontier as quot;salted guts of cattle.quot; The custom-officials would not lot them proceed farther; they telegraphed to Berlin asking for instructions, as in the pre�viously read part of the Prussian regulations, concerning animal epidemics, no mention was made of guts. Neither the Ministry of Finance nor the Ministry of the Interior were able to tell what ought to be done. The subject was submitted for delibera�tion to the Veterinary College, and it advised the immediate admission of the guts. I was present when the barrels, wherein they were packed, were opened. The barrels were of consider�able size, weighing about two hundred pounds. About half of this weight must however bo ascribed to a very strongly con�centrated salt solution; the guts themselves were clean and

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINABY CONGEESS. 619

free from any pathological appearance. This circumstance in�duced us to believe that they could not have been talcen from cattle which had been very severely sick. I suppose they were from healthy cattle. ^Ye admitted these guts without the use of any other precautionary measure, and no bad consequences resulted therefrom.

Dr. TBcheming.�I must remark that I consider the salted guts of cattle as dangerous ; as very dangerous.

Mr. Meynal.�In deliberating upon a question of sanitary police, it must always be remembered that the subject is in close connexion with commerce and industry : from this may be deduced the rule not to promulgate measures of an administra�tive character, if experience has not demonstrated that they are indispensably necessary. Xow let us investigate if typhus has ever been imported by means of skins, bristles, hair, bones, or dry horns. France and England, for many years past, have dealt extensively in these articles. The tanners in Paris receive dried hides direct from Russia, but typhus has never been developed by their means either in Paris or in the ports of the Baltic. This result is not surprising, because the most viru�lent and active contagion cannot be communicated hy means of inoculation. Mr. Renault and himself had, with regard to this, acquired experiences which leave no room for doubt, lie was epiite convinced that dried hides and other dried animal produce were not productive of danger. He was opposed to all propositions which had a tendency to prevent, even in the slightest degree, free circulation in any country, even when epizootic diseases were prevalent. With regard to tallow, he was of the same opinion, because tallow, as it is used in commerce, is not sent in its raw state, but thoroughly melted ; at least, it always arrives in this state in Paris. It is well understood that in the melted state it cannot produce any evil effects, it should therefore be exempt from all prohibitive measures, even if they exist only^r temporarily'.

Dr. Havhner.�Gentlemen; in connexion with what has just been stated. I beg to offer a few remarks. I must again recur to what I said previously, that there is a vast difference between the wholesale trade and the common frontier intercourse. The produce which are articles of wholesale trade are perhaps weeks

020

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

or months away from those places where epidemics .ire pre�valent, and most of these articles � I will not say all � are perhaps never brought again into contact with animals capable of conveying infection. An article may be very inflammable, but something else is required to set it on fire. When the horn-points are brought to the turner they will not produce Rinderpest within his house, and into the country they never come. It is the same with wool; by means of railroads it is conveyed into the largo factories, but this will not produce in�fection. The same may be said of dry skins; and in all eases where the articles have been removed for months from the in�fected places, infection is impossible, if they have been subjected to a thorough disinfecting process previously.

The Reporter.-�I do not think there is any further objection to the admittance of dried guts of cattle. (Cries : quot; Divide.quot;)

The Fice-Prm�!en�.�Gentiemen who are in favour that salted guts of cattle may be admitted, rise. (They rise. Cries: quot; Counter-vote.'quot;) Let us try the counter-vote. Whoever is opposed to the admission will rise. (Five members rise.)

The Beporter.�quot; Melted tallow in vessels.quot; (Cries : quot; Divide; always divide.quot;)

The Vice-President.�Those in favour of the motion will rise. (They rise). It is adopted by a large majority.

The Reporter.�quot; Sheep-wool in bags.quot;

The Yice-Fresident.�Those who are in favour of this will rise.

Dr. Fuchs.�I do not know the reasons which induced the Commission to propose that sheep-wool in bags may enter free. We have just been informed that the contagium of Einderpest is of no great tenacity, and that the air will soon destroy it. But, if the wool is conveyed in bags, there would be a possi�bility that the contagium within them will longer retain its in�fecting power than if the wool were not sent in bags. Why wool, when not in bags, should be prohibited from entering free, is to me incomprehensible. I trust, therefore, that the Com�mittee will state the causes which led them to make this proposal.

The Rejiorter.� We were of opinion that wool conveyed in this manner would not readily come into contact with cattle

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAEY CONGRESS. (gt;2l

or other animals capable of infection; but #9632;wool sent without being packed in bags, and coming from infected places, or from sheep which formerly were diseased, may easier communicate the infection. Wo believed that by packing it in bags we might prevent the possibility of infection.

Pr. Seif maim.�As I had the honour of being a member of the Committee, I beg to state another reason which was discussed, why sheep-wool in bags should bo treated differently from sheep-wool in other conditions. The sheep-wool in bags, comes gene�rally from large estates. I do not think there is a country in which sheep are not washed previous to shearing ; neither do I think that the sick are anywhere washed at the same time as the healthy, in order to obtain the wool at the expense of the health of the sheep; especially as Rinderpest is a disease by which the certain loss of an animal may be expected if it is washed with cold Mater during the time that it suffers from it. This wool, when washed and taken from healthy sheep, or from such as are not suffering from a contagious disease, may be admitted free. But the case is entirely different with wool from sheep suffering from itch or Rinderpest, and belonging to separate small proprietors. There, it may bo supposed, that the poor proprietor, as he is to lose the shoe}), will at least save the wool, therefore ho shears the animal in order to obtain a trifle for its wool. This is one reason why sheep-wool in bags, and in large quantities, is treated so differently from wool in small quantities.

Dr. Tsclieming.�I beg to announce my decided opposition to the conveyance of sheep-wool in bags, for reasons which are well known to the Assembly.

W-. Hauhner.�In Hamburg I advocated the free admittance of sheep-wool in bags, and 1 am still in favour of it, because wool is not conveyed in any other manner, with regard to the wholesale trade, than in bags. I have been told that sometimes it is brought from liussia, held together by iron hoops, just as cotton is packed. I cannot vouch for the truth of this state�ment. It generally passes in the wholesale trade packed in bags. Gentlemen, if you exclude wool entirely, and pass a reso�lution to this effect unanimously, it will nevertheless be brought to us�it will find an entrance. Several years ago, when the

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Prussian frontier was barred, I was asked if wool was brought from Dresden into Prussia ? I answered in the affirmative. I was then informed the nearest way was by Breslau and Warsaw; and if this had been impossible, we would have received it. by�way of K�nigsberg; and if this bad been equally impossible, we would have received it via the Danube. Then, Gentlemen, close the whole of Europe to prevent wool from entering.

Dr. Bueff.�With regard to the article, quot;Free admittance of wool in bags.quot; I must remark, from a practical point of view, that every fleece, after being removed from the sheep, must remain three or four days before it is packed, otherwise it would get heated, and the wool would deteriorate. Therefore, as the wool has, previous to its being packed, been exposed for some time to the influence of the air, the infecting substance has by that means been destroyed.

The Vice-President.� Is wool in bags to be admitted ? Who�ever is in favour of this will rise. (Large majority.)

The jRepoj-fer.�quot; Cow-hair and pigs' bristles.quot;

The Vice-President.�G-entlemen in favour will signify their assent by rising. (The Assembly rises.)

The llejiijiter.�We now come to, secondly, quot;Entire horns and hoofs are to be treated with a solution of concentrated chloride of lime or common salt.quot; We were induced to propose here a disinfectant to remove every cause of fear, because to the rims of the hoofs, or to the base of the horns, skinny or bloody parts may still adhere. As a means of disinfection we propose a concentrated solution of chloride of lime or common salt.

Dr. Fuchs.-�IC common salt is used as a means of disinfection, it appears to me especially lit to preserve the organic parts, and with them the contagium, which still adheres. I therefore pro�pose that common salt be not employed for this purpose, but some other means of disinfection. Against the use of chloride of lime I do not object.

Dr. Jemen.�I quite agree with Professor Fuchs. I do not think a solution of common salt can be compared with chloride of lime, as the latter �fters much greater security.

The Reporter.�The washing or cleansing of the horns and hoofs with a solution of common salt has been admitted into

SECOND [NTERNATIONAL VETEIUXAItY CONGEBSS. *52o

the Austrian reirnlations concerning epidemics, in coiiscquence of repeated petitions from dealers in horns and hoofs. They state that the quality of the horns loses greatly by washing them with a solution of chloride of lime. From the chambers of com�merce of Brody, Kronstadt and llermannstadt, repeated memo�rials were drawn up, praying that another means of disinfection may bo permitted ; and, sinco 18�3, I believe lhat in Austria the horns are never otherwise cleansed on the frontier, when Rinderpest is prevalent, than with a solution of common salt. Since that lime I do not know of a single instance of a con�signment of horns and hoofs having spread the Rinderpest.

Dr. liawitsch.�I believe if wo admit dried skins without dis�infection, we do not require disinfection for horns and hoofs. We leave them therefore only ''dryquot; when they are brought into commerce; the same remarks apply to them as to skins, they are in fact the same.

The Vice-President.�Whoever is in favour of disinfection exclusively with chloride of lime, will rise. (Only a few rise.)

Dr. Fuchs.�It has been stated that I submitted the motion to disinfect exclusively by means of chloride of lime ; this is not the case. I merely stated that I considered common salt not sufficient, but that I should like to propose in its stead something just as light, potash, amp;c. If chloride of lime detracts from the quality�(A voice : 'quot;' alkali is worse still.quot;)

The iiVywfrf;-.�Alkali is entirely inadmissible. I take the liberty to propose that those gentlemen who are in favour of the motion as stated previously', i. c. for the alternative quot; either with quot;�quot; or with quot;��will rise. (The majority rises.) This point, as worded by the Committee, is adopted. Now we come to the consideration of the 4-th point:�quot; Melted tallow in skins ought to be disinfected in the manner that its covering is to be washed on the outside with a concentrated solution of chloride of lime, or common salt.quot; Here in Austria, the skin in which tallow has come from the Danubian Principalities, has for a long time past been washed with a solution of common salt.

Dr. Hertwig.�Gentlemen; I believe many of you are not thoroughly acquainted with this subject. In the South of Rus�sia there are enormous slaughterhouses, in each of which during the autumn 400, 500, or even more, animals are killed. The

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flesh is salted, pickled, ami remains generally there until tlie cold weather opens up the roads, when the flesh is brought by means of sleighs to large towns. By this slaughtering large quantities of tallow are obtained. If the tallow is melted, it necessitates a conveyance in wooden vessels ; and as they are not easily obtainable in those regions, the first stomach is used for that purpose. The stomach is lirst washed, then the tallow is melted and poured into these bags; later they are placed in great numbers on waggons, and thus transported. Now, it may reasonably be supposed that even if the tallow was obtained from animals which suffered from Rinderpest, the high degree of heat required for melting would certainly destroy the con-tagium. And if the skin of the stomach should still contain a coutagium, the inherent degree of heat of the tallow, which is well known to bo greater than that of boiling water, would surely destroy it. This tallow in the first stomach never comes from the nearest provinces of Austria or of Poland, which are situated towards Germany, but always either from the Danubian Principalities, Bessarabia, or the South of Russia; therefore, before it arrives on the German frontiers it has already passed over about 200 (German) miles. Even when it is conveyed very quickly�railroads, of course, are not taken into consideration in this calculation�it cannot arrive in less than three weeks at the German frontiers, and should, alter being exposed to the in�fluence of fire, a trace of coutagium remain, this long period would have annihilated it. Nevertheless, the Committee, in order to quiet timorous minds, have proposed to wash the cover of the tallow externally. The Prussian regulations direct that it should either be washed or uncovered. By this means the conveyance becomes very difficult. Our intention is to free commerce from all difficulties; therefore have we limited the disinfection to simple washing, and I am convinced that tallow will never introduce Rinderpest into Germany or anywhere else.

Mr. Fieijnal remarked that tallow was never imported into France in this manner, and therefore any regulations with regard to that country were quite superfluous.

The Vice-Presidmt�Does the Assembly agree to adopt the motion of the Committee? Those in favour of it will please to rise. (The majority rises.)

SECOND 1NTKUNATIONAL VETBEINAEY CONGRESS. �2r)

The Reporter.�To these three points which the Assembly has passed must be added : quot;All these raw articles, when they come from infected regions or places, arc under all circumstances prohi�bited from entering, as a matter of course.quot; This, owing to the state of the veterinary police of each country in Europe, is self-evident ; as it is regulated in the manner that the export of animals and animal produce is prohibited during the prevalence of an epidemic. With regard to the fourth point of the motion, L think it concerns less international commerce than the local traffic, but we had nevertheless to embody it in words. The Committee propose the following: quot; Fresh bones, fresh hides and guts, raw tallow, raw flesh, raw sheep-skins, even when dry, are, during the prevalence of Rinderpest, when coming from infected regions and places, not to be admitted as articles of commerce.quot;

Dr. Ilertwig.�Vray, permit me�I forgot it previously�to add quot; unwashed woolquot; to the articles which ought to remain excluded.

Dr. IlallcJci.�Sheep in France are always by themselves, and are never brought into contact with cattle.

The Reporter.�This is not the case with us. This is a mea�sure which does not in reality concern international commerce. It is not to be thought that raw flesh should form an article of international commerce. But as some States introduced pro�hibitory measures so soon as the Rinderpest was prevalent in a neighbouring country, whether the Rinderpest was at a distance of 30 to 40 miles from the frontier or close to the border, we thought it best to propose this motion.

The Vice-President.�If the Assembly agrees to the motion of the Committee in this respect, it will please to rise. (A large majority rise.)

The Reporter.�We have now finished the two parts of the first subject of the programme. It will perhaps seem strange that we have said nothing with regard to the traffic in animals at a time when Rinderpest is prevalent in a country. I can in this respect only repeat what I previously stated. We must suppose that a law exists everywhere, that during the prevalence of Rinderpest in any place the sale of cattle is prohibited, and that this measure is strictly enforced. The Governments of neighbouring countries must, of course, be at liberty in such

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cases to demand a certificate of health for animals intended for importation, or evidence that they are not brought IVom infected regions or places. We have therefore not introduced this point, particularly as we were unable to take into consi�deration what ought to he done regarding human beings coining from countries where Rinderpest is prevalent. If measures wore nearly everywhere relinquished for the prevention of the importation of pest in human beings, cholera, amp;c., it would in my opinion be even less possible to maintain means for the same purpose with regard to Rinderpest. He who lias once seen the truflic on the frontier, and knows something of the circum�stances at the so-called quot;irruption stations,quot; especially opposite Russia and theDanubian Principalities, will not further think of the possibility that the disinfection of the people who pass the frontier daring the prevalence of Rinderpest could be effected. The Committee therefore offered no motion iu this respect. (Dr. Ilvll takes the chair.)

The President.�We will now proceed to consider the second subject of the programme, regarding safe measures of cattle conveyance on railroads, and the method of disinfection which ought to be adopted in the conveyance of cattle. Professor M�ller is reporter. (Cries: quot;An adjournment for half an hour.quot;)

Dr. Uertivig.�I am in favour of an adjournment for a quarter of an hour, but before doing so I should like to read the pro�gramme on this subject again. One or other of us may, during the adjournment, confer with his friends upon various points.

The President.�Does the Professor mean the motion of the Committee with reference to the second subject of the pro�gramme ?

Dr. Hertwif/.�Yes.

The President.�Are gentlemen desirous that the motion of the Committee concerning the second subject of the programme be read again, and that afterwards the meeting be adjourned for a quarter of an hour ? Gentlemen who desire this will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. Professor M�ller will speak.

The Reporter (Dr. M�ller, Vienna).�-I have the honour to intro�duce the second subject of our programme. It is: quot; Deliberation

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINAR1 CONGRESS. (!27

on the methods at present existing in various States for the dis�infection of railway waggons which have been used for the conveyance of cattle, and, if possible, the determination of a uniform plan of cleansing, which shall satisfy the interest of the cattle trade, the demands of the veterinary police, and the rail�way management.quot; 1 shall explain the subject shortly, although a more detailed investigation is necessary to understanding it thoroughly, I acquired a practical insight into the system of cleansing-, not only now, but in ISli). There exists a disin�fecting law in Austria which was not promulgated originally with reference to Rinderpest, but which was made in 1859, when it was discovered that horses suffering from glanders were con�veyed in large numbers by rail. In 1860, when Einderpest com�menced to spread, the authorities discovered the necessity of introducing a system of disinfection to be employed in waggons used for transporting cattle suffering from Rinderpest, or sus�pected of being infected; and negotiations were carried on during two years with the boards of management of the different lines of railroad with regard to this subject. During these negotiations, I had an opportunity of submitting the experience I had acquired in the disinfection of waggons in 1859, to their consideration. In 18(52 a law was passed, which originally had only a bearing on the cleansing of waggons wherein animals, either suffering from, or being suspected of Rinderpest, had been conveyed. But it appeared, as I had already ascertained in Prague in 1859, that such a separation of waggons could not very well be effected; hut that, at times when liinderpest had spread farther, all waggons must be cleansed, because it could only be dis�covered after the animals had left the waggons whether any, and which of them, were infected. This had become already apparent in Prague, in the great transport of horses. When 4U0 or 500 horses had been unloaded, they were examined, and when any were found suffering from itch, or suspicious discharge from the nose, or presenting any diseased appearance, it was impossible to ascertain the waggon in which these animals had been conveyed. The outbreak of liinderpest proved likewise the necessity of promulgating a law�which tiie ministry decreed �that during the prevalence of cattle epidemics all waggons wherein cattle had been conveyed must be cleansed. And this

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law is still in force. Later, it was made more severe in its operations, but this concerned only a few minor points. In all essential points it remained the same as when it was first pro�mulgated in October, 1862. It is printed in a collection of laws published by Mr. Hamerle, Secretary to the Provincial Government, and can be easily obtained. I shall communicate it to you, with the supplementary alterations, and especially the experiences I gained in IS�� ; likewise those which I acquired in the course of this summer, in respect to the practical realisa�tion of a method of disinfection which is employed on four lines of railroad in Yicnna. The subject is of great importance, be�cause the present mode of conveying cattle differs entirely from that formerly existing. The circumstances with regard to the transport system are likewise entirely altered. These cannot be relinquished; commerce is nothing but an exchange of commodities. We in the East supply the produce of nature; the West furnishes us with manufactured articles. This renders a continual intercourse necessary. The rapid development of factories likewise necessitates a great demand for meat in large towns, and Paris, London, and other cities, are supplied with animals from regions which formerly were scarcely thought of. All this renders greater attention to the means of transport necessary. I will therefore now read those motions to you on which the Committee has agreed. I must of course suppose that, after the law, which exists only in Switzerland and Austria, has been read to you, it will be known by every member of the Assembly. We have made this law the basis of our motions. In Bavaria, Baden, amp;C., there are general directions concerning the cleansing of waggons, without describing in detail the man�ner of disinfection. The following are the motions of the Committee:�

quot;An essential cause of the spreading of animal epidemics consists in the transmission of the contagium to distant regions, through the moans of conveyance employed, namely, railroad waggons and ships; it is therefore necessary to prevent such transmission in the following manner :

quot; 1. All waggons and landing places used for the conveyance of cattle must, after each time they have been thus employed, be thorouerhlv cleansed.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 020

quot; 2. Articles of transport which have been used by animals soffexing from a contagious disease must he disinfected.

quot; 3. As means of disinfection we recommend the cleansing with 1 lolling- water and afterwards the careful washing with a hot solution of alkali; a mode of procedure which in Austria and Switzerland has been introduced by law. The washing with the alkaline solution may immediately follow the cleansing with boiling water. But the ships and waggons shall only be used again for conveyance when they are perfectly dry and have been aired. (Professor Perosino considers a solution of sulphate of iron worthy of recommendation for the destruction of ammoniacal exhalations.) A solution of sulphate of iron is often used to free privies from noxious gases, and to purify the air; and the destruction of the ammoniacal exhalations by such means in waggons may therefore be possible; but its use will still neces�sitate the washing and disinfecting of the waggons.

quot;4. The disinfection of railway waggons and ships renders the supervision of a veterinary surgeon necessary.quot;

AVe were compelled to couple ships with railway waggons, because they form an integral part of the means of conveyance, and we can only state the points in a general manner. These arc the points on which the Committee are perfectly agreed.

The President.�We have just received a communication from the Yienna Society for the Protection of Animals, accompanied by the following:�(laquo;). ' Hydrophobia,'by A. Khuen. (b). 'The Dog Question, and its solution by means of a rational regulation with regard to dogs,' by Dr. A. Jurnitschek. (c). ' Memorial of the quot;Central Society for the Protection of Animals,quot;' presented to the Landtag, and a Lecture delivered by J. Kugler on 'Hydrophobia,' in manuscript. The Society likewise begs that these pamphlets, itc, and the keeping of dogs, might be made subjects for the deliberation of the Congress. I believe I could not do better than give all these to the Committee which has to deliberate on the subject preliminarily. According to the resolu�tion previously adopted, I adjourn the meeting for a quarter of an hour. (On resuming):

The Reporter (Dr. M�ller, Vienna).�In May 1859, the Directors of the Southern State Railway enquired of the Committee of the Veterinary Institute, how a railway waggon, which had been used

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to convey a horse affected with glanders, could bo cleansed. At that time tliero existed no order in this respect. The answer was, that a waggon ought to be considered as a temporary stable, and the regulations concerning tbe cleansing of stables wherein horses with contagious diseases were kept ought to be enforced upon waggons. A few days later another question arose. Amongst a large consignment of horses some suspicious ones had been observed. In consequence, on the 15th of Slay, I was sent to Prague, to institute preparations with regard to the transport of horses sent by the State, and with regard to the cleansing of railway waggons. My mission had become more important�thousands and thousands of horses arrived at that time by rail in Prague. They came from Galicia, Hungary, Moravia, and Pohemia; and the number of horses which, during my stay, were conveyed by rail, amounted to at least between 30,000 and 40,000. The trains which arrived con�sisted each of fifty or sixty waggons, and the horses had to be unloaded at once, because the trains followed each other very quickly, and the waggons, as soon as they were empty, were sent in every direction, as the railway station in Prague was too small to admit of their remaining. At that time I was on the staff of an Austrian general, with whom I examined these animals and found now and then one which was mangy� and how could it be otherwise among thousands of horses? �and some with a rather suspicious discharge from the nose, so that I considered it my duty to propose the cleansing of the waggons. For this purpose I put myself in communication with 31r. Benda, the chief of the board of management of the railway company, who is a very intelligent man, and who made some really practical suggestions. It was remarkably easy to ascertain which waggons had arrived, because their numbers were written down, but to ascertain which waggon had brought a suspicious horse we found impossible. Therefore, I proposed to have the entire train cleansed if a suspected animal had been carried in it. This has been done. Orders were telegraphed to all stations to which the wasamp;ons had been sent. In Prague we seldom found them, because the trains could not remain there. Tin's is likewise the case with cattle trains. As soon as the train arrives it is unloaded, and must leave the station.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VBTEKINAEY CONGRESa 631

I have beeu informed hy the chief manager of the State rail�ways that to cleanse a waggon is a very simple affair. All that is required is hot water and alkali; soda is easily procured, and the engine supplies hot water. But the matter assumes a dif�ferent aspect when sixty or eighty waggons are to be cleansed at once. Within half a day, or a day at most, it must be done, and at present it is actually done in Florisdorf, where 400 or 500 waggons are cleansed within twenty-four or thirty-six hours. Already in 1859 the necessity became apparent of using hot water for cleansing purposes, which, as is the case at present, is heated in different ways. To cleanse the waggons by means of hot steam, as has been proposed, is impossible, because the principal thing to be cleared away is the dung of the animals which has dried on the flooring of the waggon, and this cannot be done by steam. Ventilation is unnecessary, because when the wag�gons are in movement they are sufficiently ventilated. The principal consideration is the cleansing of the floors of the waggons. In 18()0, the Rinderpest spread in Austria. In Vienna, oxen which came from a healthy part of Hungary, were bought for the shambles, and arrived in perfect health. They were exported to Moravia, and there the Rinderpest appeared in several farm-yards where these oxen had been stalled. The Government of Moravia then proposed that, as it ought to be assumed these oxen had fallen sick in the waggons, these waggons should be cleansed, to prevent the spread of Rinderpest. This proposition of the Moravian Government was submitted to the opinion of the Imperial Veterinary College; there it was deliberated upon, and within eighteen months a law was passed, which was published by the Ministry of State in October, 1862, as a guide for the disinfection of railway waggons. This law was originally promulgated with reference to the transport of homed cattle, at a time when contagious cattle diseases were prevalent, and more particularly with regard to those waggons wherein suspected animals which had been previously in con�tact with those infected, or animals which were suffering from a contagious disease, had been transported. The law itself is divided into two parts. The first part treats on the transport of cattle, the second on the cleansing of the waggons. I do not know if gentlemen desire to have the whole law read, or if they

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will bo satisfied if I confine myself to the directions concerning the cleaning of the waggons, which at present interest us most. (Cries of quot; The latter.quot; Reads.)

lley idi it ions concerning the Cleaning of Waggons used for the transport of

Cattle.

1.nbsp; All waggons used for transporting homed cattle are, as soon as they have been iiulnaded at the stations, to be cleaned at once by the labourers of the railway, and the dung and other unclean matters arc to be carefully removed by means of stable-brooms.

2.nbsp; Those waggons which are known to have contained animals suspected of or suffering from contagious diseases, must as soon as they are empty be cleaned thus:�All stands within the waggon, and the flooring, as well as all other articles which have been brought in contact with the animals, especially the fodder-boxes, are to he washed with boiling water, and afterwards, when they have been dried in the open air, they are to be washed again and rubbed with boiling alkali. The supervision of the execution of this cleansing measure is left to the Government agents.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Waggons in which animals suffering from contagious diseases have been carried must not be used for any purpose whatever until they are cleansed.

4.nbsp; If, amongst cattle transported by rail, after they have left the railway, but within the period of incubation, a contagious disease sho'dd appear, the Government agents have to order the cleansing of the waggons, if they can be ascertained, and to convince themselves, as far as possible, that the order has been executed.

5.nbsp; If suspected animals from an infected place are removed by rail, to be killed, by order of the Commissioners, the expenses of cleansing the infected waggons, which are to be reduced in amount as much as possible, will fall on the proprietor of the cattle, or under certain circumstances on the Government, but in all other cases, on the railway management. After the waggons have been ventilated, cleansed, and dried, they may be used again for the transport of cattle.

This is the law which was promulgated on the 9th of October, 18(12, by the Austrian Ministry of State in concert with the Ministry of Commerce. Ent this law was only in force with regard to those waggons which were used to transport infected or suspected animals, or in which sick animals had been found. It soon, however, became apparent that the law was incomplete, as Rinderpest commenced to spread more and more. Dutch cattle were conveyed by the .State railway from Dresden via Bodenbach to Lower Austria. They bad, to all appearance, entered the waggons in perfect health, but within three days after they were disembarked, Rinderpest appeared amongst

SECOND LNTEKNATIONAL VETEBINAEY CONGRESS. 033

them. Therefore, it was considered probable that the cattle had been infected whilst being transported in the waggons of the State railway. In consequence, the Ministry of Commerce issued, on the (ith of December, 1862, a supplementary order, regarding the transport of homed cattle by rail, and the cleansing of the waggons used for that purpose, at times when contagious diseases prevailed. This order runs thus :�

In consequence of the prevalenoe and increasing extension of Rinderpest in several parts of tlie monarchy, the Ministry of State and tlje Ministry of Com�merce and Agriculture have heen induced to issue the following directions, supplementary to the law previously promulgated, regarding the transport of cattle hy rail, and the cleansing of the waggons used for that purpose.

In order that the directions, given in sect; 44 of the Regulations regarding Epidemics of December 4, 1859, in reference to the supervision of cattle at times when contagious diseases are prevalent, may be carefully executed, it is herewith ordered particularly regarding railroads, that at all railway stations which will he decided on and named as soon as Rinderpest appears, and where loading and -unloading of homed cattle is permitted for transport by rail, that a Cattle Inspection Commission, according to sect; 44 of the Regula�tions regarding Epidemics, be present, to consist of a political commissary, and a veterinary surgeon well acquainted with the symptoms of Rinderpest�or if such veterinarian cannot bo procured, a medical man or surgeon. Tliis Commission, besides the duties imposed on it in sect; 44 previously mentioned, is likewise especially obliged to give directions regarding the roads the droves unloaded at the railway stations are to travel by, to acquaint the civil authorities of the place as to their destination, and their departure, and, according to their discretion, to attach to the droves a responsible guide for supervision.

2.nbsp; The contents of sect; 5 of the law on transport of cattle on railroads are to be altered, in so far that cattle for breeding, milk-cattle, draught-cattle, and those for fattening, must, at the time Kinderpest is prevalent, not be trans�ported at all by rail in infected districts, and, in healthy districts, the permission of the civil magistrate must be asked in each case when the transport of cattle by rail is' intended. In the latter case, the civil magistrate who gives the permission has to inform the civil magistrate of the district to which the cattle are being conveyed of the fact of their leaving. These cattle must, under no circumstances, be conveyed in waggons wherein cattle for killing are usually sent, but separate means of transport are to be provided for this purpose. Likewise, these cattle must never be sent with trains by which cattle for killing are being conveyed.

3.nbsp; The directions contained in sect; G about the transport, and in sect; 1 and sect; 2 of the law about the cleansing of waggons used for the conveyance of cattle by railroad, that the cleansing is to be limited to those waggons wherein infected or suspected animals had been transported, are to bo extended, during the time the Rinderpest is prevalent, to all waggons used for the purpose of cattle

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conveyance. Tlic management of the railroad has to cause this cleansing to be done in strict conformity with the directions already existing, and those which will be found below; and they are empowered to chaise a fixed price, which must be as small as possible, and must be admitted into the tariff, to the proprietor of the cattle.

4.nbsp; The directions about the cleansing of waggons tised for cattle conveyance by rail, contained in sect; 1 and sect; 2, are thus altered and enlarged :�The dung, after being removed from the waggon, in order to prevent the Binder-pest being extended by its means, is to be destroyed at once, and must not be used for any purpose whatsoever. The directions given with regard to the purification of the waggons are likewise to be followed in cleansing all apppliances used for unloading and loading cattle, viz., steps, amp;C., and to all articles used for the cleansing of the waggons and implements, viz., shovels, brooms. Sec. The officials of the railroad connected with the loading and unloading of cattle, and cleansing of waggons, implements, or other articles, have carefully to purify themselves, in accordance with the directions given in sect; 32 of the Rules relating to Epidemics, of December Gth, 1859, before they can attend to any other duties connected with the transport of cattle.

5.nbsp; The supervision of the transport of cattle by railroad, and the cleansing of the waggons, implements, and articles requisite for this purpose, in ac�cordance with the directions previously issued and now enlarged, is left to the Cattle Inspection Commission, which for tins purpose, as stated before, is present at every railway-station where the loading and unloading of cattle is permitted.

6.nbsp; The railway management is held responsible lor any damage arising from the neglect or disobedience of these directions.

To this law the Austrian Provincial Government added a sup�plement which hears more on details. There is more especially one point in sect; 2, wherein it is stated :�

This purification has to commence immediately after the arrival of such trains with horned cattle, and is to be finished in two days, in the following manner:�On the first day, the purification with boiling water, and, on the second day, with boiling alkali, is to be carefully done ; then, on the third day, the waggons are again fit for use; but, during this period, the waggons must remain exposed in the open air.

The other points .refer exclusively to Austrian interests. These are the directions which are in force to this day, and which I had an opportunity of personally seeing carried out during Juno and July last. How these directions are carried out, I shall state to yon as concisely as possible, because the subject is of great importance, and our resolutions are based on it. I happened to be in Florisdorf, near Vienna. During

SECOND IXTEKNATIONAL VETEEINABY CONGBESS. lt;Jo5

Saturday und Sunday, late at night there generally arrive 2000, 2500, or 3000 head of cattle ; the number varies accord�ing to the reqiiirements of commerce. The animals come from Lemherg, Grosswardein, Arad, Temeswar, and Basiasch. One part is Polish or Podoliau, another Hungarian ; the numbers of either vary, sometimes there are more of one and sometimes of the other. At present in my country cattle are generally transported hy rail, hut when no epidemics prevail, conveyance on foot is permitted, although at present it is prohibited. The cattle-dealers themselves, as hy questions and from my own knowledge of the subject I became convinced, prefer sending their cattle by rail, and only under peculiar circumstances do they forward them on foot. Formerly it was different. In Hungary, especially in the neighbourhood of Gyony�s, Pesth, and Waitzen, there were immense meadows where sometimes 15,000 to 20,000 head of cattle were to be seen. EaUroads have changed all this. Other circumstances have likewise exerted their influence. The former extensive meadows are now transformed into fields, and therefore there exist no longer cultivated grounds for pasturing large herds. I have seen, between Keskemet and Halas, large tracts which, formerly meadows, are now highly cultivated fields. In every waggon which arrives there are six, eight, ten, or eleven head of cattle. When six to ten oxen are in a waggon two or three days�they are generally conveyed without stoppage, to avoid feeding them�the dung accumulates to a great height. In winter, especially when it freezes, large quantities are found in every waggon. The number of waggons on the Northern Railway employed in the transport of cattle is between three and six hundred. As soon as the waggons are empty, tiiey are removed, and cleared at once of the dung, and disinfection, according to law, is carried out.

I have found that on different lines the process of disinfection differs slightly, although essentially it is the same. On the northern lines the necessary quantity of hot water for cleans�ing purposes could not be obtained from the engines. They have immense vats into which the water of the Danube�which is at their disposal in any quantity�is conducted by means of pipes. The water is then heated by steam from the engine-

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factories. Tho steam, by entering the vat from below, heats the water immediately; generally two or three vats are filled with water, and one with alkali. Tho first process is to pour hot water into the waggon to soften the dung. In winter this is neces�sary on account of the frost, in summer on account of its drying up ; the dung in the waggons adheres very firmly. When the wag�gons have been wetted, they stand thus for some time ; afterwards the railway officials, two or three men to each waggon, commence to idealise them thoroughly. The number of men employed at Flo-risdorf in cleansing waggons is from forty to fifty. The cleansing commences on Sunday, and is continued through the night and on Monday; but by Tuesday morning the waggons must all be clean, as the traffic on the line does not permit them to remain idle any longer. When the waggons have been thoroughly washed with boiling water, alkali is poured in. This cleansing with alkali commences after the waggons have stood for some hours, have been ventilated, and are beginning to dry. When they have been washed with alkali they are removed to an open place. They are open, therefore the air ventilates them thoroughly; in summer time the drying, the complete drying, takes about five or six hours. Ventilation is on their return journey so thoroughly accomplished that nothing deleterious remains in the waggon. The purification is so thorough that a newly scrubbed room could not be cleaner. On such lines as that from Itaab, where the transport is at times very great and at other times very trifling, the waggons, after having been purified, are often employed for entirely different purposes than that of conveying cattle; they are used to carry loads of corn, which by way of Bavaria goes into Switzerland, or to transport loads of wool. On this lino sometimes two or three waggons are used to convey oxen, at other times fifty or sixty. On the Eaab railways the water is heated by a different process ; there are extensive mashing-works, the hot water from which is conducted into a pond, which is so hot that it is generally used as a washing-pond. On the Southern lino of railroad they have large copper boilers, under which a fire is made. There likewise the num�ber of waggons to be cleansed varies greatly, according to tho state of traffic. Sometimes from the neighbourhood of Olden�burg or Pagra from 200 to oOU oxen and buffaloes are conveyed;

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 037

1gt;nt at other times the number falls much lower. The number of waggons required, therefore, varies, according to the state of the cattle trade. It is the same with the Western line. Gene�rally each liao of railroad has one, two, and at the most three stations where waggons are cleansed. At some of the smaller stations it is very difficult to cleanse them, as the necessary preparations for the purpose cannot ho effected, or more room is wanted, The purification of the waggons is of great impor�tance. The traffic in cattle has assumed vast dimensions ; now-a-days sheep and cattle, especially Hungarian, are sent to Paris direct, with a contract for the period of delivery, which must be strictly kept. Tbey are scut and must arrive in Paris by a certain time. Therefore it is of international importance that in all States whence cattle are transported a uniform system of purification ought to be adopted, if absolute security is to be guaranteed. And this purification ought not to be limited to waggons wherein really sick or suspected animals have been transported, because to identify these waggons is very difficult, and also because sick animals are generally dis�covered too late. It ought to extend to all cattle transport; but a real disinfection becomes only necessary, either�as has been proposed by us�when epidemics are .spreading far and near, or when really sick animals have been transported, and the waggon which they occupied is known. V\'o have given these propositions a general character, and have not limited them to specific diseases, because general measures furnish directions for guidance in case of each separate disease, and, if required, they can be easily modified. I will state shortly to yon. Gentlemen, what objections the directors of railroads have raised; this is likewise of importance. The objections are not very essential, at least not of any great importance. It certainly is troublesome to have the waggons disinfected, espe�cially with alkali. I5ut all managements have acknowledged the advantage of the purification system, so that with reference to this point no objection has been raised. All without excep�tion have acknowledged that cleansing, even in times when there is no danger, appears necessary ; and that, as has been the case formerly�of which I have been informed, and which I saw partly myself�the dung in waggons should not be allowed to

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accumulate to the height of isix inches and more, and thou only be removed very superficially. A purification is necessary under all circumstances, whether disease may be prevalent or not. The objections which have been raised by the railways refer to the order that the cleansing must be done within two days, and that the waggons can be used again only on the third day. This appears to the managers of the railroads too long a period. They cannot spare the waggons three days, they require them the following day. When the waggons stand empty for three days, and are sent back perhaps on a Thursday, they cannot reach distant stations in time to be loaded and returned before tiie end of the week. The railways would then require double the usual number of waggons. I believe this is an important point. The Committee has agreed that the washing with hot water shall be succeeded by that with alkali, so that the entire cleansing process may be finished in one day, as is generally done. A second objection raised by railway managers to this frequent cleansing was, that the wooden planks in the waggons became rotten. The hot water enters into the grooves, and in spite of the waggons being placed in the open air, the wood never gets thoroughly dry. I have made inquiries on each line if they could not propose something to prevent this, but could get no satisfactory answer. Professor Seifmann, who was present with our Commission, proposed to furnish the waggons with iron doors. But many objections were raised against the proposal. Firstly, east iron or forged iron�iron plate� might be used for this purpose. Cast iron, however, would most likely burst, forged iron would greatly raise the expense, and, after all, bars would be required, which enter upwards into the wood of the waggon. Secondly, the whole waggon could be constructed of iron, but this would occasion great expense. The railway company undertakes the cleansing, and is responsible for it, and, as I said before, I have convinced myself that any�thing could afterwards be sent, by these purified waggons. They are so clean, one could eat off them. They are thoroughly washed, at least those which 1 saw were so, and I have seen about 100 lately. It does not appear advisable to employ other disinfectants than alkali. As one of the gentlemen� Dr. von Koch�proposed, limewater may bo used to whitewash

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the waggons; but then the floors would still require to b #9632;washed, and this is the principal tiling to be done. The ex�penses of whitewashing would likewise be greater than at pre�sent, because the heating of the water costs next to nothing. The alkali mixture�carbonate of soda, which is employed, is remarkably cheap, and the companies keep it always in store in hundredweights�may be prepared almost in an instant. Some advise the use of tar, but then the flooring must still be cleansed with hot water. Iron plates are not bad for the purpose, but the animals would stand on them more insecurely than at present, unless they were very deeply indented and grooved. Iron plates possess likewise the disadvantage that they are too cold in winter, and if animals coming from Lemberg remained on them three days, their feet might be frost-bitten. These are the communications I had to make to the Assembly with regard to this question. We therefore, with reference to the purifica�tion system adopted in Austria and Switzerland, make several propositions. Oue of the principal causes of the spread of cattle diseases is tho transfer of the contagium to distant regions by the means employed for the transport of cattle, for example, by rail�way waggons and ships; therefore we consider it necessary to prevent this transfer. We thought it advisable to lay down two points, namely, the simple cleansing of the waggons, and their disinfection; the cleansing has to be done under all circum�stances, whether epidemics prevail or not, but the disinfection is only necessary when epidemics are prevalent, or laquo;hen animals suspected of disease have been conveyed. We therefore agreed to give the first point a general signification:�

1.nbsp; quot;That the waggons and trucks used for the conveyance of cattle must after each time they have been used be thoroughly cleansed.quot; It is not necessary to enter into details on this point. It depends more or less on each railway station ; in each country it differs according to the rules which emanate from the separate Governments. As second point is proposed:

2.nbsp; quot; Means and articles of transport which have been em�ployed for animals suffering from a contagious diseasequot;�(we have used a general term, hecause the cleaning system for all contagious diseases is the same)�quot;must be disinfected.quot; We used the word quot;disinfectedquot; in accordance with a suggestion

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from Professor Rawitsch. quot; Tlie disinfection is likewise required of all means of transport after eaeli time they have been used, at such times and in such regions where a virulent contagious disease is prevalent.quot; It must again he left to the considera�tion of the separate Governments whether they think the manner of the extension of a disease of such importance that they should introduce a measure touching all waggons. I believe this is a measure which properly belongs to the executive of each country, and which cannot be determined from a general point of view. We have fully considered and determined on the meaning of every word which we have employed. We have not used the expres�sion quot; country,quot; but quot; district,quot; because Russia, for example, is a country which, when Asiatic Russia is added, is six times as large as all the other countries of Europe put together; and such a mea�sure, when generally recommended for adoption, is not intended to convey the meaning that all waggons in Russia are to be cleansed at once. AVe selected likewise the phrase quot; at times when a virulent contagious disease is prevalent,quot; after great con�sideration, and intend to retain it.

3. '� As disinfectants we recommend cleansing with boiling water, and afterwards careful washing with a hot alkali mixture, a proceeding which in Austria and Switzerland has been intro�duced by law ;quot; and to this we have added, quot;the washing with alkali may succeed immediately the use of the boiling water.quot; According to the present state of chemistry, we can only con�sider alkalies as the best disinfectants. Hot-water steam is not sufficient, because it could not purify the flooring, neither would chloride of lime clean it; it would he necessary to use lime-water in very considerable quantities, and this would be connected with so much that is irksome and disagreeable, that it would never be generally adopted for this purpose. A- solution of chloride of lime would necessitate considerable expense, and the rotting of the woodwork and other evils would follow as surely as if hot water and alkali were used. We state, further, quot;that waggons and ships shall only be employed again for conveyance when they have been thoroughly aired and dried.quot; The expres�sions quot;airedquot; and '-driedquot; we have selected to explain that the waggons must remain open. A closed waggon when damp produces a musty air, and this might generate diseases of various

SECOKD INTERNATIONAL VETERINAEY CONGRESS. 041

kinds. Professor Perosine ascribes some value to sulfas ferri; he says�as lias, in a previous lecture, been intimated by Pro�fessor Eeynal�that the air, in consequence of many animals being pressed together in a narrow space, becomes so con�taminated that it alone suffices to produce disease. Sulfas ferri is indeed a remedy often employed in privies during outbreaks of cholera, and on many other occasions. If a Government should adopt the plan of purifying the air in waggons by means of sulfas ferri. it would only fortify and improve the means already mentioned for disinfecting purposes. I5nt we have added, that disinfection by means of washing with alkali is not to cease, bnt is to ho continued under all circumstances.

Point 4 likewise appeared to us of great importance, because every cleaning process must be watched; else it would share the fate of many others, namely, for some time it would he done ; and gradually it would fall off till it ceased altogether. We have thought it to the purpose to consider this supervision as part of the duties of the veterinarian, because ho is the most proper person to decide if a waggon is sufficiently clean to be used with any degree of security for the further conveyance of cattle. This, in short, is the explanation I had to give in regard to the second point of our programme.

Dr. G-erlacJi.�Gentlemen; such a clear definition and expla�nation of the subject has been given, that a very few words require to be added. Especially it ought to be remarked that the practical part of the question has been kept in view, and that great regard has been paid to that which may really be accomplished and at the same time guarantee the greatest, amount of security. But in the simplification, in the practical execution, I intend to go a stop beyond the Committee. That which is employed must oifer of course as much protection as possible ; but it must, above all, be effectual, and easily accomplished. It must not produce much work, must be incorporated with the daily course of events, and must become a permanent part of every day's work, to offer some amount of security. The general proceedings must, at the same time, prove effective, because�as was very pointedly remarked just now�it might be impossible to discover the waggon wherein sick animals had been conveved, or the disease may appear later when the waggons have been

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sent elsewhere, therefore permanent means should bo employed which offer general protection. To these certain disinfectants no chemical substances can be considered as belonging, and engineers, railway officials, and managers, with whom I have conversed on the subject, were decidedly opposed to the use of chemicals; with the exception of those particular cases which have been mentioned, where disinfection for specific diseases is required to destroy contagium, I have said I should like to go even a step farther than the Committee. I should like to see a general measure introduced, by means of which a deeper infection of the waggons may be prevented, and which, I believe, could be obtained by painting the waggons with oil; if I am not mistaken this has been already done to a considerable ex�tent, but it fell into disuse and was not repeated at the right time. The wood saturated with oil, the holes painted with oil and the tenons rubbed with oil, will prevent the absorption of the volatile parts of animal excrements, impregnated with the con�tagium, into the interior; it will remain on the surface or out�side of these parts, audit could then be easily destroyed. The use of oil I consider much needed in the ease of all waggons used for the conveyance of cattle, and cleaning as soon as the disinfecting process is finished, which of course I must leave to the management of the various railways. By such coating of oil, which is kept in good repair, I believe only a warmth of 40deg; to 50' 11. is necessary, and hot water, or hot-water steam, would be alone required, without the use of the alkali mixture, which would destroy the coating of oil. The me�chanical part of the cleaning cannot be entirely effected by means of warm water and heat, or hot-water steam, as was rightly remarked by the last speaker. The mechanical cleaning must come first; the dung, and everything else which sticks to the flooring, must be removed. Then follows the use of hot water and water steam, where whole rows of waggons are to be cleaned, and everything has to be done quickly where large transports are sent. It must be done quickly, as 1 said, and I believe it might be done even quicker if moveable boilers were used at railway stations, and leather pipes fastened to them on the place where the waggons are to be cleaned with hot water and steam. I have spoken about this subject with engineers

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 643

and they assured me that it could be accomplished, that it was practicable ou a large scale, and that it would greatly simplifV the whole proceedings. At smaller stations it would be impos�sible to have these moveable boilers; then boiling water must be obtained; this will certainly lose something of its hierh tern-perature in transmission to the waggons, but the water must be sufficiently hot for the purpose. Tims, by the use of the most simple means, we could keep the waggons clean and dis�infected, and have no apprehension that diseases might be spread. All infecting substances we know are safely annihilated by a heat of 50deg; It. and upwards, with the exception perhaps of the contagiuin of anthrax. But we must not pay any attention to this: cattle suffering from anthrax are not being conveyed ; and even if this disease should make its appearance it would bo the exception, and would be recognised at once. Wherever there is a specific disease, then a distinct means of disinfection must bo employed, especially, as has been proposed, when this is to be done under supervision of a veterinary surgeon. We may therefore rest satisfied with pointing out the mode of pro�cedure and the use of the means in general.

Dr. Tsehermng.�l should like tu ask why steamboats have not been included in the list of conveyances.

Dr. (rerfocZf.�Ships in general; sailing as well as steam�boats.

Dr. Tscherning.�Are they included ? then they ought to have been named, because it is of great importance that the�

The President.�They are; ships in general.

Dr. Tseheniing.�I am perfectly satisfied, if I am informed that steamboats are likewise to be cleaned.

Dr. Zangger.�Gentlemen; it deserves attention, when we. with regard to this subject, endeavour to obtain the desired end, that we do so with the least amount of interruption of railway traffic. But as soon as we interrupt that traffic to any

extent, the prosecution of the proposed plans becomes imprac�ticable; therefore the proposal of Director G erlach, to simplify the means of disinfection, deserves grave deliberation. With regard to this, I have acquired a little experience, which I consider right to communicate to you. The central Government of Switzerland has been induced�in consequence of our resolu-

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tions in Hamburg�to promulgate a law for the control of the cattle traffic on railways, perhaps the first practical measure which has arisen out of the deliberations of the first Congress. I was commissioned to elaborate this law project, and to state the means by which infected railway waggons may be disin�fected. I have found that the means employed for disinfecting stables are too complicated; and, after considering the subject, the thought struck me whether it might not be possible to use the hot steam or hot water which is kept in reserve in the tenders of locomotives as a disinfectant, to throw into the wag�gons, etc. At my request, the Government of Switzerland drew up a series of questions bearing on this subject, and these were sent to diplomatic representatives of Switzerland abroad, with an order to collect together all the experience that had been acquired elsewhere on this subject. Amongst the questions was this one: What says experience about the use of hot-water steam, or hot water, lor disinfecting waggons? From the in�vestigations made, it appeared that this question had been utterly neglected. From England, France, Italy, and most of the German States, came the answer, that, with regard to this ques�tion, nothing had yet been done, and no experience acquired. Dog-vans bad been occasionally partially cleaned by means of steam, but with regard to disinfection no directions existed, except that limited districts occasionally issued special directions of a temporary character. Therefore nothing remained but to make use of the experience acquired by Austria, and some time previously I had an opportunity of observing the working of the Austrian directions, i proceeded to Florisdorf, where I became convinced of the practicability of the measures, and likewise that their introduction would be easy wherever the traffic was not very great. Gentlemen, there are two circumstances to consider. When the traffic is not great, and only single waggons with cattle arrive, then the water in iho tender is generally sufficient for all purifying purposes; to procure an alkaline mix�ture, if it should be required, would also not be very difficult. But where cattle are transported on a large scale, where hundreds of waggons laden with animals pass in a day, then would it be necessary to employ more extensive agencies for cleaning the waggons. We proposed an uniform system of cleaning, such as

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is employed in Austria, namely the use of hot water and alkali. I believe a double washing is, generally speaking, necessary, [t is next to impossible to examine eaeli waggon, to see how it has been cleaned. There are careful and careless workmen. When the waggons are only once washed, parts will remain dry, and quantities of dung will not be softened and removed. A coating of oil, or saturation with oil, or varnishing the flooring with oil, will not, I fear, be sufficient. {Qerlaoh dissents.) The deposits of dung would in a short time dissolve the coating of oil, and after a few journeys there would not remain a trace of oil on the flooring of the waggons; 1 also do not believe that the directors of railways would so quickly order the waggons to be cleaned and the coating of oil to be renewed.

Professor Jessen.�I take the liberty to ask, why we do not employ chloride of lime in place of alkali, as by doing so a double purpose would be accomplished ? especially when we consider that, as regards Rinderpest, there is in the air of the waggon an essential substance, which is instantly destroyed by adding; hot water to the chloride of lime. 15ut. this substance cannot be destroyed by means of ashes. It cannot be des�troyed, when, as Professor M�ller stated, the waggons stand two or three days empty. It is well known that a careful washing with chloride of lime, especially of the inoculation spots, destroys the contagiuin so completely that even those animals which were inoculated could not be infected again.

Director Zangger.�Gentlemen; we objected to the use of chloride of lime on account of its disagreeable smell, and because the cattle waggons, as Professor M�ller informed us, are often em�ployed for the conveyance of other articles. An economical rail way management, where the transport is not confined to cattle, would employ disinfected waggons for the conveyance of other articles; then it may happen that the acceptance of the articles would be refused, on account of the smell of chloride of lime. It ought to be also considered, that a stable can scarcely be aired so thoroughly as a railway waggon. When the doors on both sides of an empty waggon are open a little way, and the waggon is attached to a locomotive for a short distance, it becomes tho�roughly aired. I believe it would throw great difficulties in the way of the management of railways were we to recommend

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the use of chloride of lime, or other strong-smelling- sub-stances.

Professor Jessen.-�I beg to observe that if chloride of lime cannot be employed for technical reasons, of which 1 am unable to jud�e, it appears to me that the proposal of Professor Gerlach would be the best, because, by means of the injection of hot water into the waggons, the air gets warmed, and all poisonous substances are thereby destroyed.

Director Zmgger.�I am still in favour of the proposal of the Committee, to disinfect, first by means of washing with boiling-water and then with a hot composition of alkali; but in the event of the motion of Professor Gerlach passing, namely, to use hot water only, I should suggest repeated washings with hot water.

Professor Hertwig.�Gren�emen; I beg leave to make a few remarks on two subjects. First, on that under discussion, and about which I originated a controversy two years ago in Ham�burg, namely, the employment of boiling-hot water-steam. This is easily done, and but five or six minutes arc required to fill the interior of a waggon with hot steam to such an extent that all seams and crannies, which are scarcely to be got at by means of washing, arc penetrated. In the Stettin railway sta�tion in Berlin, 1 had some experiments made with hot steam two years ago. We were at that time, owing to a prevalence of aphthous disease and to an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, in a position to make suggestions and experiments. The waggons were completely disinfected in six minutes by the means employed. There is a simple preparation required, namely, a bent pipe, of about the thickness of a man's arm, which is fastened to the boiler of the locomotive; when this is done, the steam is permitted to enter the waggon, and then the doors are closed. The waggon may be used in a short time afterwards. But with this process of disinfecting must be com�bined that which Professor M�ller advocated so strongly, namely, a thorough cleaning of the floors. The steam cannot remove the dricd-up dung from the floor; there a separate cleaning is required, which can bo accomplished by the repeated pouring on to it of boiling water, and when the dung has become softened it must be scraped off, and the floor again

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washed. This is one subject. quot;With regard to the other, I beg leave to ask one question,�it is in reference to the urine which is secreted by animals during a transport of fifty or sixty miles in twenty-four hours. The goods trains, and those by which animals are transported, do not proceed very quickly; they stop longer at stations, travel slower, and the animals must emit their excrements; part of the dung is no doubt dissolved by the urine, and falls through the seams of the waggon floor on to the rails. Now, I inquire what becomes of the urine during the journey. In a distance of fifty miles there are in many instances a hundred roads which cross the rails. Along these roads, or streets, cattle are driven. Animals, and especially cattle, are very susceptible to smell; they stop, smell, snuff on the ground, and so forth. I ask, does not this circumstance deserve some consideration ? 1 only wished to draw your atten�tion to it, and not by any means to anticipate your deliberations. Mr. Zh'wud.�With regard to the manner of cleaning or disin-fecting�if a distinction ought to be made�I believe it depends entirely on the diligence and punctuality with which it is done, either by using hot water alone, or by combining with it other substances; therefore, upon this subject I will not further speak. A distinction has however been made : at times when epidemics are not prevalent, the cleaning alone suffices, but when they are, the disinfecting process must be employed. The Reporter has spoken of purification as performed at present, the use of alkali comes later, probably on account of its being supposed that the Rinderpest is prevalent in those regions from whence the waggons and transports come, or he has not included the alkali mixture as belonging to the means of disinfection ; and then another means of disinfection ought to be named��

Professor M�ller.�But it is named------

Mr. Zl�mc�.�And is therefore employed; therefore, it must bo presupposed that it is used because the disease is prevalent at the present time. I would not make any distinction, because we never know whether or not an epidemic is prevalent. Gentle�men may read in the newspapers�as has just been proved by questions several colleagues have asked of me�that there is no Rinderpest at present in Hungary, because during the last fort�night no place has been officially named as infected: but, from

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a reliable source, I am informed that, only lust Saturday, a well-authenticated case occurred near Wieselburg, and that the duh had to be employed. The comitate of Comom is likewise not entirely clear. 1 would, in this respect, make no distinction between cleaning and disinfecting. I would always recommend a complete cleaning process, and. when required, even chemical suhstances for the purpose. These suggestions must not be drawn up especially for the present time. The first locomotive which goes by way of the Baza pass, or the Kothentluirm pass, into Wallachia, destroys your quarantine, and then the waggons will be your quarantine establishments. 'Die disinfection, there�fore, of these waggons requires an unasual amount of considera�tion. I ask, What is done with the animals at the stations when they leave the waggons? Are they permitted to proceed with�out supervision to their several destinations? Different is it when they arrive.' at Vienna, where they are driven at once to the shambles; and, again, different is it when, for fattening pur�poses, they are disembarked at two or three stations; and wholly different is it when they are dairy or breeding cattle. About this, I find nothing in the whole propositions, and I repeat that, as railway waggons must sooner or later become the only quarantine establishments, we must settle the point how the cattle are to be treated so soon as they leave the rail�way-stations, provided it is not considered that the special directions for epidemics are already understood as being included in these proposals.

Professor Ilcynal declared himself in favour of leaving to different countries the practical suggestions as to the use of dis�infectants. The progress of chemistry, he thought, must work a great change in the materials used, and as an illustration of this he might notice carbolic acid, which a short time since was unknown.

Th.Satory.�I trust I may be permitted to state, in the question of the purification and disinfection of waggons, that 1 have heard nothing in the proposals respecting the cleansing of the steps which lead into the waggons, and which, during many years' experience, I have often found coated with decomposing excrements.

Professor MuUer.�It is stated, waggons and landing places.

'Mx.Satory.�This is very important.

Mr. Stichel.�I take the liberty to draw the attention of

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 04!)

gentlemen to some existing regulations in reference to the transport of cattle in Poland. As is well known, every year a considerable number of the so-called steppe oxen is imported into Warsaw. Of these, a very small number is sent to the western part of the kingdom by railway. For the transport of these animals, separate waggons, which have the inscription, quot; Waggon for cattle from the steppes,quot; are in use. Other cattle are never conveyed in these waggons. This transport happens on a certain day in the week, because our markets for the sale of cattle for killing are only held once a week. In cases where the transports are large, this, of course, could not be done. With regard to the purification of waggons, I am in favour of having the dung at the railway-stations burned or carried away; to have them cleaned by means of water-streams, solutions of ashes, and fumigations of chloride of lime. These agencies, 1 believe, would be useful in quickly cleaning the waggons; in Poland, however�I do not know how other countries are supplied in this respect�the working power is too limited to permit the undertaking of extensive purifications.

Professor Mutter.�I shall now consider somewhat more closely the several propositions which gentlemen who spoke before me have made. With regard to the oil-coating, pro�posed by Director Gorlach, I quite agree to it. The more frequently the railway waggons are newly painted the better it would be, and the longer would they last; but there are grave objections with regard to its adoption on the lloors. When the floor has been swept several times with a broom it gets so rough and uneven that a coating of oil could not be applied. The flooring also becomes so thoroughly impregnated and saturated with liquids that the waggon would require to stand empty at least fourteen days before it would be sufficiently dry to apply paint. If the railways think fit to adopt this suggestion, they are at liberty to do so, but they cannot be ordered to do it.

Director Gerlach.�The only thing to be done is to saturate the woody fibre thoroughly with oil.

Professor il/w/fc;^-.�Just so, but the oil will disappear instantly if hot water is poured into the waggon. Take, for example, the flooring of a room, pour oil on it, and afterwards hot water and alkali, and the oil will have disappeared. With regard to cleansing with hot water, I perfectly agree to it, even for usual

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deansing. But one of tlie preceding speakers remarked that, when a waggon had Leen in use for some time, the flooring would be full of cracks and fissures wherein the dnng, amp;c., would accumulate. It would then become necessary to use an alkali which, according to our knowledge, possesses the power of destroying contagion or contagions substances. We have not proposed the adoption of this law for a separate disease. It must be borne in mind that contagia are something organic, which become changed by the use of alkali; if through lime, potass, or soda, the oil will disappear. We must further recommend, as a disinfectant, a substance which, according to our experience, has been proved efficacious. I fully agree with the statement, and science convinces me of its accuracy, that boiling water destroys all contagium, but it cannot be always effectually used in a railway waggon. At many railway stations the men work with naked feet; they pour the water into the waggon, and wait till it has cooled down sufficiently before they commence scrubbing with the broom. Hot steam, likewise, cannot be used for the purpose, as was remarked by a former speaker. The waggon must be free from steam before it is possible to enter it. With regard to the chloride of lime, it may possess some good properties, but its use has likewise great disad�vantages. Real advantages, when compared with potass, il does not possess, according to my opinion, and to use the vapour of chloride of lime is impossible. As the waggons are not her�metically closed, flic steam escapes. Most of our waggons for the conveyance of cattle have oblique hilts; therefore, by open stands, it is impossible to fix it. and, even when a solution of chloride of lime is employed, the sides have also to be washed with a solution of soda. Chloride of lime would, likewise, be more expensive. To this must be added the destruction of all colouring substances through chloride of lime. J low is it possible to use a cattle-waggon in which chloride of lime had been employed for the conveyance of wheat or corn ? Never�theless, tin's would often happen. AVith regard to what Professor Hertwig has said about urine, I must confess I do not think that much dung will be thrown from the waggons; a little urine will certainly filter through the flooring, but this need not be much regarded. Urine, when only a few drops escape, will

SKCON� INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. C51

soon become decomposed. It must also be remembered that, because of the quick motion of the train, and for other reasons, urine will soon dry up. The dung will remain in the waggons. Gent] cm en, we cannot legislate for every probability.

Professor Hcrtwig.�I tliouglit that some one would recommend that railway waggons should have a double flooring.

Professor Mutter.�This was proposed by Professor Itawitsch, but we struck it out. A double flooring would be a very good thing, but it is necessary to consider what it would come to. With a double flooring, the topmost floor must be placed in a groove; and with this would arise the necessity of double cleansing, because, when the upper flooring becomes damaged, the lower one will often be in a filthy condition. Besides, the upper flooring would warp and twist as soon as it got wet; it would be of great length and breadth in railway cattle waggons, and would by frequent wetting warp so much that the sliding process would soon become an impossibility.

Professor Jessen.�It is our duty to invite the attention of the boards of management of railways to this subject; they would soon devise plans to satisfy Professor Hertwig, and to ascertain whether a double flooring, or another reservoir, or conduit-pipes, to a certain point, were most to the purpose. This at present cannot be decided, but will be so soon as the railway authorities become convinced of the importance of the subject.

Professor Mutter.�-Two points diametrically opposed to each other have become prominent in this discussion. Director Gerlach proposes to simplify the procedure of cleaning; on the other hand, the adoption of a double flooring has been suggested. A decision on the subject becomes in consequence difficult; in fact, complicated. But there is a measure regarding diet, which could be influenced by the expression of the wish of the As�sembly, namely, that the animals, when they are on a railway for two clays, should be fed and watered several times.

Professor Hertwig.�Certainly; but this ought to be presup�posed here.

Director Gerlach.�A distinction ought to be made, as is done in the report of the Commission, between the general measures to be employed, and those to be only employed during epide�mics. When the latter arc prevalent, or when sick cattle have

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been conveyed, then exceptional measures are required, and a general disinfecting process may be used. When Rinderpest is dominant in a region, and fears are entertained that sick cattle may be sent away, a double flooring and other precautionary

measures may be adopted ; but, above all things, I consider those measures of greatest importance which are in use daily for those thousands of waggons which continually move over the nets of railways in all countries. This is my principle ; the most simple and the most secure. I cannot, therefore, relin�quish the opinion that the waggons must not be permitted to become infected to such an extent as to render their disinfection impossible. Wood being porous, it dries and then cracks. This could be prevented by saturating it with oil; not painted or varnished, but the fibres of the wood must be saturated. On the surface it would not long remain clean: no matter, water would soon clean it. I cannot withdraw my motion. On most railroads it has already been introduced ; it is not burdensome ; the waggons last the longer. It ought to be adopted to prevent the waggons from being too deeply infected. Then the simple cleansing with hot water, especially with hot-water steam, will be sufficient, because it will not be necessary to enter the waggon. By means of flexible pipes the sides can be washed and cleansed. Competent judges give it as their opinion that this method is the quickest, the simplest, and the surest. In small stations no moveable boilers can be used, therefore other means must be adopted, for example, hot water for scouring or washing. In short, where there is only the honest will, the end is easily attained. To say thus much is quite sufficient. Should this method of disinfecting be adopted, we should then have given that security, that real security, which, by means of general measures, is obtainable.

Director Maubner,�I believe we fulfil our duty when we express the necessity of a permanent cleansing, or, if necessary, of disinfection when epidemics are prevalent. Plow this is to be done we can only indicate. I do not consider it necessary that we should say positively how it is to be put in practice. The previous speaker always insists on the use of water-steam; but, in my country, numbers of animals are conveyed in waggons which have no roofs, and a cleansing in this manner would therefore be impossible. Then, with regard to Professor Hertwig s

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scruples, I do not think there is any great reason for fear. Owing to the great rapidity with which trains pass crossings and roads only a few drops of urine could escape from the waggon, and I do not believe two drops would carry the infection.

Professor Hertwiy.�It may happen.

Director Raubner.�No.

Professor Jessen.�I must protest against this observation.

Ur. Eueff.�The previous speaker has admitted the technical impossibility to manipulate with boiling water, and now he opposes the use of steam. I can assure yon, from personal experience, that nothing is easier than the employment of steam, and that it enters into every crevice. Most gentlemen seem to have misunderstood the proposition of Director Gerlach. He does not mean to fill the whole waggon with steam, but to direct it to various or all parts of the waggon. When we employ steam, we no longer require hot water, because hot water only acts as a disinfectant at 00 to 80 degrees of heat. At this tem�perature it is unfit for manipulation; even at 50 degrees this is the case. Therefore, I am in favour of adding to the propositions of the Commission, quot; Only when, owing to local circumstances, water-steam cannot be applied, the cleansing with chemical sub�stances may be resorted to,quot; as has been already moved.

Professor M�ller.�I believe this is essentially the same as wc proposed. Whether we use hot-water steam�and it is only necessary to see a locomotive in motion to observe it drop down�or boiling water, is essentially the same, steam which------

Director Gerlach.�Possesses, under all circumstances, a heat of from 80 to 120 degrees, but hot water could not be used beyond 40 degrees.

Professor Midler.�An soon as the steam has left the pipe it loses several degrees.

Dr. Rawitsch.�It is not a question of cleansing alone, but likewise of disinfection.

Professor M�ller.�I have concluded.

The President.�Does any one else desire to speak ?

Professor Fuchs.�With regard to the use of water-steam for the cleansing of railroad waggons, I cannot speak from personal experience. But I have made inquiries of railway officials in my country if it maybe easily used, and I received the assurance

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from all sides tluit it is the easiest method of cleansing railway waggons, after the dung had been removed by means of hot water. The second remark which I beg permission to make is, that I do not consider boiling #9632;water as necessary or even bene�ficial for the purposes of cleansing (not disinfection)�(Dr. Satory: It must precede the other)�because the albuminous compounds contained in dung will, through the use of boiling water, coagu�late, and all the component parts of the dung -would not be removed from the waggon. But if potass is used afterwards, then the coagulated albuminous compounds will be dissolved again, and the harm done by the means first employed would be negatived. But I do not consider this a subject of great import�ance. With regard to a coat of-paint to the flooring of the waggon, to prevent the percolation of liquids. I consider it greatly to the purpose. Bttt it has already been pointed out that a coating of oil would not produce this result, or that it would be too soon destroyed again. I therefore propose to draw the attention of the managers of railroads to the advisability of soaking the flooring of the waggons which are used for the conveyance of cattle with chloride of mercury or chloride of zinc. By this means a greater hardness and durability is given to the flooring, and the entrance of liquids into the wood is ren�dered more difficult; but should contagious liquids enter, the means used for the purpose of the cleansing would, it is hoped, destroy them.

