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V	RRIERTIMPROF^y Or, A Compuat T "R E A T I S E UPON THE Art of Farriery. Wherein is fully explain'd, The Nature, Structure, and Mecha- nism of that Noble and Uleful Creature, A HORSE, The fDifeafes and Accidents he is liable to, and Methods of Cure. Set down in as clear and intelligible a Manner as the Subject will admit of. THE Use and Abuse of the SCIENCE difcover'd; where- by any Gentleman may be able to judge for himfelf, whether ^nr no he is impos'd upon by ignorant Grooms, and other preten- ders to this Art. Together with Many NecefTary and Ufeful Obfervations and Remarks con* cerning the Choice and Management of HO RS ES. LIKEWISE Ar. Account of Drugs and Mix'd Medicine s ufed in Farriery ; with fomc Remarks upon their Genuine-net's and Adulteration ; and their leveral Prices, fet down alphabetically at the End of the Work. By HENRT BRACKEN, M. D. Author of the Notes on BURDON.


				The Second Editio

			�----------■��------Vbi Eqms mercattlur, cptrtos* Infpicittnt: ne ft fades (utfape) decora tMoli fdta T'cdc eft, Empwem ind- rat hianttm $$ft»dpulchra Clone's, brcue tftod Caput, ardua Ctrvix. Hor.

		LONDON: «rinted for J. Clarke at the Golden-Ball, Duck-Lane ; and J- Shuckburgh at the Sun near the hner-Teiupk-Gate, Flm-Street. 1739.

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		(iii)

	T O Sir NatBamelCurzoi BARONET.

T is with the greatefl Pleafure and jjl Satisfa&ion that I have an Oppor- tunity of publifhing the following Pages under your Patronage and Protection. N o one can be ignorant how ready you are, upon all Occafions, to promote any Thing which aims at the Publick ^ood. And if thefe _my _Labours _prove _of _Ufe _oroeneht.to Mankind, in informing them how to cure -ne Uiftafts which infefi that ufeful Creature a "one, I muft confefs the Acknowledgment chiefly Que to you, who firfl engaged me to treat more fully upon this Subjeft than I had formerly done in my iNOtes upon Captain Burden's Pocket Farrier. A z- You

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	DEDICATION.

You are fenfible, no doubt, of the great LofTe' daily Curtain'd for want of better Helps in the Far- rier's Province. And I need not tell you, that thefe are generally a very ignorant Set of Men, whofe Arguments are weak and inconclufive. Whatever Succefs this new Attempt may meet with, 1 could not forbear making an Offer of it to you, as a Regard due to your publick Merit. Your Deportment in every Station muft be truly acknowledged that of a Gentleman, and in all Re- fpefts becoming a faithful Reprefentative of your Country ; for in that Capacity you have indeed me- rited the Efteem of all who are defurjus of the pub- lick Safety. And it will appear to the World, when- ever there lhall be Occafion for your farther Affift- ance, that no one can be more ready to maintain our ancient Rights and Liberties. This we may the more reafonably expect from you,' as you are not only poffefs'd of Qualifications iuited to the nobleft Actions, but alfo favoured by the Almighty with fuch a plentiful Fortune, that has plac'd you far above the Reach of Bribery and Corruption, and that Meannefs of Spirit fo remark- ably apparent in the cringing Sycophant. I cannot otherwife exprefs my Gratitude for your kind Recommendation of this Work, than by teftifying, in the molt publick Manner, how much I am, ■SIR, Your mcji devoted and moft obliged Lancafter, Humble Servant, June 12, 1737.

		Henry Bracken,

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			t v ]

		THE

	PREFACE.

\|f\|\|\|\|p3Ssflll provement of ufejul Arts, is a " Debt that every capable Per/on owes to the Publick, all Civil Societies having a Right to the Property of private Pcrfons for the common Good. I muft fub?nit the following Pages to the Cenfure of the World, but I beg to be judged by capable Judges ; for it is not every Pretender to Medicine (of hmv great Repute foever) that is a competent Judge of fame demonjlrated Truths. 1 do not fay that the Praftice of Phyfick ever will be, much lefs that it novo is, the ObjeH of mathema- tical Certainty; But this I dare ajfert, that what *Im-*

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			The PREFACE.

		Improvements there have been, or are likely to he made in the Theory of Medicine, are all under the Conduft of Arithmetick and Geometry. A human Body is a curious Machine, and fo is that of every Creature through the whole Creation ; for the component and conjiituent Parts of a Horfe are fubjeSl to the fame Laws of Motion as that of a human Body, and both the/e to the fame Laws by which the infinitely ivife God governs the Uni- verfe: For both Man and Beafi are compofed of Solids and Fluids, which are governed by the Laws of Gravitation, Impulfe, and Reaclion ; and what Changes are brought about in the Animal Oeconomy, by the Motion of Matter, under the Conduil of thefe Laws, can no way be ejiimated fo well as from the Mathematicks. Let us not wonder, then, to fee a Phvfician take Pen in Hand, iu order to write down a Difcourfe upon the Diflempers in Horfes, feeing as I have faid before) the Property of Body is alike in human and brute Creatures: And, befides, there is full as much Learning required to treat tolerably upon this Subjecl, as there is in compiling any other phyfical Treatife ; which Truth I could plainly make appear, from fe- veral Circumjiances, but that my Time at prefent forbids it. Therefore, I fay let not my Brethren murmur and complain at me, as if I were debafing the Profejfion, feeing it is certainly Fail, that he who cannot write fenfibly about the Diflempers in brute Creatures, is not fitly qualified to prefcribe for Man, by reafon "'tis plain he has not ftudicd Nature thoroughly. It is a received Maxim, that Medicine Jhould be- vin where Philofophy ends ; and it is undoubtedly an effential Qualification in a Vhxfician to be a good Philofopher: But all the Philofophy that has yet ap- peared in the World, is no better than trifling Ro- mance, except what las been writ by the glorious. Sin

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		The PREFACE. Sir Ifaac Newton, ivho was an Honour to the Britifn Nation. This wonderfully Jurprizing Genius made fuch Difcoveries, by the Help of geometrical Reafonings on Matters of Faff, as muft be an eternal Monument of Honour to his Memory ; and if People would only gi've themfel'ves Liberty to think, and not be carried away by outivard Appearances, I queflion not but in ajhort Time wejhould difcover fomething as remark- able in our Little World, as that illuftrious Author has done in the Great. I have purpofely omitted a feparate and diftinB. Difcourfe upon the Anatomy of a Horfe, that being done to my Hand fo well by Mr. Snape, and Mr. Gib- fon ; therefore I have only taken Occafion now and then to fpeak fomething of Comparative Anatomy, 'when I am treating of the Difeafes of the Liver, Lungs, &c. which will eafily lead any judicious Reader (as near as pofjible) into what vie term the ^Etiology of Dijiempers. I muft likewife inform the Reader, that I had the Offer of numberlefs Receipts (as they are ternid) f^rom feveral Gentlemen, that I might infert them in this Book ; but I have not in the leaf made ufe of any of them, feeing he who has his Head full of Receipts, has his Head full of Nonfenfe, by reafon there is not any fuch Thing as praclifing by Re- ceipts, and a Number of them only ferve to perplex and confound the Reader ; therefore I have not err'd in this Particular, althd' I hope I have fet down 'what is neceffary for the Cure of each Diftemper in Horfes. As to any farther Particulars, I muft refer to *be following Difcourfe, and Jhall only here take Notice in^ general, that as all pojfible Brevity has been fiidied on the one Hand, fo I have not omitted any Thing neceffary to be known by thofe who de- fire to lend a helping Hand in the Cure of Dif- eafes

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The PREFACE. eafes in Horfes, <which I myfelf, fometimes through Charity, fometimes through Curiofity, ha<ve often done, for the Benefit of thefe dumb, but fsrvice- able Creatures, nvhich are not beltmv the Study of the moft able Hand.

	CON.TF.N T. S,

		J

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		CONTENTS. Chap. I./~\F the Signs of Sicknefs in Horfes V J ^PaS- » Chap. II. Difcovering fome Errors in the Methods ujually taken to prevent Difeafes in Horfes, ivith an Account of the moft proper Means to prefers Health '6 Chap/. III. Contains fome general Rules to be ob- ferved in bleeding and purging Horfes I 3 Chap. IV. Of the Strangles 22 Chap. V. Of the Baftard Strangles 29 Chap. VI. Of Fevers 33 Chap. VII. Of a Symptomatic Fever 37 Chap. VIII. Of Surfeits 41 Chap. IX. Of Difeafes of the Head. And fir ft, of the Head-ach 81 Chap.X. Of the Staggers 88 Chap. XI. Of Difeafes of the Eye, with an Ac- count of its Parts 99 Chap. XII. The Theory of Vifion confedered, with fome of the Difeafes of the Eye 113 Chap. XIII. Of Difeafes of the Eye in general 120 Chap. XIV. Of Wounds or Bloivs on the Eye, and other external Accidents I 2 3 C H a p. X V. Of rheumy and inflated Eyes 131 Chap. XVI. Of Moon Eves, or Lunatic Eyes 135 Chap. XVII. Of Films, Webs, &c. caufing Dim- nefs of Sight 13 8 Chap. XVIII. Of Colds, or (what Farriers call) Mor-fou&dering � 149 Chap. XIX. Of Cheft-foundering , and broken- winded Horfes 160 Chap. XX. Of the Glanders, or Mourning of the Chine 167 Chap. XXI. Of the Strangles, Baftard Strangles, and Vitrei 1 80 Chap. XXII. Of the Anticor 192 ■ Chap. XXIII. Of Difeafes of the Stomach andGuts 195 Chap-

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		CONTENTS. Chap. XXIV. Of the Cholkk Page 200 Chap. XXV. Of the Lax, or Scouring, in Horfes ^2,3 Chap. XXVI. Of Worms, Bots, and Truncheons 221 Chap. XXVII. Of Pain in the Bowels from fud- den Accidents 233 Chap. XXVIII. Of the Yellows, or Jaundice 238 Chap. XXIX. OfDifeafes of the Reins and Blad- der i/tf Chap. XXX. Of the Bolt-Evil, and Mattering- of the Yard 257 Chap. XXXI. Of the Drcffy in Horfes 262 Chap. XXXII. Of Hide-bound Horfes 275 Chap. XXXIII. Of the Farcin in Horfes 278 Chap. XXXIV. Of the Mange, or Scab, in Horfes 286 Chap. XXXV. Of Tumours, Impofiumes, and Wounds in general 288 Chap. XXXVI, Of a Gangrene and Mortification 302 Chap. XXXVII. Of venomous Bites, as of the mad Do?, &c. in Horfes 305 Chap. XXXVIII. OfFiftulds, old Wounds, &c. 3'4 Chap. XXXIX. Of Rowelling Horjes � 320 Chap. XL. Of the Lampas, Barbs, Wolves-Teeth, Splents, Spavins, and Ring-Bones 3²² Chap. XLI. Of the Poll-Evil, Bruifes in the Wi- thers, Warbles in the Back, &c. 326 Chap. XLli. Of a Shoulder'Wrench, Shoulder- Slip, Sinemi-Sprain, &c. 335 Chap. XLIII. Of the Mallenders, Sallenders, Sec. 339 Chap. XLIV. Of the Greafe andScratches, Mules and KiVd Heels 340 Chap. XLV. Officiating, and narrow Heels 348 Chap. XLVI. Of Gravel, Nails, &C. in the Foot 35°- T H E

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			THE ART of FARRIERY IMPROVED.

		CHAP. I. Of the Signs of Sicknefs in Horfes. HAVE formerly (in my Pre- face to the Notes upon Captain Burden's Pocket Farrier ) hinted. that it is a very difficult Matter to come at the true Knowledge of _m� -_cT-._Tj�=' ^'ftempers in Horfes, and that more Wall and Judgment is required in the Cure "i tnem, than in thofe of a Human Body; becaufe ne poor Creature cannot anfwer any Queftions. therefore we mull have recourfe to the Motions of Ml rJj * ?^<ftu,^res ^bf ^his ^Body> &<■ Morifienr oUc_yfe!i, a J-rencb Author, has treated very largely -to the laft Pamculars; but his prolix manner of ntmg, as well as that of fome others of the fame fn J' � ^been ^a ^means ^t0 bewilder and con- ound molt of our common Farriers, who (I am wry to fay _lt) _are generally an ignorant Set of mV Coxcombs, whofe Difcourfe about Diftempers Wd make a knowing Perfon fick to hear it: B And

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		The Art of Farriery And were it not for beneficent Nature, whofe Power happens to be too ftrong and working for the Recovery of the lick Creature, in oppofition to the Farrier's Prefcription, I fay, was it not for this, they would moil (if not all of them) be cafhier'd Gentlemens Stables. But it is in this Sci- ence, as well as in all other Branches of Phyfic, i)i%, that a Perfon fhall have the Name of per- forming; a Cure, when Nature has been the prin- cipal, if not the only, Agent in it; and no doubt many times would (with proper Diet, Exercife, &c.) reftore Health fooner, was it not for a long Tribe of ill-contriv'd Medicines, or rather Hotch- potches, forced into a Horfe's Stomach, in fmall Spaces of Time, which obftruft her in her Opera- tions. But before I proceed to a Definition of Sick- nefs, I think proper firft to define what is meant by Health. Health then is juftly defined the Faculty of per- forming all the Actions proper, (in any Creature as well as a human Body) in the moft perfect Man- ner : And all the Effects of thefe Actions are fuch, ! as regard certain determin'd Motions, or the Change � and Alteration of what is receiv'd into the Body j ! and on the contrary. Skknefs or Difeafe, is an unufual Circulation ' of Blood, or the circular Motion of Blood aug' ' mented, or diminifhed, either throughout the whofe * Body, or fome part of it; and this is what ha' j been a generally receiv'd Axiom ever fince the Cir - culation of the Blood was known, and Mathema' ^xticks and Natural Philofophy have been introduce* into the Practice of Phyfick. Moft of our ancient Authors who have writ upoC J the Art of Farriery, hsve puzzled the World witl> ;* their Accounts of Horfes Complexions, (as the)¹ * idly term it,) and from thefe Complexions the! ^{�^Jimagine a great many Difeafes proceed. Other- again, lay the greateft Strefs upon the four Ell' 1 merits, which the Chymifts confine to tire, Ait\ ^u. Watm

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		IMPROVED. ₃ cTunT ?\^EarJ^h' ^and ^then P^roceed ^t0 g've an Ae-* to hp %; ■C⁰,^Ur,^Hum°^urs> ^which Aey will have tLv ' ^W^^fa"' ^C^ and JliMwrfoAs then l��r? ^ ^their ^'^ramenu, fuch as ff* dominant ³ i^#' ^aS ^this ^0r ^that ^Humour ^is P^re" S h ^J ³2^d ^f°^me ^of ^them> Particularly Mark- S't� M,f^ned ^fo ^far °* this Head, as'to pre- thepl ^hl ^the ^Co,our> ^of ^a ^Horfe» which of iS Tf ^haS ^the Pendant in him. � the CnTn f"??¹ ^fay ^but ^there ^is Something in �dv a°H W ^H°^rfe ^Whkh �y ^denote ^his ^bei»S wife^f ^ ^t0^^ndure ^aI1 Weathers, or other- thbk.W T^^yv^Conftitution5 B^ I am for from Marht -^there f ^f° ^much ⁱⁿ ^the ^CoI°^ as thecorZ'"IP?⁸' I ^11 therefore deviate from Brains^ ^ °^f ^thefe M^ufian Sages, (whofe Ho f_es^WC^mUCh,^m0re ^ful1 °f Humourf than molt do ) a�d° ,^Wlth ^Whkh ^the>' had >/ thing to ^^tXT^fcunded ^upon* 4^hc ther tooV ^HorfV^f ^the belt Sort, to be one nei- Dirpof It \� rl^i? ^S ^for ^if ^he ^be ^of ^the ^firfl Win_d; t_d !fh^ ^af ^d!f ,F^ar;^ierS..^CaU ^a ^Br0ken « more fo^l Jhr^fad5 ^gg¹^ Temper, he's Wind all the fonl n ^the ?^reafe> ^and Scratches, with _Greafc _e�_tBlood fuel ^Cof⁰r^antS of a flow and languid ' ^U'* Evil ',,, p^aStheFarcin' diftemper'd Eyes, Poll- fiody wLh r^Uptl°f^s ?^r ^Breakfn§^s ^out ^uP°ⁿ ^his touch\r -^feT^raI ^oth« borders, which ifoal! As TH '- ^thx,^Se^^ud °^f ^this ^Di«. � they are ca,kd T;Tet;-:^r ft!? "*"' ^The ^SixWe the Reader with^ irfv■ r * ^fludl "^0t ^trOU" »■» I think th_Pf ^a Difcourfe upon them, feeing rals. I �l ot ? ^WC? ^d ^n0t P^rofit ^much- Therefore! them _and 1 "^ ««h the bare mention of find�oc«fi 1 ^Ufe .°^f ^tHe ^Term ^as ^often ^as I Iha" ClLtb^blrtme.^ ^ ^ «* B 2 K_rft

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		4 The Art of Farriery Firft then, a particular Regard muft be had to the Symptom moil urgent, or in plainer Terms, to the moft dangerous Sign or Token of the Diftem- per ; as for Example, If a Horfe be feiz'd with a Hemorrhage, or Violent Bleeding, from a Wound or otherwise, the main Bufinefs is to flop it, and afterwards to confider of proper Medicines to remove the Caufe; in like manner, if a Horfe, or (as is moft frequent) a Colt be in the Strangles, Bleed- ing, Glyjiers, Sweating, and other Evacuations are immediately required, fetting afide all other Con- federations of Sicknefs. Secondly, if there be feveral Difeafes at one and the fame Time, regard muft be had to them jointly ; only take this along with you, viz. that the mofi dangerous Enemy is Jirjl to he encountered. Thirdly, If the Indication or Sign of a Difeafe be taken from the Blood, it is to be confidered, that all Diforders thereof depend on the circulato- ry Motion being increafed or diminifhed ; and that all the Changes in the Texture and Quality of the Blood (as alfo in it's Quantity) are attended with either a Diminution, or Increafe of the Blood's Velocity : Therefore, if the Quantity is too much B'eeding augmented, Bleeding and other Evacuations are nc- when ne- ceffary; but if its Quantity is diminifhed, then cdiaiy. Reftoratives, Reft, and nourishing Food may be required: And if this laft proceed from any En or in the Stomach, caufing Lofs of Appetite, &c. then thofe things which create Hunger and help Digef- tion are to be adminifter'd ; and if the Crajis or , Texture of the Blood be changed, (as is ufual in long continued Sicknefles) then it may be necef- fary (having due regard to other Intentions) to prefcribe fuch Things as may corredt the vitiated Mafs. _a Fourthly, when the Diftcmper proceeds from an i Increafe or Diminution of feme Secretion or Dif- charge, the Cure (for the moft part) confiits in en- larging the Secretions, which are too (paring, and restraining

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		IMPROVED. ₅ reffraining f_uch _as are too liberal; and no doubt the Weft Method to reftram any augmented Secretion, is V^lncr.^e!fiⁿg fime other. And this Praftice, if risht- BL fi^' ^WOuW ^be ^of ^the S^reateft ^Ufe ^andin Phi fcL ^/nv' as it is now a received Maxim iw-^li l^Un ^I 'P^eak ^rf »«- Augment- is a D'f t■ "' ^that ^fuch Secretion or Difcharge ed Secreei- a Q_P V^ea'^c> ^and not a Remedy ; for very often °n> what, eafe _P^rvl!°ⁿ ^aug^ment«5 Proves a Cure of fome Dif- dv a� r^'* ^brokc °^L!t> or irking in the Bo- leaft » - n" ,^C,^h,^Cafe ^a!1 imaginable Care is required, critic^ tit ^dby^ftoPPⁱ»g (or even checking) fuch Worfell, °v^argeS' ^b,inS on a Train of Evil far worie than the prefent. ber on^!T^^ble/°^r ^me ^t0 ^teach (^tbe greateftNum- by Zl ⁷- ^CaderS' ^the Ufcfulnefs of this Tbmy, Weve°ⁿT¹fl^Ii,^qui:'^es ^l0_T"g Study and Experience _;Proceed. ^&VS � ^Inllance ^or two, and then upo/hinf^' ?I ^H°^rfe ^be ^Ux> ^or ^has ^a ^S""ring <S of 'J$* ^Difcha^ proceed from a Di� Excremen- , , ' °^nly ^b>' ^a P^trefaHion of the Bind � .^m 8^IVe Medicines which Aftringe or may flow._v " ^_r^e_r^C?^ntrary exhibit fomething which charge R ^an?,^,afely promote this fo neceffary Dif- ^from an �??* L ft ^Caufe ^of ^a Loofenefs proceeds Perff>?wv wWch weZ\\-r�ti^irati61!> ^or ^that Sweating, ^t\|^on.,^ob; Wjffif"^ being ftoppef,' �g& ^-W' are mnft V-u,^ngS ^as Promote Siueat* and o Lo.fc- be obfervedl ^glWe- ^The ^like ^Method ^is to nets. tW rSntr ,°^ther ^Secreti₀ns, as in Swat, often obfeS!^att» ^°^UthandN°^fe' ^which » Fifty ■ �- ^JJlitemper is going off. «leafti'hatweS'/°A^H05^eS' ^NatUre (<* Nature the teft and f,_rP(To ^ ^fend ^b? ^thatName) is the beft Guide, ought dili , ^GuWe' ^and therefore the Farrier S»« diligently to follow her, becaufe whenevi ^B 3 fh'e.

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	the finds her felf oppreffed, rtie endeavours to diflodge the Enemy, and to that end, tries all the neareft and propereft Means: And it is furprif- ingly wonderful, what a Number of Outlets and Drains Nature has furniflied for the Prefervation ot Health, or the Recovery of it when loft; for fuch, are moft or all the Glands by which Secretion is performed Furthermore, though Nature is di- ligently and carefully to be obferved and affifted m her due Operations; yet fhe is not to be com- pelled, but muft her felf be the Beginner nay and ought to be very often the Finijher of the Work I think I have faid enough under thefe Heads, therefore I fliall proceed to a Difcovery of font* Errors in the Methods ufually taken to prevent Difeafes in Horfes, with the propereft Means W preferve Health.

		CHAP. II.

Difcowrine rome Errors in the Methods ufually tail* to prevent Difeafes in Horfes, with an Account oj the moft proper Means to prefers Health. � , v AND firft, I fay Health, in it's beft Matt Stir? A is only r'elatiJ: for it is impoffible any Ger I, relative. JL^^^ . ^ _±e _fame _Standard _or Mathema- tical Point of Health, even a Moment of Time, therefore'tis only Relative: Yet all Creatures may properly be faid to enjoy Health, when they Jleef, eat, dire/! -well, and mow withoutJam ; and a> this depends upon a regular and uniform Motion o the Blood ; and whatever contributes to that reguW and uniform Motion, muft be the Means to prefer* Health. But, on the other hand, « muft be J lowed, that the fame Means which are ufed in time of Sicknefs to reftore the Blood tojto regular _Mo lion, muft be prejudicial in a State of Healthy bj

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			IMPROVED. -7

		reafon fuch Means mull effedt a Change in the Ani- mal Oeconomy, more than neceffary. Thus Bleed- ing and Purging, may be ferviceable to prevent a Difeafe, provided a Horfe be Plethorick and full of Blood ; or if he has other Signs or Symptoms which denote fuch Evacuations ufeful: But then it muft be allowed, thefe are Difeafes actually begun, and if a Horfe has none of thefe Signs that require Evacuations, all the Effect bleeding can have upon him, is the Leffening the Quantity, which is too often the Cafe, and of pernicious Confequence, by reafon fuch Evacuation gives the Blood a different Motion from what it before had in a healthful State. Should any one pretend to infift, that thefe Eva- cuations are made in order to bring a Horfe' in- to a better and more healthful State, and thereby ftrengthen his Body, and enable him the more to refift Difeafes; I anfwer, that there is a certain State of Health which is natural and agreeable to every Horfe, and that it confifts in the before- mentioned Requifites, viz.. In a Life free from Pain or any fenjihle Imperfection. And there is not the leaft doubt (but as among Men) one Horfe ^may in Conftitution differ from another, and enjoy a more perfeft Degree of Health ; which Diffe- rence is owing to their original Conformation, Stru<W or Make. And of this Part of Know- ledge we are much more in the Dark with relation to Brute Creatures, for as much as their Com- H_orf_egplexions or Conftitutions are not difcoverable thro' Complexi- their Skins; but thefe may eafily be perceived in ons not dif a human Body, and a very juft frognojiick or coverabk Token formed with relation to their inward State g^ns, but of Health. For how common is it for us to fay >_t;_s other- of a Child or young Perfon, he or fhe is an wife in Ill-thriven or puny Creature; but as I have juft Men. now hinted, this Judgment is not fo eafily made in Brutes, for Reafons too plain to be objected againft. B 4 Uftly,

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		The Art of Farriery Laftly, all that can be expefted, from tampering . with Horfes that are in their belt State, is little or no Alteration ; more efpecially if a Horfe hae Youth and Strength to withftand the Shocks given to Nature by Phyfick ill adminiftered ; or if other- wife, it will certainly be an Alteration for the worfe, by reafon that a Horfe ( naturally of a ftrong Habit of Body) may thereby be brought into an habitual Weaknefs, and this becomes 3 Difeafe. So likewife may a weak Horfe be made much weaker (I mean a naturally weak and tender conftitutioned Horfe) by Male-Adminiftration of, or Tampering with Phyfick, which Accidents very frequently happen by fuch unskilful Management, altho' they are generally attributed to fome other Caufe, as foreign to the A Eur, as to fay, that Tenterden Steeple vms the Caufe of the Good-ivift Sands. I fancy what has led Farriers into thefe Errors, is their confufed Notion of Blood and Humours; although I rnuft ingenuoufly confefs, I never yet talked with any one of their Tribe that could dillin- guifh between a Fein and an Artery, or a Tendon ana Nerve, &c. Therefore, how can it be expe&ed, fuch illiterate (but pofitively ignorant) Coxcombs, Ihould perform any Thing extraordinary in the Cure of either inward or outward Maladies. For thefe Adepts would make us believe, that almolt all Dif eafes proceed from corrupt Blood, and therefore imagine the fame, like Pond, or Ditch-Water, which gathers Mud, or Filth at certain Times, fo that it ihould be often cleanfed. And becaufe the Blood of thefe Creatures (moil of them being ufed to Toil and hard Labour) is for the moll part of an un- pleafant AfpecT, they feldom or never take it away, but they declare him full of corrupt and bad Hu- mours, not considering that this may be the moft natural State his Blood could be in at that Time, and that the fame may be cleanfed or purified fooner than by Bleeding, although I own this praclice does no?.
Tampering with Phy- tic k bail and of ill Conle- tjuence. The Caufe cf fevetal K.rrors in the Frac- tice ol Far- r.ierE.

