^^^^^^^^^^^ *m*. mZf-z-c . ------_______�

*^<^>* S, ~e^u* SZ&. ^^r ^; <*^fc*

j^^^c ^�r^ <a^2j J&& -�^__->

A TREATISE
VETERINARY MEDICINE,

IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. I.

A COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART j

ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASES OF THE HOBSK,

AND THEIR MODE OP TREATMENT t

THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OP THE FOOT; AND

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SHOEING.

ILLUSTRATED 3Y PLATES :

With Observations on Stable Management, Feeding, Exercise^
and Condition.

OF EXETER,
Late Veterinary Surgeon to the First or Royal Dragoont.

Dedicated, by permission,
TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK,

THE ELEVENTH EDITION,

CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED,

AND WITH ADDITIONAL PLATES.

MINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN;
BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND
JONES ; 1. WALKER AND CO.; AND B. REYNOLDS.

BIBUOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

C. WOOD, Printer,
Toppin's Court, Fleet Strett.

TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

DUKE OF YORK, K. G.,

OF HIS MAJESTY'S FORCES,

SIR;
Your Royal Highness's gracious con-
descension, in having extended your pa-
tronage and sanction to this small Treatise,
is a convincing proof, that no attempt to
render service to our military establish-
ment passes unnoticed, and that the cause
of humanity will ever find in your Royal
Highness a most ready protector. The
following observations have been sug-
gested by considerable experience, arising
from the nature of the service in which,
for several years, I have had the honour
to be employed by his Majesty; and have
been collected with caution and industry,

under the hope (which cannot now hut
hecoine more sanguine) that they may
not he found wholly inadequate to pro-
mote the purposes for which they were
intended.

I am, with the most profound respect,
Your Royal Highness's
Most devoted, obliged,
And humble servant, *
J. WHITE,

Late Vet. Surg. Royal Dragoons.

The Author's most sanguine expecta-
tions must have been gratified by the sale
of seven large impressions within a short
time ; and his gratitude to the public,
who had sokindly patronised him, claimed
from his hands whatever more mature
'^flection and additional experience had
dictated. Though anxious to perform
this task, ill health and professional en-
gagements have prevented him, until the
present edition was called for. Some of
the additions have been incorporated into
the work ; but it was found necessary to
give the greater part as an Appendix,
which rendered some repetitions unavoid-
able ; he trusts; however, these will be

pardoned, when the importance of a more
minute detail of symptoms and of a more
varied plan of cure is considered. The
only addition to the article of shoeing is
an improved method of shoeing flat and
convex feet. For this the author is in-
debted to the Honourable Newton Fellowes
of Eggsford, whose reputation as a sports-
man is equalled by his accurate know-
ledge of the general management of the
horse. The liberal support which the
author has experienced from this gentle-
man, during his residence in Devonshire,
claims his warmest acknowledgments.
The patronage with which the public have
honoured him will ever be remembered
with gratitude, and stimulate him to con-
tinue his exertions in contributing to im-
prove the condition of the most useful of
animals.

Veterinary Establishment,
Exe Island, Exeter.

THERE is scarcely a disease to which the
Horse is liable, that will not appear, upon a
strict examination, either to consi>t in, Or to be
a consequence of inflammation, which, when it
attacks any of the internal organs, gives rise to
his most dangerous diseases: thus an inflamma-
tion of the lungs, bowels, or any of the internal
parts, will produce that kind of derangementjn
the system, which is termed a fever, the violence
of which will be proportioned to the degree and
extent of the inflammation, and the importance
of the inflamed organ in the animal economy. It
appears necessary, therefore, as an introduction (o
this work, to give a sketch of the anatomy of
those internal organs, and to point out the va-

Fty.2,&fyex&ct llmil'in ;» staw c.t: X;nnr<-. .:..///.� ..\./,.. 1,1,./// /;./.--� <.//;.,.//-,'. ra '"

t/,<- t�;/.rfth' .■,■/�.<■,:.- /-,� j...�■..,,�/ �/,.,, ./�■ ,.�/�.,/.,■/,./,«,////./.� ,i//. a /� �■../ ./■■ ■"'

tew of die Be of. e.dui .'�.//- of Corns, fjfc Ervg.
/■>-'.'»'. ./ ..-i'iuiiI Soof properly ■�■//. ■■/.

2 COMPENDIUM OF TUB VETERINARY ART.

rious functions they peform; after which, it will
be proper to give a general description of inflam-
mation, with it's different modes of termination.

We sometimes, however, meet with diseases
which seem to originate in debility ; but many of
these will be found, if carefully attended to at the
commencement, to begin with some degree of in-
creased action of the system; and though bleed-
ing may be improper, a mild purgative will gene-
rally prove very beneficial.

In the former editions of this work, scarcely
any notice was taken of these diseases: we shall,
in the present, therefore, describe particularly, un-
der the head Fever, their symptoms, causes, and
most effectual mode of treatment.

/'/.//,� �_..

Z/}/.J..M[o..J'₁>i'.-|.iiii<l ni ilir ion. iiioii wa.v, in irliirh tlu F i
ha* I... � .], -j.riv,.,! .,.f ■�� barf siiH-;k-.-,i!..- Bum ,-...,.,« ,1.., _st.
liiirrof III.. S,>],-.i,l:i.vav.-.i.rt. //..., b-lhl Sell.

iiy. 2. AITo.vfc.iiiva.K-,! in ili<- 1.L.J.-I1. »l decree.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF
THE INTERNAL ORGANS.

The hollow part of the body is divided into
two cavities by a strong muscular partition,
termed the diaphragm or midriff j the anterior
part is named the thorax or chest; and the pos-
terior, the abdomen or belly. The thorax con-
tains the lungs and heart; the abdomen, the
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen or milt, pan-
creas or sweetbread, kidneys, and bladder.

In describing the lungs, it is necessary to be-
gin with the trachea or windpipe, which is a cy-
lindrical cartilaginous tube, extending from the
throat to the chest. The trachea is not made up
of one entire cartilage, but of several cartilagi-
nous rings, which are united by strong mem-
branes; and such is the elasticity of these carti-
lages, that the tube is enabled to preserve it's cy-
lindrical form, even when it receives considerable
pressure, and thereby affords free ingress and
egress to the air in respiration. The raera-

Fi.i.l. TU.-(',.,�-:iv.Sli�o f.ir Feel ,iv li.i-c-ill.- Safes Mt-flut i

l/<�-..TU<- l.;.r SI,,,,- f�i'i,i�!,i-t',�p.

Fia.3. Tli,- Shoo 1',,,-a »��,I Foot ■

4 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

branes also are elastic, so that the windpipe may
be either elongated, shortened, or bent, in some
degree. The upper part of the trachea is com-
posed of stronger cartilages than the other parts
ef the tube, and is termed larynx : to this is con-
nected a curious kind of valve, called epiglottis,
which is always open, except in the act of swal-
lowing : it is then forced down upon the larynx,
so as to prevent food, or any thing which may be
passing over the throat, from falling into the
windpipe. Where the trachea joins the chest, it
divides into numerous branches, which, gradually
becoming smaller, at length terminate in minute
cells: the lungs, indeed, are made up of the ra-
mifications of the trachea and blood-vessels; the
interstices being filled with a cellular membrane,
which serves not only to unite them, but likewise
to give a uniform and homogeneous appear-
ance to the whole mass. The lungs are co-
vered with a fine delicate membrane, called the
pleura, which also covers the internal surface of
the ribs and diaphragm, and, by stretching across
the chest from the spine to the breast-bone, di-
vides the thorax into two cavities; this part of the
pleura is therefore named mediastinum. On
every part of the pleura, fluid is secreted for the
purpose of preventing a cohesion of the parts;
and when this is produced too abundantly, it con-

Sl.l/,./<i; ■/..!■ ./,-.//■,.■ . i~ , /.//y////,- /"� t/�
//..,(■ /..■ /�.//■/.,/ |.; ill !/'■- Sr.it. .

■ .' ■ :.\ si, I. ■,',,,. .,(- (1.. ■ sou
'■:'■'■■■ ut'oUuixitV L.I..- l., i!,-..'l

,! II-. .r,■■.;;). ., ..v.//. sl.< win-iji. proper .1..

.�» of. I. v;.li.hi. - .n.i/,. l_%'li,,rl.r. hit,. 7f..f'- A.

I....1,1,1 wlli-lnl,. II.M.f J..,-, lo,t
I.mv.m-.I tin Horizontal Hue.