Mr. Ulrich.�It appears to me that cleansing and disinfecting ought to be completely united, at first by means of the employ�ment of boiling or very hot water for the cleansing of the flooring, and then finally, instead of potass, hot-water steam should be used. It is well known that the inherent degree of heat by hot-water steam destroys all vegetation aud all animal life; therefore it may be admitted with certainty that, when applied in a direct manner to all parts of the waggons, it will likewise destroy infectious substances, should any exist. With regard to the condition of the flooring, I should like to add to the proposition of the previous speaker that the planks required for construction should be prepared in the same manner as those used for railroads, namely, that they should be saturated with sulphate of iron.

SKCOXD [NTE�NATIONAL VKTEIUXAHY CONGRESS, 655

Professor Fuchs.�This would be a kind of------

Professor Beynal (in French) moves the conclusion of the debate.

Professor Fuchs.�Only a few words. I did not assert that hot water was not sufficiently disinfecting: on the contrary, I admitted that it was. I only asserted that hot water, as was mentioned, is not lit for cleansing at the commencement, because the albuminous substances might coagulate. But then potass is to be employed, as hot as possible, or water-steam.

The President.�Does any one else desire to speak? Dr. M�ller wishes to conclude the debate ; then we will proceed to a division.

Professor M�ller.�I have to make a few observations about Dr. Ulrich's motion regarding the use of sulphate of iron. Used on a large scale, it does not appear to the managers of railroads to answer the intended purpose. In the agricultural show at Vienna in 1857 a project of this kind was exhibited.* But it appears that there is some hesitation about its use, or the managers of railroads would have long ago employed it in the construction of waggons. Whether sulphate of iron is able to strengthen the woody fibres to such an extent as to prevent the planks splintering when cleaned with the broom, experience must prove. But, however this may be, sulphate of iron could not be used without incurring expense. I have likewise to remark that our suggestions will not interfere with the practical working of the various plans. I have already remarked that the carrying out of these plans will vary in different places. But I cannot imagine how the pipes are to be conducted when ten, fifteen, or twenty waggons are placed in a row, and all arc to be cleaned. If expensive contrivances are to be introduced, and this may be the case, then the expense of cleaning will be more considerable. The railroads will be obliged to charge perhaps one thaler per head, because gutta-percha pipes are soon destroyed through steam, nay, even by the use of hot

* In the printed ofiScial report of the celebration of the fif�ethi anniversary of the Imperial Jtoyal Agricultnral Society in Vienna, p. 45(3, it is stated verbally: quot;On the part of the jury it is especially mentioned, that the im�pregnation of beech planks, invented by Mr. Antier of Paris, for the purpose of producing durable sleepers for railroads, has attracted general attention.quot;

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water, especially when labourers use them somewliat roughly. I eau only state that we have no intention to interfere with the execution of these measures; the practical working must be left to the railroad management. We have only stated principles, and intimated that the mode of procedure already in use is sufficient for the purpose. If steam is to be employed, there exists uo objection to it.

The President,�I shall put the various points to the vote, and, in doing so, refer to the motions submitted during tlie debate. The first sentence is: quot; The Committee proposes that the waggons employed for the conveyance of cattle should be cleaned each time after they have been used.quot; It is self-evident that this cleansing of waggons lias to be done, no matter what kind of animals have been transported therein. All gentlemen who are in favour of this motion will rise. (Adopted by a large majority.) The second point refers to the disinfecting system, which the Committee wishes to see distinguished from the process of cleaning. Disinfection shall be employed when either notoriously sick cattle, or such as come from regions where a malignant contagious disease is prevalent, have been transported. The Committee has used the following words: quot;Articles of conveyance which have been used for the con�veyance of animals suffering from a contagious disease must be disinfected.quot; This is the first part of the motion. quot;A disinfec�tion of all means of conveyance is likewise necessary each time after their having been used in such regions and at such times when a virulent contagious disease is prevalent.quot; This is the second part. I believe on this point no dissent has been ex�pressed. (Cries of quot;Vote.quot;)

Dr. Zl�mal.�I submitted a motion that the procedure should be each time equal.

The President.�Then there would be no difference between cleansing and disinfecting. But this difference, by the adoption of the first point, lias been placed beyond question. quot;When nothing is known of prevalent epidemics, a cleansing process is only necessary to prevent the animals which follow from standing in the filth of the preceding cattle.

Dr. Fuchs.�I beg leave to remark that in Baden this dis�tinction lias been made, and is at present in force: Every

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VKTKHIXATiY CONGBESS. 657

waggon wliicli has been used for the transport of cattle must bo cleansed at once; but disinfected only when it lias been used for the conveyance of animals suffering irora really contagious diseases. (Cries of quot;Divide.quot; The question is put to the vote.)

The President.�The second point has likewise been almost unanimously adopted. By the third point the different motions submitted cross with the proposal of the Committee: quot; 3. As means of disinfection, are recommendedquot;�it is not said must be used�quot; the cleansing with boiling water, and succeeding careful washing with a hot solution of potass; a mode of pro�cedure which has been introduced by law in Austria and Switzerland.quot; Now we proceed to the counter-motions. As far as 1 can learn from them, they imply that disinfection with a solution of potass is superfluous when washing with hot water has been effected, or when an influence has been exerted by means of hot-water vapours. I shall put these two motions separately to the vote, commencing with the motion of the Committee.

Dr. Oerlach,�My motion is the most simple: I therefore beg it be put to the vote.

The President,�It might be said that the lesser is compre�hended in the greater; therefore I leave the matter in the bands of the Assembly.

Dr. Q-erlach.�My motion is more simple.

The President�Do gentlemen desire the motion of the Com�mittee or the modified motion to be brought to a division? Those gentlemen who are in favour of the first will rise. It is adopted by an immense majority. I shall now- read it again (reads point 3 as given above). Those gentlemen who are in favour of it will please to rise. (Voices: quot;Compare once more the motions.quot; quot;Embody in words the second motion.quot; quot;We have not understood it clearly.quot;) It is the motion of the Com�mittee ; the other I have not yet embodied in words. If the first passes, the latter will fall to the ground. T shall read it once more, (heads point 3 again.) Gentlemen who are in favour of this motion, as it stands, will please to rise. There appears to me to be a majority; but, if gentlemen desire it, I will request the quot;naysquot; to rise.

Dr. Gerlach.�I consider my motion as lost, and will submit

2 T:

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another, namely, that what 1 have proposed should be men�tioned as worthy of commendation.

The President.�1 intended to do so. I do not think the

Committee would hesitate to add, that instead of the use of hot water, hot-water steam may be employed. (Signs of assent.)

And------

Dr. Gerlaeh.�And keeping in repair with oil. The President.�This would be another point. Are gentlemen in favour that the alteration, quot;hot water, or hot-water vapours,quot; be inserted? (Yes.)

Dr. Hertwig. � These are points which must be treated according to places and circumstances.

The President.�It lias been, repeatedly stated that the directors of railways should be advised to saturate their wag�gons with oil, to paint them, to provide them with iron floorings, amp;c. Ail these concern the durability of the waggons. I, for myself, must confess I do not think we are called upon to sug�gest to managers of railroads a, means of rendering their waggons more durable. We can only express a desire that certain measures may be adopted during and after the trans�port of cattle, to protect the animals against infection, but do not wish to lay down a plan of procedure to railway managers.

Dr. Ulrich. � The addition would then, according to my opinion, run thus: That when hot-water vapours are em�ployed, chemical substances would become unnecessary. Dr. MuUer.�In this case, .1 am opposed to its adoption. Dr. G-erlach.�1 beg leave to propose, That the saturation of the waggons with oil is worthy of commendation, because by this means the infection of the waggon becomes lessoned.

The President.�Is the motion of Gerlaeh supported? (Three members rise.) I shall nevertheless put it to the vote. Shall there be inserted amongst the resolutions, that the assembly considers it desirable to recommend to the managers of rail�roads to have the wooden parts of their waggons which are used for the conveyance of cattle saturated with oil, to prevent the absorption of the accumulated products of diseased animals? Gentlemen who are in favour of this motion will rise. (They rise.) The result is doubtful. I beg those gentlemen who are

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VKTEIMNARY CONGRESS. 659

against it to rise. The motion is lost. The -Ith point is: quot;The disinfection of railroad waggons and sliips renders a supervision by veterinary surgeons necessary.quot; All who aoree to tin's will rise. (They rise.) The motion is passed by general consent. We thus have decided on the second subject of our programme. The opinion of Professor Perosino, that a solution of sulphate of iron is worthy of adoption forthe destruc�tion of ammoniacal exhalations has not been approved of by the Committee. Therefore it is only mentioned in the proceedings.

Dr. Zangger.�! beg to remark, that Professor Perosino him�self has voted against its adoption. He only expressed an opinion and afterwards allowed the subject to drop.

The President.�Therefore it only appears as a remark in the minutes of the proceedings. Gentlemen, before proceeding to regulate the order of the day for to-morrow, permit me to observe, that we, the members of the Preliminary Committee, have, in fixing the days for an inspection of the different col�lections; not mentioned the Veterinary Institute, because wo were convinced that members of the Assembly would frequently

noi have

ur the institute with their visits. Many gentlemen present

afforded us that pleasure. Jgt;ut as other gentlemen would, perhaps, prefer visiting us in a body, I beg leave to propose Saturday afternoon next for an inspection of the Veterinary Institute. If gentlemen agree to this, we shall feel honoured. (Assent.) I shall make another observation. We, as a very young peripatetic assembly, have not even rides of association. in other societies of this kind it is usual, about the middle of the sittings, to decide on the time and place of the next meeting. As towards the conclusion of these meetings many gentlemen will probably leave, it would bo as well that those members who wish, with regard to the time and place of the meeting of the next Congress, to propose resolutions, should hand them in to-morrow to the President. I intend to make this to-morrow, after reading the order of the day, a subject for deliberation, and for that reason appoint the hour of meeting at nine o'clock a.m.

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Foukth Meeting, 27th August, 1865. President, Dr. Koll. Secretones, Drs. FoBSTEBand Pbobstmayr.

The President.�I request the Secretary to read the minutes of our last meeting.

Dr. Prohstmayr reads.

The President (after the reading).�Are there any objections ? (After a pause.) The minutes are adopted. Before we proceed to the order of the day, 1 take the liberty to acquaint the Assembly with what has come to hand since yesterday: First, we have a decree from the Ministry of State, wherein it is announced that, according to a communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dated 19th of August, 1865, the Servian Government has nominated Dr. Jankovics as its representative at the second International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons. The Doctor is in Vienna, a ticket of admission will therefore be sent to him at once. Wo received farther: Bibliografia nuovo cenao illus-trativo sulla causa della Rabbia Idrofobica; pensamenti del S. Luigi Zoffoli,; it will be laid before the members in the reception room. Also, a letter from Veterinary Surgeon Ziindel, from Muhlhausen, wherein lie expresses with regret his inability to be present at this Congress. There are also ready for dis�tribution, 'The Hoof-plane, the only perfect and patented instru�ment for preparing horses' hoofs for shoeing, invented by the Department Veterinary Surgeon Erdt, in Coslin;' a publica�tion by Prof. Spooner: ' Report from the Select Committee on Cattle-Diseases-Prevention, and Cattle, amp;c., Importation Bills; together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, and Appendix. Ordered to be printed by the House of Commons, 27tli of June, 1864.' During the term of these meetings it will lie found in the reception room. Lastly, a manuscript communication from Mr. Wilkinson, 'The Ve�terinary Medical Department of the British Army.' Extracts of it will be communicated in the oflicial report of the Con�gress. I have also to acquaint the Assembly, that, in accor�dance with a request, several members have intimated their willingness to deliver lectures, or propose subjects for the deliberation, of the Congress. (1) Professor Fuchs has moved,

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. lt;J(J1

which is in accordance with the opinion I expressed at our first meeting, that gentlemen should communicate the results, so far, of the resolutions passed at the first Congress in Hamburg. I shall place this on the order of the day as soon as the dis�cussion of the programme is exhausted. Professor Fuchs has further expressed a wish that, so soon as the deliberations on the subjects contained in the programme are concluded, the following question may he prepared for consideration: quot; JJocs there exist an inflammation of the lungs in cattle which has not been produced by extraneous influencing causes, and which, although similar to Pleuro-pneumonia, is not infections?quot; and should this question he answered in the affirmative, quot; How is the one to be distinguished from the other?quot; (2) Professors Eawitsch and Unterberger will deliver lectures on the Siberian Pest. (3) Prof, llcynal has asked the following questions:� quot;Can the contagious typhus of horned cattle communicate itself to animals of the ovine species ?quot; quot;Can animals of the ovine species in their turn transmit the contagion to oxen and to animals of other species?quot; quot;Is inoculation with the contagious typhus an efficacious prophylactic measure against the propa�gation ofthat malady ? quot; quot; Is the typhus indigenous in Southern Russia : does it appear spontaneously only in the animals in that country ? quot; (-1) Prof. Jessen communicates that, in accord�ance with a wish expressed by several members, he intends at the conclusion of the debates on the subjects of the order of the day, if sufficient time remains for the purpose, to give a short summary of the present state of the inoculation question with regard to Rinderpest in Russia. We have likewise received a (5) communication from Dr. Hadinger of Moravia, representa�tive of the Moravian Imperial Agricultural Society, in which he asks that a lecture on the originating causes of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease be placed on the programme. (G) A me�morial of Comitates-Vcterinarian Zwickel on quot; Quackery and Secret Ivemedies.quot; It depends of course entirely on the As�sembly how long its meetings are to last. I think it probable that our deliberations on the 3rd subject of the programme will finish to-day, and that the place and time of meeting of the next Congress may bo fixed. To-morrow we could com�mence the discussion on the -Ith subject of the programme,

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and perhaps conclude them. According to the programme, the meetings of this Congress were intended to continue only through the current week. If all these subjects are to be discussed, 1 question the possibility of that being done in one meeting. It depends now entirely on the members to decide which of the proposed subjects they consider suffi�ciently important to be included in the debates, that we might place these on the order of the day ; or to say if they intend to continue the meetings until all the subjects of debate have been exhausted. Perhaps some of the gentlemen may make a pro�posal in tliis respect.

1 )r. Hcrtwlj.�I wish to ask if we could not meet on Sunday, if only for a short time, should wo be unable to conclude our deliberations on Saturday? I remember that during my former residence in Vienna�and I believe this is still the case�grand concerts used to take place about noon on Sundays. If these concerts do not violate the sanctity of the Sabbath, I scarcely think we shall be judged very severely if wo occupy a few hours of the same day in our deliberations. I leave it to the Congress to say whether this is seemly or not. Every subject which is left after Sunday must remain undecided. Our Con�

ress, like all odur things, must end some time. There are

certain subjects of deliberation about which agreement will not be very easy. This is especially the case with regard to the utility of inoculation by Binderpest, and the originating causes of the Foot-and-llouth Disease.

The President.�I believe there exists no impediment to our meeting on Sunday.

Dr. Hertwlg.�We could, of course, respect the time when divine service is being celebrated.

The President.�We might assemble somewhat later, about ten o'clock.

]h\ Fiiclis.�The President will be best able to judge.

The President.�Since there is no objection, 1 shall consider the motion that we hold a meeting on Sunday morning at ten o'clock as adopted. Permit me to observe that should several subjects of importance remain after Sunday for deliberation, we might assemble again on Tuesday�(on Monday the excursion to Aitenburg takes place.-)�for a short final discussion; but

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONamp;RESS. 'raquo;laquo;8

tin's we can determine at our meeting on Sunday. We proceed now to the order of the day, on which wc find sot down for consideration the third subject of the programme; concerning Hydrophobia. It is intended to determine unanimously, if possible, the principles of rational regulations concerning dogs. 1 believe that I act in accordance with the desire of the Con�gress when I request those gentlemen who intend to participate in the debate not to deviate from the matter under discussion. Hydrophobia is a subject in deliberation regarding which digressions may easily lake place; if this should happen, we could obtain no result from our debates regarding this question. Therefore, without intending to anticipate the determinations of the Assembly, which possibly may bo of an opposite nature, I propose that gentlemen should strictly adhere to the expression of the programme, namely, quot; To establish the principles of rational resrulations concerning dogs.quot;

Mr. Ernes.�Gentlemen ; I propose that no member of the Congress shall be permitted to speak more than once on the subject under deliberation. Whoever wishes to say anything may do so without rising several times. Some members speak two or three times on the same subject, so that others arc pre�vented from expressing their opinions at all.

The President.�I believe that it will at times be found neces�sary to permit a member to speak with regard to the correction of fads. I don't think, however, the adoption of Mr. Ernes's motion would prevent this. I shall therefore submit it to the vote of the Assembly. Gentlemen who desire that no one shall speak more than once on the same subject (personal remarks and corrections of facts excepted) will please to rise.

Sir. .Erne*.�Interjections likewise excepted; the}^- are per�mitted. (Only a few member's rise.)

The President.�The majority is against the adoption of this motion. Professor i'illwax. as Reporter on this subject, will now address you.

Hhe Heporter (Dr. Pillwax).�Gentlemen; 1 have the honour to open the deliberations on the third subject of the pro�gramme�which has reference to a form of disease that certainly does not so deeply and extensively concern the international interests of European countries as the deliberations and final

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detenninatious of former meetings with regard to the period of quarantine for the prevention of the introduction of Rinderpest, the treatment oi' animals and animal produce, during the pre�valence of Rinderpest, as articles of international commerce, and the disinfection of railway waggons and ships employed in the conveyance of cattle; but which is nevertheless of great importance and worthy of consideration, because this form of disease not only exerts a great influence on the health of our domestic animals, but likewise�and this is more important still-�on the health and life of human beings, since, when the disease has been transmitted to them, life falls a sacrifice to it. This is Hydrophobia, which not only appears sporadically, but at times assumes an epidemic extension, as has been the case several times in the course of this century. Thus the disease appeared epidemically in 1815, in Vienna and its environs, in 4� cases, the epidemic character of which cannot be doubted, as 43 of these cases occurred to dogs which, as was proved, had not been bitten. The disease appeared in the same manner in several countries during the period from 18111 to 1800 : for example, in Vorarlberg, in Switzerland, in Saxony, and especially, in 1828-20, in Dresden, while od cases occurred during the year 1800 in Vienna. Between the years 1830 and 1840 only a few cases of Hydrophobia appeared here ; and it is especially worthy of notice that during the very hot summer of 1834 only one case occurred in Vienna and its immediate neighbourhood. In the year 1838 this disease again appeared here in an epidemic form. During that year 7 cases occurred; in 1839 they in�creased in number to 63 ; in 1840 only 12 cases were observed; but in the year 1841, 1-1!) cast's of Hydrophobia occurred, a number unprecedented here, and decidedly alarming. Next year 42 cases occurred, and in 1813 only 2 cases. From 1843 to 1847, only a few cases occurred annually in Vienna and its neigh�bourhood. In the year 1847 the number of rabid dogs com�menced again to increase. In the year just mentioned there oc�curred 14 cases ; in the following year, 1848, 19 cases ; iu 1849, 17 cases; and in the year 1850, 20 cases. During the years 1855-1860, when Hydrophobia was extensively prevalent, espe�cially over great part of Northern Germany, France, and Spain, remarkably few cases of the disease occurred in Vienna and its

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 665

neighbourhood�excepting 1855, during which there were 16 cases, namely, 15 dogs seen during- life, and 1 case in a dog the post-mortem examination of whicii proved the existence of Hydrophobia. During the first few years of the present de�cennary the disease was prevalent very extensively in Bhenish Prussia. In \ ienna, the cases became likewise, abont the same time, more frequent, and in the year 1800 we counted 12 cases of Hydrophobia; in 1861, ID; in 1862 they increased to 32; but in the following year, 1863, we counted 29, and in ]lt;S(j4, 24 casesgt; During the current year, 9 cases of Hydrophobia have occurred. The frequency of the appearance of cases of the disease during the last few years, explains the terror and anxiety of the public with regard to the increase of this frightful malady. To this the newspaper reports ha ,'u likewise contributed, because, as they state each individual case which occurs, they keep alive and increase the apprehensions of the public. I, for my own part, believe that the increased publicity given to the appearance of this disease has produced good and beneficial results. The public has by this means been induced to pay more attention to dogs and their state of health, and in this increased attention may partly be found the reason that com�paratively few human beings are bitten by rabid dogs. We may frankly confess that, with regard to the nature and causes of the disease, we have only suppositions and no certainties, and that we are quite powerless with regard to the treatment and suppression of Hydrophobia. We are not vet able�at least as far us my experience and knowledge go � to cure Hydrophobia when it has once made its appearance. We need not be ashamed of this inability, for the physicians are in the same predicament. As soon as the first symptoms of the disease, produced through the bite of a rabid dog, have appeared in a human being, the medical men of the present day are no more able than were those of two thousand years ago to prevent its further development: the person attacked is beyond all hope. The terrible consequences which, under certain circumstances, are produced among human beings by Hydrophobia, and our own inability to overcome the disease, seem to render it in the interest of the State, to which is intrusted the care of protecting its citizens�in the interest of the public, which views with

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anxiety aad terror the increase of the disease�find in the interest of science, many representatives of which are here assembled� highly important that this ('ongress should deliberate on those measures which may contribute, if not entirely to prevent the appearance of the disease, at least to limit and remove its originating causes as much as possible, and to mitigate its destructive effects on human beings and animals. I take the liberty, before we mention and discuss these measures � in accordance with the desire of the Committee which has been elected for the consideration of the question of Hydrophobia, and which consisted of Professor Jessen, Professor Husson, Police-Veterinavian Sondermann, and myself, with the addition of Professors Tscheming of Copenhagen, Furstenberg of Eldena, and Leisering of Dresden�to propose for your deliberation a question which is of great importance, because on your answer depends the advisability of retaining or abolishing those mea�sures which have been put in practice in sonn? countries with regard to Hydrophobia. This question is: Is Hydrophobia really a specific and independent disease, originating a cnntagiuni peculiar to itself, the so-called Hydrophobia virus, which, trans�mitted to animals or human beings by means of a bite or of artificial inoculation, will be able to produce the same disease; or is this not the case? From time to time opinions of a con�trary nature have been held amongst medical men ; and only very lately a physician, resident in Vienna, asserted that Hydro�phobia in human beings produced by the bite of a rabid dog belongs properly to the realms of chimera and fable, and is a tradition which has come down to us from the times of the sous of iEsculapius, still circulating, not merely amongst the general public, but even amongst medical men. It has likewise been asserted that the existence of Hydrophobia as an independent disease has not been as yet scientifically ascertained; and that the process to which the name quot;Hydrophobiaquot; is given be�longs to several most varying processes of disease, because as yet no specific appearances nor pathologico-anatomical changes appertaining exclusively to Hydrophobia have been observed in animals aad human beings that have died of this disease. Others, again, are of opinion that Hydrophobia is nothing else than tetanus, and may be produced not only by a rabid dog, but

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VBTEEINARY CONORESS. 'raquo;07

likewise by a healthy animal ; in fact, in consequence of any hurt or wound, or even without any such medium. The conse-rjuence of this assertion would be, that all measures in regard to Hydrophobia which have been put in practice as yet, must be considered useless and superfluous, and their abolition desirable. Let me hero express the opinion, in consonance with that of the members of the Committee, that these forms of diseases originate a contairiura peculiar to themselves�the so-called Hydrophobia vims�-which, when transferred to animals or human beings, is able to produce the same disease. That this is really the case is proved, not only by the numerous observations which have been made by the most distinguished veterinarians of all times with regard to cases of .Hydrophobia which have been produced in our domestic animals in conse�quence of bites by rabid dogs, rabid wolves, and rabid foxes ; but by many cases where Hydrophobia has been produced in human beings in consequence of the bite of rabid dogs, cases which have been noted down and described by the most distin�guished medical men from ancient times down to our own, and which often arc even officially stated. If the disease which appears in human beings and animals in consequence of the bite of a rabid dog is observed and investigated attentively, it must be confessed honestly and without prejudice that in all these descriptions, from the oldest to the present time, only one form of disease is apparent, namely, a completely independent dis�ease, which can only appear in consequence of the bite of a rabid dog, and never through the bite of an animal which is not rabid; for the bite, as such alone, cannot cause the disease, but the bite of the rabid dog introduces the contarium into the torn and lace-rated tissues. To prove this assertion I beg leave to mention here, that during the year 1862, when .Hydrophobia appeared in Vienna as an epidemic, 522 dogs were brought for examination into the Veterinary Institute, and, with the exception of .'52, all were found not to be rabid. The examinations and observa�tions proved that the other [UO dugs, with the exception of a few cases of mange and epilepsy, were perfectly healthy; and official reports state that the majority of these dogs had bitten human beings, but not one of those who had been bitten by these not-rabid dogs died of Hydrophobia Only one boy, who

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had been bitten in tlie lace by a dog at times furiously rabid, was attacked by Hydrophobia on the 24th day after receiving the injury, and died of the disease on the third day. This is officially stated. Since the year 1848, during which period I have had the examination of animals really rabid, and sus�pected of having the disease, every year between 300 and 400 dogs have been brought into the Veterinary Institute, because they had bitten human beings. They were suspected of having Hydrophobia by the authorities, until their state of health had been ascertained. Although the number of these not-rabid and generally perfectly healthy animals, amounts to beyond 5000, yet not one of the persons who had been bitten by any of those 5000 animals has died of the disease. But, .according to an official report of the Board of Management of the Imperial General Hospital, four persons have died since the year 1848 of Hydrophobia, and those, as is stated officially, had been bitten by rabid dogs. This ought to be accepted as a proof that the bite of a dog, merely qua bite, is not able to cause Hydrophobia ; otherwise, amongst the great number of persons who have been bitten, many more cases of Hydrophobia must have occurred than only those four which have been recorded. If I consider the proportion between the number of persons bitten by rabid dogs, and persons in whom Hydrophobia results, I hud it varying. The observations of Hamilton have proved that of froml2 to 19 of those who have been bitten only 1 falls a sacrifice; those of Hunter and Yaughan, that of from 20 to 30 only 1 dies of Hydrophobia ; and those of Bouley, that out of 25 1 becomes rabid. Here, in Vienna, we have obtained expe�riences of a different sort. In the years 1841 and 1802, of 12 persons who had been bitten in each year, 1 died of Hydro�phobia. If we adopt the proportion which is most favourable to the opponents of our opinion�that of 30 who are bitten only 1 falls a sacrifice�there ought to have occurred, if the assertion is true that the bite of healthy dogs can likewise produce Hydro�phobia, many more cases of the disease amongst those persons who had been bitten by the 5000 dogs ; but this, we have seen, is not the case, as only 4 persons laquo;ere attacked by Hydro�phobia. Lastly, the appearance of the disease, produced with undeniable success by Renault of Alfort, Hertwig of Berlin, and

SECOND INTEKNATIONAL VETEEINARY CONGRESS. 669

the former Director of the Vienna, Veterinary School, Dr. Eckle, in diflbrent domestic animals to which the virus had been trans�mitted, partly hy means of bites and partly by inoculation, proves beyond contradiction that Hydrophobia is an independent form of disease, that it is no chimera, and that it may be commu�nicated by means of a bite or of inoculation. The post-mortem examinations of animals which died of this disease have cer�tainly not furnished signs of any specific changes which could be considered as exclusively belonging to Hydrophobia�on the contrary, the most different processes of disease have been observed in these dissections: but this does not justify the assertion that Hydrophobia is not an independent disease. It is a well-known fact that the results of post-mortem examina�tions in many other diseases have not supplied us with final reliable explanations, and this is likewise the case with regard to Hydrophobia. And if we consider, for example, the really specific form of the disease of pox, we find, in sheep which have died of this disease, the most different processes�pyaemia, ichorous mortification of the mucous membrane of the nose, the throat, and the intestinal tract, codematous lungs, inflamma�tion of the lungs, croupous exudations, amp;c.; in one word, the most various processes of disease. Why, if this is the case in regard to pox, a specific disease, should it not also be possible in regard to Hydrophobia? AVliy should it not bo possible that different processes of disease may become connected with the specific disease of Hydrophobia ? 1 believe that, as experience lias proved in thousands of sad cases the existence of Hydro�phobia and the possibility of its transfer to human beings and animals, the results of the post-mortem examinations ought not to be taken as absolute rules; and perhaps, in time, pathological chemistry, in connexion with microscopical research, will make apparent to us those changes which specifically appertain to this disease. In conclusion, permit me to remark, with regard to the assertion that Hydrophobia is nothing else than tetanus, that this is by no means the case as far as animals are concerned. In the hundreds of cases where I had an opportunity of ob-servinir rabid dogs, I never found the slightest trace of tetanus �(cries of quot; Never!quot;)�from the commencement of the dis�ease to the death of the animal; and 1 therefore declare that

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Hydrophobia is not tetanus. And from everything I know in this respect with reference to human beings, partly from per�sonal observation of one case, partly from what I have read about Hydrophobia in ancient and modern works, I have been convinced that this disease is entirely different from tetanus; and every one who investigates the two without prejudice must arrive at the same conclusion. I repeat, therefore, the pre�viously expressed opinion, and I do the same on behalf of the Committee, that Hydrophobia is an independent specific form of disease; that it is no complication of symptoms which is like�wise found in other and different diseases; and that it originates a virus, the so-called JTydropholmi contagium, which, when transmitted to human beings or animals, is capable of producing the same disease. Owing to the great importance of the ques�tion, I consider it indispensably necessary thai gentlemen should communicate their opinions and experiences in this respect.

Dr. Fuchs.�I beg that the report be first read.

The Reporter.�1 have not concluded yet. I only propose that, in the discussion which will follow, gentlemen should ex�press their opinions. The Committee, guided by the opinion that it is necessary to indicate the measures which may prevent the development and extension of the disease, and which are requisite for its extermination, has agreed�(reads from the report of the Committee)�that the introduction and strict execution of rational regulations concerning dogs furnish the most certain means of preventing the development and exten�sion of the disease, and of making its extermination possible; and that, therefore, the introduction of regulations concerning dogs, of a character as uniform as possible in the different countries, is highly desirable.

The Committee is of opinion that the following points ought to be included in such regulations concerning dogs, and there�fore takes the liberty of proposing them to the Assembly for adoption:�

1.nbsp; In all the towns and villages of a country a conscription of dogs�a dog-census�ought to be established, and, for this pur�pose, a list of the number of dogs, uniformly drawn up, ought to be kept in every parish throughout the country.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The identity of each dog shall be determined bv means

.SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINABY CONGRESS. 671

of a mark or token. The manner of putting this Lato practice must Le left to the local authorities.

3.nbsp; nbsp;An endeavour ought to be made to reduce the number of dogs as much as possible, and the Committee considers the intro�duction of a dog-tax as one of the best means for this purpose. This tax ought to be at least equal for male and female dogs; according to the views of the Committee, female dogs ought tobe taxed even higher, because this would produce a reduction in their number. All dogs ought to be made subject to this tax. Whether the tax on certain dogs winch are used in certain occupations shall be reduced, or whether such dogs shall be exempt from it entirely, the Committee will not deciile.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Care must be taken to preyent the running about of dogs without proper supervision ; this applies especially to bitches durins: the ratting season.

5.nbsp; nbsp;The introduction of muzzles the Committee considers only necessary in those districts when? cases of Hydrophobia have occurred. The period during which muzzles ought to be worn depends on the amount of danger, and must be left to the de�cision of competent judges in each individual case.

6.nbsp; nbsp;In States where as yet uo rules exist with regard to the reporting of contagious diseases, all dogs which are suspected of Hydrophobia, or are really rabid, shall be at oucc reported to the authorities.

7.nbsp; nbsp;liabid dogs, and those which they have bitten, or those which have been brought in contact with them, must be killed under all circumstances. Dogs suspected of Hydrophobia must he kept in secure custody, and under careful observation, until their state of health has been ascertained. If they should prove to be rabid, they must be killed; if not, they may be returned to their proprietors. If in any animal which lias been killed on suspicion of being rabid, the slightest signs of Hydrophobia are discovered, all dogs which it has bitten, or which have been brought in contact with it, are to be killed. It is a matter of course, that in cases of Hydrophobia the requisite measures of disinfection must be employed. With regard to the visitation of dogs, the majority of the members of tiie Committee are of opinion that it may contribute indirectly to the reduction of the number of cases of Hydrophobia, because it may cause a reduc-

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tion in the number of dogs which are either vicious, or suffering from loathsome and contagious diseases, and may �fter a favour�able opportunity of acquiring knowledge with regard to the keep) of dogs, and to the detection of Hydrophobia.

S. The Committee is of opinion that, if all these measures are really to result in efficiently obtaining the desired end, com�petent veterinarians must co-operate in their execution; and that every dog-proprietor at tho time his dog is inscribed in the conscription-lists should be furnished with printed and easily-understood instructions how to keep dogs healthy, and how to detect the symptoms of Hydrophobia, as well as information respecting those measures of veterinarian police which arc necessary for the prevention and extermination of Hydrophobia.

These are the propositions which the Committee has considered it necessary to submit; and it now begs the Assembly to express its views with regard to them.

The President.�The debates would proceed best, were we to consider first whether the introduction of uniform rules con�cerning dogs is desirable or not; and this must be considered with regard to the question proposed by the Reporter, namely: Is Hydrophobia to be considered a specific disease which can be transferred to human beings, or is this not the case ? As soon as the discussion on the general bearing of the question is finished. I shall introduce each point of the motions separately for de�liberation, and then the several amendments might be added to each paragraph at once. Medical Counsellor Fuchs will now speak en the general question.

Dr. FucJis.�As a Member of the Committee, and with its sanction, I beg to say a few words on the genera] question, and to explain a few points which the Reporter, from Ids functions, was not in a position to explain. We have retained the title, quot; dog-regulations,quot; as it stood in the programme: but what we have produced is, in reality, no system of dog-regulations, and therefore does not deserve this title; to a system of dog-regula�tions other measures which we have not indicated also belong. We have likewise limited our deliberations to what concerns dogs only, although in a system of dog-regulations provisions may also be made regarding other animals which may be affected with Hydroiihobia. The dilliculties which are met with

SECOND INTBENATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. lt;gt;7.⁰.

in the course of deliberations on veterinary subjects, as has been frequently felt during the proceedings of tins Assembly, are mani�fold. During the debates on Rindexpest the difficulty was expe-tiencednot only on scientific points, but also, and principally, on points of national economics. In the course of the deliberations on the subject of a code of dog-regulations it has been otherwise; the difficulty has been less economic than it has been technical, and has consisted in the overcoming of certain prejudices and the combating of certain philanthropic views and opinions. These difficulties are very great, as every member of the Assembly doubtless knows. The dog is pre-eminently, among all the domestic animals, the friend of man, because more than all other animals it is like man. First, this is the case with regard to its instinct of gregarionsness; secondly, with regard to its intelli�gence; and, thirdly, because it is able to follow man in all the various conditions and occupations of life. For these reasons, man is extraordinarily fond of the dog, and it is d�Hctdt to oppose statutes to this feeling and conviction. Nevertheless, by means of our regulations, we keep the introduction of an im�portant philanthrophic measure in view, and seek, by reducing the cases of Hydrophobia amongst dogs, to protect human beings against the attacks of this terrible disease. I have expressed my�self in favour of a dog-tax and visitation of dogs, although the views on this subject throughout the country which I have the honour to represent here, are entirely different from my own. In my country a dog-tax has already existed for a number of years. In the commencement, the amount of this tax was very trifling; and it did not exert sufficient influence, and produced not the effect of reducine the number of dogs in general (since it rather appeared that the number of dogs increased in the same proportion as the amount of the tax was raised) the opinion gained ground amongst the authorities that the dog-tax, from a financial point of view, was altogether a paltry affair. In all, it produced only about 100,000 thalers (15,00�Z. sterling). A great part of this sum is used by the Examination Commissions, half of the remainder goes into the Treasury of the State, and the rest belongs to the parishes. The pecuniary part of the question in my country is of no consideration ; but as the dog-tax has not affected a reduction in the cases of Hydrophobia,

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uor in the number of dogs, it is seriously contemplated to abolish the dog-tax and visitation of dogs entirely. I am opposed to this, for the reason that I do not think the dog-tax, as such, or the visitations, have produced this failure, but the means which were employed to collect the tax, and the manner in which the visitations were performed. Tn our country, male dogs are subject to a tax of the amount of 4 florins per annum, and females of 2 florins. The tax on dogs used for certain indus�trial purposes is less. Twice every year a visitation takes place ; the principal visitation during a month in summer, the second during a month in winter. This method I consider open to objection. I object that female dogs shonld he taxed to a less amount than males; and I likewise consider it wrong that dogs should only be inscribed upon the lists when a visitation takes place. I believe it would he more advantageous that dogs, as soon as they have a proprietor, shonld be reported to the police; because during the time between the first and second visitation (four or five months) the proprietor of a newly-acquired dog pays no tax for it at all. When the time of the visitation arrives he has, through the possession of the dog without paying-tax, become so used totiie animal that he would not like to part with it; and for this reason, and to satisfy the entreaties of his family and children, he prefers to pay the tax. It ought to be known how dogs often come into families. They are frequently brought home by children, especially young puppies. They are tenderly brought up. and when the period arrives for the pay�ment of the tax, it is not possible to part with them. But if the tax had to be paid at once, as soon as the dog came into the possession of a new proprietor, it would produce quite another effect. The same applies to female dogs, in respect to which I am of opinion that they ought to be taxed at least as high as, if not higher than, males. The legislation of the country to which I belong has made the remarkable mistake of taxing female dogs less originally, for the reason that it was supposed Hydrophobia in male dogs was caused principally because they are not able to satisfy their sexual instincts. The keeping of female dogs it was therefore intended to encourage, in order to give an opportunity to the males to satisfy their sexual desires without impediment. Another law which appeared later

SECOND [NTBRNATIONAL VETERINARquot;S CONGRESS, 675

�find which is quite correct, when considered from the position the Commission occupies�directs that bitches, when they are in heat, shall not run about in the streets, but must be kept confined within the houses; but nevertbeless they sometimes escape into the streets, and then the mischief is, of course, the greater. These are the-evils which, according to my opinion, prove that in Baden it was not the tax itself which prevented the obtaining of the desired end, but the way in which it was collected. During the debates I shall communicate more in detail the results of experience from my native country with regard to this subject.

Dr. Bertung.�With reference to the question stated at the outset, whether Hydrophobia is a specific disease, or is the same disease as tetanus, I believe; the Congress may without further discussion express the opinion that the latter assertion is entirely erroneous, and therefore need not form the subject of further deliberation. If measures may and can be adopted against Hydrophobia, and whether they are useful or not, are subjects not worthy to bo discussed here. In medical publications this subject has been decided in the same manner. Toward the end of last century Marshal and Fothergill in England asserted the same; and in the first quarter of the present century the then celebrated hospital surgeon Textor, of W�rzburg, stated that Hydrophobia in animals differs from the same disease in human beings. Animals never evince any dread of or aversion to water; consequently, it is a disease which has no connexion whatever with the disease in human beings, and therefore no measures are required. All experienced veterinary surgeons know that the case is different, and therefore I will only now express at once ray entire approval of all the measures proposed by the Committee, especially with regard to the increase of the amount of the tax�not only an equalisation of the amount, but an increase�on female flogs. Another point is, that the introduction of a dog-tax, muzzles, amp;c., should not be limited to towns, but must be extended to the open country. During a period of forty years, whenever Hydrophobia spread epidemically I have always observed that dogs belonging to peasants or other persons living in the country, and running free, without super�vision, into the towns, were the first cause of the extension of

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the disease. I will not doubt the possibility of Hydrophobia acquiring an epidemical character, in consequence of atmospheric influences which ure unknown to us. Jiut practically it is a contagious disease; it is communicated by means of bites, and often by other means of infection, which we are not always able to ascertain. The measures ought therefore to be of a general character. (Applause.)

Dr. Ddsinger.�Gentlemen, during the last two days scientitic celebrities have spoken from this place, and now a simple Bavarian veterinary surgeon begs leave to say something, after an experience of twenty-five years, ou a subject which we have caused, by our useless and aimless measures, to occupy an unnecessary prominence. We know the disease in individual animals; wo have likewise observed its special peculiarities with regard to the appearances and the course of the disease, in consequence of spontaneous development in dogs ; and, in spite of everything we have read and heard, not one of us knows as yet what we all so much desire to know. We are convinced that all the remedies so much recommended and so highly praised have proved useless when they were tried; that the post-mortem appearances, nearly always different, did not give us those explanations which might enable us to judge correctly the character of the disease, and thus bring us a step nearer to its cure; that we know of the disease, as yet, only its name, its form, and its terrible effects; that our knowledge with regard to the nature of the virus of the disease will remain, perhaps for a long time to come, imperfect; and that all endeavours will be in vain until the original cause has been discovered and explained. It has been sought to ascribe the disease in dogs�canine madness, not Hydrophobia, for I protest against the use of the latter name, as contrary to science, because I have seen many dogs suffering from canine madness, but no hydrophobious dogs�to many originating causes; but they all have proved obscure, and not sufficient. Wo all agree thus far that all dogs possess a dormant disposition to favour the development of this independent disease, and that this dispo�sition is nourished by the peculiarities connected with their mode of living, and their irritability and susceptibility. If the assertion is correct that we can in most cases trace the spontaneous

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINAKY CONGRESS. 077

origiuatiou of the disease to male dogs, and that it is less often by emasculated and female dogs, then a principal originating cause lies at hand, and the inability to satisfy the sexual desires deserves some consideration. We have been informed, from books and other authentical sources, that in the East, where dogs run about without belonging to any one, and are exposed to privation and all noxious influences, canine madness occurs extremely seldom. I do not know if this is the case. In more civilised countries�in Bavaria, for example�the majority of the dogs are males. In my own district 700 dogs were during the current year brought for examination, and amongst them were, according to the lists, only thirty females. If this in�ability to satisfy the sexual desires is to be considered an originating cause, then the small number of females, in com�parison with the large number of males, must be considered an evil, especially where there is no law enforcing the keeping in�doors of females during the rutting season; because large numbers of males will assemble around a female, and, although I do not ascribe to the unsatisfied sexual instinct a special capability of producing disease, yet I do consider the irritability produced by their fighting with each other as a matter of im�portance, because I believe that the bite of a dog which is only irritated is very dangerous. We have had opportunities of seeing the disease appear in its different forms during the nervous stage of the mange or distemper, and in consequence thereof; there�fore the proprietors of such dogs can never be sufficiently careful in their observation of them. In Bavaria we are able during many years to acquire experience with regard to canine madness, and its transmission to human beings and animals. Cases of this kind ai^-e, unfortunately, not of rare occurrence. Govern�ment has done everything in its power for their prevention ; periodical visitations have been ordered ; the smallest dogs have been ordered to be muzzled; in fact, all means were employed, and all have proved more or less ineffectual. With regard to the police measure of wearing muzzles, I condemn it as utterly useless, because it produces what ought to bo reduced. Every rabid dog, without regard to its value, ought to be killed. I know of only one measure which could be enforced for the reduction of the number of cases of canine madness�a measure

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that has for a long time past been iu force in the neighbouring kdnsdom of W�rtembere, which is far in advance of us in every respect � and that is a reduction in the number of dogs by means of a corresponding taxation. I do not intend to assert that taxation has entirely done away with canine madness in W�rtemherg; but a reduction in the number of dogs must of necessity lessen the number of cases of the disease. It may certainly be objected to this, that it would be an interference with individual amusements, that I am an enemy of dogs, and that I have declared war against these animals. But this is not the case. If I take this fondness for dogs into consideration, and think bow often at night dogs excluded from their homes run about disturbing healthy and torturing sick people; how during the rutting season female dogs outrage every feeling of public decency and good order; how children are often injured, public places defiled, and their frequenters annoyed: if I consider that dogs may even be kept by people who are in want of the common necessaries of life, and from whom a proper care with regard to the animals cannot be at all expected : if I consider that the dog carries about with him the virus of the most terrible of all diseases, and that no greater misfortune could happen to a human being than to be infected with this most frightful disease in consequence of the bite of a rabid dog�then I am obliged to conclude that a code of regulations with regard to dogs will certainly be a law most welcome to the entire publiclaquo;. Accord�ing to my opinion, the tax on dogs ought to be divided into two classes; to the first class all dogs which are indispensably necessary for protection or service ought to belong, and to the second all other dogs. And I wish to place especial weight on the proposal that the tax on female dogs iu both classes ought to be reduced. While this measure would produce a reduction in the number of dogs, it would be likewise the means of bringing every year hundreds of thousands of florins into the coffers of each State, which might be employed to cover the expenses incurred in the necessary supervision of the execution of the quot; dog-regulation,quot; and enable the State to render some assistance to agriculture. The conviction has gained ground for some

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time past that epidemics and contagious diseases might be sup�pressed on their first appearance, if killing is employed as a

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VF/i'l': 111 NARY CONGRESS. 079

means for this purpose. 13ut this is only possible in certain cases. Only, if the State would compensate for undeserved losses, the suppression of epidemics on their first appearance would perhaps not be the only consequence, but their conceal�ment and extension would likewise be prevented. The Bavarian people, who are very fond of dogs, will probably not thank me for this proposition of a taxation (laughter), but prejudice and obstinacy must disappear before an innovation like the intro�duction of a code of dog-regulations, with a corresponding high taxation. (Applause.)

Dr. Gerlaeh.�At iirst I must make the remark that canine madness is a specific disease, and, as Professor Hertwig observed, this is an established fact, which renders no further debate on our part necessary. It ought to bo further pointed out that this specific disease, called canine madness, is, with regard to the mode of its origin, perfectly unknown to us; we know it only as a contagious disease. This at least we know, that everything which as yet has been considered an originating cause does not produce the disease, and that the circumstances of its appearance, as to time and place (often no single case of it occurs during ten years, and then it suddenly appears epi�demically), are greatly in favour of the opinion of its being a purely contagions disease. Then it may frequently occur, in those cases where no infection could be ascertained, that a mis�take bad been made with regard to the diagnosis. But even if the latter is repudiated, those cases in which no infection can be proved must not be cited as proofs of an original development. This is a mistake which is made frequently, and for this reason we still are unable to free ourselves from the original develop�ment theory, although we have no other or better facts for its support. But if scientific disputes arise with regard to the ques�tion whether this disease appears spontaneously or not, this much I believe has been ascertained, that it appears in a dangerous form, and as an epidemic, only by moans of infection; that protective measures can onl)' be taken against it as a purely contagious disease, and this the more, as experience has proved, that the use of proper means can always extirpate canine madness as air epidemic. With regard to the general measure, it certainly does consist in the reduction of the number of dogs, and in

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this respect I desire, on philanthropical grounds, a law of dracomc severity. The dog is a domestic animal of limited usefulness, but of great and general danger. With regard to canine madness, it has already been determined that the dog-spreads it, and therefore is dangerous to human beings and animals. But dogs are commonly dangerous in other respects. Within them are originated the seeds of ta;iiia), a disease dan�gerous to human beings, cattle, and pigs; and wherever a dog occupies such a position in a family that it shares bed and board, there the danger is so great that it may often lead to most serious consequences to human beings. Although cchiuo-coccees may be seldom found, they nevertheless occur, in some regions even frequently. You need only look iu a northerly direction�if I mistake not, to Norway and Sweden (Cries of quot;Icelandquot;)�to see how dangerous this disease is, and how entire families sometimes fall a sacrifice to it; so that altogether it becomes a matter of consideration if dogs ought to be kept at all. This is an important question, which we ought to consider. Wo know, besides, that the dog carries likewise the seeds of giddiness of sheep. If we were to do away with the keeping of dogs, and exterminate foxes, sheep would no longer have this disease. Dogs must therefore be considered domestic animals dangerous in many ways, and we should be justified in estab�lishing measures for the removal of all superfluous dogs. A reduction is necessary, and this reduction should apply generally to those dogs which arc most dangerous�those, for example, which are not owned by any one, or in which the proprietor takes no great interest; these are the most dangerous to the community at large with regard to canine madness�but dogs for which a tax is paid create a greater interest, and are treated with greater care, and in their case other measures could be more easily employed. The question, Is the number of dogs to he reduced ? must, then, be answered decidedly in the affirmative, for more reasons than one, but principally because the dog is a domestic animal dangerous to the community. On this ground I agree in general with the proposals of the Committee.

Dr. Ulrich.�I beg leave to propose that the Assembly, before proceeding to the debate on details, should express its conviction that canine madness, according to all experience, is a specific

SECOND ISTEItNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. GS1

disease, wliicli developes a contagium that causes the appear�ance of the same disease in human beings and animals. It is the more necessary that the Assembly should express this con�viction, because the communications of a physician residing here have lately been circulated far and wide and are now known to the general public, and because, if more severe measures are to be enforced in future, such an expression of opinion would furnish the different Governments with a complete justification for their introduction.

Ahmed Effendi.�In the East, that is to say in Turkey, the disease known as canine madness exists, and it appears, although very seldom, not alone in dogs in villages and in the country, but likewise in those in large towns.

The President.�Those gentlemen who wish to take part in the general debate will please to rise. (Nobody rises.) The first proposition of the Eeporter is. That the Assembly should declare whether it considers canine madness a specific disease which may bo transmitted to human beings; and if, in con�sequence, the introduction of a general quot;dog-regulationquot; is considered desirabl e.

The Reporter.�I consider it important that the Assembly should adopt a distinct resolution on this subject. From time to time certain assertions make their appearance, and produce an immense sensation amongst the general public; they exert, therefore, great influence, and lead to undesirable consequences. Such assertions may cause contempt for and evasion of existing legal enactments, and may originate very sad results; I believe, therefore, that it is of especial importance, that this Assembly, which possesses the most reliable experiences with regard to this disease, should express its opinion on this subject.

The President.�Do gentlemen desire to have this motion put to the vote? All gentlemen in favour of it will please to rise. (The entire Assembly rises.) The motion has been adopted nearly unanimously. I request the Reporter to read the motion as it stands.

The Reporter.�I propose '^; that the Assembly should express its opinion that canine madness (hydrophobia) is in reality a specific independent form of disease, by which a contagium is originated which, when transmitted to human beings by means

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of a bite, or by infection, is capable of producing the same disease; and that canine madness (hydrophobia) is a different disease from tetanus.quot;

The President.�Gentlemen who agree to the motion which has just been read by the Eeporter, will please to rise. (The Assembly rises.) It would perhaps be desirable to try the counter-vote, in order to ascertain the majority. Gentlemen who do not believe in the specific character of canine madness, who, in short, are opposed to the motion of the Reporter, will rise. (No one rises.) The motion has been unanimously adopted.

The President.�Counsellor of State Ilaliclci wishes to be informed if cases are known and authenticated in which the disease, transmitted from dogs to human beings, has been re-transferred to dogs, and has there produced specific canine madness ?

Dr. Ilaliclci.�In old works on this subject, it is always stated, that the contagium may be transmitted from human beings to dogs; experiments have likewise been made with the object of transmitting the contagium through the medium of the nerves and muscles.

Dr. Hertivig.�With regard to transmission in another manner than by means of the bite only�because this I consider as ascertained�inoculations with pieces of the nerves and muscles, and with blood, have produced, although less frequently, the same effect as inoculations with the saliva from the mouth. With regard to re-inoculation from human beings to animals, 1 have not obtained any reliable results.

The President. � Director Gerlach wishes to propose an amendment.

Dr. Gerlach.�My amendment is, that we should decide by vote that canine madness in dogs is to be considered by the sanitary and police authorities of the State, with regard to pre�ventive measures, as a purely contagious disease.

Dv. Fuchs.�This is quite out of place here. (Cries of quot;It ucver appears spontaneously.quot;)

The President.�The weight of the question rests on quot; sanitary and State police.quot;

Dx. Jessen.�.Ali-. President; I take the liberty to observe, that

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINAUY CONGRESS. 683

the proposition of our honoured colleague, correct as it doubtless is, is rpiite unnecessary. We have resolved that canine madness is a contagious disease, and have therefore asserted that it carries a contagiuni, and that all measures against it must be cinploycd which would be of any use.

The President.�The Assembly is at liberty to refuse the adoption of the motion.

Dr. Raivitisch.�Director Gerlaeh proposes his motion ex�pressly with regard to sanitary police. Nobody will deny that canine madness sometimes originates spontaneously.

Dr. Gerlaeh.�But I wish to have this expressed in words, in order to exert some influence on the authorities of various countries.

Dr. Zlchnal.�It matters little whether we adopt or reject this motion ; it is already contained in the previous resolution, and, according to my opinion, is therefore a repetition. But with regard to the proposal as to measures of police, I have no objection, if we state expressly that all such measures have reference to the amtagious disease.

Dr. Gerlaeh.�I know from experience that the authorities often hesitate, and in consequence the best measures remain without effect.

Dr. Ulrich.�I am not sure that it would be desirable to put this motion to the vote ; because the possibility exists of its not being adopted unanimously, or of its being rejected, and this would give to Governments a pretext to oppose the introduc�tion of more severe measures. The Assembly is not in a posi�tion to recognise canine madness as a contagious disease, if every member of it does not acknowledge that it developes a contagimn.

Dr. Schauz.�All older police regulations, as well as those which have been promulgated since the commencement of the present century, are intended to solve the question, how the development of canine madness may bo prevented. If we declare that these regulations may be abolished, and that only the extension of the disease by means of infection ought to be opposed, then the motion of Prof. Gerlaeh would be of great importance. In Southern Germany, canine madness nowhere prevailed during the last twenty years. When it appeared in

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the course of last year, we were able to follow its extension step by step. But should Governments put in force only those measures which have been enacted formerly, wo shall not advance at all; while, if we energetically declare that the disease is developed by means of a eoutagium, we may hope to arrive at a decision.

The President.�We are at present engaged in the discussion of Dr. Gerlach's amendment. I ask, if gentlemen consider it necessary and desirable to put it to the vote. Gentlemen in favour of the motion will please to rise. (23 gentlemen support the motion.)

Dr. Gerhch. � Under these circumstances I withdraw my motion.

The President.�We now proceed to the debate on the sepa�rate points of the proposed regulations concerning dogs. 1 request the Reporter to read the iirst paragraph.

The Ileporter reads the first point of the motion.

The President. � Does any une wish to speak on this motion? As no gentleman intends to do so, I shall put it to the vote. Gentlemen who are in favour of the adoption of this resolution will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is adopted.

The Reporter reads the second point of the motion.

The President.�Does any one desire to speak upon this subject ?

Dr. Zauggcr.�1 beg to propose that the second part of this proposition be omitted; it does not concern ns.

The Ileporter.�In my (.raquo;pinion it is necessary that every dog should bo rendered recognizable. (A voice from the centre : quot; Could it not be done by means of a collar ? quot;)

The President.�I shall put the first part to the vote. Gentle�men in favour of its adoption will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. I beg that the second part may be read. (The Reporter reads it.) Gentlemen in favour of its adoption will please to rise. (They rise.) Only a minority is in its favour; it must therefore be omitted.

The Reporter reads the third paragraph of the proposition.

Dr. Seif mann.�With regard to this point, 1 quite agree with what, a previous speaker from Bavaria said, namely, that it

SECOND INTEUNATIONAT- VKTEUINARY CONGRESS. 685

would probably be advantageous to reduce the amount of the tax in respect to emasculated dogs, or to exempt them entirely from it. By means of such a change, I believe we would best obtain a reduction in the number of dogs, and prevent the occurrence of those scenes in the streets which outrage public decency.

Dr. Reich.�I do not think that the dog-tax could be in�troduced in the same manner in every country; it must be modified according to existing circumstances. Let us take, for example, Hungary and Transylvania, where the breeding of sheep, horses, and cattle, is carried on to a groat extent. Our animals ai-e mostly on meadows, and in forests: how could our drovers and shepherds do without dogs ? The shepherds in our country are miserably paid, and if for every dog, as was previously suggested, a tax of four florins should be paid, their whole annual wages would scarcely be sufficient for this purpose, because each flock of sheep renders the keeping of four dogs necessary. It happened in the course of last winter, that near Szathmar, 75 sheep were killed in one night by wolves, and 35 more in the same week. It is the same in summer: in walking some distance out of town into the open country, wolves are heard continually howling. I believe, therefore, that, if a dog-tax is to be introduced, the dogs of shepherds at least ought not to be subjected to it.

The Reporter.�In one of the following paragraphs, this is stated distinctly.

Dr. JFuchs.�I will only reply to the remark of a previous speaker, that canine madness occurs by means of infection by dogs not emasculated, as well as by those which have been emasculated. I believe, further�and my own observations have convinced mo of the fact�that the disease may appear originally in emasculated dogs. I once observed that an emas�culated male dog was so jealous of others not emasculated, that lie would not permit them to come near, and he ultimately had canine madness. I made a post-mortem examination of the dog, which had been shot�I could not observe it during life�and found the usual appearances of canine madness. I do not think that emasculated dogs ought to be particularly considered, but female dogs ought.

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Dr. Jessen.�I quite agree with the statement of the previous speaker, but 1 should like to add that the taxation of dogs ought to be recommended from oousideratious of humanity.

Dr. Eeynal.�In Prance tbe tax lias not to a great degree effected the reduction of the number of dogs nor of the cases of canine madness. I consider that infection is the principal cause of the extension of this disease, and this infection ought to occupy the attention of the sanitary authorities.

Dr. Zl'tmal.�If a dog-tax could effect a reduction in the number of clogs, nothing would he more natural than to intro�duce this tax at once. I shall not touch at all on the question, whether male, female, or emasculated dogs should bo taxed to a greater or lesser amount; for in my opinion they ought to be all taxed alike. With regard to the statement of Professor Seifmann, I beg to remark, that I believe the capability of ori�ginating the disease spontaneously is increased by everything which perverts the animal from its normal, natural state ; emascu�lation renders a dog far more unnatural than in its condition as a male. Therefore, if any class were to he taxed to a higher amount, I would select emasculated dogs for this purpose, because they are perverted from their natural condition, and everything which produces this effect predisposes them to the development of diseases. If the introduction of a dog-tax is adopted, I would draw attention to the communication of Professor Fuchs. He said : quot; In despite of taxation, the number of dogs and the cases of canine madness have increased ; not that the taxation might not have been effectual, but simply because it was not correctly executed. Dogs ought therefore to be taxed whenever they are born, or are acquired by other means; then a reduction would take place in their number.quot; If tbe taxation is adopted, I shall vote for it, if it is added that it ought to commence from tbe moment of acquisition.

Dr. Ernes.�For the information of German members, 1 beg to state that the taxation of dogs has existed a long time in England, and that it has been lately reduced in amount. Hospitals have likewise been established in London for dogs which have been lost, where they are kept and fed until they are claimed.

Dr. Hertwig.�Grentlemen; the ultimate purpose of the intro-

SECOND INTEKXATIONAL VETKRIXARY CONGRESS. 087

duction of a dog-tax is to reduce the number of unnecessary dogs. If no tax exists, beggars and poor people will keep dogs. Jjut if there is a tax which is really felt, the keeping of dogs by the class of persons just mentioned ceases. Several times to-day philanthropical and other opinions have been stated. It is in keeping with such philanthropical considerations to say now and then: quot; Yes, you rich people can keep dogs because you are able to pay the tax, but from the poor man you take even the small pleasure that on his return home he might receive from the friendly welcome of his dog. This is an unjust and severe measure.quot; This is something like the manner in which this question is spoken of. If there were nothing else to consider. I should vote ajminst the introduction of a tax on dogs. But the ease is different. Whoever keeps a dog, and pays for it more than a nominal tax, must be able to care for it in other respects; he will keep it, for example, at home of an evening, and then the annoyance will cease which to-day has been complained of. Whoever pays a tax for his dog will likewise care about its state of health, and, in case of its being lost, will institute a search for it. The taxed clog is an object of value to its pro�prietor, and cannot be replaced easily by a cheap one which might be presented to him. This is the reason that the taxation of dogs exerts an influence on the mitigation of canine mad�ness, and on the prevention of its extension. If a dog should escape to-day from a labourer, he will not be able to go in search of it to-morrow, because he has to go to his employment. The dog is gone�why⁷ ? Nobody knows. But every one who is acquainted with canine madness knows that the desire of dogs to escape is a peculiarity of the disease. The most faithful dogs at a certain period of their sickening by^r the disease feel a desire to run away. They return perhaps after two or three days, but what have they⁷ been doing in the mean time ? How many human beings and other dogs have been bitten ? All this will occur less frequently when the taxation of dogs exists. I acknowledge the truth of what has been asserted previously, that in despite of the dog-tax the number of dogs has increased; this is a fact. But I ask, How very much greater would the increase have been if no tax had existed ? I am therefore in favour of the introduction of a dog-tax.

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Dr. Winklcr.�I would propose, in order to render the expres�sions contained in this paragraph somewhat stronger, that we say quot; compulsoryquot; introduction of a taxation on dogs ; because many members of this Assembly are aware that in Prussia there exists a dog-tax, but it is left to the discretion of the munici�pality of each town to enforce it or not. Most of them collect the tax, and use the proceeds for various purposes. It would therefore bo better for those who live in the country if the words of the paragraph were altered so as to comprehend a quot; compulsory quot; introduction of the dog-tax.

Dr. Dc Souza.�In Portugal taxation on dogs does not exist; and although there are a great many stray dogs, cases of canine madness occur very seldom. In Lisbon, all dogs which have no master are destroyed. I do not think that the intro�duction of the tax would produce very beneficial results.

Dr. Zangger.�I only wish to say a few words with regard to the hesitation which the proposal to tax dogs in cities has occasioned several times to-day. I could prove to you by many examples, that this may not merely be easily accomplished, but that it would, as I believe, effect very beneficial results. In Switzerland, we have already for many years a tax on all dogs throughout the country. Only as accompanying such taxation would the introduction of a severely executed and accurate census become possible. The number of dogs certainly increases; but it ought not to be forgotten, that the cities and villages become larger, and that the number of inhabitants increases likewise. And this increase in the number of dogs renders it now and then necessary to raise the amount of the tax, in order to put a temporary stop to the evil. It has been here stated with regard lo Portugal, where, if I am not mistaken, dogs are permitted to run about without proper supervision, that there cases of canine madness occur very seldom ; I would beg you to consider that this may likewise accidentally be the case in other places. It is the same as with hailstorms; sometimes no hail is seen in a certain region during a period of twenty or thirty years, and then suddenly frequent storms occur. Since 1851 only a few cases of canine madness appeared in Switzerland, and these happened in the course of last year. But I should not like to deduce from this circumstance that in my country

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETElUNxVRY CONGRESS. 089

the conditions are not of a nature to render the epizootic appearance of the disease there just as well possible as in Paris. In large towns circumstances contribute to the more frequent transmission of the disease. If you expect beneficial results from the principles which you have expressed here, you will obtain them only if you insist on the introduction of taxation, and if you thus cause a reduction in the number of dogs. And if it is asserted that their number has not been reduced, and if Professor Eeynal especially mentions France as an example of this, 1 would beg you to remember that the amount of the tax is too trifling. What does it matter if a proprietor in those largo luxurious cities of France has to pay a few francs for a dog ? Do you believe this would exert an influence on the reduction of the number of dogs ? I do not think so. If one man ceases to keep a dog, another person, merely for the sake of luxury, may keep one more than usual; the sum is too small to be of any consideration. I would earnestly support the repeatedly ex�pressed opinions that there should be no varieties in the amount of taxation with regard to the different sexes. By such varieties you would declare your belief that certain sexual conditions exert an influence on the development of canine madness; and w-e are agreed, even though we should believe in spontaneous de�velopment of the disease, to refer all police measures only to its contagious development.

Dr. Fuchs.�I have already previously stated, that in Baden the taxing of dogs, and even a repeated rise in the amount of the tax, has not effected a decrease in the number of dogs, which has on the contrary increased. I will now communicate what I did not do before, namely, that after each time the tax was raised, a considerable reduction in the number of dogs could be proved ; but as soon as the first alarm had passed, as soon as the causes which I mentioned as in my opinion producing the increase in the number of dogs re-commenced to exert their in�fluence, then a gradual increase in the number of dogs likewise re-commenced. Whenever it had been decided to raise the amount of the tax, a corresponding decrease in the number of dogs could be seen in the same year; this, I believe, is a reliable proof that the tax is able to effect this reduction, provided it is put in practice and collected in a business-like and proper manner.

2 v

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Dr. Hussm here stated his belief that a dog-tax reduces the number of dogs; he further mentioned that in Belgium canine madness appears very seldom; and declared himself in fayour of the introduction of a tax on dogs.

Dr. Banlmer.�A groat deal has been said here about the number of dogs ; I suppose tiiis means the absolute number. But it is not correct to speak of the absolute number of clogs ; that number must always be referred to the number of men or families. The number of families increases every year very considerably, and nearly every family keeps a dog. If ve do not refer the number of dogs to the number of families, we shall never arrive at a correct estimate. My second observation is with regard to the marks or tokens to distinguish the identity of dogs that are taxed, which in other respects I consider indis�pensably necessary. If cases of canine madness occur, they are generally propagated by dogs belonging to no one, and coming from no one knows where. But if we have marks, we shall soon be able to ascertain whence the dog comes, and whence he has brought the disease.

The President.�I believe I may new put this point to the vote. (Cries of '-Very good.quot;) I think no gentleman lias absolutely opposed it. I request Professor i'illwax to read again the separate parts of this paragraph.

The Reporter reads the first part of the third proposition.

Dr. Gerhch.�I should wish to add: quot;As high a taxation as possible.quot;

The President.�I shall put it to the vote first in the form in which it has been read. Do gentlemen agree to the principle of the introduction of a tax on dogs in the manner the Com�mittee has proposed? Gentlemen who agree to it will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is unanimously adopted. Director Gerlach moves the addition of the words quot; as high as possible;quot; gentlemen who desire the same will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted by a large majority. I now request tiie Reporter to read the second point.

The Reporter reads it.

The President.�Some gentlemen have declared that a uniform taxation, without regard to the sex of animals, appears desirable, because otherwise it might be thought that a certain manner of

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. G91

development of canine disease is implied. I shall now put this point to the vote in the same form as proposed by the Com�mittee. Gentlemen who are of opiiiioii that a tax differing in amount with regard to male and female dogs, in accordance with the proposition of the Committee, should bo introduced, will please to rise.

Dr. Jessen.�Although myself a member of the Committee, I have only learned during the debate, that we must add quot; alike for emasculated and not-emasculated dogs.quot;

The President.�\ think the motion might be altered thus:� quot; The amount of this tax will be the same for all dogs, without regard to sex, and for emasculated dogs likewise.quot; (Cries: ''Yes, for all clogs, without exception.quot;)

Dr. Gerlach.�For all dogs, without regard to sex and breed.

Dr. Zlamal.�There are only two sexes; the neuter would then bo excluded. The emasculated dog must be mentioned likewise.

