EGYPTIAN _ BEIT_ OUALLEY, NUBIA.

ANTIQUITY, MIDDLE AGES, AND RENAISSANCE,

From the Earlieji Monuments down to the XVIth Century.

Ph. CHARLES EERJEAU,

AUTHOR or THE " VARIETIES OJ DOGS."

LONDON:
DULAU & CO. 37 SOHO SQUARE.

ANTiqUITY, MIDDLE AGES, AND RENAISSANCE,

From the Earlieji Monuments down to the XVIth Century.

Ph. CHARLES BERJEAU,

AUTHOR OF THE " VARIETIES OF DOGS."

LONDON:
DULAU & CO. 37 SOHO SQUARE.

Printed by Strakgeways & Walden, 28 Caftle Street,
Leicefter Square.

CHARLES GEORGE PHILLIPS, ESQ.

Cfns IBook is DeD�cateD,

EXPLICATION DES PLANCHES.

Egyptian Horfe, Beit Oualley, Nubia. From the Cheval �gyptien, Beit Oualley, Nubie. Fris des

Sculptures at the Entrance of the Small Temple of Beit fculptures a l'entr�e du petit temple de Beit Oualley,
Oualley, near Ralabfche, Nubia. pr�s de Ralabfche, Nubie.

Egyptian Frefco-Painting, Thebes. From the Tomb Chevaux �gyptiens. Peinture fur frefque de Th�bes.

of a Scribe of the RoyalWardrobe and Granaries, Weftern Tombe d'un fcribe de la garde robe et des greniers
Hill of Thebes. Britifh Mufeum. royaux. Colline occidentale de Th�bes. Muf�e bri-

Affyrian Bas-relief, Nimroud, 7th century, b.c. From Chevaux affyriens. Bas-relief de Nimrod, 7emc fi�cle,

the North-Weft Palace Nimroud. Ere�ted by Afharak- a.c. Du palais nord-oueft de Nimrod. Elev� par Afhar-
bal or Sardanapalus the Great (ift). Britifh Mufeum. akbal ou Sardanapale Ie grand (ier). Muf�e britannique.

Affyrian Bas-relief, Afhurbanipal. Monuments of Chevaux affyriens. Bas-reliefs d'Afhurbanipal. Monu-

Sardanapalus III. 7th century, b.c. Britifh Mufeum. ments de Sardanapale III. 7eme fi�cle, a.c. Muf�e

Perfian Bas-relief of Perfepolis. From the Pakce of Chevaux perfans. Bas-relief de Perfepolis. Du palais

the Forty Pillars (Chekel Minar). des 40 colonnes (Chekel Minar).

Perfian Bas-relief of Nakfhi Rouftam. From Sir J. Chevaux perfans. Bas-relief de Nakfhi Rouftam.

Ker Porter's Travels. Voyages de Sir J. Ker Porter.

Lycian Frieze of a Tomb. From the Acropolis. Cheval lycien. Frife d'un tombeau de 1'Acropolis.

6th century, b.c. 6�me fi�cle, a.c.

6 Lift of the Plat es��'Explication des Planches.

Lycian Fricze of a Tomb. From the Acropolis. Cheval lycien. Frife d'un tombeau de 1'AcropoIis.

6th century, b.c. 6�me fi�cle, a.c.

Greek Frieze of the Parthenon. 5th century, b.c. Chevaux grecs. De Ia frife du Parthenon. 5eme fi�cle,

Britifh Mufeum. a.c. Muf�e britannique.

Greek Muzzles for Armed Horfes. 5th century, b.c. Mors grecs pour chevaux de guerre. 5eme fi�cle, a.c.

XIII., XIV., XV.
Etrufcan Painted Vafe. 4th century, b.c Chevaux �trufques. Vafe peint du 4eme fi�cle, a.c.

Greek Painted Vafe. 3rd century, b.c Cheval grec. Vafe peint du 3�me fi�cle, a.c.

Sarmatian. From Trajan's column, ifl century, b.c. Chevaux farmates. De Ia colonne trajane. ier

XVIII.
Roman. From Trajan's Column, ift century, b.c Cheval romain. De la colonne trajane. ier fi�cle, a.c

Roman Statue of Marcus Aurelius. znd century. Cheval romain. Statue de Mare Aur�le. 2�me fi�cle.

Byzantine Column of Theodofius. 5th century. Cheval byzantin. De la colonne de Theodofe. 5eme

Norman. From the Bayeux Tapeftry. cjth century. Chevaux normands. De la tapifferie de Bayeux. 9�me

Spanilh MS. of the i ith century. Cheval efpagnol. MS. du i i�me fi�cle.

French. From the Abbey of St. Denis. i2th Chevaux francais. Vitraux de Pabbaye de St.-Denis.

century. I2eme fi�cle.

Lift of the Plat es�Explication des Planches.

French. I. Stained Glafs, Cathedral of Chartres. I. Chevalier francais. Verri�re de la cath�drale de

izth century. z and 3. French MS. 13th century. Chartres. 2 et 3. Chaffeurs tir�s d'un MS. francais du

French MS. of the Apocalypfe. 13A century. Cheval francais. MS. de 1'Apocalypfe. I3�me fi�cle.

Englifh MS. 13A century. Chevaux anglais. MS. du i3�me fi�cle.

Italian Frefco-painting. Campo Santo di Pila. 14A Chevaux italiens des frefques du Campo Santo de Pife.

century. I4eme fi�cle.

Italian Frefco-Painting of the Campo Santo di Pifa. Cheval italien. Peinture a frefque du Campo Santo

I4th century. de Pife. I4�me fi�cle.

French. 1. Lancelot du lac, MS. 2. Roman de Chevaux francais. 1. MS. de Lancelot du lac. 2. MS.

Triftan MS. I4th century. du Roman de Triftan.

Englifh. Arthur of Little Britain, MS. I4th century. Chevaux anglais. Arthur de la Petite Bretagne.

MS. du I4eme fi�cle.

French. Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, MS. 15A Cheval francais. Heures d'Anne de Bretagne. MS.

century. St. Martin dividing his Cloak with a Beggar. du I5eme fi�cle. St. Martin partageant fon manteau

French. Tournois du roi R�n�, MS. 15A century. Chevaux francais. Tournois du roi R�n�. ij�me

1,3. French MSS. 2. Seal of Charles Ie T�m�raire. 1,3. MSS. frangais. 2. Sceau de Charles Ie T�m�-

15A century. _ra;_re. 15�me fi�cle.

XXXV.
Early Italian Mafters. i^xh. century. Maitres italiens du is�me fi�cle.

8 Lift of the Plat es�Explication des Planches.

Horfe and Attendant. From the Roll of a Tourna- Cheval et fon palefrenier. Tir� de la defcription

ment, preferved in the College of Arms. This tourna- confervee au " College des Armoiries," d'un tournoi qui

ment was reprefented in Weftminfter, the 13th of eut lieu a Weftminfter Ie 13 fevrier, 1510-11.
February, 1510-11.

German. From Lucas Cranach. 1472-1553. Chevaux allemands, de Lucas Cranach. 1472-1553.

German. Albert D�rer. 1505. Allemand. D'apr�s Albert D�rer. 1505.

German. From Albert D�rer. 1471-1528. Chevaux allemands. D'apr�s Albert D�rer. 1471 �

XLIL, XLIIL, XLIV., XLV., XLVI.

German. H. Burgkmair. 147 3-15 29. Chevaux allemands. D'apr�s H. Burgkmair. 1473-

XL VIL, XLVIIL, XLIX.

German. Hans Schaueflein. 1490-1540. Chevaux allemands. D'apr�s Hans Schaueflein. 1490-

Englifh. From the Romance of Guy, Earl of War- Anglais. Du roman de Guy, comte de Warwick.

wiek. l�th century. l��me fi�cle.

German. Hans Weigel. i�th century. Allemand. D'apr�s Hans Weigel. l��me fi�cle.

German Saddle and Stirrups. 16th century. Allemand. Selle et �triers du 16�me fi�cle.

LIV.
Dutch. Lucas van Leyden. 1516. Hollandais. Lucas van Leyden. 1516.

German. Joft Amman. 1539-1591. From a print Chevaux allemands, par Joft Amman. Gravure du

in the Britifh Mufeum. Cabinet des Eftampes au Muf�e britannique.

Roman horfes. J. Stradanus. i6th century. Chevaux romains, d'apr�s Van der Straat. l��me

8* hifi of the Plates�Explication des Planches.

French. Francis I. From a painting by Janet. Cheval de Francais i er. Peinture de Janet. 1515�

Theffalonian horfe. J. Van der Straat. l�thcentury. Cheval theffalonien, d'apr�s Van der Straat, i��me

Italian. Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Print T�tes de chevaux italiens. Deflln de L�onard de

Room of the Britifh Mufeum. Vinci, au Cabinet des Eftampes du Muf�e britannique.

German horfes by Martin Zeiffinger. From an etch- Chevaux allemands, d'apr�s une gravure du Muf�e

ing in the Britifh Mufeum. 1501. britannique, par Martin Zeiffinger. 1501.

flcAw/tt & er/* <*-'<.. of*.l

PERSiAN _ BAS-RELIEF. NAKSHI ROUSTAM.

P.OKrrks&�yexu. te/.

LYCIAN.. FRIEZE OF A TOIVIB, ACROPOLIS, VI CENTURY, B. C.

The Horfe, like man, is indigenous to the high table-lands of Afia. From his original
name, izns, Paras, are derived the names of nations known only as horfemen, fuch as
Perfians, Parthians, Parfis, and, perhaps, Pruflians; and the onomatopceia " Prsfli" is ufed
in every part of Europe ftill occupied by the Slavonic race to flop the horfe in his
movements. The flaming infcription feen at Belftiazzar's feaft announced to the doomed
monarch the approach of his enemies, the Perfians, whofe name Hebrew copyifts miftook
for Phares, when it was O'tzns, Parajim. The Germanic name of the horfe, Pferd, Perd,
Paerd, may eafily be traced to the original Paras, and the Slavonic onomatopceia Prs/h.
The Ethiopian Fars, the Arabian Feres, the Saxon Hors, have, as near as poflible, the
fame etymology.