A|[.,._;r,.|,|₁,v.a.|,'.Mi-i,.. ii.iulv tl�- j,. i-|»< ■■.li.ul.,i- .

stitutes the disease termed hydrothorax, or dropsy
of the chest. The pleura, though so fine a mem-
brane, is impervious to air; which may be proved
on the dead animal., by rupturing one or more of
the small branches of the windpipe, and then
blowing into the lungs. The air, which is forced
in, will then escape through the ruptured parts, and
be diffused in the cellular membrane*, so as to

* The cellular membrane is that which connects the va-
rious parts of the body with each other ; it not only unites
the skin to the flesh, and the large muscles to each other,
but is employed also to connect the minute fibres which
compose the skin, muscles, &c.; and, therefore, it is inferred,
that the cellular membrane exists in every part of the body,
however minute; and is in some parts so fine, as to be invi-
sible ; while in others, as between the shoulder blade and the
ribs, it is very conspicuous. The cellular membrane is
composed of cells of various sizes, which communicate freely
with each other, so that, if a blowpipe be put into one of the
cells, and. air forced through it, all the neighbouring parts
will be blown up to a considerable size. A familiar exam-
ple of this is the practice among butchers of blowing up the
cellular membrane of a shoulder of veal. It sometimes
happens in the case of a fractured rib, that one end of the
bone is forced into the lungs, so as to wound the branches of
the windpipe and the pleura; the air, which is inspired, will
then escape; and, as the wound communicates with the
cellular membrane between the muscles of the ribs, the air
gradually diffuses itself through all the contiguous parts;
and we have sometimes seen the whole body, and even the
cellular membrane about the eye, inflated from this cause,

A VIEW OF THE INTERNAL OR SENSIBLE FOOT.

6 compendium of the veterinary art.

make the lungs appear much larger than they
were before. When the air is at length forced
to the surface of the lungs, it will be prevented
from escaping by the pleura, which will be blown
up, and appear like an inflated bladder on the
surface of the lungs. If this be punctured, the
air will soon escape, and the lungs will return to
their original size. This circumstance is noticed,
as it is supposed to happen sometimes in the living
animal, and to be the cause of broken wind. (See
Broken Wind and Chronic Cough.) The lungs
are divided into two parts, or lobes, one of which
is situate in each cavity of the thorax : this divi-
sion seems to have been provided in case of acci-
dents, it having been proved, that when one lobe
is incapable of performing it's function in conse-
quence of injury or disease, the other has been
found adequate to the support of life.

The lungs are the organs of respiration or
breathing; but they do not appear to be actively
concerned in the performance of this office:
when the diaphragm and the muscles of the
belly and ribs contract, the cavity of the thorax
is considerably diminished, and the lungs so com-
pressed, that all the air contained in them is
forced out through the windpipe: when this has
been eftected, the muscles relax, and the thorax
returns to it's original size. There would now be

THE BOTTOM OF THE SENSIBLE FOOT.

a vacuum between the internal surface of the
Yibs and the external surface of the lungs, did
not the air rush in through the windpipe, and so
distend it's branches and cells, as to make the
lungs completely fill the cavity. Thus are the
hangs constantly employed in inspiration and ex-
piration ; and this process, which we call breath-
ing, is carried on by the combined action of the
diaphragm, and the muscles of the ribs and abdo-
men. It is supposed that the elasticity of the
lungs, or rather of the branches of the windpipe,
materially contributes to this important action,
in the same manner as a bottle of elastic gum, or
Indian-rubber, fills itself either with air or water,
from it's great elasticity. If a small pipe or quill
be tied to the mouth of one of those bottles, and
the air pressed out by the hand; as soon as the
pressure is removed, the bottle will resume it's ori-
ginal form, and consequently be filled with air
again. If the mouth of the bottle or the pipe be
put into water after the air has been pressed out,
on removing the pressure, the bottle will be filled
with water*.

* It ha-s been supposed, that, if an opening were made in
His side, so as to admit the air into the chest, the lungs
^■ould collapse: I was induced, therefore, to make the fol-
lowing experiment: �

i made an- opening on both :-ides of a horse, so that I

Perpendicular Section, of the -Pastern, & Foot.

8 COMPENDIUM OP THE VETEIUNARY Alt(,

The heart is placed nearly in the middle of
the thorax: it is rather conical in it's form, the
apex inclining towards the left side 3 it's base at-
tached to the bones of the back and ribs: it is
loosely invested with a membrane or sac, termed.
pericardium, vulgarly heart-bag. This sac al-
ways contains a small quantity of fluid, which
serves to lubricate it's internal surface, as well as
the surface of the heart, to prevent their cohesion,
and suffer them to move freely upon each other.
Sometimes this fluid accumulates, from a diseased
action of the vessels which form it, to a considera-
ble degree. This kind of dropsy generally ac-
companies that of the chest. The heart is di-
vided into two cavities, termed ventricles, each of
them having a small hollow appendage, which,
from a slight resemblance it bears to a dog's ear,
is named auricle. The blood-vessels proceed
from these cavities, the arteries from the ventri-
cles, the veins from the auricles; the former
serving to carry the blood from the heart to every

could introduce my finger into the chest. A tube was then
put into the openings, so as to give free admission to the air.
The horse was kept in this state nearly half an hour without
appearing to suffer any inconvenience from it.

The foot divided transverse^ a Utile below the Coronet, showing the
horny matter, the elastic membra/tef, between the Coffin-bone and
//oof, the Coffin-bone, and the Navicttta or nutbone.

part of the body, for the purposes of nourishment,
secretion of the various juices, and stimulating
the system to action, as well as for furnishing the
various parts with the vital principle; the latter con-
veying back the blood, thus deprived of it's essen-
tial parts, to the heart, that it may be renovated by
circulating through the lungs, as we shall now
describe more particularly. When the left ven-
tricle is full of blood, it contracts so powerfully
as to force it's contents into the aorta, or grand
artery, by which the blood is distributed all over
the body; it is then taken up by the veins, and
conveyed by them into the right auricle, whence
it flows into the right ventricle; this also, when
it is sufficiently distended, contracts upon it's con-
tents, and propels the blood into the pulmonary
artery, by which it is conveyed to every part of
the lungs. The pulmonary veins then receive
it, and convey it to the left auricle, whence it is pro-
pelled into the left ventricle, that it may again be
distributed by the aorta to every part of the body.
The blood is thus continually circulating
through the body; and this process may be con-
sidered as one of the most important actions that
is performed in the animal machine. If it be
stopped for a few seconds, all motion is sus-
pended; and if it be prevented a longer time
from going on, vitality is destroyed. The fuue-

A btfrk Hrw »f iti. Bobpb, Ugamro*«,and Ti-jwWs. . aaa /A'

A/i/- .V/>,. ,r |w"/.. .-A.//A ■■<■ /A ■///r /v// Cu-ti/n.n.* . <i /A 'A ■//, �/// ,/',/--

/,'■//'///-/'.'//I' »

10 COMPENDIUM OP THE VETERINARY ART.

tion of the lungs is of equal importance in the
animal economy, and cannot be stopped even for
a short time, without suspending or totally de-
stroying animation. Ancient physiologists had a
very imperfect idea of the manner in which these
organs so essentially contributed to the support of
life: the moderns, however, have been more suc-
cessful in their researches; they have discovered
that the blood derives from the air, which is taken
into the lungs, the most important properties,
without which it would be a useless vapid mass,
totally inadequate to the purposes for which it was
designed. If we examine the blood in the left
ventricle of the heart, and in the arteries, it will
be found of a bright scarlet colour, and replete
with those properties which render it capable of
nourishing the body, and stimulating the whole
system to action: in the veins it becomes of a
much darker colour; and when it arrives at the
right ventricle is nearly black, and destitute of
those enlivening qualities, which it possessed in
the left ventricle. Had not the Deity then
provided some means for it's renovation, it would
have been quite unfit for a second circulation,
and the duration of life must have been short
indeed; but from the right ventricle it is con-
veyed by the pulmonary artery to the lungs, at
the moment they are distended with air; here the

-\|.;l«-k vit-M <.rikr Bones, I.»i;-:)liiOiir.s,rin<lT<li<l-OUW, the Vfi-I.-ti..- i,.,vin,t i;:/i

'��?«,-\, J />/ order /<■ ■-//< W r/i,- tntnmentis ihitt tie immedmtvljt imtierthrm, -a t/�

-''"■;■/// ..iiiT.i.-.- <�!■■/■ n/u'r/i ///< back jtmef? passes, bill, h'-tament ;■■/./.// e/tr/rses

'>'< /■>/.�/.- .»'///, ;v, l'< ■/■/,, at, > ■/ .-/nil/A far it a//,/ /.;,/■///// it in /'/.�■ ,./'/././/// ft ; itt
<"/■�■ /■{�< /■<//: iti.'/i .-;■//,, pttrt ■ f't//i /i, i, i/d. tit Wit* f< ti/i-r, d . Ill ,�!■</. //<> .�■//< :;■ I//,

■'■'"■'</// surface n : d (|<l 1/ Ji<u!tj/>tit'ifitift t'n-t/i ///> sesamoid Hones to die -/,■/./i/
/'/..■ tern i tt»tute#cemstr> be tkett o^mvinet strength /.� ///,■ /l/.-t. /■/? Jcint. which, fir>m
me ohh'etue />,>.d/ifft of the tnstvrn Songs wonfd c-tfierwisi hetv* been tvrv itvteeitre
/ /: fi'.Vi this h'ftetment /'..■ sometimes />/;■/■,// h, viofent strains, or when " 3 *"«

'�'' ��*',/,/ I,. /�■ /'/v/vv, di'r.i.

INTERNAL ORriANS. * '

Mood undergoes a wonderful alteration, it resumes
it's bright scarlet colour, and is returned by the
pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart, with
all it's original and essential qualities restored to
it. It is proper to observe, that there are valves
placed ift such situations, as effectually prevent
the blood from taking a retrograde course. Were
it not for this contrivance, the blood would as
readily be forced into the left auricle as into the
great artery, when the left ventricle, which lies
between them, contraets, or shrinks up; and so
of the other parts.