The President.�I believe we had better put the motion to the vote in the form proposed by Director Gerlach: quot;The amount of the tax is to be the same, without regard to the sex and breed of the dogs.quot;

Dr. Fucks.�The breed has nothing at all to do with it. I must request that the motion of the Committee be put to the vote first.

Dr. Hertwig.�AYe should arrive most quickly- at the desired end, if we said quot; without regard to sex.quot;

The President.�That is my opinion. I don't think legisla�tive bodies should enter into a discussion about the proper place of emasculated dogs.

The Meporter.�quot; The amount of the tax shall be the same for all dogs, without regard to sex.quot;

The President.�The subject has been sufficiently ventilated. The debate on this paragraph is already finished. Gentlemen who agree to the motion in this form will please to rise. (A large majority rises.) It is adopted.

The Reporter reads point 3 of the third paragraph.

The President�T\\\a point, I think, ought to be divided. The first part of it is, quot; All dogs ought to be subject to this tax;quot; the remainder relates to exceptions. I shall put the

2 y 2

^quot;

692

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

first part to the vote. Gentlemen who believe that the prin�ciple of subjecting all clogs to taxation is right, will please to rise. (A majority rises.) This part is adopted.

The Eeporter reads the remainder of the third point of the third paragraph, stating that the Committee would not decide whether the tax on dogs employed in certain occupations should be reduced, or whether such dogs should be wholly exempt.

Dr. Zangger.�I beg to propose, with regard to the last sen�tence, instead of laquo;the Committee leaves undecided,quot; that we should suv, quot; depends on local conditions.quot;

The Reporter.�We considered this, and meant the decision as to reduction or exemption to depend on circumstances, and on the authorities.

Dp. W�st.�In the Grand Duchy of Hesse we have had for a long time past a law imposing a dog-tax, and also [a census of dogs, which is executed with great regularity. But we have not observed a decrease in the number of dogs in consequence. At the commencement some objections were made to the exemption of shepherds', draught, and other dogs. After a time this was abolished, and experience has proved that an equal tax is a far better measure, because otherwise there arise a great many complaints and defalcations.

Dr. Gerloch.�! should like to alter the words thus: quot;The reduction in the amount of the tax for dogs used for purposes of trade, should it appear necessary, ought to bo limited as much as possible.quot;

Dr. Eertwig.�The people will pay very unwillingly any tax added to the many othera already in existence; and not alone the people, but Governments likewise, are opposed to taxes, if they do not flow entirely into the exchequer of the State. The authorities themselves do not care to impose new taxes, and this is scarcely to be wondered at, because the taxation has reached a pitch which seriously galls the country. If a uniform tax is introduced, we shall not succeed with it. In my own country we were probably the first who had this tax, with the exception of England, and we made the commencement with it before all other States of Europe; but we divided it into categories, according to the purpose. A dog used for purposes of trade is always under a certain amount of supervision. The

SECOXD INTERNATIONAL VETEIUNAKY CONGEESS. 090

use of dogs is indispensably necessary to some tradesmen, whoso trades are heavily taxed already. It has been stated very correctly that it is necessary to know the circumstances; that shepherds, e.g., ought not to pay the same amount of tax for their dogs which is paid, as a matter of no moment at all, by the rich inhabitant of Vienna, Berlin, or Paris. The several Governments would certainly not adopt our propositions were we to ask for a tax of like amount for all classes of dogs. In proof of this, I may refer to experience. We have had, since I had the honour to be connected with the Veterinary College at Berlin, years when numerous cases of this disease appeared ; and we have had again years�nine or ten in succession�when perhaps one rabid dog, or none at all, was seen in the College throughout a whole year ; we have, therefore, means of observing, in certain years, from which kind of dogs the disease emanates and is chiefly propagated. Milkmen, for example, in Berlin, carry their milk to their customers by means of cans, which are placed in small waggons, and these waggons are drawn each by one or a couple of dogs. The number of clogs used for this purpose alone is very considerable ; it amounts to, perhaps, four or five hundred; yet of those dogs, which arc used for purposes of trade, and are therefore exempt from the tax, we have not had one in the Veterinary College since I have been connected with it. Of butchers' dogs, which belong generally to the fiercer class of dogs, we have also had none. In short, I consider dogs which are kept properly with regard to diet by their proprietors, and are carefully looked after, not very danger�ous. The dogs which are kept only for amusement or luxury are the most dangerous, and ought to be taxed ; they are the most disagreeable part of the whole dog community. (Applause.)

Dr. Gerlac/i.�I believe that my motion�my amendment�is quite in accordance with the principles stated by Professor Ilertwig. I must say, I would be very glad if the number of dogs should be decreased by the operation of this tax, and if their employment of drawing milk-waggons should be limited likewise.

Dr. Fuchs.�The Committee was of opinion that a reduction in the amount of the tax may be made with regard to dogs used for purposes of trade, to watch-dogs, and to others kept

#9632;w

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for similar purposes. But we could not define certain classes for all countries with any amount of certainty, and were obliged to leave this to the decision of the separate countries. For this reason we stated in the programme that we left the point undecided. In stating this, we did not intend to say that it is left to the authorities to impose a tax or not; but simply that it depends on the decision of different countries, when local cir�cumstances are duly considered. Thus, in Baden, for the dogs of knife-grinders, shepherds' dogs, or watch-dogs on solitary homesteads, a reduced tax is paid. It may be otherwise in other countries, but this was our meaning. Perhaps it is the construction of the motion that has given rise to so much opposition.

The President.�It would have been best if the motion had been brought before us in a distinct form. I believe that if more carefully constructed, the motions of Director Gerlach and of the Committee would nearly correspond; take, for instance, this construction: quot; A reduction in the amount of the tax, with regard to dogs used for purposes of trade, should it appear necessary in consequence of certain local conditions, or circum�stances depending on the country itself, must be limited as much as possible.quot;

Director Gerlaclt.�quot;A reduction in the amount of the tax on dogs used for purposes of trade and for protection.quot;

The Pmicamp;nlaquo;.�Perhaps the Committee will construct the motion for us.

3[r. Ilusson desires that the construction should be in as general terms as possible, in order to leave Governments at liberty to reduce the amount of the tax with regard to dogs used for certain purposes.

The President.�Professor Till wax will read to us the new construction of the motion by the Committee.

The Reporter.�quot; All dogs are subject to this tax. For certain classes of dogs used for the purposes of trade, a reduction in the amount of the tax, or an exemption, may be made; but this reduction, or granting of exemptions, must bo limited as much as possible.quot;

The President.�Mx. Ilusson desires a more general con�struction, not alone for the purposes of trade, but quot; the Govern-

SECONTD INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS/ laquo;95

ments are at liberty to grant reductions in the amount of the tax, or exemption from it, in regard to tlogs used for certain employments ; but this ought to bo limited as much as possible.quot; Gentlemen who are in favour of the motion, as I have just read it. will please to rise. (The majority rises.) The motion is adopted. Wc now proceed to the fourth point.

The Reporter reads the fourth point, which is adopted without opposition.

The HciMrter reads the fifth point, concerning the use of muzzles.

Mr. lleijnal maintained that muzzles caa do nothing to pre�vent the spread of canine madness. Either they impose a constant constraint ou the animal, and the owners, in their fondness, do not apply them; or the muzzle is so made, that it does not keep the dog from biting. Mr. Reynal went on to condemn in principle all muzzles, both ancient and modern, and whether French or German. In his view, the most efficacious means to be employed against the disease were, to kill all dogs which have been bitten by a rabid dog, and to shut up all suspected dogs for seven or eight months, at the expense of their owner.

Dr. Bleiweis.�I must likewise speak against the wearing of muzzles. I practise in a country where muzzles had been intro�duced ; but I saw their utter inutility, and, after a dispute of two years' duration with the Government, I succeeded in causing their entire abolition, and without any evil results. It is gene�rally supposed that muzzles prevent furious dogs from biting. I say, decidedly, they do not. All that is believed with regard to the use of muzzles in canine madness is illusion. However humanely constructed, or however freely it may allow a dog to use its tongue for drinking and cleansing purposes, I am unable to see what protection a muzzle offers against the bite of a rabid dog. We know that canine madness does not appear usually, or at least suddenly, in the street. We know that generally several days precede the appearance of the disease, during which the altered behaviour of the dog�for example, its Lading in corners, amp;c.�indicates the first symptoms. Now, Gentlemen, during this time the clog is at home, and muzzles are not fastened on dogs within the house. What is likely to happen ?

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As Professor Hertwig has already very correctly observed, the desire to escape is one of the principal symptoms of canine madness. Tin's symptom is so important, that in my country our forefathers always called hydrophobia quot;the escape-diseasequot; �quot; stecklina.quot; Now the dog, without a muzzle, escapes,, and comes into the street. Did ever any one hear the exclamation, quot;Look! there runs a mad dog; how fortunate that it carries a muzzle, and cannot bite Iquot; This has never happened, and can never happen. The muzzle is, therefore, decidedly useless, even in canine madness. Will any one believe that muzzles are fastened to other dogs in order that, at a time when the disease is prevalent, the public may not be frightened; that it may see on every dug a muzzle, and be thus satisfied that no danger is at hand? There exists likewise another danger. A dog wearing a muzzle may run about without being attended by any one. It is possible that a rabid dog may attack and bite the other dog, and thus communicate the vims ; the dog returns home, aud the owners of it know nothing of all that has happened. You will observe that in this case the muzzle affords no pro�tection against the propagation of the disease. The muzzle is, therefore, powerless to prevent the bite of a rabid dog, because no rabid dog wears one in the streets; the muzzle is no security if dogs are permitted to run about at a time when canine mad�ness is prevalent. Ihit there exists one reliable means, and that is, when the muzzle has been abolished, to lead the dog in a cord. If the dog is led in a cord it is always under observation, and what has happened with the muzzled dog cannot happen with the led dog. In consequence, I beg to propose that the fifth proposition of the Committee ought to be altered by sub�stituting for quot;muzzlesquot; the words quot;leading on a line.quot;

The Reporter.�The leading of dogs with chains, in large towns, would be entirely impracticable. The adoption of this measure would cause great danger to the public. If dogs are led about amongst human beings, how often will children fall over them, or become entangled in the string. Beyond doubt, this laquo;ill cause hurts and injuries. I therefore am utterly opposed to the proposal.

Dr. Gerlach.�It has been generally acknowledged that canine madness is propagated, and assumes an epidemic character, in

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 697

consequence of infection, and every one knows tiiat the infection takes place by means of the bites of dogs. If we prevent the bites, we prevent the propagation. Now the question arises, is it possible to construct a muzzle which would effectually prevent dogs from biting'?�for it is a matter of course that the disease would thus be prevented. Experience has answered this question ; it has proved that such muzzles are in use, muzzles with a pecu�liar contrivance which permits the animal to open its mouth, and project and move the tongue, but prevents it from biting. Such muzzles have actually been constructed. If, then, this kind of muzzle were obtainable, it would effectually prevent the propagation of canine madness. But it is difficult to effect their general introduction, and enforce their use. We have seen, for example, many dogs here, some with muzzles and some without. I do not know if any law exists in this respect. If this should happen to be the case, we would have here in Vienna a proof how difficult it is to introduce and enforce it. The most strict supervision ought to be combined with it. The question is, arc we able, by enforcing it, to prevent the disease ? I am in favour of limiting the wearing of muzzles; it may perhaps be introduced permanently in large towns, where the danger of infection is of necessity permanent; but it ought to be the exception with regard to the open country, and only to bo enforced at times when the disease is prevalent there. There are years when the disease does not appear at all, and then muzzles would be unnecessary. But when canine madness is prevalent, then the alternative ought tobe quot;chained, confined, shot,-or muzzled.quot; In this manner the regulation of wearing muzzles could be introduced with hopes of success�with a greater amount of security than chaining and confining. But we must not proceed upon the supposition that dogs are only to wear a muzzle out of doors. The muzzle must also be worn when the animals are within the house. But other facts seem to speak in favour of muzzles, and I mention a few from Berlin. Between the 1st of April, 1852, and the last day of March, 1853, eighty cases of madness in dogs came under the observation of the Veterinary College; in the next year, from April, 1850, to July, 1854, forty-three dogs. On the 20th of July the police authorities ordered the wearing of muzzles, and after this order had been

^^quot;^�^laquo;

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enforced, from August to the end of the year, six dogs became rabid ; in the year 1854-1855, one dog; in 1855-1856, one dog. Since 18.36, no case has occurred. It is possible, of course, that accident had something to do with this.

Dr. Hertwig.�During a period of nine years, Dr. Gerlach tells us, there was not a single ease of canine madness in Berlin ; and this period corresponds exactly with the introduction of muzzles. But it would he erroneous to believe that this result was owing solely to the introduction of muzzles. We had pre�viously periods of exemption of the same duration; and I believe it has been the case in every country, that during a number of years few or no cases of canine madness have occurred. We have, encouraged by these observations, from time to time advocated the use of muzzles, and communicated the results in every direction; and the authorities in foreign countries have been induced to order the use of muzzles. ]gt;ut mark what follows: Two years ago, in May, 1883, two rabid dogs appeared in the country. These dogs having reached the city, several other cases occurred there also. During last year, and during the present down to this time, there occurred, if I mistake not, between twenty and thirty cases of canine madness, in spite of the fact that all dogs in the town, without exception, were wearing muzzles permanently. In the course of last autumn, within a period of eight weeks, three children died of hydrophobia, in consequence of the bites of dogs; and this in spito of muzzles! Some people might naturally conclude from this that muzzles are entirely useless. But every remedy and every precaution has two sides, and there exists none in the world which can give security against misfortunes in all cases� especially with regard to canine madness in animals which con�tinually run about and accompany us, and which until now, in town as laquo;ell as in country, have existed under the most different police regulations. If a measure is to bo expected to prove useful m this respect, that can only be the case when its intro�duction is general. In certain towns of Prussia dogs wear muzzles; in others they do not; and they never wear muzzles in the country. The dog-tax is, in the same manner, of irregular application. These measures�the orders for muzzling, and the levying of the dog-tax�depend on the decisions and directions

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 699

of the local autliorities. They do not yet exist as general mea�sures for the whole country; and it is to ho hoped that our resolutions may have some oflect in bringing ahout their ahso-lute and universal enactment. Although.time is passing rapidly, I will make a short comparison with some other objects. Large towns are greatly annoyed by different species of vermin, and especially by rats and mice. Although the imlividnal house-proprietor frees his house from vermin, it will not be long before they again enter his premises, coming from the bouses of his neighbours on cither side. If any regulation un this score is to be of effectual and permanent benefit, it must be adopted gene�rally throughout the whole town. This is the case also with respect to dogs. With particular regard to muzzles, I must, notwithstanding all that has been stated here, speak a word in their favour. A well-constructed muzzle will protect against a bite as long as it is worn by the dog. But it must bo well constructed, fit well, and be securely fastened. A bad muzzle is no protection. I have observed a case where an ill-tempered and momentarily irritated dog, although wearing a muzzle, bit off a joint of a man's thumb. This, of course, was due to a bad muzzle ; but our decision ought to have reference only to well-constructed muzzles, and it must be left to the care of the authorities to find out where and how those well-constructed muzzles may be obtained. Secondly, the muzzle protects against bites in general. Many people are annually bitten by dogs which are not rabid; but how is any person to know whether ho has been bitten by a rabid or not-rabid dog? Therefore the muzzle is a protection to the public against the bites of dogs which are not rabid. But if one hundred persons in one town are annually bitten by not-rabid dogs without muzzles, and if the dogs, wearing muzzles, bit only twenty or thirty, there would be so many per cent, less of bitten people, and so many per cent. less of people who have not been dangerously alarmed. For canine madness, with regard to the bite in human beings, causes not only, ultimately, hydrophobia and death, but an immediate psychological impression of extreme intensity is combined with it. The bitten person who is not certain of the condition of the dog that has bitten him, must needs be, in proportion to his mental acquirements and the state of his nerves, more or less

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friglitened and tortured. If wo, therefore, diminish the bites of dogs, we likewise diminish the apprehension and fear of the public ; and this is a great gain. It is often said that a muzzle annoys the dog; hwt if it does so, it is only for a few days. I have two dogs, which, as Professor Fuchs has already narrated, were brought into my house against my will. When the muzzle was first fastened, what a scratching and brushing and whining there was ! but now that they are used to wearing it, I need only shew them the muzzle and they come running, to offer the head to have it fastened. If I say to the dog, quot; Search for your muzzle,quot; it will seek it until it is found, bring it, and remain quiet until it is fastened. AVith regard to the respiration, there are muzzles which permit the dog to open the mouth to a certain width, to put out the tongue, and to drink, so that the molesta�tion is not so very great. I do not intend to enter more deeply into the subject, but I recommend the use of goud and secure muzzles. (Applause.)

Dr. Zlamal.�AVith regard to the use of muzzles, I quite agree with the first part of the proposition of the Committee, that muzzles ought to bo dune away with. The previous speakers, even several of those who spoke in favour of their retention, have proved that they are useless. I wish to state, therefore, only that I am in favour of their being dispensed with. But the first point of the proposition says that they ought to bo employed when canine madness is prevalent. Dr. Bleiweis, however, has shown that those clogs which wear muzzles are the harmless ones, and that the rabid dogs, which propagate the disease, wear none, at least in the street. If it is intended to adopt a measure to prevent all biting, and in consequence any extension of the con�tagion, we must find another and more thorough-going remedy. As soon as it has been proved that canine madness has appeared, no dog should be suffered to appear in the street, and every one should be obliged to take care of his dogs. If allowed to appear, with or without muzzles, in the street, dogs would bite, in spite of the best-constructed muzzles. The attacked dog will bite in return, and although the muzzle, made of wire, may remain good for a day, the dog will contrive to damage it in such a manner against the walls and the ground, as to be able to resist with the teeth the attacks of his comrades. The best constructed

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 701

muzzle would only continue to be of any service for a very few clays. I am therefore inclined to tlio opinion that, instead of wearing muzzles, the appearance of dogs iu the street during the prevalence of canine madness should be entirely prohibited. This would diminish the disease, and, besides, enable us to ascertain whence it comes.

Dr. Jessen.�Gentlemen, it has been proposed to lead dogs with a cord, instead of fastening muzzles on their head, and by this means to prevent the disease. I have often seen dogs led about in this manner. 1 have seen, for example, weak children leading very large dogs; the dogs often tore the lino and threw the child down, and their biting was by no means prevented. In other cases, even where the dogs were not led by children, I have seen the same thing occur. I therefore subscribe to the opinion expressed by Professor Pillwax, that the leading of dogs in cords is by no means so efficacious as the wearing of muzzles; at least it offers no protection against the bite, and the propaga�tion of rabies. I cannot express an opinion with regard to muzzles, as they are not in use in my country.

Professor Fuchs.�The reasons stated by Professor Blei weis deserve careful consideration, but the arguments in favour of muzzles which have been employed, especially by Professor Ilertwig, ought likewise not to be forgotten. I must remark here that the Committee tried to ascertain if muzzles are really of so much utility as is generally supposed. With regard to this, opinions were divided; bonce the limited terms of the motion. But 1 will state one reason which will somewhat weaken the arguments of Professor Bleiweis, namely, that during the preva�lence of rabies the muzzle is usually removed from dogs in the house, and therefore the animal may happen to escape without a muzzle, and thus the utility which has been ascribed to the general wearing of muzzles does not exist. But of course any dog, which during the prevalence of rabies is seen without a muzzle, is considered as suspicious, and in consequence will be promptly secured.

Mr. Sondermann.�The purpose of our deliberation at present is to determine what are the means capable of preventing the appearance of rabies. To obtain this end, there exist no means efficacious under all circumstances: for they must all operate in

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an indirect manner. A dog-tax would be the first and principal among them. The wearing of muzzles id likewise supposed to be an efficacious precaution, but that lias not been sufficiently proved. I speak from experience, and am borne out by a great number of opinions which have been collected by the Society for the Protection of Animals in Munich, as the centre of all other .Societies of the same kind in Bavaria. All these are opposed to muzzles. Statistical notes likewise led me to this conclusion. Muzzles are intended as a protection against the bite generally. At the time when muzzles were introduced into Bavaria, the number of dogs decreased considerably; after the repeal of the ordinance the number again i acreased. The number of cases of injury to human beings und animals remained during both periods the same, and during the first period it was observed that dogs wearing muzzles had often inflicted bites. There does not exist a perfectly well-constructed muzzle. quot;We have pro�cured specimens of every description, but none was perfect. No dog likes to wear a muzzle: a few get used to it, but only a few, and never those which seldom come into the street. Of course, the dog which very frequently wears a muzzle may get used to it in time. Dogs used for certain pursuits cannot, during the time they are employed, wear a muzzle at all; shepherds' clogs and dogs used for the chase would be of no use if they were muzzled. 31v conviction, therefore, induces me to express myself decidedly opposed to the employment of muzzles.

Professor Hertwig.�The objections which have been stated to the use of muzzles cannot, when they are analysed, influence our decision. Societies for the protection of animals are guided by other motives than ours. The sanitary police must, if necessary, even kill; but Societies for the protection of animals have other ends in view. With regard to the opinion that dogs wearing muzzles may bite, I know that this happens, but only when the muzzles are badly constructed. To the assertion that there is no sort of muzzle which could prevent biting, I must answer that muzzles may do so if they are well constructed and arc worn. In Paris, I believe, it was customary�and perhaps is still�for the police to place poisoned pieces of meat and sausage in the streets, and by this means to kill superfluous dogs. Whoever does not wish his dog to smell at or eat any-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 703

tiling of this kind, must prevent it by means of a muzzle ; and this muzzle will likewise protect against biting. During my stay in Paris, I saw a muzzle made of wire-net, and siieli a muzzle will certainly prevent the dog from biting, as long as it is worn. With regard to the objection that dogs do not become used to muzzles, unless when they wear them permanently, I have only to answer that we desire to urge that muzzles should be worn as frequently as possible; this would be far more beneficial. The period of a few years over which the observations of the previous speaker extended is by no means sufficient to warrant a decision. I mentioned previously that during nine years we had not a case of rabies in Berlin and its neighbourhood; but during the last three years the disease has passed over the whole extent of Germany. Wherever it has made its appearance, it has always remained stationary until energetic means were em�ployed to extirpate it. As I said before, there are not sufficient

rounds for deciding finally on the utility or inutility of muzzles

in preventing the spread of rabies. (Cries: quot; Divide.quot;)

JMr. Stichel.�If police measures are strictly executed, no dog without a muzzle will be suffered to appear in the street. Every dog is led once or twice a day into the street, or runs out of its own accord ; and one or the other member of the household will of course put on the muzzle. Thus any change in the behaviour of the animal will easily bo noticed, and may suggest the question�Is the dog ill? Whoever is familiar with the dog will at once notice if its behaviour differs from what it was pre�viously, and this is most frequently observed when the muzzle is being fastened. These reasons incline me in favour of muzzles. (Applause.)

Mr. Weber.�In my country, about a year and a-half or two years ago, muzzles were introduced; but they were considered proper subjects for derision and fun, and our humorous publica�tions attacked and ridiculed their employment. 1 quite agree with the opinions expressed by Professor Bleiweis, and go even a step further, in declaring that I consider muzzles a torture to animals. I have seen several cases in which I can prove that a desire to bite was created in clogs by means of muzzles�even well-constructed muzzles. We received in W�rzburg, from Berlin and other large cities, the most different patterns. I

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hoped that at the meeting of our Congress, well-constructed muzzles would he exhihited to us: but I have been disappointed. T, myself, have been bitten by a dog which, in the general opinion, wore a well-constructed muzzle. I was not bitten in the extended finger, but in the palm of the hand. This I con�sider sufficient proof that even a well-constructed muzzle does not prevent biting�or, if it does, must do so by being fashioned in such a manner as to obstruct free respiration, but if we express the desire that muzzles should be introduced, it will likewise be necessary to propose the appointment of a com�mission in every place for the purpose of supervising all dogs, and examining daily if all muzzles are rightly constructed, and if they are not broken or defective in other respects, or are not worn merely in ridicule. (Applause.)

Mr. F�rstenberg.�Tjo. my country, wo have not been able, in spite of all possible ordinances to this effect�such as chaining up of dogs, amp;C.�to overcome rabies, which was prevalent in some districts for two, three, four, or live years. The introduc�tion of muzzles was alone sufficient to produce the extirpation of the disease, and it is now an established rale in our country that, where the disease appears, all dogs which come into the streets must be provided with muzzles. Their use is not enforced on those dogs which are kept in-doors. In the small island of Usedom, which is nearly cut off from all intercourse, rabies was prevalent during several years; and only by ordering that all dogs which came into the; streets or highways should be provided with muzzles, has it been possible to extirpate the

disease.

Mr. Schell.�TKe Committee, in its motion, has practically

�o

recommended the wearing of muzzles as the only police measure against rabies; though it certainly has likewise elsewhere urged that animals which have been litten by rabid dogs, or by clogs suspected of rabies, must be killed. We have heard, however, that the wearing of muzzles is by no means an absolutely certain precaution. I do not intend to dispute that muzzles may be, perhaps in many cases, of use. On the grounds stated by Pro�fessor Hertwig, their use would be very beneficial. If in large towns all dogs were obliged permanently to wear muzzles, rabies would be prevented ; while the shock to the nervous system of

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 705

persons who are bitten by healthy dogs, though they do not know it, will likewise bo prevented. I do not think that the wearing of well-constructed muzzles is a cause of torture to the animals. But I cannot subscribe to the opinion that the wearing of muzzles should be considered and declared by the present Congress the sole police measure required against rabies; and that the wearing of muzzles should replace all those police regulations hitherto existing in various States. (Dr. Fiichs: quot; This is not the case here.quot;) We, in Prussia, consider it the foremost necessity, in case the disease appears in a town or district, that the dogs should be chained up, and only in excep�tional cases led by a cord. When canine madness is prevalent, dogs from those parts ought not to be permitted to run about freely and without proper supervision. This cannot be prevented by the wearing of muzzles alone. In Cologne, for example, where the use of muzzles has been enforced for several years, cases of rabies nevertheless appear: and how do they appear ? lather dogs belonging to the town take the disease and make their escape from the house when the muzzle is removed ; or the disease is introduced by strange dogs coming from the environs, and allowed to run freely about the town at the time when the disease is prevalent, and mix without hindrance with dogs wearing muzzles. If in this manner rabid strange dogs come into the town, an explanation of the propagation of the disease is fully given; for it is not known whether the dogs have been infected or bitten, or by which of the new comers, and other measures are then altogether impossible. I must therefore state that, according to my personal opinion, this measure exclusively does not seem to bo to the purpose; and it appears to me that the hitherto existing measure of chaining up flogs or keeping them iu-doors cannot be abolished, unless the wearing of muzzles has been introduced everywhere in town and country, and until muzzles have been constructed in such a manner that they give protection in all cases and under all circumstances.

The Vice-President.�I will only mention that, during last year, cases of rabies have increased in number in W�rtemberg ; during the first months of the year slowly, then every month

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more and move rapidly, until the use of muzzles was enforcod, not only in the towns, but throughout the whole country; and since then not a single case has occurred. (Applause.)

The President.�1 believe the time has now arrived for putting

these motions to the vote, provided the Eeporter does not wish to speak in reply. During the debate several motions have been proposed. The Committee docs not propose to enforce the weaving of muzzles under ordinary circumstances, but only when cases of rabies have occurred. This, in my opinion, is the sense of the motion.

The Reporter.�The wording of the motion suffices to indicate that under ordinary circumstances the wearing of muzzles is not necessary.

Professor Fuchs.�Or may be left to discretion.

The Reporter reads the second part.

Director Gerlach.�I would propose a small addition to the first part, namely, the words quot; at least.quot;

Professor Fucks.�Instead of quot; only.quot;

The President.�Before proceeding to the second part we must first decide on the principle. The Committee is of opinion that the general use of muzzles is not necessary; this, in my opinion, is the first point. The motion must bo divided into two parts. It is stated : quot; The wearing of muzzles is only indispens�able where cases of rabies have occurred; quot; but it ought to have been said: quot;The wearing of muzzles, as a rule, is not required; it is only then indispensable,quot; and so on.

The licporter.�The wearing of muzzles, under ordinary circumstances, is not required.

Professor Hcrtwig.�At times when rabies is not prevalent.

Professor Zlamal.�^i course ! For this purpose the supple�mentary sentence has been added.

The President.�Is it agreed that the first part of the first point of the filth paragraph shall be constructed thus: quot;At times when it is not known that rabies is prevalent, or when cases of this disease have not occurred, the wearing of muzzles as a police measure is, as a rule, not requiredquot; \ (Cries of quot; Divide.quot;) I shall put the motion of the Committee first, to the vote.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 707

The Reporter.�quot; At times wlien no cases of rabies have occurred, the wearing of muzzles, as a police measure, is, as a rule, not required.quot;

Professor Rauhner.�Mr, President; I would propose: '^; The wearing of muzzles, as a permanent measure, is not required.quot; (Cries of quot; Yes, that is the best.quot;)

The President.�The word ''permanentquot; is scarcely a fitting expression. Gentlemen who are in favour of the motion of the Committee, that is, who arc of opinion that the wearing of muzzles, as a rule, is not necessary, will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is adopted by a great majority; therefore the wearing of muzzles is not required at times when rabies is not prevalent. Now we proceed to the second part of the Com�mittee's motion.

The Ifeporter (reads).�quot; The introduction of muzzles for doo-3 the Committee considers indispensable only in those districts where cases of rabies have occurred.quot;

Professor Fuchs.�quot; At least.quot;

The President.�Let me remark that this is the motion of the Committee. But several other motions have been proposed, espe�cially quot; that dogs must be kept in-doors in those districts where rabies appears.quot; Mr. Schell expressed himself in favour of this motion.

The President.�I believe gentlemen will agree that, at times when rabies is prevalent, the wearing of muzzles is demanded as indispensably necessary; this is the sense of the Committee's motion. Gentlemen in favour of this motion will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted by a majority. I shall now propose the supplementary motion, '� Put this does not exclude the keeping of dogs in-doors.quot; I believe, Mr. Schell, this is your motion ?

Mr. Schell.�It should rather have been constructed thus: quot;But this measure does not exclude other measures, for example, the keeping of clogs in-doors.quot; This is of importance, because otherwise tin's measure might be considered, as far as the prin�ciple is concerned, to have been recommended as the only riu-ht and necessary one.

Professor Jessen.�I believe it is stated in the next paragraph that this ought not to be the case.

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The President.�'Prohamp;hly objections may be raised against it; at present, only principles ought to be expressed. The execution iu detail of the measure is to be left to the authorities.

The .Reporter.�That has been stated and expressed already in the foregoing part of the proposition.

The President (reads).�quot;The period during which muzzles must be worn is to be decided by each separate case, with regard to the particular circumstances, by the authorities and competent veterinarians.quot; Gentlemen who agree to this will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

The Reporter reads the sixth proposition, which is adopted.

The Reporter reads the seventh of the propositions. (Cries of #9632;' ] )ivide.quot;)

Professor Bueff.�lt is stated here that rabid dogs, and those bitten by them, are to be killed under any circumstances. I request attention to the fact, that persons have boon bitten by dogs which had themselves been bitten by others afflicted with the rabies. These persons have felt the greatest apprehension and terror, because they- were ignorant whether the disease had been developed or not as the result of the bite which had been sustained by the dog.

The Reporter (reads).�quot; Dogs suspected of rubies are to be kept in secure confinement, and under careful examination, until their state of health has been ascertained.quot;

The President.�The further discussion of the subject may perhaps be simplified if the expression is altered to: quot;Dogs ascertained to be rabid but which have not bitten a human )eing.

Dr. M�ller.�I agree to the motion. Tn Austria a law is in force which prohibits the killing of rabid dogs. They must be kept confined.

Professor Zlchnal.� 1 understand the question in the same sense as the previous speaker. It has not been well expressed here. Dogs which are ascertained to be rabid must be killed. For what purpose are they to be kept in confinement, unless perhaps for experiments, or to instruct students? As a rule, therefore, they should be killed. Many a person is bitten by a dog which has not been proved to be rabid. Nothing will quiet such an injured person as much as if he is told : See, the dog is

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINARY CONGRESS. 709

healthy; be without fear! This fear and terror do not last merely five or six days; I know people in Hungary who, during the last twelve or thirteen years, have not slept well, nor eaten once with appetite, because they had once been bitten by dogs which were not examined, but which were killed.

Mr. Beer.�I believe I ought to mention that the time during, which dogs are to be kept under observation ought likewise to be considered, as to its duration for those that have been bitten, and those which have only been in contact. Experience teaches that the period of observation is far too short for bitten dogs� that rabies has appeared after six weeks in dogs which had only been in contact with others. It is very difficult to decide on a maximum of time.

Professor Fuchs.�1 am constrained to dispute the justice of the reproach which seems to be directed against the Committee for not having considered how a dog which is only suspected of rabies should be brought under observation. The probability of the occurrence of such cases lias been very seriously con�sidered. If this had not been the case, a certain reproach would have been justified. Every bitten dog may be attacked by rabies, but it can only be considered suspicious, when some svmptoms of rabies (not the fully developed disease) appear. And to this the supplementary sentence chiefly refers, which states that a dog suspected of rabies shall be observed.

The Reporter.�J beg to propose, in the hope that it will assist us in coming more quickly to an agreement, the following con�struction : quot; Rabid dogs are to be killed under all circumstances ; but those which have been bitten by or have been in contact with them, are only to be killed when they have not bitten a human being.quot; If a person has been bitten by them, they are to be kept under observation until their state of health has been ascertained.quot; (Cries of assent, and calls for the close of the debate.)

Professor Ulrich.�I would vote in favour of retaining the motion of the Committee as originally read. I beg to draw attention to the fact, that if a dog is bitten by a really rabid animal, the measures #9632;which must be immediately employed are these�to kill all dogs that have been bitten, and those which

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have been iu contact with them. But I ask: Is such a dog to he kept under observation? and how long? For six or nine weeks, as is usually the case, and as accords with the regulation to this effect? It is possible that during the period of observation rabies may appear; but it is just as likely that it may not. It may, as experience proves, appear later. The dog must there�fore be kept many mouths under observation. A person bitten by a dog of this description will beyond doubt ask if ho has been bitten by a rabid dog; and may be satisfied at once by being told that the dog has not been rabid, and therefore cannot have caused a dangerous infection.

Professor jBtte^f.�Nobohy has proposed that all dogs which have been bitten should be kept under observation; it has only been proposed to watch a bitten dog by which a human being has been bitten. Only this motion has been submitted; and therefore the supplementary motion of the Beporter of the Com�mittee would be in its proper place here. It corresponds like�wise entirely with the orders the veterinary police have enforced in Wurtemburg, and which have proved efficacious.

Professor Rawitsch.�I only_Bwish to mention that it would bo necessary to determine, at least approximately, the time during which a dog is tobe kept under surveillance. This, with regard to the veterinary police, is important, that they may state whether a dog has been rabid or not. With this is connected the question concerning the incubation-period of rabies. This has not been correctly set down; and I should like to hear something more specific about it.

The Reporter.�With regard to the expressions of Professor Rawitsch, I beg to remark that, if a dog is bitten by a rabid dog, an observation of only a few days' duration is necessary to qualify any one to say whether the animal is healthy or sus�pected. If the appearances of perfect health continue during two or three days, it may be supposed with certainty that the animal was healthy; and healthy animals cannot infect human beings.

The Reporter.�quot; Rabid dogs must be killed under all circum�stances ; those which have been bitten, or have been in contact with them, only when they have not bitten a human being:

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 711

but if a human being has been bitten by them, tbey are to be killed only after their state of bealtli shall have been ascer�tained.quot;

Professur Ilertwig.�There seems to be a quot; something quot; in the Committee's expressions which induces members to hold other opinions. The case stands thus : A dog is bitten, the bitten dog �bitten by a rabid one�is always suspected, and rabies may any day appear. We have seen that in Berlin a dog was discharged after being under observation during twelve weeks, and in the thirteenth week rabies made its appearance. We are, therefore, of opinion, that if from special reasons, and exceptionally, a dog which has been bitten by a rabid dog is left alive, and kept under observation, the period during which it is to be watched must be of at least twelve weeks' duration. No one, before the #9632;xpiration of this period, can say what may happen to this

But the case is different�and here, 1 believe, lies the

error�if a dog, the state of whose health is not known, has bitten human beings or dogs. If such a dog is brought under observation�and this happens sometimes�I always give the opinion at once, for the sake of the poor bitten persons, that the dog is not rabid.

The Reporter.�'^: Rabid dogs must be killed under all circum�stances ; those which have been bitten, or have been in contact with them, are only to be killed�quot; This could be altered to:�quot; are to be killed immediately, if no human being has been bitten by them; but if they have bitten a person, they must not be killed until their state of health lias been ascertained.quot;

The President puts the motion to the vote, and it is adopted by a large majority'.

The Reporter reads the second point of the paragraph, which is adopted, as are also the third, fourth, and fifth points.

The Reporter then reads the sixth point.

Director Zanyger.�1 propose that this point be omitted

entirely.

The Reporter.�The Committee was not quite agreed as to the visitation of do^s. Some considered it necessary; others did not. Of course, it cannot influence the discovery of cases of rabies in a direct manner; the visitation may have been per�formed to-day, and the dog found healthy; and yet two or

'#9632;B- #9632;

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THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

three days alter rabies may appear. Therefore the motion has not been proposed unanimously by the Committee.

The President.�Does the Assembly adopt the proposal of the Committee? Gentlemen who intend to do so will please to rise. (It is rejected by a majority.)

The Reporter.�1. beg to make a single observation. The visitation of dogs, if it is repeated several times during the year, cannot fail to prove of some benefit. A knowledge of the general state of health of dogs may be thereby acquired; and dogs which are vicious, or suffering from loathsome or con�tagious diseases, may become known. In eases of this kind the destruction of the animals may be proposed; and this brings about in a direct manner a decrease in the number of dogs, and in an indirect manner a decrease in the number of eases of rabies. Then these visitations have the further advantage, that the proprietors, as soon as they know the visitation is about to take place, watch their dogs more carefully and treat them better; and thus it becomes possible sooner to detect the first, indications of disease, and report them. These are the reasons which induced some members to express themselves in favour of the periodical visitation of dogs.

The President.�1 beg that the next point may he read.

The PcjMrtcr reads the eighth point of the paragraph.

Professor Sertwig.�l have always found, from the many opportunities which I have had of examining eases of rabies, that the public still adheres, with regard to the symptoms of the disease, to the old superstitious and erroneous traditions. Certain indications are always looked for�froth at the mouth, drooping of the tail, trembling in the loins, dread of water, amp;c.�and the real symptoms are entirely unknown. I therefore consider the instruction of the people on the part of the authorities a neces�sity; and the fultilment of this demand for instruction is of great importance. It is essential that instruction of this kind should be given to each proprietor when he reports his dog for payment of the dog-tax. I must add that the authorities ought to make public at once every case of rabies which comes to their know�ledge. (Applause.)

Professor Regnal also speaks in favour of the proposal of the ('ommittee.

SECOND IXTK�XATIONAL VKTEHIXAliY CONGRESS. 713

The President.�Thoru being no expression of an opposite opinion, it may be supposed that the Assembly is willing to adopt the motion of the Committee. After what has been said, it seems, however, better to substitute quot;necessaryquot; in place of quot;desirable.quot; (Cries of assent.) If gentlemen desire the adop�tion of this motion, they will please to rise. (It is adopted.) With this we have finished the proposals of the Committee ; and I therefore ask if any gentleman wishes to add anything to them.

Professor Mertwtg.�1 have suggested that the opinion should be added to the proposition, quot;that every case of rabies should be made public.quot;

Professor Zlamal.�-This provision we have already in our laws and ordinances.

Professor Hertwig,�Not everywhere.

The Reporter.�Tu the present state of the press, it is to be expected that every case of rabies will be known very quickly by the public. It is not necessary that the authorities should also declare that quot; a case of rabies has occurred.quot; If one occurs to-day, it may be read of in all the newspapers, and to-morrow it is known far and wide. JJut if the authorities announce every case officially, it will create a panic.

Professor Hertwig.�-That is just what I desire, in order to put people on their guard at such a time.

Professor Zldinal.�Every physician, surgeon, and veterina�rian, whether holding an appointment or not, knows that he has to report cases of this kind at once and immediately, to the nearest authi raquo;rities.

The I'resident.�Are gentlemen of opinion that, constructing these motions according to their general principles, the subject is exhausted ? Gentlemen who hold this opinion will please to rise. (They rise.) The discussion of the third part of the programme is finished. The Congress is adjourned till to�morrow.

Fifth Meeting, 25th August, 1SG5.

President, Dr. lioix; Secretaries, Drs. Foustkr mid Pbobstmate.

The President.�The meeting is opened. I will briefly mention some communications received since yesterday. Mr. Ernes has

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submitted a bottle of carbolic acid, a substance which may be used as a dismfectant, for cauterizing, as a wash, and as an anti�septic, lie states that a pound of it costs in England about three Shillings sterling; and he is willing to give to gentlemen who desire it every further information. A tracheotome has been exhibited by Mr. Spooner, the construction of which will likewise be explained by Mr. Ernes. It may be briefly described as follows:�for the excision of a circular piece of the cartilage of the trachea, after the skin has been cut, an instrument is used consisting of a fixed point which is inserted between two rings of the trachea, and a blade which is connected with the point by hinges, and is thus raovoable. By turning the latter round in a circle, a part of the cartilage of the trachea is cut out. The canula is about halt' an inch in diameter; its front part, which is introduced into the trachea, has two flap-like con�tinuations, which move on hinges; these are separated from each oilier by pressing a spring at the back of the canula, and thus, alter the instrument has been inserted into the trachea, the continuations lie close to the interior side, and cannot fall out. On the surface, nearly extending to the back part, are matrices, on which an oval plate, provided with two incisions for the fastening of bands, moves back and forwards, and may be so arranged as to correspond to the thickness of the skin, or a possible swelling, in order to secure the position of the canula. Mr. Spooner has been kind enough to present this instrument to our Veterinary Institute here. The Secretary will now read the minutes of yesterday's meeting.

Dr. Probstmayr reads the minutes.

The President.�Does any one object to the accuracy of the minutes? As no one objects, I declare them adopted. According to the desire of many gentlemen, the selection of the time and place of meeting of the next Congress is to be decided before! we proceed to the consideration of the fourth subject of the programme. Gentlemen who agree to this alteration of the order of the day will please to rise. (The alteration is unani�mously adopted.)

Professor iZawiwer.�Our Congress lias adopted the designa-.tion of quot;International,quot; and has already twice met in Germany. If it intends really to deserve the title of international, it must

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VBTEEINAEY CONGRESS. 715

sometime meet somewhere else. Many voices amongst us may be raised in opposition to this, and many may deem it desirable and necessary that we meet once more in Germany, to become more consolidated, and for other reasons, previous to our migra�tion to England, France, or Italy. With regard to these opinions, which will probably be expressed in opposition, I beg leave, at once, to propose a compromise, by mentioning Switzerland� because it is a country situated in the centre, between France, Italy, and Germany, in which tlie three languages are spoken, and which is much frequented by Fnglishmen. It is easily accessible by railroad and steamboat; and I believe this pro�position will be generally approved. If Switzerland is selected, there can be no doubt that Z�rich will be the place where we ought to assemble; because, as far as I know, there is only one delegate from either Veterinary Colleges of Switzer�land, namely from Z�rich, here, and after a preliminary con�sultation with him, I have no doubt in saying that Z�rich will gladly welcome us within its hospitable walls. I think, further, that we ought to adhere to the previously established rule, and meet every two years.

Mr. von JJndritz.�Dr. Ilaubner's proposal to meet next at Z�rich cannot be considered international. If we really intend to be international, we ought to select a place which is situated near to every nation, and as such I believe I may designate Dresden, which is situated geographically in the centre of Europe. I, as a Russian, propose, therefore, that our next Congress shall not be held out of Germany; let us first gain greater stability and more vitality. Afterwards, we may select a town in Russia, and I believe St. Petersburg is a city where we may assemble once, as well as Paris and London. If we intend to make it possible for every one of us who may not be wealthy to participate in such an assembly, let us select Dresden. I beg also to remind you, that if we assemble in Z�rich, there is only one man, Dr. Zangger, who would be obliged to undertake all the preliminary arrangements of the next Congress ; and to throw the entire burden on the shoulders of one man would be unjust. We must select a town with a Veterinary College, where three members at least may form the Ooramittee : we have

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worthy representatives in Dresden; let us therefore select that city.

Professor Reijnal says that lie would propose Paris, did lie not fear that the iutemational exhibition which is to take place in 1867 might distract the members too much from their original purpose. He agrees to the proposal of Dr. Haubner, and is in favour of Z�rich, especially because Switzerland is situated in the heart of Europe, and three languages are spoken there.

Director Gcrlach suggests the selection of Berlin ; and states his opinion that the Congress should ho held only once in three years.

The President puts the three motions, for the selection of Zurich, Dresden, and Deri in, to the vote; and calls on the Secretary to read the result.

Professor Probstmayr.�In favour of Z�rich there are 89 votes; for Dresden, 'ol votes; for Berlin, 12 votes. Twenty-four mem�bers were absent during the voting.

The President.�Z�rich has been selected. Xow the other part of the question has to be considered, whether the Congress shall assemble every two or every three years. (Cries of quot; Two.quot;) Gentlemen who desire that the Congress shall meet every two years will please to rise. (They rise.) Two years has been decided on by a large majority. 1 now take the liberty to ask Director Zangger, on behalf of the Committee, if he will he kind enough to undertake the preliminary steps for the meeting of the Congress in 18(i7, at Z�rich, and to cause the Federal Go�vernment to transmit in good time invitations and other eom-munications to the various Governments of Europe.

Director Zangger.�Gentlemen; I thank you for the resolution which you have just passed that the next International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons shall assemble in Switzerland, and at Z�rich. I thank you on behalf of the veterinary surgeons of Switzerland, and do not think I go too far if I do so likewise on behalf of the authorities and the people. I guarantee to you a cordial reception by our colleagues, by the authorities, and by the townsfolk. We shall endeavour to execute the task you have entrusted to us to the best of our ability. You must not conclude, because the Congresses at Hamburg and Vienna have

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETK1!INA1!Y CONGRESS. 717

only been visited by a few members from Switzerland, that we have not more and Letter men at home, who will not hesitate to promote onr objects by energy and knowledge. Every one is not able to undertake long journeys, because he has not the pecuniary means ; and if a small country like Switzerland is represented at an International Congress by only one person, the proportion is the same as if a country with ten times the number of inhabitants were represented by ten persons. I believe that those gentlemen who have founded and conducted the Con�gresses at Hamburg and Vienna will not deny us their assistance and support We shall acquaint the Swiss Federal Government and tiie local authorities of Z�rich with the tenor of your resolu�tion, and I doubt not that they will gladly improve the oppor�tunity to convince you that even in a small republican country what must and ought to be done is well known and understood. I hope that the meeting of the Congress at Z�rich will give an impulse to the endeavour to place Switzerland in that position, with regard to veterinary science, which it justly ought to occupy. A country composed, contrary to the principles of a modern political creed, of different nationalities, where different languages are spoken, and situated in tiie centre of Europe, between France, Germany, and Italy, has, through the differences of language, several veterinary schools; and I have always main�tained that it is the task of Switzerland to produce, by means of a large richly-endowed central veterinary college, provided with good and efficient professors, the harmonious co-operation of those different schools. This idea has many disciples in my country, and I hope the meeting of the International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons will do much for its realization. (Ap�plause.)

The President.�We now proceed to the consideration of the fourth subject of the programme, which concerns a general law of warranty. Superior Medical Counsellor von Hering is Reporter.

The Reporter.�It is a characteristic sign of the present time that it is attempted to level all differences of rank, and abolish all rights and duties and all distinctions winch in former cen�turies peoples established between each other, between the ad�herents of different creeds, between high and low born, amp;c. amp;c. All these differences will gradually cease, in proportion as dis-

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tance is shortened by means of the increased celerity with which it is overcome. Intereommuuication lias now assumed such im�portance, that nearly everytliing in the State becomes subordinate to its irresistible power. As in physical, so in the mental world ; the interchange of ideas proceeds with an activity which now and then threatens to become even excessive. Liberty of individuals and nations�liberty of the soil, of trades, commerce, thought, and the press�are among the foremost demands of our time of progress; and their satisfaction is only a matter of time, regulated by the circumstances of each country. In the same ratio as the impediments and obstacles to intercourse are daily more and more removed, and the market for manufac�tures becomes enlarged, exchange and trade increase, and it becomes an indispensable necessity to revise the laws which regu�late intercourse, and to adapt them to modern requirements. The new code of commercial laws is an undertaking of this descrip�tion : it has been adopted throughout nearly all Germany, and affords, in consequence of the abolition of numerous diversities in separate States, greater security to commerce, while it procures at the same time a more speedy and less expensive administration of justice. Our domestic; animals furnish a very important branch of traffic, and this, in consequence of the introduction of railways, has reached an extent which once could not have been imagined. Tins branch of commerce possessed from time immemorial its special laws, which, partly representing general principles, and partly dealing with details, were always intended to give the requisite security to the traffic�which is a very hazardous one, owing to the changes to which living articles of commerce are exposed. As long as the cattle trade was limited in extent, the local statutes were considered sufficient for its regulation; but since the traffic bus been extended with facility over large and distant regions, and since, consequently, a thorough know�ledge is required of the defects which render the article less lit for use and decrease its value, the necessity of having uniform laws and regulations in this respect becomes more and more apparent. Since the commencement of 1863, in accordance with a resolution of the Federal Diet, a Commission of lawyers lias been sitting in Dresden to frame a set of laws affecting debt, to be introduced into the States composing the German Confedera-

SECOND INTERSTATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 719

tion. This Commission has now prosecuted its labours as far as the third chapter, first part, quot; Ou obligations with regard to delects of the article.quot; A law of warranty has been drawn up, and the resolutions, after being read for the first time, have been published. The Commission, under the presidency of the Austrian delegate, consists of six members, namely, from Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, W�rtemberg, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and the free town of Frankfort. After determining the general principles, the Commission did not consider it right to enter into the details, of a law of warranty, because the necessary profes�sional assistance was wanting. But as the gentlemen of the Commission considered uniform legal provisions with regard to the cattle trade desirable, aud as several groups of German States had already adopted ordinances in this respect, they agreed to procure from their Governments the necessary veterinarian information, aud to request from the Government of Saxony the requisite professional assistance. A Sub-commission, consisting of the delegates of Hanover and W�rtemberg, framed a draft of a law of warranty, and this was after discussed by the full Com�mission. W�rtemberg, in company with Baden, had only lately renewed its law of warranty; in Hohenzollern the same law was afterwards introduced ; Bavaria aud Hesse have likewise adopted new laws of warranty, which are nearly similar to those just mentioned; Hanover has been already employed several years with the project of a new law; and so with the Electorate of Hesse, and Frankfurt. As the new code of civil laws in Saxony is likewise a production of modern times, it is seen that a great part of Germany already possesses nearly uniform laws of warranty, or is now endeavouring to remodel that part of its laws which no longer corresponds to the progress of veteri�nary science. The previously-mentioned Commission has, as stated above, finished a general law of warranty for the States of the German Confederation, which lias already been read once, and thus our task has been simplified; but however efficient may have been the professional assistance which the Commission enjoyed, it had not the assistance of a professional assembly like this Congress, whose carefully-considered resolutions are sure to meet with some attention either from some States intending to remodel their laws in this respect, or from all Germany if a

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general law of warranty is framed. Many years must pass before a uniform code of laws is adopted by all Germany; but a commencement has been made, and we may congratulate our�selves if we are able to add one chapter to the great work. In this chapter we should have to solve two questions:�1. To lay down the juridical principles which ought to rule in the cattle trade exceptionally; this may be called the juridical question: and 2. To designate those defects and diseases which give to the purchaser a certain claim upon the vendor,�which we may call the technical part. With the first question we have at present nothing to do; but it is otherwise with the second, in regard to which the legislatures require our assistance. We all know that many celebrated veterinarians have expressed themselves in favour of the retention of the general warranty obligation, and have declared a special law of warranty to be superfluous and not to satisfy the demands of justice. But amongst lawyers of different countries the opposite view has always been preferred, although it must be granted that the principle of the law of warranty may possibly be prejudicial to the interest of the vendor. Now, it has been generally acknow�ledged that no special law can be made which will meet every emergency; and it would therefore be preferable to frame a law which would secure, in the greatest number of instances and in the quickest and simplest manner, justice to the claimant. The formerly existing laws have principally protected the purchaser. They saw in nearly every vendor a rogue: but this view is unfounded for two reasons; because, although the vendor knows exactly the condition of bis article of trade, and thus enjoys a certain advantage, he should nevertheless be able to claim the same protection from the legislature; and then, most vendors have been originally purchasers, so that there are as many of the one as of the other. Ihit if the protection which is granted to the purchaser through the general warranty obligation be considered more closely, it will soon become apparent that he will less often obtain justice, through being obliged to procure evidence, than through the obligation which is limited to a few defects, and which does not make the procuring of evidence indispensable. If, therefore, separate Slates, such as Meck�lenburg, England, amp;c., are mentioned as examples in favour oi

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 721

the general warranty obligation on account of the rarity of law�suits, wo must not look for the advantage in the correctness of the principle, but in the fact that the purchaser in most cases rather pockets his loss than cares to raise an action at law, which he could scarcely carry through owing to the difficulty of pro�curing evidence (1) that the defect not merely exists, but (2) that it already existed before the sale, and (3) that it is of such importance, that the value of the article, or its utility for the intended purpose, is thereby deteriorated to such an extent, that the purchaser, had he been aware of the lault, would either not have bought the animal at all, or would only have bought it for a smaller price. It is, therefore, not within our province to decide whether a general law of warranty suffices, or whether a special law is preferable; we have likewise nothing to do with the other legal ordinances regarding the periods of limita�tion, the forms of the lawsuits, amp;c., as most legislators have already decided in this respect, and we can only give suggestions which may be considered. But our task is to determine the species of animals in which diseases and defects shall be con�sidered as entitling to redress, and the periods within which the purchaser may seek rfedress at law, and to come to an unanimous decision with respect to these subjects. It would be ten times easier for this Assembly, which consists of more men of eminence in our science than were perhaps ever before collected, to frame ten laws of warranty, than to agree unanimously to one. But let us make an attempt to furnish the technical material for a law which shall correspond to the modern experiences of veterinary science, and satisfy the requirements of commercial intercourse as now carried on. The Committee has agreed on certain points, which are already printed and in the hands of the members. It would bo best to open the debate first on the general declara�tion of the Committee, which is as follows :�

quot;(A.) Veterinary science has progressed sufficiently far to be able to judge concrete cases: (B.) but veterinary science is not able to enumerate, even approximately, all defects, and accu�rately to determine a period of warranty with regard to them, which would give the purchaser a well-founded claim at law: (C) the retention of the general warranty obligation is, from a, veterinarian point of view, considered necessary; nevertheless,

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(D.) special defects entitling to redress shall be mentioned : (E.) the retention of the general warranty obligation is likewise necessary, ie., to the abolition of the so-called night-defects (a guarantee of twenty-four hours' duration for all diseases which may appear during this time) : (F.) besides the general warranty obligation, a period of limitation of three months at the utmost is considered desirable, because, as a rule, no scientific proofs can be adduced after the lapse of this time.quot;

These are the general points from which the Commission pro�ceeded: it also specified individual defects entitling to redress, and designated the warranty period for each. We have stated previously that, besides the special obligation, the general #9632;warranty obligation ought to remain in force, and that this, in a legislative point of view, may have been the stumbling-block. Most legislature's have, on introducing special laws of warranty, abolished so far as possible the general warranty obligation. The general warranty obligation would not permit the applica�tion of the principle that the purchaser should not furnish the proofs that the disease previously existed, but the special laws of #9632;warranty give him the great advantage that he is not obliged to furnish the proofs, because the law supposes that the disease previously existed. If, then, the purchaser is placed, by means of the special laws, on such advantageous terms, it is, as far as I have been able to learn from the discussions at Dresden, the opinion of lawyers that he may well relinquish all further claims. The opinion which I have had the honour to communicate to you is not only that of the Committee, but it embodies the principle acted upon in all former legislation on the subject, and adopted in the French law, which also adopts the general warranty obligation on the whole, but nevertheless embodies regulations with regard to cases of special warranty, with the particular provision, that a guarantee applies to the defects enumerated in the special regulations, but not to others.

Professor Met/rial.�I do not consider it possible to agree upon an international system of law on the subject of defects entitling to redress, as proposed by the Committee. Each country lias its usages and wants, and legislation can only bo the expression of those customs and wants. Jn regulations respecting redhibitory defects there are two distinct categories. The one comprises all

that is speciiil with regard to the subject; thus, the French law of the 2�th of May relates solely, first to the designation of redhibitory defects, and, secondly, to the duration of the war�ranty obligation. The party who has entered into a redhibi�tory agreement, if desirous of withdrawing from it, will do so by civil process. The law relating to this subject must obviously differ in various countries, and on this account the framing of uniform regulations would he impracticable. Too much stress should not be laid on the importance of a law on redhibitory defects; such a law would of necessity bo only temporary, for in proportion as zootechnical and veterinary science advances, these defects will, it is evident, decrease in number. I find even that the Committee unnecessarily creates new redhibitory defects; at all events, were the law in Franco to be enacted anew, the list of defects would be less lengthy. The best law would be

that involving the smallest number of lawsuits; but I

)v ex-

tending the scope of redhibitory defects, additional induce�ments to litigation would be created, and thus the interests of vendor as well as of purchaser would bo endangered instead of being protected. In France, legal proceedings having for their object the annulment of a contract are very expensive, and especially if the suit is undertaken against parties in foreign countries; the expenses often exceed the value of the beast. In starting, therefore, from these premises, I do not consider it possible that regulations common to all countries could be agreed on, and I shall vote against the proposal. I am, like�wise, convinced that the Committee is wrong in introducing additional redhibitory defects; but I approve of the proposal tending to decrease the term of warranty.

Mr. W�st.�As you have heard from the Reporter, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, as well as W�rtemberg and Baden, have pro�mulgated new laws of warranty. But this law was not enacted by Hesse in concert with W�rtemberg and Baden, but was dis�cussed and framed in our own legislature. I was Reporter on the subject, and the technical part of the law was entrusted to me; but the lawyers had a great deal to do in framing the law, and I -was not permitted to interfere much. The law had scarcely been published, when a scientific criticism was brought to hear on it; and after only a short period had elapsed, the

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ordinances and regulations of tlio warranty law were variously interpreted, examples to its prejudice were cited, and the law was declared to be more or less defective. In a technical point of view, it certainly is not without defects. It contains some provisions which it would have been better not to admit; as, for instance, the regulation that with regard to animals which have been bought and which fall sick within twenty-four hours after, a warranty obligation exists. More especially, several defects and diseases have been admitted, which ought not to have found a place in any modern law. I agree in general to all that the Committee has proposed, and should like to see it adopted in principle.

Professor Sertwig.�As these general propositions only set forth principles, and furnish axioms which are intended to guide legislation, not much can be said against them. The code of common law in Prussia, or, us it is called, the common quot; Land-Recht,quot; contains regulations of this description, which are generally adopted, and which likewise treat on general war�ranty obligations; there are also special ordinances. It is, however, almost impossible to avoid a general determination ; it is, indeed, indispensably necessary, but under certain con�ditions. We find it stated in the Prussian code, touching this point: quot; If an animal fall sick within twenty-four hours after delivery, it may be supposed that the disease already existed previous to the delivery; but the purchaser must give notice of this occurrence to the vendor, or the authorities, or a vete�rinarian, in tiiue to allow an examination into the origin of the disease to take place.quot; In this paragraph there ai'e two provi�sions, which not only protect the purchaser, but also the vendor. At first it is said that the law supposes the existence of the defect before the purchase; but this does not contain an intima�tion that the vendor is the guilty party. On the contrary, the purchaser is to a certain extent obliged to prove that, in the treatment of the animal, no serious error which may have produced the disease lias been committed. It is scarcely neces�sary to remind an assembly of professional men like this that there are different kinds of colic, which appear often very suddenly, in consequence of the error of the purchaser in treating and feeding the animal in an entirely altered manner.

SECOND INTEBNATIONAL VETEEINAEY CONGRESS. 725

The law further orders the defect to be reported so early as to render an examination possihlc. If a person were to report a ease of this kind after a lapse of eijrht days, liis right as purchaser or claimant would, as a matter of course, he lost, for it will be asked why he had not given notice sooner? In respect to cases in which the animal dies, the Prussian law says: quot;If an animal dies within twenty-four hours after delivery, the loss falls on the vendor ;quot; but it adds�quot; if it cannot bo ascer�tained beyond doubt that the disease originated after delivery.quot; Tins paragraph is, as it were, the eomplement of the foregoing, and, in my opinion, secures justice to both parties.

Mr. Dewnger.�Formerly, there prevailed in Bavaria, in nearly every town, nay, in almost every house, a different law, and a great number of ordinances, with regard to warranty in the cattle trade. A law of warranty was a want which had long-been felt, and in March 1859 we obtained one. During the six years which have passed since then, out of ten lawsuits, nine after many delays have been compromised, both parties paying, and knowing what they have been litigating about; the tenth action, after repeated delays and many appeals, has at last been decided by the Court. I would therefore consider it better for Bavaria if it had no law of warranty concerning animals at all. All Bavarian lawyers ought to be very grateful for this warranty law, as a never-fading source of income. I should therefore be glad to see it abolished, because the common law of Bavaria is amply suflicient to protect the vendor as well as the purchaser.

Professor Tscherning.�In Denmark, where the breeding of cattle is carried on extensively, and where there is a large traffic in cattle, there exists no special law of warranty. Con�tagious diseases have been considered only to the extent that the sale of cattle suffering from them is considered nidi and void. But actions at law are of very rare occurrence, which we con�sider so great an advantage that we fear to make any alterations. Even with regard to contagions diseases, we have no period of warranty, and if I wished for an alteration, it would bo in respect to the period of warranty, though not for separate cases, but as generally as possible.

Mr. Beer.�We have been informed by the Eeporter, that in


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some German States laws of warranty have lately been intro�duced, and that therefore the adoption of a new law could only be the subject of a wish on our part, as for as the Governments

of these States are concerned. Cut I think the Assembly, should it succeed m agreeing to a fitting law of warranty, ought to demand of these Governments to pay particular attention to it I behove it would be best to abolish all laws of warranty, because the terms of the contract entered into by the purchaser are of more advantage in protecting the general interest than specific laws of warranty. And I think we should not fail to submit to the Governments, the opinion that the numerous and diverse laws ot warranty prevailing in the different German States are far less beneficial and to the purpose than would be one law common to all.

Professor ZUmal.�\ am one of those who fifteen or twenty years ago acknowledged the error of special redhibitory defects and periods of warranty. 1 have declared, by word and writing that it would be a benefit, and would raise the dignity of the profession to which we belong, if _no _S1)ef._ial _(]ofects _were ^^ hut if every case More left to the decision of the veterinary sur�geon. But if we ask how this is possible, and what is required lor it, we find that it would require so many veterinarians that wherever a sale took place, or a purchase was effected, a competent individual must be present to give bis decision with regard to the case in question. But this renders a second con-(htion necessary, which I am afraid will be wanting for a long tune to come, namely, such an advance in the social position of the veterinary surgeon that bis authority would replace the in�terference of the lawyer. These two conditions/Gentlemen do not exist, and it will therefore bo necessary in each case to be as precise as possible so as to enable even one who has not had great experience to detect the defect at once, and to secure that justice shall be done to the purchaser in the most direct manner by the nearest magistrate. Under special ordinances, lawsuits can only originate when the vendor declares bis readiness to supply the counter-proof, if the disease has been detected and ho refuses to acknowledge its existence; but under a general law actions are likely to occur more frequently, because each party will procure the assistance of a professional man, and will thus

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAEY CONGEESS. 727

by st-ieutific means obtain tlie desired result. I must therefore express myself in favour of the proposal of the Committee, that a general warranty obligation ought to exist, in order to give greater weight to the decision of the veterinary surgeon in individual cases; but that a special law should also be adopted to avoid special deductions, and consequently lawsuits, in each case. With regard to the so-called night-defects, and the desire to abolish them, I quite agree to it; for, touching whatever may happen to the animal within the twenty-four hours, ocular evidence and other proofs arc procurable, and in each case this could be adduced.

Professor ffaubner.�Permit mo to remind you of the great difficulty quot;which would attend the framing of a common law of warranty for even a few States. In the south-western German States, especially in Bavaria, W�rtemberg, Hesse, and Baden, the necessity for remodelling the laws of warranty has been felt as long as thirty or forty years ago. The Governments of W�rtemberg and Baden soon agreed on the desirability of introducing a uniform law into both countries. It has been also attempted to come to a similar understanding with Hesse and Bavaria, but this attempt did not lead to any result. W�r�temberg and Baden proceeded, therefore, by themselves, and after many years' deliberation succeeded in framing a nearly uniform law of warranty. Subsequently, the interpretation ot individual points was proceeded with in those two States, and the differences which still exist will, it is to be hoped, soon cease. I further ask attention to the fact that the same subject was discussed about fifteen years ago, at a meeting of German veterinary surgeons, and they declared themselves of opinion that the French law as it, existed at that time, but which did not mention redhibitory defects�that this law, especially as enforced in the Rhine Province, would be best and fittest for Germany. Phis amounted simply to the proposal of a general warranty obligation, without specifying redhibitory defects, but with a well-expressed definition or understanding of a redhibitory defect. The Society of German Veterinary Surgeons gave this opinion ; but although I tried to urge that it should be acted on when the warranty law of Baden was discussed and claimed especial atten�tion for the point which is mentioned first in the report of the

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Committee, namely, that veterinary science has progressed suf�ficiently to be generally able to judge concrete cases, I received the answer that all veterinary surgeons have not made such progress in science. In short, all laws which have as yet been framed, have avoided the general warranty obligation, and have not gone beyond German common law. The proposal of the Committee, in my opinion, is not radical enough. If we assert that veterinary science has progressed so far as to be, in general, able to judge concrete cases, we ought to adhere to the general warranty obligation, and not introduce something which brings us into conflict with it. We ought not to propose, besides this general principle, special redhibitory defects. Nevertheless, if this has been done, I would have desired not to have the indi�vidual defects specified here, but would have preferred to be content with the discussion of the general principles that we had decided on:�1. quot;What to understand by a redhibitory defect, and on what idea to base it? 2. Are compulsory redhibitory defects to exist, and shall they bo specified? 3. To which of the principal species of animals are these defects to be limited ? 4. How old must these animals be before the laws of warranty can apply to them ? In this respect we find no uniformity in the different laws of warranty: the warranty law of Switzerland, for example, demands that an animal must be six months old before the warranty law can apply to it. 0. The principles ought also to be established which, in general, should influence the determination of the periods of warranty. I would further have desired (G) an agreement on a system which might have served as a basis for the deliberations on periods of warranty�the term of a week, or of ten days, as is the rule in Switzerland� because there exists no uniformity in this respect in most modem laws, as some calculate the periods by weeks, others by periods of ten days. These and some other points I would have proposed, because they would gradually have produced an unanimous agreement. But if we take our stand on the special point men�tioned in the propositions, I am firmly convinced that our proposals will lead to no results. (Applause.)