Through variations of habits, of climates, of temperature, the primary form of the
horfe has been greatly modified, and a fimilar change, imperceptible but fure, is ftill
proceeding from the fame caufes. The Egyptian horfe of the Delta in ancient times is
more like a Dutch horfe of our days than his Aflyrian contemporary. The reafon of this
refemblance is, that the Egyptian horfe of the Delta treading, like the Netherlandifh horfe,
on elaftic ground, in rich paftures, acquired a greater mufcular development, at the expenfe
of the nervous fyftem, and became more fit to draw a heavy chariot with meafured ftep
than to carry a horfeman, with the rapidity of an arrow, upon ftony or uneven ground.
Such is probably the reafon why, in ancient piclures and monuments, an Egyptian warrior
is never reprefented on horfeback, but always appears in a light war-chariot, drawn by
feveral horfes. Of the Egyptian horfes of modern times, Bruce fays " that the figure they
would make in point of fwiftnefs is very doubtful, their form being entirely different from
that of the Arabian; but beautiful and fymmetrical parts, great fize and ftrength, the moft
agile, nervous, and elaftic movements, great endurance of fatigue, docility of temper,
and, beyond any other animal, feeming attachment to man," render, perhaps, the Dongola,
or Nubian horfe, in no way inferior to the Arabian. They have, according to Youatt,
" a flender, yet finely fet on neck, a noble creft, the withers elevated, a beautiful action,
and an admirable bearing." The kingdom of Dongola, or Modern Nubia, produces a

GREEK_ FRIEZE OF ]~HE PARTHENOM, V CENTURY, B.C

breed different from any other of either Africa or Afia. They are ufually of a black
colour, but there are fome bright bays and forrels.

" The Egyptian horfe," fays Burckhardt, " is ugly, coarfe in fhape, and looking more
like a cart-horfe than a racer. Thin legs and knees, and fhort and thick necks, are
common defects among them. The head is fometimes fine, but I never faw good legs
in an Egyptian horfe. They are not able to bear any great fatigue ; but when well fed
their aclion is occafionally more brilliant than that of the Arabian. Their impetuofity,
however, renders them peculiarly defirable for heavy cavalry, and it is upon this quality
alone that their celebrity has ever been founded."

Of courfe this defcription applies to the horfe of Lower Egypt, while that of Bruce
refers to the Dongola, or Nubian horfe, which may be confidered as reprefented by the
fculpture at the entrance of the fmall temple of Beit-Oualley (Plate i). The horfes
reprefented in the frefco-painting from the tomb of a Scribe (Plate 2) are likewife Nubian
horfes.

The Aflyrian horfes, from a bas-relief of the north-weft palace Nimroud (Plate 3),
belong evidently to another variety. The fhortnefs of their fore-legs, if not a fancy of the
artift, would incline them to rear up; but we muft fuppofe the Aflyrian fculptor was not
here over particular about proportions in the animals which he reprefented.

This fpecimen of the Aflyrian way of harnefling horfes fhows, like the two preceding
Egyptian ones, that thefe ancient people brought the furcingle clofe to the fore-legs of
the horfe, thus inconveniently interfering with the free movements of the fore-part
of the animal. The plunging of the fhaft was alfo confiderably increafed by this arrange-
ment, and it muft have rendered the aim of the warriors in the chariot very unfteady, and
fcarcely therefore very dangerous to the enemy.

The horfes on the monuments of Sardanapalus III. (Plates 4, 5) are remarkable
for their trappings no lefs than for the elegance of bearing of the noble creatures which
they reprefent. Others, taken from an ancient bas-relief in the Palace of Forty Pillars
(Chekel Minar), Perfepolis (Plate 6), are of a much heavier fhape, but well proportioned.
" The two remaining perfons of the group," fays Sir Robert Ker Porter in his Travels, " are
in charge of a chariot, which is drawn by a pair of magnificent horfes. . . The horfes
are without trappings, but the details of the bit, and the manner of reining them, are
executed with the niceft care. . . . The pole of the car is feen pafling between the horfes,
projecling from the centre of the carriage, which is in a cylindrical fhape, elevated rather
above the line of the animals' heads." In the bas-reliefs of Nakfhi-Rouftan (Plate 7),
" the part of the bridle of the left horfe which covers the animal s head," fays the fame
travelier, " is thickly ftudded- with round, plain knobs, and large circular plates adorn the
ftraps round the cheft and buttock. A muzzle pafles from between the noftrils to the

GREEK. BAS RELIEF BRITISH MUSEUM V CENTURY, B.C.

place where we attach a curb chain. . . . Two large, acorn-topped tafleis, fufpended by
chains, hang from the back of the horfe. The tail is carefully arranged in a regular
pointing form, and tied at the top with ribands."

In Plates 8 and 9 we come more to the Weft, and to the iyth century b.c, according
to the hiftorical march of civilization. On the frieze of a tomb in the Necropolis of Lycia,
one of the north-weft provinces of Afia Minor, inhabited by Greeks and an aboriginal
race, called Solyni, or Thermifas, we find the fpecimen, or rather a precurfor, of Greek
art, in the form of a very tall and beautiful, but rather maflive horfe, led by a groom,
which is fhown in Plate 8. In the following Plate two men are fitting in a chariot, drawn
by two horfes. The reins, which were formerly in the hands of the younger man, are
wanting, for they were moft probably in gold, or gilded bronze, which attracled the
cupidity of barbarian devaftators.

The fplendid horfes of Phidias, from the frieze of the Parthenon (Plate 10), ftiow to
what fupreme excellence art had been brought five centuries before our era under the
unclouded fky of Greece. The horfes of Phidias are of the pure Arabian race, although,
compared with the prefent type, their head is more fquare and larger. When the
horfeman is on foot his breaft is at a level with the head of the horfe ; when on horfeback,
his feet are lower than its knee. Here the neck of the Greek horfe is ftrong and mufcular ;
his ftioulders are well fet ; the breaft deep ; the joints ftrong, dry, and admirably perpen-
dicular; the back is fhort, and the tail carried with a peculiar elegance. The mane
is generally cut brufh-wife, while the tail is long, and floats freely in the breeze. The
horfeman wants neither faddle nor ftirrups ; and under his dire�lions the horfe is either
racing or cantering in a gentle gallop. But no matter what motion the artift may have
chofen to depicl, his marble horfes are almoft really living. Their admirable proportions
and fine bearing, no doubt, caufed them to find favour in the eyes, and mercy at the
hands, of the Muflulman devaftators, whofe fanaticifm fo fadly mutilated the heads of the
horfemen, more particularly perhaps becaufe the reprefentation of men is prohibited by
the Alcoran. The bas-relief of Caftor and Pollux (Plate 11) reprefents animals and
horfemen in no way inferior to thofe of the Parthenon. The two Greek muzzles for
armed horfes (Plate 12) will particularly intereft the antiquarian.

From Greek we pafs now to Etrufcan art, much inferior of courfe, and bearing an
almoft perfe�l analogy with Egyptian. The team of four horfes (Plate 13) to a very
fmall chariot, intended for one man, is more a fancy of the artift than a true reprefentation
of contemporary life. The crown worn by the driver indicates, probably, that fuch a
four-in-hand was referved only to kings or chieftains of the Etrufcans. The build of
the horfes is remarkable for its length and refemblance to a modern Mecklenburgh coach-
horfe. In Plate 14 we find a fine fpecimen of horfe-racing, as praclifed four hundred

GREEK_. IVIUZZLES FOR ARMED HORSES, V CENTURV, B 0.

years before our era. The jockey, entirely naked, without faddle or ftirrup, is urging
his horfe with a three rigid-thonged whip. He feems to have left the bridle floating
on the neck of the horfe, which he is patting with his left hand, as a compenfation for
the feverer entreaties conveyed by the whip. In Plate 15 we have a curious example
of the way in which Etrufcans harnefled their horfes to a car. The movements of the
animals are as little as poffible impeded by trappings, the collar, confifting of a leather
thong, tapering on the fhoulder-blades, and broader on the breaft, is the only 'means
by which the horfe is connecled with the pole. The bit has a very peculiar form, acting
very likely on the interior corners of the mouth, by the pref�ure of the four-pointed
corners of a metallic plate, painted black. On the Greek painted vafe of the third
century b.c. (Plate 16), with a man ftanding, and a horfe ridden by a child, all painted
white on a black ground, reappears the mort form of the Arabian horfe. The young
horfeman is entirely naked, and has in his right hand a double-thonged whip. The
ftature of the man ftanding fhows the ftiort proportion of the Greek horfe compared
with the Etrufcan one.

We come now to the firft fpecimen known of Sarmatian or CofTack horfes, reprefented
on Trajan's Column (Plate 17). The extraordinary appearance of the mail-clad horfes
and riders is explained by Paufanias in his " Defcriptio Grascias," where, fpeaking of a temple
dedicated to Efculapius, he fays, " We fee there, among other things, a Sarmatian cuirafs,
or coat of arms. Thofe who fee it fay at once that barbarians are no lefs clever in the arts
than the Greeks themfelves. Sarmatians have no iron, as no mines of this mineral are to
be found in their country ; and, as they have no trade with neighbouring nations, they can
have none brought from abroad. Inftead of iron, they have plates of bone at the end of
their pikes. With cornet-tree wood they manufacture bows and arrows, whofe points are
made with bones, and throw chains upon their enemies, to ftrike them down. The way
in which they make their cuirafles is this : Each of thefe barbarians has a great quantity
of horfes, for their land is not feparated into parts, fo as to be fubfervient to the ufe of
private perfons, nor does it bear anything, except ruftic wood, as the inhabitants are nothing
more than nomades. Thefe horfes they not only ufe for the purpofes of war, but they
facrifice them to their country gods, and even ufe them for food. But, collecting the hoofs
of thefe animals, and purifying and dividing them, they polifti them fo as to refemble the
fcales of a dragon. He, indeed, who has not (een a dragon may compare this compofition
from hoofs to a pine-nut while yet green. This fcale-like compofition they perforate, and
few it together with the nerves of horfes and oxen, and afterwards ufe them for coats of
mail, which are not inferior to thofe of the Greeks, either for elegance or ftrength, as they
will fuftain a blow given either remotely or near at hand."*

* " The Defcription of Greece by Paufanias" (tranflated by T. Taylor). London, 1824. 8vo. Vol. i. pp. 54, 55.

�TRUSCAN_ PAINTED /ASE IV CENTURY, B.C.

Thus the extraordinary horfes and horfemen reprefented on Trajan's Column with what
feems to be a coat of mail, are covered with fcales made from horfe's hoofs. The mane
and the trufTed tail of the horfe are even covered with this fingular protection againft the
arrows of the enemy. It is not eafy to underfland how fuch could keep on the legs of the
horfe while galloping as they are reprefented ; but very likely the artift did not fee by
himfelf the barbarian horfemen, and not a little exaggerated the dimenfions and the form of
the horn cuirafTes of men and horfes.