	A. vulgar Error a- mong Far- riers.

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		I MP ROVED. not fo well quadrate o"r fquare with the outward Senfes of moft People who judge by Appearances only. In the next place you are told that the Horfe wants Purging as well as Bleeding; for the Farriers (poor Souls) have not the leaft Notion of alterative Medicines, whereas the greateft Feats may (without any manner of difpute) be performed by fuch things in moft obftinate chronic Cafes which have puzzled even the tip-top Gentlemen of the Profeffion. There is another Thing which feems to have given Encouragement to the Praftice of adminiftring Medicines to Horfes which did not thrive well (as the Term goes,) vix. becaufe they have been ob- ferved to eat plentifully and not become fatter or in better liking, till fuch time as Evacuations have been pretty largely and plentifully made : Indeed whenever any fuch thing happens, there is then a Sign of a Difeafe proceeding from fome Obftuclions in the Mefentery or Nit (as it is called in other Creatures befides Men,) or from fome vifcid, tough, or flimy Humour or Matter lodged in the firft Paf- %es, (which are the Stomach and Guts;) this in- oeed may hinder a fufScient Quantity of Chyle (which is the white Juice of our digefted Food) from entering into the Blood : But, I don't mean fuch, therefore would be underilood only as to thofe Horfes, which on full Examination and Experience, are found to enjoy as found and perfect a State of Health.as they have ever been known of. Thefe are the Horfes which mould not be bled, purged, or have Cordial Drinks given, at fuch Times as are prefcribed in Farriers Books: For what can be more ridiculoufly abfurd, .han (as it is the common Cuftom) to bleed a whole Troop of Dragoon Horfes m a Morning, juft before they are turned to Sum- mer-Grafs ; furely they are not all in the fame Dutemper at one and the fame Time, and which requires Bleeding; and this is performed by way of preventing Difeafes.-. But let fuch, who warrant B 5 the

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		1© The Art of F a r r i e r y the Pra&ice, go on in the Blind Road of Ignorance; for I fuppofe they will be averfe to better Guides. But leaft I mould be thought too peremptory and pofitive upon this Head, or to deviate too far from the common receiv'd Rules about Bleeding, Purg- ing, &c. I fhall lay down fome few Cafes, where- in Bleeding, or other Evacuations may be made, even when there are no Indications to be taken from Sicknefs: But even thefe are difcretionary, and to be praftifed with Caution and Judgment: For Inftance, Bleeding may be of Service to young Horfes which are pretty fat, or have undergone any hard Exercife, or after a Journey in a hot Seafon; becaufe either the one or the other is apt to aug- ment and increafe the Blood's Motion in too great a Degree, which may (before it has acquired any ill Tendency) be thus remedied: But even this may not be neceffary to Horfes that are accuftomed to con- ftant Exercife, as Hunting, or the like, or thofe that travel moftly the Year about; fuch are Stage-Coach- Horfes, Poft-Horfes, &c. Secondly, a Horfe that has been much ufed to ftanding, and gets but little Exer- cife, may have a Vein opened, efpecially if there be any Reafon, to fufpecl: his Blood growing Vifcid and ftagnating for want of proper Airings; becaufe, while he is thus kept, a Difeafe may infenfibly, and by Degrees, be creeping upon him, while as yet no certain Indication can be taken from outward Signs. Thirdly, it may be proper to bleed, pro- vided a Horfe has had the Misfortune to tumble into a Pit of Water or deep Ditch, and the more fo, if he has continued there any confiderable Time; for although he does not fhew immediate Signs of Sicknefs, yet fuch Accidents are ?, fufHcient War- jantry for Bleeding and Cordial Remedies; by rea- fon the Aftriftion or Shutting up of the Pores, oc- Cafioned by the Coldnefs and Preffure of the Water, may caufe either a Fever, or a violent Cough, which may very likely end in the Glanders, of fejjip other as fatal Diftemper.

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		IMPROVED. The fame Cautions mould be obferved, as to ad- mmiftring purging Medicines to a Horfe, which ⁰«ght never to be done barely at a Venture, but when the Farrier, or Owner may have a ftrong Suf- picion of a latent or hidden Diftemper, which as yet is not difcernable; and this may be thought neceffary when a Horfe has eaten unwholfome ood, or drunk bad Waters, which he has not been accuftomed to; whether it proceed from Careleff- "efs, or want of better Nourifhment. I fay, in tnefe, or fuch like Cafes, Bleeding or Purging ^may be ufed by way of Prevention. And I the rather* fo far give into thefe Methods, (with refpe�t to Brute Creatures) becaufe feveral of their Difeafes ^may actually have a footing, before they can well be difcerned, and becaufe they do not im- mediately fhew us any Signs or Complaints of kicknefs. Yet, notwithftanding all I have faid, thePra&ice ^ot giving Medicines at Random is not juftifiable, by reafon it oftner proves prejudicial than any way contributing to the Horfe's Safety. And I therefore ^ttlrrn, that unneceffary Evacuations of any kind, cannot he the nuay to prevent Difeafes, but that due ceding and proper Exereife, are the only fafe Means, 2 ^nx,''l fooner bring a Horfe into good riding Order, 'ban repeated Dofes of Phyfick, 'when there is no at- t^tnSNeceffityforit. All Evacuations or Difcharges effedluated by Me- wcmes, lefTen the Quantity of the Blood, but moft immediately Blood-letting : And if this has been irequently repeated, or Blood taken away at once «n a large Quantity, the remaining part becomes languid m its Motion; Forafmuch as a leffer quantity of Spirits mull of confequence be derived or ieparated from a" lefler Quantity of Blood ; there- _f\ "f^as ^not ^Force enough to reach the Paffages ot the Skm and miUary Glands, fo as to make the proper Secretions there; and from hence it may be obferved,

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		The Art of Farriery obferved, that inftead of preventing Difeafes it becomes the Parent of many. Purging does much the fame as Bleeding, though after a different Manner, and may indeed be o( much worfe confequence to Horfes, feeing all fuch Evacuations aft more dire&ly againft Nature, even to fuch a Degree, that the whole animal Frame is put into great Hurry and Difcompofure by the Exhibition of purging Medicines; for there is a wide and very different Operation of Purges given to a Horfe from that in a human Body, which the leaft Difcernment may difcover : For Example, a Man is in an upright Pofture, which helps to for- ward fuch Difcharges; but this Creature, being in a prone and horizontal One, the Medicine, by by fuch Means, lies longer in his Stomach and Guts, and twitches and vellicates their tender Membranes in a much greater Degree; nether can you force or oblige him to drink warm Water, if he be not of himfelf inclinable thereto. The beft Method, in my Opinion, to prevent Difeafes, is, in the fifcft place, not to give a Horfe any kind of Food which may be thought umvholfome, and let them drink Rain or River Water, which is clear and not troubled. I fay thefe, along with proper Exercife, muft conduce more to the Pre- servation of Health, than all or any the differently prefcribed purging Phyfick too commonly made Ufe of without Reafon. Exercise, no doubt, is effendally neceffary for preferving Health in any kind of Animal, but more efpecially a Horfe, whofe very Nature re- quires Abundance of it, (if he has his full Feeding ;\|) for, by Exercife the Blood is not only forced thro' the fmalleil Veins and Arteries by the feveral Contractions of the Mufcles ,-� but all the little Glands and Strainers of the Body are thereby for- ced to throw out and difcharge their feveral Con- tents, which certainly muft be a great, if not the greateft Means to preferve Heath. And this Prefervation

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			IMPROVED. 13 Prefervation ought to be continued in Proportion to a Horfe's Strength and Manner of Feeding; tor one of thefe Creatures, of a delicate and ten- der Make or Conftitution, cannot bear much Ex- ercife, nor ihould fuch a Horfe's Airings be violent but gentle, and by this Management he may perform Work enough for mod Men's occafions, though I muil own he would not fuit my Tafie or Bufinefi., ^J

		CHAP. III. Contains fome general Rules to be obferwd in Bleed- ing and Purging Horfes. I Have, in the foregoing Chapter, taken notice _i °f fome Errors committed in Bleeding, and i^gmg, therefore I (hall, in this, lay down ^l0me general Rules to be obferved in thefe Ope- rations. And firft, I fay, Bleeding is the moft ready, as, Well as the moft ufeful Operation, for relieving any J-^eaturc fn Sicknefs, or Difeafed, that can poffibly ^performed: For by this the moft immediate ■Kelief is obtained, feeing that by it the fierce JEjlus ^or Heat of the Blood, together with its Velocity, is reftrained and abated ;. and not only the Heat and Velocity, but likewife its Vifcidity or Clammynefs, ^ay (in fome meafore) be deftroyed. Therefore in ail Cafes, where the Blood is too much agitated and m Motion, or where it is thick and fizey; I' 7% ^m ^thef"^e ^and ^ch like Cafes, this Operation is ot Service. But I mail lay down fome particular iJireaions which more efpecially require Bleeding, and, m doing this, I _ma]l _not tie People down to ^Pi?^rtDi ^TimeS ^or ^Seafons, or the Influences of the Planets, though indeed the old phyfical Writers put great Strefs upon the laft of thefe, notwith,- itandmg they were ignorant of natural Philoftv P^h7>

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		14 The Art of Fa rrijrv phy, a Science fo eflentially neceffary in the Cure of Difeafes either in Human or Brute Creatures. I do not deny, but in feveral Cafes the Planetary Influences upon the Fluids of the Body are exceed- ing wonderful; and thefe Operations the learned Dr. Mead has fully explained, in his Treatife de imperio Soils W Lunee: But this Gentleman's Way or fplitting Hairs is too tedious a Task for me to , - venture on at prefent; neither would the fame fin my Opinion) be either edifying or inftru�tive to the greateft Part of lhy Readers. Therefore I hope to purfue my firft Rule and Defign, which was to publilh this Book with all the Perfpicuity and Plainnefs imaginable. Bleeding to And firft, Bleeding ought to be avoided (if it can be avoided with Safety) in all Extremities of Heat or Cold, in extreme _ancj the Signs which require it are a Plethora or Hot Wea- °^verfilInefs ^of ^the Blood-Veffels, and this may be ther. difcovered by a Horfe's being purfive when he is put to any Kind of Exercife, that is if he be not aftually Aftmatick, (or Broken-winded as the Farri- er's Term goes ;) and even in this Cafe Bleeding wonderfully relieves a Horfe's Breathing, by leflen- ing the Quantity of that Fluid with which his Lungs are fo inflated and blown up. Secondly, Blood-letting is requisite and neceffary in almoft all Fevers, whether Simple or Com- < plicate, that is to fay, whether the Fever confifts in an augmented Velocity or Quicknefs of the Blood's Motion, or when the Blood is (along with this increafing Motion) vitiate or corrupt. But Care fhould be taken to form a right Judgment of the Diftemper: For, if it have its Origin from Want of Blood and Spirits, as is frequently the Cafe, after large Hemorrhages or accidental Loffes of Blood; or after long Scouring, or too plentiful Evacuations of whatfoever Kind ; or when a Horfe has for fome time been in a wafting or declining Condition; I fay, in thefe Cafes (although fome Indications or Signs may fliew Bleeding proper) yet

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		IMPROVED. i₅ yet it ought to be praftifed with the greateft Cau- tion and Circumfpeftion; and if Blood muft be taken away, it ought only to be done fparingly crl* ^very foiall Quantities. Thirdly, I would have the Farrier always re- member this General Rule, to wit, that Bleeding " ^re^/^U '" ^aU I>ⁿP°ft^humations ^or Gatherings of cor- rupt Matter in any Part of a Horfe'>s Body, and more 'Jpecially <wben fuch SiueUings are fituate upon the Elands or Kernels of the Throat, or when they en- danger Suffocation, or any other evil Accident: Bat " ^the* Farrier is confulted too late, I mean if he is °nly called when the Horfe has been ill for feveral ^ays, and that there is a Tendency to Suppuration, w coming to a Head, as it is vulgarly called; I b rⁱⁿ,^is ^cafe Bleeding is not to be ufed, becaufe y to doing we oppofe Nature, who is at this time endeavouring to throw off the Enemy another way. out m Swellings of the Legs, occafioned by the ^reafi* (as it is called,) Bleeding may be ferviceable, Socially if it be ufed in the Beginning of the th u" ⁵ ^f°^r ^by ^this ^HelP ^Rervu(f'°"> ^m ^a ^forcing e Humours to a contrary Part, is performed, ⁿa when this is effefted, then it is neceffary to P^urge the Horfe in order to carry fuch Foulnefs off ^y the moll proper Outlet : For, what fignifies ■ uling _a Rcvulfion,* unlefs you afterwards free the norie s Body of what's oppreffive and burthenfome ,? ^^tu"^ ^: ^For if the peccant Humour happens U>y bleeding) to be tranflated from the Extremities, « is ten to one but fome more noble Part is affefted � ^y ^tt' ^unlefs fpecial Care be taken to purge it off " j^h_h^e ^mf. J^u<^ious Manner. nf c vr ' ^that Bleeding is proper on Account Bleeding ot dwellings in the Le_gs, occafioned by the Greafe, proper in provided it be ufed in the Beginning, and before fwell'd ⁷ ^arc 'a⁰ ^mUch ^inflarned, by reafon this Diftem- ^he&^s- per at firft chiefly proceeds from a Stagnation or un- due Circulation of the Blood in thefe extreme Parts, where the fame lofes a great deal of its Force, by reafon

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		1,6 the Art of Farriery reafon of the Smallnefs of the Veffels, and the Diftance from the Heart. And I hope (in the Sequel of this Difcourfe) plainly to make appear, that this undue Circulation is moftly the Caufe of the Greafe, which is contrary to the Notions of former Writers, who imagined that in fuch Cafes the Blood was foil of Impurities and Corruption, as they idly term it. Bleeding Fourthly, Bleeding is requifite in any violent proper in Pains, inwardly or outwardly, or as the Phyficians violent write, Internal or External, as Wounds or Bruifes, Pains. _ancj p_aj_n _arKj Inflammation of the Lungs or Pleura, which. is the Noble and Senfible Membrane that Govers all the Cavity of the Thorax, or Chert in Horfes; or in Inflammations of the Liver, when they can be difcovered ; and I fhall do my bell to inform the Reader, how he may diftinguifti each of thefe kinds of Inflammations, when I come to treat of the Diftempers of the Breaft. Though, notwithftandmg what fome Gentlemen have writ about Pains in the Stomach, Lungs, Liver, Pan- creas or Sweat-Bread and the like, I muft own it a very difficult Task to difcover the Seat of internal Pains in Horfes. Fifthly, Bleeding is proper, in moft, if not all, Diforders of the Head ; fuch as Vertigo's, common- ly called the Staggers in Horfes; and in the firft Stage or, Beginning of Colds, by which Defludlions of Rheum are apt to fall upon the Lungs and often- times the Eyes. Several former Authors forbid Bleeding in the Difeafes of the Eyes, particularly the Sieur de Solleyfell, who no doubt has made the Remark from his having feen fome ill Effects of it in fuch Diftempers : But the Queftion is, whether this Gentleman form'd a right Judgment of particu- lar Cafes, and duly weighed and confidered all the Symptoms together I For. if a Horfe be Lean and out cf Order, that is, when the State of the Blood is very low and poor, and the Heart fcarce able to drive it round the Horfe's Body, why, then indeed

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		IMPROVED. i? it is moft likely to ftagnate or ftop in the Extre- mities and fmall Capillary or Hair-like Blood-Vef- fels ; becaufe the fucceeding Fluid is deftitute of ft^t0 ^lm^ ^0r ^c!r'^ve °^rwarc ^tne antecedent Part of the Blood : And this no doubt is true Doftrine, jmce by taking Blood away, we take away from its Force or Momentum, which in the Cafe defcribed f ^aIready too fmall, and therefore Bleeding may iometimes (as Solkyfell has obferved) occafion Difor- ~^rs ^of the Eyes, if not abfolute and total Blindnefs. �ut then in all Overfulnefs of the Veffels, from "Wflding, or from whatever Caufe, which drives tne Blood into the Extremities falter then it can be turned by the fmall Capillary Veffels, or if the State of the Blood be too vifcid or clammy, by which Means it loiters in the fmall Veffels of the ^ye-lids or Body of the Eyes, Bleeding muff then be of Service, and from the fame Theory it may be F°per in the Farcin, and other Difeafes of the laftly, the Horfe's Age mould be confider'd: _t0°^r ^a young Horfe, though he be more fubjeft wii r ^tnan ^an ^01<i hardened Stager, yet he "^u °?ner recover the Lofs of his Blood; and in will ?^mon' ^a ^Holfe in the Prime of his Years, ^w"i of all Ages withftand fuch Evacuation heft: ma X ^l°r* ^^eS^ulating ^when ^and at what Age a Horfe an/ J^a^ ^t0 ^De ^ln his Prime, it is very uncertain, of Uf ^onlv ^be ^leamed from fuch and fuch Breeds nurWv/r ^f°^r' ^tnere ^is (^t0 ^mv ^own Knowledge) as t\l p . ^fference in this Particular with relation to ₂nrU?^me- °^f ^A§^e in Horfes, as there is in Man, ration / " ^M ^lonS'lived, flout and hardy Gene- t, "° ^^comP^aratively fpeaking) amongft thefe Crea- E ^3S ^ar^ngft ^Mankind : and on the contrary, _nPr^rhej^Rp^a-^fon ^wh?^a ^H°^rfe ^is ^not ^fubJ^ea ^to ^sick-^The ^Rea- "eis and tamtmgs during the Operation of Bleeding, �ⁿ «^hX ^a* becaufe of his prone and to**/ Poftur? �■&�,� which Bleeding.

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		the Art (/Farriery which does not require fo ftrong a Syjlale or Con- traction of the Heart, in order to throw the Blood round the Body, as it would if in a perpendicular Situation. This is plain to any one who has the leaft Notion of Mechanicks; and for the fame Rea- fon a Man will lofe twice the Quantity of Blood lying upon a Bed or Couch, without being lick, than he can in an upright Pofture; which Truth was well known to our famous Sydenham, although this great and faithful Obferver was very much wanting in Mathematical and Mechanical Know- ledge, fo that he could not ftiare the real Pleafures of thofe who have a Why far a Wherefore. I ihall now proceed to fhew in what Cafes Purg- ing may be neceflary, and then give an Account of thofe Fevert in general which infeft this poor ufeful Animal. Purging, I fay then, is brought about by fuch Medicines, which by their Irritation provoke and ftimulate the Membranes of the Stomach and Guts, whereby tbitPeriftallic or vermicular Motion of the latter is quickened, fo as to fhake or throw off their Contents: But if the Dofe happens to be too large, or abounds much with Refinous Particles, which of all are moll pricking and ftimulating, or (to fpeak after the common Way) if very ftrong Phyfick be given, it not only carries off what is contained in the Stomach and Guts, but likewife caufes fuch reiterated and frequent Twitches, as derive a more than ordinary Quantity of Blood and Spirits into thofe Parts, whence is feparated and difcharged Abundance of the Serum or watery Part of the Blood, by the common Paffages. And from hence it is evident, that a Medicine may be fo contrived, as to carry off more or lefs of the Subftance of the Blood, according as the Dofe is increafed or diminiihed, or as it abounds more or lefs with purging Particles, and confequently may be ren- dered profitable or hurtful.

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		IMPROVED. 19 It is needlefs to detain the Reader with the Manner of preparing the Body for this Operation ; neither lhall I lay down Rules for rendering this or ^fnat Sort of Humour fit for Difcharge by Medicines, which have with much Induftry and more Igno- ' ^T?f^Ce> been devifed to prepare Chohr, Phlegm, Melancholy, and the like whimfical imagin'd Hu- ^m°^urs; that Sort of Pradice being now juftly ex- ploded as ridiculous and uncertain ; fince it is plain, �t all Kinds of purging Medicines differ only in -^egrees of Strength, and operate no otherwife upon different Humours, than as they ftimulate more or els, and either work no farther than the Prima: "> or firft Paffages, or elfe caufe a Difcharge rom the Parts more remote from their Scene of Achon, which principally lies in the Stomach and vjuts. And what particular Regard is to be had to , ^dlfferent Kinds of purging Medicines will, I ^Pe, be fufficiently (hewn to the Reader's Satisfac- _t\|°ⁿ ⁱⁿ the Sequel of this Treatife, when I come to �^ea' °f Diftempers which may demand Purging. y� ^tnerefore at prefent, I (hall only lay down jjj general Directions, which may be of ufe to And ^fe ^Gentlmen ^wno keep valuable Horfes. Pi 'l^' * fy' ^^urg^mg '^s necefTary in moft or all r>] i^k ^Cafo when there is a Redundancy of ~,7' ,^but eHorfe mould firft 6f all be bled to enoer his Body cool and lightfome: For, if he be purged when his Body is full, it may, (unlefs the wner Secretions are free) I mean the Difcharges by ^lne> &c.* occafion (during the Operation) a too jyat Hurry in the Motion of the Blood, or by ^v'ng or forcing off too great a Quantity of Blood, y^,f- into the Inteftines or Guts, an Inflammation _t, ^ay ^enue. And for this Reafon it is judged proper wat thofe Horfes, which are Plethorick* or full of ?^lQod, (hould only have mild and eafy working Purges g_1Ven them. SecinMj,

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		20 The Art of Fa rr'iery Purging Secondly, Purging may be allowable in DiforderS proper in ₀f the Stomach, before other Things are adminiftred, , of the Sto- ^ant^ ^'^s' be^cauf^e ^a Horfe can feldom or perhaps ne- ] mach, and ver difgorge himfelf by Vomit. ; foulnefs of Thirdly, it is proper in all Foulneffes of the Guts, ₍ the Guts. f_or driving out all vifcid and flimy Matter, and par- � ticularly when a Horfe is troubled with Worms, j provided the Purge confifls of fuch Ingredients, a* , I mall hereafter mention, when I come to treat of < this common though troublefome Reptile, which airlifts molt Horfes fooner or later. And further- j more, Purging may be neceffary in Coftivenefs, j and in feveral kinds of Diarrhea's or Loofeneffes of \| the Belly ; but thefe likewife muft confift of well i adapted Ingredients, <vix. fuch as after Purging in a . gentle and eafy Manner, conftringe and leave a < binding Quality behind them, fo as to (hut up, io -_c fome Sort, the excretory Dufts of the inteftinal \ Glands: Yet great Care muft be taken in this Mat- _� ter, left by improper Purges, the Glands mould be t fo relaxed as to bring on an Inflammation of the t Guts, by the two violent Operation of the Medicine, j Fourthly, and Lafily; I recommend Purging as t ufeful in grofs Habits, where there is any Tendency c to fwelling of the Limbs, or any other Part of the t Body; in humid and watery Difeafes ; in Diforders r of the Liver, caufing the Jaundice (or Yellows in _c Horfes ;) in Difeafes of the Eyes and Head, where t there is not any Fever, but only a Stagnation of the t Blood, in fome of the fmall Capillary or Hair-like c Veffels; for Purging, in fuch Cafes, not only t drains off Part of the fuperabundant Matter, but d alfo (by putting the Blood in a brisker Motion) v caufes a Separation of its grofler Parts; fo that it T moves with more Eafe and Freedom through all its f₍ Canals, and by this Means is brought more readily ft to the fecretory Offices, or particular Outlets, de- f_c figned by Nature to throw off the excrementitious 1 Parts of Nouriihrnent.. a] I muffi %

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		IMPROVED. zi 1 muft not, however, clofe this Chapter, with- In Bleed- p^ut acquainting the Reader, that in Bleeding and {J* ^and�^urg»ig a particular Regard muft be had to the a/⁸'"⁸' crF\ °^f ^evei7 ^Horfe; ^by ^Reafon ⁽ⁱⁿ ^the ^]aft ^Screne^th ^a'e) the Irritation, or pricking and convulfive of a Horfe �l witching, which many Kinds of Purges occafion, >, ^be .^Con- (dunno- thpir r> ■ \ i_ � ■ -.<>� i /� fidered. P. ^Ir Operation,) brings on great buknefs,* tmvulfrve Moti_ms of the Body, damp Sweats, &c. ^ too often end in Death. tha a ^r '^S ^w"k ^muc^ ^more Difficulty purged Poft ³ ' becaufe of their prone or horizontal th T/r' ^vvmch helps nothing towards forwarding t!ve ^dicine 5 therefore the Phyfick lies moftly And f ^our Hours in his Guts, before it operates, conf ft r ^tlle ^m°^ ^Part' ^tne ^PurS^es S'^ven ^t0 Horfes and w ^ Things ^as ^are °f ^a refinous Quality, viol -⁰" ^a^ ^otner> a^ ^m°ft fubjecl: to caufe are ^ ^GriP^mg^s> ^C°M Sweats, ciff.; for, as they this °P ^ ^moft'y without any Mixture to qualify thro j.°P^erty' " '^s much, fo many Horfes get attr K ^heir ^Ph>'^nck every Spring : And I rather tion th⁶ " ^t0 ^the ^StrenS^th ^of ^the ^Horfe'^s Conftitu- or l ⁿ ^t0 ^an7 g^ood Judgment in the Farriers, therc^^m°ⁿ ^KeeP^ers ^of galloping Horfes. For feral R* i"° ^^oubt> ^m ^x^^e '^eaft> but ^fb^e fame ge- <i_oes � r5 ^WU hold good in purging Horfes, as it to h^c "' ^me-^m> the Idiofyncracy of Bodies is Confider th^^¹"" (^as much as may be) ftudied amoneft !.^he ^Idio" «. 2�^CtST^,: ^And ^ knowledge of the & fc�F * _th_at H f P^erament or Difpofition of this or difficult? ^W""'k ^re'^at,on ^to bis ^Demg eaiily or Will i ^y ^Wrought upon by any Kind of Medicines, Farrier r ^ ?,^onvmced) be the greateft Guide a fome Mclll T , ^And ^this ^DifP°^fition ^ma7> ⁱⁿftruft, »' ^be ^Iearned ^from ^tj3e ^Horre'^s Con- fer f w ^Make' ^the firmnefs of his Flefh, &c.;* Tim/ J^feS ^which ^are ^kePt ^at bard Me.it a long alono ^g_k^Cther> ^and get pretty well of Exercife ficjS ^WUh ^,r> ^are [« is very well known) moft dif- ^ffltly p_urged], by Reafon they have fLwer Juices

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		22 fbe Art s/Farriert to work upon, than a grofs fat Horfe, who has lit- tle or no Exercife. I have given thefe loofe Hints about Bleeding and Purging, before I enter upon a Difcourfe of the Diftempers incident to Horfes, as the fame was ne- ceffary to be confider'd by all Farriers, and is, or ought to be, one of the Fundamentals of their Practice j I mean this, <vi«. that every Farrier fhould rightly and duly weigh each and every Symp- tom or Token of Sicknefs in a Horfe, and confider well, whether he requires Bleeding, or Purging, or both; and not, (as is too common,) ftrike his Fleams into his Neck, or tofs a Purge into his Sto- mach, bab nab at random, which may very likely go near to kill him, when performed without due Caution. But what relates to this, and other Ope- rations, both manual and other, will, I hope, be fully and clearly laid down in the Sequel of this Book, to the Farrier's Satisfaction, as well as of all Gentlemen, who admire good Horfes. And 1 jhall do my utmoft, to apply all general Rules as juftly and methodically as poflible.