Mr. Schell.�I likewise am in favour of the general warranty obligation, without stating the special redhibitory defects, and without special periods of warranty. I am in favour of it, in the

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEMNAHY CONGRESS. 721)

first pliioe, from theoretical causes; and, secondly, practical experiences convince me of its correctness. I reside on the Rhine, in a region where the Code Napoleon, into -which the laws regarding the cattle trade were introduced from the old Roman Codex, is still in nse; and I can assure you that all tiie difficulties which are commonly ascribed to a law of warranty embodying general principles are not experienced in my country. The Commission likewise seems to have thought the exclusive proposition of general ordinances to be scientifically the only correct principle; and that opinion seems at first sight borne out by reasons of expediency, which induced the Committee further to enumerate special diseases and special redhibitory defects. But theoretical proof of the utility of a general warranty obliga�tion is scarcely required. I will merely state here, that a law which only lays down general principles is, in my opinion, best qualified to protect vendor and purchaser, because every case must be particularised; and it may be agreed that this is neces�sary in every individual case of disease, because science has recognised that in disease the same animals always progress differently. This reason, and the further reason, that it would be very difficult to select one or two of the so-called redhibitory defects and prescribe periods of warranty for them, would make it seem most to the purpose that the Assembly should decide in favour of a general warranty obligation, without special redhibi�tory defects or periods of warranty. Another difficulty has been mentioned by one of the previous speakers, namely, that in many districts there is not a sufficient number of veterinarians to (fecide individual cases on scientific principles, I grant this; but I beg you to remember that in this respect we are steadily improving. The number of scientifically-educated veterinary surgeons increases day by day, though there are yet obstacles which, in other respects, impede the training of a sufficient number of competent scientific veterinarians. As soon as these impediments have been removed�as soon as the State acknow�ledges that the veterinary surgeon is of groat benefit to the com�munity at large, then a great number of well educated men cannot fail to devote themselves to our science. It has likewise been suggested that, if we have special redhibitory defects and periods, and since there is no doubt that we have not a requisite

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number of really scientific veterinarians, men of a less degree of education would be of some assistance to the Courts. I am not certain that this view is quite correct; I must even deny that it is easy even for the ecientiflc veterinary surgeon to detect huli-vidual and seldom-appearing defects. I need only remind you of asthma, if you intend to consider it a redhibitory defect, and of staggers, and ask you to consider how often different opinions emanate from really competent judges in this respect. In States where a law is in force for the settlement of questions of this kind by official opinion, even if competent veterinarians observe such cases and give their verdict, a great difference of opinion in regard to asthma and staggers cannot but appear. Further, we must desire to have a greater number of scientific veteri�narians, if we intend to establish special redhibitory defects, with fixed periods of warranty. I am, therefore, of opinion that the state of the veterinary profession does not present any important impediment to the adoption of a general warranty obligation without special redhibitory defects. (Applause.)

Professor Sertwig.�Our honoured colleague has just main�tained that by adherence to general principles fewer lawsuits are likely to occur; but the cause of this lies not merely in the adoption of general principles. It certainly is the fact that, in the lihiiie Province, proportionately fewer lawsuits of the kind which wo have in other countries occur. But actions and dis�putes, lawsuits and different opinions, are essentially the same, not, perhaps, during their progress, but in the mode of execution. There arise, without doubt, i'¹ the Rhine I'rovince, between vendor and pin-chaser, as many reciprocal claims and demands as anywhere else, but the Ehine Province excels in the form of the lawsuit, and the manner in which it is decided. In the Rhine Province, the French form of procedure is observed in actions at law ; and cases are decided by juries and competent men in a few days, which would anywhere else require months, and occasion endless writings and official opinions and counter opinions, amp;e. I would therefore request Mr. ISchell to describe the manner in which lawsuits are conducted.

Mr. Sclwll complied with the request, giving details as to tho process and operation of the law of warranty in the lihine Province.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 731

Director Crerlach.�The report of the Committee has not altogether met my expectations and wishes. It hns hccn main�tained that the definition of no special redhibitory defects is required in the cattle trade. Several gentlemen from Bavaria have stated this. Now I believe this is in direct opposition to the experiences gained during centuries; our ancestors already con�sidered their adoption as necessary, and from the uncultivated practice emanated customs which were dictated by necessity. But that which was then already necessary has now become indispensable. But the subject is different. If gentlemen from Bavaria are not satisfied with their present law, and there�fore 23i^,efer to have none at all, I agree with them; but to say, in consequence, that every law of warranty should be abolished is, I believe, going a little too far. Our domestic animals, as living articles, are exposed to changes: that which we cannot detect in them to-day may suddenly appear to-morrow; the defects may have been hidden, and their recognition requires a particular knowledge of the subject. These are circumstances which, by determining the legal mode of procedure, deserve grave consideration. It has further been pointed out by Pro�fessor Reynal, provided I understood him correctly, that an international law of warranty could not be framed, because local circumstances exert a great influence, and the diseases differ likewise. This also I do not consider quite correct. Diseases are everywhere the same, although their causes may differ. If the causes produce different effects, then they must be considered and treated as different diseases; but the disease, although the cause is different, will always be the same, if it appears in a fixed form. There certainly exist variations, but I think that, for example, staggers will be in France just as much staggers as in Germany, likewise asthma, and in both countries these are diseases produced by the same causes. But the mode of legal procedure differs. I believe, therefore, if we do not enter too deeply into details, we shall be enabled to deliberate here on the technical basis of an international law of warranty. Of course we cannot promulgate a law; we can only say: quot; This is the position we occupy, these are our experiences, according to which authorities may frame the law.quot; I shall later answer the remarks of Med. Counsellor Fuchs. I cannot likewise agree

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cordially to the project of the Committee, because it is not sufficiently exact. Two things are concerned in a law of \var-ranty, namely, first, the general warranty obligation, according to which the vendor is responsible for all those defects which existed at the time of the sale, and before the sale, which the purchaser did not and could not detect, for the detection of which special examination and knowledge was required, and which decrease the value of the animal considerably. This ex�presses the ancient lioman law, which lias been introduced into all modem codes, and which has gradually replaced all special German laws. It is remarkable that this principle was adopted everywhere formerly, when there existed no system, or at least a very defective one of veterinary science, and thus it found admission even into Germany. All the laws of the last century contain this principle, for example, those of Austria, Prussia, Hanover, Mecklenburg, and England. As completely juridical as this principle is, it was found impracticable with regard to the cattle trade, because there existed no scientific veterinary art, and the principal is so juridical, that it required a technical basis, according to which concrete cases could be decided. But this was impossible, and for this reason, the principle was not considered practical, and came in discredit with lawyers and legislators. This may likewise be the cause that the laws of the present century have omitted the principle, and that it is not mentioned in the most modern laws of warranty in Southern Germany, in Baden, W�rtemberg, and Bavaria. But this is a reproach against our science, and therefore I desire that this Congress may give it as its opinion that now the time has arrived when this law, this axiom, has found its technical base. Although there may be here and there an absence of representatives of science, this cannot be considered as an impediment; science as such exists, and this alone is sufficient. We are now in a position to judge concrete cases; this, of course, is limited, but we are able to judge them, and for this we need not furnish any proof. With this we are able to prevent expensive lawsuits. To know the right, where there is no proof adduced on its behalf, is a great progress. But wo are also in a position to state, this or the other defect has existed so and so long, and this likewise forms a scientific basis.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 733

But that in modern laws a certain contemptuous treatment of our science appears, is undeniable, and against this we must protest and declare. Yon wrong us; we have progressed suffi�ciently, and yet you do not employ our science by legal pro�ceedings ; you do not use science, which nevertheless endures for ever. What has been stated about our progress and our veterinary surgeons�I point to Prussia�is known to most gentlemen; against this wo must likewise remonstrate. We have now arrived at a point when a general warranty obligation may be put in practice, and of this wo ought to inform the law�givers; if they make no use of it, we may rest satisfied with having at least done our duty. We are now in a position to state that our resolutions must prove beneficial, and although legislators may have formerly consulted professional men, it will produce a greater moral effect if it is stated here that science has now arrived at that point, and we shall not hear the expression: These are solitary, individual, and arrogant views. This concerns the first point to be considered in every law of warranty, and we must adhere to that principle. The second point concerns the special redhibitory defects. This second point is of Gorman origin. Formerly sales were effected on trial, certain verbal guarantees were given, and certain defects mentioned. From this the special law of warranty gradually emanated, according to which certain defects are stated, and for certain periods determined, during which it was juridically supposed that the defect already existed befolge; so that the purchaser is only obliged to prove that the disease exists, but not, and this is more difficult, that it existed already before the sale. This moans was formerly epiito effective, which found from reasons of expediency more and more support; it passed even the German frontiers, entered France, and made converts in Italy, and all countries where this maxim has not been already introduced endeavour to obtain it. We, from an abstract scientific point of view, are partly opposed to it, and have good reasons for it; but the reasons of expediency which dictate this law are of great importance, and deserve consideration; they are even of such great importance that this law, incomplete in itself, must be designated as ad�missible. Medical Counsellor Fuchs has stated it would be

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illogical to recur to this special law. Again, this I beg to observe, that we said quot;in general;quot; concrete cases are extant. But without further regard to this, the special law is so practical that the judge would not listen, even should wo propose its abolition. There are certain diseases which progress in a stereo�typed manner, regarding which a certain duration maybe easier determined than in others; for example, it is not easy to state bow long an animal bus been subject to asthma and staggers. Different periods may be stated, but this depends on indi�vidual opinion; to determine a certain time is generally easy, when it is said: The majority of cases proves that the disease will not re-occur within a certain period; that this period can therefore not endanger the interest of the vendor, and individual opinions cannot overthrow this fact. The purchaser is no longer required to furnish proofs; law pro�ceedings may be shortened, the whole mode of procedure becomes simplified, difficulties removed, and lawyers must act according to an established system, in order to let a shortened procedure take place: this wo must acknowledge. We would not succeed with our general principle if we did not besides recognise special redhibitory defects. Thus we understood the subject. But special redhibitory vices have becoiuo greatly limited, owing to the supposition that general warranty obligation exists. If this were not the case, an endless number of redhibi�tory defects would have to be stated, and the warranty periods would likewise have to bo differently arranged. By the special deliberations of the commission, I greatly deviated from my principles, but always with consideration of the presence of a general warranty obligation. With regard to the warranty periods, we have used weeks in reference to their determination, because the system was employed in the deliberations concerning the obligation law at Dresden, and because, we considered, that the public prefer to calculate by weeks rather than by decimal numbers, and because it is perfectly immaterial how the calcu�lation takes place. If Professor Fachs misses a definition of redhibitory defects, 1 must say I consider it entirely' super�fluous, quot;With the general warranty obligation, one has already been determined, and for special redhibitory defects there is none necessary, because the diseases are mentioned by name.

I am not opposed to it if a general definition precedes it; for example, in the following manner: quot;Amongst special causes of unsoundness, only those shall be mentioned of which a fixed time may bo determined, which have a uniform course, and which under usual circumstances cannot be recognised at the sale.quot; I am not opposed to this because only a maxim is con�cerned. The so-called night-defects, which are still mentioned in some States, famish another reason for retaining the general warranty obligation. It' we abolish this, then night-defects mast remain. Certainly such diseases may appear which do great harm to the buyer, of the cause of which he is nevertheless perfectly innocent. But it is dangerous to make use of them, because animals often die within the twenty-four hours: without the slightest reproach falling on the vendor. These diseases render, therefore, a general warranty obligation imperatively necessary. A further reason in favour of retaining it is, that the special causes of unsoundness form only an incomplete whole; that we are not in a position to enumerate even approximately all individual defects, which would give the purchaser a claim against the vendor. This was felt by all legislators, and for this reason we have seen that the newest laws contained categories; but they likewise described vague ideas with collective names, in consequence of which great confusion arose. This is dangerous, and cannot last, and so we are not able, as previously mentioned, to do without the general warranty obligation. I repeat that I do not agree even with the construction, as presented by the Commission, and would therefore submit several propositions. At the commencement it ought to be stated that the general warranty obligation must be retained, on account of reasons assigned by the Committee, and described as reasons A and B, and from the cause C, that the retention of night-defects is, from a veterinarian point of view, not to be recommended. It ought further to be stated that on the other side the existing power of limitation by the general warranty obligation is not long enough, and that we must extend it a quarter of a year; that, because adducing technical proof is not possible after a period of three months, as a rule a longer period of limitation would bo useless. It would likewise be a disadvantage to the buyer. A longer period of limitation makes him careless; nay, he may

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even speculate by employing the animal until the period is nearly passed, and then only would he commence his action at law. The longer he waits and hesitates the more difficult would it be to adduce proofs, and perhaps he will at length acknow�ledge, to his disadvantage, that he has waited too long. For this reason the limitation period must be as short as pos�sible, and this, from our position, is the period during which technical evidence may be adduced. In conclusion, it ought to be stated that, besides the general warranty obligation, special redhibitory vices must be enumerated. I have already men�tioned reasons for this; they are partly reasons of expediency and partly to serve as a transition to a general exclusive war�ranty obligation. I beg to recommend these remarks to your consideration. (Applause).

Mr. Ernes.�Gentlemen; whether a general law of warranty is necessary, useful, or possible, I am not in a position to give an opinion. I can only state that in England we have none. The live articles of trade are sold under the same laws as other articles. The following custom exists in England : the sale is effected in one of three ways, namely, either without any guarantee, then the buyer of course has no chum: or with special guarantee, which only extends to certain defects, so that other defects give no claim to the buyer ; or lastly, with a general guarantee. If in this case, for example, a burse is sold with a general guarantee, and a serious defect appears, the purchaser would be obliged to give notice of this fact to the vendor, and to demand of him to take the horse back. This the vendor will always do. But if the vendor does not comply with the demand of the buyer, he (the buyer) will sell the horse by auction, and will firing an action to recover the difference between the sum which the sale by auction produced and that which he paid originally for the horse. If this difference amounts to less than 50/., the costs of the lawsuit will be lighter, because the suit comes for deci�sion before the county court, and will soon be finished. But if the difference involves a larger amount, then the expences attendant on the lawsuit will be likewise heavier. In this respect therefore I agree to what was stated by the gentlemen from Bavaria, namely, that no law is necessary: we have in England very few lawsuits. It is a general rule with us, that

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETE1UNAUY CONGRESS. 737

every ono, before he concludes a bargain, consults a veterinary surgeon; and if he declare the animal healthy, it will be bought. A buyer must prove that any defect in an animal existed before the sale, or he cannot proceed in law. If the animal dies, a careful post-mortan examination is made by veterinary surgeons, iu order to ascertain if the disease existed before or after the sale.

Dr. Cadres.�Gentlemen; I wish only to make a few com�ments, which I believe I owe the more to you, as Depart�ment Veterinarian Schell had been invited to give some explanations about the condition of Rhenish Prussia, where French laws are still in force, and because, in the Hessian lihenish province, a part which I have the honour to represent here, where the same laws are used, these conditions are entirely different. In Rhenish Prussia, as well as in the Hessian Rhenish Province, the sect; 1(J41 to sect; 1649 of the French code are the paragraphs which decide disputes in the trade with domestic animals. The sect; 1(341 contains the following: quot;The vendor is responsible for those hidden defects of the sold article which render the article either uniit for the intended purpose, or decrease its usefulness to such an extent that, if the buyer had' known them, he would have either not bought the article at all, or would have paid less for it.quot; According to the juridical prin�ciple of this article, there exist no principal defects in reality� no designated diseases as such; but all diseases and defects, which possess the qualities mentioned in the paragraph, are considered as being included in redhibitory defects. The legis�lator, well comprehending that the period during which the purchaser may bring an action in consequence of a redhibitory defect, cannot be the same in all cases�that its duration, which ought to be as short as possible, must depend on the nature of the defect, because there exist some which may be detected a few days after the sale, and others the detection of which necessitates sometimes three or four weeks�created, as it were to make sect; 1641 complete, the article 1648, which contains the following: quot; The action at law, which is brought in consequence of a redhibitory defect, must be instituted by the purchaser within a short time, according to the nature of the defect and the custom of the place where the sale took place.quot; The law,

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in tins article, mentions neither the hidden defects nor the time during which the vendor remains responsible for each of these defects. According to these general ordinances, the first ques�tion which arises by a lawsuit is, quot; Does there exist a defect ? does it possess the qualities as described in sect; 1G41? and how long must the Tender, in accordance with the instructions of sect; 1648, remain responsible?quot; According to sect; 1G4S, legal pro�ceedings must be instituted within a short time; the duration of the warranty period shall depend�1, on the nature of the defect; and 2, on the custom of the place where the sale took place. In the first place, as a decision on the nature of defects in our domestic animals necessitates a thorough knowledge, a judgment can only be given by competent professional veteri�narians ; but, in the second place, the custom of the place is consulted. The legislator has therefore given to the judge the power to decide, according to his opinion, the period of limi�tation, dependant on the nature of the defect and the custom of the place. But this article can likewise be interpreted in another manner�at least this seems to be the case, judging from numerous decisions�-namely, that the custom of the place is not alone applicable to the term how long the responsibility lasts, but even to the decision of the redhibitory defect itself, in conse�quence of which old local customs, and rights of habit, are com�pletely re-established It is not my intention to inquire whether this interpretation be correct or not; but a great difference of opinion prevails in this respect amongst the lawyers of France. Whereas one court determines the periods of warranty solely in accordance with local customs, others limit the redhibitory action at law to the defects contained in the local customs, and have decided accordingly. Nay, even courts, which some�times decided in the first mentioned manner, changed after a while their mode of proceeding, and adopted the latter. The Court of Commerce of Khenish Hesse adopted the same view, and proceeded in consequence according to the provisions of the ordinance of the Palatinate of March 20th, 177G. You will observe from this, Gentlemen, that in Rhenish Prussia they proceed according to the general ordinances of this law; but in my country�the same as was done formerly in France� the old local customs and laws of habit were re-established, and

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with them decided principal defects; and le^al proceedings could only be instituted when they were based on one of these special defects. The reasons why the courts proceeded in this manner will be chiefly found in the following. We have seen that, according to general law ordinances, as contained in this law, the question arises by a lawsuit: quot; Does the defect exist ? does it possess the qualities which are enumerated in the law ordinances? and how long must the vendor remain respon�sible ? quot; To solve this question, a certain special knowledge is necessary, which the judge, as such, cannot possess; and for liis information the assistance of professional men was required. But if the answering of these questions was entrusted to profes�sional men, it remained entirely with them to decide a lawsuit according to their judgment; and the judge had to do nothing but to put the law in force, and sanction the opinion given by the professional men. Although tiiis law, from a veterinarian point of view, may appear just, the courts did not believe that it could have been the intention of the lawgiver to entrust to a professional man these functions, in consequence of which, con�fusion, and often protraction of the lawsuits, would be caused ; and which, instead of supplying the judge with information, would be productive of many perplexities to him. Thorough professional men Mere not always selected, but sometimes laymen acted as experts. It is likewise a fact, that every pro�fessional man does not possess the requisite information; and that individual opinion with regard to the nature, cause, dura�tion, amp;c., of a disease or defect, frequently differs; as a con�sequence, the decisions of several professional men would, in a particular case, be opposed to each other. If the judge was obliged to decide in accordance with such opinions, he found himself often in a position to order to-day the vendor to take the article back, and to-morrow the purchaser to keep the article, just as the professional men advised him. These occur�rences contributed principally to the omission of general oi'di-nances at the time the French law was promulgated, in 1838, and to the introduction of a special law, in which all redhibi-tory defects were enumerated, and the warranty period for each defect fixed. With regard now to the legal procedure, it cer�tainly does happen, as stated by Mr. Schell, that such lawsuits

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are commenced before a justice of the peace, and that they are settled at once by means of composition. But these are cases which happen very seldom, because generally one or other of the parties is a merchant; then, if the justice of the peace is not competent to decide, the proceedings must be removed to a court of commerce, in consequence of which great loss of time is occasioned. In tracing the course of a lawsuit of this description, it will be found that a great many formalities are to be gone through, and a great many preliminary questions to be answered; so that sometimes weeks and months passed before a decision is given. Such lawsuits are necessarily pro-tracted, occasion heavy expenses, and from the peculiar nature of the object about -which the suit is instituted, and which necessitates an outlay of money every day for its support, without conferring in return the slightest profit until the suit is finally settled, the costs are still augmented. It often happens that the expenses which already have been incurred are so great that the object of the suit is of secondary' consideration; then the principal question is, who has to pay the expenses?�for this reason are these lawsuits often prosecuted with such bitterness and obstinacy. This mode of procedure often occasions other evil consequences to the litigant parties; and, as an example, I will mention one instance. By these proceedings a long time often passes before the animal is examined. Then is it possible to prove by a late examination that defects existed at the time of the sale ? Certainly, not in all cases, because many of these principal defects may originate in a much shorter time than the duration of the warranty period. To what greater extent may^r tins be the case when the examination only takes place after a much more protracted time; or an animal, about which the lawsuit has been instituted, dies, from no matter what cause, during the time that the suit is pending. How is the judge to decide in such a case ? lie would nonsuit the claimant, because he has not furnished proof that the defect has really existed; but this would be a great injustice to the man, as the legal mode of procedure has deprived him of the means to adduce this proof. I have reason to believe that this is the fate of many actions at law in Rhenish Prussia likewise. Since the introduction of the new Hessian warranty law, the mode of pro-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 741

cedure in Ehenish Hesse is regulated by its ordinances; and this advantage has been derived from it, that the preliminaries of a lawsuit are less complicated now than formerly, because the proceedings commence with the establishment of the facts of the case�that is, the examination of the animal in question. The number of lawsuits have, however, greatly increased, which perhaps is a consequence of the clauses in the law not being framed in a sufficiently clear manner, so as to admit of but one interpretation.

Dr. Bold.�I shall consider the necessity for a general war�ranty obligation from another point of view, namely, the sanitary. quot;We have in Bavaria, and especially in Munich, gained the experience that from this point of view it appears indis�pensably necessary to adopt a general warranty obligation in the warranty⁷ law. Until the year 1809 we had in Bavaria the so-called general warranty law, according to which the vendor had to guarantee against all diseases which existed at the time of sale. Until then, it often happened that the butcher, on killing an animal, discovered a disease, which he reported to me at once, and I could then institute the requisite police measures; but since the year 1859, when we got a special law in which only tubercles, pneumonia, und phthisis are guaranteed, no butcher has made his appearance. That numerous cases of disease occur, which render police interference necessary, is a fact which requires no proof. In the free slaughter-house of Munich ten to twelve thousand head of cattle are slaughtered annually; and amongst them there are seven hundred to seven hundred and twenty cases which render police laws necessary. Those gentlemen who know this institution more intimately may perhaps raise the objection, that animals of poor quality, or sick animals, are only slaughtered; but animals of all kinds are killed by every butcher, especially if he has anything to do with the sausage-trade. What protection have we if the law has not made provision in this respect ? None, where there exists no common slaughter-house, or the slaughter of each animal is super�intended in the country. This sanitary point of the question I recommend to your consideration, and hope you will acknow�ledge the general warranty obligation a necessity.

Dr. Ilusson suggested that the debate should now close.

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The PresHmt.�Gentlemen ayIio agree to the proposal of Pro�fessor Husson will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. Two gentlemen have, however, expressed a wisJi to speak before the debate is finally closed.

Dr. De S'ouza (in French).�In Portugal tliere exists no special law relating to redliibitory vices. Common law, as generally used in commerce, is likewise applied to the trade in domestic animals. The ancient laws of the kingdom contain identical enactments on cattle trade and slave trade, and the commercial code makes no difference between animals and goods. The laws of Portugal consider as redliibitory vices such defects and shortcomings as are not apparent at the moment of sale, which render the animals xiufit for the purpose for which they were intended, and reduce their value to such an extent that, had the purchaser been apprised thereof, ho would eitlier not have bought at all, or would have paid less for them. Such vices as do not arise from physical causes (that is, restiveness, slow�ness, amp;c.) are comprised in the list of redliibitory vices, the same as the want of those qualities, warranted by the vendor, and entitle the purchaser to have the contract rescinded. The rules relating to district veterinarians order the employes to resort to the French law of May 30,1838, and to the decree of the 18th April, 18-15: the defects enumerated in the French law are considered as redliibitory defects in the army. I am of opinion that the special law is very convenient, particularly in my country, where questions about the cattle trade are very difficult to solve, and therefore I intend to vote in favour of the Committee.

Dr. Field.�I perfectly agree to everything said by Professor Iieynal, and as the motion for the close of the debate has been adopted, I abstain from further remark.

The Reporter.�As reporter, I beg leave to make a few more observations. Of course it is not intended to give to the word quot;internationalquot; such iin extended meaning as our colleague Peynal wishes. We do not intend to give laws to France; we are satisfied if we can create one common law for Germany. If this law is found useful for Germany, other countries may adopt it or not; that depends entirely on themselves. Nowhere has the necessity for clearly describing special redliibitory vices become more apparent than in France. In spite of sect; 31 of the Code

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 748

Napoleon, the Government has promulgated a special law of warranty; the necessity of this must have been felt not only by (jlovemment, but also by lawyers and the Senate. There�fore, in France the necessity for a special warranty law like�wise existed. With regard to the statements of our colleagues from Eavaria, I regret them. I am sorry they should object to a law which has been considered necessary; and, although it may have defects, like all other laws, it nevertheless has put an end to that state of things in which in one village a different law was in force on each side of the road. It must be considered a step in the right direction that a common law was promulgated for Bavaria. A general law of warranty has been, by nearly all gentlemen who have spoken on the subject, considered desirable. If a general law of warranty is in force, the general periods of limitation exist likewise, which as a rule last six months. I do not think that in many cases, even by the short periods of war�ranty which the law allows, it will be possible to state with certainty that the delect existed already before the sale; neither can the purchaser be permitted to institute legal proceedings after months should have passed. In consequence of reducing the warranty periods, justice is rendered more sure and a greater freedom of intercourse has been created. The general warranty obligation possesses onty this disadvantage, that the purchaser, who ought to be especially protected by this law, because it is supposed the vendor knows his articles of trade better than the buyer, is, on the contrary, not sufficiently protected. The general warranty obligation is therefore only of value when it exists beside the special redhibitory defects. The institutions of England have been mentioned as examples. I must confess that the laws of England are in many respects not worthy of imita�tion. Englishmen may be satisfied with them; but I should like, as an example, to draw your attention to the fact, that in England at present they have introduced prohibitory laws, which they did not before possess, against Rinderpest; in Germany these prohibitory laws have existed during centuries. The English have only just introduced inoculation by means of cow-pox, which we have had since the commencement of this century. It has therefore not been shown that it would be desirable to imitate the example of England in any respect.

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It has been stated tbat in the Rhine Province most lawsuits are settled by means of composition. This, in my opinion, is a bad sign. If people make up their differences in tins way, it is a token that they do not expect justice from the judga It would be far better that the lawsuit were decided by the judge acconlinjjto law, than that the injured party should settle with the one who lias injured him, because he knows he cannot obtain justice, or that the duration of legal proceedings will be so protracted that he refrains from claiming the redress which the law would obtain for him. This objection might also be taken to the mode of procedure in Bavaria. It is not the veterinarian part of the Bavarian law, which corresponds with that in Baden, Hesse, and Wnrtemberg, but the form of the legal procedure which renders the affair so difficult. It has several times been stated� how or why I cannot understand�that the general warranty obligation had been adopted in France and those countries where the quot; Code Civile quot; is in force. The French law specially refers to the customs of the country, to a very uncertain pro�ceeding, with regard to which I point to the tables of Gohier, where they are all noted down. This was a state of things similar to that which existed in some of our own countries when each village legislated for itself. The aim of a general law was, therefore, to abolish these customs. This is likewise our object. We did not require that separate German States should have different laws, but simply that which is law in Prussia shall like�wise be law in W�rtemberg; that which is considered law on the Bhine shall be also law in Austria; and I beg the Assembly to judge the propositions of the Committee from this point of view, not from the special point of the country of each member, but with regard to the great advantage to be derived from Germany having one law in common. If a general law is to be drawn up, it is very easy to refer back to already existing laws, without following them strictly. Hence wo employed the sketch which was made in Dresden, with the intention of framing a general law as a basis for our proposals, and with especial regard to the general redhibitory defects and their periods of warranty; but without being guided strictly by this law project

Dr. Adam.�The expression of the Beporter, Dr. Hering, with regard to the opinions of some Bavarian veterinarians against

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 745

the existing warranty law in Bavaria, may lead to a belief that these opinions were expressed from a desire to oppose. I believe every one has a right to express bis views on institutions which are in some way connected with veterinary science.

The Reporter.�My remarks in respect to our colleagues from Bavaria were not intended to convey such a meaning as repre�sented.

The President.�I will now proceed to put the separate motions to the vote. With regard to the verbal construction and the manner in which the points succeed each other, Pro�fessor Gerlach has submitted a modified proposal, but this docs not alter the principle.

Dr. Gerlach.�T submitted the motion only because the con�struction by the Committee did not seem sufficiently clear to me.

The Reporter.-�I do not think the preliminary introduction, sub. A and B, to the motions of the Commission ought to be put to the vote. A different principle, I believe, is concerned. Is it intended to introduce a general warranty obligation, and nothing besides? or is a special warranty law, without the general warranty obligation, desired? or lastly, shall the general warranty obligation with a special law, as the Commission has decided on, be submitted to the Assembly ?

The President.�I shall put the principle, in accordance with the motion of the Committee, sub. C, to the vote, quot; that from a veterinarian point of view the retention of the general warranty obligation must be described as necessary.quot; I beg those gentle�men who agree to the motion of tbe Committee to vise. (They rise.) It is adopted. The second part of the principle would be the sub. D, enumerated of special redhibitory defects and periods, besides the general warranty obligation. Gentlemen who agree to this will please to rise. This is likewise adopted. If gentlemen wish that the night-defects should bo abolished, they will signify it by rising. Adopted. Now the point F has to be decided by vote, namely, that besides the general warranty obligation, a period of limitation, of at most three months' dura�tion, is considered desirable. Gentlemen who are in favour of the adoption of this point Avill please to rise. The point is like�wise adopted. With regard to the verbal construction, Professor Gerlach has proposed a different form. The points A. B, E he

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intends, as it were, as supporting that which he states as iutro duction. Director Gerlach, namely, states two principal axioms, 1. General warranty obligation for all defects which are not apparent at once, and which at the sale cannot be detected im�mediately, and which decrease the utility and the value of the animal. As reasons for this, he mentions the points A, B, E of the Committee proposal. 2. Besides the general warranty obli�gation, such defects are exceptionally to be stated which at the sale may have been easilyoverlooked, and of which the law supposes that they have existed before the sale, in consequence of which it is intended to protect the purchaser and vendor.

The JReporter.�I take the liberty to read the following (sect; 75) from the law project of the Dresden Commission, which says exactly the same thing: quot; Whoever sells an article by contract remains responsible to the purchaser that the object at the time of its delivery has not such defects, which would reduce the utility or value of the same, and which would annul the contract, in accordance with the usual custom; and that likewise the defects reduce the value of the article to such an extent, that the purchaser would, had he known them, either not have bought the article at all, or for a more reduced price.quot; This is a general principle, which we find in the Code Napoleon, and originally in the edicts of the Odiles.

1 gt;r. W�st.�This is the first paragraph in the law of the Grand Duchy of Hesse.

The President.�If gentlemen desire that the oriirinal con-struction shall bo retained, they will please to rise. (They rise.) The construction of the Committee is adopted by a majority.

Dr. Ulrich.�Considering that to-morrow is our last principal meeting, and that on Sunday only a short concluding meeting will take place, I beg to request the President to communicate to the Assembly the motions which still remain for deliberation, in order to (.'nable ns now to determine and select an order of the day for to-morrow and the day after, as all the motions which have been brought forward cannot be settled in the allotted time.

The President.�I believe I ought to put a motion to the vote, if, at our rising to-day, I should read again those motions and proposals which were read yesterday, in order to render tlic deter-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 747

mination of the next order of the day possible. This would be the more necessary, as I myself am not in a position to deter�mine the order of the day for to-morrow, as I have made it a rule to avoid selecting any communication in particular. Those subjects which cannot be settled here ought to be placed in the hands of Director Zangger, as manager of the preliminary affairs of the Third Congress. I request those gentlemen who are in favour that, at the close of the meeting to-day, I shall describe the promised lectures, and put tiiose to the vote which are to be communicated during the present Congress, to rise. (They rise.) The motion is adopted. We will now proceed to the special debate with regard to redhibitory defects.

The Reporter.�After the Assembly has adopted the principle that, besides the special redhibitory defects, the general warranty obligation shall continue to exist, the desire to have a greater number of redhibitory defects ceases, and a more limited number will be found sufficient, because the other defects are contained in the general warranty obligation. It is just as easy to fix warranty periods of short duration. The motions of the Com�mittee are as follows:�

quot; The species of animals for which redhibitory delects are to be introduced are: 1. Animals of the equine species; 2. cattle; 3. sheep and goats; 4. pigs.

quot;Ad. I. For animals of the equine species:�1. Uestivencss, with a warranty period of 5 days' duration ; 2. crib-biting (with�out regard), 7 days. (Cataract, black, or any other kind, has been omitted by a majority of votes.) Glanders, 14 days; sus�picious glands, 14 days; broken-winded (without regard to seat), 14 days; ringworm, 14 days; staggers, 21 days; epilepsy and giddiness, 28 days; lunar blindness (periodical inflammation of the eyes), 28 days.

quot; Ad. II. For cattle:�Tubercles on the lungs and phthisis, 28 days; Pleuro-pneumonia, 42 clays.

quot; Ad. III. For sheep and goats:�Small-pox, 7 clays ; itch, 14 days. (Rot was excluded by a majority of votes, because opi�nions materially differed with regard to the duration of the war�ranty period.)

quot; Ad. IV. For pigs:�Measles, 14 days; trichinre, 14 days.quot;

The species of animals for which redhibitory delects ought

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to be admitted must be determined next. With regard to this, there appears only a trifling difference in the until now existing laws. Some laws have admitted goats, others have excluded them. The attention of the Commission has been drawn to the fact, that the goat in many countries is an important domestic animal. For this reason, quot;sheep and goatsquot; have been in�cluded. For the following species of animals, therefore, there exist redhibitory defects :�1. For animals of the equine species. (Some laws only say horses: this would exclude mules; in the Austrian law it is stated, horses and beasts of burden.) 2. Cattle, without any consideration as to sex; 3. Sheep and goats; and 4. Pigs. This corresponds so nearly with most of the laws which, until now, have been promulgated on the subject, that I believe the question may be settled without discussion.

Dr. Fuchs.�In a warranty law where, besides the general warranty obligation, redhibitory defects are spoken of, care should be taken that the number of these defects, should be as small as possible, or the general warranty obligation would be�come altered in consequence. I would therefore, with regard to the species of animals, omit goats. Generally speaking, as articles of trade, they are of too trifling importance to be included amongst species of animals for which exist redhi�bitory defects, and A'ery rarely will a lawsuit be brought o\\ their account. With regard to the other animals, I have no particular objection to make, but goats I consider as of too little value.

Dr. Gerlach.�The principle expressed by Professor Fuchs, that by a general warranty obligation the special redhibitory defects ought to be as limited as possible, is likewise my own, and it was a subject of discussion in tlie Committee. I regret to note this omission in the report of the Commission. It was also discussed that the general warranty obligation should be con�sidered as the primary and most important. I likewise miss this from the report. With regard to goats, it has been pointed out to the Committee that tbey are an article of lesser import�ance. But it was likewise stated that they are the domestic animal of the poorer classes, and that a goat is of as much value to a. poor man as a cow to a richer man, therefore they were included in the list. As in some regions whole herds

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAEY CONGRESS. 74rgt;

of goats are bought and sold, and as it would do no harm to let them remain beside sheep, I tliink that goats could just as well be included.

The President.�Does any one else desire to speak? (No one.) I request those gentlemen iu favour of the species of animals proposed hy the Committee�namely, sub. 3, for sheep and goats�to rise. (The3^r rise.) The motion is adopted. We will now proceed to Xo. 1.

The Reporter.�Amongst the enumerated redhibitory defects, we have two which are in fact not diseases, but bad habits, defects of temper. We hare therefore placed restiveuess and crib-biting side by side, whereas they are generally separated. First, restiveness by horses has been proposed with a warranty period of five days. This defect is omitted in several laws, but in the more modern we find it again; and if I mistake not, the Commission which revised the French law of the year 1838 came to the conclusion that it was necessary to re-admit restiveness into the law. We, as members of the Commission, agreed therefore about it, that the vendor could not suffer any injury by a short warranty period, whereas on the other hand, if restiveuess had not been enumerated, the purchaser would suffer in consequence. With regard to the warranty period, it is included iu the newer laws; for example, in the Hessian, res�tiveness with eleven days; in Hanover, Saxony, and Prussia, with five days ; and iu Austria with thirty days.^? We have fixed the average duration at live days.

Dr. Itueff.�Gentlemen, I consider it necessary to make a few remarks with regard to restiveness. At first the question arises. How is restiveness to be defined? I do not consider it a sufficient definition to say, it is a defect of temper, or

�ometidng of that sort. Geuerally, it is said to be the result of an evil, vicious will. But science lias long ago taught us that an animal has no free will, that no action of an animal is a conse�quence of free will. How is it then possible to speak of an evil, vicious will? From a practical point of view it will frequently be said, it is a bad will; but how often is a person who has much to do with horses, and knows their nature, obliged to confess that this bad will is quite reasonable, more reasonable than that of man, who claims obedience from the

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horse. Another point wliicli must Lo considered in solving the question, Is restiveness a redhibitory vice? is tlie exami�nation. The examination of a restive liorso is very difficult, and I believe tbat tlie majority of the gentlemen present would not run the risk of examining a restive animal. Veterinarians with technical knowledge will bo obliged in this respect to invite the opinion of gentlemen with technical knowledge from other branches of science. But, the decision of technical gentlemen will always vary. Give a restive horse to two equestrians, and their judgment will differ; by one the restiveness disappears, by the other it becomes more apparent; so tbat science will find it a difficult task to form a reliable decision in the matter. Therefore, in consideration of tlie examination, I must protest against the point A, if restive�ness remains admitted. ISnt a second question arises, namely. Is it really a necessity and a general desire that restiveness should be admitted? If you ask amateurs, proprietors of horses, and dealers, the majority will say, it is a great mistake to admit restiveness amongst the principal defects; it produces the most disagreeable lawsuits, and is just as often the cause of most unjust decisions. All the ideas which I have expressed, lead me to propose that the Assembly should not adopt the motion of the Committee, and that restiveness ought to be omitted from the number of the principal delects. In the event of my motion not being adopted, I suggest that the voting on this question may take place by name.

Dr. Wiirzl.�I should have been very glad if the debate on the details of this subject bad been rendered unnecessary bv not adopting a special law of warranty. I remained, with other gen�tlemen, in the minority, and I hope it will be mentioned that we did not adopt redhibitory defects, which I, at least, do not consider as such. I quite agree with the opinion expressed by the last speaker, that restiveness does not belong to these defects, and this opinion is supported by the experience of an official practice of fifteen years' duration. I have seen in Hungary and in Austria, that it is the plea of restiveness which gives to a dishonest purchaser, who has acted against his own interest and bought a horse at too high a price, an opportunity to free himself from his own trap. I am much obliged for the re-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 751

duction of the time to five days ; but I believe that a good but fiery animal may be made restive in less than five days. During my years of duty in Upper Austria, amongst 135 animals which were brought to me for examination, on account of redhibitory defects, I only found one with real restiveuess. I employed the following method for these examinations : I kept the horse for two or three days, observed it carefully, and drove it myself; and so it happened that, during two years only one other animal was brought to me, so that the people declare openly, It is useless to bring a horse to the Land Veterinarian; he keeps it two or three days, and then the horse goes quietly. I cannot explain it, but experience teaches me that by this means most restive animals become epiiet and good. I propose a motion, that the Assembly declare that restiveness should not be included amongst redhibitory defects.

Dr. Zl�mal.�I epiite agree with the two previous speakers that restiveness has not a single quality of a redhibitory defect. It can be recognised in carriage as well as saddle-horses at once, when the examination is undertaken personally. But if the buyer, not intending to keep the horse, is no horseman himself, lie can easily procure a groom or coachman, who will ride or drive the horse in such a manner that it will appear restive; and therefore a great abuse of the word restiveness is possible, to the disadvantage of the vendor. But every sale or purchase is not completed personally, llestiveness, as a defect, cannot bo denied ; it exists as a defect, and is at times incurable. I would thereforequot; make a distinction, and say, the buyer who has effected the purchase personally has no right to institute legal proceedings on account of restiveness. It is different when the purchase is effected by letter; when I say I want the horse and it is sent to me, and I find it restive, then of course it becomes a question whether I am obliged to keep it. This certainly belongs to the general law of warranty; but, as we have admitted restiveness as a redhibitory vice, it is difficult to employ the general law of warranty. Therefore would I construct the reso�lution thus: A purchase by word of honour may be annulled within twenty-four hours after delivery; but a purchase perso�nally completed excludes all and every warranty period with regard to restiveness.

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Professor Fuchs.�I quite agree with the motion of Professor

linelT, and consider the arguments against the admission of restiveuess as a redhibitory defect stated by the other speakers as correct. But I wish to make one observation. The lieporter has mentioned that, in former laws of warranty restiveuess has been named, hut that in more modern laws it has been omitted. He has enumerated several of these, but not the latest, which do not mention restiveuess. Eestiveness is not to bo found in the most modern laws.

Dr. Mi-'ijnal was opposed to the admission of restiveuess as red�hibitory vice.

The lieporter.�Amongst the different redhibitory defects, restiveuess has led to an expression of opinion contrary to our own. Professor Fuchs has stated that in the new laws of Baden, Wiirtemberg, and Bavaria, restiveuess has been omitted. I know the cause of this. Eestiveness was omitted when the Government of Baden, previous to the law being promulgated, consulted competent men, equestrians by profession, on whose advice they acted. Not to injure the agreement, we inWurtem-berg likewise omitted restiveuess. This is the cause. I do not think that a horse could be made so restive iu five days that it could not be cured again in a short time. With regard to the assertion that restiveuess does not possess the qualities of a redhibitory defect, I beg to differ. It cannot be known if a horse which is paraded before an intending buyer, is really fit for the required purpose. This is already mentioned in the General Article. Eestiveness, therefore, is a bidden defect, and in this respect, may be admitted amongst redhibitory vices. I must leave the decision on this subject to the Assembly, as opinions differ so greatly.

The President.�When I put the question to the vote, I shall separate the admissibility of restiveness from the warranty period. I request those gentlemen who desire to have restive�uess of animals of the equine species admitted amongst red�hibitory vices, to rise. (They rise.) It is the minority. I shall try the counter-vote. (They rise.) Eestiveness must, therefore, be omitted; a division on the warranty period is now unnecessary.

The lieporter.�quot; Crib-biting,quot; likewise, was not considered as

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEHIXA�Y CONGRESS. 753

a disease, but as a bad habit. Nevertheless, the utility and value of the animal suffers in consequence. This is the cause that crib-biting is admitted partly with the description, quot; with�out signs of wearing out on the teeth,quot; and partly without any description, into most warranty laws, and especially into the more modern ones. We introduced the addition quot; without difference,quot; as it is generally very difficult to decide it the teeth are worn off a little only or to a greater extent, as there are horses, without being crib-biters, which have filed teeth. It has been said the purchaser must very carefully examine the horse, and he will soon find out if it is a crib-biter or not. But this cannot apply to all eases, and the purchaser, in my opinion, will suffer no injury if crib-biting is considered a redhibitory vice.

Dr. lleyml did not oppose its admission, but would wish to hare a more accurate verbal construction.

1 )r. Zlumal.�T also feel some apprehension with regard to this designation; if crib-biting is to be considered a redhibitory vice it ought to be move accurately designated. It is hen-stated, without distinction�with or without mark on the teeth. But I believe that those crib-biters which rub off the edges ought to bo made subject to redhibitory vices. Every one before purchasing tries to find out how old a horse is, and if the teeth arc regularly worn off or not. This crib-biting, with setting up and wearing off of teeth, must drop, because it is an external defect. With regard to the other crib-biters, it is not only disagreeable to have such a horse in the stable, but it is also detrimental, because all the other horses gradually acquire the habit, and serious consequences ensue. In thisquot; respect, I would be in favour of the admission of crib-biting, but not with a warranty period of seven days' duration. During this time one horse learns the vice from another; of this I am convinced, and experience has proved it. Whoever has a horse twice in his stable, and does not observe it crib-biting, may keep it. If it has not been crib-biting during two days it will not do it afterwards: although it may acquire the habit if it is placed in a stable with other horses which are crib-biters. I am, therefore, of opinion that crib-biting with mark ought to be excluded, but that the other kinds, with a warranty period of forty-eight hours, should be admitted

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Dr. Fuchs.�The Reporter has stated that there is a great similarity between crib-biting and restiveness, and he doubtless intended�so it appeared to me�should crib-biting be admitted, to level a reproach against the former resolution. But there exists no such similarity (cries: quot;IS'oquot;), because crib-biting cannot be taught to a horse in a short time, and I do not think it could be done at all. To recognise crib-biting we require no professional men, no groom or coachman. This alone shows a great differ�ence; and if the Reporter has mentioned that horses which are not crib-biters wear their teeth off likewise, merely in support of the assertion of crib-biting without difference�the crib-biting with and without the wearing off of the teeth�I agree to it. But as soon as the wearing off of teeth is remarked, it ought to create a suspicion that crib-biting is going on, and the person, before buying the horse, will ascertain if this wearing oft' is caused by crib-biting or by something else. I therefore agree with the last speaker, that if crib-biting is to be admitted at all, it ought to bo that without the wearing off of the teeth.

Dr. Husson would desire to have crib-biting entirely ex�cluded.

Dr. Stic/tel.�Gentlemen ; I am in favour of the admission of crib-biting without difference. In Germany, where mangers of stone are now introduced, the teeth may become worn off without crib-biting being the cause. By us, in the kingdom of Poland and in Russia, a great number of military horses are fed from nose-bags; no wearing off of the teeth is observable, and nevertheless they are crib-biters.

Dr. W�st.�If Professor Zlamal is of opinion that the war�ranty period by crib-biting should be limited to twenty-four hours (cries: quot; Forty-eightquot;) or forty-eight hours, I. must oppose him. I desire at least seven or eight days for this purpose. All who have transported many horses know that crib-biting often commences not before the eighth or ninth day, but that a horse often changes proprietors three times before this vice becomes known. It is often found that stallions when they are away from their own stable leave off the habit, and as soon as they return they are again crib-biters.

Dr. Zldmal.�'l'hcse observations deserve great consideration, and in my introductory remarks I took the liberty to name a

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 755

certain time for these warranty periods. Therefore did T say, purchases by word of honour or by agent or letter should, with regard to restiveness, necessitate a warranty period of two days, or, if required, of one day, from the time of delivery. I desire it to be therefore understood that, with regard to the defects mentioned in the list, that the warranty period should commence from the day of delivery. If the defect is not discovered during the transport, it ought, if it really exists, not to be used to the injury of the purchaser, oven if he detects it later. The previous speaker in asserting that horses, if they are fed from stone mangers, wear their teeth off the same as crib-biters, has not damaged the correctness of my statement. But whoever sees these worn and ground teeth in a horse, and does not make certain conditions with regard to the vice, may keep the horse; because, when I see worn-off teeth in a horse, I shall always say, quot;This seems to me to be a crib-biter,quot; and I should, if accessary, ask for a month's time. To establish for this purpose a separate

Ihibitory defect does not appear necessary.

Dr. Gerlaeh (to whom, as a member of the Committee, the Reporter resigned his right to speak in conclusion).�T must state at once that, with regard to this point, I do not acknow�ledge a difference between the wearing off andfthe not wearing off. This would occasion divisions and subdivisions which could not be justifiable. The wearing off happens sometimes to such an extent that the teeth appear quite short, and in that case not even a suspicion can be entertained. 1 have no objection to the entire exclusion of crib-biting, in consideration that restive�ness is also excluded; and with regard to the general warranty obligation, although restiveness is a far more important defect. But if crib-biting is admitted, I am in fa vom- that no difference he made, and that the warranty period of seven days be not further reduced. Crib-biting, as previously stated, does not appear on the first day, but often when the purchaser is trans�porting the animal at his own expense.

The President.�I believe 1 may now bring this point to the vote, namely, the general question first, if crib-biting is to be admitted at all. (Assent.) I request those gentlemen who are m favour of the admission of crib-biting as a redhibitory vice to rise. (They rise.) The result is not quite certain. I request

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those gentlemen who arc in favour of the admission of crib-biting without difference, in accordance with the motion of the Committee, to rise. (They vise.) It is the minority. I now reqviest those gentlemen who arc in favour of tlie admission of crib-biting without the wearing off of teetli to rise. (They rise.) It is again the minority, the entire motion is therefore re�jected.

Dr. Eamtseh.�As it is getting rather late, I beg to propose the adjournment of to-day's meeting, determining before doing so the subjects for deliberation to-morrow.

The President.�Is the proposal for the close of to-day's debates adopted? Gentlemen who desire it will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. Before I proceed, in accordance with a previously adopted resolution, to road again the promises of gentlemen with regard to proposals and lectures which I communicated to the Assembly yesterday, I must state that I intend to place, under all circumstances, the continuance of to�day's deliberation on the fourth subject of the programme on the order of the day for tomorrow; also the communications of gentlemen who have acquired experiences with regard to the results of the First International Congress of Yeteriuary Surgeons. I shall now submit to you the contents of each separate motion, and I beg of yon to decide by vote which shall be commnnieatod during the assembling of the present Congress, and which shall he handed over to Director Zangger for con�sideration, with regard to their being brought before the next Congress. (Reads the communications verbally, the same as in the fourth mooting.)

Dr. JlawiUch.�Amongst these questions, not to mention the proposal by Professor Fuchs, I believe it would be con�sidered most important by the Assembly to hear the communi�cations about Siberian Plague, which occasioned during last year such terrible ravages in Russia that the Governments of other States were terror-stricken, and asked by telegraph of the Government at St. Petersburg if it were really true that the Siberian Plague was prevalent to such terrible extent amongst human beings. I believe it would be highly interesting to receive some information on the subject. The answering of the first question from Professor Keynal. with regard to the

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 7.quot;),

possibility of transferring Rinderpest to goats and sheep, would not require much time and could likewise bo placed on the order of the day. The second question, if Rinderpest is originated primarily in Russia, is, I am afraid, not capable of solution, and therefore I think it advisable to pass it by. With reference to the inoculation question, I can inform the Assembly that the St. Petersburg Committee has published already, in the Russian language, the results of all inoculations which have been performed iu Russia since 1852, and that they will be translated in the course of two or three months into the French and probably German languages, when the Assembly will be in possession of materials to form a decision on the subject; at present there are only a few persons able to speak about it. 1 believe, therefore, that, with the exception of the lecture by Professor Jessen, the questiou of Rinderpest should stand ad�journed to the next Congress.

Dr. Qerlach.�1 likewise propose that, in consideration of lime, the deliberations of the present Congress should be limited to the inoculation for Rinderpest and to the Siberian Plague. The consideration of the other subjects would require too much time, and we could not discuss them as they deserve, especially that with regard to Pleuro-pueumonia. I believe we would act in the interests of science if we adjourn their discussion to the next Congress, when we shall have gained more experience and shall be better able to grant them the requisite attention.

Dr. Jessen.�If gentlemen should desire to hear my communi�cation on Rinderpest, I beg to remark that its reading would not take more than a quarter of an hour.

The President.�I request those gentlemen who are in favour that during the present meeting of the Congress, besides the reports with regard to the results which -were produced by the first Congress, only the communications which were promised by Professors Unterberger and Rawitsch on the Siberian Plague, and the communications by Professor Jessen on inoculation for Rinderpest, should be brought before the Assembly, to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. On the order of the day for to�morrow we have, therefore�Continuation of the debates on the fourth subject of the programme; Communications of gentle�men with regard to results produced by the resolutions of the

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first Congress; and lastly, Lectures on the Siberian Plague. The meeting stands adjourned till to-morrow.

Sixth Meeting, 26th August, 1865, President, Dr. Hull; Secretaries, Drs. Forstee and Pbobstmatb,

The Secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting, which were adopted. The President then acknowledged the receipt, of several pamphlets and veterinary implements, after which he requested the Assembly to take up the consideration of the fourth subject of the programme.

The Reporter.�quot;We arrived in our deliberations yesterday as far as Cataract. It is well known that several forms of cataract, are extant, of which only one�namely, the black cata�ract�has been admitted in most laws as a redhibitory defect, because it is difficult to recognise, difficult to cure, and exerts great influence on the utility of the animal. It was proposed in the Committee to admit all modifications of cataract under the title quot;cataract-delects.quot; If the different existing laws arc com�pared, cataract will be found to appear under this heading only in the Hanoverian law. I believe, therefore, if the admittance of cataract is decided on, care ought to bo taken to make a dis�tinction between the black cataract, which is admitted in most laws with a general period of eight days, and the grey cataract, which may be detected easier, and which has been nowhere admitted as a redhibitory defect.

] h^-. Fuchs.�Considering that the black cataract cannot�or, at all events, not at once�be detected by non-professional men, I would be in favour of its admission: and in consideration also that it possesses all qualifications which constitute a defect, as a redhibitory defect. But it is very difficult to determine with regard to it a period of warranty, because it may become developed in a very short time. If it is therefore intended to admit black cataract as a redhibitory defect, I would be in favour of a very short period of warranty; especially as, in consequence of (he possibility of its being originated over-night, it remains according to most laws with the vendor to prove that the horse

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was without the defect previous to the sale, 01¹ rather the delivery.

Dr. G-erlach.�NVith regard to the general warranty obligation, I am in favour that all forms of cataract should he omitted. If the black cataract has always been preferred, I consider this very wrong; and if it is proposed to-day that it ought to be admitted alone, I cannot agree to that, because it becomes too quickly developed to bo considered a redhibitory defect. The consideration was always mentioned that it cannot be detected; but if it is sufficiently developed aud the auimal becomes blind, it can soon be discovered. But the grey cata�ract has, in my opinion unjustly, been always excluded. If by grey-cataract is understood a developed cloudiness of tiie crystal-lens, then, of course, any one may detect it; but if it is viewed as simply a partial dimness, which may in time become general, then its detection is not so easy, and it only becomes apparent when it is fully developed. The grey cataract never originates as quickly as the black. If the grey cataract has settled on one eye, the loss of the other may likewise be expected. The black cataract appears more frequently than the grey, on one eye likewise, as I know from experience. I would, there�fore, if the black cataract is admitted, decidedly desire the admission of the grey.

Dr. �SZim^m^ (Augsburg).�Gentlemen j the law of warranty which I should desire to propose would be very short. My care would only extend to general, not to individual cases. The individual may protect himself: he enters into a personal agree�ment, comes to a personal understanding with regard to the sale which he effects; therefore let the buyer, in contradistinc�tion to the vendor, take care of himself. My care extends to the general welfare, and I am therefore in favour that only contagious diseases should be admitted into the law of war�ranty; even these may prove injurious to individuals. Some�body, for example, possesses a horse suffering from glanders ; he will not kill it, but tries to sell it. I am therefore only in favour of the admission of contagious diseases.

Dr. Zlchaal.�I would have had no objections whatever, if the majority of the Assembly had remained satisfied with the general warranty obligation. But, as we have concerned ourselves

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about special redhibitory defects, and have decided on some of tlieni, and after we ourselves have determined the criterion, which a defect of this description must possess, we cannot now shrink from them. If there exists a redhibitory defect, which possesses all the necessary qualifications, this is the black cata�ract. I would not know how to recognise it in any other manner, especially if the blindness exists only on one eye, than by em�ploying the eye-reflector, and 1 scarcely think this can be intro�duced into stables. Every one will remember what difficulties are to be overcome, in order to determine the existence of this defect. At all events .1 am iu favour of the admission of black cataract amongst redhibitory defects. Why the grey cataract is proposed for admission 1 do not know: it belongs to the visible defects; a slight dimness does no harm, because the animal is still able to see and its utility is not decreased. Of the green cataract I do not intend to speak. I quite agree to the pro�position that the warranty period for the black cataract should be as short as possible, and nut, as is at present the case in my country, last a month : two or three days are sufficient to enable any purchaser to try his coach or saddle horse and detect the defect.

Dr. Pillivax.�I am likewise in favour of the admission of the black cataract as a redhibitory defect: it possesses beyond doubt all the requisite qualifications. It is quite impossible that a non-professional man should detect it�not alone when its develop�ment has just commenced and exists only in one eye, but even when its development has considerably progressed. We all know that even a veterinary surgeon must employ increased vigilance to discover the presence of black cataract, and if it has once settled on one eye ; we know likewise that in cases where no influence has been exerted on one eye, in consequence of which the disease originated, that the animal will soon lose the sight of the other eye ; and it is an established fact that a horse;, especially a saddle-horse, when it is half-blind, cannot be depended on. Only when harnessed together with a horse which is able to see, is it of any use. But when the cataract is completely developed the horse is utterly useless. This disease, therefore, possesses all the qualifications of a redhibitory defect. In cases of grey cataract the circumstances are different, At the commencement

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it is very difficult for a non-professional man to detect its presence ; but if only a few cataract spots are apparent, it is a sign of the conuuencement of the disease, and if the owner but regards the animal with a slight amount of attention lie will soon bo able to discover the cataract, because such an eye presents a different appearance to one which is entirely unclouded. The owner will at least be induced, if lie possesses no further knowledge, to consult a veterinary surgeon in order to obtain information. In cases of black cataract this is not the case: no change is apparent in the eye, because the trifling change with regard to the enlargement of the pupil cannot be discovered; and thus it may happen that the disease is entirely overlooked, and one niay buy a horse which is quite useless. The reasons which I have just stated induce me to A'ote in favour of the black cata�ract being retained as a redhibitory defect. But I am likewise of opinion that the still existing warranty period of thirty days is too long, because the disease may become developed in a lav shorter period. I therefore propose that a term of seven days be decided on.

Dr. Self mann.�That the black cataract ought to belong to the redhibitory defects no one can deny, as it is quite correct that the disease cannot be readily discovered either by owners of horses or professional men, and only after careful observation is a decision possible. But the grey cataract, when completely developed, can be discovered easily enough, and ought, there�fore, not to be considered as a redhibitory defect. But when only a slight dimness is apparent in the centre of the eye, it will often be found difficult, especially by owners, to deter�mine the existence of the grey cataract. It has been stated that, in such cases it cannot be considered as a redhibitory defect, because such a cataract cannot decrease the utility of the animal. This, in my opinion, is not the case. A horse entirely blind may be driven, and the coachman knows that he has to proceed carefully; but to drive a horse which can see a little is very difficult and dangerous, because many objects which the horse cannot see distinctly will frighten it. From this point of view it appears to me that the grey cataract ought likewise to be admitted as a redhibitory defect; but oidy when its develop�ment has just commenced. It ought likewise to be added.

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with regard to the grey as well as the black cataract, that the diseases of the eye which ought to be admitted shall be con�sidered as redhibitory defects, even if they are only settled at the time on one eye only. The grey cataract likewise com�mences on one eye and extends to the other. If this is not stated accurately it may occasion serious disputes.

1 gt;r. Frank.�That which has been mentioned with regard to the different forms of cataract applies likewise to the green cataract; and lam astonished it has not been mentioned before, because amongst the different forms which the disease assumes it is most difficult to discover, and appears very often. If, there�fore, the other forms of cataract are admitted as redhibitory defects, I would propose that the law should likewise extend to the green cataract with a warranty period of seven days. It is, as I stated before, most difficult to detect, and can nearly always be only discovered in darkness; it becomes developed very slowly, and, like all varieties of cataract, decreases the utility of the horse.

Ur. Zwiclcl.�1 beg permission to relate one case. I had been in practice already many years, and an instance came under my notice where a horse was apparently perfectly healthy on one eye. The animal was intended for cavalry service, and a general ofiieer, as well as myself and several others, had examined the horse without bein^ able to detect the slightest difference in the appearance of one eye from the other, although it was afterwards discovered one eye was perfectly healthy and on the other was the black cataract. Therefore cases ma}^r occur which will necessitate great attention on the part of veterinarians before the presence of black cataract can bo discovered.

The .Reporter.�Nearly all the speakers were of opinion that the black cataract possesses the necessary qualifications of a redhibitory defect, and ought, therefore, to be retained as such. Now, we have to decide whether the grey and green cataract shall also be admitted. In accordance with my personal experience, it is apparent that the black cataract occurs, in opposition to the experience of my colleague Gerlach, more frequently on both eyes than on one: it generally is caused by apoplexy. The only circumstance which might be mentioned against the admis�sion of black cataract is, that it often makes its appearance

SECOND INTEENATIONAL VE'J'EIMXAKY CONGRESS. 763

.suddenly. It is often suddenly discovered after an opexation has been performed on some other part of the body, and then it generally appears on both eyes. The grey cataract originates, as a rule, only on one eye, which does not decrease the utility of the animal to such an extent. If the grey cataract is admitted as a redhibitory defect, it could only be at its commencement, when cataract-spots appear, because the fully-developed disease does not possess the qualities and character of a redhibitory defect. It is not usual to include a part of the duration of a disease in a law, but the name is stated, and is then considered as a redhibitory defect from its commencement to its close. It is likewise difficult to admit the grey cataract as a redhibitory defect, because in one Article of the Law Project (Article 177) there is stated (which is generally found in all laws) : quot;Accord�ing to the Article 175, the vendor is no longer responsible if the buyer has known the existence of the defects at the time the contract was completed, or quot;�and this is most important�quot;if he could have discovered them by using the usual care, without reference if they could have been discovered by everybody, or only by the buyer, in consequence of his being a professional man.quot; 'The law docs not require the buyer to be a professional man; but when common care only was necessary to discover the defects, the warranty obligation ceased. Therefore ought the purchaser to be very careful in such cases. Not to protract the subject too much, it would be best to decide by vote, if black cataract is to be admitted as a redhibitory vice.

The President.�If gentlemen have no objections, the question could be put to the vote in the most general construction: Is cataract to bo considered as a redhibitory defect ? Gentlemen who think it ought will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted by a very decided majority. Secondly, shall black cataract be considered as a redhibitory defect ? Gentlemen who are in favour of it will please to rise. (They rise.) Adopted by a largo majo�rity. Is grey cataract to be admitted as a redhibitory defect ? Gentlemen who think so will please to rise. (They rise.) It is a minority. Is the green cataract to be admitted as a red�hibitory defect? Gentlemen in favour of it will please to rise. (They rise.) It is likewise a minority. Black cataract is now admitted as a redhibitory defect, and the other two forms have

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been rejected. A motion ought now to be proposed Nvith regard to the warranty period. It appears from the speeches of gentle�men that a majority are in favour of the adoption of a shorter term.

The Reporter.�The duration of the warranty period differs greatly in the various laws. The two oldest liaA'e a period of twenty-eight days' duration; the more modern ones have eight, Saxony live, Hanover five days. 1 believe the debate will revolve round two periods�either from five to eight days, or if we intend to remain by weeks, five to seven days.

Dr. Hertwig.�Gentlemen; as you all well know, black cata�ract is to be ascribed to various morbid conditions. I do not think that twenty-eight days are ever required for its development, if it appears as disease of the eyes alone. It may be produced very quickly; a single strong concussion of the pupil will cause it, therefore a very short term ought to be iixed for this red-bibitory defect, i believe that a period of from five to eight days would be amply sufficient.

Dr. JPiUwax.�I beheve we could just as well remain by the division of weeks, and decide on seven days.

The President.�Gentlemen who are in favour of a warranty period of seven days, in reference to black cataract, will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

The Reporter.�We now come to glanders, suspicious strangles, and ringworm. Much which might be said with regard to glanders is applicable to the other two defects. They are named separately, although they are intimately associated with each other. Glanders is a redhibitory defect, which is found men�tioned in all laws. In the most ancient times the necessity was felt to consider glanders as a redhibitory defect, and the prin�cipal question in connexion with it was to lix the duration of the warranty period. This is a subject upon which a great deal could be said; but as it is so generally known I pass it by. I believe we might at once proceed to put it to the vote.

Dr. Rawitsch.�I only intend to observe with regard to glanders that a warranty period of fourteen days' duration is too long. All gentlemen here present know that glanders can be produced within three, four, or eight days, by means of infection. There�fore, any one intending to get rid of a newly-bought horse may

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 765

hare it infected with glanders, and I do not see why a period of fourteen days' duration is required.

Dr. ffusson suggested, for the protection of the vendor, an addi�tion which he took from the Belgian law : quot; If the animal, since its delivery, has not been in contact with other animals suffering from the disease.quot;

Dr. JRawitach,�I withdraw my motion provided that of Pro�fessor Jlnsson is adopted.

Dr. Jessen.�For glanders, suspicioias strangles, and ringworm, a warranty period of fourteen days has been fixed, which I con�sider too short. With regard to glanders, fourteen days, and even less, will be qnite sufficient to note the appearance of glanders in animals which have been infected by means of inocu�lation. But we do not know whether there exists another mode of infection which might cause an incubation period of a longer duration. With regard to suspicious strangles, I would draw attention to the fact that no veterinary surgeon ever gets a horse to cure, the disease of which he is able to ascertain at once as suspicious strangles. It is doubtful whether a horse; which arrives with glanders could be considered as suspicions after the expiration of fourteen days. The same applies to ringworm. 1 lielieve, therefore, that the fourteen days ought to be prolonged.

Dr. Ftich-s.�I beg leave to make a formal observation. In the motion are mentioned glanders and ringworm. It is well known that the appellation quot; wormquot; is ambiguous. To denomi�nate it quot;ringwormquot; would certainly be most accurate; but as glanders and ringworm are, as was already previously stated by the Reporter, essentially the same disease, I would propose to say, glanderous disease of worms. With regard to the suspicious strangles, I would not select that name. The existence of a suspicious gland is still disputed, and this disputation is justifiable, as glanders being a specific disease, cannot become developed from the gland. I would, therefore, not select this name, but would prefer to denominate it glanderous diseases of worms.

Dr. Ileech.�I propose that the Assembly adopt the warranty period submitted by the Committee. The fact that other dis�eases exist which have a liquid discharge should not be lost sight of; for example, the mild form of carbuncles. There are also other diseases, follicular abscesses, Ac, whore the produce

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of the disease is absorbed by the lymph-vessels, and a swelling of the glands is the consequence.

lgt;r. Zldmal.�With reference to the warranty period, I quite agree with the last speaker. But I should wish to have especial importance attached to the observation of Professor Fuchs. The appellations are, in reality, not of a scientific character; I would rather say glandular-worm, instead of worm, in order to describe to a certain extent the disease ; especially suspicion of glanders, instead of suspected glands or strangles.