Another barbarian horfeman (Plate 18) appears on Trajan's Column riding at full gallop
on a horfe provided with a fringed cloth (the horfeman's cloak, perhaps), inftead of a faddle,
and without ftirrups. The bridle is wanting, as in the Greek monuments, but becaufe the
bronze which formed it has been removed. The coftume of the horfeman is very curious,
and moft likely that of a Gaul flghting againft the Romans. A loofe garment, with the
fleeves tucked up above the elbow, covers the upper part of the body of the rider, and
falls a little below the waift; a pair of narrow breeches reaches to conceal only the upper
part of the calf, the lower part of which is bare; the fandals are faftened to the ankle with
leather ftraps. Some rudiment of faddle muft be concealed under the loofe fchabraque,
unlefs the two ftraps which are round the breaft of the horfe, and pafs under the tail, are
intended to faften the fchabraque itfelf. The few Gallic coins which have come down to
us often reprefent horfes, but fo badly defigned that it is difficult to get from them any
idea of the true conformation of the Gallic horfe. Some of them, neverthelefs, fhow fine
fpecimens of the majeftic Armorican horfes, of which the Roman artift has given here but
a poor idea.

The Roman horfe in all his majefty is exhibited (Plate 19) in the ftatue of Marcus
Aurelius, the work of an artift of the fecond century. The model which he prefents has
been more than once copied by Italian and French fculptors of modern times.

The Byzantine horfe appears on the column of Theodofius (Plate 20), built in the fifth
century. The horfe and rider prefent a fine fpecimen of art before its degradation during
the middle ages. But the head is fo peculiarly fmall that it feems out of proportion with
the reft of the body. Such a horfe, if true to nature, muft have been very docile, and more
fit to be a lady's palfrey than a warrior's charger. It is not very eafy to underftand how
the bit remained in the mouth of the horfe, as there are no faftenings of the bridle round the
head.

From the reprefentation of this noble creature we come fuddenly down to the awful
caricatures of Norman art, as conveyed to us by the rough defigns of the Bayeux tapeftry,
executed in the ninth century, fuch drawings can neither be commended as models of
elegance, nor as truthful reprefentations of the horfes and horfemen of William the Con-
queror. But we are unwilling to let flip the opportunity of drawing the attention of the

^rp. <■ �- �f/ea u. <*e/.

ETRUSCAN_ PAINTED VASE, IV CEN�URY, B.C.

antiquarian on fo curious a monument, illuftrative as it is at leaft of fome peculiarities of
coftume worthy to be remembered. The fcales with which the horfemen feem to be covered
are not made of horn taken from the horfes' hoofs, as ufed by the Sarmatians, but fimply
intended as reprefentations of the meihes of an ordinary coat of mail. The fpurs (Plate 21)
with a fingle arrow-headed point are remarkable, and their ufe muft have been very painful
to the horfe. In Plate 22 we have the fame horfes, but with mort legs, long bodies, and
of immenfe fize, if we compare them with the diminutive, bearded groom who leads them
by the leafh. The Spanifti horfe and warriors (Plate 23), from a MS. of the eleventh
century, are not better drawn, but, curioufly enough, their coftume is very much the fame
as that of the Norman warriors of the Bayeux tapeftry. The heimet and the arrow-headed
fpurs are very like, but the faddle is more Oriental, and the hanging tafleis fhow the particu-
lar requifites of a more meridional country. The horfe, the dapple grey of whofe fkin is
indicated by fuch quaint hieroglyphics, belongs evidently to the Arabian breed.

The vanquiftied Parthians are fhown (Plate 24), as painted on the verriere of the
Abbey of St. Denis, the burial-place of the French kings, and drawn by a French artift in
the twelfth century. On the left-hand fide of the drawing is a curious figure of a dif-
mounted horfeman, making, it would feem, a gefture familiar to ftreet urchins. The mane
of a Parthian horfe is cut brufhwife, as the Greek horfes of the Parthenon.

In Plate 25 we have, from a ftained glafs window in the Cathedral of Chartres, executed
during the twelfth century, the reprefentation of a Knight Templar in full armour, holding
in his hand a ftandard bearing a crofs. The fpur of the horfeman is tapering in a fingle
point; his heimet, of a fingle piece, conceals entirely the face, but a crofs cut in the fteel
allows him at once to breathe and to fee his way. The compofition is fpirited, and
evidently the work of a clever artift.

The hunters in Plate 25 are taken from a MS. of the " Livre du Roi Modus," preferved
in the National Library in Paris. The two horfemen (No. 2) are boar-hunters, and the
lady and gentleman (No. 3) are hawking. Imitations of both drawings, but by an inferior
artift, are to be found in another MS., from which Mr. Elzear Blaze reproduced ^tc Le
Livre du Roy Modus, et de la Royne Racio," Paris, 1839, gr. in-8vo, as the earlieft
French book on hunting. Grace de la Vingne, who wrote his '^c Roumant des deduiz," at
Heldeford, in England, in 1359, '^s P°ft^eri°^r to the "Roy Modus." Gafton Phoebus
wrote his book only in 1387 ; and, again, Hardoin de Fontaine Guerin his in 1394.
Therefore thefe illuftrations of hunting are among the earlieft known from the Middle
Ages. The horfeman (No. 1 of the fame plate) with the ftandard of the Crufaders, and
the loofe garment fprinkled with crofles over his coat of mail, is Thibaut VI., Earl of Blois.

A French MS. of the Apocalypfe, written in the I3th century (Plate 26), fupplies
us with a very fine drawing of a horfe and horfeman, the latter receiving a crown from

RUSCAN _. PAINTED VASE, IV CENTURY, B.C.

heaven. The breaft thong of the horfe is ornamented with precious ftones; the bridle
is partly formed by a metallic chain. The horfeman has a bow and arrow in his left
hand, and to his faddle is faftened a richly-ornamented quiver.

The drawing from an Englifti MS. of the fame century (Plate 27) is by no means
fo good as the preceding one ; but it is, neverthelefs, a curious illuftration of coftume.
The horfes are covered, as in a tournament. The deep faddles, with backs like an arm-
chair, would feem very inconvenient to a modern horfeman. The knight whofe horfe
bears a Saint Andrew's crofs on his cloth has fent his lance through the fhield and body
of his adverfary, whofe horfe-cloth is covered with Loraine croffes. Both are rather
fparingly clad for fo ferious an encounter, and bear their fhields fufpended from the
neck.

The horfemen in Plate 28 are taken from the Italian frefco-paintings of the Campo
Santo di Pifa. They form part of the " Triumph of Death," painted by Andrea Orgagna,
and are to be feen in the more picturefque than artiftic attitude of ftopping their nofes,
which appear rather difagreeably affected by the fmell from three corpfes in various ftages
of decompof�tion.

The horfeman with the hawk on his fift appears to be the portrait, by Orgagna, of
the celebrated Caftruccio, Signor di Lucca, as may be afcertained from the comparifon with
the coins and medals of this petty fovereign. In order to imprefs more ftrongly on the
noblemen of his time the vanity of human greatnefs, Andrea fhows in this compof�tion
a party of lords who, while hunting, happen to crofs a valley, where they find the dead
bodies of three kings. Above this compof�tion an old anchorite, who could not be
introduced here, and whom tradition affirms to have been Saint Macarius, fhows the
corpfes to the hunters.

The reprefentation, Plate 29, fhows a powerful horfe, ridden by a no lefs powerful
horfeman. They alfo are taken from an Italian frefco-painting of the i4th century in
the Campo Santo di Pifa. The neck and the breaft of the animal are rather out of
proportion with the reft of the body, although fuch horfes can be found to this day in
Poland. The coftume of the rider is the moft marvellous faftkcio of antique Roman
drefs and mediasval accoutrement which can pofi�bly be imagined. The bit of the horfe
is alfo quite peculiar, and feems well adapted to check, by the lever it affords, the too
powerful aclion of the neck. This curious horfeman is one of the followers of Pilatus, and
the artift reprefents him as one of the cort�ge of Chrift, bearing His crofs towards Golgotha.

The two drawings (Plate 30) are taken from illuftrations of the French romance (No. 1)
of Lancelot du lac, and No. 2 of the romance of T riftan, both of the I4th century. The
coftume of the hunter (No. 1), blowing his horn, is very fingular, appearing to confift only
of a loofe fhirt, open on the fides, after the Grecian cuftom; but he wears under it a pair

GREEK-_ PAINTED VASE, III CFNTURY, B. O

of tight hofe. His heimet is no lefs fingular, evidently not intended for warlike purpofes,
but well adapted to guard againft the ardour of the fun during a hunting day. The faddle
is almoft modern in form. The two knights fighting (No. 2) have the common Norman
faddle, in which the horfeman is feated, as in an arm-chair. This faddle is brought up
very high on the fhoulders of the horfe, and almoft impedes the free movement of the
neck. A poor, wandering knight, mounted in fuch a faddle, on a horfe addi�led to
plunging, muft have been almoft fure to tumble over his horfe's head at the leaft whimfical
freak �f the animal.

In Plate 31 are various illuftrations of the celebrated romance of Arthur of Little
Britain, a MS. written in the I4th century. In the tournament the Duke of Brittany is
to be recognifed by the ermine of his �hield and horfe-cloth. The battle in the middle
drawing fhows horfemen with fhields, upon which are painted monftrous figures, according
to the practice of the Chinefe of our own time. The faddles of the horfes in the four
drawings of this plate are quite of the modern Englifh form.

The beautiful drawing (Plate 32) borrowed from the Hora of Ann of Brittany, MS.
of the I5th century, reprefents St. Martin, a foldier of the Emperor Conftanci�s, fifteen
years old, dividing his cloak with a poor man, whom he met naked at the gate of Amiens
on a cold morning of a moft fevere winter. The French National Library in Paris is
in pofleflion of the fplendid prayer-book from which this drawing is taken. Moft of
the illuminations of this MS. are reprefentations of country life and agricultural labours.
All the margms of the book are decorated with reprefentations of plants and infects, drawn
from life and admirably illuminated. More than three hundred various plants are there
delineated, and form the moft complete herbal which we poflefs from the early period of
the I5th century.