			CHAP. IV. Of the Strangles. AS this is, for the moll Part, one of the firft Diftempers that young Colts are fubjeft to, I judge it proper to be firft treated of; after which, I (hall enumerate the different Kinds of Fevers, to which Horfes are liable. And Firji, I fay, the Strangles is a Swelling under the Throat between the Jaw-Bones, and feems not to differ (in any great Degree) from what we term the Quinfy in human Bodies ; though it is faid, that the Seat of the Strangles is not fo much upon the Glands as upon the Mufcles, and therefore it proceeds fooner to Impoftumation, or Gathering, (as

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		IMPROVED. 3 (as it is called); neither is it thought there is fo much Danger in the Strangles in Horfes, as in a ^mniy _m human Bodies, by reafon the Mufcles of fl-lff�°'' ^or ^Wind'Pipe, are not fo much af- mcted in the firft, as in Man: For in Horfes, the Mutcles of the Tongue feem only to be touched witn the Diftemper, and therefore it is, that the patter comes naturally to have an external Dif-* o th_P c^ave ^faid'^that y^ouns^Colts ^are ^ffioft ^fubJ^e,a ^to ^The ^Stra,v S«J/ >^tH^ngJ^esjw^and' ^as ^l remember, Monfieur Sl« com- \<?hfel{, the French Farrier, compares this Dif^fl^.' tempe_r m Colts to the Small-Pox in Children, andft^e_x^S,MU* wirh v u" ^Notke> ^that ^few ^Horfo ^are troubled nftfc c ^e,^once in their Life, unlefs the Matter th, Tv. ^3ngles ^has ^heen imperfeftly caft off, and twtL v'^ndeed) " geherally returns at fix, ten, or fervZ i f^f ^AS^e- ^This Author ^farther ob- fom!?^? ' ^the ^Mort>>fi< or offending Matter is wnet,mes caft off by the Limbs, and other Parts ef thaft ^y'_L^an ^more ^eiP^ec'ally by thofe Members « nave been any way hurt or weakened j for the Wft^Ur_ir°^r_c,^Matter ^0f ^the ^Difeafe' ^hY Trannation, ^1(>0^ft affefts the weakeft Parts. billed � ^ Author mentioned, was very meanly Horfe ^mi l^hC ^Anatomical Strufture or Make of a of all'm ^gh ^he ^W3S ^a ^Very ^diliS^ent Obferver is liable^ KM, °^f ^Accidents ^t0 ^which ^that Creature With A* ^tnerefore he had been better acquainted edifvi ^natomy> his Accounts might have been Fo/allt ^aS Y^e!I ^a? ^more inftruftive to his Readers. allviS7°"^g ^thh ^Diftemper of the Strangles be near andllfo if ^eXtWnal <&"&. ^as ^t0 i« Station, as itmoft ?^3ny ^othe>Refpefts; yet, no doubt Re LThl⁷ ^haPP^ef to Coltst it may (not without Jtft ^a? ^Afnnity to the Small-Pox: For, f.Vlr a � ^y°^Ung ^Horfa may reafonably be Joppofed equally Fluid, having not as yet been fuf- ntently comminuted, or divided by frequent Cir- culations, therefore, while they are in this imper-

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		The Art of Farriery feet State, they are rendered more liable to Dif- eafes; and when thefe happen, they fufe and melt the Blood, or purify it from its Vifcidities or groffer Parts, by fome proper Out-lets or Difcharges, which are anfwerable to thofe by which the Small-Pox are thrown Out and difcharged in human Bodies. But as the Small-Pox breaks out in little Puftules, or Bladders full of Matter all over the Skin, wherefo- cver the Veffels are fmalleft, and where the Blood is moft apt to ftagnate or ftop; yet becaufe the Blood-Veflels in Horfes are confiderably ftronger and thicker than in our Bodies, therefore thefe Im- purities cannot be fo readily difcharged in the Man- ner aforefaid, but break out in Boils and Swellings in the Neck, b?c. And I hope this Account may Tatisfy every impartial Reader, why Colts are moft fubject to the Strangles, and other Impoftumations, than thofe Horfes which are arrived at a more ma- ture State. I would be underftdod under this Head, that moft Colts (though not all) have the Strangles be- fore they arrive at fix Years of Age; yet, I will not fay but the Diftemper may be fooner or later brought on by Colds, or other Mismanagement in keeping: And I muft own, that although I have bred feveral Colts myfelf, yet not one, to my Re- membrance, ever had the Strangles; and this I at- tributed moftly to their being kept warm in Winter with good Meat, &c. And though this Theory feems to contradict what I juft now advanced, <vi&. that the Diftemper called the Strangles feems im- planted in the very Nature of Horfes, yet I ima- gine the Seeds of it do not always meet with a pro- per Nidus, fo as to propagate the Strangles, till fuch Time as the young Horfe has contracted (what we call) Colds, or, in better Englijh; till fuch Time as by the Conftipation, or fhutting up of the Pores by the Violentnefs of the Seafons, infomuch that the requifite Perfpiration is impeded, and proper Ferment produced, which brings forth the Diftem- per t

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		IMPROVED. 25 j^r mentioned. And this is not a very ill grounded �.^yP^othef_ls, if it be confidered, (as is really the ale with leveral kinds of Seeds,) how they will ^le in the Earth Scores of Years together, without Producing any fuch Thing as a Crop till fuch Time ■ ^ ,^tnc Ground be dug up and husbanded, and then fu hr ^y°^U ^Aal1 ^have ^TurneP^s> Muftard-Seed, and .1 "hke, without fowing one Grain; nay, altho' ^e lame Ground has not been turned over for a hundred Years before. And of this Faft I have _c^eei? ^an Eye-Witnefs, (fo far as my own Memory p^0lJld inform me ; and it is well known in the ielid-Country of Lancafhire,* that fo fure as any ^r(on throws up a new Ditch, fo fure he will reap ^lr»e Crop of Muftard-Seed, without ftrewing any �M ^tHe ^Ground before-hand, faid ^^ay' ⁱⁿ ^]lis ^Natural Hiftory of Plants, has _t>' ^en°ugh to convince any unprejudiced Perfon of _u"^e ^a{°re/aid Truth ; and I have dwelt the longer the " '^tilIS ^Matter> ^bY ^reafon ^of ^tlle g^reat Analogy 'eis between Plants aud Animals, with relation p _S^reat many inward as well as outward Diftem- Witr/ "^^ntJ ^tllis' '^ ^my Time would permit, I could ct>»A ^^reat R^eaf°ⁿ make appear. But I muft pro- j ^t0 my Subjeft-Matter. (or ' ^ay ^tllen' ^fo ¹"⁰⁰ⁿ ^as '' '^s P^erce'^vecl ^tnat a Colt torn ^may-^be ^a ^Horfe ^of ^riP^er ^Years) ^has the Symp- the V°^r ^S'^SnS °^f ^the ^StranS^les ^uP^on ^mm> ^and ^thatmoft ^3me ^^aS ^a Tendency between the Jaws, (as is {-j * ^Common, from the dependant Situation of the Wind p-^3nd ^that ^the ^PaffaS^es ^of ^the ^GulIet ^andt₀ _r; ~ ^pe ^are ^not endangered, the fafeft Way is b_Ur(\|^pfⁿ ^the Swelling, and bring it to fuppurate, or fofi y ^warm Cloathing, and Applications which Win ^ln.^flamcd Parts. For Example ; the fol- ^fendirf "tu^⁶¹¹¹ ^Pou^tice ^is proper to bring the of- focatio^ ^atter ^outward, and thereby prevent Suf- ^rPix* _aⁿ/^nd °^ther ^evil ^Acc'dents attending the La- and Qp ^Pharyx, or Mufcles of the Wind-Pipe

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		26 The Art of Farriery An excel- f_a\_e ₀f Leaves of Mallows, and Marjb-Mallows, lent foiil- (_eith_erg_reen _ar dry,) each ten Handfttls ; tuhite Lil-\ Strangles. ly-Root, half a Pound, Boil tlsfe 'very fnft in Water, andprefs them out fl-o-i i\ ; then take Lin-Seed, and Fenugreek-Seed, each fan? Ounces; bruife fhe?n, and boWemin tvuo Quart Voter Jhnvly, till it become ilf a mucilaginous Confidence ; after ivhich, Jlir and beat it wb tuell ixiifh the Leaves and Roots ; then add four Ounces of Ointment of Marjb-Mallowjs, and one Pound of rendered Hogs-lard; mix ivell, and keep for Ufe. This is a moft incomparable Cataplafm or Poul- tice, in feveral Cafes befides what I have mention- ed, when Nature is, as it were, defponding, and cannot throw oft the Load of Matter which caufes the Diftemper or Swelling, feeing that by its ge- nial Warmth (for it, ought to be applied pretty warm) it comforts the ftretched Fibrilla or animal Threads, which are diftended beyond their natural Tone or Dimenfions by the Influx of the offending Matter, and alfo greatly contributes to thin the Skin, by its mollifying and foftening Quality. So that thefe two principal and great Ends are anfwered by the Application of the aforefaid Poultice, <viz- bringing Relief to the diftended Fibres, and alfo . thinning the Skin and mufcular Flefh ; infomuch that the fluctuating Matter may with more Eafe be , felt by the Finger, than it otherwife would be. In fine, I cannot fay too much in Praife of this Cata- plafm, whofe Virtues are fo unparalleled by any Other I could ever contrive ; (I mean in relation to tumefied or fwelled Glands in any Part of the Body;) and I have known it ufed by my Direction, to Horfes in the Strangles, which have received great Benefit from it. The Manner of applying it is up- on s double Cloth, very thick and pretty warm, always adding a frefn Poultice as the old grows dry-

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		IMPROVE D. 27 If the Tumour breaks, the Wound may be drafted With the Ointment under the Title of the Farrier's Ointment fpread warm on Tow, or fuch like, and the Poultice over all: For you muft remember to keep this going on till all the Glands are fallen, or come to their natural State and Bignefs; otherwife, M hath happen'd, as I have often obferved, that tor want of ufing the Poultice (or fome fuch Ap- plication) the Glands have been fo indurated or har- dened, that they would not yield to any Thing but Extirpation or Cutting out, and would turn out like a boiled Turnep or Potatoe, upon giving the Skin a Crofs Incifion or Cut, and pulling them out with one's Fingers. Or, for want of this Operation, the Horfe has been big and fwelled about the Jaws during the whole Courfe of his Life. I advife to lay all fmuous or hollow Wounds or Ulcers open, as far as poflible without Danger to the Blood-Veffels, Nerves, or. Tendons, and to make the Incifion according to the Direftion or Length of the Fibres, that is, you ought not to cut a-crofs the Mufcles, or Leaders, (as they are Called by Farriers.) The Dreffings, after Incifion, mould confift of thofe Things which are of a deterfi-ve and mundify- "g Quality, fuch as are all the kinds of Turpen- tine, which I mail have occafion to fpeak of in the following Pages. Thefe incorporated well with Proper Honey, Yolks of Eggs, &c.* as I fliall defcribe Ointments Under' the Name of the black digejli<ve Ointment, forWounds. ^along with the Farrier's green Ointment; and a few Mixtures, moftly fpirituous, I believe will be fuffi- cient for moll or all Wounds, both recent and green, as well as thofe which, through bad Ma- nagement and length of Time, are grown fmuous or hollow, and therefore difficult of Cure. Of a contrary Quality to Turpentines are all kinds of 027, Hog's-lard, &c. with all the Tribe °f unBuous, oily, greafy Applications, fuch as (for the molt Part) Farriers are wont to apply to C z Wounds:

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		it The" Art of Farriery Wounds: For thefe greafy Applications are very pernicious, by reafon they occafion Fungous or proud Flefh, and likevvife foul the Bones, Tendons, $>r. where the Wounds are deep ; therefore I would ad- vife all Gentlemen to tofs fuch Compofitions out of their Stables, as detrimental. Indeed there is fome Butter ordered in my Farrier's Ointment, but the , Thing could not be made any way lower, or of an cafier kind than the black digefiboe Ointment, without it; and befides, May-Butter, when Cows are at Grafs partakes of a fine mundifying or cleanf- ing Quality, far before Hogs-Lard, or fuch like. And this I have many Times experienced to my Satisfaction. Tents are alfo pernicious in moft Cafes, for they occafion the Flefh to grow callous, or hard and horny; and this is what is meant by the Wounds growing Fiftulous ; and till this Callofity or horny Part be deilroyed by Knife, Fire, or corrofive Powders, there is no fuch Thing as healing the Wound, and on this Account it will difcharge a nafty, ftinking, fanious Matter, while the Horfe lives. Mr. Gib/on (in his Book of Farriery is very tedi- ous and prolix in treating about the Cure of the Wound, when the Matter of the Strangles runs off; ! but he might have faid as much to the Purpofe in a few Words, �vix. Keep the Horfe''s Body and efpe- \ daily his Throat, tvarm, and drefs the Wound txiiib. fome good di^efii'ue and warming Ointment, and apply a foftening Poultice thick and ivartn o~ver all, till fuch Time as the Glands or Kernels are fallen, and the Humours difpetfed: But this is not brought about but with much Care and Patience : For in all the Swellings, either in Human or Brute Creatures, none are fo tedious and difEcultof Refolution (or being diffolved) as Tumours orSwellings of the Glands, and Ti.mmrso' _th;_s by Reafon of the Coldnefs of their Nature (if I the ilands _be _u _d _t] _Expreffion >\ f_or _t>_ie Blood, &c diflblved. °>' rattier the Juices, make lo flow a Circuit in the Glands,

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		IMPROVED. Glands, in Comparifon to what it does through the other (moftly redilinear) Canals of our Bodies, that thefe Swellings, from want of Heat, (which Philofophers know confifts in Motion, are of a flow Procedure. I have faid thus much-in relation to the Strangles, *rf»ich I hope may be fufficient: For in this Chapter, as well as in the following, I mail not trouble the Reader with long Accounts of Things, which would rather puzzle and incumber his Memory, than any way tend to his Information. Therefore i now proceed to fay fomething of the /purions pr fflfe and Baftard St r angles.

			CHAP. V. Of the Baftard Strangles. MOn&eur Solkyfell, as well as our own Country- man Mr. Markham, has accounted for the ■^attard Strangles in a very odd kind of Manner. Thefe Authors imagine, that when the Matter °f the Strangles is imperfectly carried off, there remains a latent Ferment in the Blood, which in ^lts proper Time, will agitate the Humours, and J^^ufe them to fall upon the fame Place where they mould have been before call: off. And this, they ^lav» may fometimes happen five or ten Years after- ward, when a Horfe is ten or fifteen Years old. ■Indeed, at firft Sight, and to moft illiterate People, who have no other Notion of Things than as they Jiuadrate or fuit with the outward Senfes, this feems jound Reafoning ; but it is all Bombaft, nonfenfical stuff: For it is well known there is no fuch Thing as Fermentation in the Blood, nor in any other i'mid, which flows with the like Celerity ; becaufe was Celerity manifeftly hinders that Inteftine Mo- JQn, f₀ abfolutely neceflary to produce Fermenta- ^on- ^B« really, it is no eafy Matter to fix Boun- C 3 daries

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		■ The Art of Farriery daries to this Term ; for under it fome are for re- ducing almoil all that belongs to Phyfick, chiefly as it is a Term that accounts for, in the Lump, many Pkcb'nomena, and faves a great deal of Trouble, by faying fuch an ErFecl is occafioned by Fermenta- tion. However, it fo far concerns every Body to have fome juft Apprehenfion of what this Terra ought to exprefs, that I cannot be at too much Pains to explain it. Infomuch as it regards Medi- cine, and exalting or deftroying any Properties therein, we cannot have a better Idea of it, than by underftanding all which concerns the procuring a fpirituous Liquor from Corn. Firft then, in the Grain itfelf muft lie the Materials of what makes the fpirituous Part, becaufe nothing elfe (befides Water) is concerned in it. To this Purpofe there- fore, it is foaked juft fo long, in a Ciftern of Wa- ter, as is fufncient to loofen or open its natural Tex- ture ; after which, it is thrown in a -Heap, where it is fuffered to lie till, by the Motion of its more fine and volatile Parts, it begins to heat and fhoot out, as in Vegitation or Growth in Plants. But to confine thefe Parts from flying off", by too long a Continuance of fuch Ir.teit.ine Motion, it is thrown abroad thinner, and expoled more and more to the Air, till it contracts almoft a Drynefs, which is finifhed by the Kiln, and all its Parts maintain'd together, but yet in fo lax or loofe a Condition, as very eafily to open and unite with warm or hot Water : For by the Sweetnefs and Confidence of the Wort, and Lightnefs of the Grains, it is plain, that the whole Subftance of the Kernel is intimately mixed with the Liquor. After this Apparatus, to fmifh the Procefs, and raife from it a ftrong Spirit, the reft is done by Fer- mentation with Yeaft or Barm. But to explain how Fermention is mechanically effected, and how it brings forth fuch a Spirit, would take up too much Room in this Place; however, fuch Effefts are

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		IMPROVED. 3* ■ are very conceivable, if the Reader has the leaft Notion of Hydroftatkkt. , I could, under this Head, account for the diffe- rent Changes Bodies undergo under a State of Cor- ruption , which is one Species of Fermentation. But with all thefe Requifites to this inteftme Mo- tion of the Bodies, very little thereof can. take place in circulating Liquors, fuch as the Blood, ^- How much foever this Term therefore is ^made ufe of to account for feveral Appearances m Animals, it muft be from mere Ignorance, or on Purpofe to deceive. For thus far only can their Juices be capable of Fermentation, as they are re- mitted in their circulatory Motions enough to make the natural Attraaions of their Particles greater, than the Force by which they are impelled or driven forward, which cannot be but where they are almoil entirely flopped. And it is therefore in the larger Glands only that the feparated Juices may undergo ^fome Motions of this kind, fo as fometimes to be changed thereby from their natural Properties : But the Blood (while in its Circulation) cannot undergo fuch Influence, becaufe the Velocity of its ^^a»s, from the impelling Force, is too great to let them obey their Attraaions of one another. How remote from Truth then muft thofe Reafonings be which are built upon fuch a Foundation, I mean f«ch as build their Faith upon imaginary Notions of the Blood's being in a Ferment, (as the common Expreffion goes;) and how hazardous muft a Prac- tice be which flows from fuch a Theory i I have been more tedious with relation to the aforefaid Term than ordinary, becaufe it will, I hope, fave me farther Trouble in the Sequel of this Book, when I come to treat of Fevers, which (ac- cording to the common Notion) are occafioned through a Fermentation in the Blood. Therefore ¹ ^beg the Reader will excufe the Prolixity : But to return. C 4 When

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		32 The Art e/ Farriery When SwilHngs, like the Strangles, happen to old Horfes about their Jaws and among the Glands or Kernels of the Throat, it is an infallible Sign of a Crazy Conftitution, and often is a Forerunner of the Glanders, unlefs fuch Swellings are occafioned by feme violent Colds, or hard Ufage. And really the fame Difpofition may be obferved in human Eodies; for if thefe happen to be of a tender and de- licate Habit, or confumptive, the glandulous Parts are often tumefied and fwell'd, as well thefe in the Throat cali'd by Anatomifts the Parotides, as thofe in the Mefentery or Cawl; and of this Trnth I , have been many times convinced in the Courfe of my Praflice and Diffeftion of Bodies. Purging Lajily, in all Cafes where there is a grofs Habit, proper in with a Tendency to Swellings in the Limbs, or any ! grots B a- ether particular Part of the Body, Purging may be neceffary; as likewife in humid or watery Difeafes, fuch as tend towards a Dropfy of die Belly, &c. in Diforders of the Liver, caufmg the Jaundice, and in the manifold Diftempers of the Eyes, but more efpecially when they proceed from Rheum : For really, iu dry Blindnefs as it is called, I am fure it cannot be of Service; and when" I come to treat of the Difeafes of the Eye, I hope to do it in fuch a Manner as that the World will be con- vinced of the Soundnefs of my Doftrine, which does not confift in Hypothefes, and Chimerical Notions, but is founded upon the ftridteft Anato- mical Obfervation and Experience. I fay Purging is proper in the Difeafes above- mentioned, by reafon of the Revulfion or calling back the Humours from thofe Parts: It may like- wife be proper in moil Ailments of the Head, where there is not any Fever, but only a Stagna- tion or Stopping of the Circulation of the Blood in fome of the fmall Veffels. For, Purging in fuch Cafes puts the Blood into a more brisk and free Motion ; not (as fome pretend) by carrying off any offending Matter, for that is impoffible, (as ihall be

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		IMPROVED. 33 be fliewn hereafter,) but by caufing an uneafy Sen- sation, and irritating the Glands of the Guts, and thereby obliging them to throw off their Contents ^D°th good and bad. This, I fay, makes what we term Revulfion ; as alfo better fits the Glands to perform their Office of Secretion, not only in the Mefentery, or Cawl, but quite through the whole ^B°dy (if the Purge be prepared as it ought) when ^a Horfe can bear purging. And I might, under ^tJlis Head, plainly (hew, how ridiculous it is for ^ary Perfon to imagine that a Purge carries off this or that particular Humour, any more than that the flood can be freed from the moft offending Part of �t by Phlebotomy, in every or any Cafe whatfoever. "ⁿd, although I am convinced that what I am. now writing is in direct Oppofition to the common re- vived Opinion; yet I doubt not making it plain ^as the Sun at noon-Day, viz.* that Purging is only faking Revulfion in a particular Manner, and that the Good it produces flows from a different Spring wan what is commonly thought..