Dr. Tscheming.�I beg to remark that in Denmark we treat suspected strangles like glandular worm.

Dr. Zangger.�I will support the motion of the Committee. Against the term glanders 1 believe there is no objection, neither is there against ringworm. Our debate revolves, therefore, round suspected glands or strangles. If we do not consider suspected strangles as a redhibitory defect, there are many doubtful cases by which the animal in question will have to be kept weeks and months, which occasions expenses. As, therefore, the animal which is already suffering from a suspicion of strangles would not be brought into the market, in order to avoid protracted disputes, it would be better to retain the old appellation of suspected gland or strangles. I think the name better than quot; suspected glanders.quot;

Dr. Satory.�1 must protest against the adoption of the short term of fourteen clays with regard to glanders, suspected strangles, and ringworm, and beg to propose that the period should be extended to thirty days; because 1 believe I am able to justify this, without mentioning many other cases, by a ease which occurred very recently. Last year glanders had been spread in Brunn, in consequence of the ignorance and con�cealment of a farrier, to such an extent that only the killing of seventeen horses within three mouths rendered the suppres�sion of the disease possible, and a careful disinfection pre�vented its reappearance. A short warranty period does not protect the purchaser against pecuniary losses, neither is he protected against the danger of having his other horses infected, in consequence of his buying an already infected animal; the lixin^ of a short period of warranty ought therefore to be avoided.

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Dr. Seifmann.�The question has been raised, if the phrase suspicion of glanders, or suspected glands, ought to be em�ployed. The disease intended to bo described by this designation has been admitted into all languages, into cur lansruaore it is translated literally. Neither of the two names appears to me quite correct; but as wo do not wish to offend our preceptors by introducing new names, I propose to name the disease, the so-called suspected gland.

The Reporter.�It may be objected to Professor Uawitsch's remark, that the warranty period is too long, that the purchaser may infect the horse to get rid of it, and that if he does so the disease will probably not appear during the period of war�ranty, but later, and he, of course, will then be the injured party. If attempts are made to infect with glanders, it will be seen that the disease does not appear before weeks have passed. It would therefore be a great risk for a purchaser to infect a horse with the virus of glanders in order to return it.

Professor Ihmon said the French law ordains, that in case an animal with a contagious disorder is to bo returned, the warranty obligation ceases, if it can be proved that during the warranty period the animal had been in contact with others suffering from the disease. This is a very correct and natural measure. It is stated in our law in a few words : '^: The pre�sumption that the horse, if during the period of warranty a redhibitory defect appears, has had already this defect before the sale remains in force, according to the expression of the law, until the contrary has been proved.quot; If, therefore, the vendor is able to prove that the horse has been infected after its delivery, his responsibility ceases. The question therefore is, if glanders are to be admitted, and how long the period of war�ranty is to last.

The President.�Is quot;glandersquot; admitted as a redhibitory defect ? Gentlemen who are in favour of it will rise. (They rise.) The motion is adopted.

Dr. Fuchs.�I beg to observe that I consider it better to put the formal motion first to the vote.

The President.�I urn afraid we could not express it differently. Every peasant, who possesses a horse, knows the meaning of

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the expressions quot;ringworm and glanders.quot; Wo have in me�dicine and veterinary science names of diseases whicli date from ancient times, and in their application we have only to take care to connect them with the correct comprehension ; as a proof I may mention the old names of skin and hoof diseases, Arc. As glanders has been admitted as a redhibitory defect, we have now to consider the duration of the warranty period. Those gentlemen who are infavonr that this period should last fourteen days will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted by a large majority. The next point is, suspected glands.

The Reporter,�The expression, suspected glands, only appears in modern times. In the older laws it is not mentioned. The suspected gland is, as it were, an addition to glanders; in admitting it into the law we extend the warranty period for glanders, and thus satisfy the demand of Professor Jessen, who desires a longer warranty period at the commencement, as suspected gland, and later as glanders. Cases sometimes occur when it cannot be decided whether a horse is really glanderous, and a case of this description is far more dangerous, than one in which it is ascertained the animal is actually suffering from glanders. The expression quot;suspected glandquot;' leaves much to be wished for. But laws are made for the people, and expressions must be used which the people can understand. If we ventured to use scientific terms we would everywhere meet with opposi�tion. The veterinary surgeon knows what to understand by suspected gland, and in case of necessity instructions must be published for the correct application of the law, so that all doubts may be removed. No matter if isolated cases of a doubful character occur, this cannot be prevented. It has been proposed that the warranty period for suspected gland shall be iourteen days. The Hanoverian law, and that of Saxony, fix it at fifteen days ; Austria, likewise, has fifteen days. The question must again be separated in two parts ; namely, is the disease to be admitted, and if so, with what period of warranty.

The President.�The subject has already been discussed during the deliberations on glanders. I. request those gentlemen who desire that suspected gland shall be considered as a redhibitory delect, to rise. (They rise.) If is the majority. Those gentle-

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men who agree to a warranty period of fourteen days, as pro�posed by the Committee, will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

Dr. JFuchs.�l proposed a motion which was supported, and I think it ought to be put to the vote. The motion 1 submitted was supported by Professor Zlanial.

The President.�I beg to put the motion of Professor Fuchs, namely, to make use of the expression quot; glandular diseases of worms.quot; to the vote. Gentlemen who are in favour of its adop�tion will please to rise. Seven gentlemen only agree to it.

The Blt;ipo7'fer.�We now proceed to ringworm. It has been remarked that the word quot; worm quot; is not a fitting term. This is quite correct, and I must state that, in accordance with the motion of the Committee, it must stand quot; ringworm,quot; As it was necessary to print the motions of the Committee, my manu�script was given up for that purpose, and to the haste with which the publication was conducted, is to be attributed the cause that the expression had not been altered. In accordance with the motion of the Committee, the expression is quot; ring�worm.quot;

Dr. Gerlach.�I protest against the expression quot;ringworm,quot; and propose instead, quot;worm-disease.quot;

The Presiihut.�Does any one else wish to speak ? (No one.) I shall now proceed to put the different expressions to the vote. Gentlemen who desire that the word quot; worm quot; should be used will please to rise. (They rise.) It is the minority. I request, gentlemen who wish to have the expression quot; ringworm quot; adopted, to rise. (They rise.) It is the majority; the expression quot; ring�wormquot; is therefore selected.

The Reporter.�We now come to the warranty period; its duration is fourteen or fifteen days; only in older laws is a longer period considered necessary. Austria has thirty, Switzer�land twenty, but Prance only nine days. The motion of the Com�mittee is that the duration of the warranty period be fixed at fourteen days.

The President.�I shall put the motion to the vote. Is the warranty period with regard to ringworm to be fixed at fourteen days ? Those gentlemen who desire this will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. Professor Husson has expressed a

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desire that to these three diseases .should be added a portion of the Belgian law, namely, quot; If the animal, since it was delivered to the purchaser, has not been in contact with other animals which were suffering from the disease.quot; Those gentlemen who are in favour of the motion of Professor llnsson will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is rejected.

The Beporter.�The next point is the broken wind. Wo have used this expression purposely, although objections may he raised, because quot; broken windquot; is the expression more commonly used. The Committee agree to propose quot;broken windquot; without regard to the seat as a redhibitory defect, although some laws make a distinction between the common broken wind and wheezing. Others have not made tiiis distinction, and doubts have been raised if whistling should bo considered as a redhibi�tory defect. To evade these doubts we have selected dyspnoea or impaired respiration without regard to the seat.

Dr. FucJis.� It is here stated quot; without regard to the seat of the dyspnoea.quot; With this, it is probably intended to express as was previously observed, that roaring which may have its seat in the respiration organs shall be included. I have to state, with respect to the former, that quot; broken wind,quot; has always its seat in the organs of respiration. But the internal causes which produce these appearances, have their seat in different parts of the body ; for this reason I would prefer to say, quot; without regard to the seat of the internal causes of broken wind.quot;

The Mcporfcr.�The Committee proposes tho admission of dyspncea, with the addition of quot; without regard to the seat.quot; The amendment of Professor Fuchs, quot; without regard to the seat of the internal causes,quot; seems to intimate that there are also external causes. But this is a subject which requires first a more careful iuvestigation.

The President.�Arc there any objections to the expression dyspncea ? Those gentlemen who wish to have the dyspncea, without regard to seat, admitted as a redhibitory defect, will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is adopted.

Dr. Fuchs.�I would wish to have added to it in parenthesis quot; roaring.quot;

The President.�Those gentlemen who desire that the general expression quot;dyspncea,quot; should include likewise quot;roaring,quot; will

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 771

please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted by a majority. Now, we have only to fix the number of days.

The Reporter.�Amongst all redhibitory defects there is none which has so uniform a warranty period as the disease in question. We find everywhere a duration of fourteen or fifteen days, with the exception of Franco where nine days, and Prussia where twenty-eight days have been detennined. As we have adopted the division by weeks as a principle, and us the Dresden Commission has proposed fourteen days, the Committee agreed to likewise propose a period of warranty of fourteen days' dura�tion for this disease.

The President.�I shall put the motion of the Committee to the vote. Gentlemen who desire the adoption of a warranty period of fourteen days' duration for this defect, will please to rise. (They- rise.) It, is adopted.

The Reporter.�Staggers (Dummkolier) is a redhibitory defect, which has been everywhere admitted, although often only under the name of quot; furious staggers quot; (Koller). Hero likewise we have two forms, which have often been mentioned separately, and have thus been admitted into other laws. Some have simply-used quot; staggers quot; (Koller), others have admitted only one of the two forms, namely, that which until now was described as the silent or dull staggers (Dummkoller), and that which is desig�nated furious staggers (Koller). Herein is contained a great difference. I believe it would be advisable to use the more general expression. The Commission therefore proposed (silent) sluggers (Dummkoller), and intended to convey by this appel�lation the chronic form of the disease. What ought to be understood by furious staggers is still partly doubtful; some consider the (silent) staggers as such, because it causes at times attacks of furious madness ; others consider it as a more acute form, which according to its character ought uot to be included in redhibitory defects. Cases will certainly occur where it will be very difficult to decide at once. The Committee proposes to admit (silent) staggers amongst the number of redhibitory de�fects ; upon this there can scarcely be any difference of opinion. Perhaps the designation may be made the subject of further deliberation.

Dr. Zldmal.�The designation (silent) staggers (Dummkoller)

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has already given rise to many misunderstandingSj and will do the same I believe in future : so that if a veterinary surgeon lias to give a certificate, and is not guided by the custom of the country, or does not add (silent) staggers, because he has seen the animal in a state of furious madness, the judge will not accept the certificate. Under these circumstances I would not say (silent) staggers, because this excludes all other forms of the disease, but would use the more general word quot; staggers.quot;

Dr. Fuchs.�I support this proposition.

Dr. Gerlaeh.�The word quot;staggersquot; lias given rise to much confusion amongst professional men, and lias led to long and expensive lawsuits, therefore its use ought to be avoided. The collective name '#9632; staggers quot; is employed for all diseases of the brain, and inflammation of the brain : if it is erqployed for all these it will be found difficult to describe by it a particular form of brain disease. The form which lias a chronic course is designated with the usual name of quot; (silent) staggers,quot; and 1 believe, from considerations of expediency, we would do well to retain the use of this name. I would abolish the use of the word quot; staggers quot; entirely, and adopt in its stead quot; chronic dropsy of the brain;quot; but I fear this phrase is too scientific, and on this account 1 am in favour of (silent) staggers.

Dr. Hartwig.�1 will support this view of the question.

Dr. JIusson proposed the close of the debate¹.

The President.�Are there any objections against the debate being brought to a close? (None.)

The Reporter.�The designation (silent) staggers seems to me, if an addition is at all intended to be made to the general ex�pression, most fit. I therefore propose that this redhibitory defect is put to the vote under this designation, in accordance with the motion of the Committee.

The President,�I put the motion of the Committee to the vote. Those gentlemen who desire to have (silent) staggers admitted amongst the number of redhibitory defects will please to rise. (They rise.) It is admitted.

The Reporter.�The warranty period of (silent) staggers varies between fifteen and thirty days. The more modern laws gene�rally order a duration of twenty-one days; and this period is sufficient to discover the staggers, and serves to protect the

SECOND IXTE�NATIOXAL VETEKINARY CONGRESS.

vendor should a horse get the disease during the warranty period. There had been proposed formerly fourteen days; but the other view gained ground, and in the more modern laws twenty-one days were adopted. It has been mentioned several times that the laws of W�rtemberg, Baden, and Hesse, rest on the same foundation. With regard to the original project, Baden and W�rtemberg were agreed: ljut, from political causes, Hesse deviated from this agreement, and fixed the duration of the warranty period for (silent) staggers at twenty-eight days. The Committee, as previously stated, proposes a duration of twenty-one days.

Dr. Weber.�I consider twenty-one days too long a period, and request the Assembly to reduce it to fourteen days. In modern laws, and in all the resolutions this Assembly have adopted, a desire is expressed to shorten these periods as much as possible. Experience has completely convinced me that from one quarter to one-third of the amount of horses affected with staggers, which give rise to lawsuits, became diseased through being placed by the purchaser in bad, ill-ventilated stables, und being fed with too nutritious food.

The President.�I request those gentlemen in favour of the motion of the Committee to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

The lieporter.�Next in order come, epilepsy and vertigo; and here two diseases have been placed in the same category; many members, however, thought they were not identical. Epilepsy was formerly admitted in most laws as a redhibitory defect. The disease led to a great amount of fear, and this was probably the reason that it was admitted as a redhibitory defect. Epilepsy in the horse is, in my opinion, of very rare occurrence, With vertigo, the case is different. In the delibe�rations of the Committee it was placed together with epilepsy bv a majority of six votes to two.

Dr. Hmson.�Epilepsy exists in the horse, but certainly not as a redhibitory defect, as its presence cannot be ascertained without the veterinary surgeon being continually with the pur�chaser.

Dr. Ilertwig.�I take the liberty to ask a question, which has already been touched ou slightly by Professor llussou, namely, whether the diseases epilepsy and vertigo can be admitted

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amongst those redhibitory detects which may be described us having existed already within a certain period. I do not think so. .1 have made numerous observations with regard to these diseases, and amongst them the following: I found a horse suffering from epilepsy and vertigo. I had it even in hand. The horse had been sold by the original proprietor, and after some time, between fourteen days and four weeks, had an attack. Some one had given a hint to the now proprietor to that effect, lie consulted me, and, after what I already knew of the horse, I could not very well denounce it. I examined the animal, it was a handsome carriage horse. With its proprietor 1 drove every day, during three or four weeks. We were in places where light and shade were changing, where water was near, which threw its glittering reflex on the eyes of the horse, i tried everything to produce an attack; but no attack came until some months afterwards. This is a ease in which I knew the antecedents of the animal. The admission of this disease as a redhibitory defect will be rendered impossible when we fix the corresponding period of warranty. Take the defect as existing, and answer the question during what period it will give to the purchaser a claim to legal redress. I am in favour of the omission of both defects.

Dr. G-erlach.�quot;With regard to the general warranty obliga�tion, 1 am. on principle, in favour of its omission, and the same reason which has already been mentioned influences me likewise. But this does not seem to me sufficient. These defects may often be proved by witnesses. If any one has bought a horse, and has received information in an indirect manner that the horse is suffering from the disease, it is sufficient if he proves this by means of witnesses. For cases of this de�scription, a certain time must be granted. If there existed no period for this purpose, it would be very difficult to adduce proofs. Therefore, with regard to the general warranty obliga�tion, I think these two defects must be omitted. But if we admit them, it would likewise be necessary to fix a time in which the purchaser could have been able to acquire a knowledge with regard to his horse, but months may be required for this purpose, and we cannot prolong the warranty period to such an extent.

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SECOKD INTERNATIONAL VETEUINAKY CONGRESS. 7/0

Dr. JIusson proposed that the debate should close.

The lieporter.�The fact, that in epilepsy it is difficult to prove the existence of the redhibitory defect, ought not to prevent its admission. This concerns the purchaser, who has to adduce the proof. It is impossible to place a veterinary surgeon for a term of four weeks beside a horse; and the judge must be satisfied if the case is proved by witnesses, so lie is convinced that, according to the evidence of professional men, the disease exists. 1 beg to propose that, first, the question should be put to the vote, if epilepsy is to be admitted as a redhibitory defect? secondly, if vertigo belongs to it? and lastly, what period of warranty ought to he determined ?

Dr. Gerlcwh.�This question was discussed in the Committee, and it was especially pointed out that it would be difficult to establish a distinction, and as both diseases are of the same character, it was preferred from reasons of expediency to connect them, in order to avoid disputes amongst professional men.

The President.�I shall now put the question to the vote. Those gentlemen who desire that epilepsy and vertigo should be admitted as redhibitory defects by animals of the equine species will please to rise. (They rise.) It is a most decided minority.

Dr. Ulrich.�I believe it would be better to vote separately on the two diseases; first on epilepsy and then on vertigo.

The President.�Do gentlemen wish to vote separately on these diseases? (They are put to the vote.) It is again a minority.

The lieporter.�Lunar blindness is the last amongst the red�hibitory defects. The manner in which it appears, only at stated periods, qualifies it already as a redhibitory defect. I do not think any doubt can exist about it. The laws in general aoree to it, and only in the law of Switzerland is it omitted.

The President.�Does any gentleman desire to speak about this subject. (So one.) Those gentlemen who are in favour of the admission of lunar blindness amongst the redhibitory defects by animals of the equine species will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted. Arc the words in parenthesis, quot; periodical inflammation of the eyes,quot; likewise to be admitted? Gentlemen desiring this will please to rise. (They rise.) It is likewise adopted.

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The Reporter.�As period of warranty, the Committee proposes twenty-eight days. The already existing laws vary considerably

iu reference to this, between 28, oU, 40, and even (JO days, as is ilxed by the Hanoverian law. But there certainly exists no disease where it is more difficult to determine a warranty period which would satisfy all parties. Opinions differ, especially with regard to the commencement of the disease. It was therefore necessary to fix an average period, of which it was believed that it would be sufficient in most cases, although some will always occur which will pass beyond it. The Committee has agreed to an average period of twenty-eight days, and is of opinion that a more prolonged period cannot bo relied on with any amount of certainty.

Dr. Gerlach,�In the Committee I voted with the minority. 1 was in favour of a longer warranty period, because the disease never originated because of any sudden influence, but always after a lapse of time. A longer period of warrant}' causes no increased danger to the vendor; but to the purchaser it would procure, which lies already iu the nature of the subject, in�creased security. I am in favour of at least six weeks, or forty-two days.

Dr. Hertwig.�Gentlemen; I would likewise be in favour of a longer warranty period if there did not occur another disease, which is so extraordinarily similar to the periodical inflammation of the eyes, that it is often difficult.to distinguish one from the other. Those are those internal inflammations of the eyes which in some years, when influenza is prevalent amongst horses and presents the striking rheumatic character, make their appearance. It sometimes happens then that the entire eye becomes inflamed, that greenish exudations take place iu the interior, and that the similarity to real lunar blindness is very great. In these cases the vendor, beyond doubt, has sold a healthy horse. The bought horse has, during the twenty-eight days, been exposed to such influences that influenza or other acute rheumatic febriculous symptoms have been caused. The period of twenty-eight days passes, the disease becomes developed, and the purchaser must suffer the damage; twenty-eight days are, in my opinion, (piite sufficient in the majority of cases. But now I shall speak in the interest of the vendor. He

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possesses a horse which, is suffering from lunar brightness. Say the disease exists to-day, but at least ten tu fourteen days more are required until its course is so far finished that the eye appears again clear and unclouded, and thus the purchaser may be deceived. Thus, since the last attack, fourteen days have passed, to this must be added the twenty-eight days' new warranty period, and we have six weeks, or from forty to forty-two days; so that even in the interest of the vendor twenty-eight days are amply sufficient.

Dr. Gerlach.�That which Professor Hertwig has just men�tioned proves the necessity of a prolonged warranty period. I will only refer to those acute cases which possess a certain similarity to periodical inflammations of the eyes, cases which may occur every day. To determine the diagnosis alone, would require a much longer period than twenty-eight days.

Dr. Eertwig,�We, in Northern Germany, and particularly at the Veterinary College in Berlin, have held different opinions, and only lately was it proved by one of our colleagues that with regard to the appearances of a solitary attack, no matter how distinct it may be, it cannot be determined if the disease is really periodical inflammation of the eye, the lunar blindness, but it is always necessary to wait until a second attack takes place, in order to be quite certain on that point. But we know that cases may occur when a second attack does not take place until six mouths, or a longer time, lias passed. How do you intend to act under those circumstances ?

J,gt;r. Susson proposed the close of the debate. (Assent.)

The President.�Gentlemen who desire a warranty period of twenty-eight days in eases of lunar blindness will please to rise. (They rise.) It is adopted.

The President.� The deliberations on the delects of animals of the equine species is concluded.

The meeting adjourned during quarter of an hour. At half-past eleven o'clock, when the deliberations were resumed�

The Reporter.�The Committee has limited the redhibitory defects by cattle to tubercles on the lungs, phthisis, and pleuro-pneumonia exudativa. In former laws other defects have been admitted, which I believe I am bound to notice, because they are mentioned in the law project of the Dresden Commission.

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Amongst these deserves especial consideration: the tailing of the matrix ami vagina. The more modern laws have especially mentioned this disease as a redhibitory delect. In the older laws it does not often appear. It is admitted into the French law with a warrant period of nine days, and with this parti�cular condition that the birth of the calf did not take place while already in possession of the purchaser; if the disease appears after the cow has calved in possession of the purchaser the vendor is not responsible, and every one who buys a cow with calf must run the risk. The French law has even admitted as redhibitory defect the consequences of the after�birth not being evacuated. The more modern laws have admitted the falling of the matrix and vagina with a warranty period of eight days, and the Bavarian law with iourteen days; I therefore consider it necessary to mention the subject. It happens very seldom that the falling of the vagina renders a cow unfit for breeding purposes, and, if this should occur, the pro�prietor can still reimburse himself to a certain extent by slaughtering the animal. The loss of the purchaser is therefore not so great by cows as by horses, which become, in consequence of this disease, entirely valueless. Lately, the admission of this disease into the law has given rise to many suits, and, principally in consequence of cows cai'rying calves being conveyed for days by railroads; therefore, if possible, cattle should always be conveyed by slow-going trains. it some�times happens that a cow, eight days before calving, is tied up for two days; when the animal arrives the disease appears, and, although it may disappear again, the purchaser takes advantage of the opportunity, obtains a certificate, and demands the price back from the vendor. The question ought therefore to be first decided, whether the falling of the vagina and matrix by cattle is to be retained as a redhibitory defect. I do not think so, because the delect occurs only in one sex, and only at a certain age; it is consequently very limited, and of no great importance with regard to commerce.

Dr. Q-erlach.�The subject was discussed in the Committee, and, if I mistake not, rejected. The defect is in itself of no importance, and consequently not qualified to be admitted as a redhibitory defect; and duriim the short; time that the new

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGEESS. TTiJ

laws with regard to redhibitory detects have been promulgated, the admission of this delect has led to different interpretations, useless disputes, aud protracted lawsuits; consequently, I vote for its rejection.

Dr. Rueff.�It has been stated by tlic Reporter that this disease occurs chiefly in connexion with a birth. Diirinjr eighteen years' observation of a numerous stock of cattle, I observed that the falling of the vagina was due in most cases not to births, but generally in consequence of badly-constructed stables, aud of too sloping places on which the animals stood. Those animals which suffer from a falling of the matrix or vagina generally feed very well, and are often sold for breeding pur�poses for especially high prices, the purchaser suffering any loss which may afterwards arise. I am therefore in favour of the admission of this disease as a redhibitory defect.

The President.�Those gentlemen who are in favour of the admission of the falling of the vagina and matrix by cattle as a redhibitory delect, will please to rise. (They rise,) It is rejected.

The Ileporter. � Wo now come to tubercles on the lungs and phthisis. The Commission has agreed to place these two forms of disease together, because in all essentials they are very similar; the changes on the tissues of the lungs, on the dia�phragm and the peritoneum, are nearly the same. They are all changes which take place gradually, and which certainly reduce the value of the animal if it is intended for breeding or for slaughtering. These arc diseases which nearly everywhere have been considered as redhibitory defects, only with this difference that they .have been mentioned separately; in one case, where the surface of the lung and the diaphragm were more attacked, as phthisis; and, in the other case, as pulmonary consumption, a slow, chronic disease. The placing together these two diseases seems to occasion no disadvantage. l)ut it would perhaps be more to the purpose if, in the same manner as we separated glanders and ringworm, the one disease was described as tubercles on the lungs, or pulmonary consumption, and the other as phthisis. The warranty period for both dis�eases was fixed at twenty-eight days. Tin's nearly corresponds

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with the more modem laws, and I do not think that any disad�vantage could accrue to the vendor by its adoption.

Dr. Ulrich.�I would propose to add in parenthesis, after phthisis, the word quot; buller,quot; as in some regions a distinction is made between phthisis and quot;bulling.quot; lam convinced that both diseases originate from the same causes, and that the difference rests only in the imagination. But it nevertheless seems justi�fiable to express this distinction hy adding the word quot; buller quot; in parenthesis.

Dr. Fuchs.�-I am opposed to the combination of tuberdes and phthisis. In mv opinion both diseases are, as to character, identical, but others do not think so. The opinions on this subject differ greatly. The glanders and ringworm could better be placed together, because, according to general belief, they are identical. But as there quot;exist doubts with regard to tubercles and phthisis in this respect, I propose that they may be separated. I am likewise against the motion of Mr. Ulrich that bulling should bo added. Bulling and phthisis are not identical diseases. Extraordinary sexual excitement may appear in connexion with phthisis, but it may likewise have been pro�duced by other causes, for example, in consequence of morbid changes of the ovariae, where there is no phthisis. I consider it therefore not advisable to describe bulling as identical with phthisis.

1 gt;r. Gerhch.�In reference to the combination of tubercles on the lungs and phthisis, I do not consider the comparison with glanders and ringworm, just made by Professor Fuchs, as per�tinent to the subject. Glanders and ringworm are old, well-known terms, which appear separated in legal statutes, and with regard to which it was necessary from practical con�siderations to pay some attention to old customs, livery one knows that glanders and ringworm arc identical. About this there exists no dispute in science, and I believe our proceed�ings in that respect were practical. But here the case is differ�ent. I quite concur with the expression of Professor Fuchs that tubercles on the lungs and phthisis are identical diseases. I have stated this publicly. But we know that, as yet, it is not an established fact, and that celebrated scientific authorities

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 781

are opposed to this opinion. But as we are not able to decide this dispute, we must try to find a form which will satisfy all sides, the same as epilepsy and vertigo. According to their character they are identical, and whoever does not investigate microscopically, but observes the separate periods how phthisis appears alone, and forms the transition to pul�monary consumption, will not entertain a single doubt on the subject. But we cannot decide, and must therefore obtain a form in which may be amalgamated both scientific views; and this we are able to accomplish, because although there may exist scientific differences between tub: srcles and phthisis, yet in judging them we must moot on one and the same point. But both are in their development so chronic that we can fix a longer period. Expediency therefore recommends their being placed together. No matter if some one is of opinion that they are different diseases, the judge who has to decide with regard to their period of warranty will consider them as alike. These were the reasons which induced us to place tubercles and phthisis together, and to consider the warranty period of one as sufficient for the other. It sometimes happens likewise that they appear at the same time, when the membranse are bordered by knotty excrescences and the lungs with tubercles. If therefore two diseases appear at the same time in such a manner, and depend thus on each other, it is our duty to connect them. Scientilic considerations induce my favouring a longer warranty period, because the dis�ease becomes developed very slowly, and if we even determine six weeks, it would not injure the purchaser. Often a longer period passes, before it is possible to adduce any proof, and this is the cause why I vote for a longer period.

Dr. Ulrich.�I bog leave to say a few words in answer to Professor Fuchs's statements. It ought to be admitted generally that balling is an appearance of phthisis, or rather of consumption; I will likewise admit that, exceptionally, other causes may have produced the disease; but in most cases it will be found to be a tubercular disease. But if other causes, as morbid changes of the ovarise, have produced the disease, it would only add, another argument in favour of its admis-sibility amongst the ivdhibitory defects. If morbid degene�ration of the ovaria is the cause, then it proves a chronic state

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of disease, and this oii^-lit to be considered a redhibitory defect. Yor this reason I wish that the motion which I proposed should be put to the vote.

The Hcporter.�It would be well if we decide first if both diseases are to be taken together, or each separately. Even if the latter is decided on. there would accrue no disadvantage; because in reality it would be the same, if, first, tubercles on the lungs, and, second, phthisis is mentioned, or if both are named together. Professor Fuchs's motion may likewise be framed to accord with it.

The President.�I shall now put it to the vote. Those gentle�men who desire that tubercles of tlie lungs and phthisis in cattle should be considered as redhibitory defects, will please to rise. (They rise.) Adopted. I wish now that those gentlemen who desire to have these defects stated separately would rise. (They rise.) It is likewise the majority. Those gentlemen who are in favour of Mr. �liich's motion that bulling be added to phthisis, will please to rise. (They rise.) The motion is rejected.

The Reporter.�As warranty period twenty-eight days is proposed, the average period between fourteen and forty-two days.

Dr. Gerlach. 1 beg that my motion proposing forty-two days be put to the vote before the motion of the Committee.

The President.�I would prefer, in accordance with the method which until now has been employed, to put the motion of the Committee lirst to the vote ; if this should be rejected, then Dr. Gerlach's will follow. I shall take the decision of the Assembly on the subject. Do gentlemen desire that the motion of the Committee bo put to the vote first? Gentlemen in favour of it will please to rise. (They rise.) It is the majority. I request those gentlemen who agree to the motion of the Com�mittee, namely a warranty period of twenty-eight days, to rise (They rise.) The motion is adopted.

The lieportcr.�In older laws, epilepsy in cattle is likewise mentioned. Even the Dresden Commission has admitted it into its law project, with au average warranty period of twenty-eight days' duration. But as we have rejected epilepsy in horses, which is of greater importance there, it ought not to be admitted

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here. A reduction of tlie vnluo of the animal is uot caused in consequence, because, iu despite of epilepsy, it is slaughtered and used.

The President.�No gentleman has desired to speak. I request, therefore, all those who are in favour of the admission of epilepsy by cattle amongst the redhibitory defects to rise. (Nobody rises.) It is rejected.

The Reporter.�Pleuro-pneumonia appears now nearly for the first time amongst redhibitory defects. There is in (his dis�ease a peculiar circumstance, because, in as far as it possesses a. long, latent period, it has the qualities of a redhibitory defect, and convincing reasons speak in favour of its admission amongst them; if it was only for the purpose of preventing the cattle-proprietor in whoso stable Pleuro-pneumonia has appeared from selling the animals, out of fear of receiving them hack again. It is a general principle of cattle-proprietors, as soon as the disease has appeared in the stables, to sell their cattle, and thus contribute to the extension of the epidemic. But if they know that in forty days the animals will be returned to them, they will be very cautious, because they would be obliged to compensate the purchaser. In the obligation law there is an ordinance quot;that the obligation to compensate for losses may be counted back.quot; Besides this, there exists a para�graph which states particularly that the sale of animals suffer�ing from diseases which are under police or legal control, is justification for instituting a lawsuit for redress ; but as the sale of such animals is prohibited hy the police, it fails under this paragraph. The vendor must not only pay for the loss, but if he knew that the disease existed in his stable ho has likewise to pay a fine for having transgressed the police regulation. Never�theless, it appears more simple to admit Pleuro-pneumonia amongst the redibitory defects. The Commission has agreed to this unanimously, and has fixed a period of warranty of forty-two days' duration. The Hamburg Congress likewise expressed its opinion on the subject. The warranty periods until now were�in Bavaria forty days, in Saxony thirty, in Hanover forty, and in tho project of the Commission forty-two days. We calculated by weeks and adopted forty-two days.

Dr. May.�Gentlemen; all who have had opportunities of

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treating Pleuro-pneumonia, and determine its diagnosis, will have become convinced that the disease contains every quality which renders it admissible amongst the number of redhibi-torv defects, namely that, on its commence�ent, it possesses so few striking appearances, that it is even difficult to the veterinary surgeon to recognise the disease. Only when the pathological process has proceeded, when other animals have fallen sick, can he do so. But I desire less on this account to have the disease admitted amongst redhibitory defects. Pray consider the following: In my country, Bohemia, great fears are justly entertained of Pleuro-pneumonia; many cattle-proprietors, at the commencement of the disease, sell their entire stock of animals, because there exists a law in Bohemia which permits the meat of cattle suffering from this disease to be eaten only if no febriculous appearances, which only occur at the commencement, have been observed. After many animals have been and are still falling as victims to Pleuro-pneumonia, it is tried to lessen their number by selling them; but the national prosperity suiters in consequence. The cattle, apparently, healthy, may be sold at low prices to butchers. But butchers and cattle-dealers are both greedy of gain ; if they keep the animal three, four, or live days, and see no indication of disease, they expose it again for sale, and sell it as healthy; in fourteen days, or three weeks perhaps, the animals i'all sick, and the disease is thus introduced into the stable of its new proprietor. If this disease is a redhibitory defect, the first sale, when the animals are in the first stage of the disease, cannot then be so easily effected. If it is known that the dis�ease has appeared in a stable, the purchasers will be more careful, and opportunities to spread it abroad will then present themselves less often. 1, have observed (hiring a number of years that the disease is introduced from markets into the stable. About eight or ten years ago I believed that the disease originated spontaneously in our mountains. But this opinion 1 have long ago relinquished, because I have never observed a single case in which it had not been imported. My present views on the subject oblige me to express the wish that the Assembly would adopt the motion of the Committee, namely, to admit Pleuro-pneumonia into the number of redhibitory defects, with a

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 785

warranty period fixed at forty-two days, as an average period. The first stage of tlie disease often lasts three, four, and even six weeks in regions where the animals are grazing; but where they are supplied with artificial fodder the course of the disease is more rapid, and therefore a period of forty-two days would he justified there, in order that no excessive disadvantage may accrue to the vendor.

The President.�Those gentlemen who would admit Pleuro-pneumonia in cattle amongst redhibitory defects will rise. (The proposal is adopted). I likewise request those to rise who agree to the warranty period of forty-two days, as proposed by the Com�mittee. (This is also adopted.) Dues any one desire to speak about redhibitory defects in cattle?

Dr. Zldmal.�The warranty is intended to protect the vendor and purchaser; we have been induced to protect whole coun�tries and districts by means of quarantine against cattle diseases, and to the individual vendor we do not extend our protection. I refer to Rinderpest, of which we know that during its period of incubation it cannot be recognised by the surgeon, for less by the purchaser. I believe that there is no disease which there is more reason or necessity for admitting into the list of redhi�bitory defects than Rinderpest. But this is not the only con�sideration ; for, if Rinderpest were dedared a redhibitory defect, that would prove the severest, but the best, police measure. How is Rinderpest generally spread? If any one sees that his cattle are already suffering from the disease, or if he suspects it, he endeavours to get rid of the rest of his stock, even at low prices. These animals are driven in various directions ; in three or four days the disease appears, and the purchaser has no redress. 1 believe we cannot omit Rinderpest from the list of redhibitory defects, as a protection for individual property and for the whole country; I therefore propose to have Rinderpest declared a redhibitory defect.

Dr. Hertwig.�I quite agree to this proposal, and scarcely think that any one of us laquo;ill oppose it, because every contagious disease involves more or less the principle which is the basis of redhibitory defects. We always return to this principle in cases of i'leuro-pneumonia, glanders, ringworm, amp;c. With regard to Rinderpest, which spreads so rapidly, it can only be

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productive of great advantage that a cattle-dealer who, withont conscience, smuggles the disease across the border, and exposes the purchaser to danger, should be made responsible. I there�fore beg to support the motion of Professor Zlamal.

Dr. RauMseh.�I likewise agree to it. It would be the best veterinary police measure.

Dr. Gerlach.�In consideration that we intend to limit the number of redhibitory defects as much as possible, and with regard to the general warranty obligation, I must oppose the motion.

The President.�I put the motion of Professor Zlamal to the vote. Those who wish to have Rinderpest admitted amongst redhibitory defects will please to rise. (It is admitted.) Xow I beg that gentlemen will express their opinions with regard to the warranty period.

Dr. Jtawitsch.�I believe the duration of the quarantine period would servo the purpose.

Dr. Boll (after leaving the chair).�I consider this period too long. Those gentlemen who have made experiments with inocu�lation will confirm the view that in most cases Binderpest appears within from three to five days; the cases in which it appears within eight or nine days are few. As Rinderpest has been admitted amongst redhibitory defects, I am of opinion that the duration of the warranty period should correspond with that of incubation, and that it should be fixed at five clays, as other�wise the possibility of an infection after the sale is not excluded. Dr. Fuchs proposes that the period should be seven days. Dr. Hertvng.�We ought, in determining the warranty period, to consider the scientific observations with regard to the time during which the disease may make its appearance. But we ought likewise to grant to the poor proprietor of an infected animal time for proper examination, and this of course requires a few more days, according to the duration of the incubation period as established by strict scientific investigation. I am in favour of at least eight or ten days.

Dr. Jtawitsch.�The experiments which have been made in Russia since 1852 in the inoculation with Rinderpest have, with regard to the incubation period, proved that the disease appears in most cases on the fourth or fifth day after the inoculation.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEKIMARV CONGRESS. 787

But it is otherwise when the disease is communicated in a natural manner; and I have observed�and Professor Jessen can corroborate me�that the disease, after such natural infection did not appear before the eighth day. I believe therefore that the warranty period onglit to be longer than eight day:.

Dr. Ulrich and Dr. ZU'naal propose that the warranty period should be restricted to seven days.

Dr. M�ller.�With regard to periods of warranty, I beg to remind the Assembly that we adopted the principle of limiting the term of their duration as much as possible. During the prevalence of Kinderpest, traffic in cattle is entirely prohibited; and thus only those cases are to be considered where a smiiigt;g]ino: trade is carried on in a dishonest manner from stables where Binderpest is already prevalent. Whoever has healthy cattle will not easily be induced to sell them at all, unless, perhaps, to the butcher, Binderpest requires five days for its complete development, but the circumstance must likewise be taken into consideration that by further prolonging the warranty period we should favour the purchaser more than is necessary. The animal which he has bought, even though healthy, may have passed through infected districts, and may have become infected itself. I believe, therefore, it would answer all purposes to fix the warranty period at five days.

Dr. Sertwig.�Five days are not by any means sufficient. We cannot be guided exclusively b\^r the result of inoculations. In the usual course of traffic no veterinary surgeon is present who could every day examine the animal until the first changes appear. As we do not intend to frame a law for veterinary surgeons, but for the people, I consider at least seven days as indispensable.

The President.�Is the close of the debate desired ? (Assent.) The Beporter will speak in conclusion.

The Reporter.�If we intend to put our principle practically in force, we must admit every contagious disease amongst redhi-bitory defects; but many of these diseases involve other consi�derations. If a disease is declared a redhibitory defect, all animals suffering from it are returnable ; but nobody will desire that animals suffering from Einderpest should be conveyed back

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to the place whence they originally came. In this case special legal ordinances must be employed.

Dr. Hertivig�This is not correct; horses must also he killed if suffering from glanders.

The Reporter.�Every one is obliged to refrain from any action which might illegally be the cause of loss to others. In the draft of the law we find these words : quot; Whoever acts in contravention of a legal prohibition, cannot plead that he was unable to foresee the damage arising from such an action.quot; But the purchaser may claim compensation to the full amount; for it would not be just if he could only demand that the animal be taken back, and could not claim compensation for other in-jnries he has sustained. Therefore contagious diseases come under another category of the law; but I abstain from saying more, as the Assembly has declared Kinderpest a redhibitory defect.

The President.�We have before us two motions, one of which proposes a warranty period of seven days for Rinderpest) and the other a period of five days. Those gentlemen who are in favour of a warranty period of seven days for Rinderpest will rise. (The majority rise.) (Tentlemen who desire only five days will please to rise. (The minority rise.) A warranty period of seven days' duration for Rinderpest is therefore adopted.

The lieporier.�We now proceed to redhibitory defects in sheep and goats. Here the pox is mentioned first. The Com�mittee did not hesitate to admit this disease amongst redhibi�tory defects. The usual warranty period is from eight to ten days. We have, in accordance with our system of division by weeks, proposed seven days.

The proposal is adopted without discussion.

The Reporter.�Scab has likewise been admitted by most laws as a redhibitory defect, because in sheep it is of greater import�ance than in other animals. The period of warranty is generally fourteen or fifteen days; in Austria only it is fixed at eight days. The Committee propose fourteen days.

This proposal is also agreed to without debate.

The Reporter.�On the subject of the admission of rot in sheep and goats, the Committee could not agree. The majority were

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 78�

against admitting tlie disease as a redhibitory defect at all, because opinions differed so much in reference to the warranty period. The disease is of importance as a flock-disease; but it may possibly be subjected to the general warranty obligation.

The Congress decides against the admission of rot as a redhi�bitory defect.

The Reporter. �As rot has not been admitted, the admission of two other diseases, the worms in lungs and stomach, will like�wise not be advocated. The law of 1859 has admitted the viru�lent foot disease, with a warranty period of fourteen days, amongst redhibitory defects. But the Committee could not adopt it, because it does not consider the disease of such import�ance as to entitle it to be considered a redhibitory defect.

The President.�I beg those gentlemen who are in favour of the admission of the foot disease to rise. (Nobody rises.)

The Reporter.�Amongst the diseases of pigs, measles have been almost always admitted amongst redhibitory defects, but with great differences in regard to the warranty period; which may be explained by the circumstance that pigs are by some considered as animals for slaughter, and these have fixed a short warranty period; others have considered them as animals for breeding purposes, and proposed a duration of sixty days. The Committee has agreed to admit measles amongst redhibitory defects, and to fix the warranty period at fourteen days.

The proposals of the Committee are adopted.

The Reporter.�1 have to mention yet another disease, which has only of late been considered worthy of observation, namely, the disease of trichinBO in pigs, which has been admitted by a ma�jority of the Committee into the list of redhibitory defects. I am happily unable to communicate any thing about it from per�sonal observation. We scarcely know anything about it in my country, and all our examinations have, as yet, remained without result. The gentlemen from countries where trichina) are known will be better able to give you information.

Dr. Crerlach.�I come, I am sorry to say, from a country where^ in one year, five pigs have been found suffering from this disease. It is a fact that trichmse appear not seldom in the kingdom of Saxony, as well as in Hanover and Brunswick, It has caused actions at law which have led to no result, as the disease is

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not mentioned in any law. Eut trichina¹ ought to be considered in laws on tiie subject of warranty, even in preference to measles, because the presence of trichinfo renders the meat utterly and entirely useless. To the proposed warranty period of fourteen days, I have no objections, as in that time the influx commences. The real trichinse of the muscles does not appear before the twenty-first day. I am, therefore, in favour of the admission of this defect, with a warranty period of the same duration as that agreed on for measles.

Dr. Twersen seconds the motion.

Dr. Zldmal.�Professor Gerlach has drawn a distinction to which I quite agree, namely, that the meat of trichinous animals should be destroyed. But as long as the animal lives, it can�not be detected whether it is trichinous or not. Who will venture to say that there are trichinse in the interior of a pig or a man that still lives and moves, and whose flesh has not commenced to putrif'y? We are admitting amongst redhibitory defects a disease which can only be ascertained by means of the microscope.

Dr. FueJis.�With regard to the admission of the disease trichinse into our warranty law, I agree to the motion of Professor Gerlach. Trichina; are not of such rare occurrence as the Reporter seems to believe. In Baden, as far as I know, the presence of trichinse in pigs has not once been ascertained ; nevertheless, several cases of trichina; have occurred there in human beings�one very lately�where the pork was no longer procurable, and the presence of trichinse in it, in consequence, could not be ascertained. I am in favour of the admission of this defect. In reference to the warranty period, I consider that proposed too long, for after fourteen days the influx of trichinae may have taken place; they have been observed already before now within the ninth or tenth clay. It is generally quite as difficult to prove the presence of trichinse in living animals, as of measles; the fact is only ascertained -when the animal is slaughtered. I am in favour of the admission of trichina}, but with a warranty period fixed at one week.

Dr. Hertwig.�The disease of trichinse, in as far as it appears in human beings and animals, is of great importance; for it does not, like sheep-pox, limit its influence to animals, but it is a

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEK1NAEY CONOEESS. 791

defect which likewise exerts a yery detrimental influence on the health of human beings. This alone entitles the disease to he admitted amongst redhibitory defects; but there is also this reason that a kind of infection takes place, and that for the exth-pationof the disease a certain period is necessary. Although trichinaj are not found everywhere, and are not everywhere alike, yet this cannot influence our decision. Trichinas, we know, do occur in various countries; and though they must be detected by the microscope, if the signs of their presence are once known, any one with good eyes may discover them in the flesh. But their presence cannot be ascertained during the life of the animal; the warranty obligation must therefore extend to after death has taken place. If I bought a pig, and found it trichinous, I should be obliged, if there were no warranty obligation, cither to eat the meat and infect myself, or to throw it away. The value of the animal would then be lost in any case; and there�fore I am of opinion that we should declare trichinre a redhibitory defect.

Dr. Gerlach.�To that which has been said by Professor Hart�wig I have to add very little. Whether trichines are microscopical or macroscopical, must be a matter of indifference to us. If microscopical diseases exist, their existence must be proved. In those regions where trichinae are prevalent, the towns have made some provision for having the meat examined. This is the case in Hanover, Brunswick, and many other places. If trichina; are discovered in pigs, the meat is confiscated and destroyed, and the butcher cannot claim any compensation from the vendor. But if the disease should be admitted into the warranty law, then the purchaser may demand the repayment of the price.

Dr. F�rstenberg.�It will not be difficult to decide, if the warranty period is fixed at fourteen days, whether the influx of trichina} took place before or after the sale. Incorporation takes place from the twenty-fourth to the thirtieth day, and we are so far secure, that if we find trichina; moving about in the tissues and muscle-fibres, they have not been present so long, and this will serve to guide our decisions in each individual case. The macroscopical detection of the trichinsB does not happen, because the meat is seldom kept until calcination takes place; this only

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occurs after a considerable time has passed, and then only will trichinae be perceptible.

Ur. Gerlach.�The calcined trichince are not macroscopical in pigs; but in human beings they are. I propose to amend the motion by saying, quot; muscle-trichinse.quot; Intestinal trichinaj likewise exist; those of the muscles do not appear within fourteen days.

Dr. Hmson moves the close of the debate.

The President.�I request that those gentlemen who are in favour of the admission of trichinae in pigs as a redhibitory defect do rise. (The proposal is agreed to.) Gentlemen who prefer the expression, quot;niusde-tricliiiue,quot; will please to rise. (Only a minority rises.) Those gentlemen who agree to a warranty period of fourteen days, as proposed by the Committee, will please to rise. (The proposal is adopted.)

Dr. Husson returns to his previously-proposed motion, for the addition of a paragraph, providing that the warranty obligation ceases if the animal sold has, after its delivery, been in contact with others suffering from the disease. This motion was for�merly rejected on the ground that there existed in the different laws sufficient provisions in this respect. This was not the case with all laws; and he was therefore obliged, although he proposed it only in reference to glanders in horses, to propose it again at present, with reference in general to all contagious diseases� especially to measles and trichinae�if the animal has eaten subsequently of infected substances. The motion was: quot;In cases of discharge from the nose, mange, pleuro-pueumonia exudativa, rot in sheep and goats, and scab, the purchaser loses all claim to compensation, whenever it can be proved that the animals suffering from these diseases had been in contact, since they were bought, with other animals suffering from the same diseases. The same rule is to apply to measles and trichinee, if it can be proved that the animals, since their deliver}-, had eaten substances infected by parasites.quot;

Dr. Zangger.�The motion of Professor Husson seems to me to be of much importance, and I shall support it, because I consider it justified in every respect.

The Reporter. � I think this motion ought to have been made while we were considering the warranty law in general.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 793

and not a separate disease, as it embraces all contagious diseases. But, as I have had occasion to observe before, our law ordains that the supposition of a disease shall only exist until the contrary has been proved. The vendor will doubtless take great care to prove that the animal has been in contact with others which were sick ; and, if he is able to do so, all warranty obligations on his part cease.

Dr. Gerlach.�I am opposed to the latter part of Dr. Husson's motion, concerning measles and trichinaj, because it will be very difficult to prove the facts to which it refers; I agree to the remainder.

Dr. Husson.�I do not intend to withdraw the latter part of the motion.

The President.�Dr. Husson has likewise requested to have Kinderpest included.

Dr. Seif mann.�This ought to be the more the case, as in regard to Rinderpest we have fixed a warranty period of seven days, and the period of incubation may be complete on the fifth clay.

The President.�I shall now propose the first part of the motion. quot;We must consider how the introductory sentences to the concluding pasms are to be constructed.

Dr. Gerlach.�quot; In those countries where the right to prove the contrary is not granted.quot; (Cries of quot; Not expressed,quot; quot; Not permitted.quot;

Dr. Rueff.�I propose, quot; In those countries where the counter-proof is not granted by law.quot; (Cries of assent.)

The President.�I now put the following construction to the vote: quot; In those countries where the counter-proof is not granted by law, the purchaser, in cases of glanders, ringworm, Pieuro-pneumonia, Kinderpest, sheep-pox, and scab, loses all claim to compensation, if it shall be proved that the animals infected thus have, since their delivery, been in contact with other animals which are suffering from these diseases.quot; All who are in favour of this proposition will rise. (They rise.) This part of the motion has passed nearly without a dissentient voice. The second part of Professor Husson's motion is to the effect that the warranty, in cases of trichinae and measles, is to lose its force if it can be proved that the animals, since their

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delivery, have fed on substances containing those parasites. Those gentlemen who are in favour of this second jjart of the motion will rise. (They rise.) Only a minority rise, consequently the second part of the motion is lost. We have now exhausted the points of the programme which the Committee submitted to us. With respect to the first three points of the programme, I scarcely think that there could be any opposition as to the manner in which the resolutions have been drawn up, the pro�posals of the Committee have been either accepted or partly lost. With regard to the general part of the fourth point, I believe a separation of the motives from the resolutions seems desirable. The resolutions, as they were drawn up yesterday, must remain as they are under all circumstances, and the debate on the really important points can by no means be reopened. I have taken, nevertheless, the liberty, with the assistance of Messrs. Gerlach and Bruckmiiller, of transposing certain points, but 1 have altered nothing, either with regard to principle or composition. I therefore propose to you that the following shall be accepted as the composition of the general section of the fourth point of the programme :�The Assembly declares:

1.nbsp; That the continuance of the general warranty obligation is a necessity. Because :�(A.) The veterinary science lias progressed so much that it is in general capable to judge concrete cases: (B.) But veterinary science is not capable of enumerating even approximately all faults and deficiencies, and of fixing a certain normal period which should give to the buyer a well-founded claim at law: (C.) Only the continuance of tiie general warranty obligation makes it possible to do away with the so-called night defects (which moans a guarantee for twenty-four hours for all diseases which make their appearance during this time).

2.nbsp; That the legal term of prescription should be limited to three months at most, besides the general warranty obligation, because scientific demonstration scarcely ever extends beyond this time.

3.nbsp; That a certain period of warranty be determined on for some defects, besides the general warranty obligation.

4.nbsp; That the animals in regard to which a period of warranty shall be granted are------

At this point the individual diseases have to be enumerated ;

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 795

and then the first part of Professor Husson's motion, which has been passed, will follow. Does this arrangement meet the ap�proval of the Congress ? (The Assembly rises.) The arrange�ment of the resolutions in this form is accepted.*

The President.�I think we may now pass to the consideration of the second part of the order of the day, namely, the success with which the deliberations and resolutions of the first Congress have been attended; but I must request that gentlemen will only mention facts, and that those gentlemen who come from the same country will unite in the election of a Reporter for this purpose.

Dr. Sertung.�I am sorry to confess that the First Inter�national Congress of Veterinary Surgeons has yet borne no visible fruits in Prussia. It lias had no influence whatever on legislation, and has produced no alterations.

Dr. Midler (Vienna).�The First Hamburg Congress has caused, in Austria, the following alterations : As to the limitation of the quarantine-period for Rinderpest then determined on, Mr. von Well has already mentioned that the Austrian Government was not in a position to effect the reduction proposed in the resolutions in Hamburg, until the second Congress had given its opinions on the subject. With a view to carrying out the reso�lutions to which the Second Congress of Veterinary Surgeons might come, and offering the necessary foundation for its pro�ceedings, tire Austrian Government caused Dr. Poll, in July last, to travel on the eastern frontier of Galicia and the Bukowina, to get acquainted with the quarantine institutions, and to pro�pose such alterations as their present arrangements might render necessary. With regard to Pleuro-pneumonia, nothing has as yet been clone, as, excepting in Bohemia, it appeared only sporadic. AVith regard to sheep-pox, the Austrian Ministry of State has been induced to discontinue the institution for the inoculation of sheep-pox at Vienna, because the Congress at Hamburg declared the so-called preventive inoculation to be more or less unsuitable, and serve only to spread the pox. In conclusion, I have to mention that the Austrian Landtag has

* The placing together of the resolution passed on the four subjects of the programme, is printed with the addenda, sub. No. I.

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passed a resolution for the appointment of twelve veterinary surgeons, for the special purpose of averting the introduction of Rinderpest from Hungary. These twelve surgeons are to be paid by the State.

Dr. W�st.�The country which I represent, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, has adopted and practically carried into effect the resolutions passed at Hamburg. There has prevailed in my country, during the last few years, a dispute between two parties in the Agricultural Society. There exists an old law in Hesse permitting so-called scabby sheep to be kept within the country. According to this law, the disease of scab could not be brought under the regulations regarding epidemics, and the paragraphs in our code of punishments referring to cattle murrain had to remain of no effect in this case. Between the central Agricultural Direction, and the principal Medical Di�rection, this question has been the subject of frequent difference and discussion, and has been considered and reconsidered, with�out having been brought to any settlement. They again de�manded from us an opinion. In the meantime the Congress at Hamburg took place. As Eeporter on this subject, I stated that quot;the scab in sheep had been considered there as being properly subject to the regulations regarding cattle murrain, and a high authority in Hamburg had especially insisted that the disease belongs to this class.quot; This had the desired effect, and now we have this disease under the regulations regarding epidemics. Now people are no longer permitted to keep such sheep, and, in consequence, the disease will cease of its own accord. This was one of the fruits of the Hamburg Congress. Another fruit was this : We have amended the medicinal tax. According to the old tax, which had been in force above twenty years, the veterinary surgeon could demand double fees in the case of such diseases as were transmissible to human beings; but these diseases were not named. This gave a somewhat un�certain character to the law, and was often the cause of wrong interpretations and prejudices, especially as regards this tax, which amounted to something considerable for veterinary surgeons. As I have already observed, we had no law stating which diseases came under this head, and which did not. We again adopted the opinions of the First International Congress

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 797

of Veterinary Surgeons, with regard to those diseases which are transmissible to litimau beings, and carried them into law. I be�lieve, likewise, that our Government, which has iu some respects progressed more than others, would, if we were to propose it, take notice of the resolutions passed this year with regard to .Rin�derpest, transport of cattle, cleansing of waggons, amp;c.

Dr. Fuchs.�I have to state that the International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons has produced a very favourable impres�sion on the Government of my country, and on the intelligent agriculturists wlio feel an interest in the progress of veterinary science, because they have proved that they do not confine themselves within the somewhat narrow limits of their pro�fessional practice, but likewise pay attention to the more elevated considerations of international police and national economy. This, and the manner in which questions were treated at Hamburg, has effected in Baden the reorganization of veteri�nary science and practice, which indeed had already commenced at that time. With reference to the regulation concerning epidemics�which has likewise formed a subject of deliberation, and will be published shortly in Baden�the different Commis�sions, the Government Commission as well as the professional, have gone even a step beyond the liberal opinions which were ex�pressed at Hamburg on the subject. It is intended to limit the interference of the police as much as possible; and, therefore, (1) all the diseases, which have in Hamburg been considered subject to the regulations and laws regarding epidemics, have not been thus considered in Baden; and, (2) the measures adopted are in general milder, as they usually are intended to stimulate the activity of the people. Thus, for example, the mild description of foot-and-mouth disease is not made subject to the interference of the police ; the disease being only so when it assumes a virulent character. This proves that an Assembly like this will exert a great influence on the organization of everything appertaining to veterinary practice in different countries. We must, therefore, be careful in our Assemblies to give greater weight to this point than we have done heretofore ; that the reorganization of the veterinary system is of inter�national importance, everyone here present will acknowledge, because without it we cannot very well realise our purposes;

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und therefore 1 trust that, in future, this point will Le discussed in our Assemblies with seriousness and dignity. (Applause.)

13r. Stranh.�CTcntlemcn; I have to acquaint you that lately the Ministry of the Interior in W�rtemberg has issued an order to the effect, that all cattle imported into W�rtemherg from the Austrian dominions are to be inspected at the frontier-town of Ulm, and that it is left to the discretion of the official veterinary surgeon there to subject the waggons to a disinfecting process or not; further, that all cattle passing through W�r�temberg are likewise examined; that the railway cars at Bruchsal have, under all circumstances, to be cleaned should they be again used for the transport of cattle; or should they not be again required for this purpose, they must not be attached to waggons transporting cattle belonging to W�r�temberg, so that, on no account, an infection of W�rtemberg cattle can take place.

Dr. Iwersen.�In my country, which sent many members to the first Congress, I am sorry to say no legislative measures have yet been enacted; but we live in hope. Our mutual acquaintance has been improved, our regard for each other has become more cordial and sincere, and many would have been glad to have accompanied me.

Director Zanyijer.�In the small country which I represent, we aimed at one point which hud been adopted in Hamburg; of a quarantine of twenty-one days' duration for Kinderpest we knew nothing; we had already, since 1851, in the regulations respecting epidemics a quarantine of only fourteen days against the Rinderpest. I'leuro-pneumonia has for a considerable period past been adopted as a warranty defect. We have very few sheep, and of sheep-pox we scarcely know anything, und no one thinks of inoculation. But the Swiss Federal Government has issued an order regarding the supervision of the transport of cattle on railroads. In the circular in which this law project was siib-initted to the several Governments of Cantons, and the mauacrc-ment of railways, it was pointedly stated, that it was in conse-quence of the deliberations of the Congress of Veterinary Surgeons in Hamburg, and the reasons given there were likewise stated officially as reasons for the new law. After some slight resistance, especially on the part of the management of the railroads, this law

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETEEINAUY CONGRESS. 799

was passed. This is the communication I had to make with regard to Switzerland, but to this I should like to add a wish. I hud hoped, that previous to the conimunications of the reporters from the various countries, we should have received a communication from our presidency in Hamburg, informing us what steps had been taken for the execution of the resolutions which have passed. I have been informed by several persons, whether erroneously or not I do not know, that all Governments have not received tlie details of our deliberations. I should have been glad to receive some information on the subject, and request that, on the con�clusion of the separate reports, our Hamburg Committee will enlighten us as to the steps which have been taken for carrying our wishes into effect. (Applause.)

The Vice-President.�I have not brought the papers with me which prove to whom, and when, the oilicial Eeports were sent; probably to all Governments and all persons who were repre�sented at the Congress, and who took part personally. To Spain and Portugal no Eeport has been sent.

Dr. Zangyer.�Neither to Belgium.

The rice-President.�Belgium Avas not represented. The Report w^:as sent to all participators, prepaid.

Dr. Fuelis.�No Report has been received by the Government of my country.

The Vice-President.�It depends on the department ? I have always directed the Reports to the Ministers of the Interior, and I can produce letters of thanks from most of them. It cer-taiuly has happened that some Reports have heen returned at the frontier, and sent back again to Stuttgart. The Report sent to Russia was tsvice returned.

Dr. liawitsch.�Nevertheless it ultimately reached its address.

The Vice-President.�I always sent it again. I posted the Re�ports ; and the list of Governments which received them, especially those Governments from the countries of which representatives a peared at the Congress in Hamburg, is still extant : I am ahle to prove, because the postage hud to be accounted for, that all have received the Report; at all events that the Reports were sent.

Dr. Jessen.�Gentlemen; quot;time pressesquot; is now our motto, therefore I shall state, in a few words, that in Russia the deli-

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berations of the International Congress which assembled in Ham�burg have not been lost. The proof of this is, that so many representatives of veterinary medicine from Russia are present on this occasion, and have undertaken the journey by order of Government. Although I am not able to mention any special consequences which the resolutions of Hamburg have produced in Russia, yet I can assure yon that the Russian Government, which favours progress, does not overlook any new remarkable occurrence in foreign countries, and, therefore, will not pass over any resolutions or measures adopted by the International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons. In Russia at present the reorganization of Veterinary Colleges is progressing, although they have been reformed before, and it would therefore be desirable that, in accordance with the motion of Mr. Fuchs, at our next International Meeting, the means of reorganizing the veterinary system generally should form an important part of our deliberations.

The President.�Does any one else desire to speak? (Xo one.) I wish to mention a subject which was omitted yesterday, when we selected a place for our next meeting. The determi�nation of the subjects for debate for the present Congress was delegated to us in Hamburg unconditionally. Probably Dr. Zangger, as President of the Assembly of Z�rich, would be glad to know which subjects, as corresponding generally with the wishes of the majority, are to be placed on the next pro�gramme. It is not my intention to intimate that any positive charge in reference to this ought to be given him, I only wanted to advise those gentlemen who entertain the same desire to confer with Director Zangger on the subject. One thing I believe I have gleaned already from tiie communications of several gentlemen, viz., that the regulating of the position of veterinary surgeons, of the study of veterinary medicine, amp;c., should be made the subject for a debate. This subject has likewise an international importance, in so far as there is great diversity existing at present with regard to the preliminary education of students of veterinary surgery, the extent and depth of their scientific acquirements, and those rights and privileges which they enjoy, not alone in the separate States of Germany, but likewise in a more remarkable degree when

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGEESS. SOI

compared with those States forming the other portions of Europe. I believe it comes within the sphere of our deliberations to determine the principles by which uniformity with regard to this subject may be obtainable. (Cries of quot; Eight.quot;) I likewise believe that motions proceeding from this Assembly would induce Governments to take up the question. If I, therefore, do not act contrary to the wishes of the Assembly, I would recom�mend this subject, on behalf of the Assembly, to the consideration of Dr. Zangger. Several other subjects have already been re�served for debate, which, if possible, should receive due delibera�tion during the meeting of the third Congress. I shall now suggest that Dr. Zangger be requested to prepare for the nest Assembly an order of proceeding, containing only a few para�graphs, and with rules and regulations as concise as circumstances will permit. Gentlemen, this subject could not be determined when we were in Hamburg, because we did not know whether our periodical meetings would continue or not. But the increasing number of participators in Vienna justifies us, to a certain extent, in believing in the continuance of our meetings, and in the increase of their usefulness. I am convinced that, when we hav^ecertain rules for the debates, the harmony of members amongSquot; themselves, as well as with the President, would be promoted, otherwise we would be obliged to rely entirely on custom and mutual forbearance.

Dr. Zangger.�AVith regard to the expressed wish, I consider it would be more to the purpose it the sketch for the next Assembly were prepared by those persons who have had the greatest amount of experience on the subject; I therefore propose that Mr. li�ll, in connexion with Mr. de Hering, prepare this sketch, and submit it to the next Assembly immediately on its meeting.

The President.�Professor Hertwig has submitted a motion, not for the purpose of opening a debate or discussion on the subject, but only that the meeting might accept or reject it, in order that it might be entered on the minutes, and at a future time be investigated. I request the Secretary to read the motion.

Dr. Frobstmayr (reads).-�quot; In a previous meeting of this honourable Assembly, Professor Eeynal, from Alfort, proposed a discussion on the home of the Rinderpest. This motion was not sufficiently supported, and according to my opinion justly

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so; because to answer this question we are not yet provided with sufficient facts, and therefore the discussion would lead to no result. But in the interest of science, and in tlio interest of all cattle-breeders and proprietors of cattle, I feel constrained to move the adoption of the following- resolution :�' An honourable Assembly would express the wish that the Imperial Russian Government which has, through investigation of Counsellor of State Jessen, done so much already in the question of Rinder�pest, should proceed a step farther, and grant the means to determine in which of the steppes of the Russian Empire the genuine Rinderpest does not develope itself spontaneously.' When this was determined we would approach nearer and nearer to those limits, behind which we had to look for the predisposing causes which produce Rinderpest I believe this question would be settled within a few years, if the Imperial Russian Government would seriously countenance this highly important undertaking. In the motion Just proposed 1 followed my own investigations, and especially the intimations given by Mr. Uiiterberger, Counsellor of State, who remarked in his pamphlet very correctly on the home of the Rinderpest; that everywhere in Russia, where it is possible to prevent the appearance of Hinderpest by means of veterinary and police measures, we must not look for the causes of the spontaneous development of this disease.quot;

Dr. Itawitsch.�Mr. President, may I request permission to speak ?

Dr. Fuchs.�There is no debate on this motion permitted; it must be either adopted or rejected in toto.

The President,�I shall divide the Assembly on the motion which has just been read; I request all gentlemen who are in favour of its adoption to rise. (They rise.) It has been passed unanimously. The gentlemen will be pleased to assemble to�morrow mornine at 10 o'clock for our final meeting.

Seventh Meeting, 27th August, 1805. President, Dr. B�ll. Secretaries, Im-k, F�rster and Probstmayb, The Secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting, which were adopted.

SECOND INTBRNATIOHAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 802

The President.�Yesterday afternoon I received a telegram from Professor Gamgce, wlio is at present in London. Ho says, quot; I shall arrive in Vienna on Monday, and shall he present at your meeting.quot; But the meetings will end to-day, and Professor Gamgeo will scarcely meet any one of you to�morrow in Vienna. I do not know if a misunderstanding, or circumstances which render his presence in London necessary, have retarded his arrival. I shall ask the permission of this honourable Assembly to express to him the regret of us all that \vc should have missed him, the originator of these Congresses, from amongst us. If gentlemen agree to this proposal, they will be pleased to express their assent by rising. (Loud cries of assent.) It is the unanimous sense of the meeting. Dr. Castres of Mayence has sent ine a letter, in which he states he had no intention in our fifth meeting to speak about the occurrence of warranty defects in Rhenish Hessen, if Mr. Schell from Bonn had not induced him to do so through his speech, because the manner of proceeding in Rhenish Hessen differs from that of Rlienish Prussia. This statement has never been finished, and I propose, as the subject is one of great interest to many gentle�men, to add it as an appendix to the official report* (Agreed to.) Mr. Counsellor of State Unterberger will now deliver his lecture on the Siberian Pest.