In Plate 23 we have a reprefentation of the Duke of Brittany and the Duke of Bourbon
fighting in the tournament of King Ren� of Anjou. The Duke of Bourbon is diftinguifhed
by the fleur-de-lis, forming the creft of his heimet, and which are fpread all over his drefs,
and the bridle and cover of his horfe. The horfe of the Duke of Brittany wears two
horns on his head, in imitation of the creft of the Duke's heimet. The drefs of the
latter horfeman, the bridie and cover of his horfe, are fprinkled with ermine, the diftinclive
mark of the coat-of-arms of the fovereigns of Brittany.

The cart-horfe (Plate 34, No. 1) is borrowed from a French MS. of the i5th century.
It would not be difficult in our days to find, in feveral parts of France, the fame horfe,
with the very fame harnefs. The gentlefolks meeting on horfeback (No. 3 of the fame
plate) more particularly bear the mediasval ftamp of their own time. The pyramidal
head-drefs of the lady, minus the veil, may ftill be feen in Normandy�worn, however,
by wet nurfes, and no more by ladies having a right to bear on- their horfe-cloth a

SAR1Y1ATIAN_ TRAJAN'S COLUMN, ! CENTURY

fleur-de-lis, quartered by two leopards. The hat of the polite gentleman, who pays his
refpects to the lady, refembles very much the never-brufhed beaver of a French country
fchoolmafter. The horfes feem to be as polite as their mafters, and in the very act of
greeting each other by the fame movement of the head and one of the fore-legs.

Around the feal of Charles the Bold are to be read the following words, which could
not find their place in Plate 34, No. 1 : �" Caroli . Dei . gracia . Burgundie . Lotharingie .
Brabancie . Linburgie . et Lucemburgie . ducis . Flandrie . Artefie . Burgundie . Palatini .
Hollandie . Zelandie . et Namurcie . Comitis . Sacri . imperi . marchionis . dni . Frifie . de
Salinis . et de . Machlinie."

The two horfes copied from early Italian mafters (Plate 35) in the Print-room of the
Britifh Mufeum are not very creditable to the country which, at a later period, produced
in fuch aftounding number the moft eminent artifts of the world. The fore-legs of the
galloping horfe are evidently too fhort; but the other horfe and difmounted horfeman fhow
neverthelefs a good deal of feeling for the picturefque.

The horfe and attendant reprefented (Plate 7,6) are taken from an illuminated roll ftill
preferved in the College of Arms, and known by the name of the Tournament Roll.
This tournament was exhibited at Weftminfter, February I2th, 1510-11, in honour of
Queen Catharine, and on the occafion of the birth of the king's firft fon, who died but a
few months afterwards. A coloured copy of this horfe and attendant will be found, Plate
74, vol. ii. of Shaw.*

From Italy and England, if we pafs to Germany, the contraft is very ftriking between
the ftyle of horfes reprefented in the preceding plates, and that of the heavy chargers drawn
by German artifts. In Plate 37, for inftance, Lucas Cranach has portrayed the Margraf
Albert, in full armour, with a plume of feathers, like a fhrubbery on, and flowing
behind, his heimet; while he holds, leaning on the pommel of his faddle, a lance of fuch
tremendous iize that it is no marvel if the horfe appears ftumbling rather than cantering
under its weight. Englifti brewer horfes can only give an adequate idea of the clumfy
fteed here granted by Cranach to his patron.

The horfe (Plate 38) by the fame artift, and with the early date 1508, is much more
elegant, and fuggefts at once the idea of a very ftrong, but fwift and fpirited animal.

Three years before the latter date Albert Diirer engraved the white horfe reproduced
in Plate 29- This engraving is what iconographifts call the fmall horfe looking towards
the left; the knight behind is thought to be Perfeus preparing to go and releafe Andro-
meda. The early date of the engraving fhows that D�rer took his model from the
brewers' horfes of Nuremberg, his native place, for we very much doubt that he fhould
have given fuch a heavy nag to a mythological chara�ter after his return from Italy in 1507.

* "Drefles and Decorations of the Middle Ages." London : W. Pickering, 1848.

ROIVIAN _ TRAJANS' COLUMN, I CENTURY.

The horfe (Plate 40), from the fame eminent artift, is not much better drawn than
that of Lucas Cranach (Plate 37), although D�rer's horfe is at leaft galloping, while that
of the former artift is virtually ftumbling on his fore-legs.

The white horfe (Plate 41), on the contrary, is an excellent fpecimen of the war-horfe,
as it was required in Albert D�rer's time. It is carefully drawn and well proportioned.
The ears are fo fhort that they muft have been cut, as it was the cuftom then in Germany.

From Albert D�rer, the moft eminent German artift of his age, we naturally come
down to his colleague, Burgkmair, who delineated fo many horfes in his engravings. The
late Mr. W. A. Chatto, in the "Treatife on Wood Engraving," London, 1839, 8vo.
plate 35$, fays of Burgkmair:�"His horfes are generally ftrong and heavy; and the
men on their backs of a ftout and mufcular form. The adtion of the horfes feems natural,
and the indications of the joints, and the drawing of the hoofs, which are moftly low and
broad, evidently fhow that the artift had paid fome attention to the ftrudlure of the animal."

Very heavy, indeed, muft have been the horfes in Plate 42 � one led by a Hungarian
magnate, the other by a Trabant. On the leather apron of the firft horfe the artift has
engraved his monogram, H. B. The heads of the two horfes are proteded by a fteel
vifor, and they are crowned with a garland of leaves, for they form part of the feftive
cort�ge of the Emperor Maximilian.

In Plate 43 the horfes are lighter and of a more homely characler. The rider in the
upper part of the plate has been thrown from his horfe; and, as one of his feet is ftill
entangled in the ftirrup, the poor horfeman is in a very critical pofition, for he is moft
likely to be dragged along by the frightened horfe. The horfe and cart below feem almoft
to belong to our own time; the fpokes of the wheels alone, if not a fancy of the artift,
prefent an object not to be eafily met now-a-days in Germany.

The clarionet-player (Plate 44), crowned like his horfe with a garland, is mounted on
a common palfrey, as behoves a pacific warrior. The caf� of his inftrument is faftened to
the bow of the faddle.

The St. George (Plate 45), engraved in chiaro-obfcuro, is one of the moft beautiful
engravings of Burgkmair. The horfe, befides a fteel vifor, has his neck protefted by a
coat-of-mail. The leather covering is fringed around, and highly ornamenred with
arabefques. On the left fide of the croup is painted, or embroidered, the image of a pelican.
From the heimet of the horfeman, the head, and even the tail of the horfe, a cloud of
feathers is waving in the breeze. In Plate 46 we fee how the leather apron of the horfe
is faftened to the bow of the faddle by a ftrap and buckle. The two horfemen (Plate 47)
are borrowed from the Tewrdannck, fol. 25, of the edition of 1519. Hans Schaueflein,
pupil of Albert D�rer, who engraved moft of the plates in this book, reprefents here
Tewrdannck, the perfonifkation of the Emperor Maximilian, and his faithful efquire,

ROMAN- STATUE OF M. AURELMJS, II CENTURY

Ernhold, fallying forth on horfeback in fearch of adventures, rather uniform in charadler,
but no lefs wonderful and flattering to the phyfical ftrength of the wandering knight.
The three horfemen at full gallop (Plate 48) are the work of the fame artift. The horfe in
advance has his tail cut fhort�a feature rarely met in fuch early pi�tures. All of thefe
horfes are truly typical of the German breed, In Plate 49, taken alfo from Schaueflein, we
have reprefentations of ladies on horfeback�one fitting by herfelf; the other behind her
hufband, whofe waift fhe embraces to maintain her pofition. The two ladies are not fitting
aftride, but in the ladylike fafhion univerfal in Europe among well-bred people.

The knight (Plate 50) with a wild-boar's head on the point of his fpear, and foliowed
by a tame lion, is the famous Guy, Earl of Warwick. That engraving is taken from the
hiftory of the Englifh Don Quixote, written by Samuel Rowlands, and printed by Edward
Allde in 1607, 4to. The fame engraving is to be found, on a very fcarce ballad of the
time, preferved at the Britifh Mufeum, in the Roxburgh colle�tion of fpecimens of popular
fongs and broadfides. The engraver, in transferring the drawing to the block, did not
take care to reverfe his transfer, and the refult is that the famous knight carries his fword
on the right fide, as in former times executioners were bound to do, left they fhould be
miftaken for honeft warriors.

A Ruf�ian on horfeback, by Hans Weigel, is reproduced in Plate 51, from " Habitvs
prascipuorum populorum," Nuremberg, 1577, in-fol. Plate clxxi. The horfeman is appa-
rently dreffed in a padded overcoat, which afFords prote�lion both againft the cold and the
arrows of an enemy. The bow is kept in a caf� hanging from the girdle by a ftrap ; the
arrows in a quiver on the right-hand fide.

In Plate 52, from the fame work (Plate clxv.), H. Weigel reprefented a Hungarian
nobleman riding a horfe of the fame breed as the preceding one. The bow-cafe is hanging
by a ftrap on the right fide of the horfeman, while the quiver is faftened between his
fhoulders by another ftrap. The curb and fpurs are of an almoft modern form.

A German faddle and ftirrups of the latter half of the i6th century (Plate 52), are copied
from the " Kunftwerke und Gerathfchaften des Mittelalters und Renaiflance," by C. Becker
and J. von Hefner. Francfort, 185a. 4-to. vol. i. p. 52. The ftirrups prefent a fine
fpecimen of workmanfhip, while the front and raifed back of the faddle are covered with
exquifite bas-reliefs of antique cavalry fighting, in embofled iron.

Lucas Van Leyden has fome beautiful fpecimens of horfes, and among them the noble
fteed (Plate 54) engraved in 1516. The fpurs of the horfeman are not only tapering
in a fingle point, but their fhaft is in form of a faw, and their ufe muft have been moft
cruel for the animal.

The horfes of Joft Amman (Plate 55) are lefs heavy than thofe of Burgkmair or
Albert D�rer, but they evidently belong to the German breed. Their leather horfecloth

ZANT�NE, COLUMN OF THEODOSIUS, V CENTIJRY.

and trappings very much refemble thofe of Burgkmair horfes.

Jan Van der Straat, or J. Stradanus, in his " Equile Joannis Auftriaci," in-fol. f. 1. et a.,
but printed at Antwerp by Ph. Galle, and engraved by H. Wiercx, has dravvn fome
fplendid fpecimens of horfes, from which the two Roman horfes (Plate 56) were taken.
Their ears are cut mort, after the antique fafhion; the mane is flowing in all its
luxuriance ; the tail of the left horfe is truffed up, but the other prefents an abundance
of curling hair. The joints alone are heavy, and not well fhaped. The right-hand horfe
is ftyled " equus matronalis," and, of courfe, is intended for a lady's horfe.