Hence we may learn how important are the
functions of respiration and the circulation of
blood, how essential to the life of animals, and
how dependent they are on each other.

Viscera of the Abdomen.

Having finished our description of the thoracic
viscera, we proceed to notice those of the abdo-
men, or belly; the first and most important of
which is the stomach. Whatever this organ re-
ceives is conveyed to it by a long muscular tube,
named oesophagus, or gullet. The oesophagus
originates in the throat, where it's size is consider-

■ ■�"■'■/ "W'J "/' I' ■"■'■"■';///">"■■■ ■"/'■' >»!/■■■>!/

:.- ,� .,/, .11! K..TH._V| ..l|l|" «.l«-l«».l,l f

'�"/ ■"fi ■"■""'.'/ /■!■

12 COMPENDIUM OF TI1J3 VETERIXAIIV ART.

able, but it suddenly diminishes into a small tube,
and is continued of the same size to the stomach:
the upper part has been thought to resemble a
funnel in it's form, and is distinguished by the
term pharynx.

The j)harynx is situate immediately behind the
larynx, or beginning of the windpipe; but is not,
like it, composed of strong cartilage or gristle; it
is formed of membrane with a muscular covering,
which, by contracting, forces the masticated food
down the gullet, or oesophagus. As it is abso-
lutely necessary to breathing, that the larynx
should be always open, it is therefore composed
of strong cartilage, which cannot easily, or by
moderate pressure, be squeezed together and shut
up: but this structure is not requisite in the pha-
rynx, as it only requires to be opened occasion-
ally; and then the muscles of the tongue are able
to force food or water into it, while it's own
muscles continue to force the food or water
downward, through the gullet, into the stomach.
We have before observed, that, while the food or
water is passing over the tongue into the pharynx,
it eannot fail into the windpipe, oh account of it's
being covered by the valve epiglottis, which is
forced down upon the windpipe by the food, as it
passes into the pharynx, so as to shut it com-
pletely. If at this instant the animal happen to

;,:, /A ...,./.v,.*//;,7..,..-. I, si, /,��
,//,//// .. r.l'.v/Av/.'. .-I/,,-A,ir,<iii ..'i/i.

A feel ri.ew oftJie BoBjps

P.I..I.IV1- ,-l/i,:mi// /'.i~l,,:;. A III.
I'cr'nn h.nr .

cough, that is, throw out air with considerable
force from the lungs, the valve is for a moment
opened by it, and a little of the food or water is
liable to get into the windpipe, whence it is soon
expelled by violent coughing.

The cesopbagus, having passed along the throat
and back part of the chest, penetrates through the
diaphragm, and terminates in the stomach.

The cesopbagus of a horse has on it's internal
surface an insensible membrane, which stretches
into the stomach, and lines nearly one half of it's
surface i this peculiarity enables us to account in
some measure for the inactivity of many violent
poisons when given to the horse. In the human
(Esophagus, this membrane docs not exist, the
whole of it's internal surface, as well as that of
the stomach, being exquisitely sensible.

If two grains of emetic tartar be swallowed by
a man, they soon occasion violent vomiting;
whereas two hundred times that quantity would
produce no sensible effect upon the horse. At
the cardiac orifice, or that part where the ceso-
pbagus enters the stomach, it's internal coat is lo
loose as to be thrown into folds, appearing as if it
were designed as a valve to prevent the regurgita-
tion of the contents of the stomach. From this
cause, as well as from the insensibility of the
membrane, with which great part of the stomach

AFi-ost Mioi'. __ '/'///.<■ S/,.;�/..- </.'«■/,//"■</ ih,~ ../i/y'/Ti- /■,;/,/.■� taid on audi peat'

■��''� 11.-,- r.iuh /■-■ 11 Jf.iV:' /'.//; -,'//{/ fiY%i/Vl iJt, ../t.irf If, >/. rr ■///.; .-iii'Mt.tin; ttt th.-If.fl iniinj
itiel\'ly ..-,-r,\i;:/ int.' 1/1. .<//.:■. m,ij /:' r< m,t. ■/ tpltl tipp/ftvf wuiti at/■/, ,/..v//v. _a tiie
*fetv ,;�//,/>/,/<■. I, Hi,' female sen w in ///. .//,./. <■ //,. n;,A/r f/'utw.'ir.-- fiaufei dv A it's

�"�-'■-■� .> t/x k.-v r.u-r/.rin., and r.uK.rin,, tA. u:-./yr.

14 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

is lined, a horse very rarely vomits; but the opi-
nion, that he is totally incapable of that action, is
certainly not true, as I have onee seen a horse
vomit considerably. This vomiting came on
spontaneously, and soon ceased. There is no me-
dicine we are acquainted with capable of produc-
ing this action In the horse's stomach; and it's
occurrence is very rare, this being the only case I
ever saw: but I have been informed of two simi-
lar cases.

When we examine the throat, another valvular
structure may be observed (which is peculiarly
large in the horse), formed by the epiglottis, or
valve of the windpipe, and a membranous sub-
stance that hangs from the back part of the roof of
the mouth: this is termed velum pendulum
palati. These bodies form a very complete
valve, which opens downward only, thereby pre-
venting the return of any thing through the
mouth, either from the lungs or stomach: thus
we find, that a horse breathes only tlirough his
nose, except in coughing, by which the valve is
so deranged as to allow the air, so thrown out
from the lungs, to pass through the mouth.

In the case of vomiting I have just mentioned,
the contents of the stomach were at first observed
to pass through the nose; at length, by a violent
cough, the valve was deranged, and a considerable

m, ■ y,■//..,a,_/rf/ ,/� . / s _y^

../..A-/,:,/,. 1, trans If, ..:'/,.,■ Ofa Teeth oflUbrUhj

\lt� J;,,,,,:, C Il� i;-,..,,:,

Btfi, Separator,. !>//,. Tiu/u or Titrhai.

INTERNAL ORGANS. 15

quantity of fluid, mixed with masticated hay and
oats, was evacuated by the mouth.

That part of the stomach where the oesophagus
terminates is called the cardiac orifice; and that
where the intestines begin is termed pylorus.

The intestines or bowels consist of one very
long tube, which terminates at the anus.

In the horse, the intestines measure nearly
thirty yards; but being convoluted, in order to
adapt them to the cavity in which they are placed,
they have the appearance of several distinct parts.

The internal surface of a horse's intestines is
not lined with that insensible membrane which is
iound in the oesophagus and upper part of the
stomach; on the contrary, it is endued with a
high degree of sensibilty, and appears to be more
susceptible of irritation than that of most other
animals. From this irritability of the intestines
it is, that many horses have been destroyed by
the administration of strong purgatives, and hence
arises the necessity of using these medicines with
skill and caution.

The intestinal tube is not, throughout it's whoie
extent, of a uniform size: that part next the sto-
mach is rather small, and continues for about
twenty yards nearly of the same diameter: it then
becomes very large, but again diminishes before
it's termination at the anus.

THE HOOF SEPARATED FROM THE SENSIBLE PART (Plate 6 j
HT.B. The. drawing was taken from, a Foot of a, different
size from that of Plate 5.

16 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

Anatomists, in describing the intestinal canal,
divide it into two parts, viz. the small and the
large intestines : these are subdivided, the former
into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; the latter
into caecum, colon, and rectum.

All the internal surface of the intestinal tube is
covered with a mucous substance, for the purpose
of defending it from the action of acrimonious
bodies. The various convolutions of the intes-
tines are held together by a membrane called
mesentery, which not only serves this purpose,
but affords also a bed for the lacteals, or those
small vessels by which the nutrieious parts of the
food are conveyed to the heart, to be converted
into blood. Before we proceed to a particular
description of these vessels, it will be necessary to
explain the process of nutrition.

When food is taken into the mouth, it is broken
down by the teeth, and so mixed with saliva, as to
be in a proper state for entering the stomach: it
is then, by the united action of the tongue and
muscles of the throat, forced into the oesophagus,
whence it passes into the stomach. In this organ
it undergoes a considerable alteration; for here
Nature has provided a curious liquid called gas-
tric juice, which has the property of dissolving
every thing that is taken into the stomach, and of
converting it into a soft pulpy mass, of a uniform

REPRESENTATION OF A GOOD HOOF WELL SHOD.

and homogeneous appearance. When the food
has been thus altered, the mass is forced by a con-
traction of the stomach into the duode?ium, or
first part of the intestinal canal. This mass, how-
ever, does not consist wholly of nutritive parts, ov
such as are fit for the formation of blood j and an-
other operation is necessary in order to separate
them from such as are useless: this seems to be
effected by the bile and pancreatic juice*.

There is a peculiarity, however, in the sto-
mach and intestines of the horse, which it is pro-
per here to describe. The stomach of the horse
is small in proportion to his general bulk, and has
nearly half of it's inner surface covered with a
strong insensible membrane of a white colour.
This is the part to which botts are generally at-
tached, which explains why these worms so often.
exist in the stomach without doing any mischief.
This insensible membrane is supposed also to ena-
ble the stomach to press upon the solid food it
may contain, and assist the gastric juice in reduc-
ing it to a soft mass: but digestion is far from
being perfect in the stomach of the horse, and
appeals to be completed in the large intestines,

* This opinion has been proved by the experiments of
Mr. Astley Cooper, lecturer oft anatomy ami surgery, ami
assistant surgeon of St. Thomas's hospital.