Dr. Unterberger.� Instigated by one of our honoured Presi�dents, and with permission of the Assembly, I intend to mention a subject which, only a few months ago, excited the atten�tion and the interest of my honoured colleagues to a great degree, and filled the people with fear and terror: I mean the Siberian Pest. I do not mean the Siberian Pest which, according to some political newspapers, was prevalent during the winter mouths at St. Petersburg;�far worse than the pest which appeared in the year 78, during the reign of Vespasian in Pome; worse than the plague which ravaged the Roman States in the year 235 B.C., during the reign of the Emperor Maximinus; worse than the perspiration fever, in the sixteenth eenturv : worse than the black death in 1333 : and more

* Tbn ootnmunication of Dr. Castres appears in tlio proceedings of the fiftli meeting.

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virulent, than many other plagues, till the arrival of the Asiatic Cholera of unhappy memory;�I mean that epidemic disease amongst the domestic animals, which as it appears often, and with particular virulence in Siberia, is called the Siberian Pest. In passing, 1 beg leave to state that those epidemic diseases which attacked human beings during the last winter in St. Petersburg� febris recurrens and typhus�may be connected in a greater or lesser degree with the emancipation of the serfs. Thousands of the latter, who, like their ancestors since 1592, had been bound to the soil to which they belonged, made use of their liberty to remove at the cud of autumn to the capital, vainly hoping to receive high wages for little labour. They were generally disappointed; closely pressed together in their habitations, in�sufficiency of food, and the abuse of alcoholic drink, which has become more and more cheap in Russia, and of which the Rus�sians, like all Slavonic nations, are excessively fond, the above-mentioned epidemics, especially typhus, which is prevalent amongst the poorer inhabitants of St. Petersburg nearly every winter and spring, assumed during last spring an especially virulent character. But it is not my intention to speak of those diseases which were prevalent amongst human beings in the Russian capital�and which, by the way, have no connexion with the Siberian Pest�but of tiio latter disease itself I intend to make a short communication. The just mentioned epidemic appeared first, at the end of May last year, in the districts of Novgorod and Olonetz, and soon after we learnt that it had also made its appearance in other northcrnly and several central districts, and only that large part of Russia which has given its name to the epidemic suffered less than usual from its ravages during the year ISti-t. The Siberian Pest was really virulent only a few weeks during last year, which must be less ascribed to the energetic veterinary police measures, than to the circumstance, that soon after the appearance of the disease the cold weather and heavy rains commenced, in one district sooner, in the other later; during the following months, the same as in previous years, only sporadic attacks were observed. How great the loss of human and animal life has been I am unable to state, as previous to my departure from Russia no official report had been published; but, according

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 805

to tho communications which have publicly appeared, the loss must have been enormous. For example, in some villages belonging to the district of Novgorod, there died, out of 41, namely, 27 men and 1 1 women, who had been attackeil, 8 men and 3 women. Of 525 head of cattle which were suffering from the disease, 191 died; of 508 horses, 331 died; of 41 sheep and goats, 40 died. In the districts of Olonetz, Petr�sawodsk, and Lodeinopolsk, situated in the province of Olonetzki, the Siberian Pest appeared, as has been previously observed, with special virulence. In those townships where it appeared, were counted before, 40,307 horses and l)2,r)3(! head of cattle; of these, 1171 horses and 1340 head of cattle were attacked by the disease, and 4118 horses and 1319 cattle died; so that only 21 head of cattle and 53 horses re�covered. Now, what kind of disease is this Siberian Pest? does it appear only in Siberia and Russia ? I should not ask this ques�tion in an assembly like the present, because since Haupt reported more particularly on this disease there is scarcely a veterinary surgeon who does not know it; but as this Assembly is not solely composed of veterinary surgeons, and as there are many agriculturists present, the following statements about the disease in question may bo regarded by them as being not wholly without interest. The Siberian Pest is nothing more and nothing less than a form of anthrax, which appears amongst domestic animals throughout the world, from the poles to the equator. In Pussia Proper it is called, from reasons which have been already explained, the Siberian Pest (sibiorskaja jaswa). The German inhabitants of Russia, those in the Baltic Provinces, Liveland, Esthland, and Kurland, call it the epidemic of boils or swellings. Next to Siberia, the provinces Perm, Kasan, Simbirsk, Wologda, Olonetz, Novgorod, Petersburg, Liveland, Esthland, and Kur�land, where every year this disease appears as sporadic, and oidy in the so-called anthrax years as epidemic, and where it then commits fearful ravages, especially amongst horses, suffer most. It originates at first not solely among horses, but among all herbivora and omnivora, among tame as well as wild animals, and can likewise be transferred to flesh-eating animals, to birds and fishes, and even to human beings. In human beings it pro�duces the pustula maligna, which is called in Livcland, Esthland.

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and Kurland, the quot;blue pox.quot; These appear nearly always (in such parts of the body as are uncovered, and especially on those who sleep in the open air. The transfer is probably occa�sioned by means of insects with stings, for example horse-flies, which have been previously in contact with the infecting matter. The quot;blue pox,quot; when recognised in time, and rightly treated, is in most cases curable. In the province of Perm�1 narrate from my own experience�when an agriculturist cuts his hay he provides himself with a bottle containing a mixture of snuff and ammonia. As soon as he observes that one of these pustules is developing, he opens it with a sharp instrument, rubs his medicine on to it, and generally effects a eure. In Liveland they use success�fully a Spanish-fly blister, and the Tartar in the province of Simbirsk pierces the pustule, and places within the wound a small piece of chloride of mercury, which produces suppura�tion, and in a short time the pustule drops off. Tartars, who, as is well known, are hyppophagists, are most frequently infected, especially when employed in hilling sick horses, because during this operation they are only half clothed (the Siberian Pest, as epidemic, being only prevalent during perma�nently hot weather and a heavy atmosphere). I have lived in the province of Simbirsk, which numbers many Tartars amongst its inhabitants, for thirteen years, and never observed that any of them became infected by eating boiled horse-flesh. The progress of the disease in animals is as follows: After an attack of lever, often slight, there appears on various parts of the body�on horses especially on the nclder or the point of the sheath, in front of the breast or the region of the throat; in cattle on the dewlap; in sheep and goats on those parts of the body which are less covered by wool; in pigs on the upper front part of the neck and in the region of the throat �at lirst a little swelling, which quickly increases in size, and sometimes in horses grows nearly as large as the head of an infant. Originally soft, and containing a yellow watery liquid, it soon becomes hard, and its surface presents then a bacon�like appearance of a yellow colour, farrowed by red lines and spots. Generally, the animals die between twelve and twenty-four hours after being taken ill; and it seldom happens that the patients live three clays after the first symptoms. In

SECOND [NTERNATIONAL YKTKlliXAKY CONGRESS. 807

aniinals which have died of this disease any marked post-mortem rigidity is absent, and decomposition commences very quickly. To the most generally observable pathological changes must bo added an enlarged spleen with intensely black contents, and yellow jelly-like emissions, which are found in various parts, but principally at the bottom of the mesentery. Lately, those small staff-like bodies, which have been first observed by Dr. Fuchs �as you all know, Gentlemen�in the blood of animals suffering from anthrax, have been more closely investigated by many scien�tific men. I name only here Pellender, Brauell, Delafond and Leisering. Mr. Brauell found them likewise repeatedly in the blood of animals which had died of the disease of boils, aud lie found them likewise in the blood of an attendant on the ana�tomical department of the College at Dorpat, who bad died of the quot;blue pox,quot; and in this discovery he certainly has been first. Important is likewise the discovery of Brauell, that these small bodies may even be found in still living, though diseased animals. The Siberian Pest developes�I speak from personal experience�no volatile infecting matter, but a fixed substance, which can only be transferred to human beings or animals by coming in contact with their blood. With regard to the origin of the disease, the most opposite causes have been named, as is well known to my colleagues. Miasmata arising from bogs and marshes have formerly been accused, now it is ascribed to the effect of subterranean waters, amp;C. This I can state, from my own observations�and my colleagues from this side of the Russian frontier will confirm it as a fact�that horses and other domestic animals, which remain during the night on then-pastures are more subject to attacks of the disease than those which before sun-set are confined to their stables and arc let out again after the rising of the sun. With respect to the treatment of the disease, I will say only a few words. The remedies which are used in Russia are the same as those em�ployed by German, French, or the veterinary surgeons of other nations; only this much will I state, that if the disease appears as an epidemic, every exertion of the veterinary will bo in vain. All animals attacked by this disease at the commence�ment of the epidemic fall victims to it. Thus in the year 1837, not less than 1900 horses died of this disease in the neigbbour-

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hood of my own residence. When the epidemic has continuetl some time, the external use of cold water has been attended with success, as I learnt already from Strauss, in Mezohegyes, in ISoo; likewise the application of red-hot iron to the boils, and the cutting open and cauterizing the same with various substances. Internally, diluted acids are given; to bleed, I found in my own practice only useful as a prophylactic, when at the same time a change of diet was effected. I lived, as I stated previously, a considerable time in a province where malaria prevailed, but I found all the more rigid measures for preventing communication unnecessary. 1 have been re�peatedly obliged to place horses belonging to Government in the same stables wherein I had horses belonging to fanners suffering from those pustules. Those horses which were in my charge and were properly treated were not infected. Our colleague Brauell, as communicated by Counsellor of State Jessen, has during the last few years made repeated experi�ments with the infecting matter of anthrax. All animals which were not inoculated, and had been some time in close contact with those which were, did not become diseased. These, Gentlemen, are the coininuuications which I intended to make on the Siberian Pest. When in future newspapers should furnish articles on the epidemic in question, which may arrive every two or three years, I trust these remarks will be found useful to you. Gentlemen, in soothing excited minds and enabling you to say quot;Russia is suffering again severely this year from an�thrax,quot; thus giving the disease its correct name. A very genial man, Count Keyserling, made the remark : The Siberian Pest has only created such extraordinary excitement in other parts of Europe on account of its name being composed of two words which of themselves are quite sulliciont to cause terror, namely, ' Siberia ' and ' Pest.' quot; (Cries of quot; \'ery good,quot; and long con�tinued applause.)

The President.�Professor Eawitsch wishes to speak on the same subject.

Dr. Rawitsch.�Gentlemen; in an Assembly whore the most celebrated authorities on veterinary medicine are congregated, it would seem presumptuous on my part to enter into the discussion of a disease which has been known in Germany since the last cen-

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. SU9

tury; bociinso I affirm that the Germans were the first to describe the disease last century. At that time we had in Jiussia neither veterinary surgeons nor medical men. In the course of time valuable experience has been acquired with regard to this disease. And after the gigantic work of Heusinger, which will retain its place, it would be superfluous for mo to enter into a discussion on the disease, and more especially as the gentleman who spoke last has entered so thoroughly into details. Still there are two points which appear to me worthy of consideration: 1. The nosology of the disease, and 2. The aetiology of the epidemic which committed its ravages during last year. With regard to the nosology of this disease I may say, in few words: the Siberian Pest is no pest of Siberia, but a pest of Russia, of entire Russia. During last century, and previously, it was a pest of the whole of Europe, lint as this disease originates in Siberia, and as it was first observed scientifically (at least to a certain extent) in that country by Pallas, it has been called since then the Siberian Pest. Put it is no disease mi generis, it is nothing but anthrax, and this anthrax does not appear in one form, but it developes itself into all those various forms which are generally observed in this disease. We have an apoplectic form, which 1 have noticed; we have a purely feverish form; and we have the common, the pustule form. The disease, ap�pears most frequently in horses. In the other domestic animals, in sheep, for example, it seldom occurs ; this is probably trace�able to the fact that large establishments for breeding sheep, where the appearance of an epidemic always creates the greatest excitement, are situated generally in the dry parts of the steppes, and not in regions where malaria may be expected to appear, and only few sheep are found in those wooded and boggy dis�tricts where the disease generally makes its appearance�in Petersburg, Novgorod, Olouetz, for example. But here nume�rous horse's and cattle arc generally kept. As previously remarked by Counsellor of State Unterberger, the disease developes itself most frequently in such animals as are exposed during the evening and night to the influence of malaria. Horned cattle are brought into stables of an evening; but horses, because during the day they have to work, arc brought to their marshy pasture grounds in the evening, and remain there during the night. This, I

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believe is the principal cause why horses are most frequently exposed to the attacks of tin's disease. Besides malaria there is an Eetiologieal element to which I intend to direct your attention, und which operates like an artificially produced malaria. In the provinces Olonetz, Novgorod, Twer, as far as Petersburg-, is a water communication by means of canals, which connects the Volga and other rivers partly with the Neva and Lake Ladoga. The vessels on these canals are drawn by horses, and thousands of them are continually employed at this work. The indolence of the Russian peasant is so great, that to realise a profit lie overworks his horses, and does not trouble himself at all about their feeding. It happens often that many of these horses die of exhaustion, weakness, overwork, and insufficiency of good fodder. Their carcases are not buried, but remain where they fall, and thus accumulate more and more, or are sometimes thrown into the canals, the water of which carries them away. This disease, therefore, which originally was nothing extraordinary, created, in consequence of want of fodder, over�work, and so forth, a miasma which committed the most frightful ravages. Thus, according to the official report, (hiring the last year there died 10,000 animals, mostly horses (few cattle, and fewer sheep) and 1000 human beings in the following five pro�vinces : Petersburg, Novgorod, Olonetz, Twer, and Jaroslaw. I am of opinion that the disease is certainly infections. 1 have seen reports of medical, men, which prove that in many human beings not alone pustula maligna, but likewise the disease of boils, has been produced; and this not by means of the transfer of the poison into the blood, but solely by placing the skin of the animal on the hand. It is not- requisite to infuse the poison into the blood ; but I believe I may affirm, in spite of these observa�tions which I certainly did read, that in these parts the disease does not possess the intensely strong capability of infection which in other cases properly belongs to anthrax. 1 am convinced that the so-called apoplectic form is not contagious. I have likewise to state something else: Many eases of death from apoplexy occur among horses, which have nothing whatever to do with the so-called Siberian Pest. One instance occurred during last summer in Petersburg. Four horses which were harnessed to an omnibus fell at one time in the street; the town .became

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 811

excited; it was said the Siberian Test was already amongst them. It was afterwards ascertained tliat it was nothing but apoplexy; and how often may it not happen in every-day practice, where we do not examine so carefully with the knife, that a case of apoplexy is declared, in mistake, to be anthrax? With regard to gnats, there are many people still amongst us who believe in a quot; Furia infernalis,' and believe that a gnat is able to transfer the poisonous substance. I agree with Director Gerlach, and am of opinion that the time has arrived when we may abandon the belief in homoeopathic doses of infectious matter. In 1860, when Professor Jessen and myself were ordered to place limits to the ravages ot the Siberian Pest in Petersburg, I bad to pass through many forests, and was often bitten by gnats, but never infected. (Dr. Zldmal: ��This is no proof.quot;) It is possible that when anthrax is pre�valent amongst animals, that a bite, which at other times would originate a trilling swelling, produces a disease which bears a close resemblance to carbuncles. Gentlemen are doubt�less aware that formerly, as well as now, it has been asserted in Prance that anthrax may originate spontaneously in human beings. The same opinions have been expressed lately by medical men in Russia, and it is to be hoped that in time we may obtain some proofs of this assertion. At all events, the great epidemic wo had last summer was not the common malaria that visits us every year, and in all parts of Russia; but the epidemic was caused by the enormous accumulation of dead horses�at some places more than 200 carcases were found. The Veterinary Department of the Ministry of the Interior had to despatch soldiers, under the command of a general, to force the people to inter them. This year the Ministry of the Interior proceeded more carefully, and bad sent, in accordance with a proposition of the Committee, officials and veterinary surgeons to enforce regulations. As a consequence nothing has been heard of an epidemic in that province: a few cases certainly occurred, but the total number was very trilling. In conclusion, permit mo to remark. Gentlemen, that in the present state of affairs in Russia it is very difficult to obtain any positive information upon epidemics and their origin, and this will remain the case, as the veterinary police iu Russia is not so thoroughly organized as iu

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other States of Europe. Hereon depends likewise the solution of the question about the origin of the Rinderpest I must mention that the progress Eussia has made during the lust ten years in veterinary science is very considerable; we try to emulate our colleagues in other parts of Europe, and trust to God for assist�ance. (Applause.)

The President.�Counsellor of State Jessen will speak next.

Dr. Itawitsch.�i)\\\y one word, I forgot to mention that our medical men use cliiuinum sulfuricum with great success against the Siberian Pest.

Dr. Jessen.�Honourable Assembly: as in this Second Inter�national Congress of Veterinary Surgeons the prevention of the exportation of Kinderpest from the so-called steppes of Russia formed an important subject of debate, it would seem strange if none of the Russian delegates noticed the extraordinary exer�tions the Russian Government has made to render such exporta�tion an impossibility. Our colleague Dr. Halicki, from Charkow, has mentioned to the Assembly those inoculations which, since 1857, have been undertaken in Karlowka. That it was not my intention to speak on this subject is proved by those papers which were delivered to the Committee, and afterwards published for the information of the members. Many points are not yet sufficiently investigated to bo fit for a public report, and I should have been afraid, by the lively interest which the sub�ject inspires, to have begun a discussion which might have sorely tried the patience of the Assembly. In the last number of the ' Eastern Quarterly Publication of Scientific Vete�rinary Medicine,' I pointed to the second article, on ' Im�munity and Mitigation,' and stated that the publication of the four yearly results of the two inoculation institutions erected by Government ought to be waited for. Until then, every debate on the question of inoculation, even in an assembly of inter�national professional men, would be useless, and not bring us nearer the end. But, as one of our colleagues observed very pertinently, that all affairs which are in any way closely allied to tiie giant quot;necessityquot; must be settled with all possible haste, it is possible that the next International Assembly may furnish an opportunity for this debate. As I have, however, risen to address you, I shall confine my observations to replying

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 813

to three questions:�1st. Is there a drove in the world which may be considered as entirely protected from Emderpest in consequence of inoculation. 2nd. Is it possible that in those steppes, where the use of inoculation has caused greater losses, there may be still satisfactory results expected. 3rd. What reasons have induced me to believe that the Rinderpest in the steppes of the Kirgisia and Cherson Provinces originates sponta�neously ? You have conferred a high honour on me during this Congress by a vote of acknowledgment; I tried to stammer out a few words declining thanks, which I will not retract, but I will confess that now, when I have somewhat recovered from my surprise, I find in your vote the highest reward which through�out my life I have received, and, therefore, I should be loath to reject it entirely ; I therefore propose a compromise ; I retain a small part of it and return the remainder to you. I have not only recovered. Gentlemen, but I feel likewise new courage. Yon will therefore ascribe it to yourselves, if I do not come up to your expectations ; perhaps you will chide me at once, when I answer my first question with aloud quot;Yes;quot; because to demand a belief in it, even according tB the demonstration of the statis�tical maps, may appear to many a little too much. I will not blame any one for it, although I would remind all of the words of our honoured colleague, 1 gt;r. M�ller, during the first Congress: '� When so many and such extensive experiments have been made, as in Russia, it is at last time to believe likewise.quot; But, Gentlemen, I do assure you that my conviction rests not alone (m this statistical map, but on the study of all inoculations per�formed in liussia, an entire summary of which I possess. I therefore refer not only to the communications of Eaupach, although I am well qualified to guarantee the truthfulness of a man whom I know intimately as a former student, and who is influenced by the same love and zeal for science which the vete�rinary colleges of the present time impress on their students. The inoculations at Karlowka have not been performed in private, but publicly before all the world. The admission to the inoculation institutions has not been denied to any one. I, myself, have been there twice, but was only able to see the method of inoculation, and was not able to wait for results, but all the officials there testified to the correctness of the

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Eeports of Eaupach. Every one who has read them will have felt the conviction that they quot;were not fabricated, but bore the stamp of truth. To say more in general about yaccination to this Assembly, would be like carrying owls to Athens, there�fore let us proceed at once. The Speaker, in his introduc�tory remarks, stated, that on the large estate of Karlowka, in the province of Poltawa, are three droves of cattle, namely, 1st, A drove of prey⁷ steppe cattle belonging to the peasants, amounting to between 14,000 and 15,000 head or more, und. Another drove, likewise consisting of pure steppe cattle, and amounting to between 8000 and 9000 head, which liy^r careful breeding have been improved to an enormous size, and brought to great perfection. This drove produces the oxen for work required on the estate, and their requisite number is completed bv purchase of new oxen from the steppes. The 3rd is a smaller drove of English dairy cattle, large Devonshire breed, of extra-ordinarv beauty and excellence, which had become completely acclimatised. With the Rinderpest it stood thus: into the drove belonging to the peasants the disease was very often intro�duced by means of extraneous infection, and communicated to the work-oxen, which came to every place of the second drove, from which, in their turn, the English cattle were infected. During the years 1857 and 1858 the loss among the infected of steppe cattle was on the average Sl-^ per cent., and of the English breed fiO per cent. In the year 1857 the inoculations of cattle of the second drove (steppe cattle) of one and one and a half year old commenced, and was continued to the 24th of April, 1861. Owing to the illness of Director Raupach it could not be recommenced until the 7th of February, 1864, and we have most careful report of the results from Raupach, and the statistical map from the Speaker, which has been composed on the foundation which Ranpach's Reports furnished, to the 17th of September of the present year. We learn from it that the loss on an average is nearly- the same as before, viz., 5-J- per cent, amongst the inoculated young cattle, because out of USD head of cattle 64 died. The young cattle of the English drove were not inoculated, because great losses, and with justice, were, anticipated. But as the second drove (steppe cattle) were freed from Rinderpest, they could no lunger communicate it to

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SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERIN�Rquot;? CONGRESS. 815

tin; English cattle, and these have not suffered at all since inoculation has been introduced. Inoculation was not forced as a coercive measure on the peasants, and in ponsequence their droves have, during the last eight years, been several times decimated by Einderpest. liaupach's latest Report remarks on this subject as follows:�quot;Those people, who in consequence of their altered position in life have been forced to pay more regard to their own profit, have, partly by their own heavy losses, and partly by the favourable results which attended the inocu�lation of the second drove, become comjiletely convinced of the advantages to be derived from inoculation; they have seen that of 11S9 inoculated animals, only a few more than 54 per cent, died, which means the tenth part of the amount which Fall victims to the natural disease; that of all these animals which they worked, and which they had to guard during a period of eight years, not one which had the mark of immunity died of the Rinderpest, with which they are well acquainted, or was even attacked by it, though they were driven together with their own herds, which were thinned frightfully by the dis�ease three times during these eight years purposely. These were facts well able to convince even the most conservative peasant.quot; The Speaker points likewise to the fact that the inoculations inKarlowka have likewise led to the conviction that the vaccine-substance, after many months' preservation, often retains its efficacy. But as it generally only operates on those which are highly predisposed, as these attacks are very trilling as a rule, and as the preserved vaccine-substance sometimes does not operate at all, doubts about its protecting power have been raised, although the inoculated animals have by all tests demon�strated their immunity. These doubts have, since the last inoculations in 18(54, been entirely silenced; because the inocula�tions were only performed with new vaccine matter the sickness became more decided, and the average loss did not increase. There is consequently a herd of native cattle in the steppe which are and remain protected against the Rinderpest, provided inoculation is continued with the new-born. Every head of this drove may pass beyond the borders without being able to originate the Rinderpest spontaneously, to be infected, or to infect others. This Karlowka lias taught us, as well as the great

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advantages which the operations of the vaccination institution situated there lias produced. Should this example be given in vain, especially when the appearance of Rinderpest in England at present proves how difficult it is, with the means of com�munication which we enjoy, to exclude it from any country where is does not originate? That the Rinderpest inoculation has produced�even in those steppes where the previous trials had shown an average loss of 39 to 40 per cent., when used as an quot;inoculation of necessityquot; for the extirpation of the epidemic-�� more favourable results than any previous method adopted to stop the disease, is explained by the Speaker by means of a schematic map of such an quot;inoculation of necessityquot; in the district of Orenberg. He only regrets that similar instructive experiments have not been repeated more frequently. With regard to the answer to the third question, the Speaker first draws the attention of the Assembly to the great and apparently insurmountable difficulties in the way when and where a con�tagious disease developes itself. The evidence of the inhabitants and of the appointed medical men and veterinary surgeons in those parts where there is a suspicion of the Rinderpest, or where its presence has already beeu represented as proved, is so con�tradictory as to be utterly valueless for scientific purposes. The study of the history and nature of the disease would be more promising; but this�with regard to the Rinderpest in the steppes�is in its infancy, and has only made some progress since 1853, through the continued inoculation under scientific supervision. The results of the inoculations in the Cherson district, as well as those on the cattle in the Kirgise-steppe, had convinced him (the speaker) that the spontaneous develop�ment must be looked for there, as is proved by his pamphlet, ' The Rinderpest and its Inoculation in the Provinces Cherson, Orenberg, amp;c.,' and by his writings on 'Immunity and Mitiga�tion ' in the few last numbers of the ' Quarterly Publication for Scientific Veterinary Medicine.' If these opinions are correct, where the limits of spontaneous development end can only be known when the requisite number of well-educated veterinary surgeons, zealous in their investigations, have inhabited the steppe-districts for a considerable period.

The Speaker concludes with the following words :�From

SECOND INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. 817

this place the effects have heen narrated which the deliberations of the First International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons have produced on various countries. With regard to Kussia, I am not able to state, in this respect, anything in detail. But is it not a proof that the deliberations of the first Congress have com�manded a great amount of attention in Russia, when we see here the number of men representing veterinary science whose home is Eussia ? I can say with certainty that in my country, where the Government advocates progress in everything concerning the public weal, the deliberations of the International Congress, whose end and aim is to benefit the masses, will always bo received with that appreciation and acknowledgment which they deserve. With regard to myself, my expectations have been iar sirrpassed, and the young society�without organised articles of association, and without detailed rules of proceedings�has nevertheless been directed in a masterly manner, and with great temperance and quietness, without any digression, and in a dig�nified manner; if its members have entered into and settled all those themes which occupy the mind at present, so is this attributable to the circumstance that there jvere present only professional men and such as were convinced of the great importance of scientific veterinary medicine with regard to national economy, and they therefore feel a special interest in the subject. May it remain always thus! On leaving, Clcntlemen, I cannot refrain from expressing ray thanks for some new information which I carry with me, and consider it a great profit that these assemblies have again fortified and con�firmed the conviction that it is often possible, and becomes at times necessary, that men be strongly opposed to each other on scientific subjects, without their hearty good-will, esteem, and friendship being endangered by it in the slightest degree.

The President.�Professor Perosino asks the permission of the Assembly to say a few words on the results of Rinderpest inoculations in Italy. Do you desire this ? (Cries of quot; Yes, certainly.quot;

Professor Perosino addressed the meeting at some length on the outbreak of Cattle Plague in Italy in 1862 and 1863, and especially on the observations made as to f he disease prevailing amongst groats,

3 a

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818nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

The President.�Gentlemen; with this, the subjects which formed the order of the day arc exhausted, and the debates of the present Congress are at an end. I take the liberty to acquaint you with a motion proposed by Mr. W�st, which has some reference to a subject of debate for the next Congress. The motion is as follows: quot; The honourable Assembly resolves, that the next International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons may deliberate upon the possibility of elevating the profession of veterinary science, and especially what conditions are to be ful�filled and what preliminary knowledge (judging from the pre�sent state of science) is requisite for the study of veterinary medicine.quot; The principle of the motion has been adopted yesterday. I believe I act in accordance with the desire of the Assembly when I add this motion to the other subjects of deliberation which have not yet been finally decided, and deliver it to the President of the next Congress.

After a short address by Professor Zangger, and votes of thanks to the office-bearers, the Assemblv dissolved.

#9632;y

To fwe Page HI it.

Plate 11.

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jgt;r. Beale's Illustkations of Entozoon-like Bodtbs IN' IMCCSOLE.

A P P E N D I X.

ON ENTOZOA (?) IN THE MUSCLES OF ANIMALS DESTROYED BY CATTLE PLAGUE.

BY LIONEL S. BE ALE. F.R.S.

From (hu 'Medical Thue.s and Gazette' of .Tanuary 20, 1S(!I!.

For some time past I have been engaged in researches upon the bodies in question, and as public attention has been already called to the subject by Igt;r. T'emvick in a letter to Tlte Times of January 3, 18GG, and in a oommtmi-cation from one of your correspondents, I propose at once to describe briefly what I have observed. The results of my observations will be given in detail in my report to the Royal Commission, but it seems desirable that a few of the facts ascertained in connexion with this most interesting matter should at once be published.

The bodies in question are without doubt very definite, very common, and very easily detected. They are for the most part spindle-shaped bodies, each embedded in the sarcous tissue of an elementary fibre. I have also, but in a few instances only, seen these bodies lying free amongst the elementary mus�cular fibres. They have been found in considerable number in the muscles of every animal dead of Cattle Plague in which I have sought for them, with one exception,* and in all the different muscles examined from a single carcase. They are commonly met with in large numbers in the muscular fibres of the heart.

These bodies are exceedingly distinct; they vary much in size, but invari�ably exhibit the same general characters. There is little difficulty in finding them if only very small pieces of muscular tissue be subjected to examination ; but being very transparent, they are easily hidden from view if surrounded by normal elementary muscular fibres, and thus they may escape detection. They vary in number, and I should think that in some cases I have seen them as numerous as one to, at the most, twenty muscular fibres (Fig. 2), while in

!, ^: I

* The exception was an undoubted case of Cattle Plaifiic, the post-mortem examination of which was witnessed by Professor Browne, of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Coancil.

3 t; 2

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others perhaps they may not ho found in greater numher than in the proportion of one to a hundred muscular fihres. The smallest are oval, hut as they grow they become spindle-shaped, and usually one end is pointed, while the opposite extremity is more or loss rounded (Figs. 2 and 3). In some there are slight projeetions from different parts of the surface, as if there wore tendency to the formation of segments or lateral pores. But iu the larger ones the outline appears perfectly uniform. In all there is a distinct investing membrane of a peculiar structure, varying in thickness in hodies of different sizes, the outer surface of which is in contact with the sarcous tissue, or with the aarcolemma, save in a few instances in which the bodies are free. Even when the peculiar bodies lie embedded in the sarcous tissue, being surrounded on all sides by a thin layer of it, the transverse markings of the contractile material are per�fectly distinct (Fig. 3). The masses of germinal matter in the affected tissue are not Larger than those of adjacent muscular fibres. There is no evidence of granular, fatty, amyloid, or other form of degeneration. And whatever those peculiar bodies may eventually be proved to be, it is certain that they grow-within the contractile material, and by their growth excite no irritation. The muscular tissue in contact with them seems, as it were, slowly to make way lor their increased growth, without the occurroiice of inflammation or any other morbid change.

A notion of the general form, size, and appearance of the Worm-like body when examined under a quarter-of-an-inch object-glass, magnifying 215 dia�meters, may be formed by reference to Fig. -1.

Structure of the Investing Membrane.�Not the least interesting point in connexion with these curious bodies is the investing membrane, and it is very desirable to draw the attention of Helminthologists to its anatomical char�acters (Kig. lt;1).

The tissue is very transparent., and varies in thickness in different parts. It appears to exhibit delicate transverse markings, hut upon careful exami�nation it is found that these are caused by the linear arrangement of minute hair-like fibres. These processes of the investing membrane were described, by Mr. Rainey in his paper in the Phil. Trans, for 1S57.* He says they in�crease in si/,o and distinctness as the animal grows larger:�quot;They have not the sharp and well-defined outline of true cilia, nor are they pointed like setaraquo;, or curled like cirri.quot; In a specimen in my possession, however, the bodies in question seem to be pointed, and the whole appearance under a power of 1000 diameters is such as would result if the investment consisted of very delicate transparent conical hairs, terminating outwards in pointed processes. In other instances the extremities appear hhmt and a little rounded (Fig. quot;gt;). When pressed firmly, fluid seems to be forced into the processes, and they exhibit the, remarkable appearance delineated in Fig. G. After lying in

* 'On the Structure and Development of the Cysticcrcus Cellnloste, as found in the Muscles of the IV.'�Phil. Trans., vol. 147.

#9632;laquo;#9632;

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Wilier for some time, the projecting filaments exhibited the usual characters of cilia, ami would no doubt he termed cilia hy any anatomist. These hair-like processes appear to be connected with one another when the specimen is per�fectly fresh, and in young specimens there is no indication of such a structure. It would seem that they are developed as the body grows, and although formed

together in a mass, readily become separated so as to give rise to the structurenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;i

described. The structure of this membrane is so beautiful and delicate that it might be employed as a test object for estimating the defining power of object-glasses.

The peculiar structure of the external investment, covering, or sheath, will be understood by reference to Figs. 4, 5, and (S, and I shall not here enter into a more minute description of it. I regard it as a peculiar formation, and feel #9632; piite certain that the appearances do not result from any modification occurring in the layer of sarcous matter, which was immediately in contact with the body under consideration during its increase in size.

*#9632;�#9632; 0/ the Contents of the Entozoon-iike Body.�The contents of these spindle-shaped bags, cysts, or investments, without doubt, form the most important part of the mass, and are well worthy of the most attentive consideration.

When examined by a low power, the matter occupying the cavity appearsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;

granular, and there are distinct indications of the mass being subdivided intonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ; '('

smaller portions, the divisions being most distinct transversely. 1 do not think these are distinct septa, but the appearance is such as would result if each of a number of masses of germinal matter in the interior of a cavity, with extensible walls, were to divide and sub-divide into numerous masses, which were capable of growth and multiplication. The appearance is given in Fig. 4. The entire contents of every one of these bodies 1 have seen exhibit the same characters. There is no indication of alimentary canal, ovary, or any secreting gland or other onjan. It is, therefore, only necessary to call attention to the small individual particles of an aggregation of which each of the peculiar bodies in question entirely and invariably consists.

These bodies are for the most part of an oval form ov spindle-shaped. quot;When perfectly mature the body is curved, one extremity being rounded, while the other is almost sharp as represented in Fig. 0. They are flattened, and ap�parently consist of a transparent material, which exhibits hero and there spots differing in refraction from the mass. These are irregularly disseminated through the mass, and give to it a granular appearance when it is examined by low powers, but under the influence of high magnifying powers the appear�ance is such as to render it doubtful if, at least in all cases, there are actual granules distinct from the general mass. The body is rendered more trans�parent and the granules more distinct by liquor potassa;.

The bodies approximate to one another very closely in dimensions, but it is difficult to find two of precisely the same figure ; and it seems to me most probable that they change in form when they escape into the surrounding fluid by the rupture of the sac. In their general appearance these bodies so closely

^22nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

resemble tho micloi of tissues, that under low powers one miglil be easily mistaken for the other. But mion careful examirmion by the highest powers (ik and ^), it will be found that the outline is sharper, that the general mass is more uniform, while the alterations in form are greater than are observed in muscle-nuclei. Moreover, these bodies are often seen in such great number (fifty or a hundred or more being in the field at one time) that thoy cannot be mistaken for nuclei. They are also smaller than the nuclei of muscle and very much smaller than the greatly enlarged muscular nuclei seen in the muscles of animals destroyed by Cattle Plague.

Upon the whole, it seems to me almost certain that, at least up to a certain period of its existence, each of these little bodies is capable of giving rise to others like itself, by division and sub-division, and these to more in the same way. To what extent this process is capable of being carried I can form no idea. The spindle-shaped elongated cysts, in which these particles grow and multiply, sometimes reach a very great length. In a specimen of muscle sent to me by Dr. Eade, of Norwich, I found two as mucli as the '/itarier of an inch in length, and one is so narrow that the muscular fibre in which it lies still exhibits its normal diameter. Although I have never seen a distinct pore or aperture in any part of tho cysts, it seems not im�probable that an orifice might bo formed at one or other extremity, or at a point of the body where the external wall is thinner than in other parts, In this way the escape of these bodies from their parent cyst, a few at a time, would be effected, while the process of multiplication, still going on within, would not be interfered with. But whether the individual masses are able to migrate from one part of the body to another, or, after having been produced in enormous number within the cyst, they are destined to remain dormant until, by the death of the animal, opportunity for a lar more distant migration is provided, or whether, as is perhaps upon the whole least probable, from the collection already described, a true entozoon is evolved. must be determined by future research.

Tenacity of'Life.�The little bodies in question are very tenacious of life, and they are not permeated by the earmino fluid till long after every mass of germinal matter (nucleus) of the muscles, vessels, and nerves, have been deeply coloured�a fact which shows that at any rate these bodies are quite distinct from the muscle-nuclei, and have not descended from them. After remaining for many hours in the carmine fluid they take the colour like every other kind of living matter, and several specimens exhibited one spot darker than other parts.

I have tried some experiments with the hope of causing these bodies to multiply, hut my attempts have hitherto failed. In water tho bodies may remain for several days without undergoing much change.

('(inclusion of Previous Observers.�Piolessoi Siebold states that these peculiar bodies were discovered by Miescher in the muscles of a mouse in 18-13.

APPENDIX.

llessling* fouml them in the muscular fibres of the heart of the sheep and ox. They have been also found in the deer. By Siebuld and Bisohofi they have been seen in the nmsoles of the mouse and rat. The latter observer found them in all the muscles of a rat in 1845. In 1855 liainey f found and figured similar bodies in the muscles of a pig, and inferred that they repre�sented the early period of development of the quot;cysticereus ceUidomquot; of that animal; but later writers, and especially Leuckart and Cobbuld, do not con�sider the evidence upon which this inference rests at all conclusive.

The form of the body, the peculiar structure of the external investing mem�brane, would incline one to regard the bodies as some species of entozoon in an imperfect stage of development, and from the character of the contents I doubt if any zoologist would consider them allied to the gregarinida or psorospennise. There is, I think, no doubt that these bodies are of an animal nature. There is no character that renders it at all probable that they belong to the vegetable kingdom. I am not aware of any gregariniform body exhibiting either the form, very considerable size, peculiar contents, or general characters of the bodies in question, although some species do attain considerable dimensions.J

The nature of these very peculiar and striking bodies has not yet been made out, and although it is possible that they may have nothing whatever to do with the Cattle Plague, the constancy of their occurrence in very large number in the muscles of animals that have died of this disease is remarkable. More�over, as there can be no doubt that bodies capable of rapid multiplication, far less than those forming the contents of the spindle-shaped cysts, would he com�petent to give rise to all the symptoms observed in Cattle Plague, if they passed into the vascular system, it seems of the utmost importance that the natural history of these bodies should be traced out.

CONOLXJSIOXS.

The facts concerning these entozoa(?) may be summed up as follows:�

1.nbsp; That in almost all, if not in all, animals dying of Cattle Plague, entozoa or entozoon-like bodies exist in considerable number in the voluntary muscles of the system and in the heart.

2.nbsp; These or closely allied species have been known for more than twenty years, but their nature has not yet been determined. They have been found in the ox, sheep, deer, pig, rat, mouse, and perhaps other animals.

3.nbsp; They are occasionally found, but in very small numbers, in animals apparently in perfect health when killed.

* Siebohl and K'�lliker's Zeitschrift, Band v., p. 107.

f 'On the Structure and Development of the Cysticercus Cellulosffi, as found in the Muscles of the 1'ig,' by George Rniney, M.E.C.S., Phil. Trans., vol. 147, p. Ill, 1raquo;�7,

% See ' .Notes on Gregarinida,' by 10. Ray-Lankcster, ylaquo;r(,-. Jour. Mic. Science, January, 1SG(gt;, |gt;. 23.

laquo;24nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

#9632;l. In the muscles of n calf killed by Cattle Plague, under six months of age, these bodies were found in immense numbers.

5. They vary in length from less than the jjjth of an inch to at least, a quarter of an inch in length. They arc, for the most part, embedded in the contractile material of the elementar}' muscular fibre, but they arc occasionally found free.

(i. They are for the most part spindle-shaped, and the external investment or envelope exhibits a very delicate and peculiar structure, being completely covered with delicate hair-like processes.

7.nbsp; The mass within appears granular to low powers, and exhibits a division into numerous segments, but it is found to consist entirely of minute bodies resembling one another, possessing very definite characters, less than the ^fl\ of an inch in their longest diameter, and of peculiar form, being oval, flattened, the body slightly curved laterally, with one extremity blunt and the other almost pointed.

8.nbsp; nbsp;The entire mass increases in size as these small bodies increase in number, probably by division and subdivision, within the cyst.

I trust that my object in thus calling attention to these facts will not ho misunderstood. It is almost impossible in recounting facts to avoid speculating a little upon their import, but 1 trust that 1 have avoided committing myself to any theory upon the nature of the Cattle Plague. Xo one feels more strongly than I do the importance of thoroughly investigating every fact that can be dis�covered in connexion with this terribly fatal malady. Docs it not seem more likely that we might find out how to prevent the attack than that we should discover a remedy to cure the disease when established, and is it probable that wo shall discover the means of preventing its occurrence until wo have a thorough knowledge of its nature? While, therefore, it appears very desirable that the facts should be generally known, it would be premature to adopt any theory, and it is advisable that steady investigation should bo prosecuted with as little theorising as possible.

Now, quite apart from the question of Cattle Plague, ought we not to have learned long before this the exact nature of these very definite bodies, so common in the muscles of man}'animals ? Here is an entozoon-like body, inhabiting muscles, which appears to have been well known for more than twenty years, and yet little seems yet to have been discovered concerning its natural history. Entozoa are not common in the voluntary muscles, and the number of species hitherto discovered is very small; while, on the other hand, are not the facts recently made out in connexion with certain musole-iu-habiting entozoa sufficiently significant to render it desirable that any others that may be discovered should be investigated carefully and immediately?

quot;\Vc cannot regard these things as unworthy of attention in face of the fact that, like trichime, they inhabit the striped muscles only, and, like them, arc found in the muscles of animals of many different classes and orders, extending over a wide geographical area. Are the species of muscle-inhabiting entozoa,

ni:

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or L'uiozooid bodies, so common and so numerous that we may look upon tlio presence of those in question as a matter of no importance, to be dismissed without further notice V while, ou the other hand, are wc so well acquainted with the natural history and migration of the now common, but terrible, trichina that we can afford to omit to study any fact which seems to �fter even a very slight probability of leading to the discovery of more concerning it ? There are surely few subjects in which minute, earnest, scientific research has yielded such important results as have been discovered in recent investi�gations upon entozoa. It has been shown clearly and unmistakably enough that the lives of many persons might have been saved, and the serious and dangerous illness oi hundreds entirely prevented, if certain meat sold for footl had been subjected to careful microscopical investigation by any intelligent observer. One minute's observation would have at once condemned every particle of the meat to the flames, and have prevented a most serious loss of life.

As regards the Cattle Plague, let it be borne in mind that living particles ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

extremely minute size are quite competent to give rise to all the symptoms observed. Such minute living particles might be germs of entozoa or sonic other form of germinal or living matter. It may be remarked that the in�testinal derangement which is so remarkable in Cattle Plague is such as might be caused by the passage of minute germinal particles to or from the blood of

the animal, and if such germs were obstructed in the capillaries, the circum�scribed patches of vascular congestion which are invariably met with in the disease would be explained. On the other hand, it might be asked if there arc

any facts yet known in connexion with Cattle Plague and some other fotal diseases which resist all modes of treatment yet adopted, which render such a theory untenable?

It would, I think, bo at least as easy in the present state of our knowledge to bring an array of facts and arguments in favour of the doctrine of Cattle Plague being due to entozoa, as it has been to adduce facts and arguments in favour of the small-pox doctrine, while although many facts may be urged against both views, 1 doubt if there are any yet known which render either of these, or the typhus, or typhoid, or scarlatina notions altogether inadmissible. Nor would it be difficult to propound new theories altogether; but as time wears on it seems to become more and more certain that no such short roads to knowledge will be hit upon even by the most sagacious, the most fortunate, or the most ingenious. Thorough, prolonged, and thoughtful scientific investi�gation seems now the only course open to us, and that ought to be prosecuted by many, and in earnest.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;! j'

82(5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE,

REMARKS

SPURIOUS ENTOZOA FOUND IN DISEASED AND HEALTHY CATTLE.

By T. SPENCEE COBBOLB, M.D., F.E.S.,

LEOTDKBE AT THE JUUDLESEX HOSPITAL,

From the 'Laiifut' of ihe 'l~fh January, 180(j.

At a time when the public mind is thoroughly aroused to a sense of the dangers consequent upon eating pork infested with tricliinri!, it is of the utmost importance that those who undertake to instruct the people should state no more than their ascertained facts will allow. To the uumfortned, one parasite seems as baneful :is another; or, to say the least, people are constantly liable. to mistake the harmless for the hurtful species. In proof of this, 1 may men�tion that only a few days ago I received a portion of fine healthy beef from a highly respectable butcher, who requested mc to examine it.* A customer had just previously returned the meat, saying that it was diseased and until fur human food. On examining the beef microscopically, 1 found a very large number of psorospermise embedded in the muscular fibres; but in all other respects the meat was perfectly free from impurities, real or imaginary. In this case, therefore, it is possible that the customer caused the meat to be exa�mined microscopically, and, having seen Pr. Fenwick's letter in T/ie Times, naturally concluded that the meat was loaded with dangerous entozoa. As might be expected, the tradesman was not a little astonished at receiving back his meat, which he had every right to believe was as good as any other obtain�able in the market.

To the supposed connexion between these so-called entozoa and the Cattle Plague I shall presently make special reference; but, meanwhile, let us glance at. the labours of others in reference to these parasites. The bodies in question are by no means new to science. Similar or analogous organisms are to be met with in a great variety of animals, and likewise in the human body. They have been described under a variety of titles, such as worm-nodules, worm-nests, egg-sacs, eggs of the common fluke, young measles, corpuscles produced by muscular degeneration, psorospermise, stages of growth of grogariua?, amoo-

One of the Messrs. Pickworth, of Goodge-stieet, VV.

APPENDIX.

827

bold bodies, and so forth. In so far as the higher animals are concerned, Dujardin was the first to describe these structures in the mole.¹ This animal, however, having been fed upon earthworms (whose perivisceral cavities wore previously known to be constantly liable to harbour such parasites), there was no difficulty in accounting for the source of the psorospenns. In 1853, Hessling discovered psorospermial sacs in the muscular substance of the heart, not only of the ox, but also of the sheep and roe.² By him they were regarded as evidences of musenlar degeneration. About ten years previously, Miescher is said to have found similar bodies in the muscles of the mouse.³ In 1857, Bainey described precisely similar structures taken from the flesh of swine; and, in his able memoir, he went so far as to maintain that these bodies were neither more nor less than the early stages of development of the common pork-measle.* This view is still, I believe, maintained by Mr. Rainey; but, in support of his theory, I am not aware that he can reckon upon the aid of any helminthological writer of distinction. Let me add, however, that for accuracy of description and detail, no communication either past or present is likely to surpass the one contributed by this able microsoopist. In the year 1858, Gublcr wrote a most important paper bearing on this subject, in which he related a case where twenty cysts existed in the human liver.⁵ These sacs were of great size, mostly as large as a hen's egg, one of them being some six inches in diameter. Naturally enough, the largest was, during life, diagnosed to be that of an ordinary hydatid. Their nature, however, proved to bo very different; for, on evacuating their contents, post-mortem, they were found to harbour enormous quantities of minute corpuscles strictly analogous to those obtained from the ordinary psorospermial sacs. Gubler believed he had stumbled upon masses of eggs o( Disioma hejxdicum; hut, to show how fal�lacious this notion was, it may be mentioned that, whilst the eggs of the common fluke measure as much as ^ of an inch in diameter, the corpuscles in question were only some tt�� of an inch long. Shortly after Gubler, similar bodies from the human liver were described by Virchow ;⁰ and, in 18G2, the subject was followed up by Dr. Dressier, of Prague.' Dressier, also in the human liver, fonnd a number of pea-shaped bodies, the milky contents (hrci-substanz) of which displayed a multitude of the characteristic corpuscular elements just referred to. These particles, already considered as equivalent to, if not identical with, the so-called pseudo-navicellaa of gregarinas, were now encountered by a variety of independent observers. From time to time Lcuckart noticed these bodies in various animals ; but, with a caution natural to him, he remarks:�quot;Concerning the nature of these formations I will not decide. To be candid, however, it appears to me to bo in no way made out.

gt; Hist. Nat. des Helm., 1845, p. 643.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; 'Sieh, and K�U. Zcitseh., 1S53, bd. v.,

p. 19(j.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;³ Quoted by Lcuckai t ami Siebold.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ⁴ Phil. Trans., 1857, vol. 147.

' Mom. Soc. Biol., 18:gt;(), p. (J�7, and Gaz. Med., 1858, torn, v., p, 61.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; Arch, f�r

I'ath. Anat., bd. xviii.. p. 523,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁷ Quolcd by Lcuckart.

-�

828nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

whether the psorospcnni;e are to be considorecJ as the result of a special animnl development, whether they, like pscudo-navicelke, are the nuclei of gregaiioi-fonn productions, or whether they are the final products of pathological meta-morphosis.quot; ⁸ Leuckart found those organisms in the intestines of a trichinised dog, also in a sheep and pig severally fed with trichina', in the muscles of another pig fed with psorosperrns, and likewise, I believe, in the liver of various rabbits. lie remarks that in swine these parasites, as compared with measles, are much more abundant. They were present in five of eighteen pigs, and also in two out of four sheep, whose flesh was specially examined by him iu this relation. Valuable, however, as are the foregoing records, perhaps, in a pathological point of view, none equal in interest the observations of Linde-mann at Nischney-Novgorod.⁹ This medical officer discovered psorospermial sacs attached to the hair of a girl who was being treated in hospital for chlo�rosis. 1 may remark, in passing, that the sacs in question bear a remarkable resemblance to the bodies which we now find in such abundance not oidy in diseased but also in healthy cattle; and it would appear, from Lindemann's observations, that the affection is not very uncommon amongst the people of the locality just named. Curiously enough, in connexion with and attached to the same parasitically affected hairs, Lindemann noticed several moveable gregarina'; and from this circumstance, in association with other considera�tions, ho was led to believe in the existence of a genetic relation subsisting between the two kinds of bodies. He further expresses his conviction that the people contract the disease, if such it may be called, by washing themselves with water in which gregarina! abound. Lindemann, moreover, refers to Lebert as having noticed similar parasites in a case of favus, and concludes that these organisms are of a vegetable nature. His opinion, though not shared by the majority of parasitologists, is nevertheless supported by the views of Kobin,¹⁰ Leydig,¹¹ and one or two others. Of still higher interest, also, are the observations of Lindemann respecting the occurrence of psorosper-mue in the capsule of the kidney of an hospital patient who died with Brighfs disease. The sacs in this case were remarkably small; nevertheless, their cor�puscular contents unequivocally indicated their true nature. The pseudo-navicellaa measured only the jjfcj of an inch in diameter. Here, however, I pause; yet, besides the above, many other able memoirs have appeared on the gregarinida, with which these bodies appear to be so intimately associated. Amongst the contributions, I would specially refer to those of Dufonr,¹²J. M�ller,¹³ Creplin,quot; K�lliker,¹⁵ Keferstein,¹⁶ Stein,¹⁷ Drummond,quot; Lieber-

⁸ Die Mensch. Paras., 1863, Ul. i., p. Hl.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁰ Quoted by Leuckart.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;' Les

Vegiit. Paras., 2nd ed., p. 291.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; Ji�llei's Arch., 1851, p. 2'JI, and Micros. Jouvn.,

18:gt;:i, p, 2uG, and Arch, iiir Anat. u. Phys., 1863, p. 191.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; Ann. des Si. Nat.

18:37.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;gt; Arch., 1841, p. 477.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; M�ll. Arch., 1842, p. 61.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^ Zeitsch.,

1848-49.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^K Gott, Anzeig., 1862, p. 1608.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; M�ll. Arch., 1848, and Ann.

Nat. Hist., 1850.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;¹⁹ lidin. Physiol. Soc. Rep., June i'Jth, 18JL'.

in-

APPENDIX.

S29

kiilni,⁰ and E. Bay Lankester.⁸⁰ To tlioso I may add roferenco to my own pievious observations.²¹ I doabt if tlie interesting vegetable organisms de�scribed by Professor W. T. Gairdncr²quot; can be referred to the group of parasites under consideration. At all events, from the foregoing remarks, I think it will be seen that these spurious entozoa, by whatever name called, were first discovered by Dufour in insects, by M�ller in fishes, by Miescher in the mouse, by Dujardin in the mole, by Ilessling in the larger qnadrupeds, and by Gubler in man.

Let mo now refer to our own recent experiences as regards the prevalence or otherwise of these bodies in diseased and healthy cattle; noting, at the same time, the circumstances leading to this inquiry. On the 7th of December last, Dr. Femvick invited me to examine his interesting series of microscopic pre�parations. I informed him that the bodies he had detected in such great numbers in the muscles of animals dying from Rinderpest wore the same as, or were similar to, those previously described by Ilessling and Itainey. I expressed a wish that Dr. Fenwick would lay the facts thus made known to myself before the Pathological Society. Dr. Fenwick preferred to com�municate his observations to a daily newspaper. He alluded to the source whence his information was obtained ; bnt a quot; friend,quot; who caused the letter to appear in The Times, was pleased to strike out my name. Observing that the tenor of Dr. Femviok's letter was likely to induce the public to confound the harmless parasites in question with trichina; and other true entozoa, I endeavoured to chock any injurious influence which might arise from this cause ; and happily, by the courtesy of the editors of ?7(e Daily Telegraph and The Standard, I believe I partially succeeded. In doing this, it is probable that I insisted rather too strongly on the entophytic character of these bodies; nevertheless, let any unprejudiced observer compare the corpuscular contents of these sacs with the non-ciliated zoosiiores of the grape fungus, and he will not fail to observe a most marked similarity between the two. The placing of these bodies along with the entozoa, properly so called, is altogether out of the question, their characters in no respect conforming with those of helminths, even in the earliest phases of development of the latter. It is best to regard them as parasitic protozoa, having more or less striking vegetable affinities.

So much has already been made known respecting the structure of the psorospermiie that I desire to avoid unnecessary details ; 3-et, as regards those which I have recently examined, I must add one or two particulars. In the flesh of cattle I find the sacs varying from ^ to yquot;, of an inch in length, and in that of sheep from ^ to ^ of an inch. The bodies are enclosed in a well-

¹⁰ M�ll. Arch., 18quot;)4-, p. 349, and Reich, and Du Bois-Reym. Jom-n., Sept. 18G5, and Micros. Journ., Jan. 180G.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^2a Ibid., 18�tj, p. 23.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' '^2l Proc. Linn. Soc, May,

1862, p. 245, and Infcll. Observ., 18G2, p. 199.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^ Edin. Phys. Soc. Rep. for March

19th. 185:3.

830nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

ileflucd transparent envelo)raquo;, and, even under low magnifying powers, their contents exhibit more or less distinct indications of segmentation. In some specimens llic segments display themselves as a complete cell-formation, the contents of each individual coll being uniformly granular. Even under the quarter-inch objective, the contained granules arc clearly visible, and on rup�turing the sac, their peculiar characteristics arc at once manifest. Each grannie or corpuscle represents a pseudo-navicel, all of them displaying a tolerably uniform size, which I calculated to average about the ^_m of an inch in dia�meter. Some of the corpuscles were round, others oval, several bluntly pointed at one end, many carved and fusiform, not a few being almost, reuiforra. Under the quarter objective highly refracting points or nucleoli were fairly visible in their interior, but on employing the one-twelfth, 1 made out nothing more respecting the contents of the corpuscles. This was, perhaps, in some measure due to the glass covers employed being a trifle too thick.

Turning to the more obviously practical aspect of the subject, let me at onco remark that these bodies have nothing whatever to do with the Cattle Plague. No one, it is true, who has had an opportunity of examining the flesh of any number of animals dying of Binderpesi has, so far as 1 am aware, failed to dis�cover them ; yet, in one or two isolated instances, they appear to have escaped notice, and may possibly not have been present. When it is considered how long it takes us to examine a few grains weight of muscle carefully, it is obvious that the body of a large beast might contain many hundreds, or even tliou-sands, of these spurious entozoa without our being able to detect their presence, except by a very prolonged and unnecessary investigation. In the few Kinder-pest beasts, portions of whose flesh 1 have submitted to the microscope, 1 should say that there were not more than 100 of these bodies in an ounce of meat; but in the heart of a healthy sheep (which 1 afterwards ate) 1 calcu�lated there were about 1000 parasites to the ounce, and in the heart of a healthy bullock (which likewise served me for a meal) their numbers were probably rather in excess of those in the sheep. Altogether, at two meals, 1 could not have swallowed less than 18,000 of these psorospermiaj; yet had they been trichina¹, 1 should have hesitated to have dined off this food, how�ever thoroughly well-cooked the meat might have been. The fact is, 1 believe, that lovers of beef, mutton, and pork eat these bodies every day, but take no harm because the parasites in question are not entozoa in any proper sense of the term. The fine healthy beef to which I alluded at the outset, and which was returned by an alarmed customer, was, in my opinion, as good as any other meat in the market; and yet, of all the portions of flesli 1 have examined, including veal, pork, and nmttou, in none did I find so great an abundance of these falsely so-called entozoa. 1 should say, without exaggeration, that a single ounce of the flesh contained upwards of 2000 parasites.

*lt;*

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ORDERS IN COUNCIL.

XI.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 20th day of January, 18CG, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lord PiiESiDrxT, Lokd Pkivy Seal, Eael Kusseli-, Lord Stanley of Alderley, Sir George Grey, Bart., Mr. Milser Gibson, Mr. Bruce, Mr. G�schen.

Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;*

Her present Majesty's reign, chapter 107, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then Session of Par�liament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders among slice)), cattle, and other animals,quot; which Act has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the Session of the 28th and 29th years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter 119, it is (among other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessaiy for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate infection, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the same shall for each and every olfenco forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 201., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails among cattle within that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, which disorder is generally designated as the quot; Cattle Plague:quot;

And whereas, with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder, an order, dated the 23rd of November, 18�5, has been made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, consolidating

832nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

and amending certain orders previously made for that purpose; and. the same has since been altered and amended by a subsequent order, bearing date the 10th day of December, 18G5 :

Aud whereas it is expedient to alter and amend the said orders of the 23rd day of November, 1805, and the 10th day of December, 1805, respectively:

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, in exercise of the powers given by the said Act so continued as aforesaid, order as follows :�

1. The power given by the said orders to any local authority, as defined by the said order of the IGth day of December, 1805, to declare by notice pub�lished in any newspaper circulating within its jurisdiction, and also by notice published in some newspaper or newspapers circulating within tlic county or counties bordering upon the county within which the jurisdiction of such local authority is situate, that it is expedient, for a time to be specified in such notice, that animals, as defined by the said order of the 23rd day of November, 1805, or some specified description thereof, shall not, either absolutely, or except under such conditions as such local authority sliall think fit to impose with a view to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, be brought from any other part of Great Britain into any place within his or their jurisdiction shall extend, from and after the day on which this present order comes into operation, to all raw oruntanned hides and skins, and all horns or hoofs of any animals as defined as aforesaid, or of any description thereof to be specified in any such notice, except such hides, skins, horns, or hoofs as are directly imported into the United Kingdom from India, Australia, South Africa, or America, and to the offal of any such animals as aforesaid, and also to all dung, hay, straw, fodder, or litter likely to propagate infection ; and it shall not bo lawful for any person, in contravention of any such notice, to bring or send any bide, skin, horn, hoof, olfal, or other article as aforesaid, except in accordance with such conditions as aforesaid, from any place in Great Britain beyond such jurisdiction into any place within such jurisdiction ; and the copy of any such notice shall be sent forthwith by the local authority by which it is made to the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council, and shall bo published by him in The London Guxitte: provided always, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to send or carry any such hides, skins, horns, hoofs, offal, or other articles as aforesaid, by railway, through such jurisdiction; and provided also, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to bring or send, with the licence of any two Justices acting in and for the jurisdiction to which such notice applies, any such hides, skins, horns, hoofs, offal, or other articles as aforesaid, from any land and premises in his own occupation, and beyond such jurisdiction to any other land or premises in his own occupation within such jurisdiction, during a time to be specified in such licence.

i I

APPENDIX.

838

2.nbsp; The power given by the said order of the ICtli day of December, ISfi�, to any local authority as thereby defined, to declare, by notice published in any newspaper circulating within its jurisdiction, that it is expedient, for a time to be specified in such notice, that no cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf shall, except under such conditions as such local authority shall think fit. to impose with a view to prevent the spreading of the said disorder, bo removed from any particular part of the jurisdiction of such local authority to any other part of such jurisdiction; or from any place or places within such jurisdiction, to be specified in such notice, to any other such place or places, also to be so specified; or from place to place generally within such jurisdiction, or within any specified part thereof; shall extend, from and after the day on which this present order comes into operation, to all animals, as defined by the said order of the 23rd day of November, 18G5, or any specified description thereof; and also to all raw or imtanned hides and skins, and all horns and hoofs of any animals as defined as aforesaid, or of anj' description thereof to be specified in any such notice, except such hides, skins, horns, or hoofs as are directly imported into the United Kingdom from India, Australia, South Africa, or America, and to the offal of any such animals as aforesaid, and also to all dung, hay, straw, fodder, or litter likely to propagate infection ; and it shall not be lawful for any person to remove any animal, or any hide, skin, horn, hoof, offal, or other article as aforesaid, in contravention of any such notice : provided always, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall make it unlawful for any person to send or carry any such animals, or any such hides, skins, horns, hoofs, offal, or other articles as aforesaid, by railway, through such jurisdiction, or to send or carry any such animals, or any such hides, skins, horns, hoofs, offal, or other articles as aforesaid, if brought by sea from any place out of Great Britain into such jurisdiction, to the nearest convenient railway station, for the purpose of carrying them through or out of such jurisdiction.

3.nbsp; nbsp;The aforesaid order, bearing date the lOth day of December, is hereby amended by omitting the words quot;or out ofquot; from the proviso at the end of the fourth clause of the said order; and the said proviso is to be read as follows:�quot;provided always, that nothing contained in this clause of this order shall maKe it unlawful to send or carry any such animal by railway throush such jurisdiction, or to send or carry any such animal, if brought by sea from any place out of Great Britain into such jurisdiction, to the nearest convenient railway station, for the purpose of carrying it through or out of such jurisdiction.quot;

4.nbsp; nbsp;Any notice given by virtue of this present order may bo renewed, revoked, altered, or varied from time to time, in the manner provided by the said recited orders, with respect to notices given under and by virtue thereof.

5.nbsp; nbsp;This order shall come into operation on the 25th day of January, 18G�, and shall be in force thenceforth until the 1st day of March next, and no longer, unless continued bv some further order.

3 ii

1 ill

til

834

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

6. Every person offending against Ibis order shall, in pursuance of the sniil Act, for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding 20/., which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Abth�b IIelps.

XII.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 20th day of January, 1800, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Must. Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lobd Pbesident, Lord ITavv Skat,, Eael Bussell, Lono Stanley of Aldekley, Sib Geobge Gbby, Bart., Mr. Milneb Gitisox, Mr. Bkuoe, Blr. G�schen.

Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11th and 12th years of Her present Majesty's reign, intituled quot;Air Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then session of Parliament, the spread�ing of contagious or infectious disorders amotii; sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; which Act has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly, by an Act passed in the Session of the 28th and 29th years of Her present Majesty, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall lie lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time, to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals, and to make other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations, and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid, in any such order or orders con�tained, shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act : and that all persons offending against the same should for each and every offence forfeit ami pay any sum not exceeding 20Z., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct :

And whereas a contagious or infections disorder prevails among cattle within those parts of the united Kingdom called England and Scotland, which dis�order is generally designated as the quot; Cattle Plague,quot; or quot; Rinderpest,quot; and may be recognised by the following symptoms:�quot;Croat depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering, staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge from them and also from the nostrils of a mucous nature, raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth, diarrhnna or dysentric purging :quot;

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And whereas it is possible that the sail! disorder may extend to that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland; and it is expedient to make provisions with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder, in case it should SO extend :

Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given by the said Act so continued as aforesaid, order as follows :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;This order shall extend to all parts of that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland.

2.nbsp; nbsp;In tliis order the word quot;animalquot; shall mean any cow, heifer, hull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or swine, and any horse kept in the same field, house, stable or building with any cattle.

3.nbsp; nbsp;In all provisions of this order to be enforced within the Police District of Dublin metropolis, the words quot;County Inspector of Constabularyquot; shall signify one of the Commissioners of the Dublin Metropolitan Police ; and quot; Constablequot; shall sonify a Superintendent or Inspector or Acting-Iuspector of the Dublin Metropolitan Tolice ; and the words quot;Petty Sessions Courtquot; shall signify any of the offices of the Divisional Justices of the said district

4.nbsp; nbsp;Every person having in his possession or under his custody any animal labouring under or having symptoms of the said disorder shall forthwith give notice thereof to the nearest constabulary station of the district within which such animal is, or, if within the Dublin Metropolitan Police District, to one of the superintendents of the Metropolitan Police.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Every constable shall have power within his district to enter upon and inspect any premises or place in which he has reason to believe that any animal is labouring under the said disorder, and to examine and inspect, when�ever and wherever he may deem it necessary, any animal within such district which he has reason to suspect to be labouring under the disorder; and such constable shall report the fact of every such visit, with its results, to the Petty Hessions Court of the district in which such visit lias been made at the next sitting of such Court.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Whenever any constable shall receive or obtain information that any animal is labouring under the said disorder, he shall, by the next post, or if possible by telegram, communicate such information to the Chief Secretary or Under Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, who shall immediately order a com�petent person as inspector to proceed without delay to the place where the animal alleged to be so labouring is, and to inspect the same: and stich in�spector shall on the same day forward to the said Chief Secretary or Under Secretary a report stating whether in his opinion the animal is or is not affected with the disorder.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Such constable shall communicate also to the nearest magistrate the report which he has transmitted to the Chief Secretary or Under Secretary ; and if such magistrate shall satisfv himself that there are reasons for grave

3 n 2

83�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

suspicion that the animal mentioned in the constable's report is lahouring under the said disorder, he shall have power to issue an order (to be in opera�tion for three days, or until such time as the inspector shall finally report that such animal is free from the said disorder, and subject to such conditions as he may think proper), prohibiting the removal of such animal from the land or premises where the said animal shall be, and requiring all other animals to be kept separate and apart from it.

8.nbsp; nbsp;On receipt of information to the effect that an animal is labouring under the said disorder, not being within a district already marked out as an infected district as hereinafter provided, the Lord-Lieutenant shall send without delay to the place where such, animal is two or more competent persons, who shall mark out a certain line, around sucli place, and lay down the same upon the Ordnance map. The limit of the district enclosed shall be shown by well-defined boundaries, and all the district within such boundaries shall be called quot;An infected District,quot; and such competent persons shall forthwith forward to the county inspector of constabulary a description of such district, and marked as aforesaid on the Ordnance map.

9.nbsp; On receipt of such information the County Inspector of Constabulary shall, without delay, cause to be posted in all public places within ten miles of the infected district a notice describing the boundaries of the same; and, from the date of the posting of the first of such notices, it shall not bo lawful for any person to hold any fair within such quot; infected district,quot; or to move out of such quot;infected districtquot;' any animal whatsoever; but any animal, if certified by an inspector to be free from disease, may be slaughtered, and the carcase of such animal may be sent out of such infected district, provided that its skin and offal shall be left within the district; and no skin of any animal slaughtered or dying within such district shall be removed without being dis�infected, and without the permission of the inspector, provided that this pro�hibition shall not extend to the carrying any animal through any such district by a railway train.