			CHAP. VI, Of Fevers. MOST Authors, who have treated of Fevers Of Fever, in Horfes, have defined fuch Difeafes under ^a Preternatural Heat of the Blood : And the French furrier, Solhyfell,* has in particular compared " a _<( ^Fev'er to the Ebullition or working up of Wine _t( (for they have little Malt-liquor in France,) in a c_t p^ask' where the fame being agitated, heated, di- " u^' ^an^ fe^rmented, and having no Vent, _f< breaks impetuoufly through all Obftacles, fpread- _m nag its Steams and Vapours all around ; and apr _<( pears fo muddy, that we cannot'difcern the leaft � ^^roP°fWineintheVeffel. But after thefe difor- "erly Motions, all the Impurities that were in Cj ' " the

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		IMPROVED. 35 ercife ; I fay, i_n f_uch Cafe, the Fever will be only °f the Symptomatick Kind : For in fuch Gafe the Blood is fufed or melted like Wax, and confequent- \y requires more Space in the Veffels, than when ^In its ordinary State; and likewife as it becomes ^m°re thin and fluid, its Motion increafes, which is obvious enough, by reafon all thin Liquors move With more Swiftnefs, than thofe that are thick. Add fo this, the Compreffion the Blood meets with (when ^In this State) from the Sides of the Veffels, &c. Which is in Proportion to the Degrees of Fufion or Thinners. Thefe Kinds of Fevers are regular and uniform : But when a Fever proceeds from any ill Quality in the Blood, as when it is too vifcid and ^tnick, occafioning Obftruftions in the Veffels which are fmalleft; I fay, the Blood being ob- feufted there, and meeting with fuch Oppofition, puift needs occafion great Diforders, efpecially while it flows in a greater Quantity than ordinary into any Particular Part of the Body, and while it endea- vours to find put proper Vents and Paffages for it- felf. Now in both thefe Cafes, the Glandular Di�- charges muft in a great Meafure be hurt. But in com- plicated Fevers, fome of the excretory Dufts or Pipes, °y which the Glands difcharge themfelves, may be too open, whilft others are obftrufted : And hence it ^ls> that Nsture is fo much put to it in Fevers of every Species and Denomination; for in thofe that are '"oft fimple, fhe is over-power'd by a too great Quantity 'of Blood, occafioned by a too great Rare- raft on as aforefaid, whereby it takes more Space in �^e Veffels than ufual, and moves with fo much. Rapidity, as to difcompofe the whole Body. Like- Wife in thofe Fevers proceeding from vitiated Blood, �^e is opprefs'd by violent Impulfes and irregular ■Difcharges, before the Blood, isfc. can become of luch a Texture or Make, as to render it fit to pafs equally into all Pans; and therefore, it is obferv- ^a»'c, whatever Changes the Blood undergoes in all the different Kinds of Fevers, that fo long as the C 6 Difeafe

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	36	The Art of Farriery Difeafe lafts, thefe Changes muft have a Tendency, either to an over-great Rarefaction or Thinnefs, or elfe to the over-great Thicknefs and Vifcidity of the Blood. A Fever may likewife proceed from an Inequality of the Subftance of the Blood, whereby fome Parts of it pafs more eafily than others through the fmaller Veffels. I fay, this may produce the Symptoms common to Fevers; as violent and exceffive Heat, and beating of the Arteries, csV.; and this is fo clear and evident, that it needs no Manner of Proof, fince Heat muft always be the Effect, of Motion. Some former Authors (and thofe of Note too) have taken infinite Pains, to {hew the difFerent Kinds of Fevers from rarefied or thin'd Blood, as alio thofe arifmg from the vifcid and thick : But in my humble Opinion, though I have confider'd them over and over again, they only argue to fhew their Learning : For thzJEtiology or Doftrine teaching (or rather pretending to teach) us the Knowledge of the Caufes of Diftempers, is a dark and abftrufe Doc- trine ,- and really it is no eafy Matter to (hew, how many F-ts go to an Ounce. Yet the Reafoning and Arguments of many upon the aforefaid Term, amounts not to a quarter Part of what's pretended ; nor can fuch in any Manner or Shape edify or improve our Underftanding ; fmce they only confift of unin- telligible Metaphors which rather puzzle and per- plex the Reader than otherwife. Indeed I own, that the Art of Medicine is brought at laft to very great Perfection, and many Things proved plain to a De- monftration : But I think, wkhSubm;mon, that thefe Improvements rind Difcoveries go no farther, than fhewing us the Force and Manner of Operation of Me- dicines. And in this Part of Knowledge, there is no Doubt, but Natural Philofophy has the greateft Share. I ftiall therefore fhun, as much as in me lies, all dark and abftrufe Reafonings, as well as unintelligible Terms, and fo proceed to give my Opinion upon what is called a Simple, or rather Symptomatick Fever. CHAP,

A Fever may pro- ceed irom an Inequa- lity of the Subftance of the Blood.

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.		37
			37

CHAP. VII. Of a Symptomatick Fever. I HAVE explain'd, under the Sixth Chapter, Sympto- what I mean by a Symptomatick Fever, m ^^tickthat it is _a fever proceeding from Accidents, rather _wnat:' wan any noxious Quality in the Blood itfelf: As ^or Inftance, the Gout in Human Bodies caufes a Symptomatick Fever, fo does the firft Milk in Wo- ?¹.^eJ¹'^s Breafts; and in Brute Creatures, as I have ^a'd, too violent Exercife in hot Weather,* or in Cold, ^wnen not duly managed afterwards. Secondly, this Fever may be occasioned by turning MIorfe to Grafs in very hot Weather; especially "f.the Inclofure be fmall, where there is but little ■"^lr> and where there is not any convenient Shade to cover him from the fcorching Heat of the Sun. Mr. Gib/on, in his Book of Farriery, fays, that this Fever (I mean what he calls Simple, and what I term Symptomatick) may be caufed by Bleeding a Horfe in the Heat of the Sun, in a hot Seafon, without houfmg ; and that becaufe during the Operation the Blood is put into a greater Motion than ordinary, and that this new Motion is kept up and increafed by the additional Heat of the Weather." And he farther fays, ^tnat this Doftrine may be illuftrated by the com-: mon Effafts of Fire under a Pot or Kettle, where ^l"e Heat of the Water increafes more in the lame Spaces of Time, according to the Degrees of its Motion, tho' the Fire be not increas'd." ^ow for my Part, I frankly confefs, I don't rightly th^P\v ^Mr" ^Gibf^0Ti'^s ^Meaning, .unlefs it is, that ^e Water heats more in the fame given Time when near boiling, than it did a while before ; but at bell is is _oniy _a _V�ry j_ame _an(j _unfatisfaclory Experi-

		In

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		38 The Art of Farriery External In the next Place, external Cold, which hinders Cold or tKat natural Perfpiration or infenfible Sweating fo tion'hin- beneficial to both Man and Beaft, may bring on dered, pro- this Fever: For by hindering Perfpiration, the duces a Quantity of Blood is increafed, and that too with Fever. f_ncfa _a pi_u;_l]_j _as j_s f_ar from the Hcmogene or benign Nature of it. And here it may be obferved, with refpeft to Caufes and Effefts, that the fame Caufe will pro- duce very often different Effefts, and that the fame Effeft will often proceed from difFerent Caufes. For Cold, when its Effefts are fudden and univerfal, will caufe as fudden a Change in the Blood. But when Cold is only partial or gradual, it will have a much difFerent Effeft; fuch as touching the Brain, Lungs, or feme other particular Bowel : Yet not- withstanding all this, the difFerent Effefts which we may obferve from the fame Caufe, or the fame EfFeft proceeding from feemingly oppofite Caufes, may only arife from the difFerent Degrees of Effica- cy in the Caufes themfelves. Wherefore we can- not be exaft and competent Judges thereof, efpe- cially as they are exerted in the Animal Body, which is infinitely various in its Compofition and Structure. I fhall now proceed to give an Account of the Signs of a Fever in general. The Signs The Signs of a Symptomatick and continued Fe- cf a Fever, ver are, violent Heat, and Fullnefs of the Veffels, which will appear even to the Eye ; a Beating of the Heart and Flanks much quicker than ordinary j a Drynefs in the Mouth, with Ronghnefs of the Tongue; continual Watchfulnefs and Reftleffnefs; infomuch that if a Horfe be fcized with this Fever in the Field, he will be perpetually moving from Place to Ph.ce, going of en to the Water, but (as fome Authors fay) cannot drink j tho' really I am of Opinion all Creatures will drink if feized with a Fever : And notwithstanding it was the former Prac- tice to deny much Liquids in fuch Cafe; yet the Moderns agree that Diluters are of all Things not to

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		IMPROVED. 39 to be denied, provided they confift of proper Mix- tures, �sV. Befides, when a Horfe is feized with a Fever, he will often fmell to the Ground without pafturing or feeding. Thefe I think are the moil common Signs. Now for the Cure. Having laid down the Caufes, as far as we may The Cure, ^'ell judge, and alfo the Signs of a Symptomatick Fever, it remains that I go thro' the Methods of Cure ; and herein we are to obferve, that fince there ^can be no Accidents in thefe Kinds of Fevers but ^yhat depend upon the Augmentation of the Blood's circular Motion, and while in this State the Blood js not fuppofed to be in any wife, or at leaft but uttle vitiated, thofe Things are only to be done or adminiftred, which tend to leffen the faid Motion, and bring it to a more quiet and fedate State. There- ciyfters f°^re, Bleeding is in the firft Place neceffary, after proper in _wjiich Ciyfters, compounded of a ftrong Decoftion Fevers. °f Senna, with about a Quarter of a Pound of the coarfeft Sugar diffolved in each, may be proper at °ue Intervals: for Example, once every Day to keep the Horfe's Body open. There are not many Drugs required in thefe Fe- ^Ve/^S; for, as I have faid, proper Bleeding, along Y^th the continued Ufe of Ciyfters for about fix "Y^ays, is fufficient to conquer the Difeafe, provided �e Horfe's Diet connft of proper Food, and this mould be given him fparingly ; for Nature is the °eft Guide, which (in Man as well as Brute Crea- te! ) commands, that in moft (or even all) Difor- ^ers, a ftrift Regard be had not to over-charge the Stomach; for by fuch Mifmanagement, She is fo Jar from being f.flifted, that flie is, on the contrary, "inder'd in her Efforts towards carrying off the Dif- eafe. . A Horfe in a Fever fhould have no cold Water A Horfe in S'yen him, but rather Milk ?nd Water warm, \ Fever > a little Oat-meal ftrewed upon it; and this^'^ ay indeed be given him in pretty large Quantities, _co«,} ^^, * a Djluter and Cooler of the Blood, fcfs. ter. Purging

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		4.0 the Art of Fa rriery Purging Purging Medicines by the Mouth, ought never Medicines _i0 j,_e _u\|-_ej _m p_evers . f_or _t]j_ef_e _rajf_e _nevv _an(J _ter. in Fevers, ^r^^e Commotions in the Blood in fuch Cafes, and may in all likelihood occafion an Inflammation in the Guts, by deriving or drawing a Quantity of the Febrile Matter that Way. Before the Ufe of Clyfters as aforefaid, the Far- rier fhould anoint his Hand very well with Oil or frefh Butter, and pafs it up the Horfe's Fundament, in order to bring away the harden'd Dung or Excre- ments ; and his Clyfter-Pipe fhould be long and large, that the Liquor may pafs as far as poffible in- to the Guts. I know fome Farriers who have Sy- ringes or Inftruments commonly called Squirts, which will contain at leaft three Quarts of Liquid ; and thefe, in my Opinion, are exceeding proper to injeft Clyfters : For the Guts of a Horfe are. not only large, but of a confiderable Length, from the Valve in the Colon downwards; fo that the Quan- tity injected or thrown up into the Guts, ought not to be lefs than two Quarts, forafmuch as thofe things which lie in lefs Room, are of too powerful a Na- ture to be made ufe of on thefe Occafions; I mean, that if a Clyfter was contrived in a little Quantity fo as to operate, it muft be compounded of fuch fharp ftimulating Ingredients, as perhaps might do more Harm than Good. Therefore, as I have faid, let all Clyfters in Fevers be mild in Operation, and large in Quantity. A Clyfter Take of Mallow Leaves, and Pellitory of the Wall,- jn a tever. _eacbf_our Handfuls; Annifeed, and Caraways bruifed, of each one Ounce ; boil thefe in four Quarts of Ww ter to three, then ftrain it off; and add of Gallipoly- Oil three Ounces, of coarfe Sugar four Ounces, Ca-, ryocofinum EleSuary one Ounce, mix. The Caryo- cofinum cofs about z d. Some add Leniti-vs EleSuary three Ounces,. or as the Nature of the Cafe requires, For really there h

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IMPROVED.

is not any fuch Thing as prefcribing general Rules
in Fevers, which fometimes require more, fome-
times leis of Purgatives, fuch as the Lenitive Elec-
tuary, Eleduary call'd Caryocoftinum, or fuch like,
j_° be mixed with the Clyfters: But if what I have
before prefcribed caufe the Horfe to avoid his Ex-
^f*^ents, I think it is fufficient without adding any
■I hing purgative more.

Clyfters mould be injefted pretty warm; for Ex- Clyfters
^aHiple, as warm as one can poffibly hold the Bladder ftiould be
with the Liquor unto one's Cheek ; and the Horfe's injefted
**1 kept clofe to his Fundament for fome Time, ^very ^wanu*
^a' 'he Clyfter may be retain'd as long as may be.
There are many more Forms of Clyfters prefcrib-
^> in ancient Authors, but this which I have
^et down may fuffice, and will do as much Service
^as all the reft, which are only of the like Intention.
, ,-[ think it needlefs to enumerate all the different
Kinds of Fevers, fuch as the Putrid, the Pejiileu-
^ta{, the Heftich, the Intermitting, and the like;
^leemg it would not be of Ufe to the Reader, and
°nl_y f_erve _t0 _f _n _this Trejttjfe, which I defign to

^Wnte as concife as poffible, yet with all due Regard

the Diftempers which Gentlemen can or may

orm juft jjjea'g ₀c ^nd therefore I at prefent quit

he Subject of Fevers, and proceed to difcourfe up-

What the Farriers commonly term Surfeits.

CHAP. VIII.
Of Surfeits.

A^s this is a Term frequently ufed among Far-
nets, as well as all Sorts of People, to fig-
th;�- **^e' I ^tnmk it not amifs to fay fome-
^thl"g m relation to it,

'adie^ o^Ty!'' ^k P^ri»^ciP^ally underftood all fuch Ma- _what �
im_mo ' -^'^pers as proceed from exceffive and generally
aerate Feeding, but efpecially upon unwhole- meant by

fome ⁸ ^Snrtcic-

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		The Art of Farriery fome Food j from Cold and Hard-riding, &e. where- by a Horfe forfakes his Meat, and is infefted with hard Swellings, which (if they happen to fall upon the Joints) will, in procefs of Time, occafion Lamenefs and many other Diforders. I will not fay but Farriers call fhofe Horfes for- feited which do not thrive well, or have their Coats flaring and ilickle, (as the Term is;) but the Dif- tin&ion I have made is moil bounded and intelli- gible; for really thefe ignorant Fellows call all Horfes, which have been in Ufe, furfeited (if they don't thrive well) as I have already faid. Now whatever be the original Caufe of Surfeits, that is, whether they proceed from Colds, Excefs of Feeding, or laborious Exercife, or from any Dif- poiition of the Air or Climate; it is very certain, that whatever goes under the Notion of Surfeits, is no other than that which follows the imperfeSl So- lution of a Difeafe : As when the Matter of the Dif- temper is, by Tranilation, thrown or caft off upon fome particular Part of the Body, fo as to occafion Swellings, &c. But thefe Surfeits, which proceed only from a Glut of Provender, or the like, are eafily cured, as their Caufe is the moll fimple; whereas thofe, on the other Hand, proceeding from complicated Caufes, are often the Effefts of Chro- nick Diftempers or Diftempers of long Handing : And therefore the Cure is hard and difficult, and indeed many Times fuch Horfes are incurable. But I imagine my felf better to be underftood, if I give my Thoughts concerning that kind of Sur- feit which proceeds from Over-feeding or Foul- feeding ; for, by the Knowledge thereof, all that is neceffary concerning Surfeits will be more intel- ligible, as it is this alone which, truly and proper- ly fpeaking, conflitutes a Surfeit. Firji then, we are to confider, that while the Stomach is conftantly receiving Food, and as con- ftantly tranfmitting new Supplies of Chyle or nu- tritive Juice to the Mafs of Blood, that therefore the

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		IMPROVED. 43 ^the Kood-Veffels become diftended and full, info- niuch that what is over and above fufficient for a Worfe's juft Nourifhment, cannot be carried off by t"^e proper Out-lets; that is to fay, the Canals or °^res of the Extremities are not wide enough to ^Jwit fo much grofs Matter as is feparated by the Stands ₀f [jjg Ixiteftines or Guts; and confequently ne Diftention of the Veffels will be more and more ^lncreafed: And here it may not be thought amifs ⁰ mew, as briefly as may be, how Animal Digef- ^tlQn is performed. And firft'I fay, Animal Digeftion is the Diffolution or Separation Animal Di- et the Aliments into fuch minute Parts, as are fit &ft'^lm ^ex" ^t0 enter the Laaeal or milky Veffels, and circulate P^lam«^d« ^w"h the Mafs of Blood ; or, it is the fimple Break- jⁿg of the Cohefion, or flicking together of all the «ttle Molecules or Cakes and Lumps, which com- Pofe the Subfta nces any Animal feeds upon. Now ^tlle principal Agents employ'd in this A&ion, are, J^ftt the Juices feparated by the falivary Glands ^0r Glands about the Mouth and Throat. Next 5J the Saliva may be reckoned the Juice of the "■lands in the Stomach, and the Liquors we drink, Whofe chief P roperty is to foften the Aliments, as 'hey are Fluids which eafily enter the Pores of ^moft Bodies, and by fwelling them break their moft: intimate Cohefions: And how prodigious a force fluids have when acling in fuch a Manner, may be learned from the Force that Water, with which a Rope is wetted, has to raife a Weight faften'd to, ^and fuftained at one End of it. And this Force is ^much augmented by the Impetus* or Stroke which i ^e "^eat °f the Stomach gives to the Particles of tne Fluid. Nor does this Heat promote Digeftion thus only, but likewife by rarefying the Air con- tained in the Pores of the Food, which helps to burft its Parts afunder. And therefore fuch Liquors as are moft Fluid, or whofe Particles have the leaft V iftidity or Clamminefs, are moft proper to affift the Faculty I am treating of; by Reafon fuch Li- quors

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		44 Vbe ^^rt °f Farriery quors can the more eafily infmuate themfelves into the Pores of the Aliments. And of all other Fluids Water feems the molt fit for this Ufe : For, though fome Spirituous Liquors may as eafily penetrate the Subftances we feed upon, yet they have another Property by which they hurt, rather than help Di- geftion j and that is, their Particles have a ftrong attractive Force, by which, when imbibed into the Subftance of our Food, they draw the Parts thereof nearer to one another : So that in Faft, they con- tract: and harden, inftead of fwelling and diffolving our Victuals. And it is by this Property, that they preferve from Corruption Animal and Vegetable Subftances; not but that we fometimes find they help Digeftion, as they irritate and excite the Coats of the Stomach to a ftronger Contraction; and therefore, when they are duly diluted, they may not only be ufeful but requifite. I fay, when the Food is thus prepared, its Parts are foon feparated from one another, and diffolved into a Fluid with the Liquors in the Stomach, by the continual Mo- tion of its Sides, whofe abfolute Power is demon- ftrated to be equal to the Preffure of 11708 8 Pound- weight ia a Human Body,, and in a Horfe this Force or Power of Digeftion is near double : To which, if we add the Power of the Diaphragm or Midriff, together with the Mufcles of the Abdomen or lower Belly, which likewife conduce to aflift in Digeftion, then the Sum in a Human Body will amount to 250734 Pound-weight, which has been proved to a very great Nicety by Dr. Wainivright, and others. And fince I am advanced thus far into a Difcourfe upon Digeftion, I hope it will not be unentertain- ing for me to fhew how Nutrition is performed. Nutrition Under this Term may be comprehended, Firft, all what and that paftes under Digeftion as already mentioned, how per- Secondly, the Appofition of new Parts in the room termed. ₀f ^fe _wore ₀g- ^ Action : But here is to be taken Notice, that the Parts of the Food are not diffolved into effential Parts, (as fome call them,) or

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		IMPROVED. 45 or Elements, whether Chymical, or any other, by the Affiftance of a Ferment in the Stomach ; that is to fay, by _a Separation of fome Parts of different kinds combined together, and an Union of other "arts before in Separation, as it happens in all Fer- mentation of Wine, wherein Tartarous Particles, before united with others, are feparated ; and Par- ticles of Phlegm and Oil, which were before in Se- Faratian, are brought nearer together, and form a true Spirit. But, by the Concoction which is per- formed in the Stomach, the Food is divided into in- tegral Parts, not differing from what they were be- °^re> but only in obtaining leffer Bulk ; in the fame Manner altogether a Coral is ground upon a Marble with Water, and reduced into an impalpable Pow- ^cler, whofe Parts are only fmall Pieces of Coral, and not any Principles into which Coral is refolved, as . (°y ignorant Chymifts) been foolifhly ima- gined: For the Proof of this Affertion, there needs no other Argument than, that in the Stomach and ⁱⁿteftines of the larger Fifh, which devour and di- g^eft the ieffer, the Chyle is nothing elfe but a Li- quor filled with the Fibres of the devoured Fifh, as ^may eafily be difcerned with a Microfcope ; or the mall Parts of Fibres no way differing from the ^^rger (that is indigefted Pieces of Flefh ) but in ^agnuude. The Chyle thus elaborated or Con- ^Cc«ed in the Stomach, by its alternate Contractions, '', ^tne Force of the neighbouring Mufcies, is ""own out into the Inteftines or Guts ; at its En- ^j^Ce* '^nt0 which, it is diluted with Bile or Gall, �, Pancreatic juice, (or Juice feparated for this find by the Gland called the Sweet-Bread ;) and ^ele Liquors do not undergo any Effervefcence or ^mentation with the Chyle, or with one another, tojt),^are ^^mooth'y and quietly mixed therewith, and each other, as ai-raears by many and repeated jiments. But b/ Means of the Bile or Gall. 'j.; . ,^Pancreatic Juice, the Chyle is render'd more �d: And hence it is, that the Parts of the Food, (in

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		The Art of Farriery (in fome Meafure diflblved by the Motion of the Stomach, but not fufficiently feparated from each other, through want of a due Quantity of Fluid, every one yet being in fome Meafure in Contact with each other) pafs over the Pylorus or lower Ori- fice of the Stomach into the Guts; and when thefe greater or lefs digefted Particles cannot, by reafon of their Magnitude, be {trained in any confiderable Quantity into the Latteals, they are thruft yet far- ther into the Inteftinal Tube, and therein putrefy, fince they are out of the Verge of Circulation, which commences at the La&eals: For all Things, as the Flefti of dead Creatures, Herbs, &c. which are capable of Putrefaction out of the Animal, are capable of Digeftion in it. And from hence it is, that Digeftion is much more effectually and expedi- tiously performed in the Day-Time, or when the Animal is awake, than in the Night or during Sleep: Becaufe, while awake, .every Creature breathes thicker, and the Diaphragm or Midriff and Mufcles of the Abdomen, and even of the whole Body, are more exercifed, and the Stomach oftener comprefs'd. It alfo follows, that by gentle Walking (or while any Animal exercifes in a moderate Degree,) Digef- tion is more effe&ually and expeditioufly performed, than while in Idlenefs and without Motion. And that this is the true Theory of Digeftion and Nutri- tion (I mean that it is the Motion of the Diaphragm, &c. which conduce in a great Meafure to thefe great Ends) will appear from the very Phiz or Counte- nance of a hard Student, more efpecially if he be- take himfelf to this Work foon after Eating ; for, by this his Vifage looks pale and wan, for no other Reafon than that the Mind is fo diverted, that Re' ' fpiration or Breathing is more rare or feldom, that is, we do not fetch our Breath near fo often, as even when we fleep, which is a very bad Situation fof Digeftion : Add to this the Determination of the Animal Spirits, which after eating a hearty Meal> ought to flow in greater Abundance to the Stomach*

			1

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		IMPROVED. 4? in order to affift Digeftion. For this fo very fen- fible Membrane, is touched with a pleafant Titilla. tion after Eating, which determines the Animal Spi- rits, as I have faid, towards the Stomach. But on the other Hand, when the Mind or Cogitative Soul js taken up with the Refolution of dark and pro- blematical Queftions, or the like ; I fay, this\|deter- mines the Animal Spirits towards the Brain; where- ^as Nature defigns them, for fome Time after Eat- ^lng> for the Ufe aforefaid. From hence it may be °bferved, how neceffary it is for Students to unbend tne Mind by fome kind of Mufick, or other Plea- ^,lJre of like Kind and Benefit, to forward Digeftion ; othervvife, as I have already hinted, their Vifage will be pale, fallow, and wan. . ft is alfo obfervable, that we digeft better in y inter than Summer ; becaufe in the Winter, to QJive away the Senfe of Cold, we are oftener put ^u]Jpn Exercifes and greater Activity of Body, than "\ the Summer Seafon : As likewife, becaufe the Mufcles and folid Parts are more Tenfe and Firm, nd confequently ftronger, in their Contractions and ^Attrac\ions. But as for any Ferment in the Stomach, nether it be Saliva or Serum, oufing out from the lands of the Stomach, it cannot contribute any * ning to the Digeftion of the Food, any further c ^ai? by foftening it, whereby it is capable of being j^r�^er divided. Neither do" any Liquors flow into fte Stomach to promote Digeftion ; but Digeftion, of 1 ' ^tne ^^ot'^ons °f Swallowing, Chewing, and _ar ^lt* Stomach, are the Caufe why thefe Liquors ni" ?^reired ^out> ^and that they drain into the Ste- ffi h ^°^r '^^at ^tbo"^e liquors contribute nothing Vurther than as I have mentioned) to Digeftion, is ■with if ^fr°� ^henCe'^that ^if ^Herbs ^or ^Meat ^be ^mixedSt^L ^tnf^m ⁿ ^an>' convenient Place, (as warm as the omach,) but without Motion, they will never be an \xT ^mt° ^Qhy^le- ^So ^that ^i� ^is aftonifhing that fas > � ^tCr ^fhould ^afcribe ^t0 ^the Serum of the Blood '■■' " _ls excerned or feparated by the Gland^ a Fa- culty