The equeftrian portrait of Francis L, painted by Janet in the fixteenth century, was
fome years ago in the poffef�ion of Mr. Henry Farrer, the eminent collector of works
of art in Bond Street. We have reproduced it (Plate 57) after the capital engraving
which is to be found in Shaw's " DrefTes and Decorations of the Middle Ages," vol. i.
plate 83.

The three heads of horfes (Plate 58) are drawn after Leonardo da Vinci.

From Italian art we come back (Plate 59) to another fine fpecimen of Van der Straat's
horfes. The noble animal here delineated evidently was at once of great ftrength and
wonderful fwiftnefs. It is engraved in the " Equile Joannis Auftriaci," plate 9, and is
given as a Theffalian horfe.

The quairit horfes of Martin Zeiflinger, engraved in 1501, could not be pafled over
in a book like the prefent. They will be found in Plate 60, where three horfes are
reprefented in three different attitudes,�one ftanding, the other at full gallop, and the
third backing under the hand of his rider.

This colledtion of fixty drawings could not be intended as the illuftration to a complete
hiftory of the horfe, but by the varieties of fpecimens borrowed from the beft fources we
hope it will be found acceptable to the artift and antiquarian, as well as to the naturalift
and fportfman.

NORIVIAN _ BAYEUX TAPESTRY |X CENITURY

NORMAN_ BAYEUX TAPESTRY IX CENTURY

SPANISH_ M, S XI CENTURY

FRENCH^ ABBEY OF S^T DENIS, XII CENTURY.

FR�NCH_ STAINED GLASS, CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES.
XII GENTURY-

FRENCH- M. S. Xlli CENTURY.

J~~,«uir,W»« >■-■*«.~~

FRENCH-Wl.S. OF THE APOCALYPSE, XHI CENTURY.

ENGLISH_ IV!. S. XIII CENTURY.

rM^i-Av -neffe**, <&/-

ITALIAN- FRESCO PAINTINS, CAIV1P0 SANTO XIV CENTURY.

JTALIAN^ FRESCO PAINTING, CAIVIPO SANTO, XIV CENTURY.

, I. LANCELOT DU LAG, M. S. ,
FRENCHJ \ XV CENTURY

�2. ROMAN DE TRISTAN. M. S

ENGLI8H ,. ARTHUR OF LITTLE BRITAIN, IV!. S. XIV CENTURY.

^rRENGH_ HEURES D'ANNE DE BRETAGNE, M. S. ' XV CENTURY.

FRENCH _ TOURNOIS DU ROl RENE, M. S. XV CENTURY,

1,3, FRENOH__ M. 'S.S; 2. SEAL OF CHARLES LE TEMERAIRE, XV CENTURY.

EARLY ITALIAN MASTERS, XV CENTURY

ENGLISH._ TOURNAMENT ROLL. XVI CENTURY,

Gf-.'RMAN . LUCAS CRANACH, 1472 ■ 1555.

GERMAN__ LUCAS CRANACH, 1472 - 1553.

GERMAN- ALBERT DURER, 1471-1528.

ALBERT DURER, 14-71-1528

GERMAN_ H. BURGKMAiR, 1472, - 1529.

GERMAN_ H. BURGKIVIAiR, 1473 - 152.9.

GERMAN_ H. BURGKMAIR, 1473- 1529.

GERMAN _ H. BURGKMAiR, 14-73 � 152.9.

GERMAN� HANS BURGKMAIR, 1473-152

GERMAN_ HANS SOHAU-EFLEIN, 14-90 - 154-0.



		EXPLICATION DES PLANCHES.
	LIST OF THE PLATES.	EXPLICATION DES PLANCHES.
	LIST OF THE PLATES.

i. Egyptian Horfe, Beit Oualley, Nubia. From the Cheval �gyptien, Beit Oualley, Nubie. Fris des Sculptures at the Entrance of the Small Temple of Beit fculptures a l'entr�e du petit temple de Beit Oualley, Oualley, near Ralabfche, Nubia. pr�s de Ralabfche, Nubie. II. Egyptian Frefco-Painting, Thebes. From the Tomb Chevaux �gyptiens. Peinture fur frefque de Th�bes. of a Scribe of the RoyalWardrobe and Granaries, Weftern Tombe d'un fcribe de la garde robe et des greniers Hill of Thebes. Britifh Mufeum. royaux. Colline occidentale de Th�bes. Muf�e bri- tannique. III. Affyrian Bas-relief, Nimroud, 7th century, b.c. From Chevaux affyriens. Bas-relief de Nimrod, 7emc fi�cle, the North-Weft Palace Nimroud. Ere�ted by Afharak- a.c. Du palais nord-oueft de Nimrod. Elev� par Afhar- bal or Sardanapalus the Great (ift). Britifh Mufeum. akbal ou Sardanapale Ie grand (ier). Muf�e britannique. IV., V. Affyrian Bas-relief, Afhurbanipal. Monuments of Chevaux affyriens. Bas-reliefs d'Afhurbanipal. Monu- Sardanapalus III. 7th century, b.c. Britifh Mufeum. ments de Sardanapale III. 7eme fi�cle, a.c. Muf�e britannique. VI. Perfian Bas-relief of Perfepolis. From the Pakce of Chevaux perfans. Bas-relief de Perfepolis. Du palais the Forty Pillars (Chekel Minar). des 40 colonnes (Chekel Minar). VII. Perfian Bas-relief of Nakfhi Rouftam. From Sir J. Chevaux perfans. Bas-relief de Nakfhi Rouftam. Ker Porter's Travels. Voyages de Sir J. Ker Porter. VIII. Lycian Frieze of a Tomb. From the Acropolis. Cheval lycien. Frife d'un tombeau de 1'Acropolis. 6th century, b.c. 6�me fi�cle, a.c.



		*m^^^-^-*
J'.C.fl^aW.		*m^^^-^-*
J'.C.fl^aW.

	GREEK_ FRIEZE OF ]~HE PARTHENOM, V CENTURY, B.C



	Horfes.
	Horfes.	!9

Ernhold, fallying forth on horfeback in fearch of adventures, rather uniform in charadler, but no lefs wonderful and flattering to the phyfical ftrength of the wandering knight. The three horfemen at full gallop (Plate 48) are the work of the fame artift. The horfe in advance has his tail cut fhort�a feature rarely met in fuch early pi�tures. All of thefe horfes are truly typical of the German breed, In Plate 49, taken alfo from Schaueflein, we have reprefentations of ladies on horfeback�one fitting by herfelf; the other behind her hufband, whofe waift fhe embraces to maintain her pofition. The two ladies are not fitting aftride, but in the ladylike fafhion univerfal in Europe among well-bred people. The knight (Plate 50) with a wild-boar's head on the point of his fpear, and foliowed by a tame lion, is the famous Guy, Earl of Warwick. That engraving is taken from the hiftory of the Englifh Don Quixote, written by Samuel Rowlands, and printed by Edward Allde in 1607, 4to. The fame engraving is to be found, on a very fcarce ballad of the time, preferved at the Britifh Mufeum, in the Roxburgh colle�tion of fpecimens of popular fongs and broadfides. The engraver, in transferring the drawing to the block, did not take care to reverfe his transfer, and the refult is that the famous knight carries his fword on the right fide, as in former times executioners were bound to do, left they fhould be miftaken for honeft warriors. A Ruf�ian on horfeback, by Hans Weigel, is reproduced in Plate 51, from " Habitvs prascipuorum populorum," Nuremberg, 1577, in-fol. Plate clxxi. The horfeman is appa- rently dreffed in a padded overcoat, which afFords prote�lion both againft the cold and the arrows of an enemy. The bow is kept in a caf� hanging from the girdle by a ftrap ; the arrows in a quiver on the right-hand fide. In Plate 52, from the fame work (Plate clxv.), H. Weigel reprefented a Hungarian nobleman riding a horfe of the fame breed as the preceding one. The bow-cafe is hanging by a ftrap on the right fide of the horfeman, while the quiver is faftened between his fhoulders by another ftrap. The curb and fpurs are of an almoft modern form. A German faddle and ftirrups of the latter half of the i6th century (Plate 52), are copied from the " Kunftwerke und Gerathfchaften des Mittelalters und Renaiflance," by C. Becker and J. von Hefner. Francfort, 185a. 4-to. vol. i. p. 52. The ftirrups prefent a fine fpecimen of workmanfhip, while the front and raifed back of the faddle are covered with exquifite bas-reliefs of antique cavalry fighting, in embofled iron. Lucas Van Leyden has fome beautiful fpecimens of horfes, and among them the noble fteed (Plate 54) engraved in 1516. The fpurs of the horfeman are not only tapering in a fingle point, but their fhaft is in form of a faw, and their ufe muft have been moft cruel for the animal. The horfes of Joft Amman (Plate 55) are lefs heavy than thofe of Burgkmair or Albert D�rer, but they evidently belong to the German breed. Their leather horfecloth



Y.C.Eeyext. . <e/.

		STRftDANUS, AVI CENTURY.
	ROMAN - HORSES._	STRftDANUS, AVI CENTURY.



THE HORSES OF ANTIQUITY, MIDDLE AGES, AND RENAISSANCE,

	From the Earlieji Monuments down to the XVIth Century.

		BY Ph. CHARLES EERJEAU, AUTHOR or THE " VARIETIES OJ DOGS." LONDON: DULAU & CO. 37 SOHO SQUARE.





	THE HORSES

			OF

ANTiqUITY, MIDDLE AGES, AND RENAISSANCE, From the Earlieji Monuments down to the XVIth Century.

		BY Ph. CHARLES BERJEAU, AUTHOR OF THE " VARIETIES OF DOGS." LONDON: DULAU & CO. 37 SOHO SQUARE. 1864.



		LONDON: Printed by Strakgeways & Walden, 28 Caftle Street, Leicefter Square.



		TO

CHARLES GEORGE PHILLIPS, ESQ.

	Cfns IBook is DeD�cateD,

			BY

				THE AUTHOR.