REPRESENTATION QF THE HOOF PREPARED FOR THE SHOE.
«-B. The subjects from which llates 16 & 17, were taken, were considered
as good Feet; hut a perfect Foot is rarefy met with .

18 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

ccBeum and colon. This contrivance seems abso-
lutely necessary in the horse, when we consider
the wonderful speed and exertion of which he is
capable, and for which Nature appears to have
designed him. The ox, the sheep, and other ru-
minant animals, have four large stomachs, the
smallest of which, even in the sheep, is as large
as that of the horse. These animals take in a
large quantity of food at once, and digest it at
their leisure, from which they feel no inconveni-
ence ; but the horse, even in a state of nature, is
differently employed. Rapidity of motion and
strength are necessary to his preservation; and in
his domesticated state it is more particularly re-
quired. Hence, he is formed with a small sto-
mach, which requires frequent supplies, and is no
impediment to his exertions. From this will ap-
pear the absurdity of keeping a horse a consider-
able time without food or water, and then suf-
fering hires to take in a large quantity: incura-
ble and even fatal diseases have arisen from this
management. In the ox and sheep, digestion ife
completed in the fourth stomach.

The three first stomachs are connected with
each other, and with a groove-like continuation of
the oesophagus. The groove is then continued
to, and terminates in,, the fourth stomach: thfr

INTERNAL ORGANS. W*

thick prominent lips, which form the edges of this
groove, admit of being drawn together, so as to
form a complete canal.

The two first stomachs are connected with
each other, and with a groove-like continuation of
the oesophagus. This groove terminates in the
third stomach: the thick prominent lips, which
form the margin of this groove, admit of being
drawn together, so as to form a complete canal,
which then constitutes a direct continuation of the
(Esophagus, into the third stomach. The grass or
food, after a slight mastication, is taken into the
first stomach, or paunch, from whence it passes, in
small portions, into the second stomach, to un-
dergo a farther maceration; it is then returned
through the oesophagus into the mouth to be ru-
minated. When the ruminated food is swal-
lowed, the groove is shut, so that it passes directly
into the third stomach, where it is farther pre-
pared for digestion, and then passes into the
fourth stomach, in which the process of digestion
is completed.

The horse, in a state of nature, is almost con-
stantly feeding : and the food, which he takes in,
is retained but a short time in the stomach ; di-
gestion seems to be going on nearly through the
whole of the intestines, and appears to be chiefly
effected in the caecum, or blind gut, which, in the

20 COMPENDIUM OF THE VKTEIUNAUY AHT.

horse is remarkably large and capacious. From
these curious contrivances, the horse's stomach is
never so loaded with food as to hinder the action
of the lungs, and impede his velocity. It must
be confessed, however, that this does sometimes
happen; not from the natural'inclination of the
animal, but from the folly, negligence, or cruelty
of his keeper. I have been the more particular in
describing the stomach, as the subject is con-
nected with, and will tend to elucidate, some im-
portant diseases.

The bile is formed by tire liver, a large glan-
dular body, divided into several lobes, and situate
immediately behind the diaphragm, to which it is
firmly attached. The form of the liver is too well
known to require a particular description j we
have only to observe, therefore, that the bile,
which it secretes, is conveyed by the hepatic duct
into the duodenum-,, within three or four inches of
it's origin. In man, and the greater part of qua-
drupeds, all the bile does not flow immediately
into the intestines, there being a small vessel con-
nected with the hepatic duct, which conveys a
certain portion into a sac, that is attached to the
liver, and called the gall-bladder, whence it is
occasionally expelled: but this does not exist in
the horse.

From what we have just said of the peculiarity

INTERNAL ORGANS. - <■

mi the digestive organs of the horse, the reason of
his having no gall-bladder will readily appear. In
man, and many animals, the food is retained a
considerable time in the stomach; during which,
the bilious fluid, or gall, is not wanted; therefore
Nature has provided a reservoir, the gall-bladder;
for as the bile is constantly forming by the liver,
so would it be as constantly flowing into the first
intestine were it not for the gall-bladder, which
would have occasioned a great waste of this useful
fluid. During the time of digestion, the food is
shut up in the stomach, the pylorus being closed,
and the first intestine empty. The orifice of the
duct, which conveys the bile into this intestine, be-
ing without it's usual stimulus, the digested food
becomes torpid; and, as the action of the whole
duct depends upon it's orifice being stimulated,
the bile, instead of passing through it, flows into
the gall-bladder, where it remains until the di-
gestive process is so far completed, that the food
begins to flow from the stomach into the intestine.
The biliary duct is then stimulated to action ; the
gall-bladder partakes of the irritation; and, as-
sisted by the pressure of the distended intestine,
contracts upon it's contents, and forces the bile
through the duct, into the intestine, where it
mingles with the digested food, and causes a se-
paration of the chyle, or nutricious parts.

22 COMPENDIUM OP TUB VETERINARY ART.

It must be obvious, that, as the horse is almost
constantly feeding, and as digestion is continually
going on in his stomach and intestines, that a
constant flow of bile is necessary, and therefor*
that a gall-bladder would be useless, perhaps
injurious.

The pancreas is also a glandular body, and se-
cretes a fluid somewhat resembling saliva, which
is conveyed by the pancreatic duct into the duo-
denum, at the same place where the hepatic duct
enters. When these fluids (the bile and pancrea-
tic juice) are poured into the intestine, they mingle
with the mass of digested food, which has been ex-
pelled from the stomach, and separate from it all
those essential parts, which are fit to be converted
into blood: this process is termed cliylification.
We have before observed, when describing the
mesentery, or that membrane by which the intes-
tines are held together, that an immense number
of small delicate vessels are spread over it's sur-
face, named lacteals, from their containing a fluid,
which, in it's appearance, resembles milk. This
fluid consists, in fact, of the essential parts of the
food proceeding to the heart, in order to be con-
verted into blood. All the lacteals open into the
intestines, and cover the whole of their internal
surface, where they are always disposed to absorb
the nutricious parts of the food in it's passage

INTERNAL ORGANS. 23~

through the intestinal canal. Some physiologists
suppose, that the mouths of the lacteals have the
power of selecting such parts of the food as are
lit to be converted into blood, that no previous
separation takes place, aDd that the bile serves
only as a natural purgative, constantly stimulating
the intestines, thereby keeping up a small degree
of motion in them, and promoting the expulsion
of the feculent parts of the food.

It will probably be asked, how it is that the
mass of food passes through the intestines, since
they are so convoluted that it cannot possibly be
effected by the power of gravity ? but, if we exa-
mine their structure, this phenomenon may be
readily explained. The intestines are composed,
in great measure, of muscular fibres, some of
which run in a circular, and others in a longitu-
dinal direction: when the circular fibres con-
tract, the diameter of the canal is diminished;
and when the longitudinal fibres are in action, it
becomes shorter ; and, by the combined action of
these fibres, the food is gradually propelled
through the whole length of the intestinal canal.
The motion thus excited may be distinctly seen in
an animal recently killed, and in some it conti-
nues a considerable time after death. The intes-
tine, however, is not entirely composed of mus-
cular fibres; it's internal surface is lined with a

21 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

fine nervous and vascular membrane, which is en-
dued with exquisite sensibility, and has the power of
forming on it's surface a mucous substance, which
serves to protect it from the action of acrimonious
bodies. Beside the muscular and nervous coat,
there is another, which enters into the composi-
tion of the intestine: this is a thin membrane,
called pcrif cm anon. The peritonaeum not only
forms the third and external coat, it likewise en-
velops all the organs contained in the. abdomen,
forming in the external coat, and is closely con-
nected with them, and is then so reflected as to
form a kind of sac, in which they are all inclosed.
Thus are the intestines composed of three coat?,
which are closely in contact with each other; the
peritoneal, the muscular, and the nervous coat.

We have yet to describe the course of the
lacteah, or those vessels which take up the chyle,
or nutrieious parts of the food. We have before
observed, that they are spread upon the mesentery,
whence they pass on towards the spine, becoming
larger and less numerous in their progress; at
length they terminate in a large tube, which runs
along the spine, and is named the thoracic duct:
this pours it's contents into a large vein near the
heart, to which part it is immediately after con-
veyed, and converted into blood.
The kidneys are two glandular bodies, situate

within the loins; their office is to separate urine
from the blood. The urine, thus separated, is
conveyed by two tubes of considerable length,
termed ureters, into the bladder, which is com-
posed of three coats like those of the intestine j
and when it has received a sufficient quantity of
urine to stimulate it's muscular fibres into action,
it contracts upon the urine, and forces it out
through the urethra, or urinary canal. We have
now finished our sketch of the abdominal and
thoracic viscera; which has been given with a
view to render the description wc are about to
give of internal diseases more intelligible to those
readers who are unacquainted with anatomy, than
it would otherwise have been.

IT was supposed by the celebrated Boerhaave,
and other physiologists of his time, that inflamma-
tion depended on a viscidity of the blood, which
rendered it unfit for circulating in the finer ves-
sels ; and that hence arose obstructions, and those
appearances by which the disease is characterized.
This opinion, however, has obtained very little
credit with modern physiologists, and is now uni-
versally rejected; it having been proved, that
blood drawn from an animal labouring under in-
flammation is more fluid, and remains fluid
longer, than that which is taken from the same
animal when in health.