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		The Art of Farriery culty of changing folid Meats into Chyle ; whereas it is evident, that the Serum or thin Part of the Blood, is not a fit Menflruum or Diffolvent for the Solution of Bread, Meat, or Herbs. But this Af- fair will be better underftood from confidering, the never-to-be-forgotten, and juftly celebrated Mr. Boyle's Difcourfe upon a Machine for Digeftion, as defcribed by Rapin ; wherein, without the Help of any Ferment, but by the Affiftance only of Heat (and the Preffure of rarefied Air confined,) Bones and Flefb, with the Addition of a "fmall Portion of Water, are turned into a Jelly, where nothing is wanting to its being made real Chyle, but the rough Superficies of a Body to grind and often ihake it about. The Chyle thus made, wafhes over the Pylorus or lower Orifice of the Stomach, into the Inteftinal Tube or Gut called Duodenum, which in Horfes is j 26 or 27 Yards in Length, and wider than in Oxen : It is fomething narrower for about a Foot and an half from the Stomach, where the PorusBiliarius or Gall-Pipe, and Pancreatic T)uB or Pipe which car- ries a Juice into this Gut from the Sweat-Bread, en- ter : After this the Chyle is (by the Periftaltick or . Worm-like Motion of the Guts, and Preffure of the Diaphragm, along with the Help of the Mufcles of the Abdc7nen or lower Belly.) ftrained' through the \| narrow Orifices of the Lafteal Veins, while the \ groffer Parts continue their Motion downwards, (or rather backwards in a Horfe,) until they are quite ejected by Stool; what paries through the Lafteal VeiTels, is carried by them into the Glands of the ! Mefentery,' where they receive a fine thin Lymph from the Lympbaticks, whereby the Chyle is fo di- luted, that it paffes eaficr the reft of its Courfe: For, beyond the firft Glands, I mean the firft, in the Mefentery or Net, thefe Lymphatic!: Veflels unke in larger Canals, and thofe in iiill larger, until at hS. it arrives (that is this thin Lymph) at the Re- teptaculum Chyli or common Receptacle of the Chyle,

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		IMPROVED. Chyle, which is a kind of Bafon form'd for it, by the Union of the Lymphatick and La&eal VeiTels. ■rrom thence, in one Du6t or Pipe, it afcends the [horax or Breaft ; and fometimes dividing about the neart, it immediately unites again ; and creeping along the Gullet, it paffes in Man to the left Sub- devian Vein or Vein in the Arm-Pit; and in Horfes, into a Vein under the left Shoulder-Blade, here, by one or two Mouths it pours in its Con- ^tents, and there mixes with the Venal Blood, as it returns from all Parts of the Body. But in the fe- 5°nd Acceptation of this Term of Nutrition, where- "> «-is underftood of the Blood's nourifhing all the pfts of the Body, fuch kind of Nutrition is per- formed by a Secretory DuSi, or fmall Pipe, arifing torn the Termination or End of an Artery, which Paries a fuitable Portion of Blood to every Part to P⁶ nouriihed : So that every Point in the Body mull ^e ^a Termination of a Secretory Duft, through ^vhich a proper Part of the Blood is convey'd, in °rder to fupply that Part of the Body. And thus juch for Nutrition, and the Courfe of the Chyle, ow it remains that I fay fomething about the Cir- uiation of the Blood, and lhew how, and in what anner this fo furprizing Piece of Mechanifm is Ufelf^aniCally P^erformed' ^But ^firft ^of ^the ^B!ood in if Blood,* fome underftand not only the Fluid the Veins and Arteries, but likewife that in the jyrnpheduas, Nerves, or any other Veffels of the B? j k^ecaufe they all of them contain Parts of the _tn^00d Separated from it by Force of the Heart, and any of them by the Animal Mechanifm return to AnT-¹"' ^aftEr ^Performance ^of their deftin'd Task, tio ^lTf ^^S Acceptation it is taken in the Calcula- and^ ⁽^^Bantit.^v ^and Velocities, both in Human �re a"'⁶ ^Creatures, which, becaufe it is of the bn-f \ ^ent ^t0 underftand, I mail explain in as itfe'f ^a ^Manner ^as may be. But firft of the Heart

			D Firft,

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			IMPROVED.
			IMPROVED.


		fearch after Truth, was the grand Caufe of their dark and abftrufe Reafonings. Now, having the Number of Pulfes in any de- terminate Time, the Quantity of Blood thrown out at the left Ventricle of the Heart every Pulfe, and the Diameter of the Aorta or great Artery arifing from the Heart; I fay, thefe things being known, 't will be eafy to find with what Degree of Celerity ne Blood moves through the Aorta.* For, "the Celerity with which a Fluid runs out at any Orifice, uniformly and always running in the fame Quantity, is equal to the Velocity of a Body which defcribes a Space of the fame Length with that of a Cylinder whofe Bafis is equal to the Orifice, and whofe Magnitude 15 equal to the Quantity of Fluid that runs out in the fame time; " And this Theory might be yet farther illuftrated, but my Time, as well as Room here, will not permit me to fay much more j>o°ut this Matter. However, 1 muft not omit one ihing, becaufe moft Farriers are fo very ignorant, 'hat they hardly know the Difference between a Vein and an Artery, but call them all in general Veins, notwithstanding it is of the greateft Concern, j ^r the Cure of Difeafes, to have a perfect Know- ledge of Anatomy. I fay then, that the Sum of ^tfle Sections of the Branches of an Artery, is always greater than that of the Trunk or Body of it; and ^onfequently the Velocity of the Blood muft always Qecrcafe, as the Artery divides into more Branches, ^and is by Experience ftiewn to do fo as 5233 is to 1 J or the Blood moves 5133 Times flower in fome Y^aP'llaries or very fmall Branches of an Artery, jhan it does in the Aorta or great Artery. The ■wood is received from the Extremities of the Arte- ries into the Veins, where it ftill moves flower as it returns to the Heart again. The Arteries are to the Veins as 324 to 441, and eoiifoquently the Blood moves in the Veins above 7n6 Times flower, in Man, than it does in the D i Aorta

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		r% 'Fhe Art u/Farriery Aorta or great Artery arifing out of the left Ven-. tricle of the Heart. There is no Time when all the Blood can be faid to have once circulated : But if there were any fuch Time, the Quantity of Blood in the Body muft be nrft determined, which is very difficult to do, and not yet fully agreed upon by hardly any two Perfons. Bleeding to Bleeding to Death can never give the Eftimate of Death can- its true Quantity; becaufe no Animal can bleed not give a longer than while the great Artery or Aorta is full, niateS'the^wilich ^wil1 ^be ^lonS^er ^or ^^mter ^as the wounded Quantity of Artery is fmaller or greater, and the Aorta mult Blood in always be the nrft Veffel that empties, any Ani- Th_e moft certain Way, no doubt, is to find what ^m Proportion the Cavities of the Veffels, of which the whole Body is compofed, bear to the Thicknefs of their Coats: And this in the Veins and Arteries may be exaftly found, but in the other Veffels, we only know the Quantity of Fluid they contain, by carefully evaporating as much as poflible, which the ingenious Dr. Keil has try'd to a Nicety ; and by his Experiments it is found, that the Liquors con- tained in the Veffels of the Body are (even at the loweft Calculation) one Half of the Weight of the whole Body. And if a Calculation be made on the Proportion of the Blood in the Arteries to their Coats, in a Body weighing 160 Pounds, there will be found ioo Pounds of Blood. I mail now pro- ceed to a Defcription of that admirable Piece o( Mechanifm the Heart. The Peri- ⁿ defcribing the Heart, it may be of Ufe to pre- �cardium mife that of the Pericardium,* or Bag in which the dei'cribed. Heart is contain'd, becaufe they have fuch a neaf Relation to e?xh other. The Pericardium, fo calt'^ from -srsel, circum,' about, and Ktt.yi'io-, cor, th^eHeart, is a thin Membrane of a Conic Figure, tha' refembles a Purfe, and contains the Heart in its Ca' vity. Its Bails or Bottom-Part is pierced in fiv<j Places for the Paffage of the Veffels which enter ai"* ;COfl>^e

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		IMPROVED. 53 eome out of the Heart. It lies in the Duplicature or Doubling of the Mediaftinum, which is a double Mediaili- Membrane, formed by the Continuation of the Pleu- num de- ja or inner Lining of the Ribs, which arifes at 1'cribed. the Sternum* or Breaft-Bone, and goes ftreight down, thro' the Middle of the Thorax or Cavity of the Breaft, to the Vertebral or Bones of the Back. I fay, this Membrane (which Nature has fo wifely formed to divide the Thorax., to the End that when one Lobe of the Lungs is hurt by a Wound, the other Lobe or Part of them may officiate,) contains in its Doublings, the Heart in its Pericardium, the Vena Cava or hollow Vein, the Oefopbagus or Gullet, and the Stomachic Nerves. The Ufe of the Pericar- ' dium is to contain a fmall Quantity of a clear watery Lymph, which is feparated by fmall Glands in it,. that the Surface of the Heart may not grow dry by its continual Motion. This wonderful Engine is fituated in the Middle- of the Thorax or Cavity of the Breaft, between the two Lobes of the Lungs; it is of a Conic Figure, whofe Bails is the upper End or towards the Horfe's Head, and its Apex or Point, the lower End as we call it, which is turned a little to the left Side, that the right Auricle (or Ear of the right Ventricle) may be a little lower than the left, by which Means the refluent Blood in the Cava afcends the more eafily in Human Bodies; but in Horfes the Point of the Heart is not turned fo much to the left, by rca- fon the returning Blood brought by the Vena Cava to the Heart does not rife fo perpendicularly as in: Man. The Heart is ty'd to the Mediaftinum and Peri- The Heart cardium, both which I have defcribed, and fuftain'd- defcribed. by the great Veffels which bring and carry back the Blood. It is cover'd by a Membrane or thin Skin, which is of the fame Sort of that with which the Mufcles are cover'd. Its Bafis or Bottom-Part is al- ways furrounded with Fat. It has two Veins which open into the Cava or Hollow-Vein immediately be- D 3 fore

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		The Art of Farriery fore it empties itfelf into the Auricle; and they are accompanied by two Arteries, from the Aorta or great Artery, which run thro' all the Subftance of the Heart ; they are called the Coronary Veffels. The Arteries bring the Blood for Nutrition and Mo- tion of the Heart, and the Veins carry back what is fuperabundant. The Branches of the Veins on the right Side communicate with thofe of the left; and in like Manner do the Arteries on each Side communicate with one another; and it is the fame, tho' not every where fo evident, in all the Parts of the Body. The Heart receives a Multitude of fmall Nerves from the Eighth Pair (as they are called by Ana- tomifts;) particularly they creep in great Numbers about the Aorta and the left Ventricle. It has alfo fome Lymphaticks or Veflels which convey a thin Liquor which difcharge themfelves into the Lym- phatick Duft or Pipe. At the Bafis of the Heart there are two Auricles or little Ears, one on the right, the other on the left Side : Into the right Ear opens the Vena Cava, into the left the Vena Pulmonalis; The firft difcharges the Blood it receives from the Cava into the right Ven- tricle, and the fecond thrufts the Blood which comes from the Vena Pulmonalis into the left Ventricle. The left Auricle is lefs but thicker than the right; their Subftance is compofed of two Orders of Mufcular Fibres, which terminate in a Tendon or finewy Subftance. At the Bafis of the Heart, and at the right Ear, there is a Circle like to a Tendon where the Cava ends. Their external Surface is fmooth, their internal is unequal, full of fmall flefhy Pillars, which fend out fmall Fibres that crofs and go thwart one ano- ther, and betwixt thefe Pillars there are as many Furrows. They receive Nerves from the Branches of the Eighth Pair. They have the fame Motions as the Syjlole and Diafole of the Heart, that is to fay, they dilate and contract in the fame Manner. The

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	I M PROVED.
	I M PROVED.	55
		55

The Ufe of the Auricles is to receive the Blood, which is brought by the Ca'va and Vena Pulmonalis, and by them 'tis to be thruft forwards into the Ven- tricles of the Heart. In the Heart there are two Cavities or Ventricles, which anfwer to the two Ears, one on either Side 5 the Sides of thefe Cavities are very unequal, full of Fibres and little flefhy Produ&ions, long and round, of a different Figure and Bignefs, called Columnce or Pillars : Betwixt thefe Fibres there are feveral Fur- rows in the Sides of the Ventricles, efpecially in the left Ventricle, where they are deeper and longer. They contribute much to the clofe Contraction of the Ventricles: And becaufe the Side of the right Ventricle is much thinner than the left, therefore there is often a fmall Bundle of Flefhy Fibres, which come from the middle Partition, call'd by Anato- mifts the Septum medium, to its oppofite Side, to hinder it from dilating too much. The right Ventricle feems much wider than the The right left, which is longer and narrower than the right, Ventricle and its Sides flronger and thicker; and this, Nature defenbed. has contrived fo, becaufe it is the left Ventricle Which by Contraction throws the Blood all over the Body. Therefore it was neceflary the Sides of it fliould be much thicker and flronger than thafe of the right Ventricle. The two Ventricles are fepa- ^rated by the Septum medium, which is properly the Infi.de of the left Ventricle, fmce its Fibres are con- tinued or joined with the Fibres of the oppofite Side of the fame Ventricle. The Veffeis which enter and come out of the Its Vefels. Heart, are the Vena Ca'va, the Jrteria, and Vena "ulmonalis, and the Aorta Or Arteria magna. The right Ventricle receives the Blood from the The right 'ena Ca'va through the right Auricle or Ear, and Ventricle at the Mouth of this Ventricle there are three ?f ** Valves or Flaps made of a thin Membrane ; they f^"^'⁶" are of an Angular Figure, and called Tricufpides; their Bafes are fixed to the Mouths of the Ventricles, D 4 and

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		5^ The Art j/Farrie r y and their Points and Sides tied by fmall Fibres to the flefhy Produ&ions; fo that when the Ventricle contracts and the oppofite Sides approach one ano- ther, the Points of the Valves meet, and their Lateral Springs being relaxed, the fides are likewife made to join one another by the Blood which gets between them and the Sides of the Ventricle: The three Valves thus united form a Concave Cone, which hinders the Return of the Blood to the Auri- cle : It is from thence thruft out at the Arteria Tulmonalis, which rifes immediately out of the right Ventricle ; its Mouth is lefs than the Cava : It has three Valves cafl&iSigmoidales or Semilunares, becaufe they refemble a half Moon, or the old Greek Sigma, which was writ like a C. Their Subftance is membranous ; when they feparate, they give paffage to the Blood from the Ventricle into the Artery, but they fhut the Paflhge and are thruft together by the Blood, if it endeavours to> return. The Arteria Tulmonalis carries the Blood to the Vena Pulmonalis, which difchargeth itfelf through the left Ear into the Ventricle of the. fame Side. At the Orifice of this Ventricle there are two Valves, called Mitrales, becaufe they refemble a Mitre. They are broader than the other Valves, and are fituated, and have the fame Ufe as the fricnfpides in the right Ventricle. Defcription The Aorta or great Artery, arifes immediately °l ^the out of the left Ventricle; it has three Valves, which have the fame Ufe and Figure as the Semi- lunares in the Arteria Pulmonalis. Defcription The Heart is a compound Mufcle, and it's He r Subftance is made of Fibres, of the fame Nature as thofe of other Mufcles: There are feveral Orders of them which have different Directions, and all their Tendons are in the Bafis of the Heart. From the Aorta, juft by one of the Coronary Arteries, go out two Tendons, of which the firft pafles thro' the Pulmonary Artery (or Artery leading to the Lungs)

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		IMPROVED. Lungs) and the right Auricle; the other, partes between the two Auricles : Thefe furround the En- try both of the Aorta and left Ventricle. The Entry of the right Ventricle is alfo tendi- nous, but all the Fibres which terminate about the Pulmonary Artery, terminate flefhy. Now of the Fibres which fpring from the right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery, the Outermoft, which are by much the fineft, go in a ftraight Line to the Point of the Heart. All the others, which ^are next the Surface of the Heart, wind towards the left Hand, till they arrive at the Point, where turning underneath themfelves, and under the right Ventricle, they wind up the left Ventricle towards the right Hand to their Infertion in the Balis. Under the ftraight Fibres there pafs a few "tore almoft ftraight, from the Mouth of the right Ventricle to the Pulmonary Artery j and from the °Ppofite Side of the Artery, to the fecond Tendon °f the Aorta, there pafs others; by both which the Mouth of the Pulmonary Artery is dilated in the Contraction of the Heart. Under all thefe, fame which wind from the firft Tendon of the Aorta towards the Point, when they come to the Middle of the right Ventricle, turn up again to the Root of the Pulmonary Artery, or terminate ⁱⁿ the flefhy Pillars and Papilla;. Thefe both con- ttaft the Ventricles, and dilate the Arteries at the fame time. The Mouths of the Ventricles are likewife fur- rounded with Semicircular Fibres, which affift the halves in the Syftole or Contraction of the Heart. -B the Side of the Septum medeum (which is next the right Ventricle) fome Fibres go ftraight from the Bafis to the Apex or Point. All the Reft of the Fibres are only twifted round the Ventricle, and » thefe fome creep half way, fome more than half ^wy, and then return to the Balis by the oppofite kide ; fome again terminate in the flelhy Pillars and "^apill<? i* the Reft turn the point and feem to involve D c_; the

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		58 the Art c/Farriirv the Heart more than once in their going from, and returning to the Bafis. And from hence it appears, that a much greater Number of Fibres involve the Left Ventricle than do the Right, feeing the Blood is by the Right Ventricle thruft only through the Lungs, but by the Left through all the Parts of the Body, even to the Extremities and back again ; for it is by the force of the left Ventricle, that the Blood returns to the Heart by the Vena Ca<va Afcen- dens and Defcendens: And that the Force or Con- traction of this Ventricle might be every where ftrong, and the Texture of the Heart firmer, thefe Fibres are not all parallel, or they do not run all with the fame Obliquity ; but the inner always de- cuffate or crofs the outer, and frequently mix with one another. The Bone which is found in the Bafis of the Heart of feveral Beafts, particularly the Stag, is nothing but the Tendons of the Fibres The Fibres ^0I"^trie Heart offified ; and this Bone (as it is falfely of the called) is found in Men. The Heart, which is Heart offi- properly called a Mufcle, has two Motions, viz. tied in fe- Svftole or Contraction, and the Diaftole or Dilata- m�s ^l'^on- ^In ^the ^firft ^of ^thefe ^Motions> ^when ^the Fibres contrail:, its Sides fwell, and its Cavities or Ventricles are ftrongly prefs'd from all Parts. The Diaftole is when it ceafeth to aft ; its Fibres are lengthen'd, its Sides fall, and its Cavities become large and wide. The Force by which this Mufcle throws the Blood out of its Ventricles, or by which it con- tracts in its Syftole, has employed the Enquiries of many in vain : And even the famous Borelli, with a great deal of Geometry to his Affiftance, feems to have been far wide of Truth, in his cal- culating this Power in the Heart of a human Body. And as the Creature I am treating of has a Heart, which, in Contraction, throws out four Times as much Blood as a Man's; therefore it muft acl with four Times the Force. I fay BorcUPs Miftakes proceed moftly from his Reafonin'g upon improper Poilulates,

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		IMPROVED. 59 Poftulates, rather than the Infufficiency of the Means he made ufe of: For Dr. Keil has fince, by the fame Helps from Geometry, much more fatis- faftorily determined it. For if we have the Velo- city wherewith a Fluid flows out at any Orifice, without Refiftance from an anterior Fluid, it is eafy to determine the Force which produces that Motion. But this would at prefent take up too much Time to perform. The Hearts of any Creatures are to one another as their Weights ; and it is computed, that the Weight of (I mean the ordinary Weight) a human Heart is twelve Ounces, then its Force will be al- ^moft zzz eight Ounces : And although this Compu- tation be fomewhat more than has been formerly determined, yet it is of no great Moment, if we confider Bore Hi's, who required a Force in the Heart's Preffure = 180000 lb. Weight, to move 20 lb. of Blood : But this great Difference of his Calculation feems to arife from his not diftinguiih- Wg between the Blood at Reft and already in Mo- tion : For, the Force of the Heart is not employed m moving any Quantity of Blood at Reft, but only to continue it in Motion. Yet how this Motion ^nrft came, or was imprefs'd upon it, feems out of human Capacity to determine. However, this is ^certain, that if the Refiftance of the Blood bore always the fame Proportion to the Force of the Heart, as it does now, the Blood never could at firft °? put in Motion by the Heart; for there is a vaft ptfproportion between moving a Body at Reft, and keeping it in Motion when it has acquired it. This' is discoverable, in a very eminent Degree, in the Flux and Reflux or Flowing and Ebbing of the Sea ; for, T^he \^ez' the higheftTides are not precifely on theNew andFull J�, ^(l_e&Moons, nor the Neaps on the Quarters: But general- Tides are jy, they are the third Tides after them, and fometimes nor. precife- feter; and the Reafon is, that theWater's being put in ^lJ ^aP^on ^theMotion by the A&ion of the Luminaries, their Li- ^ °^r _oforation or fwinging in the manner of a Pendulum the* Moon. continues

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		The Art cf Farriery continues for fome Time after the Full and Change : And though the Action of the Luminaries mould ceafe, the Flux and Reflux of the Sea would, for fome Time, continue. Now, did the Blood conftantly move forwards with the Motion at firft communicated to it, and did the Coats of the Vefl'els make no Refinance, the Pofterior Blood would not be retarded or hindered by the Anterior ; or the Blood, thrown out of the Heart by the Contra&ion of the Left Ventricle, would not be retarded in its Motion by the Blood already in the Aorta or great Artery ,� and the Force of the Blood would equal the entire Force of the Mover. But, becaufe of the Refinance made by the Coats of the Arteries and Veins, and the Force which is fpent in diftending them,, the Blood is continually retarded in its Motion as it circulates, and, would, in a fhort Time, flop were not the loft Motion made up by a frefh Im- pulfe from the Heart ; and therefore the Force of the Heart, muft be equal to the Refiftances the Blood meets with in its Motion : If it were more,, the Velocity of the Blood would be continually in- creasing ; if lefs, it would continually decreafe, and at laft flop. And from hence it is evident, that if the Circulation of the Blood was once flopped, all the Force of the Heart could never fet it a moving ygairi. I fhall now proceed to (hew how, and in what Way, the Circulation of the Blood is per- formed, in a more particular Manner than I have yet done in my Defcription of the Heart, &c. To form a right Apprehenfion of the Animal (Eco- nomy, it is of the utmoft Confequence thoroughly to underftand the Circulation of the Blood ; for be^ fides what I have faid under the Titles, Blood, Syf- tole, Diaftole, and Aorta, it may be proper farther to take Notice here, and ihew what is meant by an Artery, and afterwards, what is underftood by a Vein : For really, molt Farriers are fo very igno- rant, that they are in the Daik, with relation to this

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			IMPROVED.

		this fo neceffary Piece of Knowledge, in their Prac- tice. The Ancients were not acquainted with the Circulation of the Blood, neither the Moderns, till that glorious Luminary of our Ifle firft paved the Way to it, I mean the renowned William Harvey, born at Folkfton in Kent, and bred in Caius College Cambridge, where he commenced Doftor in Pbyficki he ftudied five Years at Padua in Italy; and when he returned was made Phyfician to King Charles the Firft. I fay, this great Man, to whom we are fo much indebted for a Difcovery fo effentially ne- ceffary for us to underftand in curing Difeafes_r was a great Benefactor to the College of Phyficians in London, and died in the Year 1657, aged 80 Years. He was never married, but rather immortalized his Name by his Books die Circulations Sanguinis, de Generatione, cif de Ovo, Sec. The Word Artery, as fome imagine, is' derived from cinp, Air, and Tt)p4«>, fer<vo, to keep; for the Ancients had a Notion of their inclofing a great deal of Air: But others, who underftand their Ufe better, derive it cbwo ts dt?�v ; becaufe it continu- ally rifes up with a Pulfe-like-Motion. There are indeed three Dufts or Pipes in the Body, to which the Name is afcribed and applied, in which the Arterial Blood does not flow as in the reft of the Arteries. And I mull fo far acknowledge my Ig- norance in this Matter, that I do not really under- ftand why thefe three Dufts fhould be called Arte- ries ;' efpecially two of them ; they are the Afpera Arteria or Wind-Pipe, the Arteria Pulmonalis, and Vena Arteriofa, which laft is a plain Contradi&ion. But indeed, all the Veffels which convey Blood: from the Heart, more properly are hereby included; and which is of that Confequence to be well ac- quainted with, as deferves a particular Defcription; For really, moll Farriers call all the Veffels in the Body, without Biftinftion, Veins, and have no Notion of what is meant by an Artery, Firft then I fay j As

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		6^ The Art ^Farriery An Artery An Artery is a Conical Canal conveying the described. Blood from the Heart to all Parts of the Body. Each Artery is compofed of three Coats, of which the firft feems to be a Thread of fine Blood-Veflels and Nerves, for nourifhing the Coats of the Ar- tery : The fecond is made up of Circular, or rather Spiral Fibres, of which there are more or fewer Strata or Coverings, according to the Bignefs of the Artery. Thefe Fibres have a ftrong Elailicity, by which they contract themfelves with fome Force, when the Power, by which they have been ftretch- ed out, ceafes; in like Manner as a Piece of Cat- Gut or Fiddle-String will do. The third and in- moft Coat is a fine, denfe, tranfparent Membrane, which keeps the Blood within its Canal, which otherwife, upon the Dilatation or ftretching out of an Artery, would eafily feparate the Spiral Fibres from one another. As the Arteries grow fmaller, thefe Coats grow thinner, and the Coats of the Veins feem only to be Continuations of the Capil- lary Arteries; and are formed much thinner, be- cau(e that Strefs or Preflure of Blood does not lie againft their Sides, as it does againft the Arteries. And it is, as in this Particular, fo through the whole Animal Machine that Nature has ihewn her admirable Mechanifm and Workmanfhip: For if the Arteries were not formed of fuch Conftrufture, how much more incident would any Animal be to dangerous Aneurifms or Over-ftretching of the Arteries! This is fo plain, that I fcarce need in- fift upon it; and I could give a Number of In- ftances, where Men, as well as Hcrfcs, have been plunged into the difficult Cafe of an Aneurifm, even by only wounding with a Lancet, or Fleam, the outermoft Coat of an Artery : For by this un- skilful Bleeding, the Coats (I mean the two found Coats) are not able to refift the Pulfation of the Ar- tery, but are forced to yield and give Way j fo that in Procefs of Time , the Tumour from Arterial Blood will become as big as one's Mead. The Cure