	Lift of the Plat es�Explication des Planches.
		7


XXV. French. I. Stained Glafs, Cathedral of Chartres. I. Chevalier francais. Verri�re de la cath�drale de izth century. z and 3. French MS. 13th century. Chartres. 2 et 3. Chaffeurs tir�s d'un MS. francais du 1 j�me fi�cle. XXVI. French MS. of the Apocalypfe. 13A century. Cheval francais. MS. de 1'Apocalypfe. I3�me fi�cle. XXVII. Englifh MS. 13A century. Chevaux anglais. MS. du i3�me fi�cle. XXVIII. Italian Frefco-painting. Campo Santo di Pila. 14A Chevaux italiens des frefques du Campo Santo de Pife. century. I4eme fi�cle. XXIX. Italian Frefco-Painting of the Campo Santo di Pifa. Cheval italien. Peinture a frefque du Campo Santo I4th century. de Pife. I4�me fi�cle. XXX. French. 1. Lancelot du lac, MS. 2. Roman de Chevaux francais. 1. MS. de Lancelot du lac. 2. MS. Triftan MS. I4th century. du Roman de Triftan. XXXI. Englifh. Arthur of Little Britain, MS. I4th century. Chevaux anglais. Arthur de la Petite Bretagne. MS. du I4eme fi�cle. XXXII. French. Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, MS. 15A Cheval francais. Heures d'Anne de Bretagne. MS. century. St. Martin dividing his Cloak with a Beggar. du I5eme fi�cle. St. Martin partageant fon manteau avec un mendiant. XXXIII. French. Tournois du roi R�n�, MS. 15A century. Chevaux francais. Tournois du roi R�n�. ij�me fi�cle. XXXIV. 1,3. French MSS. 2. Seal of Charles Ie T�m�raire. 1,3. MSS. frangais. 2. Sceau de Charles Ie T�m�- 15A century. _ra;_re. 15�me fi�cle. XXXV. Early Italian Mafters. i^xh. century. Maitres italiens du is�me fi�cle.



			HORSES.

		The Horfe, like man, is indigenous to the high table-lands of Afia. From his original name, izns, Paras, are derived the names of nations known only as horfemen, fuch as Perfians, Parthians, Parfis, and, perhaps, Pruflians; and the onomatopceia " Prsfli" is ufed in every part of Europe ftill occupied by the Slavonic race to flop the horfe in his movements. The flaming infcription feen at Belftiazzar's feaft announced to the doomed monarch the approach of his enemies, the Perfians, whofe name Hebrew copyifts miftook for Phares, when it was O'tzns, Parajim. The Germanic name of the horfe, Pferd, Perd, Paerd, may eafily be traced to the original Paras, and the Slavonic onomatopceia Prs/h. The Ethiopian Fars, the Arabian Feres, the Saxon Hors, have, as near as poflible, the fame etymology. Through variations of habits, of climates, of temperature, the primary form of the horfe has been greatly modified, and a fimilar change, imperceptible but fure, is ftill proceeding from the fame caufes. The Egyptian horfe of the Delta in ancient times is more like a Dutch horfe of our days than his Aflyrian contemporary. The reafon of this refemblance is, that the Egyptian horfe of the Delta treading, like the Netherlandifh horfe, on elaftic ground, in rich paftures, acquired a greater mufcular development, at the expenfe of the nervous fyftem, and became more fit to draw a heavy chariot with meafured ftep than to carry a horfeman, with the rapidity of an arrow, upon ftony or uneven ground. Such is probably the reafon why, in ancient piclures and monuments, an Egyptian warrior is never reprefented on horfeback, but always appears in a light war-chariot, drawn by feveral horfes. Of the Egyptian horfes of modern times, Bruce fays " that the figure they would make in point of fwiftnefs is very doubtful, their form being entirely different from that of the Arabian; but beautiful and fymmetrical parts, great fize and ftrength, the moft agile, nervous, and elaftic movements, great endurance of fatigue, docility of temper, and, beyond any other animal, feeming attachment to man," render, perhaps, the Dongola, or Nubian horfe, in no way inferior to the Arabian. They have, according to Youatt, " a flender, yet finely fet on neck, a noble creft, the withers elevated, a beautiful action, and an admirable bearing." The kingdom of Dongola, or Modern Nubia, produces a B



		i o Horfes. breed different from any other of either Africa or Afia. They are ufually of a black colour, but there are fome bright bays and forrels. " The Egyptian horfe," fays Burckhardt, " is ugly, coarfe in fhape, and looking more like a cart-horfe than a racer. Thin legs and knees, and fhort and thick necks, are common defects among them. The head is fometimes fine, but I never faw good legs in an Egyptian horfe. They are not able to bear any great fatigue ; but when well fed their aclion is occafionally more brilliant than that of the Arabian. Their impetuofity, however, renders them peculiarly defirable for heavy cavalry, and it is upon this quality alone that their celebrity has ever been founded." Of courfe this defcription applies to the horfe of Lower Egypt, while that of Bruce refers to the Dongola, or Nubian horfe, which may be confidered as reprefented by the fculpture at the entrance of the fmall temple of Beit-Oualley (Plate i). The horfes reprefented in the frefco-painting from the tomb of a Scribe (Plate 2) are likewife Nubian horfes. The Aflyrian horfes, from a bas-relief of the north-weft palace Nimroud (Plate 3), belong evidently to another variety. The fhortnefs of their fore-legs, if not a fancy of the artift, would incline them to rear up; but we muft fuppofe the Aflyrian fculptor was not here over particular about proportions in the animals which he reprefented. This fpecimen of the Aflyrian way of harnefling horfes fhows, like the two preceding Egyptian ones, that thefe ancient people brought the furcingle clofe to the fore-legs of the horfe, thus inconveniently interfering with the free movements of the fore-part of the animal. The plunging of the fhaft was alfo confiderably increafed by this arrange- ment, and it muft have rendered the aim of the warriors in the chariot very unfteady, and fcarcely therefore very dangerous to the enemy. The horfes on the monuments of Sardanapalus III. (Plates 4, 5) are remarkable for their trappings no lefs than for the elegance of bearing of the noble creatures which they reprefent. Others, taken from an ancient bas-relief in the Palace of Forty Pillars (Chekel Minar), Perfepolis (Plate 6), are of a much heavier fhape, but well proportioned. " The two remaining perfons of the group," fays Sir Robert Ker Porter in his Travels, " are in charge of a chariot, which is drawn by a pair of magnificent horfes. . . The horfes are without trappings, but the details of the bit, and the manner of reining them, are executed with the niceft care. . . . The pole of the car is feen pafling between the horfes, projecling from the centre of the carriage, which is in a cylindrical fhape, elevated rather above the line of the animals' heads." In the bas-reliefs of Nakfhi-Rouftan (Plate 7), " the part of the bridle of the left horfe which covers the animal s head," fays the fame travelier, " is thickly ftudded- with round, plain knobs, and large circular plates adorn the ftraps round the cheft and buttock. A muzzle pafles from between the noftrils to the



		11

**rp.a.a.v.***

	GREEK. BAS RELIEF BRITISH MUSEUM V CENTURY, B.C.



		Horfes. 11 place where we attach a curb chain. . . . Two large, acorn-topped tafleis, fufpended by chains, hang from the back of the horfe. The tail is carefully arranged in a regular pointing form, and tied at the top with ribands." In Plates 8 and 9 we come more to the Weft, and to the iyth century b.c, according to the hiftorical march of civilization. On the frieze of a tomb in the Necropolis of Lycia, one of the north-weft provinces of Afia Minor, inhabited by Greeks and an aboriginal race, called Solyni, or Thermifas, we find the fpecimen, or rather a precurfor, of Greek art, in the form of a very tall and beautiful, but rather maflive horfe, led by a groom, which is fhown in Plate 8. In the following Plate two men are fitting in a chariot, drawn by two horfes. The reins, which were formerly in the hands of the younger man, are wanting, for they were moft probably in gold, or gilded bronze, which attracled the cupidity of barbarian devaftators. The fplendid horfes of Phidias, from the frieze of the Parthenon (Plate 10), ftiow to what fupreme excellence art had been brought five centuries before our era under the unclouded fky of Greece. The horfes of Phidias are of the pure Arabian race, although, compared with the prefent type, their head is more fquare and larger. When the horfeman is on foot his breaft is at a level with the head of the horfe ; when on horfeback, his feet are lower than its knee. Here the neck of the Greek horfe is ftrong and mufcular ; his ftioulders are well fet ; the breaft deep ; the joints ftrong, dry, and admirably perpen- dicular; the back is fhort, and the tail carried with a peculiar elegance. The mane is generally cut brufh-wife, while the tail is long, and floats freely in the breeze. The horfeman wants neither faddle nor ftirrups ; and under his dire�lions the horfe is either racing or cantering in a gentle gallop. But no matter what motion the artift may have chofen to depicl, his marble horfes are almoft really living. Their admirable proportions and fine bearing, no doubt, caufed them to find favour in the eyes, and mercy at the hands, of the Muflulman devaftators, whofe fanaticifm fo fadly mutilated the heads of the horfemen, more particularly perhaps becaufe the reprefentation of men is prohibited by the Alcoran. The bas-relief of Caftor and Pollux (Plate 11) reprefents animals and horfemen in no way inferior to thofe of the Parthenon. The two Greek muzzles for armed horfes (Plate 12) will particularly intereft the antiquarian. From Greek we pafs now to Etrufcan art, much inferior of courfe, and bearing an almoft perfe�l analogy with Egyptian. The team of four horfes (Plate 13) to a very fmall chariot, intended for one man, is more a fancy of the artift than a true reprefentation of contemporary life. The crown worn by the driver indicates, probably, that fuch a four-in-hand was referved only to kings or chieftains of the Etrufcans. The build of the horfes is remarkable for its length and refemblance to a modern Mecklenburgh coach- horfe. In Plate 14 we find a fine fpecimen of horfe-racing, as praclifed four hundred