The most prevailing opinion at present respec-
ing inflammation is, I believe, that it consists in
an increased action of the heart and arteries,
when general; whereby the blood circulates with
unusual velocity, throwing the whole system into
derangement; and when local, or existing in
a particular part*, the increased action is in

* In local inflammation, though the larger arteries of the
part have their action increased, it is probable that their

like manner confined to the vessels of that
part.

When a part is inflamed, there arises in it an
unusual degree of heat, generally attended with
considerable tension and swelling; the sensibility
and irritability are always increased, and produced
by it in parts where it did not before exist. In
bones and tendons, for example, scarcely any sen-
sibility can be perceived when they are in a state
of health; but, when inflamed, it is roused to an

small branches, which, from their minute size, arc termed ca-
pillary arteries, are in a state of debility, and distended with
blood, which they are incapable of getting rid of; the
larger arteries, acting with unusual strength and quickness,
will of course force a greater quantity of blood than usual
into these delicate vessels, so as to stretch them beyond their
tone, and render them incapable of contracting upon their
contents. This accounts for swelling, heat, and redness of
an inflamed part, and shows the utility of bleeding by
leeches on such -occasions; as these worms attack only
the capillary arteries, drawing off the superfluous blood,
and enabling them to recover their strength, and contract
as before. This doctrine points out also the efficacy of
general bleeding, and purging, in local inflammation, which
tend to moderate the action of the larger arteries, and cause
them to pour no more blood into their minute branches than
they are capable of forcing into their terminations�the
Veins. We thought it proper to say thus much of the theory
°f inflammation, as it may lead to a better practice than
is commonly adopted in treating the inflammatory com-
plaints of horses.

28 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

alarming degree, and the most dangerous conse-
quences may ensue from it.

Inflammation has four modes of termination:
-the first is termed resolution ; that is, when the
disease after going a certain length, gradually dis-
appears again: the second suppuration ; that is,
when matter is formed, or an abscess produced;
the third is named effusion, which implies an ex-
travasation either of blood, coagulable lymph, or
serum: and the fourth, gangrene, or mortifica-
tion, by which is meant the death of the inflamed
part.

Inflammation of the external parts is generally
occasioned by some mechanical injury, such as
wounds, bruises, &c.: sometimes, however, it
arises from internal inflammation, or symptoma-
tic fever, and is then to be considered as an effort
of nature to cure the internal disease. Thus we
sometimes find in fevers abscesses taking place on
the surface of the body, whereby the fever is con-
siderably diminished, and, in general, terminates
favourably.

Inflammation is often produced by plethora, or
redundancy of blood in the body; in which case
it is sometimes general, the whole arterial system
having it's action increased: this also may be
considered as an effort of nature to get rid of the
superfluous blood, and in such cases she must be

assisted by copious bleeding. It more commonly
happens, however, that the redundant blood is de-
termined to some particular part, occasioning
local inflammation ; very frequently falling upon
some of the internal organs, and the lungs are pe-
culiarly liable to suffer: from this source, indeed,
'.heir most dangerous fevers arise. The eyes, also,
are very apt to suffer when a horse becomes ple-
thoric, to which cause, I believe, almost all the
diseases of that delicate organ may be attributed.

In the treatment of external inflammation, we
should endeavour to bring it to the most favoura-
ble termination, that is, resolution; unless when
it arises from an effort of nature to cure some in-
ternal disease;�it is then desirable to brinff it
speedily to suppuration. The remedies to be
employed for resolving inflammation are, local ok
general bleeding (see Index, Bleeding), purga-
tives, fomentations, poultices, or the saturnine lo-
tion : other cold applications have been used with
success, such as sal ammoniac dissolved in vinegar,
goulard, &c.

When inflammation takes place in tendinous
parts or joints, the saturnine poultice has been
found an useful remedy, and in the latter case I
have often found blisters extremely efficacious.
As in these cases the inflammation generally
proves more troublesome, and as the pain which

30 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETEIUXAIIY ART.

it occasions is often so considerable as to produce
symptomatic fever, it becomes necessary to em-
ploy, without loss of time, the most prompt and
efficacious means for it's reduction *. With this
view, we excite artificial inflammation in the
contiguous tkin and cellular membrane, which are
parts' of far less importance in the animal econo-
my than joints or tendons, and capable of bearing
a considerable degree of inflammation, without
much inconvenience to the animal: this is done
by means of rowels and blisters, and the inflam-
mation, thus excited, will tend, in a considerable
degree, to diminish that which is going on in the
more important part. Should we fail in our en-
deavours to resolve inflammation, it will probably
terminate in suppuration; and when it appears
that the disease doe? not abate by the use of the
remedies w« have recommended, an assiduous ap-
plication of fomentations and poultices will expe-
dite the suppurative process, and afford great re-
lief to the animal. When the inflammation, or
rather the swelling which it occasions, arrives at
this state, it is termed an abscess, in which, when
the suppuration is complete, and it contains
matter, a fluctuation may be felt, upon it's being
pressed by two fingers alternately. This point

* See Wmtult of Joints, Appendix.

INFLAMMATION. 31

being ascertained, an opening is to be made with
a lancet or knife, in such a way that the matter
may be completely evacuated, and a future accu-
mulation prevented: it is then to be dressed with
digestive liniment or ointment. Should the
wound appear indisposed to heal when this treat-
ment has been pursued for a short time, discharg-
ing a thin offensive matter, and wanting that red
appearance by which the healing process is indi-
cated, the detergent lotion will soon remove these
unfavourable appearances; the discharge will
become whiter and thicker, and red granulations
of new flesh will sprout up. Should these granu-
lations, however, become luxuriant, constituting
what is commonly termed proud jicsh, they are to
be kept down by means of the caustic powder.
It sometimes happens, that when a part is inflamed
and swollen, instead of going on to suppuration, it
degenerates into a hard and almost insensible
tumour: this depends on the inflammation hav-
ing terminated in effusion of coagulable lymph,
and is to be removed by stimulating embrocations
or blisters.

When inflammation runs very high, as is some-
times the case in violent bruises, or deep and ex-
tensive wounds of the lacerrted kind, it may ter-
minate in gangrene, or mortification, which is
generally attended with danger: in this case, the

32 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

matter discharged, instead of being white and
thick, consists of a dark-coloured fluid, of a pecu-
liar offensive smeHj the constitution is generally
affected, the pulse becoming quick, weak, and
sometimes irregular; the appetite goes off; and
there is a great degree of debility*.

When any of the internal parts are inflamed,
a fever is generally produced, the violence of
which will depend upon the importance of the in-
flamed organ, as well as upon the extent and de-
gree of the inflammation; some of the internal
parts being more essential to life than others, and,
when inflamed, occasioning of course greater de-
rangement in the system. The only favourable
termination, to which internal inflammation can
be brought, is resolution; and the most vigorous
measures should be adopted in order to effect it.
The most important remedy in these cases is co-
pious bleeding, and the earlier it is employed the
more effectual will it prove: the next remedy is
external inflammation, artificially excited by
means of rowels and blisters. The fever powder
and occasional clysters are of considerable ser-
vice.

* See Lacerated and Contused Wound;, Appendix,

Fever.
THE fevers of horses bear very little analogy
to those of the human body, and require a dif-
ferent treatment. Writers on farriery have de-
scribed a great variety of fevers, but their observa-
tions appear to have been drawn from the works
cf medical authors, and their reasoning seems en-
tirely analogical. I can distinguish only two
kinds of fever, the one, an idiopathic, or original
disease, and therefore properly termed simple;
the other, dependent on internal inflammation,
and very justly denominated symptomatic fever.
For example, if the lungs, bowels, or stomach,
were inflamed, the whole system would be thrown
into disorder, and a symptomatic fever produced:
but if a collapse of the perspiring vessels happen
to take place, the blood will accumulate in the
interior parts of the body j and though inflamma-
tion is not produced by it, the unequal distribu-
tion of the blood alone will occasion that derange-
ment in the system which constitutes the simple
fever*. The simple fever does not occur so fre-

* Fever is often preceded, or -rather commences, with shi-
vering ; from which circumstance it seems reasonable to
i-nfer, that an interruption of the functions of the skin is>
either a cause of fever, or materially connected with i-t,
c5

S4 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

quently as the symptomatic, nor is it by any
means so formidable in it's appearance; yet it is
necessary to give it the earliest attention, for un-
less nature receives timely assistance, she will be
sometimes unable to get rid of the load which op-
presses her; and the blood will accumulate in the
interior part of the body, uutii inflammation in
some of the viscera is produced, and a dangerous
disease established. The following are the symp-
toms of simple fever:�shivering, succeeded by
loss of appetite, dejected appearance, quick pulse,
hot mouth, and some degree of debility: the
horse is generally costive, and voids his urine with
difficulty. The disease is often accompanied with
quickness of breathing, and, in a few cases, with
pain in the bowels, or symptoms of colic.

As soon as a horse is attacked by this disease,
let him be bled freely ; and if costiveness be one
of the symptoms, give a pint of castor oil, or the
oil of olives; and let a clyster of warm water-
gruel be injected*. After the operation of the

* I have lately found the following drink a very useful
laxative on these occasions: �

Take of ilarbadoes aloes powdered ... 3 drams.