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		IMPROVED. 63 of which, when practicable, may be feen under the Chapter of an Aneurifm. The Pulfe is thus accounted for: When the The Pulfe Left Ventricle of the Heart contracts or draws toge- in the Ar- ther, and throws its Blood into the Aorta or great ^terie^^a?" Artery, the Blood in the Artery is not only thruft f_orforward towards the Extremities, but the Channel of the Artery is likewife dilated ; becaufe Fluids, when they are prefs'd, prefs again to all Sides, and their Preffure is always perpendicular to the Sides of the containing Veffels: But the Coats of the Arte- ry, by any fmall Impetus or Force, (as one Bowl ftriking againft another) may be diftended. There- fore, upon the Contraction of the Heart, the Blood from the Left Ventricle will nqt only prefs the Blood in the Artery forwards, but both together will diftend the Sides of the Artery. When the impetus of the Blood againft the Sides of the Arte- ry ceafes, that is, when the Left Ventricle ceafes to contract, then the Spiral Fibres of the Artery, by their natural Elafticity or Springinefs, return again to their former State, and contrail the Chan- nel i of the Artery, til! it is again dilated by the Syftole of the Heart. This Diaftole of the Artery is called its Pulfe ; and the Time the Spiral Fibres are returning to their natural State, is the Diftance between two Pulfes. This Pulfe is in all the Arte- ries of the Body at one and the fame Time; for While the Blood is thruft out of the Heart into the Artery, the Artery being full, the Blood muft move in all the Arteries at the fame Time. And becaufe the Arteries are Conical, and the Blood moves from the Baps or larger End of the Cone, to the Apex or Point j therefore the Blood muft ftrike againft the Sides of the VefTel, and confequently every Point of the Artery muft be dilated at the fame Time that the Blood is thrown out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart: And as foon as the Elafticity of the fpiral Fibres can overcome the Impetus of the Blood, the Arteries are again contracted. Thus two Caufes operating

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		6\ The Art j/Farriery operating alternately, the Heart and Fibres of the Arteries, keep the Blood in a continual Motion. The chief The chief Diftribution of the Arteries, is into the Diltribu- Aorta Afcendens and the Aorta Defcendens, from tion of the _which they are branched, like a Tree, into the Arteries. _fevml p_arts _of _the _Body_ I lhall not trouble the Reader with a particular Account of the Ramifications or Branchings out of the Arteries from the Aorta, under this Chapter; but rather choofe to give an Account of the moil confi- derable of them, as they fall in my Way, when I come to treat of the Diftempers which require Manual Operation. And I judge this as the better Method, becaufe Farriers, when they are obliged to perform any Operation, may, under fuch Heads,, at once fee what Hazard they run of wounding an Artery. Therefore I fhall now proceed to fliew the Difference between an Artery and a Vein. The Arte- The Arteries are moftly accompanied by Veins; ries and that is,, wherever a Vein is opened, you are to con- Veins ac- f₁₍j_er _an Artery,, as big as the Vein, is near at on� an"* ^HancL ^And ^aIthoug^h Nature has indeed (with her ther for the ufual (Economy) very well guarded the Arteries molt part againii the blundering Operator, by placing them thro' the deeper, or more hardly to be come at, than the 1' Veins; yet every one muft have heard what terri- ble and dangerous Confequences have befallen thofe Creatures, whether Human or Brute, who have had the Misfortune to have an Artery cut by Acci- dent, or otherwife. A Vein de- The Veins are only a Continuation, of the ex- fcribed. treme Capillary Arteries reflefted back again to- " ward the Heart; and uniting their Channels as they approach it, till at laft they all form three large Veins; <vix. the Vena ca<va defcendens or de- fending Hollow - Vein, which brings the Blood back from all the Parts above the Heart; and the Cava afcendens, which brings the Blood from all the Parts below the Heart; and the Vena Porta, which carries the Blood to the Liver. The Coats of

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		IMPROVED. % »f the Veins are the fame with thofe of the Arteries, only the Mufcular Coat is as thin in all the Veins as it is in the Capillary Arteries; the Preffure of the Blood againft the Sides of the Veins, being lefs than that againft the Sides of the Arteries. In the Veins there is not any Pulfe, becaufe the No Pulfe in Blood is thrown into them with a continued Stream, ^tn^ Veins, and likewife becaufe it moves from a narrow Chan- �eJL� nel to a wider. The Capillary Veins unite with yjhy. one another, as has been faid of the Capillary Arteries. In all the Veins which are perpendicular to the Horizon, (I mean in Horfes; for in human Bodies the Veins of the Uterus and the Porta are excepted) there are fmall Membranes or Valves: Sometimes The Valves there is only one, fometimes there are two, and defences* fometimes three, placed together like fo many half Thimbles ftuck to the Sides of the Veins, with, their Mouths towards the Heart. Thefe Valves are, in the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart,, preiled clofe to the Sides of the Veins; but if the Blood falls back it muft fill the Valves j and they being diftended Hop up the Channel, fo that little or no Blood can repafs them. And that this is the Cafe of a Horfe troubled with the Farcin, (com- monly called the Farcy) appears from the hard' knotty Tumours in the Veins, efpecially of the Legs, Thighs, &c. which lhew themfelves in this Diftemper. 'For the Blood is, in fuch Cafe, toa : vifcous or clammy, and fubjecl: confequently to a Mentor, or Slownefs in Circulation : Therefore, in fupporting its perpendicular Preffure, the Veins are more than ordinarily lb-etched, and the Valves, ftrained accordingly; infomuch, that they appear Plainly through the Skin or Hide. Let any one but confider this laft Piece of Me- chanifm, I mean of the Valves or Flaps, in the Manner as the Leathern Flaps in a Pump Box, }vhich are, as I have already faid, deijgned by Mature to fuftain the Blood in its perpendicular Preffure*

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		The Art ^Farriery Preffure, and thereby eafe the Heart; fo that its Syftole or Contraction need not be fo ftrong in order to drive the Blood round the Body, as would, without thefe Valves, have been neceffary; I fay, let any one confider even this fmalleft Piece of the Creator's Archite&ure in Brutes as well as Human Bodies, and then tell me whether we are not (as the Pfalmift fays) wonderfully formed. No lefs furprizing is God's Handy-work in creat- ing Animals in fuch Manner, as that the Blood in the Vena cava defcendens fhould not prefs upon and hinder that in the Vena cava afcendens from enter- ing the right Auricle or Ear of the Heart; and in order to take off this Hindrance, there is a fmall Protubrancejull where the afcending and defcending Trunks of the Cava join, which not only hinders the defcending Blood from preffing the afcending, but, moreover, diverts both into the Auricle. Now in this Cafe, a Valve would not have done the Bufmefs; for there would then have been fome, though lefs perpendicular, Preffure from the de- fcending upon the afcending Blood in the Cava: But by this Contrivance, the defcending Blood from the Parts above the Heart, does not in the leaft in- commode the Paffage of that below the Heart, but is fupported by the Protuberance mentioned ; in the fame Manner as a long Stone put into a Wall to fupport a Weight above it; as is common among Builders to perform, when they would have the Work projeft or jut out beyond the naked Face of the Wall, Pedeftal, &c. As I have faid in the Clofe of my Difcourfe up- on the Arteries, fo I fhall fay with relation to the Veins, <viz, that I now forbear a particular De' fcription of them ; but fhall mention the moft con- siderable Branches, as they occur to me, when 1 treat of the Diftempers incident to Horfes. Thirdly, I fhall fhew what is meant by an Ani- ajal Fibre j by reafon fuch Knowledge is abfolutely nsedfu*

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		6₇
	IMPROVED.


heedful to thofe who are concerned in the Cure of �>iitempers, whether in Human or Brute Crea- tures. A Fibre is an Animal-Thread, of which there A Fibre are different Kinds; fome are foft, flexible, and defcnbcd. ^a little elaftick; and thefe are either hollow, like fitiall Pipes, or fpongious, and full of little Cells, ^as the Nerves and flelhy Fibres: Others are more folid, flexible, and with a ftrong Elafticity or Spring, as the membranous and cartilaginous Fi- bres : And a third Sort are hard and inflexible, as the Fibres of the Bones. In fine, the whole Ani- "lal Body is nothing elfe but a Compofition of fe- deral Kinds of Fibres; and of thefe fome are very ftnfible, but others deftitute of all Manner of Senfe °r Feeling : Some fo very fmall as not to be eafily perceived; and others, on the contrary, fo big as to be plainly feen with the naked Eye: And mod °f them, when examined with a Microfcope or Magnifying Glafs, appear to be compofed of flill frnaller Fibres. Thefe Fibres fu-ft conftitute the Subftance of the Bones, Cartilages or Griftles, Ligaments, Mem- branes, Nerves, Veins, Arteries, and Mufcles. And again, by the various Texture and different Combination of fome or all of thefe Parts, the ^ore compound Organs are framed: fuch as the ■Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Legs, and Arms, the Sum °f all which makes up the Animal Body. As for that particular Property of Elafticity or "ower of Contraction, after the Diftraftile Force is ternoved, upon which the Knowledge of the ^nimal Mechanifm fo much depends, too much \|ains cannot be taken for rightly Underflanding it. And , Firfl,* it is well known that any VelTel or Mem- Jj^ne may be divided into very fmall Fibres or r hreads, and that thefe Threads may be drawn out ^to a very confiderable Length without breaking; "d that when fuch external Force is removed, they

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		68 The Art s/Faerihy they will again reftore themfelves to their proper Dimenfions. It is further alfo manifeft, that this Property is preferved to them by a convenient Moifture, becaufe if one of thefe Threads lie dried, it immediately lofes it; fo that upon, the Appli- cation of any Force to ftretch it, it will break ; as alfo will its lying foaked in Liquor too much ren- der it flaccid or flabby, and deftroy all its Power of Reftitution when diftended. Now fome Hints of that Configuration of Parts, upon which this Property depends, may be had from the Contrivance and Properties of a Syringe or Squirt, with the Reafons why it is fo difficult to- draw back the Embolus or Pifton, when the Cy- linder or Pipe in which it plays is flopped; and the Neceflity of any Liquor's following it, wherein- the Pipe is immerfed or dipt. All that is neceflary to this Contrivance is, that the Embolus be fo exactly adapted or fit to the inner Surface of the Barrel,, as to prevent any Air paffing between them when it is drawn up ; that^ it matters not what Figure the Barrel is of, fo that the Embolus is well fitted to it = and it might eafily be contrived to make a Cafe of "Syringes,, wherein- every Barrel may alfo {erve as an Embolus to its Exterior, which immediately includes it: And in this Manner, it is not at all difficult to imagine a continued Series of Particles fo put together, that I' the inner may be moved and drawn upon one ano- ther, without fufFering the Air immediately to en- ter into the Interftices or Divifions, made by their Diffraction or being ftretched: Whereupon, as foon as that Force which drew them is removedr they will, for the very fame Reafon as the Embo- lus of a Syringe, rulh up again, into their forme* Contacts. AU the Fi- I could farther illuftrate this Theory by demon' bres of a ftrating, that all the Fibres in a living Body are i» ^H�f_n^B° ^y * State of Diftraftion, that is, they are drawn otfj State of ^^nt0 ^a greater Length than they would be in, *j ©iitrajftion. feparated

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		IMPROVED. 69 Separated from any Part, and taken out of the Body; Which plainly appears upon any Solutio Continui, or dividing of the Parts by a Wound, &c. I mean where fuch Divifion is tranfverfe or a-crofs. But 'his Explanation might, perhaps, feem a little too prolix for my intended Brevity : I fliall therefore ^conclude with faying, that when the Arteries, Which (as I have fhewn) are a Compofition of Fibres, are raifed by thelmpulfe of the Blood from 'he Heart, to a certain Meafure or Pitch, wherein 'heir Endeavours of Reftitution will exceed the Impulfe that raifed or diftra&ed them, their Con- 'ra&ile Powers will draw them again into the fame Dimenfions they were in before fuch Impulfe, ?nd confequently the Blood will be thruft forward Hvto the next Seftion of the Artery, and fo on fuc- ^c«ffively from one to another through the whole Courfe of its Circulation; the Contraction of one Se&ion of an Artery being the true Caufe of the flood's Impulfe againft, and railing the next. The moft natural Confequence of this Motion Will be breaking ftill fmaller the Parts of that Fluid, Which is difpenfed to lubricate or facilitate the "Motion of the Fibres; which Communition will Continue till it is rendered fo fine as to fly off at the Surface whenever it happens to get there ; and that which thus infenfibly flies off, is the true Materia ^erft'^rabilis of Sanilorius, which that Author has San&ori- ⁰ learnedly treated upon. But, before it is fo ns's MamU . ^r°ke, and fe-ves for the Purpofes aforementioned, PerfriraWSi, I' is that which is to be underftood by the common "k*- ierrns of Animal Spirits or Oil, Liquidum Nervo- /*» Succus Nerqjofus,* the Nervous Fluid or Juice, o . .'he like ; and any Thing elfe, denominated a Jprit in _a Human Body, (that is not fubjea to Jechamcal Laws) belongs to another Order or Set ^ot Men to explain; but in my Thoughts, lies ^ite out of the Reach of that Reafon which a nyfician is compelled to take up for his fureft *i"te. And I hope to fhew in the Sequel of thisTrea- tife,

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'The Art (/Farriery

tife, that a Practice founded upon innate Principles,
occult Qualities, metaphyfical Dreams about Princi-
ples and Ends, &c. is a Practice which cannot bear
the Teft, but confifts in the Nugatory Pr odu&ions
of Reafon mifimployed. But that this was the
Cafe of moft of our Ancient Authors in Phyfick,
as well as the Science I now write upon, is too
plain to admit of the leaft Controverfy.

Fourthly, I mail fhew what is meant by a Nerve,
and then proceed to give an Account of the Diftem-
pers which affeft all or any Parts of the Body of
this fo ferviceable a Creature, which I am treating
of.

A Nerve is a long and fmall Bundle of very fine
Pipes or hollow Fibres, vvrap'd up in the Dura and
Pia Mater or the two outermoft Membranes of the
Brain.

The Pia Mater, which is an exceeding fine
thin Membrane immediately covering the Brain,
not only covers all the Nerves in common, but
alfo inclofes every Fibre in particular.

The Medullary or Marrowy Subftance of the
Brain, which was by the Latins called Medulla
Oblongata is that Part of the Brain within the
Scull upon the back Part, which is the Origin or
Beginning of the Spinal Marrow; and this Medul-
lary Subftance is the Source and Fountain of all
the Nervous Syftem in Human and Brute Creatures.
It paffes through a Hole in the hinder Part of the
Scull, down the Vertebra or Bones of the Neck
and Back, and from thence fends out Branches to
the Cheft, Abdomen or lower Belly, Limbs, &c.

The Medulla Oblongata is accounted the com-
mon Senfory or Seat of Senfation in all Animals,
and although the Ancients imagined the Soul to
have its Seat in the Stomach, by reafon of that
Bowel's being indued with fo exquifite a Senfation 5
and after them the Moderns fancied it took up i^�SRefidence in a Gland fituate upon the upper Part
of the Brain, found out by Pineu's, and therefore

term'"

A Nerve
defcribed.

The fpinal

Marrow,

what.

The fpinal
Marrow
the Seat of
Senfatinn
in all Ani-
mals.

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		IMPROVED. - 71 term'd Glandula Vinealis; tho' Snape will have it from its Shape, which is like a Pine Kernel, to be ^Ued Pineal; I fay, this Glandule was the famous ®'s Cartels imaginary Seat of the Soul; though in ty Opinion, this Author feated the fame very homely : For, this Gland in a Human Body, does ⁿot exceed the Bignefs of a Pea, and is placed in the Anus* of the Brain, and no doubt ferves for the '^aine, and no other Purpofes. ; The Medullary Subftance of the Brain is the Be- Each Fi- Swning of all the Nerves, as I have already faid ; bre of the Jd it is very probable that each Fibre of the ^^'^ Nerves, anfwers to a particular Part of the Brain ^x&to^.'* ^at one End, and to a particular Part of the Body particular ^at its other End; that, whenever an impreffion is Part of the "!ade upon fuch a Part of the Brain, the Senfitive ^Brain- k°ul may know, that fuch a Part of the Body is hefted. . The Nerves do ordinarily accompany the Arte- TheNerve* �es through the whole Body, that the Animal accompany ^P'fits may be kept warm, and moving, by the Jp S°«tinual Heat and Pulfe of them. They have alfo jjjood-Veffels as the other Parts of the Body; and hefe Veffels are not only fpread upon their Coats, J¹¹ they run alfo among their Medullary Fibres, as . ^ay be feen amongft the Fibres of the Retina, j^a fine thin Membrane at the Bottom of the Eye, I J^ediately fpread upon the Optick Nerve,) which ihall defcribe when I come to treat upon the tempers of the Eye, Therefore, at prefent, I ^^a" clofe this Defcription of the Nerves, for it °uld be tedious to the Reader to enumerate the th °^ Serves which arife immediately within j ocull; as alfo the thirty Pair which branch out _T,-^cYeen the Vertebra or Bones of the Neck and a?' "°^- f^ever> Pair of the Neck, twelve of the ^' ■ five of the Loins, and fix of the Os Sacrum _ti', ^J ^es next the Dock: The great Branches of j^'e laft, with a Branch of the fourth Pair of the ^l«s, make the Nervus Sdaticus, which (in hu- man

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		^2 The Art d/Farriehy The Seat ^man Bodies) is the Seat of the Hip-Gout or Sciati- oftheScia- ca ; and in Horfes, no doubt, there often happens ticaorHip-_a paj_n i_n the Hip, which makes the Mufcular j ^eout Flelh, on that Side, wafte and fall away. So that it is frequently miftaken for a Diflocation of the Hip-Bone. Refpira- Lafify, I ihall (as briefly as may be) ftiew what tion or Refpiration is ; for, certainly there is an abfolute Breathing Neceffity of underftanding how this is performed, defined. otherwife, aPerfon can but have very dark Notions of the Animal (Economy. And Jirft, it is obfervable, that by blowing into a Bladder, a confiderable Weight may be raifed by the Force of our Breath. For with a Bladder that is Oblong, nearly of a Cylinderical Figure, and tied at both Ends, if a Pipe be fixed at one End and a Weight at the other, and the Pipe fattened at fuch a Diftance from the Ground, as juft to allow the Weight to reft upon the Ground; the Bladder by an eafy Infpiration, will raife half a Stone Weight or feven Pounds, and by the greateft Infpiration of a pretty ftrong Man, it will raife two Stone or i8 Pounds Weight. Now the Force by which the Air enters this Pipe, (which conveys it to the Lungs,) is that fame Force by which it is driven out of the Lungs: If therefore the Force by which the Air enters the Pipe can be determined, we mall have the Force j by which the Air is drove into the AJperia Arteria or Wind-Pipe. The Preffure of the Air upon the Bladder, i⁵equal to twice the Weight it can raife ; becaufe the upper Part of the Bladder being fixed, i^�refifts the Force of the Air, juft as much as the Weight at the other End. And again, fince the Air preffes every way equally, the whole Pref' fure will be, to that Part of it which preffes upon the Orifice of the Pipe, as the whole Surface of the Bladder is to the Orifice of the Pipe ^:That is, as the Surface of a Cylinder, whofe Dia- meter;

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		IMPROVED. 73 Wieter, for Inftance, is four Inches and Axis feven, ^,s to the Orifice of the Pipe. To explain this yet farther, according to the ni- The Pref- ^Ceft Calculation, it would appear liker a Romance lureofthe tian a true Hiftory; altho' it is certain that there ^ir ,^llP°ⁿ ^as> even in human Bodies, a Preffure of Air upon ',f_c^int:?^r' l � , ,. _r i -r 1 ^nal Surface "e internal Surface of the Lungs, equal to 14412 ₀f _tIle "ound Weight; and therefore, how much more the Lungs, Air's Preffure upon a Horfe's Lungs exceeds this ^eQ^ual to Account, I leave any one to judge. And although Wu'Vt' ^l«efe feem to be prodigious Weights, yet it mull: Human '" "ill be underftood, that the Preffure upon each Part Bodies. °f the Surface of the Lungs, equal to the Orifice of the Larynx or Top of the Wind-pipe, is not greater than it is at the Larynx itfelf. And that thefe vail ^eights arife from the vaft Extent of the Surfaces °f the Veficles or little Bladders, upon which it was heceffary that the Blood mould be fpread in the �mallefl: Capillary Veffels; that each Globule of the Blood might, as it were, immediately receive 'he whole Force and Energy of the Air, and by it be broke into fmaller Parts, fit for Secretion or Dif- ^charge, and likewife for Circulation. From hence we may learn the mechanical Rea- �on of the Structure of the Lungs : For, feeing the ^hole Blood of the Body was to pafs through them, ^1,1 order to receive the vivifying Virtue of the Air, ^fd this could only be communicated to it by fmall ^cj>pillary Veffels; I fay, in fuch Cafe, it was ^abfolutely neceffary that the Surfaces upon which. thefi. Veffels were to be fpread, fhould be pro- Portioned to their Number, and this is admirably ^ell provided for, by the wonderful Fabrick of the ^Ungs. If the Gravity of the Air was always the fame, j\hd if the Diameter of the Trachea Arteria,* fome- J'Jies called A/f era Arteria or Wind-pipe, and the I'nie of every Expiration or Driving out of the ^reath, _were equal in all Creatures, this Weight ^uPon the Lungs would be always the fame. But E fince

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		74 ^he Art of Farriery ffnce we find by the Barometer, that there is three Inches Difference between the greateft and the leaft Gravity or Elafticity of the Air, which is a tenth Part of its greateft Gravity, there muft be likewife the Difference of a tenth Part of its Preffure upon the Lungs at one Time more than another. For the Momentum of all Bodies, moved with the fame Velocity, are as their Gravities. This is a Difference which fuch as are afthmatick (or what in Horfes is generally called broken winded) muft be very fenfible of; efpecially if we confider, that they likewife (I mean the Afthma- tick) breathe thicker, that is, every Expiration is performed in lefs Time : And if in half the Time fas is common by Obfervation) and the fame Quan- tity of Air drawn in, then the Weight of the Air upon the Lungs muft be 57648 Pound, of which a tenth Part is 5764 Pound: (I mean this Calculation for human Bodies). And in fuch Cafe, afthmatick 'People, upon the greateft Rife or Fall of the Barome- ter, feel a Difference of the Air, equal to above Qne Third of its Preffure in ordinary Breathing. Laftly, if the Aftera Arteria or Wind-pipe is fmall, and its Aperture or Orifice, at the Larynx or Top of it, of a narrow Conformation, tire Preffure of the Air increafes in the fame Proportion, as if the Times A fhrill of Expiration were fhorter ; and upon this Account, Voice the a fhrill Voice is always reckoned among the prog- I'rognof- noftick Signs of a Confumption, becaufe that pro- ofa of" ^ceetk "^rom ^ Narrownefs of the Larynx or Orifice lumprion of the Wind-pipe ; and confequcntly increafes the in Man. Preffure of the Air upon the Lungs, which upon every Expiration, beats the Veftels fo thin, that at lnft thev break; and in human Bodies, as a Spitting of Plood brings on a Confumption apafce, fo in Hor- t is i jarly the fame: For I have fecn fuch thick Winded Ortes often troubled with Ble'ding at the Noll;- [� ^r � -, which moflly 'terminated in the dan- der ;he End. I thin

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		IMPROVED. 75 I think it is now high Time to afk Pardon for thefe long, though neceffary Digreffions, and return to the Text, viz, of Surfeits in Horfes. I have hinted under the firft Page of this Chap- ter, that Surfeits proceed moftly from foul Feeding, and undue Exercife, or from both : For as in fuch Cafes, a Horfe's Blood is. rather over-charged, or too much exhaufted; the fame Ills may, notwith- ftanding flow from it, 'viz. undue Secretions or Dis- charges, which when brought a little to Rights, and that the Blood partly recovers its proper Tex- ture ; I fay, then it is, that Hemorrhages or Bleed- The Signs 'ngs at the Mouth, Nofe, �sV. happen by a Diftrac- off Surfeit fion or Breaking of the fmall Fibres; or otherwife the Diftemper appears in little Puftules, or knotty Tumours among the Hair, which are for the moft part accompanied with Sweats : And if fo, the Dif- ^eafe will foon be at its Crifis or Height: But if the Blood, by foul Feeding, has acquired a more than ordinary Vifcidity or Clamminefs, it will be apt to fiagnate or ftop in fome particular Parts, and caft otf the Enemy in larger Tumours, fuch as Boils or Ab- fceffes, which require Cutting open, and topical or outward Applications afterwards. > '_ Mr. Gib/on in his Book of Farriery, tells us a te- Mr. Gilfm's dious Story about " the Excrement or Dung of Hor- Opinion of " fes reftine fo long in the Guts, and thereby ^a ,- i creating a more than ordinary Putrefaction; from which proceed acid and fharp Juices, which be- come a Stimulus to the Guts, and at laft end in ' a Loofenefs." And this Mr. Gib/on imagines to be one Degree (or rather Symptom) of a Surfeit: *>ut for my own Part, I cannot remember ever to yav? feen fuch a Cafe as this Author defcribes; nor indeed are Horfes much afHicled with Loofeneffes, becaufe the prone or horizontal Pofture 'this Crea- ture's Body is form'd in, guards him (as much as ■fay be) againft fuch Difcharges; and this is obfer- yable when we give a Horfe purging Phyfick ; for >t is the Pofture (before defcribed) which makes the E 2 Medicine