		12 Horfes. years before our era. The jockey, entirely naked, without faddle or ftirrup, is urging his horfe with a three rigid-thonged whip. He feems to have left the bridle floating on the neck of the horfe, which he is patting with his left hand, as a compenfation for the feverer entreaties conveyed by the whip. In Plate 15 we have a curious example of the way in which Etrufcans harnefled their horfes to a car. The movements of the animals are as little as poffible impeded by trappings, the collar, confifting of a leather thong, tapering on the fhoulder-blades, and broader on the breaft, is the only 'means by which the horfe is connecled with the pole. The bit has a very peculiar form, acting very likely on the interior corners of the mouth, by the pref�ure of the four-pointed corners of a metallic plate, painted black. On the Greek painted vafe of the third century b.c. (Plate 16), with a man ftanding, and a horfe ridden by a child, all painted white on a black ground, reappears the mort form of the Arabian horfe. The young horfeman is entirely naked, and has in his right hand a double-thonged whip. The ftature of the man ftanding fhows the ftiort proportion of the Greek horfe compared with the Etrufcan one. We come now to the firft fpecimen known of Sarmatian or CofTack horfes, reprefented on Trajan's Column (Plate 17). The extraordinary appearance of the mail-clad horfes and riders is explained by Paufanias in his " Defcriptio Grascias," where, fpeaking of a temple dedicated to Efculapius, he fays, " We fee there, among other things, a Sarmatian cuirafs, or coat of arms. Thofe who fee it fay at once that barbarians are no lefs clever in the arts than the Greeks themfelves. Sarmatians have no iron, as no mines of this mineral are to be found in their country ; and, as they have no trade with neighbouring nations, they can have none brought from abroad. Inftead of iron, they have plates of bone at the end of their pikes. With cornet-tree wood they manufacture bows and arrows, whofe points are made with bones, and throw chains upon their enemies, to ftrike them down. The way in which they make their cuirafles is this : Each of thefe barbarians has a great quantity of horfes, for their land is not feparated into parts, fo as to be fubfervient to the ufe of private perfons, nor does it bear anything, except ruftic wood, as the inhabitants are nothing more than nomades. Thefe horfes they not only ufe for the purpofes of war, but they facrifice them to their country gods, and even ufe them for food. But, collecting the hoofs of thefe animals, and purifying and dividing them, they polifti them fo as to refemble the fcales of a dragon. He, indeed, who has not (een a dragon may compare this compofition from hoofs to a pine-nut while yet green. This fcale-like compofition they perforate, and few it together with the nerves of horfes and oxen, and afterwards ufe them for coats of mail, which are not inferior to thofe of the Greeks, either for elegance or ftrength, as they will fuftain a blow given either remotely or near at hand."* * " The Defcription of Greece by Paufanias" (tranflated by T. Taylor). London, 1824. 8vo. Vol. i. pp. 54, 55.



		^cc&gs&a

TR� .B. Al.'

	SPANISH_ M, S XI CENTURY



		Horfes. 13 Thus the extraordinary horfes and horfemen reprefented on Trajan's Column with what feems to be a coat of mail, are covered with fcales made from horfe's hoofs. The mane and the trufTed tail of the horfe are even covered with this fingular protection againft the arrows of the enemy. It is not eafy to underfland how fuch could keep on the legs of the horfe while galloping as they are reprefented ; but very likely the artift did not fee by himfelf the barbarian horfemen, and not a little exaggerated the dimenfions and the form of the horn cuirafTes of men and horfes. Another barbarian horfeman (Plate 18) appears on Trajan's Column riding at full gallop on a horfe provided with a fringed cloth (the horfeman's cloak, perhaps), inftead of a faddle, and without ftirrups. The bridle is wanting, as in the Greek monuments, but becaufe the bronze which formed it has been removed. The coftume of the horfeman is very curious, and moft likely that of a Gaul flghting againft the Romans. A loofe garment, with the fleeves tucked up above the elbow, covers the upper part of the body of the rider, and falls a little below the waift; a pair of narrow breeches reaches to conceal only the upper part of the calf, the lower part of which is bare; the fandals are faftened to the ankle with leather ftraps. Some rudiment of faddle muft be concealed under the loofe fchabraque, unlefs the two ftraps which are round the breaft of the horfe, and pafs under the tail, are intended to faften the fchabraque itfelf. The few Gallic coins which have come down to us often reprefent horfes, but fo badly defigned that it is difficult to get from them any idea of the true conformation of the Gallic horfe. Some of them, neverthelefs, fhow fine fpecimens of the majeftic Armorican horfes, of which the Roman artift has given here but a poor idea. The Roman horfe in all his majefty is exhibited (Plate 19) in the ftatue of Marcus Aurelius, the work of an artift of the fecond century. The model which he prefents has been more than once copied by Italian and French fculptors of modern times. The Byzantine horfe appears on the column of Theodofius (Plate 20), built in the fifth century. The horfe and rider prefent a fine fpecimen of art before its degradation during the middle ages. But the head is fo peculiarly fmall that it feems out of proportion with the reft of the body. Such a horfe, if true to nature, muft have been very docile, and more fit to be a lady's palfrey than a warrior's charger. It is not very eafy to underftand how the bit remained in the mouth of the horfe, as there are no faftenings of the bridle round the head. From the reprefentation of this noble creature we come fuddenly down to the awful caricatures of Norman art, as conveyed to us by the rough defigns of the Bayeux tapeftry, executed in the ninth century, fuch drawings can neither be commended as models of elegance, nor as truthful reprefentations of the horfes and horfemen of William the Con- queror. But we are unwilling to let flip the opportunity of drawing the attention of the



		14 Horfes. antiquarian on fo curious a monument, illuftrative as it is at leaft of fome peculiarities of coftume worthy to be remembered. The fcales with which the horfemen feem to be covered are not made of horn taken from the horfes' hoofs, as ufed by the Sarmatians, but fimply intended as reprefentations of the meihes of an ordinary coat of mail. The fpurs (Plate 21) with a fingle arrow-headed point are remarkable, and their ufe muft have been very painful to the horfe. In Plate 22 we have the fame horfes, but with mort legs, long bodies, and of immenfe fize, if we compare them with the diminutive, bearded groom who leads them by the leafh. The Spanifti horfe and warriors (Plate 23), from a MS. of the eleventh century, are not better drawn, but, curioufly enough, their coftume is very much the fame as that of the Norman warriors of the Bayeux tapeftry. The heimet and the arrow-headed fpurs are very like, but the faddle is more Oriental, and the hanging tafleis fhow the particu- lar requifites of a more meridional country. The horfe, the dapple grey of whofe fkin is indicated by fuch quaint hieroglyphics, belongs evidently to the Arabian breed. The vanquiftied Parthians are fhown (Plate 24), as painted on the verriere of the Abbey of St. Denis, the burial-place of the French kings, and drawn by a French artift in the twelfth century. On the left-hand fide of the drawing is a curious figure of a dif- mounted horfeman, making, it would feem, a gefture familiar to ftreet urchins. The mane of a Parthian horfe is cut brufhwife, as the Greek horfes of the Parthenon. In Plate 25 we have, from a ftained glafs window in the Cathedral of Chartres, executed during the twelfth century, the reprefentation of a Knight Templar in full armour, holding in his hand a ftandard bearing a crofs. The fpur of the horfeman is tapering in a fingle point; his heimet, of a fingle piece, conceals entirely the face, but a crofs cut in the fteel allows him at once to breathe and to fee his way. The compofition is fpirited, and evidently the work of a clever artift. The hunters in Plate 25 are taken from a MS. of the " Livre du Roi Modus," preferved in the National Library in Paris. The two horfemen (No. 2) are boar-hunters, and the lady and gentleman (No. 3) are hawking. Imitations of both drawings, but by an inferior artift, are to be found in another MS., from which Mr. Elzear Blaze reproduced ^tc Le Livre du Roy Modus, et de la Royne Racio," Paris, 1839, gr. in-8vo, as the earlieft French book on hunting. Grace de la Vingne, who wrote his '^c Roumant des deduiz," at Heldeford, in England, in 1359, '^s P°ft^eri°^r to the "Roy Modus." Gafton Phoebus wrote his book only in 1387 ; and, again, Hardoin de Fontaine Guerin his in 1394. Therefore thefe illuftrations of hunting are among the earlieft known from the Middle Ages. The horfeman (No. 1 of the fame plate) with the ftandard of the Crufaders, and the loofe garment fprinkled with crofles over his coat of mail, is Thibaut VI., Earl of Blois. A French MS. of the Apocalypfe, written in the I3th century (Plate 26), fupplies us with a very fine drawing of a horfe and horfeman, the latter receiving a crown from



			15

*WTTStye�ttt*

		RUSCAN _. PAINTED VASE, IV CENTURY, B.C.
	ET	RUSCAN _. PAINTED VASE, IV CENTURY, B.C.
	ET



	Horfes.
		*^lS*


heaven. The breaft thong of the horfe is ornamented with precious ftones; the bridle is partly formed by a metallic chain. The horfeman has a bow and arrow in his left hand, and to his faddle is faftened a richly-ornamented quiver. The drawing from an Englifti MS. of the fame century (Plate 27) is by no means fo good as the preceding one ; but it is, neverthelefs, a curious illuftration of coftume. The horfes are covered, as in a tournament. The deep faddles, with backs like an arm- chair, would feem very inconvenient to a modern horfeman. The knight whofe horfe bears a Saint Andrew's crofs on his cloth has fent his lance through the fhield and body of his adverfary, whofe horfe-cloth is covered with Loraine croffes. Both are rather fparingly clad for fo ferious an encounter, and bear their fhields fufpended from the neck. The horfemen in Plate 28 are taken from the Italian frefco-paintings of the Campo Santo di Pifa. They form part of the " Triumph of Death," painted by Andrea Orgagna, and are to be feen in the more picturefque than artiftic attitude of ftopping their nofes, which appear rather difagreeably affected by the fmell from three corpfes in various ftages of decompof�tion. The horfeman with the hawk on his fift appears to be the portrait, by Orgagna, of the celebrated Caftruccio, Signor di Lucca, as may be afcertained from the comparifon with the coins and medals of this petty fovereign. In order to imprefs more ftrongly on the noblemen of his time the vanity of human greatnefs, Andrea fhows in this compof�tion a party of lords who, while hunting, happen to crofs a valley, where they find the dead bodies of three kings. Above this compof�tion an old anchorite, who could not be introduced here, and whom tradition affirms to have been Saint Macarius, fhows the corpfes to the hunters. The reprefentation, Plate 29, fhows a powerful horfe, ridden by a no lefs powerful horfeman. They alfo are taken from an Italian frefco-painting of the i4th century in the Campo Santo di Pifa. The neck and the breaft of the animal are rather out of proportion with the reft of the body, although fuch horfes can be found to this day in Poland. The coftume of the rider is the moft marvellous faftkcio of antique Roman drefs and mediasval accoutrement which can pofi�bly be imagined. The bit of the horfe is alfo quite peculiar, and feems well adapted to check, by the lever it affords, the too powerful aclion of the neck. This curious horfeman is one of the followers of Pilatus, and the artift reprefents him as one of the cort�ge of Chrift, bearing His crofs towards Golgotha. The two drawings (Plate 30) are taken from illuftrations of the French romance (No. 1) of Lancelot du lac, and No. 2 of the romance of T riftan, both of the I4th century. The coftume of the hunter (No. 1), blowing his horn, is very fingular, appearing to confift only of a loofe fhirt, open on the fides, after the Grecian cuftom; but he wears under it a pair