Prepared kali. . ........lj dram.

Castor oil...........4 oz. to $o?

Simplemintwaterandpurewater,ofeaeh, 4 oz.
Mix for one dose.

laxative, the fever powder is to be given once in
twelve hours, and continued until it's diuretic
effect becomes considerable. Warm water and
mashes are to be frequently offered in small
quantities; warm clothing, frequent hand-rub-
bing, and a liberal allowance of litter, are also ne-
cessary ; and when the fever runs high, it is ad-
visable to insert rowels about the chest and belly,
in order to prevent internal inflammation from
taking place. When the disease appears to be
going off, the horse looking more lively, and the
appetite returning, let him be led out for a short
time in some warm situation, and give now and
then a malt mash for the purpose of recovering
his strength.

Powdered nitre.......1 oz.

Camphor and tartarised antimony, \ � .
of each.......)

N° 2.
Powdered nitre....... 1 oz.

Unwashed calx of antimony . . . 2 dr.
Mix for one dose.

36 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART.

N° 6.
Antimonial powder ....

The additions made by the author to this sub-
ject may be found in the Appendix.

Symptomatic Fever.

The symptomatic fever is generally occasioned
by high feeding, close stables, and a want of pro-
per exercise: sometimes, however, a sudden tran-
sition from a cold to a hot temperature is evi-
dently the cause of it. In this respect it is differ-
ent from the simple fever, which, as before ob-
served, sometimes arises from exposing a horse
suddenly to cold air, when he has been accus-
tomed to a warm stable. Horses that are taken
from camp or grass, and put suddenly into warm
stables, are extremely liable to those internal in-
flammations on which .symptomatic fever depend?,
and many thousands have fallen victims to this
kind of treatment.

SYMPTOMATIC FEVER. 37

When a fever is symptomatic, it is not per-
ceived by shivering, nor is it so sudden in it's at-
tack as the simple fever* : but when it is not sub-
dued by an early application of remedies, the
symptoms gradually increase in violence, until
they present a very formidable appearance.
When the disease, however, is occasioned by
great and long continued exertion, it generally
comes on suddenly; and the complaint has
a very dangerous appearance in it's earliest
stage.

The symptomatic fever lias many symptoms in
common with the simple fever, which are, loss of
appetite, quick pulse, dejected appearance, hot
mouth, and debility; and if to these be joined
difficulty of breathing, and quick working of the
flanks, with coldness of the legs and ears, we may
conclude that an inflammation of the lungs is the
cause of the fever. If the horse hang down his
head in the manger, or lean back upon his collar
with a strong appearance of being drowsy, the
eyes appearing watery and inflamed, it is probable
that the fever depends upon an accumulation of
blood in the vessels of the brain, and that the stag-
gers are approaching: in this case, however, the

* Fever that commences with shivering, hag often termi-
nated in a fatal inflammation of the lungs, when neglected
er improperly treated.

33 COMPEK0IUM OF THE VETERINA11Y ART.

pulse is, not always quickened; sometimes, indeed,
I have found it unusually slow*.



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Fty.2,&fyex&ct llmil'in ;» staw c.t: X;nnr<-. .:..///.� ..\./,.. 1,1,./// /;./.--� <.//;.,.//-,'. ra '" t/,<- t�;/.rfth' .■,■/�.<■,:.- /-,� j...�■..,,�/ �/,.,, ./�■ ,.�/�.,/.,■/,./,«,////./.� ,i//. a /� �■../ ./■■ ■"' tew of die Be of. e.dui .'�.//- of Corns, fjfc Ervg. /■>-'.'»'. ./ ..-i'iuiiI Soof properly ■�■//. ■■/.



		*-
	IXTESNAL ORGANS.	*-
	IXTESNAL ORGANS.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS. The hollow part of the body is divided into two cavities by a strong muscular partition, termed the diaphragm or midriff j the anterior part is named the thorax or chest; and the pos- terior, the abdomen or belly. The thorax con- tains the lungs and heart; the abdomen, the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen or milt, pan- creas or sweetbread, kidneys, and bladder.

Of the Lungs. In describing the lungs, it is necessary to be- gin with the trachea or windpipe, which is a cy- lindrical cartilaginous tube, extending from the throat to the chest. The trachea is not made up of one entire cartilage, but of several cartilagi- nous rings, which are united by strong mem- branes; and such is the elasticity of these carti- lages, that the tube is enabled to preserve it's cy- lindrical form, even when it receives considerable pressure, and thereby affords free ingress and egress to the air in respiration. The raera- B 2



		S3
	STRANCLKS.	S3
	STRANCLKS.

process of nature. I cannot, by any argument, show why bleeding should be improper in the strangles; indeed, if our practice were guided by theory only, we should be led to consider it as a case of common inflammation, and consequently adopt that mode of treatment which would tend to remove it most expeditiously, and prevent suppuration; and with this view we should have recourse to bleeding and purgatives: experience, however, certainly sanctions a different treatment, and has, I think, fully proved the propriety of using every means for encouraging suppuration. Ihave seen several hundred cases in which this plan has been pursued, and not one of them ter- minated unfavourably. Should the inflammation, however, spread to the lungs, occasioning great difficulty of breathing and fever, and particularly if the horse be past the age of five, bleeding must not be omitted; and if a laxative drink can be given, it will be found of great service. A rowel in the chest will also do good. Should a cough or any unpleasant symptom remain after the strangles are healed, let the fol- lowing alterative ball be given every morning, until moderate purging is produced; and if it be found necessary, let it be repeated after an inter- val of four or five days. It is almost' superfluous to add, that great attention must be paid by the



			71
		KOARING.


	performed mucli more frequently than is neces" sary, but I have never seen any bad consequences arise from it.

Mooring'. This disease takes it's name from a peculiar sound in respiration, particularly when the horse is put into a brisk trot or gallop. It seems to arise frorrr lymph that has been effused in the windpipe or it's branches, which, becoming solid, obstructs, in a greater or less degree, the passage of air. As a remedy for this complaint, blistering the whole length of the windpipe lias been re- commended ; I believe, however, that it is always incurable, unless proper remedies are employed as soon as it is observed to be coming on. It ge- nerally begins like a severe cold, with difficulty in breathing, accompanied with a peculiar kind of wheezing: sometimes there is also considerable fever and soreness of the throat. In some cases, it attacks suddenly, and with great violence ; in others, it comes on gradually, and is then more dangerous, as it is seldom attended to, and gene- rally allowed to establish itself before proper re- medies are employed. It is advisable, whenever



	A TREATISE VETERINARY MEDICINE, IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. I. CONTAINING A COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART j OR, AN *ACCURATE* DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASES OF THE HOBSK, AND THEIR MODE OP TREATMENT t THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OP THE FOOT; AND THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SHOEING. ILLUSTRATED 3Y PLATES : With Observations on Stable Management, Feeding, Exercise^ and Condition. BY JAMES WHITE, OF EXETER, Late Veterinary Surgeon to the First or Royal Dragoont. Dedicated, by permission, TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK,

		THE ELEVENTH EDITION, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, AND WITH ADDITIONAL PLATES.

LONDON: MINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES ; 1. WALKER AND CO.; AND B. REYNOLDS. 1815.



	BIBUOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

		2855 858 7

C. WOOD, Printer, Toppin's Court, Fleet Strett.



		TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS FIELD MARSHAL THE DUKE OF YORK, K. G., COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF HIS MAJESTY'S FORCES, fyc. Sfc. SIR; Your Royal Highness's gracious con- descension, in having extended your pa- tronage and sanction to this small Treatise, is a convincing proof, that no attempt to render service to our military establish- ment passes unnoticed, and that the cause of humanity will ever find in your Royal Highness a most ready protector. The following observations have been sug- gested by considerable experience, arising from the nature of the service in which, for several years, I have had the honour to be employed by his Majesty; and have been collected with caution and industry,



	iv
	iv	DEDICATION.

under the hope (which cannot now hut hecoine more sanguine) that they may not he found wholly inadequate to pro- mote the purposes for which they were intended. I am, with the most profound respect, Your Royal Highness's Most devoted, obliged, And humble servant, * J. WHITE, Late Vet. Surg. Royal Dragoons.



			PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

		The Author's most sanguine expecta- tions must have been gratified by the sale of seven large impressions within a short time ; and his gratitude to the public, who had sokindly patronised him, claimed from his hands whatever more mature '^flection and additional experience had dictated. Though anxious to perform this task, ill health and professional en- gagements have prevented him, until the present edition was called for. Some of the additions have been incorporated into the work ; but it was found necessary to give the greater part as an Appendix, which rendered some repetitions unavoid- able ; he trusts; however, these will be



	vi
	vi	PREFACE.
		PREFACE.

pardoned, when the importance of a more minute detail of symptoms and of a more varied plan of cure is considered. The only addition to the article of shoeing is an improved method of shoeing flat and convex feet. For this the author is in- debted to the Honourable Newton Fellowes of Eggsford, whose reputation as a sports- man is equalled by his accurate know- ledge of the general management of the horse. The liberal support which the author has experienced from this gentle- man, during his residence in Devonshire, claims his warmest acknowledgments. The patronage with which the public have honoured him will ever be remembered with gratitude, and stimulate him to con- tinue his exertions in contributing to im- prove the condition of the most useful of animals. Veterinary Establishment, Exe Island, Exeter.