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		The Art j/Farhihry Medicine reft fo long as (moftly) 24 Hours, before we obferve any Appearance of its Operation. In general, when a Farrier fees a Horfe with a \| ftareing-Coat, and Hide flicking to his Ribs, he immediately pronounces him to be a Surfeited Horfe, although he confiders not but fuch Symptoms may proceed from want of good nourishing Food, and a proper Sufficiency of it. In fine, I think, under this Head mould not be ranked any other Diftem- ' pers, which do not take their Rife from foul Feed- ing, or over Exercifing: For, from thefe, in my \| Opinion, moft of the Ailments (which may be termed Surfeits) take their Origin or Source. In the firft Place, if a Surfeit proceeds from foul - Feeding, or over-Feeding, and Want of fufficient Exercife, moft or all the Evacuations, fuch as Bleed- ing, and likewife Purging both by Stool and Urine, are neceffary. But I have many Times obferved, that People expeft when their Horfes do little, they fhould be fat and well-liking in the Stable, provided they have only Hay (and that indeed vary often of the worfe Sort) given them; or that they require little or no Oats, &c. which is a great Error; for, Ha/ in its Nature is fo drying, that a Horfe muft even fwill to dilute it, otherwife he cannot digeft it; and this fills his Belly to fuch a Degree, that the Dia- phragm or Midriff is prefs'd upon the Lungs, which require Room to expand and ftretch themfelves. 1 fay, thefe with a great many more Inconveniences proceed from feeding Horfes with too much Hay > fo that I advife thofe Gentlemen, who defign . C keep Horfes in this cheap Manner, rather not t° keep any Horfes at all; fince the Farrier and hi* i Prefcriptions may amount to more than the Price o> the Corn might have done, which would have kep^ the Creatures brisk and lively, and fit to do Bufinefs ■ Whereas a Horfe that eats very little befides Ha>'> yields very little more Benefit, beftdes his Dung, f the Owner, and may truly be tenn'd a Conduit' Pip*

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		IMPROVED. 77 Pipe from the Hay-Mow to the Hay-Meadow. Of «° little Service is fuch a Horfe for the Road. I would be underftood to fpeak in general: For I °Wn, that fome Horfes are of fo fortunate a Make ^and Conftitution, that they will look pretty fleek and well, even with Hay alone, provided it be very good and fweet, and given to them by a little at °nce, well fhaked from Duft, &c.* But there are few Horfes of fo hardy a Difpofition as to thrive Well in the Houfe with Hay alone : And although Wort Dealers would have you believe, that they give their Horfes very little Corn; I could never yet meet with one (from their Hands) but required Wore than common Care, as well as a good Quan- tity of Oats, otherwife the Horfe would look much Worfe in a very little while. Secondly, a Surfeit may proceed from undue or The Rea- too laborious Exercife, and catching Cold upon it. f°" why This very much endangers his Wind, as the Lungs the Lungs ^are, from their foft Contexture or Make, exceed- _affeitcd" }ⁿgly fufceptible of Impreffions from Cold; which, with Colt's 'n plain Englijb, is the perfpirable Matter hindered than other from being difcharged by the Pores in the Hide, ^1,;llI^s °' Which, on taking Cold, contrad themfelves fo clofe- ^theik>d-^v' }y, that fuch Excrement (for, I can call it no other) 's obliged to pafs along with the Blood in Circulati- on, and therein raifes violent Commotions, and great Diforders in the Lungs, Brain, &c. but moft- v in thefe two principal Parts of the Body, for the ■Reafon juft now aiTigned, --viz. their foft Conftruc- ^tu'e, which fooneft takes the Impreffion. In this Cafe Bleeding may be difpenfed with; but, above ^a"> keeping the Horfe's Body very warm all over >th Blankets, or fuch like, and bedding or litter- ^lng him down with dry clean Straw, are the great- ^eft Prefervatives againft Surfeiting upon hard Exer- «e ; for Warmnefs of this Sort, forwards Perfpira- 'ion to a high Degree; and this is, in Reality, 'aking away the Caufe of the Diforder, which is 'he true Way of curing Difeafes. And another E 3 Thing

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		y8 The Art of Farriery Thing, may be faid in Favour of this Method, which is, that it affifts Nature in opening the Paflsges me defigned, viz. the Pores of the Hide ; and no Doubt but it will anfwer our End better than any other of the Emurclories or Out-lets, becaufe we forward the Exit of that Excrement, which Nature defigned mould be thrown out this Way. Nothing Nothing cold fhould be given a Horfe to drink cold mould upon his Perfpiration being obftrufted, or, in other liegivtna Words, his having catched Cold ; for fuch Things Horfe to _are oppoiite to the main Intention of Cure, viz. otftnicItT P^romotl'ⁿg Perfpiration : Therefore give him Water Peifrira- Milk-warm for a few Days; and it will be much tion. better if you mix a little Oat-meal with it, or ra- ther (if the Horfe will drink it) fome of my Cor- � dial Ball, as prefcribed in my Notes upon Capt. Burdofi's Pocket-Farrier. Mr. Gibfin direfts Sal Prunellas or purified Nitre, to be infuled in the Water ; and I cannot fay but it may be ferviceable, as it is a powerful Diuretic, or Promoter of Urine : But fome Horfes are fo nice,- that they will refufe fuch medicated Water; tho' I fancy one might bring them to drink it, by keep- ing them from Liquids for fome Time, and that may certainly be done (in the Cafes I am fpeaking of) without the leaft Danger or Hazard of hurting the Horfe by fuch Abftinence. Mr cMWs Th\s Author farther very juftly obferves, that Opinion vvhen Nature is put out of the Courfe flie defigned juftified. to difcharge or carry off any peccant or offending Humour; in fuch Cafe there moftly happens an im- perfeft Crifis, from which proceed the Mange, Far- cin, Lamenefs, Blindnefs, isfc. And that this is too often the Cafe, and wholly owing to the Doc- tor's Prefcriptions, which obftrufted Nature in -her Defign, is too evident to admit of a Difpute : But fuch there are, and fuch there will be, while the -, World endures, whole pretended Learning is built upon fo fandy a Foundation, that it will not bear a Scrutiny: but, upon the Application of the Touch^: Stone

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		IMPROVED. 79 Stone of Natural or Experimental Philofophy, their Writings will appear no better than meer metaphy- seal Dreams, or philofophical Romances of trifling Sages; fuch as were the Works of the old Phyfical and Metaphyfica! Philofophers of Greece. And al- Ancient though the Englijh Nation in particular feems to Phyficians have a great Veneration for what is ancient, yet the furriers ancient Phyficians, and prefent Farriers, were much much upon Upon a Level as to Learning, provided we imparti- a Level as ally examine the Writings of" both. And I dare \° Learn- undertake to make this out plainly to the World, ^ina' agahiit all Favourers of Hippocrates or Galen, when- ever I am put upon it by any Perfon worth my While to anfwer : That is, I will make it appear, that thefe fo venerable Gentlemen, notwithstanding the latter writ (oi= was faid to have writ) 200 Vo- lumes, made full as nvnny Blunders as our prefent Earners, in the Methodus Vrafcribendt or Manner of prefcribing : For, both the ancient Phyficians, as Well as prefent Farriers, feem to pin their Faith more upon the Number of Ingredients jumbled into a Prefcription, than on any oae as the Basis, or to which the Cute is wholly owing. But to return. If a Horfe has a flaring-Coat, and is clung up in Staring his Belly, boiled Barley is proper for him : as is Coat, or. alfo fcalded Bran once a Day, with half an Ounce of ?ⁱ⁽*^e". Crude Antimony in fine Powder ftrewed upon it, every Time you give it him ; and after a Week's Ufe of thefe, you may purge him two or three -Times at proper Intervals, according as you find he bears it: But if the firft Purge don't operate, you are not (as the common Method is) to throw a fe- cond Dole into the Hcrfe ; for many are killed by fuch a Trick, though the Owner perhaps never hears the true Caufe of his Horfe's Death. I fay, it is a vulgar Error to imagine that a purging Medi- cine will do great Damage, provided it happens not to work much by Stool; for it may, by Urine and Sweat (which Courfe it generally takes, if it be not ilrong enough to go off by Stool,) do more Ser- E 4 vice

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		$0 The Art «/Farrierv vice than if it had been made ftronger; and that the Great greateft Feats are performed by what we call Alte- Feats per- ratives, or fuch Medicines as have not any immedi- Akeratwe ^ate ^^m^^e Operation, but gradually gain upon the Medicines. Conftitution, by changing the Humours from a State of Diftemperature to Health. And it is now found very ferviceable to give fuch Medicines as are properly Cathartic, by way of Alteratives, in ftubborn chronical Cafes. Thus the Tinttura Sacra, or Tinc- ture of Hiera Picra, for Inftance (in Human Bo- dies,) given in the Quantity of half a Spoonful for a Dofe, has no immediate Effect upon the Inteftines, to as to difcharge their Contents, but paffes on to the farther Stages of Circulation, and often does more Service by this Way of operating, than if ad- miniflred in a larger Dofe. But moft People are fo defirous to gratify the outward Senfes, that they are never eafy, unlefs they fee fomething before their Ryes, which is ejefted out of the Body, and appears excrementitious: Therefore, to fuch impatient Crea- tures, Alterative Medicines are not agreeable; tho' People of this Temper often meet with their De- fert, and are made to believe that they Vomit yel- low nafty Phlegm and flimy Matter, when it is only the Juices of the Stomach (tinged by the Medi- cine they have taken,) which are thrown up by Vomit. And, of all other Purgatives, I think the Gamboge Pill beft fuits fuch Folks; for this generally begins its Operation with a Puke of yel- low flimy Matter, which the poor deluded Patients think muft be exceeding beneficial to them, as it looks fo yellow and nafty ; whereas it is no other than the Gamboge which tinctures the Juices of the Stomach, and caufes them to appear in the Manner I am fpeaking of. From hence it will be evident, that greater Ser- vice may be done in obftinate chronic Cafes by Al- terative Medicines given to Horfes, than to Human Bodies; for we can venture on much larger Dofes, even in Proportion to the Bignefs of thefe two Sub- jects,

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			81
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jefts, and the Diameter of their Veflels; that is, a Cathartic or purging Medicine will operate in Man in a fmaller Dofe, as the Subject is Man, fo as to carry off the Excrements by Stool, than it will do in a Horfe, notwithftanding the different Confuta- tions of tihefe two Animals: For the prone Polture of a Horfe guards him (as I have faid before) from Difcharges by Stool as much as may be ; and there- fore Cathartics may be given in pretty high Dofes, which will only (according to the Idiofyncrafy or peculiar Temperament of Horfes Bodies) operate as an Alterative. So that I advife never to tofs in one Purge upon another, when the firft does not work, but let the Horfe alone a Week, and heighten the Dofe then, provided Purging be thought abfolutely neceffary : But, no doubt, it is in Horfes as in Hu- man Bodies, with Relation to this Particular; for Some Hm really there are fome, both Men and Horfes, that *"^e\,^as ^wlit is hazardous to give them fuch a Dofe as will ^as_er ^"'_r(i purge them to a common Degree: Therefore, when _to purge, this fo falls out, it is bell to carry off the Caufe of the Diforder through fome more proper Out-let, which Nature is not fo much bent againft, as fhe is to this particular Difcharge by Stool.

	CHAP. IX. 0/ Difeafes of the Head. And firft, of the Head- Ad. I Shall begin at the Head of this Animal, and The Head proceed, in as regular a Method as I can, to Ach. describe each and every Diftemper' nffecling him, from thence to his Hoof, both inwardly and out- wardly. I need not give a particular Defcription of the Brain and its Meninges, with the Veins, Arteries, »nd Nerves fpread upon it, this being pretty well E 5 performed

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		The Art of Farriery performed by Andrew Snape, who was Farrier to King Charles the Firft : But we are moft beholden to the famous Malphight, for a Defcription of this particular Part of the Body. This ingenious Perfon nicely examined what we call the Cortical Subftance of the Brain, and difcover'd that it was nothing but a Heap of little Oval Glands that receive the Ca- pillary Branches of the Veins and Arteries which belong to the Brain, and which fend out an infinite Number of Fibres, that all together make up the Medullary Subftance ; which going out of the back Part of the Cranium or Scull, forms the Nerves and the Medulla fpinalis or fpinal Marrow, contained in the Vertebra or Bones of the Back. I fay, a thorough Account of the Brain would be too tedious in this Place, and (unlefs the Reader underftood Anatomy ) the Defcription would be of no Service to him j for there is no fuch Thing as any Perfon's learning Anatomy by Theory only, which makes me avoid as much as poflible any Thing of that Kind, which may be thought unne- ceflary. Yet I muft not emit now and then to de- clare the admirable MechasSfm ar:.. Contrivance of the Creator of the Univ-rk\ wk; relation to the Bodies of Animals. Ana as I remember, I have before hinted, tbat a \ ^in and an Artery go in Company all over the F >dy ; o '.y the Arteries are better guarded from Inj fries b^T_r being placed deep- er or under the Veins, (fo indeed they are, gene- rally fpeaking ;) but, i) entering the Scull, they Ipread themfelves upon the Brain ; and in this Place they differ, for mighty Reafons, <viz. that had the Veins entered the Scull by the fame Holes with the Arteries, it would have-fallen out, that upon any Turgefcence or Swelling of the Blood- V'eflels, the Swelling and Pulfe of the Arteries would comprefs the Veins againft th bony Sides of their PaiTage, and fo caufe a Stagflation and Extravafation, or Lofs of Blood within the Brain ; which would foon be the' Deftruduon of the whole Machine. Neither do the

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		IMPROVED. 83 the Veins run along the Sides of the Arteries in the Brain, as they do through all the reft of the Body, but they rife from the Extremities of the Arteries �n the Cineritious or Afh-colour'd external Subftance, and go ftraight to difcharge themfelves into the Si- luis of the Dura Mater.* ] Yom the Blood, which is brought to the Brain by the Carotidal and the Vertebral Arteries, is fe- parated (by the Glands which make the Cineritious Cineritious and Cortical Subftance) its fineft Parts, called Ani- Subftance, maj Spirits, which are received from the Glands ^w"^at- by the Fibres of the Medullary Subftance, which is the Origin or Spring of all the Nerves in Men,. Beafts, WV. And each Nerve, therefore, is a Bundle of very fmall Tubes or Pipes, of which fome are no bigger than the Hundredth Part of a Hair; and thefe Tubes are the Excretory Dufts or Dis- charging Vefiels of the Cineritious or Cortical Sub- ftance. And this does not only appear from the Structure of the Brain,, but by Senfation likevvifs we are allured, that there is fuch a Fluid as we cali Animal Spirits in the Nerves; which muft be done either by the Subftance of the Nerve, or the Fluid which is contained in the Nerve. If by the Subftance of the Nerve, it muft be by a Vibration from the Part upon which the Imprefiion is made to the Brain. Now there can be no Vibration from the Im- Ho Vibra- preflicn of external Objects upon Animal Nerves, tion in the (which arc (lack, and furfounded all along by other Nerves, fiodiei) is evident; and therefore Senfation muft be jjjmreffion made by the Fluid in the Nerves. The Motion of ₀t External this Fluid is not iwift and rapid, as is generally Objects. fuppofed, outflow and languid ; feeing all its Mo- tion proceeds from the Dilatation of the Arteries Which comprefs the foft Subftance of the Nerves, and from the Force by which it is thruft through the Glands of the Brain. And when the Nerves are full of this fine Fluid, the Impreffion of Objects may be communicated to the Brain without any quick.

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		84 'the Art of Farriery quick Motion in the Animal Spirits, either by retarding or flopping their progreffive Motion, or by caufing an Undulation. If to thefe be added, that the Animal Spirits mud be confined within their own proper Channels, as well as the other Fluids of the Body, the many Hypothefes contrived Dr Willis's by Dr. Willis and others, mull needs come to Hypothecs nothing. ceni'ured. The Nervous Fluid or Animal Spirits, undoubt- edly, confift of (by far) the fmalleft Particles in the Blood, as appears by the Minutenefs or Smallnefs of their fecerning or feparating Glands; and therefore, they not being formed by the Cohefion of other Par- ticles, might have been feparated any where, or in any Part of the Body. Yet the Animal (Economy receives a great Advantage by the diftant Situation of the Brain from the Heart; for, if this had been placed nearer, and received the Blood, before 'twas divided into its fmalleft Particles by the Force of the Air in the Lungs, fuch Particles might have enter'd the Glands, and afterwards cohering to one another, might have obftru&ed fuch extremely narrow Channels. Now, the Brain being placed at fuch a Diftance, the Particles (that by their attr2&ive Power form Corpufclee) will have fufficient Time to coalefce or grow together, and their Magnitude will hinder their entering the Glands: For if it mould happen that thefe Particles mould enter the Glands, and there unite together, they would then obftruft the Pafffge to the Nerves, and produce Apoplexies, Parlies, &V. the Particles of which the Animal Spirits confift, being of fuch an extreme Finenefs, that their Quantity can bear but a fmall Proportion fo the other Fluids in the Blood, and confequently The true there was a Neceffity of a prodigious Number of Riafon of Glands to feparate them from it; and this is the '�f^Cbe^Ulk ^tlUe ^■^eRf°ⁿ ^of ^tne S''^aat Bulk of the Brain. Braij'v" There is no manner of Doubt, but Horfes are fubjecl to Nervous Diforders, yet not, by far, fo E 5 much

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		IMPROVED. 85 much as Mankind, which is chiefly owing to their fimple plain Diet, adapted to their Nature, as well as the Exercife they are fubje&ed to : Whereas we (poor unthinking Mortals) tofs fuch a Number of Solids and Liquids into our Stomachs in fmall fpaces of Time, and that too often very oddly compound- ed vwith Spices, and other hot Ingredients; I fay this is, no doubt, one great Reafon why Mankind, in this Age, complain more of Nervous Diforders than their Forefathers, who made fhorter and more fimple Meals, and ufed more Exercife. But to return. The Signs of a common Head-ach, or a Head- Signs of the- ach in which there is not much Danger, are, firft, Head-ach Hanging down of the Ears more than ordinary, as ^ln ^Horle8,alfo Drooping his Head,. Dimnefs of Sight, and waterifh Eyes. But yet the Head-ach may proceed from Pains and Inflammations in the Globe or Ball of the Eye itfelf: So that it is very hard to diftin- guifli in Brutes, whether the Head-ach is the Occa- sion of Dimnefs of Sight, or the Diforder of the Eye be the Occafion of the Head-ach or Affection of the Brain. And I own I cannot eafily make the Reader a Judge of this Matter ; although I am pret- ty confident, that if I had a Horfe with bad Eyes, I could prefently tell whether it was an Affection of the Brain that occafioned it, or that the Humours of the Eye were originally aftetted, to as to caufe a Dimnefs of Sight. I fay, I cannot make the Rea- der a Judge herein, becaufe there are a great many- Cafes which appear pluin to me at firft View, and yet I cannot find Words fully to exprefs my Thoughts, which (I have the Vanity to think) is the true je ne fcai qttoi; and fo let it pafs at prefeht. However, I (hall prefcribe fomething that will do Service in moft Head-achs, and that is, firft. Bleed- The Cure. ing and Purging, according to a Horfe's Strength, Age, &c. Secondly, if the Diforder does not yield One Kowel to thefe, I recommend Rowelling in feveral Places ^avails ^c- at once; for one Rowel is of little Avail, for many Reafons j

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		86 The Art of Farriery Reafons; and thefe fhould continue running a con- fiderable Time, at leaft a Fortnight or three Weeks. An Excel- Laftly, the Herb Afara B acca dried and powdered, j^entf^Powi , ^and with a Quill, or fuch like, blown up the Horfe's HeadAch Noftrils, fo that it may pafs a good Way towards and diflem- his Brain : I fay, this Powder, ufed in fuch a Man- temptr'd ner, will perform Wonders in-Head-achs, Diftem- Eyes. per'd Eyes of moft Kinds, and fuch like Diiorders of the Head; for it will abundantly purge the Brain, by caufing the Nofe to run like a Tap. It may be ufed three Times a Week, and about as much as will lie upon a Shilling each Time. But the Horfe's Head muft be well covered, leaft he catch Cold, which will bring on a Swelling of the Glands of the Throat, &c. Moft People are fond of purging their Horfes when they are diftempered, whether the Cafe re- quire it or no ; for this Sort of Evacuation feems very much to quadrate with the outward Senfes, and makes the ignorant.Part of Mankind (whofe Heads , are fuller of Humours than their Horfes) imagine that purging Medicines carry off" the offending .Mat- ter in moft Diforders, never cor.fidering the general � ' Rule which ought ftill to be kept in Mind, viz, A General "- that _m proportion to any one Evacuation's being Evacuati- heightened or mcreaied, molt or all or the otner ons. " Natural Evacuations are proportionally diminifh- " ed.'^5o that in the Main, it is by way of Re- vulfion fuch Bufmefs muft be done, which the Vul- gar attribute to another Manner of Operation. Lord ! How could I laugh when I fee a filly ftupid Fellow, who thinks himfelf a Tip-Top Groom or Farrier, poking and {lining about in a Horfe-T--d to find Greafe, csV. which his bright Notions tell him he has by his Grand fpecifick Purge, or other Medicine, feteh'd away from the Horfe's Head or Heels. Whereas this Greafe obfervable in the Dung of Animals, on fuch Occaf;ons, comes from no other Place than the Guts; which I thall evi- dently

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			IMPROVED.

		dently explain, when I come to treat of the Diftem- per called the Greafe in Horfes. Lafily; Rowelling may be of Service, as jnuch as any Thing, in obftinate Chronicle Cafes, where the Brain has for a long Time been affetted : But it is not one fingle Rowel which I advife, for that will only make an infigni Scant Difcharge, no more in Comparifon to the Quantity of Blood, and other Humours in aHorfe's Body, than a Drop of Water compared to half a Pint. No, let me have five or fix Rowels in the moll proper Parts, and continued for fome confiderable Time, if the Horfe can bear the Lofs of what is difcharged by fuch Methods, and then indeed fome Benefit may accrue from them : Tho' this is no more than Revulfion, or diverting the offending Humours to fome other Place for Expulfion ; or rather, driving them into the Mafs of Blood, and equally mixing it. And that Nature is better able to deal with the offending Par- ticles, when equally mixed with the Mafs of Blood, than when fuch Humours are lodged upon fome particular Part, is every Day vifible. And it is for this Reafon, <zwz. that where the Particles of Matter, which are of a Heterogeneous Nature and confequently occaiion Difeafes, are equally mixed with the Mafs of Blood; (as indeed they rnoftly are in the Origin or Beginning of Diftem- pers, 'till Nature fuccumbs and is overpowered, when they are thrown upon fome particular Part of the Body, whereby the fmall Capillary Veffels are diflended, and foim a Tumour, which at laft fup- purates or breaks to let out the Enemy ; ) I fay, when they are fo mixed, all the Emunftories or Se- cretory Glands, jointly and feverally lend a helping Hand, and each of them affift in carrying off a little of the effendibg Humour. But, on the contrary, if theie offending Particles of Matter, happen to lodge or be driven upon any particular Part, the Glands are fo fluffed, and their Excretory Veffels become fo bruftied up, that (as I juil now" obferved) a Tumour

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			88 The Art of Far riery a Tumour is formed; and laftly, a Rupture or breaking of the Capillaries, in order to difcharge the psccant or offending Humour.