10.nbsp; nbsp;From the date of the posting of such notice, the County Inspector of Constabulary shall station at all necessary places constables and sub-constables, who shall prevent the egress of all animals from the quot; infected district,quot; and shall prohibit the transit or passage of all animals by or through any part of the said district, except in railway trains, and shall as far as possible prevent any animal from approaching the boundaries of such district, and shall pre�vent the carrying out of any forage, litter, or manure therefrom.

11.nbsp; nbsp;The constables or sub-constables shall cause all foecal matter discharged by any animal labouring Tinder the said disorder to be collected, so far as it can be done, and all litter and other refuse, in any house or place in which any such animal may have been located, and all fodder placed before or brought into contact with such animal, to be collected and buried at least four feet under the surface, or to be destroyed by fire, and the ashes thereof buried.

12.nbsp; nbsp;Prom the date of the posting of the first of such notices, all dogs within

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the infected district at that date shall bo kept shut up or chained, or by other sufficient means shall be prevented from passing out of such district.

13. Snch quot; infected districtquot; shall remain and be considered as an infected district, and subject to the regulations herein applicable to an infected district so long as any case of disorder exists within it, and for a period of twenty-one days after the last case of death or recovery, to bo certified by the inspector, and until such inspector shall have certified that all proper precautions have been taken for the purposes of disinfection.

.14. Every inspector shall have power to require and cause any animal declared and certified by him in writing to be labouring under the said dis�order to be slaughtered without delay and buried six feet deep in the ground and covered with lime, in such a spot as he may select, and in the case of burial being necessary at a distance from the place of death, he shall cause all practicable means to be taken for preventing the carcase from becoming the vehicle of infection before the removal thereof. The carcases of all diseased animals shall be buried unskinued, and the skins thereof shall be scored so as to prevent their being used.

15. No person who may be brought into contact with any diseased animal shall take with him out of such quot;infected districtquot; any clothes or garment which such person may have worn while in contact with any such animal, either by wearing the same or otherwise, without taking all such precautions against propagating infection by means thereof, as the Lord-Lieutenant by any order may direct.

IG. No dog accompanying a drover or of the description ordinarily used by drovers or persons in charge of cattle, sheep, or swine, shall be brought into anv part, of Ireland by any person, if the last place on land from whence such dog shall have been brought shall be any part of Great Britain.

17.nbsp; nbsp;This order shall come into operation on the 25th day of January, 18GC, and shall continue in force thenceforth until the same shall be revoked by any future order.

18.nbsp; nbsp;Every person offending against this order shall, in pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence, forfeit any sum not exceeding 20?., which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Arthur Helps.

838

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

XII1.

At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 6th day of February, IbOG, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Present�Lord Pbesidest, Duke of ISojikuset, Loud Stam.ky of

Al.DKUl.EY, Sir GrEOKGE OBEY, Bart., Mr. Bb�CE, Mr. (i�SClIES.

Whereas by an Act passed in the Session of the 11 th and J 2th years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter 107, intituled quot;An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next Session of Par�liament, the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other animals,quot; which Act has since been from time to time con�tinued li\ divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the Session of the 28th and 29th years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter 119, it is (amongst other things) enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time to make such orders and regulations as to them may seem neces�sary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such order or orders, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides, horns, hoofs, or other parts of any animals, or of hay, si raw, fodder, or other articles likely to propa�gate infection, and to make any other orders or regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such orders or regulations: and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such order or orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the same shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 201., or such smaller sum as the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such order direct:

And whereas a contagious or in lections disorder now prevails among cattle within that part of the United Kingdom called Great Britain, which disorder is generally designated as the quot;Cattle Plague:quot;'

And whereas, with a view In check the spreading of the said disorder, an order dated the 23rd day of November, 1865, has been made, under the autho�rity of the said Acts, by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, consoli�dating and amending certain orders previously made for that purpose; and the same has since been altered and amended by subsequent orders bearing date the 16th day of December, 1865, and the 20th day of January, 1866 :

And whereas it is expedient to alter and amend the said Orders in so far as they relate to the metropolis : Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, in exercise of the powers given by the said Act so continued as aforesaid, order as follows: �

APPENDIX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;839

1.nbsp; nbsp;Tlic word quot; Metropolis,quot; for the purposes of this Order, slmll mean any parish or place within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works, exclusive of the City of London and the liberties thereof, and also exclusive of that part of the county of Kent which is included in such jurisdiction, and which is situated to the north of the Thames.

2.nbsp; So much of the said Orders of the 23rd day of November and the 10th day of December, 18G5, as empowers the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council to appoint inspectors within the limits of the Metropolitan Police district, is hereby revoked.

3.nbsp; nbsp;So much of the said Orders of the 23rd day of Xovember and the ICth day of December, 18G�, and of the Order of the 20th day of January, 1866, as gives to any local authority any jurisdiction or power whatsoever within the Metropolis is hereby revoked : and all Orders made or notices published by any such local authority shall absolutely cease and determine so far as respects the Metropolis from the date of this Order coming into force, but without prejudice to their validity as respects any place beyond the Metropolis.

1. The Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council may appoint inspectors for the Metropolis, aud the notice required by section 8 of the Order of the 23rd of Xovember, 1865, to be given to the said Clerk of the Council by persons in certain cases within the Metropolitan Police District, shall after the date of this Order be required to be given only by persons within the Metropolis.

5. No person having in his possession, or under his charge, any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf within the Metropolis, whether such animal has been in the Metropolitan Cattle Market or not, shall convey or remove, cause to be conveyed or removed, or attempt to convey or remove, any such animal out of the Metropolis, except into the City of London, or the liberties thereof: Provided that where any person occupies a farm or other contiguous premises situated partly within and partly without the Metropolis, he may, with a licence from the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, which such Commissioner is hereby empowered from time to time to grant, and, if he think fit, to revoke, and for a time not exceeding seven days from the dale of such licence, move from one part of such premises to another any animal not affected by the Cattle Plague which has been in his own possession for fourteen days previous to the date of such licence, and has been marked in such manner as the said Commissioner of Police may direct.

U. No person shall bring or send, or cause to be brought or sent, any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf, to any market or fair, or to any place what�ever in the metropolis, for the purpose of exhibition or sale, excepting to the Metropolitan Cattle Market; and no person shall bring or send, or cause to be brought or sent, any such animal to the said Metropolitan Cattle Mamp;rket, except for the purpose of being there exhibited and sold for immediate slaughtering ; and no such animal so brought or sent shall be allowed to leave the said market, unless sold, and marked in the manner in which cattle are

^!'i

840

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE.

ordinarily marked for slaughter in the said market, videlicit, by dipping the hair ofl' the end of the tail. And the officers of the said market shall cause such mark to lie duly made. And no person shall buy or sell, or cause to be bought or sold, any such animal in the said market, except for immediate slaughtering; and every person buying any snoh animal in the said market shall slaughter the same, or cause the same to slaughtered within seven days of such purchase : Provided that nothing contained in this clause of this Order shall be held to prohibit any person from exhibiting or selling on his own land or premises any animal belonging to him which has been on such land or premises for not less than fourteen days previous (o such exhibition or sale, and is not affected by the Cattle Plague.

7.nbsp; nbsp;No person shall remove, or cause to be removed, any cow, heifer, bull, bullock, ox, or calf, along any highway, thoroughfare, or public place within the metropolis, except for a distance not exceeding 500 yards from part to part of the same farm, or to water, without a licence from the said Commissioner of Police; and every such licence shall state the number and description of animals licensed to be removed, and the place of their destination, and shall be valid only for twenty-four hours from the date thereof: Provided that this clause of this Order shall not apply to any animals intended for immediate slaughtering, which are sent to or from the said Metropolitan Cattle Market.

8.nbsp; nbsp;This Order shall come into operation on the 14th day of February, 186G.

9.nbsp; Every person offending against this Order shall, in pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding 2o!., which the justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit, to impose.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Arthub Helps.

APPENDIX.

8-11

LAST RETURNS.

These returns do not jirolcss to give the total number of cases which have occurred in Great Britain, hut only those which have been ascertained from the official information received at tins office from inspectors, whether ap�pointed by the Clerk ot' the Council or by the local authorities. The divisions of England are those of the census.

Column 1 only records the cases reported as having commenced dni'lug the weeks indicated hy the headings; quot;hackquot; cases being added to column 2.

Number Attacked.

Result of Reported (lases from the commence�ment of the Disease.

Ci'iisus Di\fcacns.

Week : Week i Week

ending ending ending Attacked. ; lulled.

Feb. S. Jan. 27. Jan. 20. |

Re-

]!,-

i covered, nmining.

Metropolitan Police V

21 | 7,510 3,170 3,429 j 320 i 591

District.............../

South Eastern Counties South Midland Counties Eastern Counties ., South Western Counties West Midland Counties North MidlandCounties Nort 11 Westen i Coun ties

Yorkshire...............

Northern Counties ... Monmouthshire and I

Wales ...............I

Scotland ...............


38	35	33	4,SS8	1,507	2,729	430	222
689	: 589	800	11.221	1,954	7,591	S94	785
201	157	315	8,055	2,902	4,034	593	526
48	58	82	1,217	311	635	152	119
195	1,723	#9632;11 1	5,100	548	3,407	527	018
725	715	#9632;112	5,785	702	3.870	407	740
3,221	3,510	3,738	23.193	644	15,841	1,002	5,106
1,426	2,034	1,314	21,270	948	13,155	3,407	3,760
330	116	290	2,918	631	; 1,533	302	392
309	626	542	5,834	102	:4,499	717	516
1,875	2,156	1,960	35,180	3,949	20,657	6,584	3,999

Total............ 9,153 11,745 10,041132,183 17,308 81,386 16,055 ; 17,374

(Signed)

Veterinary Department of the Privy Council OOice, 9, Princes-street, Westminster, S.W., Feb. 8.

Alexaxdeu Williams, Sec.

Xote.�203 inspectors have not reported this week in time for this return. Among these, and belonging to the county of York, are Messrs. Hoskinson, Stone, Harrison, Peunock, and Holt; to Shropshire, Mr. Benjamin Duff; to Staffordshire, Messrs. B. Duff and Llewellyn; to Cheshire, Messrs. Storrar and Lewis, the latter of whom has, however, forwarded a partial report. These inspectors returned 2304 cases lasi week, and the apparent decrease of the disease is probably more due to their neglect than to any real diminution of attacks.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A. \V.

Fob. 8.

8 12

TUK �ATTLB PLAGUK.

StATISTTOAI, STATB1USNT S�MMABISED IN DfiTAII. FOIt ItlUiAT 1U:IT:\1.\ I P TO FtClUAllY SED.


J livisiuns ;ii](i Counties.	dumber Attacked from commence�ment.	G. /. 8. 9 Mi. 11. 12.	Divisions untl Counties, #9632; West Midland ; - Gloucester ............... Hereford..................	.Vinnln r Attacked from commence�ment
1. Metiopolitan District...... '1. Soutli Eastern :�	7,010 619 �jss 1,491 1,311 1,179 ice .quot;i i; i i,682 38U 2,1G7 i.s-j:; 1,121 2,155 Kiel l,73G si;i 155 12 07 1 I'.i			SI 551
Berks .....................			Salop .....................
			Salop .....................
llnnts..........			Stafford .................
			Stafford .................
Kent ....................			Warwick..........
			Warwick..........
Surrey.....................			Worcester .........	.'iij
Sussex..................... :gt; South Midland #9632;			North Midland : Derby.............	230
lV,ls ..............			Leicester.................. Lincoln ..................	22]
Bucks ...			Leicester.................. Lincoln ..................	#9632;1.6711
( ';ilijllri(Ilt;^,f			Notts ........	639
Herts ,.\................			Rutland .................. North Western :� Chester ........	25
Huuts ...
				#9632;'1 135
			Lancaster ...............	2,058
t. Kastem Counties :� Ksscx .....................			Yorkshire: East Biding ............i North Eiding............'	�Jl ,270
Norfolk			WestRiding ............\|
			WestRiding ............\|
Suffolk ..................			Northera :� Cumberland ............
5. Soutli Western Counties �			Northera :� Cumberland ............	1,539 117
Devou.....................			Northumberland ...... Westmorelaud .........	962
Dorset.....................			Northumberland ...... Westmorelaud .........
Somerset.................. Wilts .....................			Monmouth and Wales ... Scotlanil..................	5,831 ;'gt;.quot;i 189

I N 1) E X.

Ai;i:iiigt;EEN official returns. :M'J,

-----, Report t'nuii, 341,

Absence quot;f lawraquo; relating to redbibitorj defects iu Portugal, 742.

Acclimatisation Society of Paris, iheir Losses from Binderpest, 79.

�.cids, mineral, 103.

Act to prevent the spread of crmtaginiis disorders among sheep, cattle, and other animals, 204-13.

Acton, Mr., his experiments on vaccina�tion, 204.

Advanced stage, lesions in, 00,

Age, effects of, 30.

Agricultural Society of Esthonia, 336.

Airlie, Earl of. his experiment on vaccina�tion, 203.

Albert Veterinary College, experiment on vaccination at, 203.

------, vaccinated heifers sent hy the

Frencli Government to, 204.

Alleged predisposition of Steppe cattle, 25.

Alternative regulations for cattle traffic, suggested by the Boyal Commissioners, 270.

Analysis of healthy blood, and of that from liinderpest patients, 72.

------of milk in liinderpest, 7().

Animals attacked by liinderpest at Paris, 79.

------attacked by the Cattle Plague, 21.

------ of the eipiine species, redliibitory

defects in, 747.

Anthrax, Discussions on, 502.

Antiseptics, 10:i, 107.

Appointment of twelve veterinary sur�geons to avert the introduction of Bin�derpest liom llnngary, 7'.)G.

Arachnoid exudations, on, ti9.

Area of infection limited, liKi.

Ashtord. Kent. Bepoit from, 365.

Assurance, quot;A Practical Farmer quot;on, 147.

------associations, legality of, 14(J.

------. objections to a national system of,

153.

Assurance societies, quot;No Prooarator''

on, 146. ------. Sir .). 1'. Kav Slmttlowortli on,

148. Atmosphere, transmission of the Cattle

Plague by the, 479, 4SI. Auscultation, If).

Austria, Cattle Plague in, in 1S1⁽.gt;, 820. ------, inoculivtion of sheep-pox discon�tinued in, 79o. ------, losses in during fourteen years, 137;

last three years, I-iiio.

------, quarantine in, 735.

------, Rinderpest in, 2�7.

Austrian regulations concerning hides.

horns, hoofs, fat. flesh, amp;C., 139. A vleslmry, Hnekingli.inishire. Report from

by Mr. G. A. Lepper, 340. Ayrshire, origin of Cattle Plague in,

343. ------Privy Council Betums, 343.

li.

li.ulen. effect of the deliherations of the

first Congress at, 707. Banff, outbreak at in 1770. 302. Hanks. .Tosh,. Esq., letter to from Dr.

I.ayard, 305. liarnsley, outbreak at. 302. Barrasch, Dr.. on inoculation, 173. Bates, Jlr., his proposals to check the

plague, 290. Bavaria, police interference in. 741.

------, law of warranty, Diesinger, 725.

------, Plague in, 9.

lieale, L. S., F.li.S., on entozon (?) in the

muscles of animals destroyed by the

Cattle Plague. 820-32. Bedfordshire, Privy Council lleturns.

343.

------, Reports from, 343.

lieef, article on, written for quot; Baily's

Magazine,' May. 180quot;), 10. Belgium, outbreak in, 247.

------. Cattle Plague in, 307.

Berkshire, Haldenhead district. Reports

from, 343.

S41

INDEX.

Berkshire, Forest Division, Report from, by Mr. Gadsden, 344.

------Privy Couni'il Betums, 314.

Berlin, Brnderpesi at, ;gt;2r).

Berners, Lord, and the Eoyal Agricul�tural Society, 321.

Berwick Privy Council Beturns, 34.5.

-------. Eoports from, 344.

Bills. Cattle Disease, tlioir rejection, 3,

Birmingham, outbreak at, 380.

------. district of, liepoit IVoin Messrs.

I hint and Parker, 3y(i.

Blofield, Norfolk, Eeport from, 37:'..

Blood, changes in. 70.

-------crystals, G4,

-------, state of, 04,

Boiling water as a disinfectant, IDS.

I'ois do Bonlogne, outbreak in, 7'.t,

Borough of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, Eeport from, by Mr. 1!. W, Thomas, 361.

B�sartiges Euhrfleber, 22.

Boston, I.inoolnsliire, Reportamp;oin,by Mr. J. G. Dickinson, 3Giraquo;.

-------and Spilsby, eases at, 389,

Bowman, Mr., Elvington, York, Eeport from, 392.

Bram II, Dr., on the microscopic appear�ances, 66.

Britain, Cattle Plague imported into in 1769, 301.

-------, Rinderpest in 1745, 393.

-------, second outbreak in, 287.

-------, third outbreak in 1714, 289,

' British Medical Jnurnal' on vaccina�tion, 201.

Broad area of the disease favourable to severe recrudescences, '29.

Broken-wind (Dyspnoea), without re�gard to seat : Bedhibitory defect in animals of the equine species, 747, 77�, 771.

-------. warranty period in, 771.

Bronchial tubes, lesions iu, 57.

Brothi rcross, Smithdon, and North Greenhoe, Norfolk. Report from. 372.

Buckingham and Winslow districts of Buckinghamshire, Report from, by Mr. E. Bond, 34.5.

Buckinghamshire Privy Council Reliims, 346.

-------, Ropnrts from, 34.5.

-------. Vale of Avlesburv, Report from,

by Mr. (i. A, Lepper, 346.

Buffalo, symptoms of Rinderpest in. .53.

Buildings, disinfection of. Iti8.

Bulmer, Mr. W. N., Report from Dover, Kent. 3(;5.

Burchell, Mr. -T., 336.

Calves, importance of preventing the slaughter of, 13.

Cambridge Privy Council Returns, 341!.

-------, Eeport from, 346.

Camper, Peter, cm inoculation, 171, Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 170. -------submitted to the Congress by Ernes,

714. Castros, Dr., on the laws and conditions

in the Hessian Rhenish province,

737. Cataract (black and otherwise' omitted

by the Committee as a redhibitory

defect in the equine species, 747. ------- black . a redhibitory defect in the

equine species, 758, 763.

------- black), warranty period for, 7i;4.

Cattle Assurances Association (Limited,

of Warwickshire, 3S.5.

�� dealers' farms as centres of con�tagion, 36.

------- disease and importation, letters to

the 'Times.' on, 3-7.

-------Diseases Dills, 2.

------- diseases in relation to the supply

of meat and milk. Author's Report on, 14.5,

------, disinfection of, 283,

�� from Metropolitan market taken to Holland, 394.

------- insurance. 145.

------, law iu Wiirterahurg with regard to

the conveyance of, 798.

-------, necessity of importing foreign, 16.

Cattle Plague, 1849-51, 317.

-------a contagious fever, 258.

-------a specilic disease, 258.

-------at Banff in 1779.302.

-------at the Eoyal Society's showyaid,

205.

------- appearing after twenty-one days'

quarantine, 594.

-------Commissioners, their decision on vac�cination, 204.

-------, complicated with foot-and-mouth

disease, 55.

-------, definition of, 21.

-------. dissemination of in Prussia, 333.

-------, Dr. Mortimer on, 252.

-------, facilities for its importation in

1863. C.

-------, general indifference as to, 1,

-------, Government measures for the pre�vention of, 204.

------- 18(5.5, 1800,, history of, 336.

------, imported by Dutch calves in 1748.

294.

------ in Austria, 0-9: in 1849, 320.

INDEX.

845

Cattle Plagua in Belgium, 397.

-----in IVrun, Ii25.

----- in emmtries boideimg on Russin,

#9632;2M.

----- in England, in 810, 28(1; in 1225,

2^7; in \'M8, 251 ; in the fifteenth century, 252 ; in the Inst century, 252, 293.

-----in Europe, from the twelfth to the

i ighteenth centuries, 287-0 ; from 1710 to 1717, 280.

-----in Ki'iinee, 308.

------in Galioia, in IS50, 318.

------, in Great, Britain, ulways imported,

28.

-nbsp;in Holland, 394. ------in Hungary', 19.

------ in Neapolitan States, 334.

------in Poland. 323 ; Professor Simonds'

Report on, :i27.

------in Prussia, 259.

------in the Tyrol, 19.

------in Western Europe, in 17CG. 301.

-----, investigation of, in Galicia, 310.

------, its mildness in sheep, 27.

------, its past liistory, 285.

------, its prevalence on the Continent for

the last three years, 3. -----, losses in Western Kurope during the

last century, 257. ------, measures taken to check it during

the last century, 253.

------, nature of, 79.

------not communicated by dry skins and

hair. 015. ------of 1805 brought to England from

Ksthonia, 336.

------of tlie last century, 305.

-----#9632; on the Continent in 1804, 9.

------ only attacks the same beast once,

170.

------. outbreakand spread of, in England,

245.

------, outbreak of in Yorkshire, 389.

-----. progress of in 1S53. 1854, 321,

------Iteport, Mr. James Hose, Warwick,

380; Mr. Walker Watson, liughy.

------suppression of, at Banff, 302.

------. synonyms of, 22.

------, symptoms of, 38.

------, lime lost in making known its

existence, 205.

------virus tenacity of, 479.

Cattle Plague and plenro-pnenmonia com�bined, 55.

------ and Small-pox. Dr. Murchison on,

82.

------essentially different, 87.

Cattle, rodhibitory detects In. 747-77. Cattle traffic, stoppaga of, 264.

Cattle traffic, its stoppage inaderiuate to

check the plague, 167. ----, illusage of beasts on ships, Ac. in.

32, Causes of Cattle Plague. 24. #9632;-----affecting the animal's predisposition,

29. ------ atTecting the transmission of the

virus, 32. #9632;----- of periodic prevalence of the plague

in certain parts of theliussian Steppes,

25.

------of Steppe Murrain, 24.

Centres of infection, necessity of extin�guishing, 141. Changes in the blood, milk, and urine, 70. Characters of Cattle Plague, 258. Charkow Veterinary College, inoculations

at, 177. Charlemagne, Cattle Plague in the time

of, 280.' Chesterfield, Derby, Report by Mr. F. E.

Martin, 352. Cheshire Privy Council Returns, 348.

------, Repeals from, 347.

Chlorine as a disinfectant, 169. Clackmannan Privy Council Returns, 348,

------, Report from, 348.

Clarke, Mr. Algernon, on indemnity, 144. Clarendon, letter to Lord, from Warsaw,

------. letter to Lord, from K�nigsberg,

324.

Clothes, virus conveyed by, 37.

------, disinfection orj 100,

Coagulation of the blood in Rinderpest, 70,

Coal-tar products as disinfectants, 170,

Cubbold, T. Spencer, M.D., E.R.S., Re�marks on spurious cntozoa found in diseased and healthy cattle, by, 833-7,

Cede of common law in Prussia, extracts from the, 724.

Colchester, Essex, Report from, by Mr. Norris, 359.

Gold aggravates Rinderpest, 250.

ColumeUn on a bovine pestilence, 285.

Compulsory insurance, objections to, 157.

Commission of lawyers in Dresden, 718.

------on the Cattlequot;Plague in 1814, 289.

------to inquire into the Plague, 242.

Condition of animals, how it affects pre�disposition, 30.

Conditions as regards hygiene, their ef�fects, 30.

Candy's lluid, 103; as a disinfectant, 169.

Congress of Veterinarians at Hamburg, 2. 405; at Vienna, 528.

Constant, prevalence of Rmderpesl in the Steppes ofKussia, 21.

486

[NDEX.

Contusion lgt;y nionns n( flesh of infectednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Denbigh, ilcport Erom, 351.

beasts, ;!(gt;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Uciiifiu and Roehf�rd Hundred, Essex,

------ofScab, Babies. amp;c., 24.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Eeport from, by Messrs. II. S. HurroU

------spread by cattle-dealers' farms, !gt;(!.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; and Son, 358.

Contagious cliaracter of the Cattle Plague,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Denmark, inoculation in, 171.

250.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Density of the blood, 70,

------maladies, 24.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Derby Privy Council Returns, 352.

------typhoid fever of the ox, 23.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ------, Report from, 352.

------Typhoid Plagne, 23.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; De Souza on the absence of laws in Por-

Contogiousdiseases, Act of Parliament tonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tngal relating to redMbitory defects,

prevent the spread of, 213.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;742.

-�, powers of Government insufficientnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Desquamation of epitheliuna, 40, CO.

to prevent, 204.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 raquo;even Privy Council Returns, 353.

purely so, qunrmitine only appli- ^: �cattle in Russia, fatality of Rinder-

cableto such, 134. Continent, prevalence of the Rinderpest

on the, during 1863-5, 3. (lonvalescence, nO. Cooper, Mr. .T., Market Weighton, Report

from, 892. Copenhagen, inoculation in, 171. Cordons, Royal Commission on, 204. Corehouse, temperatures of eases at, 42. Cornwall Privy Council Returns, 350. -, Reports from. ;i4f!.

liest, 25.

------, Reports from, 352,

Diaphoretics, 1(raquo;2.

Dickinson, Mr. J, (J,, Boston, Lincoln-sliire, Report from, 369.

Differences between Cattle Plague and Small-pox, 87.

Dirty railway trucks, 33.

Diseased cattle on public roads, 34,

Diseases calling for legislative interfer�ence, 501.

�. West Penwilh, Penzance, Report Disinfectants, solid, liquid, and gaseous.

108.

------, their true value, 168.

------, use of, I(i7,

Disinfecting liomsand hoof's, 022,

------hides, discussion on. 012.

Disinfection of horns and hoofs, 140.

------of sheds and cattle, 283,

------of skins, 159.

Dissemination of Oat�e Pltigue, in 1803,

in Prussia, 333, Diuretics, 102

from. 34!), Council, Order in, 1S�7, 327,

-----, Orders in, SI0-20,

Cow-pox, can it he produced in man by

Rinderpest? 200.

------and Cattle Plague, 200.

��, discussion on, 506.

Crib-biting, redhibitory defect in animals

of the equine species, 747-54.

------.rejected asa redhibitory defect, 756.

Crcsylic acid as a disinfectant, 170,

Cullen, Dr., on the Cattle Plague atnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dobson, Mr., on inoculation, 29S

Banff, 302.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dogs, as carriers of contagion, 37.

Cumberland Privy Council Returns, 351, ------, rabid, to be killed, 70S,

------, Report from, 350.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------to be kept in confinement, 708.

Curative treatment, 107,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ------to be visited, 712,

Cuthbert, Mr,, Deeds, Report from, 390.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------, when they must wear muzzles,

707,

[gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------, when they ought to be chained up.

705.

Dairies in towns, necessity for their im-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dorset Privy Council Returns, 35G.

p-ovcmenl, is,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .-----, Reports from, 356.

Di ad oil as a disinfectant, 170.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dover, Kent, Report from, by Mr. W. II,

Deadi preceded by sudden lowering ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Buhner, 365.

temperature, 4 1.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dresden Commission of Dawyera, extract Debates mi the place of the next meeting ' from the law projectof the, 718, 740,

of the International Congress, 714, 715. ^ Dry heat as a disinfectant, les.

Decomposed lymph, inoculation with, 184.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dndarew on inoculation, 193.

Deer, susceptibility of, 400.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dudgeon,Mr. D.,ReportftomSunderland,

Definition of the Cattle Plague, 21.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Durham, 355.

Defries,Mr..theDiiiclicnttles_:d, smau,304.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Duff, Mr. B,, Report from, 302,

Delves Green, near Walsall, outbreak at,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Durabartonshiro Privy Council Returns

387.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;354.

Denbigh Privy Council Returns, 351.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------, Reports from. 3.quot;).deg;..

[NDRX.

DiiintVifs Privy Council Betxima, 354.

------. Report Irom, 354.

I)ii|p�ir, on the sjiinal lesions, 65. Durham Privy Council Beturns, 356. ------, West Hartlepool, Itcport from, lgt;v

Mr. II. Pecle, 355. Dutch ports ought to have been closed,

29. Dysentery, 48. Dyspnoea (broken-wind, roaring , redhi-

bitory defect in animals of the equine

species, 747, 770, 771. ------, warranty period in, 771.

East Linton, Haddington, Report from,

by Mr. Storrie, 362. EdmhuTgh, Report from, 356. ------ and Linlithgow, Reports from,

� gt;#9632;gt;!.

------Privy Council Returns, 35S.

Kii'eets of the lielilicrntions of the first

Congress inBussia, i-'00. Emmott, Mr., Keigliley, Report from,

391. Emphysema, 57. Enemata, 101. England, outbreak and spread of Cattle

Plague in, in 1805, 215,

------, outbreak in, in 1745, W3.

Kntozoa (?) in the muscles of animals

destroyed by Cattle Plague, by L. S.

Beule.quot; F.B.S., 826-S32. ------, spurious, found in diseased and

healthy cattle, by T. Spencer Cobbold,

M.D., F.B.S., 833-837. Epidemics, law existing in Switzerland

with regard to the quarantine period

tor, 7: is, 799. Epilepsy and giddiness, redhibitory de�fects in animals of the equine species,

7-t7, 773-775. ------#9632; and vertigo not admitted as redhi�bitory defects, 775. Epitheutim, desqnamation of, 46.

------, detachment of, ti''.

------, fatty degeneration of, 66.

Erdington, Warwickshire, outbreak at,

387. Ernes, Sir., on Binderpest, 250. ------, on tlie absence of a general law of

warranty in England, 736. ------submits a bottle of carholie acid to

the Congress, 714. Eruption, cutaneous, 50. Essex Privy Council Returns, 350.

------, Report from, oyS.

Esthonian Agricullnrul Society, 33(;. Evil effects of great fairs, l(i7.

Experimental institutions, 522.

Exposures of catlle disease, antagonism of veterinarians and stockowners to, 9.

Extract from the law project of the Dres�den Commission, 746.

Extracts from the code of common law in Prussia, by Ilertwig, 721.

Exudation on the Arachnoid, 69.

Fairs, evil results of, lii7. -�, inspection of, 130.

------. stoppage of, 166.

Falke, Dr., his opposition to inoculation,

173. Fallacious nature of Dr. Murchison's

views on Cattle Plague and Small-pox,

SO. Farms, inspection of, 139. Fat, flesh, hides, horns, hoofs. amp;c, regu�lations concerning, in Austria, 139. Fauces, lesions in, 56. Fenwick, Dr., on the parasitic nature of

Rinderpest, 91. Fievre peetilentieUe iln gros hamp;xdl, -'#9632;*gt;. Fife Privy Council Returns, 360.

------, Report from, 360.

Fifth meeting of the second Congress,

713. First Congress, effect of the deliberations

of the, in Baden, 707. ------. question about Hie sending of the

Otlicial Report of the, 700. ------, Reports on the effects of the de-

llb rations and resolutions uf the, 705-

800. First Report of the Royal Commission,

244. First stage, lesions in, 56. Flanders, importation of cattle to England

prohibited, 304. Flemvnge. Dr. Malcolm, on inoculation,

170. Flesh of affected beasts as a means of

contagion, 36. Flies as bearers of contagion, 86. Flint Privy Council Betoms, �(!0.

------, Report from, ;i60.

Florisdorf. Rinderpest at, 249. Food contaminated, 35. Foot-and-mouth disease complicated with

Rinderpest, 55.

------, discussions on, 505.

Foreign cattle trade a necessity, 1(1.

------, Royal Commissioners on, 272.

------stock imported during last live years,

12. Forest division of Berkshire, Report from,

by Mr. Gadsden, 344.

848

INDEX.

Forfer Privy Counc� Retains, 361.

------, Report from, 3(i0.

France, Cattle Plague in, 398.

------, outbreak in, 247.

Franken inoculation, IT:-!.

Free country, compulsory insurance in,

157. French Governmont, vaccinated heifers

sent hy, 204. Fresh skins, disinfection of, 130. Freshwcll, Esses, Report from, by Mr.

11. Webb, 359. Frontiers, inspection of, 137.

Glanders, redhibitory defect in animals

of tlio equine species, 747, 704-707.

#9632;------, period of warranty, 748.

(dands, solitary, their condition, 02. Gloucestershire Privy Council Returns,

361.

------Reports from. 361,

Goole, Report from Mr. B. Dull'at, 392. Government guarantee to a National

Assurance Association proposed, 165. ------, powers vested in. for the prevention

of contagions diseases insufficient, 201. ------, the labour a National Assurance

would entail on, 1�7. Governmont measures for the prevention

of tho plague, 204. �� In prevent the spread of contagious

diseases defeated in 1804, 204. Graham, quot;Sir., of Capellie, his mode of

treatment, 10S. Gravesend, Kent, Report from.byMr. T. J.

Poulton, 305. Greenhow, Dr. Headlam, Idler from, 327. Greenwich, Kent, Report from, 3G�. Grossgalle, 22.

If.

Hackney, outbreak at. 245.

Haddington Privy Council Returns, 302.

------. Report from, 361.

Hain, Mr. G., Thirsk. Eeport from, 302.

Hamburg Congress, 405.

------, railway communication between

Vienna and, 250.

Hampshire Privy Council Returns, 303..

------, Reports from, 362.

Handsworth, near Birmingham, outbreak at, 387.

Harper, Mr., his experiments on vaccina�tion, 203.

Harrogate, lleport from, 390.

Hemorrhagic erosions. 07.

Hengefeld, Professor, Utrecht, determines the presence of the planne in Holland, 304.

Henly and Warwick, Petty Sessional Di�visions of, 380.

Hereford Privy Council Returns, 303.

------. Hi ports from, 308.

Hering, Dr. Report on the fourth sub�ject of the programme, 717-722.

Hertfordshire Privy Council Iteturns, 304

------, Reports from, 303.

Hesse, law in, with reference to scabby sheep, 706.

Hides of cattle to be disinfected, C12.

Hides, hoofs, horns, fat, flesh, amp;lt;�., regula�tions concerning in Austria. 139.

Grolleuseucbe, '22.

Oalles, II., on the Rmilerpest in Lithuania

in 1750, 300. (ialioia, statistics, o32. Gamgee, Dr. Artbur, on the milk in Rin�derpest, 75. ------, his analysis of bealtby and diseased

blood, 72.

------, oliservations made by, 30.

------, ou the urine in Rinderpest, 70.

Gamgee, Professor, address by, on Plenro-

pneumoma, 483. ------, appointed to conduct an inquiry on

the subject of cattle disease in relation

to the supply of meal and milk, 2. ------, experiment on vaccination, 200;

inquiry as to plague in gazelles, 398.

------, his letters to the 'Times.' 3-9.

------, his remarks on opening the New

Veterinary College in IS,quot;)7, 2. (Janglien-typbus, 23. Gos-tarasa disinfectant, 170. Gastric-plague, 22. Gazelles taken from England to France,

308. General declaration of the Committee on

the fourth subject, 722. ------ law of -warranty in England,

absence of a, 737. ------precautions to prevent the¹ spread of

Cattle Plague, 270. ------warranty obligation, without especial

redhibitory defects, and special periods

of warranty, 720, Gerlach, Director, on laws of warranty

and redhibitory delicts, 731.

------on Binderpest in Prussia. 259.

------on the period of limitation, 73;).

Germany, the ravages of the Rinderpest

in 1744,203.

------. losses in, in 17;m, 300.

Generative organs, lesions of, 66. Gladstone, Mr.. on insurance. 158-159.

INDEX.

849

Hides as bearers of Ihe virus, 36.

------, experiments with. 479.

Hire, Ed., Beport by, from West Petnvith, Penzance, Cornwall. 349.

History of the Cattle Plague of 1865-66, 336.

Holland, losses in 17�5, 300.

------, outbreak in, 247.

------, the Cattle Plague in, 394.

Holly Ditch, near Calue, Wiltshire, out�break at, 388.

Holt and North Greonhoe, Norfolk, Report from, 373.

Home Office, correspondence with, on National Assurance, 103.

Homojopathic treatment, J14.

Honck, Mr.. contractoi for Russian cattle, 33G.

Horncastle, Beport from. 389.

Horns and hoofs, disinfection of, 140.

Howard. Mr., on indemmty, 144.

Human beings as media for communica�tion of the disease, 37.

Hungary, Cattle Plague in, 19.

------, suggested importation of diseased

animals from, 249.

Hunt aud Parker, Messrs., Report from, 380.

IIusson, motion with regard to the delivery of animals suffering from contagious diseases, 792.

Hygiene influence on predisposition, 30.

Hygienic management of diseased cattle, 91.

Inefficncy of treatment, 104.

Infected sheep to be seized and destroyed,

213.

------animals, slaughter of, 140.

Infection, limited area of, 193.

------. opinions of Haubner, 480, 481;

Hertwig, 479 ; M�ller, 481; Roll,

480,

------spreading substances, 479.

------Unterbergcr on. 179.

Influence of rivers and streams. 35. Inoculation at Ivarluwka, 195.

------by Dobson, 29S.

------by modified lymph, 189.

------by removes, 178,191, 195.

#9632;-----, conclusion as to its value, 198.

------for Cattle Plague first employed in

Great Britain, 170. -� in 1770, 171 : 1754, 170 : 1775, 171 ;

1778, 173; 1778-9, 171: 1847, 173;

1853, 17�, 177, 187; 1854,175, 182;

1855, 180, 186; 1865. 180, 187: 1857,

187; 1858, 178; 1859, 188, 194; 1863,

194; 1864,195. ------in Charkow, Kurski, Cherson, Wj�t-

ka, Kazan, and Uorpat, 170, 177.

------in Holland in 1755, 300.

------in phuro-pneumimia, 499.

------in the Steppes recommended by

Frank, Walz, Viborg, Jessen, and

Spinola, 25, 173.

------in Zealand, results of, 172.

------, Jessen and Rawitsch's conclusions,

194.

------. Lavard on, 299.

-----of Binderpest, Jessen, 813, 814.

------of Sheep-pox in Austria discontinued,

795. ------of Tyrolesc and Swiss cattle in

Russia, 186. �-�, Russian Commission on, 173.

------, St. Quentin's experiments, 299.

------, value of, 198.

------with decomposing lymph, 184.

------with old lymph, 192.

Inspection of imported substances, 139.

------, its insufficiency, 138.

------of frontiers, ports, markets, and the

country generally, 138.

------, Royal Commission on, 2C2.

Inspectors: powers given them to

slaughter and bun- infected animals,

207. ------. Roval Commission on their powers,

272. Insufficiency of quarantine for Steppe

cattle, 136. Insurance of cattle in Great Britain,

484. ------abroad. 602.

3 i

Identity of the present plague and Rinder�pest, 251.

Illyria. plague in, 3.

Importation of the Cattle Plague in 174�, 295.

------of cattle, amp;c., from Flanders, prohi�bited in 1770, 304.

------of foreign cattle a necessity. Iff,

------of live stock diseased, letters to the

' Times,' on, 3-9.

------of live stock, 132.

------into Ireland prohibited. 206.

Imported diseases, losses by, in Great Britain, 486.

Improvements needed in town dairy system, 17.

Incubation, period of, 38.

Indemnity, 143.

------, Lord Winchilsea on, 143.

------, Mr. Algernon Clarke on, 144.

------, Mr. Howard on, 144.

------a Warwickshire farmer on, 144.

------, Mr. Wooler on, 145.

850

INDEX.

Insunuipe of cuttk', advantages of a m-

tioiirtl system of, 152.

------companies, failure of, 485.

------, compulsory, in Poland, G02; in

I'nissia, 603.

------, local and general, 145.

�-�, objections to a national system of,

153. Internal remeilios, 100.

------administration of medicines, 97.

International Veterinary Congress at

Hamburg, 2, 465 ; at Vienna, 528. Intestines, traffic in. (IKJ. Intestinal lesions, by l)r. JIurcliison, 61. Investigation of Cattle Plague in Galieia,

319. Iodine as a disinfeetaut, 169. Ireland, Royal Commission's recommen�dations concerning. 273.

------, importation into, prohibited, 200.

Isle of Wight, Report from, ;-Jlaquo;2.

Islington, outbreak at, 215.

Italy, Rinderpest in, Prof. Perosino, 817.

------, Cattle Plague in, 1744.

------, Plague in, :-!.

Itcli, or Scab, redhibitory defect in sheep

and goats, 7-17, 788. ------warranty period in, 788.

Kreutzer, Dr.. on Rinderpest in slice]),

53. Kurst, inoculations in, 181.

Lambeth, outbreak at, 245. Lanark Privy Council Returns, 307.

-------, Report from, 300.

Lancashire Privy Council Returns, 3CS.

-------, Report from, 307.

Lancisi,on Small-pox and Rinderpest, 202, Large intestines, lesions in, 81. Larynx, lesions in, 50. Law in Hesse relating to scabby sheep.

790. �� in Switzerland relating to the fpia-

rantinc periods by epidemics, 798, 799. #9632;------in Wiirtemberg with regard to the

conveyance of cattle, 798. Law of warranty in Bavaria, Diesingor,

725.

�------ in Hesse, by Wiist, 723.

Laws relating to warranty and redhibitory

defects in France, by Reynal, 722. -------of warranty and redhibitory defects,

Gerlaeh, 731. -------(new) of warranty in Wiirtemberg,

Baden, Bavaria, amp;c., 710. Lawford's Gate, Gloucester, Report from.

by Mr. Leigh, 361. Layard, Dr,, on the Plague. 51.

-------, his description of the symptoms, 51.

-------, on inoculation, 299.

-------, letter from, to Joseph Hanks, Esq.,

305. -------. Mr., on the Cattle Plague, 255; of

1745, 295. Leeds West:, Report from Mr. Cuthbert.

390. Legality of Assurance Associations, 140, Leicestershire Privy Council Returns, 309.

-------, Report from, 368.

Lemberg, railway commnuication with

Rotterdam and Hamburg, 250. Lepper, G. A., Report by, from Vale of

Aylesbnry, Buckinghamshire, 340. Lesions after death in Rinderpest, 50.

-------in advanced stage, 57.

-------in the bronchial tubes, 57.

-------in the first stage, 50.

#9632;------in the nose, 57.

-------in the small intestines, 60.

-------of the generative organs, 06.

Letters to the ' Times,' Prof. Gamgee's,

3-9. Liehtleld, Rev. P., on the Orders in Coun�cil. 210. Limited area of iufeetion, 193. Lincolnshire Privy Council Returns, 370.

Jessen, Professor, his conclusions on inocu�lation, 194.

------, bis reasons for recommending ino�culation in the Steppes, 171.

------, inoculation by, in 1859. 191-.

------, lecture on Rinderpest by, S12-S17.

------on inoculation, 173.

------on quarantine for Steppe cattle, 130.

------and Unterberger, 25.

Jutland, Rinderpest in, in 174G, 293.

Kannld on the Cattle Plague of last Cen�tury, 291.

Karlowka, inoculation at, 195.

Kent Privy Council Returns, 300.

------, Reports from, 364.

Keigldev.York, Report from Mr. Ehnmoit, 891.

Kincardine, Report from, 300.

Kinross. Report from, 360.

Kirgisian Horde, inoculations in. 180.

Kirkcudbright, Report from, 301!.

Kobuschew on inoculation, ISO.

K�nigsberg, Letter from, to Lord Claren�don, 324,

Kool on inoculation, 300.

INDEX,

851

LineolnsUire. Roportti froui, 3�9.

Li�litligow Privy Council Betoms, 370.

#9632;------, Report from, 370.

-------and Edinburgh Privy Council Re�tunis, 358.

-------, Reports from, quot;57.

Liverpool, Lancashire, Report from, 3C8.

Local iiiMminoe, 115.

London, Murket, atock exhibited in, fur.lO years. 12.

Lord Bernera and the Royal Agricultural Society, 321.

L�serdiirre, '22.

Losses in Ansiria, 335.

-------from Rinderpest during the last six

months. l�G.

-------from Rinderpest in the Steppes of

Hungary, 156.

-------in Cheshire in 1751, 297.

�� in England, from the Cattle Plague in the outbreak of 1745, 290.

-------in town dairies, 14.

-------likely to be sustained, 153.

Lymph, means employed to modify, 189.

�^�, mode of preserving, 189.

Lymph-exudations, absent, G8.

Lunar blindness (periodical inflammation of the eyes), redhibitory defect in ani�mals of the equine species, 717, 775.

-------, warranty period in, 777.

Macdougall's powder, 170.

Magenseuchc, 22.

MaSgnaut catarrh al fever in cattle, 509.

------- disease of stallions, 508.

-------dysenteric fever, 22.

Maresch, Dr.,on Rinderpest in sheep, 54.

-------, observations of, Sn'2.

Markets, inspection of, 139.

-�, stoppage of. 106.

Market Weightou, Report from Sir. J.

Cooper at, 392. Measles, redhibitory defects in pigs, 747.

-------or eysticercus diseases in pigs, 511.

-------, warranty period in. 789.

Measures of prevention, 126.

Meat, price of, and cattle importation, 4.

-------and milk, cattle disease in relation

to the supplies of, 2. Mecklenburg, inoculation in, 171.

-------, Plague in, 6.

Medicinal agents used in Rinderpest, 97. Medicines, different channels by which

they may be administered, 98. Melted grease admissible in casks, 140. Members attending the second Congress,

�33. Meriden, outbreak at, 38.quot;i.

Mesenteric glands, lesions of, 04.

Metropolitan Market, Royal Commis�sioners on the, 202.

Microscopical lesions, G6.

Milch cows, susceptibility of, 30.

Mildness of Rinderpest in the buffalo, ,^ri3.

Milk in Rinderpest,Dr. Arthur Gaoigee's analysis of, 75.

Mistake in not closing the Dutch ports, 29.

Mortality in the buffalo, 53.

-------from Rinderpest, 51.

-------among stock from preventable dis�eases, 154.

-------of Rinderpest, 51.

Mortimer, Dr., ou the Cattle Plague. 252, 293.

Mouth, lesions in, 50.

Mucous glands of the mouth and pharynx, changes in, 07.

-------membranes, condition of, 40.

Multiplication of cells. 07.

Murchison, Dr., and vaccination, 199.

-------. on Cattle Plague and Small-pox,

82.

-------, on the intestinal lesions, 61.

Murrain of Egypt, 22, 2S5.

Muzzles, introduction of, in Wiirtemberg, 705.

�-----, when dogs must wear them, 707;

when they need not bo worn generally by dogs, 707.

National Association for the Prevention

of Cattle Diseases, 129.

------- Insurance, 152.

-------, advantages of, 152.

-------, correspondence with the Home

Office concerning. 103.

-------, Mr. Gladstone on, 100.

-------. objections to, 153.

-------Sir James P. Ivay Shuttleworth on,

100. Nature of Cattle Plague, 79. Neapolitan States, Cattle Plague in, 334. Nervous centres, lesions of, 04. Neutral salts, 102.

Nodules on the mucous membrane, 07. Norfolk Privy Council Returns, 374.

-------, Report from, 371.

-------, P.lofield, Report from, 373.

-------, North Walsham, Tuustead, and

Hepping, Report from, 372.

-------, Swaffham, Report from, 373.

Nose, lesions in, 57.

Northamptonshire Privy Council Retumg,

374. ------, Report from, 374.

3 i 2

852

INDEX.

Nortluimberliiiid Privy Council Returns. 37�.

-------Report from, 375.

Nottingham, Reports from, liV.T.

-------Privy Oouneil Keturns, 371).

Nozeman on inoculation, 3UU.

().

Objects of tlie Royal Commission. 2�!).

Objections to compulsory insurance, 157.

Observations of Dr. Morescb, 33^.

(Estrum, temperature increased during, 40.

Official Returns, Aberdeen, 342.

Opinion of the Society of German Vete�rinary Surgeons on redhibitory defects, 727.quot;

Opposition to fiovemment's attempt to legislate for tlie prevention of conta�gions diseases in 1864, 204.

Order in Council, 1^57, 327.

-------in Council atlVeting slice]), 207.

-------in Council, effect of the iirst, 205.

------in Council following the Report of

tlie Royal Commission, 207.

-------in Council, its extension to Scotland,

206.

------in Council, provisions of the second,

20G.

------in Council referring to animal

products. 212.

-------in Council referring to Ireland, 212.

------ in Council referring to tlie North

and West of Scotland, 211.

Orders in Council, 207; Appendix, S1�-

82G.

#9632;------in Council, copies of, 219.

------in Council, discussion on, 208.

#9632;------in Council,Royal Commissioners on,

200.

------ in Council, tlieir extension to all

parts of Great Britain, 200.

Organic poisons destroyed bv dry beat,

108. Origin of Rinderpest, 26, Orlowon inoculation, 193. Ormskirk, Lancashire, Report from, 30S. Ostrowsky, Professor, inoculalious by, 187. Ouse and Derwent, Report trom Mr.

Bowman, 392. Outbreak at Banff in 1770, 302. Outbreak and spread of the disease in

England, 245; at Bamsley, 3^,.i2; in

Worcestershire, 381): in Wiltshire, 388.

-------at Schiedam, Holland, 247,

Outhof, on a Cattle Plague, 28.quot;). Oxford Privy Council Returns, 370. Oxford, Report frurn, 370.

Painton, Devon, Report from, bv Mr.

Dyer, 353. Parasitic nature of Rinderpest alleged. !tl. Parliament, Act of, to prevent the spread

of contagious and infectious diseases, 213. Past history of tlfb Cattle Plague, 285. Faulet, on the Plague in Germany, 291. Peebles, Report from, 377. Peech, Mr. J. I)., Report from, 390. Peele, Mr. H., Report from West llartle-

pool, Durham, 355. Percussion, -I'J. Period of incubation, 38.

------of limitation, Gerlooh, 735.

------of observation for bitten dogs, 709.

-------of warranty for black cataract, 764.

-------of warranty for dyspnoea (without

regard to seat, broken wind, roaring ,

771. ------of warranty for epilepsy and vertigo,

775.

-------of warranty for glanders, 7GS.

-------of warranty for itch, 788.

------ of warranty for lunar blindness

periodical inflammation of the eyes),

71 /.

-------of warranty for measles, 789.

-------of warranty for pleuro-pnenmouia,

785.

#9632;------of warranty for ringworm, 749.

-------of warranty for small-pox, 788.

------- of warranty for staggers, 773.

-------of warranty for suspected glands,

709.

-------of warranty for trichinae, 792.

-------of warranty for tubercles on the

lungs and phthisis. 782. Periodical Returns, recommended by the

Royal Commission, 273. Periodicity of the Cattle Plague, 51!. Permanganate of potass as a disinfectant.

169. Perth, Privy Council Returns, 377.

-------, Report from, 377.

Feste, 23.

Feste Bovine, 22.

Pestilence among cattle at the Siege of

Troy, 285. Pestis Bourn, 23. Petty Sessional Divisions of Ilenly and

Warwick, Report of Mr. J. Rose, 386. Peyer's glands, cell development in, OS ;

lesions in, 60. Pharynx, lesions in, 5G-5S. Pigs, redhibitory defects in, 747, 789. Pink, H. N., Report from Greenwich,

Kent, 305.

QJDEX.

laquo;oy

Plague, causes of, 24. Pleuio-pneumonia, complicated with Bin-

derpest, 55.

------in cattle, discusskma on, 490-501.

------in tin' London dairies in 1850, 1.

------. its ravages in Elngland, Address on,

483. ------, rrdliibit'HT defect in cattle, 717,

783-785.

------, resolutions on, 490.

------, statement by Fuobs, 400, 4!).quot;), Jfif);

F�rstenberg, 4117; (Jerlacli. 491, 4il2,

494,496,498; Haubner,496; Marcus,

491; May, 495; Xiklas, l'JU; Schmelz,

491; W�th, 490.

------, warranty period for, 7S5.

Podgoretschani-Petrotntsoh, Count, on

inoculation, 192. Podolian oxen in London, 0. Poland, Professor Simonds' Report on

Cattle riagucj in, ;i^-J7.

------. quarantine in, 136.

#9632;------, Rinderpest in, 323, 324.

Police interference in Bavaria, 741. Polish Jtevoluiion, influence of, 333. Ports, inspection of, 138. Position of veterinary surgeons, and study

of veterinary medicine, 800, 818. Post-mortem appearances In Rinderpest,

56. Power to close country markets, 263. Powers of inspectors, Royal Commissioners

on, 272. Pratt, Mr. Tidd, on Assurance Societies.

146. Precautions to be employed when the

disease is in the vicinity, 2S0.

------ when treatment is adopted, 94.

Predisposition, causes affecting the ani�mals, 29. Pregnancy, influence of, 30. Preserved lymph, inoculation with, 184. Preston, Lancashire, Report from, 308. Privy Council Returns, 491-157.

------. Ayrshire. 343.

------. Bedfordshire, 343.

#9632;-----, Berkshire, 311.

------. Berwick, 345.

Privy Council Returns, Durham, 350.

------, Edinburgh anel linlithgow, 358.

------, Essex. 359.

------, Fife, 300.

-----, Flint, 360.

------, Forior, 361.

------, Gloucestershire. 361.

------, Haddington, 302.

------, Hampshire, 303.

------, Hereford, 303.

------, Hertfordshire, 304.

#9632;-----, Kent, :!U0.

------. Lanark, 307.

------, l.anoa.shire, 308.

------, Lincolnshire, 370.

------, Linlithgow, 370.

#9632;-----, Linlithgow and Edinburgh, 358.

------, Norfolk, 374.

------, Northamptonshire, 374.

------, Northumberland, 375.

------, Nottingham, 370.

------, Oxford, 370.

-----, Perth, 377.

------, Renfrew, 377.

------, Roxburgh, 378.

------. Selkirk, 378.

------. Shropshire, 379.

------, Somerset, 379.

-�, Staffordshire, 380.

#9632;-----. Stirling-, 382.

�, Suffolk, 383.

-----. Surrey, 384.

-----, Warwickshire, 388, 389.

------, Wiltshire, 388.

------, Yorkshire, 393.

Prevention of contagious diseases, powers vested in Government insufficient for. 204. Prevention of the Cattle Plague, 120; Government measures for, 204.

------ of the importation of live stock

into the corv.itry, 132. Preventive and remedial recommenda�tions when the Cattle Plague has ap�peared in a locality, 282. Preventive treatment, 104.

------measures in last century, 290.

Price of meat and cattle importation, 4. Primaryorigin of Rinderpest unknown, 26. Probabilities of importing Rinderpest in

1803. 6. Proctor, Mr. A. 1!., M.R.O.V.S., Report

from, on Solihul, 380. Prosovew. Professor, on inoculation, 178. Prussia, Cattle Plague in. 0.

------, quarantine in, 135, 130.

-----, Rinderpest in, 259.

Public funds, use of as indemnity, 157. Pulsation in Cattle Plague, 45. Purgatives, 100,

------, Buckinghamshire

346.

------. Cambridge, 346.

-----, Cheshire, 318.

------, Clackmannan, 348

�, Cornwall, 350.

-, Cumberland, : -, Denbigh, 331.

SI.

----, Derby,

-. Devon, 353.

-, Dorset, 350.

-, Dumbartonshiro, 354.

-. Dumfries, 304.

854

INDEX.

Quarantine, on reducing its period to ten days as against Cattle Plague, opinions of:�Bleiweis, 564; Ernes, 5(Jo-.Jliquot;J ; Fuclis, 471, 170, 5B6; Gerlach, 472, 47;-!, 477, ,^ri7-2, MO; Halicki, 50:!; Haubuer, 470-473, 47(i, 478, �su; Hering, 472, 473, 477; Hertwig, 475, 477. 561, �71 ; Jessen, �li�, 5SS ; K�hne, 47:-!; L�thens, 580; M�ller, 474; Eawitsch, 568, 582 ; Reynal, 581; Seifinann, 5117; Tscherning, 5U4; Undritz, 472, 47:!; Unterberger, 475, 471!; Zangger, 471, 473, 477, 478, 5G�; Zl�nml, 584:.

-------. avoiiliuieo of, by snuiggling, 135.

-------, conditions on which it should bo

reduced to ten days, 500, 501.

-------for Steppe oxen, its insufficiency,

136.

------- for Steppe murrain in Austria and

Prussia, 135.

-------in Poland, 130.

-------, its failure to arrest the progress of

human diseases, 131. -------of three weeks followed by outbreak,

594. -------only applicable to diseases that are

purely contagions, 134.

#9632;------Regulations, 134.

-------, Veterinary Congress on, 135; 471.

-------. why applicable to cattle, 134.

Rabies, contagion of, 24. Railway trucks, uncleansed, 33,

Itainey's sacs, 91.

Ramazzini on the Cattle Plague in Italy in 1701), 289.

Rate at which stock should be insured, J 56.

Raupach, inoculation by, 195.

-------. on inoculation, 197.

Paw produce, how to bo dealt Tvith during outbreaks of Plague, 011.

1,'awitscli, Professor, on inoculation, 192.

-------, his conclusions on inoculation. 194.

-------, lecture on Siberian Pest, 808-812.

Recrudescence, more likely when the dis�ease has a broad area 20.

Pedhibitory defects, and their periods of warranty, 747, 777.

------- in animals of the erpiinc species,

747.

-------in pigs, 747, 789.

#9632;------in sheep and goats, 747, 7SS.

Pcinoeulation, 190. liclapscs, 49.

Removes, inoculation by, 179.

Renault on the Cattle Plague, 250.

Renfrew, Reports from, 377.

Respiration in the Cattle Plague, 40.

Itestiveness : redhibitory defect in ani�mals of the efpuue species, 747, 749.

------rejected as a redhibitory defect,

752,

Returns, Privy Council, 388.

.------ for Wiltshire, 388.

------for Worcestershire. 389.

------- for Yorkshire, 393,

Bevel cargo. Royal Commissioners on,

247. Reports from Aberdeen, 341.

�------Ashford, Kent, 305.

-------Ayrshire, 343.

-------Bedfordshire, 343.

-------Berkshire (Maidenhead district',

343.

-------Berwick, 314.

-------BucMnghamshiie, 345.

-------Cambridge, 340.

-------Cheshire, 347.

-------Clackmannan, 348.

-------Cornwall, 34S.

-------Cumberland, 350.

------- Denbigh. 351.

-------Devon, 352.

-------1 raquo;orset, 350.

------- Dover, Kent, 305.

-------Dumbarton, 353.

-------Dumfries, 354.

-------Durham, 355.

------- Edinburgh, 350.

------Elvington, near York, 392.

-------Essex, 358.

------Fife, 300.

-------Flint, 300,

-------Forfiir, 300.

-------Grloucestersbire, 361.

-------Goole, 392.

-------Greenwich, Kent, 305.

------ lladdington, 301.

-------Hampshire, 302.

------- Barrowgate, by Mr. Dearlovc, 390.

------Her, ford, 303.quot;

-------Hertfordshire, 303.

------- Keigliley, 391.

#9632;------Kent, 304.

#9632;-------Kincardine, 300.

------Kinross, 300.

-------Kirkcudbright, 300.

------- Lanark, 300.

-------Lancashire, 307.

-------Leeds, 390.

-------Leicestershire, 308.

-------Lincolnshire, 369,

------ Linlitbgow, 370.

------ Liverpool, 368.

INDEX.

855

Roports from Market-Weighton, by Mr. J. Cooper, Hd2.

-------Metropolitim district, 370.

-------Norfolk, 371.

-------Northampton, 374/quot;

-------Northumberltmcl, 375.

-------Nottingham, 375.

-------Oxford, 37().'

-------Peebles, 377.

-------Perth, 377.

-------Renfrew, 377.

-------Boxbuigh, 37S.

-------Buahoo and Wrexbam, 351.

-------Budforth, 392.

-------#9632; Kutland, 378.

-------.Selkirk, 37().

-------Shropshire, 379.

-------Someiset, 379.

-------South Anston, Itotherham, Mr. W. B.

Taylor, M.R.C.V.S.. 390.

-------Staffoidshire, 379,

-------Stirling. 3Si.

-------Suffolk, 382.

------Surrev, 383.

------ Sussex, 384.

------. Tlursk, 392.

-------Wath-upon-Dearne, bv Mr. M. Stone,

392,

-------Wentwortli. Rotherham, Yorkshire,

390.

-------, official, of the First Congress:

question about the sending of the, 799.

------#9632; on the effects of the deliberations of

the First International Congress, 795-800.

#9632;�� on the fourth subject of the pro�gramme, by Dr. von Hering, 717-722.

Review of Rinderpest inoculations, ISO.

Revnal, proposal to discuss the home of Rinderpest, 801.

-------on laws relating to warranty and

rodhibitory defects in France, 722.

Bicbardson, Dr. Benjamin W., his recom�mendation of iodine as a disinfectant, 169.

Ringworm, discussions on, 507.

-------, redhibitory defect in animals of the

equine species, 747, 709.

-------, period of warranty in, 709.

Rinderpest, 22.

-------, a redhibitory defect in cattle, 785,

780.

-------at Florisdorf, 249.

-------, character of its contagion, 250.

-------contagious, 250.

-------from Hungary, twelve veterinary

surgeons appointed to avert the intro�duction of, 790.

-------in Devon cattle imported into Russia,

25.

Rinderpest in Italy, Professor Perosino on, 817.

-------, inoculated lesions of, 08.

------, inoculation, Jessen on, 813, 814.

-------in sheep. Dr. Alareseh's observa�tions, 332.

��, its constant presence in the Russian steppes, 24.

-------, lecture on, by Professor Jessen,

812-817.

------, losses from in Austria, 335.

#9632;------, mortality of, 51.

-------. natural lesions of, 00.

-------not amenable to therapeutic treat�ment, 92.

-------only caused b3^T contagion, 24.

-------originates in the ox, 79.

-------probably not developed per se even

in the steppes, 25.

-------. proposal tu discuss the home of, by

Professor Reynal, 801.

-------, warranty period, 788.

-------, Russian'statistics of, 331.

Rivers and streams as propagating the plague, 35.

Roads, travelling diseased stock on, 34.

��. travelling stock on, 34.

Boaring (Dyspnoea, broken -wind, red�hibitory defect in animals of the equine species, 747, 770. 771.

��, warranty period by, 771.

Roehford and Dcngie Hundreds, Essex, Report from, by Messrs. H. S. Hurrell and Son, 358.

Roll. Dr., on the Cattle Plague communi�cated by sheep and swine, 480.

-------, Professor,on shortening the quaran�tine, 408.

-------against the Cattle Plague Report on,

558.

Roschnow, inoculating by. 189.

Rose, Mr. James, Warwick, report from, 380.

Rot in sheep and goats, omitted as a red�hibitory defect, 747, 788, 789.

Roxburgh, report from, 378.

------Privy Council Keturns, 378.

Royal Agricultural Society of England and fjord Bemers, 321.

Royal Agricultural Society's show-yard. Rinderpest in, 205.

Roval Commission, Beport of, 207, 242; first, 244.

-------, genera] precautionary measures re�commended by, 279.

��, objects of, 259.

-------cm inspection, 202.

-------on the Metropolitan Market, 205.

-------on the Orders in Councd, 200.

-------on the Revel cargo, 248.

8.30

INDEX.

Eoyal Ccimmi�sion recommend periodical

returns, '27:3.

------, recommendatioiis of, regarding Ire�land, 27S.

------, recommendation of, to keep all

cattle from unenclosed lauds, '27'2.

-------, recommendation ot; to stop cattle

traffic, 209.

-------, recommendations of, when the

Cattle Plague exists in a locality, 282.

-------, sanitary ncommendations of, 279.

-------, special precautions recommended

by, when the disease is in the neigh�bourhood, 280.

-------, suggested alteration by, of regula�tions of cattle traffic, 270.

Royal Commissioners on cordons, 264,

�� on the powers of inspectors, 272.

------, their reeommendatiuns concerning

foreign cattle, 272.

Eoyal Veterinary College, experiments on vaccination at, 204.

Buabon andWrexham, Denbigh, Reports from, 351.

Budfortb, Report from, 302.

Rngby, outbreak in district of, 3S�.

Russia, Cattle Plague in, 3.

-------, effects of the deliberations of the

first Congress in, 800.

�------, infection received from, 2�7.

-------, Rinderpest in, 257.

Russian Commission on inoculation, 173.

------Rinderpest, statistics of, 331.

-------Steppes, outbreak of Kinderpest in,

25.

Rutland, Report from, 378.

Sergegew, his uietbod of preserving the

virus, 189. Seventh Sleeting of the Congress, 802. Sex, influence of, 30. Sheds, designation of, 283. Sheep, carriers of contagion, 480.

------, mildness of the Cattle Plague in, 27.

-------, Rinderpest in, Galieia, 332.

-------, symptoms of Rinderpest in, 53.

-------and goats, redhibitory defects in,

747, 788. Sheep-pux, brought into Europe from

Russia, 27.

-------, cultivation of, 175.

-------, discussions on, 515.

Shipping of cattle, its effects. 32. Shropshire Privy Council Returns, 379.

-------. Report from, 379.

Shuttleworth, Sir James P. Kay, on

Assurance Societies, 118.

-------, on National Insurance, 100.

Siberian Jioil Plague, 23, 27.

-------Cattle Plague, 23.

-------Pest, lecture on by Prof, Rawitsch,

808-812; by Prof. Unterbeiger, 803--08. Sick and infected beasts, slaughter of, 110. Significance of Rinderpest inoculations,

178. Simonds, Professor, on the effects of the

first Order in Council, 205. -------, Report on Cattle Plague in Poland,

329. Sixth Sleeting of the Congress, 758. Skelhnanthorpe, outbreak at, 392. Skin eruption in mild cases, 50. Skins, raw and dry, experiments with.

479. Slaughter of calves, importance of pre�venting, 13, #9632;------ of diseased animals, objections

against, 142. �� of sick and infected animals, 140. Slaughter-houses, as means of disseminat�ing the contagion, 35. Small intestine, lesions in, 00. Small-pox essentially different from Cattle

Plague, 87.

-------in sheep, discussion on, 515.

-------in raquo;beep obtained from Russia, 27.

------, redhibitory defect in sheep and

goats, 747, 788.

-----, warranty period in, 788.

-------#9632; and Cattle Plague by Dr. Murehison,

82.

�------, ' British Medical Journal' on, 201.

Smart, his method of treatment, 110. -------, Dr., his remarks on the blood

globules, 04. Smuggling of cattle, its extent in Austria,

137.

Sanderson, Dr. Burdon, his experiments

on vaccination. 203. Salchow, Ulrich Christian, on inoculation.

173. Sanitary recommendations of the Royal

Commission, 279. Scab, contagion of, 24. -------or Itch, redhibitory defect in sheep

and goats, 747, 788.

-------. warranty period in, 7SS.

Schell on general warranty obligation

without special redhibitory defects, and

Special periods of warranty, 729. Schiedam, outbreak at, 217. Schmidt's Statistics of the Rinderpest in

Austria during 1800,257. Schwenke on inoculation, 300. Sedatives, 102. Selkirk Privy Council Returns, 378.

-------, Report from, 378.

Separate Report of Mr. 51'Clean, 275.

INDEX.