			A COMPENDIU M o f t a e VETERINARY ART.

		CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION. THERE is scarcely a disease to which the Horse is liable, that will not appear, upon a strict examination, either to consi>t in, Or to be a consequence of inflammation, which, when it attacks any of the internal organs, gives rise to his most dangerous diseases: thus an inflamma- tion of the lungs, bowels, or any of the internal parts, will produce that kind of derangementjn the system, which is termed a fever, the violence of which will be proportioned to the degree and extent of the inflammation, and the importance of the inflamed organ in the animal economy. It appears necessary, therefore, as an introduction (o this work, to give a sketch of the anatomy of those internal organs, and to point out the va- VOL. I. B



		2 COMPENDIUM OF TUB VETERINARY ART. rious functions they peform; after which, it will be proper to give a general description of inflam- mation, with it's different modes of termination. We sometimes, however, meet with diseases which seem to originate in debility ; but many of these will be found, if carefully attended to at the commencement, to begin with some degree of in- creased action of the system; and though bleed- ing may be improper, a mild purgative will gene- rally prove very beneficial. In the former editions of this work, scarcely any notice was taken of these diseases: we shall, in the present, therefore, describe particularly, un- der the head Fever, their symptoms, causes, and most effectual mode of treatment.



		/'/.//,� �_..

	-Fi'i. x.

Z/}/.J..M[o..J'₁>i'.-\|.iiii<l ni ilir ion. iiioii wa.v, in irliirh tlu F i ha* I... � .], -j.riv,.,! .,.f ■�� barf siiH-;k-.-,i!..- Bum ,-...,.,« ,1.., _st. liiirrof III.. S,>],-.i,l:i.vav.-.i.rt. //..., b-lhl Sell. iiy. 2. AITo.vfc.iiiva.K-,! in ili<- 1.L.J.-I1. »l decree.



	P/att\

Fi.i.l. TU.-(',.,�-:iv.Sli�o f.ir Feel ,iv li.i-c-ill.- Safes Mt-flut i l/<�-..TU<- l.;.r SI,,,,- f�i'i,i�!,i-t',�p. Fia.3. Tli,- Shoo 1',,,-a »��,I Foot ■

		J



		4 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART. branes also are elastic, so that the windpipe may be either elongated, shortened, or bent, in some degree. The upper part of the trachea is com- posed of stronger cartilages than the other parts ef the tube, and is termed larynx : to this is con- nected a curious kind of valve, called epiglottis, which is always open, except in the act of swal- lowing : it is then forced down upon the larynx, so as to prevent food, or any thing which may be passing over the throat, from falling into the windpipe. Where the trachea joins the chest, it divides into numerous branches, which, gradually becoming smaller, at length terminate in minute cells: the lungs, indeed, are made up of the ra- mifications of the trachea and blood-vessels; the interstices being filled with a cellular membrane, which serves not only to unite them, but likewise to give a uniform and homogeneous appear- ance to the whole mass. The lungs are co- vered with a fine delicate membrane, called the pleura, which also covers the internal surface of the ribs and diaphragm, and, by stretching across the chest from the spine to the breast-bone, di- vides the thorax into two cavities; this part of the pleura is therefore named mediastinum. On every part of the pleura, fluid is secreted for the purpose of preventing a cohesion of the parts; and when this is produced too abundantly, it con-




			INTERNAL ORGANS.


		stitutes the disease termed hydrothorax, or dropsy of the chest. The pleura, though so fine a mem- brane, is impervious to air; which may be proved on the dead animal., by rupturing one or more of the small branches of the windpipe, and then blowing into the lungs. The air, which is forced in, will then escape through the ruptured parts, and be diffused in the cellular membrane, so as to The cellular membrane is that which connects the va- rious parts of the body with each other ; it not only unites the skin to the flesh, and the large muscles to each other, but is employed also to connect the minute fibres which compose the skin, muscles, &c.; and, therefore, it is inferred, that the cellular membrane exists in every part of the body, however minute; and is in some parts so fine, as to be invi- sible ; while in others, as between the shoulder blade and the ribs, it is very conspicuous. The cellular membrane is composed of cells of various sizes, which communicate freely with each other, so that, if a blowpipe be put into one of the cells, and. air forced through it, all the neighbouring parts will be blown up to a considerable size. A familiar exam- ple of this is the practice among butchers of blowing up the cellular membrane of a shoulder of veal. It sometimes happens in the case of a fractured rib, that one end of the bone is forced into the lungs, so as to wound the branches of the windpipe and the pleura; the air, which is inspired, will then escape; and, as the wound communicates with the cellular membrane between the muscles of the ribs, the air gradually diffuses itself through all the contiguous parts; and we have sometimes seen the whole body, and even the cellular membrane about the eye, inflated from this cause,



			Tlate S. FMKHTISSIPEICE,,

		A VIEW OF THE INTERNAL OR SENSIBLE FOOT.



		6 compendium of the veterinary art. make the lungs appear much larger than they were before. When the air is at length forced to the surface of the lungs, it will be prevented from escaping by the pleura, which will be blown up, and appear like an inflated bladder on the surface of the lungs. If this be punctured, the air will soon escape, and the lungs will return to their original size. This circumstance is noticed, as it is supposed to happen sometimes in the living animal, and to be the cause of broken wind. (See Broken Wind and Chronic Cough.) The lungs are divided into two parts, or lobes, one of which is situate in each cavity of the thorax : this divi- sion seems to have been provided in case of acci- dents, it having been proved, that when one lobe is incapable of performing it's function in conse- quence of injury or disease, the other has been found adequate to the support of life. The lungs are the organs of respiration or breathing; but they do not appear to be actively concerned in the performance of this office: when the diaphragm and the muscles of the belly and ribs contract, the cavity of the thorax is considerably diminished, and the lungs so com- pressed, that all the air contained in them is forced out through the windpipe: when this has been eftected, the muscles relax, and the thorax returns to it's original size. There would now be



		7
	INTERNAL OIIGANS.


a vacuum between the internal surface of the Yibs and the external surface of the lungs, did not the air rush in through the windpipe, and so distend it's branches and cells, as to make the lungs completely fill the cavity. Thus are the hangs constantly employed in inspiration and ex- piration ; and this process, which we call breath- ing, is carried on by the combined action of the diaphragm, and the muscles of the ribs and abdo- men. It is supposed that the elasticity of the lungs, or rather of the branches of the windpipe, materially contributes to this important action, in the same manner as a bottle of elastic gum, or Indian-rubber, fills itself either with air or water, from it's great elasticity. If a small pipe or quill be tied to the mouth of one of those bottles, and the air pressed out by the hand; as soon as the pressure is removed, the bottle will resume it's ori- ginal form, and consequently be filled with air again. If the mouth of the bottle or the pipe be put into water after the air has been pressed out, on removing the pressure, the bottle will be filled with water. It ha-s been supposed, that, if an opening were made in His side, so as to admit the air into the chest, the lungs ^■ould collapse: I was induced, therefore, to make the fol- lowing experiment: � i made an- opening on both :-ides of a horse, so that I



	_Pla/e 7

		.

Perpendicular Section, of the -Pastern, & Foot.



				Plate, 8

		The foot divided transverse^ a Utile below the Coronet, showing the horny matter, the elastic membra/tef, between the Coffin-bone and //oof, the Coffin-bone, and the Navicttta or nutbone.



			J matifi

		A btfrk Hrw »f iti. Bobpb, Ugamro«,and Ti-jwWs. . aaa /A' A/i/- .V/>,. ,r \|w"/.. .-A.//A ■■<■ /A ■///r /v// Cu-ti/n.n.* .* <i /A 'A ■//, �/// ,/',/-- /,'■//'///-/'.'//I' »



		J'/.n. J,>.

-\\|.;l«-k vit-M <.rikr Bones, I.»i;-:)liiOiir.s,rin<lT<li<l-OUW, the Vfi-I.-ti..- i,.,vin,t i;:/i '��?«,-\, J />/ order /<■ ■-//< W r/i,- tntnmentis ihitt tie immedmtvljt imtierthrm, -a t/� -''"■;■/// ..iiiT.i.-.- <�!■■/■ n/u'r/i ///< back jtmef? passes, bill, h'-tament ;■■/./.// e/tr/rses '>'< /■>/.�/.- .»'///, ;v, l'< ■/■/,, at, > ■/ .-/nil/A far it a//,/ /.;,/■///// it in /'/.�■ ,./'/././/// ft ; itt <"/■�■ /■{�< /■<//: iti.'/i .-;■//,, pttrt ■ f't//i /i, i, i/d. tit Wit* f< ti/i-r, d . Ill ,�!■</. //<> .�■//< :;■ I//, ■'■'"■'</// surface n : d (\|<l 1/ Ji<u!tj/>tit'ifitift t'n-t/i ///> sesamoid Hones to die -/,■/./i/ /'/..■ tern i tt»tute#cemstr> be tkett o^mvinet strength /.� ///,■ /l/.-t. /■/? Jcint. which, fir>m me ohh'etue />,>.d/ifft of the tnstvrn Songs wonfd c-tfierwisi hetv* been tvrv itvteeitre / /: fi'.Vi this h'ftetment /'..■ sometimes />/;■/■,// h, viofent strains, or when " 3 "« '�''* ��',/,/ I,. /�■* /'/v/vv, di'r.i.