		i6 Horfes. of tight hofe. His heimet is no lefs fingular, evidently not intended for warlike purpofes, but well adapted to guard againft the ardour of the fun during a hunting day. The faddle is almoft modern in form. The two knights fighting (No. 2) have the common Norman faddle, in which the horfeman is feated, as in an arm-chair. This faddle is brought up very high on the fhoulders of the horfe, and almoft impedes the free movement of the neck. A poor, wandering knight, mounted in fuch a faddle, on a horfe addi�led to plunging, muft have been almoft fure to tumble over his horfe's head at the leaft whimfical freak �f the animal. In Plate 31 are various illuftrations of the celebrated romance of Arthur of Little Britain, a MS. written in the I4th century. In the tournament the Duke of Brittany is to be recognifed by the ermine of his �hield and horfe-cloth. The battle in the middle drawing fhows horfemen with fhields, upon which are painted monftrous figures, according to the practice of the Chinefe of our own time. The faddles of the horfes in the four drawings of this plate are quite of the modern Englifh form. The beautiful drawing (Plate 32) borrowed from the Hora of Ann of Brittany, MS. of the I5th century, reprefents St. Martin, a foldier of the Emperor Conftanci�s, fifteen years old, dividing his cloak with a poor man, whom he met naked at the gate of Amiens on a cold morning of a moft fevere winter. The French National Library in Paris is in pofleflion of the fplendid prayer-book from which this drawing is taken. Moft of the illuminations of this MS. are reprefentations of country life and agricultural labours. All the margms of the book are decorated with reprefentations of plants and infects, drawn from life and admirably illuminated. More than three hundred various plants are there delineated, and form the moft complete herbal which we poflefs from the early period of the I5th century. In Plate 23 we have a reprefentation of the Duke of Brittany and the Duke of Bourbon fighting in the tournament of King Ren� of Anjou. The Duke of Bourbon is diftinguifhed by the fleur-de-lis, forming the creft of his heimet, and which are fpread all over his drefs, and the bridle and cover of his horfe. The horfe of the Duke of Brittany wears two horns on his head, in imitation of the creft of the Duke's heimet. The drefs of the latter horfeman, the bridie and cover of his horfe, are fprinkled with ermine, the diftinclive mark of the coat-of-arms of the fovereigns of Brittany. The cart-horfe (Plate 34, No. 1) is borrowed from a French MS. of the i5th century. It would not be difficult in our days to find, in feveral parts of France, the fame horfe, with the very fame harnefs. The gentlefolks meeting on horfeback (No. 3 of the fame plate) more particularly bear the mediasval ftamp of their own time. The pyramidal head-drefs of the lady, minus the veil, may ftill be feen in Normandy�worn, however, by wet nurfes, and no more by ladies having a right to bear on- their horfe-cloth a



		Horfes. 17 fleur-de-lis, quartered by two leopards. The hat of the polite gentleman, who pays his refpects to the lady, refembles very much the never-brufhed beaver of a French country fchoolmafter. The horfes feem to be as polite as their mafters, and in the very act of greeting each other by the fame movement of the head and one of the fore-legs. Around the feal of Charles the Bold are to be read the following words, which could not find their place in Plate 34, No. 1 : �" Caroli . Dei . gracia . Burgundie . Lotharingie . Brabancie . Linburgie . et Lucemburgie . ducis . Flandrie . Artefie . Burgundie . Palatini . Hollandie . Zelandie . et Namurcie . Comitis . Sacri . imperi . marchionis . dni . Frifie . de Salinis . et de . Machlinie." The two horfes copied from early Italian mafters (Plate 35) in the Print-room of the Britifh Mufeum are not very creditable to the country which, at a later period, produced in fuch aftounding number the moft eminent artifts of the world. The fore-legs of the galloping horfe are evidently too fhort; but the other horfe and difmounted horfeman fhow neverthelefs a good deal of feeling for the picturefque. The horfe and attendant reprefented (Plate 7,6) are taken from an illuminated roll ftill preferved in the College of Arms, and known by the name of the Tournament Roll. This tournament was exhibited at Weftminfter, February I2th, 1510-11, in honour of Queen Catharine, and on the occafion of the birth of the king's firft fon, who died but a few months afterwards. A coloured copy of this horfe and attendant will be found, Plate 74, vol. ii. of Shaw.* From Italy and England, if we pafs to Germany, the contraft is very ftriking between the ftyle of horfes reprefented in the preceding plates, and that of the heavy chargers drawn by German artifts. In Plate 37, for inftance, Lucas Cranach has portrayed the Margraf Albert, in full armour, with a plume of feathers, like a fhrubbery on, and flowing behind, his heimet; while he holds, leaning on the pommel of his faddle, a lance of fuch tremendous iize that it is no marvel if the horfe appears ftumbling rather than cantering under its weight. Englifti brewer horfes can only give an adequate idea of the clumfy fteed here granted by Cranach to his patron. The horfe (Plate 38) by the fame artift, and with the early date 1508, is much more elegant, and fuggefts at once the idea of a very ftrong, but fwift and fpirited animal. Three years before the latter date Albert Diirer engraved the white horfe reproduced in Plate 29- This engraving is what iconographifts call the fmall horfe looking towards the left; the knight behind is thought to be Perfeus preparing to go and releafe Andro- meda. The early date of the engraving fhows that D�rer took his model from the brewers' horfes of Nuremberg, his native place, for we very much doubt that he fhould have given fuch a heavy nag to a mythological chara�ter after his return from Italy in 1507. * "Drefles and Decorations of the Middle Ages." London : W. Pickering, 1848. C



		18 Horfes. The horfe (Plate 40), from the fame eminent artift, is not much better drawn than that of Lucas Cranach (Plate 37), although D�rer's horfe is at leaft galloping, while that of the former artift is virtually ftumbling on his fore-legs. The white horfe (Plate 41), on the contrary, is an excellent fpecimen of the war-horfe, as it was required in Albert D�rer's time. It is carefully drawn and well proportioned. The ears are fo fhort that they muft have been cut, as it was the cuftom then in Germany. From Albert D�rer, the moft eminent German artift of his age, we naturally come down to his colleague, Burgkmair, who delineated fo many horfes in his engravings. The late Mr. W. A. Chatto, in the "Treatife on Wood Engraving," London, 1839, 8vo. plate 35$, fays of Burgkmair:�"His horfes are generally ftrong and heavy; and the men on their backs of a ftout and mufcular form. The adtion of the horfes feems natural, and the indications of the joints, and the drawing of the hoofs, which are moftly low and broad, evidently fhow that the artift had paid fome attention to the ftrudlure of the animal." Very heavy, indeed, muft have been the horfes in Plate 42 � one led by a Hungarian magnate, the other by a Trabant. On the leather apron of the firft horfe the artift has engraved his monogram, H. B. The heads of the two horfes are proteded by a fteel vifor, and they are crowned with a garland of leaves, for they form part of the feftive cort�ge of the Emperor Maximilian. In Plate 43 the horfes are lighter and of a more homely characler. The rider in the upper part of the plate has been thrown from his horfe; and, as one of his feet is ftill entangled in the ftirrup, the poor horfeman is in a very critical pofition, for he is moft likely to be dragged along by the frightened horfe. The horfe and cart below feem almoft to belong to our own time; the fpokes of the wheels alone, if not a fancy of the artift, prefent an object not to be eafily met now-a-days in Germany. The clarionet-player (Plate 44), crowned like his horfe with a garland, is mounted on a common palfrey, as behoves a pacific warrior. The caf� of his inftrument is faftened to the bow of the faddle. The St. George (Plate 45), engraved in chiaro-obfcuro, is one of the moft beautiful engravings of Burgkmair. The horfe, befides a fteel vifor, has his neck protefted by a coat-of-mail. The leather covering is fringed around, and highly ornamenred with arabefques. On the left fide of the croup is painted, or embroidered, the image of a pelican. From the heimet of the horfeman, the head, and even the tail of the horfe, a cloud of feathers is waving in the breeze. In Plate 46 we fee how the leather apron of the horfe is faftened to the bow of the faddle by a ftrap and buckle. The two horfemen (Plate 47) are borrowed from the Tewrdannck, fol. 25, of the edition of 1519. Hans Schaueflein, pupil of Albert D�rer, who engraved moft of the plates in this book, reprefents here Tewrdannck, the perfonifkation of the Emperor Maximilian, and his faithful efquire,



	20 Horfes.

and trappings very much refemble thofe of Burgkmair horfes. Jan Van der Straat, or J. Stradanus, in his " Equile Joannis Auftriaci," in-fol. f. 1. et a., but printed at Antwerp by Ph. Galle, and engraved by H. Wiercx, has dravvn fome fplendid fpecimens of horfes, from which the two Roman horfes (Plate 56) were taken. Their ears are cut mort, after the antique fafhion; the mane is flowing in all its luxuriance ; the tail of the left horfe is truffed up, but the other prefents an abundance of curling hair. The joints alone are heavy, and not well fhaped. The right-hand horfe is ftyled " equus matronalis," and, of courfe, is intended for a lady's horfe. The equeftrian portrait of Francis L, painted by Janet in the fixteenth century, was fome years ago in the poffef�ion of Mr. Henry Farrer, the eminent collector of works of art in Bond Street. We have reproduced it (Plate 57) after the capital engraving which is to be found in Shaw's " DrefTes and Decorations of the Middle Ages," vol. i. plate 83. The three heads of horfes (Plate 58) are drawn after Leonardo da Vinci. From Italian art we come back (Plate 59) to another fine fpecimen of Van der Straat's horfes. The noble animal here delineated evidently was at once of great ftrength and wonderful fwiftnefs. It is engraved in the " Equile Joannis Auftriaci," plate 9, and is given as a Theffalian horfe. The quairit horfes of Martin Zeiflinger, engraved in 1501, could not be pafled over in a book like the prefent. They will be found in Plate 60, where three horfes are reprefented in three different attitudes,�one ftanding, the other at full gallop, and the third backing under the hand of his rider. This colledtion of fixty drawings could not be intended as the illuftration to a complete hiftory of the horfe, but by the varieties of fpecimens borrowed from the beft fources we hope it will be found acceptable to the artift and antiquarian, as well as to the naturalift and fportfman.

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			30

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	, I. LANCELOT DU LAG, M. S. , FRENCHJ \ XV CENTURY �2. ROMAN DE TRISTAN. M. S



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