857

Sningjrlinp; of cattle, lo.-scs due to, ln7. Soeiety of Germaa Veterinary Surgeons,

opinion of the, ou redliibitorv defects,

727. Soda, solutions of a.s disinfectants, 1GS. Solihnl, outbreak at, 386. Solitary glands, statu of, 62 ; multiplica�tion of cells in, (gt;7. Solotowskv, Professor, on inoculation,

ITS. Somerset Privy Council Returns, 379.

------, Report from, :gt;7'J.

Soutli Anston. Botherham, Report from

Mr. \V. B. Taylor at, 390. Southampton, Basingstdke, Report from,

862. Special cbaraoter of the Cattle Plague,

21. Special Report of Karl Spencer, Viscount

Cranbome, Sir. Read, and 13r. Bence

Junes, 274. Spilsl)y and lioston, cases at, ciSn. Spinal cord, lesions of, 65. Spinola on inoeulation, 173. Splenic apoplexy. Professor Voeloker on,

28. Spooner, Professor, Uis exhibition of a

tracheotome, 714. St. Petersburg, Importation from, in 1860,

24S. St. Qneutin, Sir quot;William, Us inoculations,

299. Stall'oidshire, Tiivy Council Returns,380.

------, Report liom, quot;iTi*.

Staggers, redhibitory defect in animals

of the eijuine species, 771-773, 717.

------, warranty period in, 773.

Statements made in 1857 on Cattle Plague,

by the author, 2. Statistics of Russian Rinderpest, 331. Statistical Tables published by the Privy

Council-No. 1, 401; Xo. 2, 408;

No. 3, 413; No. 4, 422; No. 5, 420;

No. G, 43G ; No. 7, 443 ; No. S, 450;

No. 9, 457. Statistics�(ialieia, 332.

------of disease, importance of, 521.

Steam communication, iniluenco of. on

the Plague, 3� Stepanow, inoculation by, 1S8. Steppe cattle, extraordinary mildness of

the Plague in, 25, 136.

------, mortalily in, 51.

------, their alleged predisposition to Rin�derpest, 2G. Steppe Murrain, causes of, 24. ------only attacks animals once in their

Irres, 170.

------, probabilities of an outbreak of, 1.

Stimulants, 102.

Stirling Privy Council Returns, 382.

------, Report from, 381.

Stock in London market for ten years, 12.

------�, probable amount of in the United

Kingdom, 154.

Stone, Mr. M., Waih-upon-Deame, Re�port from. 3;)2.

Stoppage of fairs and markets, 166.

#9632;------ of cattle traffic, its inadequacy to

check the disease, 107.

------recommended by the Royal Com�missioners, 2G5.

Store and fat stock, distinction between, 205.

Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, Re�port from, by Mr R. O. Veiniy, 301.

Suffolk Privy Council Returns, 383.

------, Report from, 382.

Sulphurous acid gas as a disinfectant, 170.

Sunderland, Durham, Report from, by Mr. Dudgeon, 355.

Superficial ulcers, 07.

Susceptibility of deer to Rinderpest, 400.

Suspension of cattle traffic, 209.

Suspicious glands, redhibitory defect in animals of the equine species. 747, 708.

------, period of warranty in, 700.

Surrey Privy Council Returns, 384.

------, Report from, 383.

Sussex, Report from, 384.

Swn�'ham, Norfolk, Report from, 373.

Sweden, Rinderpest in, in 1740, 393.

Swine rarely carry the Plague, 480.

Swiss cattle, their inoculation in Russia, 18C.

Symptomatic Cow-pox, 23.

Symptoms of the Cattle Plague, 38.

------of Rinderpest in sheep, 53.

------of Rinderpest, Dr. Layard's descrip�tion, 51.

Synonyms of Cattle Plague, 22.

Tallies published by the Privy Council. 401.

Tnk on inoculation, 300.

Temperature, increase of, 39.

------increased during oestrum, 40.

�----, variations in, 44.

Tewkcsbnry, Borough ef, Gloucestershire, Report from, by Mr. B.W. Themas, 30J.

Theobalds, Mr., on trie origin of the out�break of 1745, 294.

Theodosius, Plague in the time of, 280.

Thomas, Mr. R. \V'., Report from Borough of Tewkesbnry, Gloucestershire, 361.

Third Congress, manager of the prelimi-naiy affairs of the, 747.

83S

INDEX.

Thoinsnn, 5Ir., Homcas�e, Report from,

389. Thorpe Hall, mar Leeds, outbreak at,

389. #9632;Times,' Author's letters to, in 1S63, 8-9. Toll.mache, Mr., and vaccination, 199,

202. Tonics, 103. Town dairy system, mortality with, 11.

------dairies, inspection of, 139.

Traolieotome, exhibited to the Congress

by Professor Spooner, 714. Tinnsmission of the virus, causes affecting

Travelling stools: on roads, 34.

Treatment, methods of, suggested at home and abroad, 104.

------of Hinderpest, 91.

------ought to be prohibited, 142,

Trichinsa, redbibitory defects in pigs. 747. 78:1, 792.

------, warranty period for, 792.

Tubercles on the lungs and phthisis, redhibitory defects in cattle, 747, 77'.i, 7S-1.

------, warranty period in, 782.

Turkey, Plague in, 9.

Typhus in the horse. 510.

------. Boum Oontogiosus, 23.

�� Goidiujiewx des hUtes bovines, 23.

Tyrolese and Swiss cattle, their inocula�tion in Bussia, ISO.

Tyrol, Cattle Plague in. 19.

�.

(Jebergalle, 22.

Ukraine cattle, inoculation of, ISO.

Uncleansed railway trucks, 33.

Unenclosed lands, no cattle should be turned out on. 272.

Uniform action, Boyal Commission recom�mends, 263.

Unterherger, Professor, Ins inoculations in Russia, 175; in 1869, 194.

------. remarks by, on inoculation, 197.

��. lecture on Siberian Pest, by, 803-8.

Urine, analysis of, in Binderpcst, 7(1.

Use of disinfectants, 107.

I fterus, condition of, liti.

Vaccination, Mr. Acton's experiments on,

204.

------, Mr. Harper's experiments, 203.

------, the Earl of Airlie's experiments,

203. Vaccinated heifers sent by the French

Government to the Albert Veterinary

College. 204. Vagina, condition of, 47. ------and matrix, falling of the, in Cuttle

PJague, 778. 770. Vale of Aylesbury, Bnckingbamshire,

Beport from, by Mr. CjA. Lepper,

340. Value of disinfectants, 107.

-----of inoculation, 108.

Variations in temperature, 44.

Variola�canBinaerpest induce�in man.

200. Vegetable tonics, 103. Venetian Mandate on Cattle Plague in

1730, 202. Verney, Mr. R. Or., Beport from Stow-on-

thc-Wold, Gloucestershire, 361. Veterinary Congress held in Hamburg.

2, 465; in Vienna, 028.

------Congresses on quarantine, 135.

------police, diseases to be considered un�der this head, 501.

------school established at Lyons, 800.

------surgeons, position of and study of

veterinary medicine, 800-18.

------, want of well-lt; ducated, 720.

Viborg, on inoculation, 173.

Vicii d'Azyr, on the lesions of the nervous

centres. 05. Viehseuche, 23. Vienna, railway communication with Bot-

terdam and Hamburg, 250. Virulent foot-disease of sheep and goats

omitted as a redhibitory defect. 78'.). Virus, causes affecting its transmission,

32. Visitation of dogs, 712. Voelcker, Professor, on splenic apoplexy,

28. Von Soheidemann, on the area of infec�tion, 193. Vote of thanks to the office-bearers of the

Congress, SIS.

Walsall, outbreak at, 387. Walton, Norfolk, Beport from, 373. Walz on inoculation, 173. Want of well-educated veterinary sur�geons, 720. Warsaw, letter from, to Lord Clarendon,

Vaccination, KW.

------, 'BritUb Medical Journal¹ on, 201.

------ condemned by the Boyal Oommis-

sion, 204. -----, Ur. Burdon Sanderson's experiments

on, 203. ------, its insufficiency as a preventive, 200.

INDKX.

859

Warwick, Potty Sessional Divioious of,

386. W.irwicksliiru, JIutual Cuttle Astwiution

^Limited;, 885.

------, outbreak in, 385.

------ Privy Council Keturus, January

27th, 388. Wiiszlcow, inoculations by, 187. Wath-upon-Deame, Report frum Mr, M,

Stone, 31)2. Wiiter u.s a disinfectant, 1GS. Watson, Ur. Walker, M.B C.V.S., Eugby,

Beport lioin, 385. Wavertree, near Liverpool, IJancashire,

Beport irom. 3G.S. Webb, Mr, II., Beport from Fieahwell,

Essex, 359. Wentwoith, Botherham, Beport from ilr.

J. D. Peech at, 390. West Uromwieb, outbreak at, 3S(j. West Hartlepool, Durham, Beport amp;om,

by Mr. H. Peele, 355. West Penwith, Ponzance, Cornwall, Ee-

porl from, by Mr. Edward Hire, 34!J. Wlieeler, Mr. E., Beport from. Isle of

Wight, 3d2. Wliite corpuscles of the blood increased,

70. Wight, Isle of, Beport from, by Mr. E.

Wheeler, 362. Wiltshire, 1'rivy Council Betums for, 38S.

------, outbreak in, 3SS.

Wilstrip, near York, cases at, 3S9.

Winchilsea, Lord, on mdemnity, 113.

Wise, Mr., on the Orders in Council, 208.

Wooler, Mr., on indemnity, 145.

Worcestershire, Privy Council BetlUUE for, 389.

------, outbreak in, 381).

Worms in lungs and stomach in sheep and goats omitted as a redhibitorv de�fect, 789.

Wrexbam and Knabon, Denbigh, Beport from, 351.

Wiirtemberg, Baden. Bavaria, amp;c., new laws of warranty, 719.

------, introduction of muzzles in, 705.

W�st, on the law of warranty in H( BBC ! Grand Duchy \ 723.

Vorishire, outbreak in, ;!S9.

------, Privy Council Beturns for, 393.

Vouutt on the Cattle Plague, 255. ------ou t)ie Rinderpest, 301.

Zangger, Director, manager of tlio pre�liminary affairs of the third Congress, 717.

Zeeland, inoculation in, 17L

/himrd on redhibitory defects, 720.

Z�rich, the place of meeting of the next Congress in 1807, 710.

THE EM).

LOl.UJli : PRDSXBD BX WTLI.IAM CLOWES AKB SOKS, STUCFOED STREKT, AMgt; CHARCfO ei:OST.

EULES AND EEG�LATIONS

THE ALBERT

VETEEINART COLLEGE,

LIMITED.

QUEEN'S ROAD, BAYSWATER.

1865.

LONDON: A. H. BAILY amp; CO., PEINTEES AND STATIONEES,

ROYAL EXCHANGE BUILDINGS.

THE ALBEPiT YETERINAET COLLEGE,

QUEEN'S ROAD, BAYSWATER, W.,

LONDON.

PRESIDENT.

HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

THE MABQUIS OF AILESBUKY, K.a. THE MAEQUIS OF AjS'GLESEY. THE MAEQUIS OF DEOGHKDA. THE EARL OF CAEDTGAN, K.C.B. THE EAEL OF CHESTERFIELD. THE EAEL OF GEANARD. THE EARL OF IIARDWICKE. THE EARL OF PORTSMOUTH. EARL POULETT. THE EARL OF STAMFORD AND

WARRINGTOlsr. THE EARL OF W1NCHELSEA. VISCOUNT COMBERMERE. VISCOUNT NEVILL. VISCOUNT RANELAGH. LORD BERNERS, Kcjthorpe Hall,

Leicester. LORD ERNEST A. C. B. BRUCE, M.P. LORD DE L'ISLE amp; DUDLEY. LORD CONYERS. LORD GARDNER. LORD GARVAGH. LORD GEORGE MANNERS, M.P. LORD MONSON. LORD ALFRED PAGET. LORD HENRY PAGET. LORD HENRY THYNNE, M.P. COUNT BATTHYANY. SIR GEORGE ARMYTAGE, Baet.

MAJOR-GEN. SIR H. FLOYD, Babt.

SIR LYDSTON NEWMAN, Bart.

SIR GEO. 0. WOMBWELL, Bam.

SIR WATKIN W. WYNN, Bakt.

THE RIGHT HON. GENERAL G. C. W. FORESTER, M.P.

THE HON. BRUDENELL BRUCE.

THE HON. ADMIRAL H. J. ROUS.

COLONEL DE BATHE, Scots F�silier Guards.

COLONEL RICHARDSON-GARDNER.

COL. HARDING, C.B., Coldstream Guards.

COLONEL THE HON. JAMES MAC-DONALD, C.B.

LIEUT.-COL. FRAZER, llth Hussars.

LIEUT.-COLONEL MARSHALL, 2nd Life Guards.

LIEUT.-COLONEL G. A. MAUDE, C.B.

LIEUT.-COLONEL RANDOLPH.

LIEUT.-COLONEL W. M. BIGGE.

LIEUT.-COLONEL E. N. F. KINGS-COTE, C.B., M.P.

LIEUT.-COL. DU PLAT, R.A.

CAPTAIN DAWSON DAMER, M.P.

CAPTAIN EARRER.

H. W. EATON, Esq., M.P.

HENRY VILLEBOIS, Esq.

ARTHUR WHIELDON, Esq., Master of the Tine Hunt.

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

LIEUT.-COLONEL ASTLEY, 2, Eaton

Place, Bclgravia. HENRY GARDNER, Esq., 1, Westbourne

Terrace, Hyde Part. A. H. BAILY,quot; Esq., 3, Royal Exchange

Buildings.

COLONEL RICHARDSON-GARDNER, 11, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park.

W. BAENET, Esq., 155, Westbourne Ter�race, Hyde Park.

PROFESSOR JOHN GAMGEE, Member of Council of the Royal College of Vete�rinary Surgeons.

albert veterinary collegb�Continued.

BANKERS.

Messrs. HEEEIES, FAEQ�HAE, amp; Co, 16, St. James' Street.

SOLICITORS.

JOHN P. ISAACSO�ST, 40, Norfolk Street, Strand. WILLIAM PARE ISAACSON, Newmarket.

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; AUDITORS.

Messrs. HAEDIN�, PULLEIN, WHINNEY, amp; GIBPONS, Pauk Puildings.

SECRETARY.

Mr. J. PEITCHAED ISAACSON.

ARCHITECT.

CHAELES EEEEMAN, Esq., 60, Lincoln's Inn Field's, Architect to the New

quot; Tattersalls.quot;

Pbofessoe JOHN GAMQEE, Late Principal of the New Veterinary College, EdinburgTi.

Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, and Curator of Anatomical Museum.

JAMES LAW, M.E.C.V.S.,

Professor of Veterinary Physiology. WILLIAM DUGTJID, M.E.C.T.S.,

Professor of Veterinary Materia Medica, and Superintendent of Pharmacy. GEOEG-E AEMATAGE, M.E.C.V.S.

Professor of Chemistry.

WILLIAM J. EUSSELL, Ph. D., E.C.S. Infirmary Superintendent and Professor of the Art of Parriery.

JOSEPH GAMGEE, Sem-.,

Professor of Veterinary Sledicme and Surgery. JOHN GAMGEE,

Professor of Agriculture.

JOHN COLEMAN,

Late Professor of Agrieiilture at the Eoyal Agricultural College, Cirencestei:

THE ALBERT

VETERINARY COLLEGE,

QUEEN'S ROAD, BAYSWATER.

The Albert Veterinary College has been established for the emi�nently national purpose of fostering in the metropolis of these dominions the most approved systems of Veterinary teaching and practice. It has in reality been in existence since 1857, when Professor John Gamgee founded in Edinburgh the New Veterinary College, in which students have been regularly initiated up to the present time in the art and science of Veterinary Medicine. The INew Veterinary College owed its origin to Professor Gamgee's efforts in suppressing the traffic in dis�eased animals, and securing a rational disease prevention system. We now can estimate the worth of such efforts; and it is hoped by the trans�ference of the New Veterinary College from Edinburgh to London, much more may be done to correct a state of matters alike deplorable and disgraceful in any enlightened country.

The number of Veterinary Surgeons in the United Kingdom is lamentably deficient: though this country possesses the finest animals in the world, there are fewer skilled persons to attend to their health than in most parts of Europe. Thus, over the greater portion of the Con�tinent, one Veterinary practitioner is found to every area of country, varying from 38 to 81 square miles, whereas in England there is only one to 160 square miles.

Notwithstanding the far greater value of stock in England than in France, we find that the whole of Her Majesty's possessions have less than 1,500 Veterinarians engaged in their profession, whereas France alone without her dependencies has upwards of 3,000.

albert veterinaky college�Continued.

Owing to the great desideratum of a course of scientific education for Agriculturists in the metropolis, arrangements have been made on the plan which has worked so successfully in Paris and elsewhere, of com�bining a course of Agriculture with the curriculum of Veterinary studies.

It is believed that many interested in farming pursuits, whether in London and its environs or elsewhere, will avail themselves of the great privileges thus afforded them, preparatory to or after a course of prac�tical training in the country, and no effort will be spared to render the agricultural curriculum complete in all particulars.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

THE ALBERT YETEPJNAIIY COLLEGE

LIMITED. SNFIRMARY DEPARTMENT.

LIFE SUBSCRIBERS.

Persons who are holders of ten shares or upwards in this Company-j or those who pay to the Company Twenty Guineas in one sum, are qualified as Life Subscribers. Horse dealers, job-masters and others who require a large number of horses examined annually, are required to pay an annual subscription of Three Guineas, notwithstanding that they may be qualified as life subscribers.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS

a.�Noblemen and Gentlemen �2 3s. per annum.

b.�Tenant fanners, and owners of horses in provincial towns, �1 Is. per annum.

c.�Tradesmen not having more than two horses, and these kept solely for trade purposes, �1 is. per annum.

d.�Horse dealers, job-masters, amp;c., �5 5s. per annum.

The annual subscriptions are payable on the 35th of March and 29th of September.

LIFE AND ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS

Have the privilege of having their sick animals treated in the Infirmary free from all charge, except for keep.

They can have any number of animals examined at the College as to soundness.

albert veterinary College�Continued.

They can also, at a nominal charge, according to distance, secure the assistance of competent attendance at their residence in cases of illness, when the removal of animals to the Infirmary may be inconvenient or attended with danger.

Tenant farmers, and owners of horses in provincial towns, have the privilege of attendance in any part of the country, on payment of simple travelling expenses, and a nominal charge of one guinea per day. They can also receive advice by letter, and secure the investigation of the conditions of any animals sent to the College (alive or dead), with a view to ascertain'the-nature of any outbreak of disease.

NON-SUBSCRIBEES

Can secure the services of the Professors, at the College, cither for the purpose of consultation or for the examination of horses as to soundness, by the payment of a fee according to a fixed scale.

They shall he entitled to have animals kept and treated in the Infirmary by paying for treatment in addition to keep.

THE PHAEMACY.

Medicines are supplied by the College at reasonable prices for animals notquot; treated in the Infirmary. The Professor of Ma-teria Medica specially superintends this department with a view to provide Medicines of the best quality and carefully compounded.

THE FORGE,

Under the immediate superintendence of Professor Gamgee, Sen., is open for attendance on Horse's Feet, shoeing, amp;c. The greatest attention will be always paid in this department, not only in the treatment of lame animals, but in the preservation of those in health.

albekt veterinary College�Continued.

GRATUITOUS ADVICE.

Poor persons who cannot afford the expenses attendant on the treatment of their animals may obtain the advice of the Cli�nical Professor on duty every day, except Sundays, between the hours of Ten and Eleven a.m. Medicines will be sup�plied at moderate prices under such circumstances.

CHARGES.

Keep of horses 3s. per night each. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;cattle Is. 6d. � � �

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; dogs 3d. � � � if small,

dogs 6d. � � � if large. The charge for the keep of other animals to be fixed by the Principal.

Each. Examination of horses of non subscribers, as to soundness,

or in case of sickness ..... .�1 1 0

Forge Charges.�For shoeing saddle or carriage horsesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0 5 0

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;cart horses .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0 7 6

PAYMENTS.

All fees, expenses of keep, amp;c., must be paid for before removal of animals from the College.

Charges for shoeing animals not in the Infirmary payable at the time of shoeing, or otherwise, by special arrangement.

#9632;^

albert VETEiiiNAKY college�Continued.

EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT.

Gentlemen attending the Albert Veterinary College have to pay an entrance fee of twenty-five guineas, or at the rate of five guineas per class, if only a limited number of courses are to be followed. The fee of twenty-five guineas entitles to perpetual attendance on lectures and practice during winter sessions, and on practice alone during summer.

Should any Student refuse to conform to the rules of the Institution, or otherwise disgrace himself, the Committee of Management reserves its right for the interests of the College and of its Students, to withdraw the right of attendance from such Student, for a definite period of time, or unconditionally to expel him.

TUTORIAL CLASSES AND DEMONSTRATIONS.

The system of aiding Students by special instruction on Anatomy, Chemistry, and other sciences by Demonstrations, in addition to the Oral Lectures, will be carried out daily during the Winter Session.

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION.

Clinical Lectures will be delivered as frequently as possible during the Winter Session, to bring before the Student cases which may be under treatment in the Infirmary or elsewhere. Students will be prac�tically instructed on the administration of medicines, fixing animals for operations, examinations for soundness, amp;c., besides their own observa�tion of the College Practice.

PRIZES.

In addition to the Free Studentship, there will be Medals and Certi�ficates given for the best Written Examinations on all the subjects taught in the various classes.

A Silver Medal will be given to the Student who can most satis�factorily accomplish some practical duty, selected to test skill, such as diagnosing disease, examining for soundness, amp;c.

albert veterinary College�Continued.

EXAMINATIONS POE THE DIPLOMA.

All Gentlemen desirous of presenting themselves for examination must attend regularly at least two Winter Sessions. They are, however, recommended to devote longer time to their studies.

They must afford ample indications of steady progress, in order to secure their Certificates.

They must not absent themselves from the College without giving due information of the cause of their absence to the Principal,

PREE STUDENTSHIP.

As an inducement to make good progress in the essential studies of Anatomy, Chemistry, and Physiology, all Students entering the Albert Veterinary College not later than the 2nd of October, 1865, will be afforded an opportunity to compete for a Pree Studentship, in April, 1866.

CONDITIONS TO BE OBSERVED BY COMPETITORS

FOR THE

FREE STUDENTSHIP.

I. Any Gentleman intending to compete in April, 1866, for the Free Studentship, must enter the Albert Veterinary College not later than the 2nd of October, 1865, paying the Fee of Twenty-six Pounds Five Shillings Sterling.

IT. He must attend regularly the Lectures on Anatomy, Chemistry, and Physiology.

III.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;There will be weekly Oral and monthly Written Examinations, to test the progress made by the Students, at which the proposed Com�petitors are to indicate steady advance in their Studies. The competi�tors must be at least ten in number.

IV.nbsp; nbsp; At the close of the Winter Session the Competitive Examina�tion -will take place, at which six questions will be given, to be answered

albert veterinary College�Continued.

in writing. The questions in Anatomy will be- confined to the Bones, Ligaments, and Muscles; in Chemistry, to Inorganic Substances; and in Physiology, to the Organs of Digestion, Circulation, and Respiration.

V.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Student who replies best to the Questions propounded will be entitled to a Silver Medal, and receive back the Fee paid in October.

VI.nbsp; nbsp; No person shall be admitted to such competition who has pre�viously attended a Veterinary College or School of Medicine.

VII.nbsp; nbsp; Should the Prize be taken by any person who has obtained an undue advantage by any means whatsoever, so as to invalidate the fair�ness of the competition, he shall forfeit the Prize in favour of the person who proves second in the competition.

AGRICUIiTURAIj CUSIIIICUI.UM.

Professor John Coleman, late of the Eoyal Agricultural College,

Cirencester, will superintend the Agricultural Department, and will

deliver his Introductory Lecture on Tuesday, the 3rd of October, 1865.

Agricultural students have the advantage of attending lectures, on

The Theory and Practice of Agriculture, by Professor Coleman.

Chemistry, by Dr. Eusscll.

Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, by Professor John Gamgee. and any other classes they may wish to attend in the Institution.



/

THE

*^-p-'l'-f g? �? r/* CATTLE PLAGUE;

OFFICIAL REPORTS

THE INTE�NATIOKAL VETEEINAET CONGRESSES,

HELD IX HAMBUEG, 1863, AND IN VIENNA, 1865.

By JOHN CrAMGEE, riilKCIPAl OF THE AI.BKllT VETKRISAUY COLLEGE, LONDOK; UIE PBDJOITAI OF THE HEW VEIEBIKABZ COLLEGE, EIlINIlL'KGil, ETC, ETC.',



	A SSI2I - ^\ .01

			oa)


laquo; ,-:l
#9632;. \ #9632;		fCs ^^7

'#9632;#9632; #9632;#9632;,-.''' .,-�-^ LONDON: ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. 18(3(5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/ _				�#9830;



	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	I I

	2912 841 4

	LOMHJN ; P1UKTKD Hi^- WJU.IAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFOltlquot;) PTRKKT. AND ORARfNG CROSS.



	PREFACE.

	A work on the Cattle Plague does not demand, under existing- circumstances, an elaborate explanation of the reasons which have prompted its preparation. This is the time for collecting- all serviceable material bearing on the subject, in such a form as to render it available to Members of Parliament, Magistrates, Professional Men, Stockowners, and others. I have undertaken the task from a desire to prove of service�a desire which has haunted me since first indicating the existence of the Cattle Plague on reaching London last July. A month had then been lost in warning the country of the great calamity which had befallen it�a calamity at that time capable of speedy and certain remedy. Not only was it then impossible to entertain any doubts as to the consequences of past negligence, but no sooner had I commenced to draw as faithful a picture as I possibly could of the disease�of its nature and prevention� than I found myself attacked on all sides. I had few, very few, consistent supporters, and was doomed to listen to people decrying veterinarians, when all that



	C 0 N T E N T S.

	Pbeface. Istbod�otion ......................Page 1

	I'AKT 1. DKFiNiTiojif op the Cattle Plague................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;21 Synonyms ..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;22 Causes............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-4 Symptoms�Thermometric Observations ..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;38 Post-Mobtem Appbaeances ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SO MicKoscorit'Ai; Investigations..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;GG Chemical Ikvestigatioss, by Dr. Ahthub Gamgeb ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;~0 Nature op the Plague ....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79 Treatment..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'Jl Metliods of Treatment suggested since the commencement of the Outbreak in 1865 ....................nbsp; nbsp;10-1 Prevention..........................nbsp; nbsp;126 I. Preventing tlio Importation of Live Stock into any Country ..nbsp; nbsp;132 11. Quarantine......................nbsp; nbsp;134 III.nbsp; nbsp;Inspection of Frontiers, Ports, Markets, anel the Country generally ....................nbsp; nbsp;138 IV.nbsp; nbsp;Slaughtering Sick and Infected Animals..........nbsp; nbsp;140 V. Imlenmity......................nbsp; nbsp;143 VI. Insurance�Local and General..............nbsp; nbsp;145 VII. Stoppage of Fairs and Markets..............nbsp; nbsp;1GG VIII. The use of Disinfectants................nbsp; nbsp;167 IX. Inoculation.....................nbsp; nbsp;170 X. Vaccination......................nbsp; nbsp;199 Government Measures foe the Fbevention of the Cattle Plaguenbsp; nbsp; 204 Act 11 amp; 12 quot;Viet, cap. 107................nbsp; nbsp;213 Orders in Council� 1.nbsp; July 24th....................nbsp; nbsp;219 2.nbsp; nbsp;August Utli ..................nbsp; nbsp;221 3.nbsp; nbsp;August 18th ..................nbsp; nbsp;223



	xiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTENTS. Orders in Council�coutinued. 4. August 25th .............. Pagenbsp; 225 �. August 26th ..................nbsp; nbsp;220 G. September 22nd ................nbsp; nbsp;228 7.nbsp; nbsp;September 29th..................nbsp; nbsp;232 8.nbsp; nbsp;November 23rd..................nbsp; nbsp;234 9.nbsp; nbsp;December 16th..................nbsp; nbsp;23'J Fiest Eepobt of Her Majkstyquot;s Commissioners� Commission....................nbsp; nbsp;242 Report ......................nbsp; nbsp;244 Kecomuiemlatious..................nbsp; nbsp;269 Separate lieport of Earl Spencer, Viscount Cranbornc, Clare Sewell Bead, and Dr. Bonce Jones ........nbsp; nbsp;274 Separate Report of Mr. M'Clean............nbsp; nbsp;275 Supplement to Report................nbsp; nbsp;279

	Tart II. The Past History of the Cattle Plague, from the earliest periods up to the present time. Its ravages in Great Britain and on the con�tinent of Europe before 18G5 ................nbsp; nbsp;285 The History of the Cattle Pi.AiiUE in 4805 and 1800 ......nbsp; nbsp;336 History of the Revel cargo................nbsp; nbsp;336 Reports on the Disease in Counties ............nbsp; nbsp;341 Aberdeen ....................nbsp; nbsp;341 Ayrshire......................nbsp; nbsp;343 Bedfordshire....................nbsp; nbsp;313 Berkshirenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....................nbsp; nbsp;343 Berwickshire....................nbsp; nbsp;344 Buckingbamshire..................nbsp; nbsp;345 Cambridge ....................nbsp; nbsp;340 Cheshire.....................nbsp; nbsp;347 Clackmannan....................nbsp; nbsp;343 Cornwall......................nbsp; nbsp;343 Cumberland....................nbsp; nbsp;350 Denbigh......................nbsp; nbsp;351 Derbyshire ....................nbsp; nbsp;353 Devonshire ....................nbsp; nbsp;352 Dumbartonshire ..................nbsp; nbsp;353 Dumfriesshire....................nbsp; nbsp;354 Durham..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp;355 Dorsetshire ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;35(5 Edinburgh ....................nbsp; nbsp;35g ^Ksscx ......................358 Fifeshire......................3Go



	10	THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

	Magazine. I did so; but circumstances prevented its publica�tion at the time. It appeared at a later period with an expla�natory note by the editor j and is hero reproduced verbatim as written in the month of May.

	laquo;OxV Beef. quot; What is there iji common between sport and Cattle Disease ? Why should the pages of Baity usually devoted to pleasant recreations above ground, contain lamentations on the death and burial of shorthorns and polled cattle? And draw melancholy pictures of live-stock extermination; and a probable famine from beef shortly realizing twenty ponce a pound ? Our country readers may, and some of them certainly will exclaim, ' So ' much the belter ! Rents are rising, and corn is cheap ; so the 'more you give us for hides and beef, wool and mutton, the ' better must be our prospects.' It is an undoubted fact that, in many districts, especially in the north, the fabulous sums realized last year for wool saved many a llockmaster from im�pending bankruptcy. Times have been good, but especially where sheep have been reared, and in remote parts where land has not yet realized fancy prices. The most important question of the day, so far as landowners and farmers are concerned, is, how we are to keep pace with the times in manufacturing the roast beef of Old England? Wo are quite sure that sporting men will not be bored by a few statistics on this subject; and everyone must know that men of the turf and fox-hunters have done more for the improvement of the breeds of animals than any other class of individuals. Well do we remember the in�telligent remarks made, and the keen interest felt by the late gt;Sir Tatton Sykes. during discussions on sheep-breeding. He de-



	INTRODUCTION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13 quot; Few would believe that, with the enormous increase in the metropolitan population even since 1801, we should have a progressiYS diminution in the home supply of cattle. Years.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Supply of Cattle. 1861............ 240,304 18UI............ 213,602

	Diminution .. .. 20,042 quot; Mr. Itobcrt Herbert, who contributes useful articles on the cattle-trade to the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal, refers to the present state of matters, and in his last he says :� ' The consumption in London is increasing every year; prices 'have continued to improve; and even the extensive impor-' tations from the Continent have failed to affect the value of ' English stock. The question, therefore, of an adequate supply ' of food lias become a serious one�more especially as the foreign ' arrivals, with very few exceptions, arc still very deficient in ' quality.' quot; Writers in The 'I/'mes and other papers have been urging the importance of preventing the slaughter of calves. It is a well-known fact, that the British veal trade lias been almost entirely superseded by foreign importations; and in 1864 three-fourths of the supplies of the metropolis were from abroad. '#9632; It is easy to demolish, but how are we to build ? We have been sapping our resources, and how are we to replenish the land ? Until very recently it was impossible to get people to admit that less animal food was annually available for our ever�growing population. They would not admit the evil. The writer of this article predicted the existing and threatening state of matters fifteen years ago; and the ground of his pre�diction was, a knowledge of the rate at which animals were destroyed by diseases, imported into this country by the very



	Ill ll	18nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE CATTLE PLAGUE. long as dairymen have their animals in small confined places, wliere healthy and diseased must stand side by side; and so long-as the renewal of stock occurs week by week withont any secu�rity as to its condition when bought, we must have the destruction of cows, and a diminution in the number of calves to rear. Cor�rect the town dairy system, and little else remains to be rectified. quot;We cannot leave this subject without reverting to the great difficulty experienced in bringing about reforms in the manage�ment of stock. A distinguished surgeon once said that farmers and cattle-dealers would only listen to the adoption of means for the prevention of Cattle Disease when the Steppe Murrain, or Eussian Cattle Plague, appeared amongst us. As yet, we have specially suffered from two diseases. The first, or Foot-and-Mouth Disease, is curable, but deteriorates stock to a great extent, damages the milk which affected cows may yield, and spreads not unfrequently to man. We snail probably never asain be altosrethcr exempt from attacks of this disease, owing to the certainty of its regular introduction from abroad. The second and most important, because fatal plague, is the conta�gious Lung Disease, or Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, which pene�trates a country district or farm in a stealthy manner, breaks out tardily, and then destroys with great certainty. It is the Lung Disease that constitutes the banc of the town cow-feeder ; and it is to extirpate this plague that the rigid inspection of markets, careful separation, for at least forty days, of all newly-bought animals, and not unfrequently inoculation, should bo enforced. The malady can be promptly eradicated and offec-tnally kept from entering any locality ; and it is to the demon�stration of these important facts that our attention should be turned. Stop the Lung Disease, and the meat manufacture of the British Isles will again prosper.



	THE CATTLE PLAGUE. Pakt T.

	Definition. The Plague amongst homed stock which constantly pervades Russia, and especially steppe lands, is a specific, malignant, and highly contagious fever, known to us only as the result of, direct or indirect, coinraunication from sick to healthy animals. It is entirely sui gencrk, and never originates spontaneously beyond the Russian frontiers; within w^;hicli it is probably not generated at any time de novo, hut is kept up by constant repro�duction, after the manner of other contagions maladies. It is essentially a bovine disease, though it may be communicated to goats, sheep, deer, antelopes, gazelles, aurochs, zebus, and oven the peccari�never attacking any animal more than once. It is characterized by a period of incubation which does not exceed ten days; by fever-heat, which precedes all other symptoms; redness of all the visible mucous membranes, seen early and in a marked manner in the vagina of cows; sometimes delirium, muscular twitehings, and fever shivers ; discharges from eyes and nose; normal secretions checked or suppressed: abdominal pain with constipation or diarrhoea; scaly eruption on bads and loins, and a characteristic eruption on the inside of the thighs





	38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAGUE. Enough to mention, that fiirmers and others who have anything to do with Rinderpest must regard it as a purely contagious and specific disease, incapable of spontaneous development, but must readily and certainly communicable from diseased to healthy cattle, and suinctimcs from cattle to sheep, or vice versa.

	Symptoms of the Cattle Plague. The recognition of this disease is greatly facilitated, especially when it first appears in a herd, by a knowledge of its prevalence in any district or country. I mention this, as in many diseases we have premonitory signs, similar to those of the Cattle Plague ; and it is especially when we know of its existence in or near a country, district, or farm, that the earlier symptoms are of value. Indeed, when an outbreak is studied, great importance should be attached to the period which elapses from the intro�duction of a diseased animal or other source of inl'ection, to the iirst appearance of sickness in a stock. Every specific fever has its period of incubation�that period during which the poison is insidiously attacking the system of a man or animal�and there is no more distinct feature of the Cattle Plague than its latent stage. From four to seven days is the usual period of incubation. It often extends to a week, but very rarely indeed beyond the eighth day. t^ome say it may In; as short as twenty-four hours; and others, that it occasionally extends to twenty-eight days. There are no reliable facts in proof of these extremes; but there is a large amount of evidence to show that an animal may be regarded as absolutely free if it does not show signs of disorder within ten days after having been exposed to the contagion. This question was fully discussed at Hamburg in 1863, and



	SYMPTOMS'OF 'J'HK CATTLE PLAGUE. 45 death did not take place until ten or twelve hours after the last observation. Fourthly. With the lowering of temperature before death there is a greatly increased frequency of pulse, varying from 120 beats per minute to such a rate as to render observations almost impossible. When animals recover, the temperature decreases gradually till it reaches its normal standard. There is an absence of very marked and sudden change. The transition from sickness to convalescence occiirs steadily and with regularity. I consider it impossible to over-estimate the importance of thermometric observations such as those referred to, and although similar results may be obtained in the investigation of other diseases, it is evident that the thermometer affords unerring as well as early evidence of an animal sickening, recovering, or about to die. No other indication is so unmis�takable and satisfactory; and though there are other febrile diseases associated with an early elevation in temperature, it must be admitted that, taken with the history and symptoms of the case, the accuracy afforded by thermometric observations is of the highest moment. It is somewhat remarkable that the observations now for the first time published were not long since made and recorded abroad. The visible premonitory signs consist in shivering, muscular twitchings, and uneasiness. In some cases there is dulness, and in others excitement amounting even to delirium and associated with remarkable sensitiveness. There is often a short husky cough.* The appetite is irregular, capricious, and then entirely

	* Dr. Smart says that quot; there is no cough or lung symptom in the pure ami uncomplicated examples of the disease.quot; This does not accord with my observations.



	SYMPTOMS �F THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 47 in a considerable number of cases have shown that on the inner surface of the lips, on the inside of the nostrils, and other parts of the mucous membrane, there arc at first scarcely visible whitish opaque specks about the size of a small pin's head. These are the starting points for the softening and desquamation of epithelium which results in the dirtyish yellow flaky appear�ance in some of the worst cases. When a number of milch cows has to bo examined, one of the first symptoms to look for is redness, and a mottled appear�ance of the lining membrane of the vulva and vagina. Animals in apparently perfect health, eating well, ruminating, yielding a full quantity of milk, are seen to have a reddened condition of the mucous membrane of the external organs of generation. The redness of the vagina also occurs in animals that have recently calved, and it is important to guard against this source of fallacy. In many cases the continuous rigors and singular muscular twitchings of the face, ears, and neck, may be regarded as characteristic. They are not, however, so typical as the dis�charge from the eyes and nose, which soon appears, and which, from being glary and watery, changes shortly to a turbid se�cretion. No symptoms can better illustrate the care required in diagnosis than the discharge both from the eyes and nose. The French Commission conducted a series of experiments in my establishment in Edinburgh, and great care was exercised in purchasing animals free from Rinderpest, especially for inocu�lation experiments. Three animals were bought one day, and all had a glary discharge from the eyes and nose. The person who had procured the animals was certain of their being free of plague, and the herd from which they were obtained was inspected. All, without exception, bad the discharge. They had been exposed to easterly winds in an ill-sheltered field,




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	SYMPTOMS OF TUE CATTLE PLAGUE. 49 more or less tinged with blood. The urine acquires a dark colour, due to the colouring principles of bile. Cows abort, and all symptoms of sensibility or consciousness gradually disappear. I have seen many cases which presented from the earliest moment great disturbance of the organs of respiration. A hacking cough, depressed and protruded head, spasmodic action of the nostrils and flanks, indicate serious pulmonary lesions. Emphysema takes place, and usually begins in the anterior lobes. Dr. Weber remarks tbat the anterior intercostal spaces become somewhat fixed, whereas the posterior true ribs are raised with an effort, and sink rapidly. On percussion the thorax is found to be very resonant, and this resonance becomes greater as the emphysema increases. On auscultation, rales of various pitches are heard, either accompanying the vesicular murmur or superseding it. The heart's sounds become in�audible, and impulse imperceptible on the left side. As death approaches, the raucous membranes often accjuire a leaden hue; the erosions are marked, and blood-spots, or ecchy-moses, occur. The partially open and dark red or otherwise discoloured aspect of the inner surface of the lips or the vulva cannot fail to be noticed at this stage. The involuntary evacuation of excrement, extreme foetor of all discharges, ten�dency to tympanitis, muscular twitcbings, lowering of tempera�ture, and increasing listlessness, betoken the approach of death. In some cases there are signs of improvement about the third day, and then a relapse occurs. Animals may become quite convalescent; but still the gastric or intestinal lesions advance, and when least expected, a fortnight or three weeks after marked improvement, alarming symptoms supervene, severe diarrhoea occurs with the return of other discharges, and the animal soon sinks and dies. I



	SYMPTOMS OF THE CATTLE PLAG�E. �l chronic cases, as in Lung Disease, and animals get into a hectic state, out of which they cannot be rallied. It is, therefore, evi�dent that the duration of the malady varies. I have seen animals dead in the evening which had only indicated active signs of the complaint for the first time during the early part of the same day. As a rule, death occurs from the third to the sixth day. The mortality varies greatly. Amongst Russian cattle mild cases are of common occurrence, and animals pass through the disease manifesting very few and light symptoms. Neverthe�less, the losses in Kussia are not trilling, yet the death of one in four animals seized is regarded as not at all severe. To the westward of the Russian empire the Cattle Plague extermi�nates stock on the farms which it penetrates. From 80 to 90 per cent, and upwards may be reckoned as a usual mortality; and under the most favourable circumstances 53 and 56 per cent, has been witnessed. We are apt to speak of decimation as indicating a frightful mortality ; but during outbreaks of the Rinderpest the saving of two or three out of every ten in an infected herd is regarded as being as good an average as can reasonably be expected. From the frequent reference made in the following pages to the outbreaks of last century, I think it may be of interest to reproduce here Dr. Layard's* description of the symptoms of the Plague. He says:�quot;As we observe in the small-pox and all other putrid or eruptive fevers by which human nature is infected, a regular progress, so in this pestilential fever is the course of the contagion through its several stages to be traced

	* An Essay on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of the Contagious Distempers among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. rgt;y Daniel Peter Layard, M.D. London, 1757. E 2



	SYMPTOMS IN THE BUFFALO.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;53 generally, though sometimes protracted till the ninth, the crisis or turn takes place.quot;

	Symptoms in the Buffalo. The Cattle Plague attacks the Buffalo in countries where this animal is used for the purposes of draught, and is subjected to influences capable of leading to infection. In this animal, how�ever, the symptoms are not very severe, the disease is not deadly, and from the contrast in the rate of mortality offered by herds of buffaloes as compared with oxen, it is sometimes scarcely credible that the same type of Steppe Murrain attacks both. The manifestations are nevertheless unmistakable, and consist principally in general febrile symptoms, discharges from the eyes and nose, erosions on the gums and lips, marked cutaneous eruption on the udders of the females and the rudimentary mammae of the males, together with the diarrhoea so commonly seen in the disease. About the seventh day the crisis is attained. In severe cases death occurs about the fourth or fifth day, but more commonly after the sixth or seventh day there is a diminution in the severity of the symptoms and a short convalescence.

	Symptoms in the Sheep. The Cattle Plague amongst Sheep is characterized by com�paratively mild symptoms, and frequently speedy restoration to health. In 1857, Dr. Kreutzer first described the symptoms of the Cattle Plague as observed on a sheep which had been inocu�lated on the 1st of October. The period of incubation lasted till the Dth, and was followed by general disturbance, discharge



	OUnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE CATTLE PLAG UK. is to be placed iu the usual lameness and morbid condition of the feet in Foot-and-Mouth Disease, as also the usual eruption on the teats, and tendency to congestion and inflammation of the udder. When the Cattle Plague advances, there is the shivering, discharge from the eyes and nose, the diarrhoea and prostration, not usually seen iu epizootic aphtha.

	Post-moetem Appearances. The lesions are somewhat peculiar in different stages. In the first stage there is redness of the mouth, lances, larynx, pharynx, and the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach, especially near the pylorus, as well as the lining of the small intestine ; there is a uniform colour or redness around the glandular follicles, and red spots or streaks on the mem�brane. The neighbourhood of the glands, both solitaiy and agminated, is red, swollen, and open. The surface of the mem�brane is more or less denuded of epithelium, but covered with a viscid, tenacious, reddish, or bloody secretion, more or less mixed with the intestinal contents; and in the suhmucous tissue there is a turbid, semi-fluid exudation. In the large intestine the lesions are few. There is a general redness of the caecum, as of the mucous membranes in other parts of the body, not excluding that of the urinary and generative organs. The lesions of the first stage are not absolutely characteristic of the disease, as they indicate a more or less congested condition of the respiratory passages of the alimentary canal and of the organs of generation, winch may exist in other diseases; but coupling the above lesions with the changes discovered specially on microscopic examination as affecting the epithelium, and a



	POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES.	61

	blofxl in the form of granular masses of the colouring-matter of that fluid. In very severe eases the free surface of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, extending over one or more feet, is



	Fig. 1. covered by a discharge of a greyish or dirty red colour. A similar slimy secretion is sometimes seen in the cceeum, as well as in the colon and rectum, where there may be redness of the mucous folds, and superficial erosions, or excoriations. Dr. iVEurchisou has written at length on these points, and, from his knowledge of enteric fever in man, his observations are of great value. He says:� quot; The small intestine is more or less inflamed throughout, but the inflammation is usually most intense about the middle. The coats of the bowels are much attenuated and softened, while the mucous membrane is intensely injected, and some�times ecchymosed and deprived in a great measure of its



	NATURE OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

	The Nature of the Cattle Plague. From all that has been said iu the preceding pages, it is evident that the Murrain of the Steppes is not typhus, nor is it the typhoid or enteric fever which we observe in mau. Not only is it distinct in its origin, progress, and essential nature from any known contagious disease of the human subject, but it is undoubtedly a specific bovine fever manifesting all its characteristic features in horned cattle alone, though experience has proved that there are circumstances under which the Plague may be communicated to the buffalo, goat, sheep, deer, gazelle, zebu, yak, auroch, ibex, and other wild ruminants. One experiment, performed by myself, proves the communication of the disease to the deer; but it is remarkable that until the recent outbreak of Einderpest in the gardens of the Paris Acclimati�zation Society in the Bois do Boulogne, it was not known that the majority of wild ruminants could catch the disease and suffer from it in a virulent form. It never attacks men, horses, dogs, and indeed the great majority of warm-blooded animals; and it is worthy of special remark that the virulent animal poison, which is the active agent in the development and propagation of the malady, originates in the system of the ox, is perpetuated in countries where herds of cattle abound, and is not to be found where bovine animals arc wanting. The history of the Cattle Plague, which has been fully dealt with in the second part of this work, clearly indicates that the disease has been always recognised as attacking homed stock almost exclusively, and that it spreads from country to country through the trade iu cattle, or the transport of oxen in the rear of armies. The poison does pass through the system of some ruminants besides those



	NATURE OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 81 intestinal digestion and absorption can no longer occur. The intestine is the seat of inflammation and extravasation. Its contents indicate the drain of the blood of its soluble albumen and other products; the intestinal epithelium is rapidly ejected, and in some cases many of the glands become clogged with a deposit similar to that which is found in the follicles of the gastric mucous membrane. A free suppuration is nowhere witnessed, but discharges flow from the mucous membranes, and are highly charged with epithelial cells and the specific virus of the disease. The rapidity and completeness of the general functional disturb�ance is indicated not only by the checked process of assimila�tion, the nature of the intestinal contents, and the general implication of the mucous membranes, but it is recognised on an examination of the albuminous and dark-coloured urine, the disposition to early putrefaction, foetor of the secretions, amp;e. All shows that the Cattle Plague poison speedily induces in the system of a susceptible animal changes which defy the successful use of medicine, and which must inevitably result in death. Like most animal poisons, the Rinderpest virus is reproduced with marvellous rapidity in, and discharged abund�antly from, the bodies of sick animals. The breath of a sick ox inspired by a healthy animal, and the solid products of the disease, seem to be alike capable of inducing the malady; and antidotes are applied too late when an attempt is made to reach the poison in the animal's system. I know of no antidote to be used internally. Agents are employed which, when directly mixed with the virus, kill it; and caustic alkalies, mineral acids, chlorine, iodine, carbolic acid, creosote, the alkaline per�manganates, and other oxidising or decomposing agents, render it perfectly inert. I have no faith in our ever reaching the virus with effect in the living animal. We must not even expect G



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 91 that Binderpest died out last century by passing into the mild form of ordinary vaccine disease. It is contrary to all our experience of the Russian Plague tliat it should thus extinguish itself. It killed the last animals in Egypt in 1803 as rapidly as the first. It is as deadly now whenever it attacks an animal as it was last July, and we shall not see it sahs�imgper se into that benignant disease which must be regarded as rather favour�able than otherwise to the life of men and animals, and never calculated to annihilate the homed or other stock of any part of the globe. 1 )r. Fen wick's statement in TJie Times that the Cattle Plague was associated with the existence of numerous entozoa in the heart and muscles, has caused me to investigate if any grounds existed for considering the malady a parasitic one. The oblong, elipitical, well-defiued granular bodies, called Itainey's sacs, and described by Hessling and others, have been found by me in the heart and flesh of perfectly healthy cattle, as they have been seen by Rainey and others in deer, sheep, rats, mice, pigs, and other animals. I failed to find them in a calf about three weeks old which had died of Rinderpest; but I have seen them constantly in older animals that have died of the disease, and in some as young as seven or eight months of age. The bodies are evidently parasitic, and are probably immature forms of some important helminth, the complete history of which has yet to be written. Rinderpest is not, however, a parasitic disease.

	Tbeatmjent of tiik Cattle Plague. The Steppe Murrain is essentially one of those diseases for which prevention is better than attempted cure. Urgently en�forcing this doctrine has cost me the good opinion of some.



	TBEATMENT OF THTl CATTLE PLAGUE. 93 and, it is doubtless duo to this circumstance, that the use of medicines have been applauded, and homoeopaths have Avon laurels in South Holland. If non-professional persons have claimed for themselves the discovery of valuable and some�times unfailing remedies, it must not be considered that they have afforded proof of greater wisdom than the many veteri�narians who have spoken more modestly, but who probably have done as much. Veterinarians have not manifested ignorance on this subject, but have candidly confessed what was possible and what was not; and if full scope had been afforded them to do as they wished, the normal statt; of the cattle trade would by this time have been restored, and the Plague, though undoubtedly not forgotten, would, so far as Great Britain is concerned, have long been arrested. As, however, the malady has been suffered to spread, veterinarians are called upon to adopt means of cure. With a view, therefore, to indicate what has been suggested and what may be attempted, I shall draw attention to the following points:� I.nbsp; Precautions to be observed so as to prevent the spread of disease from a herd under treatment. II.nbsp; Hygienic management. III.nbsp; nbsp;Medicinal agents used. IV.nbsp; Methods of treatment suggested at various times in this country and abroad. I. Precautions tobe observed so as to prevent the spread of disease from a herd under treatment.�I Hscased cattle should be placed for treatment in warm and detached buildings where proper ventilation, drainage, and facilities for feeding can be obtained. They should not be left in the fields, and are best kept entirely



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 95 recovery, and heat must not bo purchased at the expense of atmospheric purity. Clothe the animals rather than close the apertures made for the purposes of ventilation. In order to secure purity of the atmosphere every attention should be paid to sweeping away excrement and washing the stalls thoroughly by means of common soda and water. The use of chlorinated lime is not to he advocated where stock is under treatment, as the chlorine gas induces great disturbance, irri�tation of the respiratory passages, and a troublesome cough. I prefer cleanliness and abundance of fresh air whore the cattle are actually diseased, to any system of disinfectants, and the chlorinated lime is best used to disinfect the manure-heap and other objects outside the shed containing the sick. I have suggested the use of perforated boxes containing substances capable of absorbing noxious gases which emanate from living animals, ami I believe this means of ensuring purity of atmo�sphere is preferable to the dispersion of chlorine gas through the air.* The food allowed to animals varies much according to cir�cumstances. During the various stages of acute disease it should be given sparingly. At first linseed-tea or linseed-gruel, well boiled, may serve as a laxative, with or without medicine. Linseed is not to be continued when purging begins, well-boilod oatmeal-gruel should then be substituted for it. The oatmeal-gruel, which is perhaps the best nutritive material to be given from first to last, is made by taking a peck of meal for every three or four animals, and adding some cold water ; boiling water is then mixed and stirred with the whole until it acquires a proper consistency to be poured through a towel or

	* Mr, Barton of Oxford Streut, the eminent manufacturer of stable-fittings, has undertaken to work out the plan I have recommended.



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 97 ensuring cleanliness and action of tlie skin 1 think it, is very probable that the hot-air bath, when at hand, may be of great service, as also the vapour bath or the wet packing used occa�sionally. As curative means these often fad, but as adjuvants in a proper system of hygienic management they may at times render service. III. Medicinal agents used.�Under this head it is proper to consider the various methods which may be adopted for using remedies ; and if any branch of inquiry merits careful investiga�tion, if only for the benefit of therapeutical science, it is that laborious and difficult one of watching the action of any agent or number of agents under different plans of administration. I do not anticipate that such an inquiry would enable us to deal with the Steppe Murrain in future outbreaks as a curable dis�ease, but it might indicate how best to employ medicines, so as not to aggravate the malady in animals which have a chance of recovery. Wo might learn how to aid nature without unduly taxing the system; and the inquiry might throw light ou the management of human disorders of not so deadly a character, in which some of the difliculties attendant on the effectual use of medicines are not unlike those witnessed in this the most malignant of all known pestilences of modern times. A. Inteenal Administhatiox of Mbdiotnes.�The plan principally adopted in the treatment of cattle suffering from Steppe Murrain lias consisted in giving solutions, mixtures, and powders, either alone or in food. There are various ways, how�ever, which might be resorted to, and perhaps with benefit, and which would effectually set aside some of the uncertain and often injurious administration of draughts. In order to explain H



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 99 administration of draughts when an animal is suffering from the Cattle Plague is, that they accumulate in the rumen, do not reach the true stomach until the diarrhoea inseparable from the disease sets in, and then the accumulated drugs exert a most prejudicial influence. It is incredible bow long a vast amount of medicine, and very acrid irritating medicine too, may remain unchanged, unabsorbed, and inactive in the paunch of an ox, which is usually full of vegetable food throughout the progress of an attack of the Plague. It would be well to consider if the use of draughts could not be anticipated by the employment of other means of unloading the stomach and intestines. Even then the state of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane would indicate that the majority of drugs would not be tolerated, dis�solved, and absorbed, and it would be well to give a fair trial to other processes now to be referred to. b.nbsp; Administration by the rectum.�Injections given carefully with the enema funnel, introduced by my father, and manu�factured by Mr. Benjamin Latcbford, St. Martin's Lane, London, have the benefit of creating little disturbance, and the power of solution and absorption of remedies is probably as great, if not greater, in the rectum during this disease as in the stomach and small intestine. Simple warm-water injections, cathartic, stimu�lating, sedative, and even nutritive enemata, deserve a fair trial, and as much good may be anticipated from them as from the administration of draughts. c.nbsp; nbsp;Subcutaneous injections.�Various medicinal agents have been effectually introduced into the system by being injected into the open tissue beneath the skin. Tin's plan can be adopted if such remedies as tincture of aconite, solutions of belladonna, of various alkaloids, and other agents which do not irritate and inflame the tissue, are used. H 2



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 103 acetate ofquot; ammonia have been freely administered, and in some cases with apparently good effect. These agents are almost exclusively relied on in certain febrile disorders from their action on the blood and the favourable effects they induce in activating the secretion of the skin, kidneys, and mucous mem�branes generally. They are administered singly, or combined, in moderate and repeated doses with or without carbonate of ammonia, and dissolved in a considerable quantity of water. h. Mineral and Vegetable Tonics are used with benefit in the convalescent state, and if not given in large doses so as to induce derangement of the stomach and bowels, they accele�rate the return to health in a very decided manner. Vegetable tonics, such as cinchona bark in decoction, or infusion of gentian, are given about an hour before feeding time, and serve to stimulate the appetite. Of all the mineral tonics sulphate of iron is the best, and should be given in drachm doses in food. Preparations of iron have been supposed to act powerfully as prophylactics, and for this purpose I recommended them when I first recognised the existence of the disease in the country. i. Antiseptics.�On the first recognition of the Cattle Plague I used Condy's fluid�the red solution of permanganate of potash�in water alone, or in water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. About two ounces of the fluid were given every two hours. The effect obtained was as a rule diminished foetor of the excrement. A similar effect is obtained by the internal administration of small doses of carbolic acid or sesquichloride of iron. Chlorine water admits of being used in moderation in this way. k. Mineral acids have claimed a great share of attention, and I have been in the habit of using them freely. Hydrochloric acid largely diluted has lately been vaunted as a specific. Sul-



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 109 cheaper. Wo have just as much reason, and no more, to expect these substances to cure the Cattle Plague, as the raquo;Spanish I'il-grims had, three centuries ago, to expect the Lark to cure the Countess of Chinchon's ague. It was a fair experiment, which succeeded. Certainly, large doses of these alkaloids ought to be well tried. If wo give six doses, of ten grains each, to a man weighing 100 lbs., we ought to give in the same proportion per weight to a cow. Mr. John Eliot Howard, quinine manufacturer, London, E., should be written to, for the cheaper and amorphous varieties of the cbinchona alkaloids. Secondly, there are various combinations of bitters, astrin�gents, and aronuitics, with stimulants. When they could get no Peruvian bark on the Continent, during the war with France, combinations of alum, oak bark, gentian, and aromatics were used, with more or less success, for their malarious fevers. Thirdly, there are certain saline matters�such as nitrate of potass and chlorate of potass, antimony, purgatives, amp;c.,� which have more or less virtue in allaying some feverish symptoms, but which are not to be relied on in any zymotic or malarious disease. Lastly, there are stiimdants which may be tried in the commencement, of tin,' attack with the hope of enabling the animal to shake off the disease, even as a glass of hot brandy-and-water, Turkish bath, and other excitants, may, as I believe, enable man to shake off the earliest stage of influenza. So far then as remedies an; concerned, which tend to cut the disease short, experience bids us look for specifics amongst the quinine group. And it is experience only that can teach us : a priori reasoning gives a very feeble glimmer. But, confessing that we are unable to deal with the disease in its essence, there is a very great deal we can do in the way of mitigating its local effects ; of keeping up the strength ; of



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE, 111 threatened ulceration of the bowels, the human alimentary canal may be quieted by adequate doses of this excellent drug. See Medical Times and Gazette for 1802, yoI. ii., p. 595. Sulphite of Potass and other compounds of sulphurous acid have great virtue in checking fermentation, and have been proposed by Polli as remedies in zymotic fevers. The admir�able preparations of Mr. Condy, the permanganate of potass, amp;c. We want experiments with large doses of these. But I suspect they are of more value as preventives than as cura�tives�to disinfect unwholesome water, to rinse quot;the mouths of animals exposed to contagion, and the like. There is the class of Creosotes � medicines, such as carbolic acid, which check fermentation, act as antiseptics and deodorizers, and are capital in certain cases of dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Here then we have half-a-dozen remedies, and the example I have given from practice on man shows the precise method in which good results are to be looked for. I reiterate again the necessity of disinfecting the whole tract of bowels, of re�straining discharge, and of rendering the fa3cal matter in�nocuous to the patient and her neighbours�all this, too, as a means of helping the patient to live through her disease till its fury be overpast. Whisky, sweet spirits of nitre, beef-tea, and other nourishment, should be given freely. There are other remedies too, as yeast in large quantities, whose modus operandi is probably that of an antiseptic, and others. Enough if I can succeed in inducing any one who can do so with safety to make a resolute series of experiments on diseased animals.quot; Often compelled, and usually against my will, to treat cases of Rinderpest, I began early in August to prescribe the frequent administration of Condy's fluid in water acidulated by sulphuric acid, in addition to chlorate of potash, sesquicarbouate of am-



	�

	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 113 An M.D. in The Tmim of the (5th .September recommended the following prescription:� Chlorate of Potash I Common Saltnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gt; Of ouch . . . . 1 oz. Nitrenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I Dissolve them in a pint of hot water in which an ounce of dilute hydrochloric acid has been mixed, and administer in a sufiicient quantity of their gruel for a dose. Mr. Moffat's pre�scription published in the columns of The Field consists of� Chlorate of Potash......3 dr. Tartar Emetic.......5 ^r. Carbonate of Iron......15 gr. Mr. Crotch, M.A., recommended, on the 6th of November, the injection of various antiseptic and parasiticide salts into the circulation of the veins, and the hyposulphite of soda, the per�manganate of potash, or the perchlorate of soda, are said to be well adapted to this purpose. Dr. Can' of Blaekheath, writing to The Times on the 12th of October, spoke of a dozen cows cured quot;by removing the diseased cattle from the shed and tethering them in a shaded spot in the Held, administering warm drinks of gruel or linseed tea, with aromatic seeds (fennel or caraway), an astringent, if diarrhoea be urgent, and blistering the throat. The mouth is frequently washed with strong vinegar and water; and vinegar is also administered to the extent of a pint or more daily.quot; Mr. Wilson of Croydon, on the 26th of October, wrote to The Times regarding the cura�tive effects of a pint of fresh yeast in a pint of beer given in two quarts of gruel three times a day. Electricity, the electro voltaic pile, the actual cautery, cod-liver oil balls, bleeding to fainting and giving a bottle of brandy to revive, calomel and fumigation with mercurial vapour, and prescrip- i



	TREATMENT OP THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 117 ment. And as it is of importance to make tLe healthy organs subserve the purpose of removing from the blood the morbid materials that may exist in it and in the general system, stimu�lant treatment should conjoin with it remedies fitted to excite the functional activity of the two great eliminators of this class �namely, the skin and kidneys. Hence stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic action are here indicated. Regular milking of the diseased cow, in order to prevent the retention in the blood of the elements of the milk, is also, on the same general principles clearly indicated throughout the entire course of tbe disease. 4. It almost appears an axiom to say that a properly regulated and rational system of nursing is iu the treatment of disease in cattle, as in man, of very great importance to the comfort of the sick, and as an aid to their recovery. In the present example, no method of combating the malady can be of any use in which careful nursing does not form the basis of every other effort to restore health. It is not idle to repeat this, be�cause in any system of treatment hitherto made public, the importance of this fact has either been insufficiently recognised or entirely overlooked. Hence arises the necessity of there being kind, skilful, and experienced attendants, and a well-regulated dietary, quot; liemedies.�These are few, simple, and selected on the principles above stated. My experience of their suitableness is every day more established by fresh examples of their efficacy. There are yet only three kinds of drugs which I found it requisite to employ. 1. Laxative, with diuretic action. This is principally used in the early, but often required at other periods, in the progress of the disease. It is composed of�



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 121 view, they drew up the following Suggestions for Methods of Treatment of various kinds, Prophylactic and Curative, which they wore anxious should be tested ou an extensive scale: quot; The Committee before specifying the various methods of treatment in detail, would premise a few general remarks, which they consider to be applicable to all cases. quot;FlHST, as to G-eneral Sanitary Measures, Disinfection, fyc.� 'J'he Committee content themselves with referring for full in-formation on these matters to the Supplement of the Report of the lioyal Cattle Plague Commission, which is in the hands of all veterinary inspectors. quot; SECONDLY, as to Food.�The Committee deem it desirable to state it as their opinion that, as a general rule, at all stages of the disease, and whatever treatment is used, food should not be pressed on the affected animal. They believe that too much, even of the softest food, is hurtful, the powers of digestion being so greatly impaired by the disease. During the earlier stages they believe that the safest articles of diet are oatmeal gruel, barleymeal gruel, with linseed tea, hay tea, or bran tea, and that little if any addition to these is needed. Daring con�valescence it is also very necessary that the food should be both sparing and of easy digestion. The same diet as during the earlier stages may be continued, with the addition of mashes of well-boiled turnips or carrots, but in moderate quantity. When rumination commences to be re-established, a handful of sound hay, damped with salt and water, may then be given in addition. quot; TimtDLY, as to the Maintenance of the Heat of the Animal.� The tendency to chill of the surface is a marked feature of the disease, and it is very essential that the animal should be guarded against cold. The byre should be kept heated up to



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 123 lows:�The animal is to be placed in a stall enclosed on all sides, the height of the enclosure being a few inches more than that of the animal. Over the top of the box or enclosure thus formed is thrown a tarpaulin which should cover it completely, with the exception that an opening is left in it sufficient for the animal's head to pass through. There is then to be placed on the floor of the enclosure, under the animal, a tub containing boiling water to the depth of half a foot. A continuous evolution of steam is to be maintained for half an hour by means of red-hot bricks thrown into the tub one after another. Under the use of this steam bath, if properly managed, the animal may be expected to become warm and to perspire profusely. After awh. vapour bath the animal should bo washed with tepid water containing M'DougalTs disinfecting soap, taking care to dry it well after the washing. It should then be covered with an ample rug, kept, as already stated, closely applied to its body by means of a roller, or band of any kind. The bath may be repeated either on the same day or following days, according to circumstances. During and after the bath the animal should be allowed a draught of cold water, which helps to promote perspiration. The objects chiefly aimed at by the use of the vapour bath are to promote the circulation at the surface, to relieve the congestion of the mucous membranes, and to elimi�nate the poison from the system. Combined with the vapour bath may be used various other remedies not incompatible with it, but calculated to aid its action. quot; Several of these remedies the Committee now proceed to mention; it being, however, understood that oidy one of them is to be used along with the bath in each case where the ex�periment is made; they are not to be used together in the same case. 1. Oil of Torpentine.�Tin's may be admiuinistered in doses



	TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE. 125 ale three or four times a day. It is desirable that this system should be carried ovit in a certain proportion of cases, all drugs being rigidly abstained from. quot;D. Prophylactio Treatment.�The Committee would farther desire to draw attention to the importance of experiments being made as to the efficacy of Prophylactic (protective) treatment either in preventing the development of the disease or modifying the intensity of the symptoms when the disease becomes developed in animals which have been exposed to the infection. In such cases, of course, all the sanitary mea�sures of the Cattle Plague Commission should he strictly carried out. There may also be given at the earliest possible period Prophylactic drugs, of which those most deserving of trial seem to be�1. Sulphite of Soda,* given morning and evening, in doses of one ounce dissolved in a bucketful of water. 2. MXDougall's Solution, of which a wine-glassful in a bucketful of water may be given twice a day. 3. A mixture of half an ounce of Sulphite of Soda and two tablespoonfuls of M'Dougall's Solution in a bucketful of water may be given twice a day. quot; It would have been easy for the Committee to have given a much longer catalogue of Methods of Treatment, but this would only have been embarrassing to practitioners. In the suggestions made;, they have sought to combine simplicity, safety, and economy. Whatever the result of the experiments may be, all of them may bo easily and cheaply carried out under almost any circumstances. It should be borne in mind.

	* The sulphite of soda is a prophylactic, and must not be confounded with sulphate of soda (or Glauber saltlaquo;), which is a purgative, and not a prophy�lactic