	/



		INTERNAL ORriANS. * ' Mood undergoes a wonderful alteration, it resumes it's bright scarlet colour, and is returned by the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart, with all it's original and essential qualities restored to it. It is proper to observe, that there are valves placed ift such situations, as effectually prevent the blood from taking a retrograde course. Were it not for this contrivance, the blood would as readily be forced into the left auricle as into the great artery, when the left ventricle, which lies between them, contraets, or shrinks up; and so of the other parts. Hence we may learn how important are the functions of respiration and the circulation of blood, how essential to the life of animals, and how dependent they are on each other.

			Viscera of the Abdomen. Having finished our description of the thoracic viscera, we proceed to notice those of the abdo- men, or belly; the first and most important of which is the stomach. Whatever this organ re- ceives is conveyed to it by a long muscular tube, named oesophagus, or gullet. The oesophagus originates in the throat, where it's size is consider-



		12 COMPENDIUM OF TI1J3 VETERIXAIIV ART. able, but it suddenly diminishes into a small tube, and is continued of the same size to the stomach: the upper part has been thought to resemble a funnel in it's form, and is distinguished by the term pharynx. The j)harynx is situate immediately behind the larynx, or beginning of the windpipe; but is not, like it, composed of strong cartilage or gristle; it is formed of membrane with a muscular covering, which, by contracting, forces the masticated food down the gullet, or oesophagus. As it is abso- lutely necessary to breathing, that the larynx should be always open, it is therefore composed of strong cartilage, which cannot easily, or by moderate pressure, be squeezed together and shut up: but this structure is not requisite in the pha- rynx, as it only requires to be opened occasion- ally; and then the muscles of the tongue are able to force food or water into it, while it's own muscles continue to force the food or water downward, through the gullet, into the stomach. We have before observed, that, while the food or water is passing over the tongue into the pharynx, it eannot fail into the windpipe, oh account of it's being covered by the valve epiglottis, which is forced down upon the windpipe by the food, as it passes into the pharynx, so as to shut it com- pletely. If at this instant the animal happen to



		Fl.,1,-

	;,:, /A ...,./.v,.//;,7..,..-. I, si, /,�� ,//,//// .. r.l'.v/Av/.'. .-I/,,-A,ir,<iii ..'i/i.*
A feel ri.ew oftJie BoBjps P.I..I.IV1- ,-l/i,:mi// /'.i~l,,:;. A III. I'cr'nn h.nr .



		INTERNAL ORGANS. *3 cough, that is, throw out air with considerable force from the lungs, the valve is for a moment opened by it, and a little of the food or water is liable to get into the windpipe, whence it is soon expelled by violent coughing. The cesopbagus, having passed along the throat and back part of the chest, penetrates through the diaphragm, and terminates in the stomach. The cesopbagus of a horse has on it's internal surface an insensible membrane, which stretches into the stomach, and lines nearly one half of it's surface i this peculiarity enables us to account in some measure for the inactivity of many violent poisons when given to the horse. In the human (Esophagus, this membrane docs not exist, the whole of it's internal surface, as well as that of the stomach, being exquisitely sensible. If two grains of emetic tartar be swallowed by a man, they soon occasion violent vomiting; whereas two hundred times that quantity would produce no sensible effect upon the horse. At the cardiac orifice, or that part where the ceso- pbagus enters the stomach, it's internal coat is lo loose as to be thrown into folds, appearing as if it were designed as a valve to prevent the regurgita- tion of the contents of the stomach. From this cause, as well as from the insensibility of the membrane, with which great part of the stomach



			FZate 23 ■

		*f^^^=^*

	AFi-ost Mioi'. __ '/'///.<■ S/,.;�/..- </.'«■/,//"■</ ih,~ ../i/y'/Ti- /■,;/,/.■� taid on audi peat' ■��''� 11.-,- r.iuh /■-■ 11 Jf.iV:' /'.//; -,'//{/ fiY%i/Vl iJt, ../t.irf If, >/. rr ■///.; .-iii'Mt.tin;* ttt* *th.-If.fl* *iniinj* itiel\'ly ..-,-r,\i;:/ int.' 1/1. .<//.:■. m,ij /:' r< m,t. ■/ tpltl tipp/ftvf wuiti at/■/, ,/..v//v. _a tiie fetv ,;�//,/>/,/<■. I, Hi,' female sen w in* ///. .//,./. <■ //,. n;,A/r f/'utw.'ir.-- fiaufei dv A it's �"�-'■-■� .> t/x k.-v r.u-r/.rin., and r.uK.rin,, tA. u:-./yr.

\



		14 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART. is lined, a horse very rarely vomits; but the opi- nion, that he is totally incapable of that action, is certainly not true, as I have onee seen a horse vomit considerably. This vomiting came on spontaneously, and soon ceased. There is no me- dicine we are acquainted with capable of produc- ing this action In the horse's stomach; and it's occurrence is very rare, this being the only case I ever saw: but I have been informed of two simi- lar cases. When we examine the throat, another valvular structure may be observed (which is peculiarly large in the horse), formed by the epiglottis, or valve of the windpipe, and a membranous sub- stance that hangs from the back part of the roof of the mouth: this is termed velum pendulum palati. These bodies form a very complete valve, which opens downward only, thereby pre- venting the return of any thing through the mouth, either from the lungs or stomach: thus we find, that a horse breathes only tlirough his nose, except in coughing, by which the valve is so deranged as to allow the air, so thrown out from the lungs, to pass through the mouth. In the case of vomiting I have just mentioned, the contents of the stomach were at first observed to pass through the nose; at length, by a violent cough, the valve was deranged, and a considerable



		INTERNAL ORGANS. 15 quantity of fluid, mixed with masticated hay and oats, was evacuated by the mouth. That part of the stomach where the oesophagus terminates is called the cardiac orifice; and that where the intestines begin is termed pylorus. The intestines or bowels consist of one very long tube, which terminates at the anus. In the horse, the intestines measure nearly thirty yards; but being convoluted, in order to adapt them to the cavity in which they are placed, they have the appearance of several distinct parts. The internal surface of a horse's intestines is not lined with that insensible membrane which is iound in the oesophagus and upper part of the stomach; on the contrary, it is endued with a high degree of sensibilty, and appears to be more susceptible of irritation than that of most other animals. From this irritability of the intestines it is, that many horses have been destroyed by the administration of strong purgatives, and hence arises the necessity of using these medicines with skill and caution. The intestinal tube is not, throughout it's whoie extent, of a uniform size: that part next the sto- mach is rather small, and continues for about twenty yards nearly of the same diameter: it then becomes very large, but again diminishes before it's termination at the anus.



		16 COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART. Anatomists, in describing the intestinal canal, divide it into two parts, viz. the small and the large intestines : these are subdivided, the former into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; the latter into caecum, colon, and rectum. All the internal surface of the intestinal tube is covered with a mucous substance, for the purpose of defending it from the action of acrimonious bodies. The various convolutions of the intes- tines are held together by a membrane called mesentery, which not only serves this purpose, but affords also a bed for the lacteals, or those small vessels by which the nutrieious parts of the food are conveyed to the heart, to be converted into blood. Before we proceed to a particular description of these vessels, it will be necessary to explain the process of nutrition. When food is taken into the mouth, it is broken down by the teeth, and so mixed with saliva, as to be in a proper state for entering the stomach: it is then, by the united action of the tongue and muscles of the throat, forced into the oesophagus, whence it passes into the stomach. In this organ it undergoes a considerable alteration; for here Nature has provided a curious liquid called gas- tric juice, which has the property of dissolving every thing that is taken into the stomach, and of converting it into a soft pulpy mass, of a uniform



			*F/ate Hi.*

		*REPRESENTATION OF A GOOD HOOF WELL SHOD.*



		INTERNAL ORGANS. 17 and homogeneous appearance. When the food has been thus altered, the mass is forced by a con- traction of the stomach into the duode?ium, or first part of the intestinal canal. This mass, how- ever, does not consist wholly of nutritive parts, ov such as are fit for the formation of blood j and an- other operation is necessary in order to separate them from such as are useless: this seems to be effected by the bile and pancreatic juice. There is a peculiarity, however, in the sto- mach and intestines of the horse, which it is pro- per here to describe. The stomach of the horse is small in proportion to his general bulk, and has nearly half of it's inner surface covered with a strong insensible membrane of a white colour. This is the part to which botts* are generally at- tached, which explains why these worms so often. exist in the stomach without doing any mischief. This insensible membrane is supposed also to ena- ble the stomach to press upon the solid food it may contain, and assist the gastric juice in reduc- ing it to a soft mass: but digestion is far from being perfect in the stomach of the horse, and appeals to be completed in the large intestines, * This opinion has been proved by the experiments of Mr. Astley Cooper, lecturer oft anatomy ami surgery, ami assistant surgeon of St. Thomas's hospital.



			Plate, 17.

		REPRESENTATION QF THE HOOF PREPARED FOR THE SHOE. «-B. The subjects from which llates 16 & 17, were taken, were considered as good Feet; hut a perfect Foot is rarefy met with .