		CHAP. X. Of the Staggers. FARRIERS, for the moft Part, term all or moft Difeafes which affeft a Horfe's Head, Stavers or Staggers; and this Diforder in Human Bodies, is called an Apoplexy, or Vertigo ; but they are moftly the fame Thing, (only a Vertigo is an eafy Fit of an Apoplexy,) by Reafon the felf- fame Organs are affefted; and though the Vertigo or Falling-Sicknefs in Human Bodies, does not al- ways terminate in Death, yet ftill it is a flight Fit of an Apoplexy, which I fhall define after the Man- ner following. Apoplexy, The Word Apoplexy, is from the Greek defined. 'Axot/.ht7&>, percutio, to ftrike ; becaufe a Crea- ture is as it were fuddenly ftruck with Death. It is a fudden Deprivation of all Internal and External Senfation, and of all Motion, unlefs of the Heart and Thorax. For the understanding of which, it is neceflkry to premife, Ftfft, that if by any Means a Nerve is tied, or comprefs'd, the Part to which that Nerve is directed, lofes its Senfe and Motion.. Secondly, that it any Nerve is cut, there Jiftils out a Liquor. Thirdly, that Motion is performed, by Reafon the Nervous Fluid is impelled by the Force of the Arterial Blood, through the Nerves into the Mufcular Fibres. And lajfly, that Senfation is from hence, <viz. that Objcfts comprefs or ftrike upon the Extremities of the Nerves by their Motion,, and drive back the Nervous Fluid towards the Brain. Apoplexy, ^An Apoplexy, therefore, is produced by any its coiule. Caufe which hinders fuch Undulation or wave-like Motion

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		IMPROVED. h Motion of all the Nerves, unlefs of thofe which are deftined to move the Heart and Breaft. But the Reafon why the Motions of the Heart, and Thorax or Breaft remain, and the Pulfe and Re- fpiration continue, when the other Parts are de- prived of Motion, is, becaufe in every Motion, which is performed by Mufcles having Antagonifts or others of contrary Motions to themfelves, a Quantity of Nervous Fluid muft be derived into the Contracting Mufcle, not only equal to that which is derived at the fame Time into the Antago- nift, but greater alfo. But leaft I may not be un- derstood by the Word Mufcle, I fhall endeavour to explain this Anatomical Term as plainly as may be. And iirft I fay. A Mufcle, is a Bundle of thin and parallel Plates A Mufcle, of flefhy Threads or Fibres, inclofed by one com- what, mon Membrane, and all the Fibres or Threads of the fame Plate, are parallel to one another, and tied together at extremely little Diftances, by fhort and tranverfe Fibres. Thefe flefhy Fibres are com- pofed of other fmaller Fibres, inclofed likewife by a common Membrane or thin Skin : Each leffer Fi- bre confifts of very fmall Veficles or Bladders, in- to which we fuppofe the Nerves, Veins, and Ar- teries to open j for, every Mufcle receives Branches of all thofe Veffels, which muft be diftributed to every Fibre. The two Ends of each Mufcle or the Extremities of the Fibres, are, in the Limbs of Animals, fattened to two Bones, the one of which is moveable, the other fixed or immoveable : And therefore, when the Mufcles contraft, they draw the moveable Bone according to tne Direction of their Fibres. When the Mufcles contract in Length, they fwell in Thicknefs, as may be perceived by laying the Finger upon the Majfeter or Mufcle of the lower-Jaw, and preffing the Grinders or Axel-teeth together : But this Power of Contracting or Swel- ling is loft, when either the Artery, or Nerve of

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		tjo the Art of Farriery the Mufcle is cut, tied, or otherwife obftrufted \ as in the Cafe of a Palfy, i�c. And therefore we conclude, that the Contra&ion, Swelling, or Mo- MoUion of tion of the Mufcles, is performed by the Blood the Muf- and Animal Spirits, diftending or ftretchjng the Ve- cleshow f_ici_es or Bladders, which are the Cavities of the performed. _pibres. _And ^ _Diftention _of _the yeficles of the Fibres, mult be, either by their being filled with a greater Quantity of Blood and Animal Spirits than they were before the Contraction, or the Blood and Spirits mixing» muft rarify and fill up a greater Space. That the Veficles,of the Fibres are not diftended, purely by the Quantity of Blood and Spirits, will appear if we confider, that were the Veficles diftend- ed only by the Quantity of Fluids contained in them, Nature (whofe Operations are always the moft fimple) had only ufed one Fluid, and not two ; for in the Works of Nature, we no where find two neceffary Caufes, where one could have produced the fame Effect. Now how fmall foever we fup- pofe the Quantity of Fluid brought by the Nerves to the Mufcles, that alone might have contracted the Fibres, (if a Quantity of a Fluid only had been neceffary) by diminifhing the Diameters of the Ca- vities or Veficles of the Fibres, as will appear plain- ly to any Perfon, who is curious enough to enquire into the Property of Elaftic Fluids with relation to Mufcular Motion. Now to return. I think I have already faid, that an Apoplexy proceeds from any Caufe which hinders the Undu- lation of the Nerves, and that a Quantity of Ner- vous Fluid mull, be derived into a contracting Muf- cle, not only equal to that which is derived at the fame Time into the oppofite Mufcle, but alfo great- er : I fay, this is plainly fo, otherwife the Part to be moved would remain in an Equilibrium with- out any Motion at all: And therefore, more of the Nervous Fluid muft pafs into a Mufcle, that has an Antagonift,. than into that which has none: But the Heart:

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		IMPROVED. "9i Heart is a Mufcle that has no Antagonift, and con- ■equently it requires a lefs Quantity of Nervous" Fluid to continue its Motion, than other Mufcles deftined for the Motion of the Limbs. Therefore, 'f the Caufe hindering the Undulations of all the Nerves were fuch, that no Juice could flow thro' the Nerves, the Heart itfelf would ceafe from Motion, and Death enfue: But if the Caufe be ⁿot fo powerful, as to take away all the Motion of ^fhe Fluid through the Nerves, but fo far only re- fills their Dilatation, that but a very little Fluid can pafs through them, not fufficient to inflate or ' Mow up thofe Mufcles which have Antagonifts; I ^ay, in this Cafe, thofe Mufcles only will be con- tracted, which require the leaft Quantity of Spirits, ^and fuch no Doubt is the Heart. The Impediment to fuch due Undulation of the TAe-Caufe Nervous Fluid, is generally a Repletion, or Over-^an<i ^Cur^ wlnefs, and this indicates Medicines which are called Evacuants, as alio Bleeding, &c.* And in "ly Opinion, Bleeding muft be the premier Relbrt, nd is moll likely to do Service in moft Difeafes °f the Brain : And this I am treating of, is a very common one in Horfes, as well as the Vertigo °r Apoplexy in Man. The famous Bartholine,* calls the Jugular Veins Bartbtlini �"pophfficts, from an Opinion of their being parti- calls the Cularly concerned in that Diftemper. But I am j^nte�3l Very well convinced, that there is little Difference vJj^j^, ^herefoever you bleed, either Man or Horfe: Since puaici. " '^c is plain, that the Benefit which accrues to the patient, proceeds from the Quantity's being lef- ^lened; and not fo much from the foolifhly fuppofed ^Conceit of Revulfion ; which Term as it is yet re- ined, I judge it may not be improper in this "'ace, to (hew how far ifmay be of Ufe in Phlebo^ tomy or Blood-letting. The Word Phlebotomy, derived from the Greek Phleboto. t^'4-, a Vein, and Ti/j.va, feco,* to cut, fignifies my ex-, Blood-letting; and to give due Light into thi3P^laineii" Affair,

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		92 Fhe Art j/Farriery Affair, which is of fuch Importance in the Art of Healing, we are to remember, firft, that every Body ftriking againft another, and communicating Part of its Motion thereunto, lofes fo much of its tnun Motion, or is fo much retarded: Wherefore, the Blood thrown out of the Heart, while it ftrikes upon the antecedent Blood, and drives it forwards, transfers to it Part of its own Motion, or lofes fo much of it, as is acquired by the antece- dent Blood. Yet, in order to a thorough Know- ledge of the Matter I am difcourfing of, it is ab- folutely neceffary a Man fliould underftand Angio- I°gy> or the Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries. However, I lay it down in general, as good Prac- tice, to bleed on the contrary Side to the Part af- fefted j becaufe the remaining Blood will circulate falter, and have more Room to do fo, and thereby the ftagnating Blood (whiqfr occafions a Tumour ei- ther outwardly or inwardly) will in all Probability difperfe. But on the other hand we muft conlider, whether the Part affected be fupplied with Blood, from the afcending or defcending Trunk of the A- orta or great Artery arifing out of the Heart. For, fuppofe the Tumour or Swelling, which we would difperfe by Bleeding, lies upon the Glands or Muf- cles of the Throat, we are not to bleed in the Tail or Thigh Veins, thinking this the moll likely, be- caufe it is the common Method; no, the Parts a- bove the Heart towards the Head, are fed and fup- plied with Blood from the afcending Trunk of the large Artery j as thofe below the Heart or towards the Tail, are by the defcending Trunk of the fame. Reviilfion Therefore, if we bleed in the Thigh for a Swelling explained. j_n _the Neck, we caufe the Blood in the defcending Trunk of the Aorta* or great Artery to move falt- er, and of confequence the Fluid in the afcending Trunk, muft move flower : For as much as that a Supply will be wanted in the Veffel, which is run- ning off its Contents; and therefore, the left Ven- tricle of the Heart, will not contain much more Blood,

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		IMPROVED. Blood, than what is required by the defcending Aor- ta, which fpreads itfelf to the lower Limbs, tiff. And that this muft be the true Do&rine of Revul- fion, is plain from my Text, to wit, That every Body flriking again fl another, communicates Part of its Motion thereunto, and confequently lofes fo much of its onun Motion. And under this View it may eafily be gathered, what is to be done in every particular Circumftance as to Blood-letting. For Inftance, if we would prevent the Increafe of any Tumour from the Blood ftagnating or flopping in or near the Fore- Leg of a Horfe, or bring it about that as little Blood as poffible fhould flow to that Leg in any given Space of Time ; I fay, in this Cafe, Blood fhould be taken from the oppofite Side, becaufe this is truly mak- ing what is called Revulfion. Again, if Blood be drawn from the Side affe&ed, and from fome Vein which receives the Blood from a Branch of that Trunk of the Artery, which tranfmits it to the fwell'd Part; this, I fay, will caufe a greater Deriva- tion or Flux of Blood to that Leg; which appears plain from the foregoing Doftrine. And whofoever rightly understands thus much, will in every Exi- gence eafily manage this Part of Cure to the greateft Advantage. And as for what relates to the whole Habit of Body or Mafs of Blood in all Lentors and Vifcidities, as in the Cafe of the Farcin, and other Diftempers which proceed from a Slownefs of the Blood's Circulation ; I fay, if there be a due Strength and Elasticity remaining in the Solids, Phlebotomy or Blood-letting will caufe the remain- ing Blood to circulate fafter than it did before fuch Operation, and it will alfo become thinner and farmer. I fpeak this with relation to a Lentor or ^fcous Quality in the Blood, which is a Clog to its Circulation. On the contrary, in a Plethora or P'er-rulnefs of the VefTels, proceeding from aHorfe's being kept too high, (as it is call'd,) and uiing ^tQo little Exercife, fo that the Powers of the Vifcera Cannot digefl and fecern what is received by the Stomach

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		.94 ?be Art of Farriery Stomach in fuch Loads: I fay, in this Cafe, and where there happens to be a Diminution of Pcrfpi- ration, where the Mafs of Blood yet retains its na- tural Fluxility, Phlebotomy will render the remain- ing Blood into fuch a State, as that it will circulate flower, and become cooler. For in the firft Cafe, a Diminution of the Refinance in the Blood-Veffels, will encreafe the contractile Powers of thofe Veffels themfelves) and confequently make them beat falter, and circulate their Contents with greater Velocity �or Swiftnefs � But in the latter Cafe, a Diminu- tion of the Quantity of a fpirituous Blood, will lef- fen the Quantity of Spirit fecreted or feparated in the Brain ; (which is the Fountain from which all the animal Spirits proceed;) and the Confequence of this Diminution will be, that the Heart and Arteries will not contract fo often, nor fo ftrongly as before, and therefore the Blood mull move flower and become more cool. And on this depends the whole Doctrine of Blood-letting. Thofe who are yet more curious may confult Bellini, de Mijjlo- ■rie Sanguine. Notwithstanding what I have faid about Reviil- fion, I think it a kind of fplitting Hairs, when we make fo great Diftin&ion between taking Blood from the Side affected, or from the oppofite ; fee- ing Circulation is performed in fo fhort a Space as five Minutes in a Man, and about an Hour's Time in a Horfe : And our own Countryman, the famous Br Sydenham Sydenham, who, I believe, cur'd as many Sick of a famous ior _P/ y _as _other ph_yf_icj_an ₀f _his Time ; I fay, curing the , . JJJ , / , .�, '. _rT. . . , .. , '. Meurify, ^tnis Gentleman (with good Realon) depended mucfl look Blood upon Bleeding in this Difeafe, and orders Blood to from the be drawn from the affefted Side, which fhews he Side ^^iac* '°^me Thoughts °f ^its being preferable, and that it would relieve the Patient fooner, than Bleeding in the contrary Side. The Doctor found his A^c' ■ count in it fo far, that it did relieve the Sick, ar though I muft own he did not proceed upon the. true Doctrine of Revulfion, laid down as above^ Therefore?

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		IMPROVED. 95 Therefore, I fay, that the Difference is trifling, as to Bleeding in either Side ; for the Benefit accrues from the Blood's Quantity being leffened, more than any thing elfe. And in my Opinion the Learn- ed might employ their Time and Talents much bet- ter, than in Squabbling about fuch fmall Diftin&i- °ns as they make with relation to Phlebotomy. Before I quit this Subjeft, I mull not omit one ^very good Obfervation made by Capt. Burden, in ^CaFt- Bur- his Pocket Farrier, about the Caufe of the Staggers, ^H°"t°�f* and that is, " Don't let your Horfe jland too long �_ers ^_cwithout Exercife, it fills bis Belly too full of Meat and his Veins too full of Blood, and from hence i (fays he) the Staggers and many other Dijiempers -. proceed.'" It is a very hard Matter for a Farrier to judge between a Fever of the Brain occafioning a Frenzy, and the Diftemper (by them) term'd the Staters or >rh_e jjjj._eStaggers; for if a Horfe hangs down his Head and Symptoms Ears, and reels too and fro, they immediately pro- attend a _ 'lounce him ill of the Staggers; whereas the fame jf^eij?^y ^oiSymptoms happen upon a Frenzy, occafioned (as I _anj _tj,_ehave before hinted) from a Fever of the Brain. Staggers. Therefore, the Motion of the Blood muft be re- garded ; for if that be too quick, it indicates a Fe- ^ver. But fince it is plain, that a Fever of the Brain and the Staggers require much the fame Me- thod of Cure, I (hall proceed to an Account of that's proper in fuch Diftempers. And firft, J fay, Bleeding to the Tune of four The Cure. °f five Quarts (if the Horfe be pretty ftrong) is mod hkely to do Service ; for, nothing is more certain than that Difeafes are cured by their Contraries ; and ^as the Staggers is a Diftemper which moftly pro- Origin _nf oeeds from an Overfullnefs of the Bload-Veffels in _th_e Sta?- the Brain, there is no Difpute but all evacuating gers. Medicines take place after Bleeding. Secondly, Purging may be of Service, as it helps Purging forward the Difcharge of a Load of Humours from proper, and ^lhe Guts and Glands thereabouts: But, as to any why- particular

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		96 The Art 0/Farriery particular kind of purging Medicines fondly imagin- ed to carry off Humours from the Brain, it is all a Jeft, and a meer Child of Ignorance, becaufe NoElective there is no fuch thing as eleclitje Purgation, as 1 Purgation. jjope _mav ^ _uncJerftood from what I have faid in my Notes upon the Gentleman's Pocket - Farrier- Therefore, the Benefit accrues from this, to wit, From that whatsoever Part of the Blood or Juices of the BerTerft of ^E ^Body V^ovi ^take ^off ^h? ^Bleeding> Rowelling, or fuch Bleeding 1'ke Operations, you thereby eafe the Preffure againft ^.accrues, the Sides, CSV. of the containing Veffels, and of confequence there is a more free Circulation, by reafbn theQuantity of Fluid in the Body is leffen'd, which (as I have faid before) caufes the Blood to become thinner and move fafter. I (hall not enter into a Detail of the Parts which we fhould draw Blood from in Diftempers of the Brain, feeing, in my Opinion, moil Places are a- like, and the Cure feems chiefly to depend on a proper Quantity of Blood's being taken away. But no Perfon can judge of this except he faw the Horfe; only thus far may be faid in general, " That where " one Creature dies of a diftempered Brain from the " Lofs of too much Blood, there are twenty lofe " their Lives for want of taking away a fufficient " Quantity. " Mr. Gil-fa's I _muft here give Mr. Gib/on his juft Praife, who St¹" 'ers¹⁶ ^m ^his ^Book ^of ^Far"^ei7 ^has ^taken ^care ^t0 ^ordetwhat is very proper in the Vertigo or Staggers, <vi&* his Affa Fcetida Balls with Caftor: But as thefe would (if continued 'long in Ufe) foon exceed the Price of a good Horfe, I believe few will make U'^e of them ; altho' I muft needs own, if I valued my The An- Horfe, I would give him Balls made with one Ounce loathe³¹¹ ^ofNative Cinnabar to half a Pound of the Cordis¹ Staggers. Ball prefcribed in the. Pocket-Farrier,* and let hiOJ have about the Bignefs of a Wallnut of fuch Ba'¹ every Morning before his moderate Exercife. It is on the Cinnabar (in whofe Compofiti°ⁿ there is a deal of Quickfilver) that the Strefs of t^he ^- Cure

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		IMPROVED. 97 pure is to be laid, and this, for Reafons too long °r me to explain in this Place. ' Lajlly,* I advife a ftrong Decoftion of Senna with A Slyfter ^f°me common Salt to be iniefted by way of Gly- i°^r ^thefto» -i . �, J . 'r. ' f. Staggers. "^er, with a "very long Gly iter-pipe, i3c. every E- _A powder Y«ning or Morning, and alfo the Herb called Afara to be "acca to be powdered, and with a long fmall Tube blown up °.^r Pipe blown up the Horfe's Noftrils to the Quan- ^e �. Jty of half an Egg-Shell full, which is about a staggers. ^tachm in Weight. This (hould be done every Evening to make the Nofe run a thin Lymph or ^atery Humour, which will eafe the Head abun- dantly. There are in Authors great Numbers of Receipts J* the Cure of the Staggers, as well as of moft other ■"'ftempers: But, I muft ingenuoufly confefs, that ^y Faith is not pin'd upon the Number of Ingredi- J}^ in any Compofition, but rather upon fuch flings as are particularly adapted to the Cure of fj^e Difeafe, and for the Adminiftration of which ^nete is a Why and a Wherefore; for really there is No end of ;° End of the Praftice which is founded upon No- ^the f^rac' 'triitv,,, r ■ i_- � j .. u- ticeTour.a- h ^ums, leemg every one is bigotted to his own _e(1 _llpnn Receipt. Therefore it is well with us that the Art M/hems. Medicine is at this time (by the Helps which ac- ^ll^e from Mathematicks, Mechanicks, Chymiftry, ' <� Natural Philofophy) brought to fuch a Certain- jx> Aat all Family Receipts are thrown out of family r>*, and fufficiently exploded, as fuperftitioufly ^R«<f 15 ^3lld "diculoufly contrived. _< > Exploded. r> ^what I have faid with relation to Bleeding, Un u ⁿ§' ^anc^ ^tne Sternutatory or Powder to blow _tjP 'he Noie, is, I think, fufficient for the Cure of tJl §S=^ers> by reafon it is granted, that fuch Dif- Per proceeds from Over-fullnefs; therefore E- Evacnam �Quants are indicated, and thefe (hould be mild P.^r Pf ⁱⁿhe, ^rafe> ⁿot fuch as enter the Blood and fufe or g^""⁵" filrrt,¹' '^3ut ^rather Glyfters, &c. which operate no Glyftcj tile q ^an ^tne ^Primte* ^ ^or fa& Parages, <vix. how far stomach, Interlines, and their Appendices. it-operates. F Mr.

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The Art of Farriery

Mr. Gib/on, in his Book of Farriery, tells us,
that it is a common thing to put Garlick, Ric^e>
Aqua Vita:, Cloves, Ginger, Bay-falt, and the lik^e'
into a Horfe's Ears, and flitch them up, for ^^eCure of the Staggers; and that he has feen fome m"
mad by fuch Applications, fo that the People ha"
much ado to keep them from knocking out the*
Brains againft the Walls. I muft confefs, I do n°
remember to have feen any fuch Tricks played f"'
the Cure of the Staggers, tho' it is common among'¹Farriers to put Quickfilver, and often other Thing⁵'
into the Ears, and few them up for fome Time ⁱ⁰cure the Farcin. And I knew one of the bet^teSort of Farriers, who had been long in Flanders ^a'
mong our Troops, where he chiefly gained his E*
perience, (as he calPd it) fo foolifhly fond of ^',
ing up Mercury or Quickfilver in the Ears °
Horfes for the Cure of the Farcin, that he feldo^
made ufe of any other Method : And to my Kno^'.
ledge he effected Cures by it when the Cafe feern^
defperate. And here I muft relate one of the ^c0..i
mon Notions of this honeft Fellow, whom I ft',
had a good Liking to, becaufe T now and then cov
drive fome Reafon into him, which he has publico /
owned he found his Account in. This Farrier, V ^
muft know, was fo biggotted to the Ears, as be"¹*
the moft proper Place to apply things to for the ctf
of the Farcin, that he told me he had often fee" f

The Folly
of putting
Garlick,
&c. into a
Horfe's
Ears.

Mercury
few'd up
in the Ears
fuppofed a
Cure for
the Farcin,

The Ger-
man man-
ner of cu-
ring the
Farcin.

German Farriers cure that Biftemper, by whifp^eri.,,
fome Abracadabra!s into the Horfe's Ears, and g>
ing him a Kick with their Foot, and turning ��\j
(is I remember) three times round afterwards : {* j

this out-of-the-way Opinion my Old Friend reta"¹even to his dying Day ; and I could never rn ,
him believe an Englijbman hulf.fo good as a G.e^r1f'
for curing the Farcin ; notwithfbnding I have ta
Pains to convince him that there is no greater Co j_sg or Conjuration in the Number Three than the)
in Number four, or any other Number in Ar't" ■,
tick, any farther than as it works upon the **A

The ab-
furd No-
tion of thNum ber
Three's
conducing
to efVecStCure con-

futed.

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		IMPROVED. 99 Nation, which I mull own is in many Cafes fur- Pnfmg, _where the Subjecl is a Human Creature. "it in Brutes, I cannot fee that the Imagination ^can operate, efpecially in this particular. But that this Faculty or Funftion is predominant in Brutes, ³³ well as Human Creatures, is moft certain, tho' ⁿ°t in fo eminent a Degree, therefore no great Cures °an be effefted by it. As to other Diftempers of the Brain, fuch as j^ethargy or Sleeping Evil, Falling Evil or Convul- «ons, Frenzy, and Madnefs in Horfes, they are* ?ioftly treated as Apopleftick Diforders, to wit, by jpleeding and Evacuating Medicines, fuch as Purges, &<� And I believe Rowels may in thefe Cafes Rowelling, Prove of Service, provided there be made a fuificient ^lts V'^e "L Wumber of them, and thofe continued according to tempers of jhe Horfe's Age, Strength, ferV. But, as to the the Brain. �arts of the Body, where fuch running Sores mould ^be made, whether behind the Ears, in the Breaft, °^r under the Horfe's Belly, I think it is much the arne thing ; for, the Cure confifts in a regular-and «ow Emptying of the Veffels, or, in other Words, j? draining off the Caufe of the Diftemper by other jj'ut-lets, more than thofe provided by Nature. °r in reality, making Rowels, Iffues, csV. are no The Rea- j*\|^0re than adding a Number of Anus's or Funda- f°n why ?^ents; fo that me may meet with them in feveral ^Row-!!ing f^ts of the Body, and not be put to the trouble of ^JS ^UK'^tuUgoing the more tedious and common Round of Cir- Wation, in order for a difcharge by Excrement or

			CHAP. XL JDifeafes ₀f the Eye, -with an Account of its Tarts, IN this Chapter I hope to make the Reader un- derftand thoroughly the Nature of a Horfe's >^e- fo that he will be able, not only to choofe one F 2 with

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		ioo The Art of Farriery with good Eyes, bat likewife be a Judge when theie Horfes which have diftemper'd Eyes are curable. But firft, I think it abfolutely neceiTary, to give fome Account of the Anatomy of this fo admirably contrived Organ. The Eyes The Eyes are term'd in Latin Oculi, from the by the Word Occludo to (hut, or from the Word Occulo to La ins hide; becaufe they are hid by the (hutting of the Oculi and Ey^e"Lid. They are the Organs or Inftruments of why. Sight, confiding of many Parts, to wit, of Hu- mours, Membranes, &c. Why the The Eye alone, when its Mufcles, the Optick Eye is of a Nerve, and Blood Veflels are removed, is of a Fiaure round or Globular Figure, both that it may move the better, and alfo that it may the better receive the vifible Rays. The Eye- The Eye-Lids ferve as Curtains to the Eye, by Lids, their _wh;_ch _Duftj _F,_ies> _Qr _any _Thing _e]fe _whic}l _m;_gy annoy them, is kept out; nor do I think a farther The Eye Defcription of them is neceiTary ; fo I (hall proceed delcnhcd. _t0 (.jjg �_ye �_tf_e]f_s _and defcribe the Parts of which i^� confifts. And firft, of its Tunicles or Coats, ift. Adnata The firft of thefe is called Adnata, from ad and Ti.nica. nafcor to grow to; it is alfo called Alluglnez .an" Cotijuniliva. This makes the White of the E)'^e> and by it the Eye is kept firmly within its Socket! it is of exquifite Senfe, and hath many fmall Veil¹⁵and Arteries, which are very difcernable in an Op» tbalmia or Inflammation of the Eye. 2d. Sclera- The fecond, is called Sclerotica, from the Gree^ tica. <rx.;.nf Ji'», indu.ro, to harden. This Coat appear⁵ plain, after the Removal of the former: It aril⁶⁵from the outermoft Coat of the Optick Nerve, °^r� in other Words, from the Dura Mater ; it is opal¹¹or dark behind, but tranfparent before, like a P»e^cof fmooth Horn ; from whence the third Coat fl- its Name, to wit, the Cornea or horny Coa > . - which is all that Part of the Eye, furrounded by ^f * White of the Eye. , _e

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ioi

The third, is term'd the Cornea or horny Coat: 3^ Cornea.
�} has a greater Convexity than the reft of the J

plobe of the Eye, and is compofed of feveral paral-
~1 Lamina:, which are nourifhed by many Blood-
V^eiTels fo exceeding fine, as not even to hinder the
;ⁿialleft Rays of Light from entering the Eye. And
'[has fo exquifite a Strife, that, upon the leaft Touch,
Jj^e Tears might be fqueezed out of the Lacrimal. The Uic of
^^a»d, to warn off any Filth, which by flicking to ^Tears.
^^e Cornea, might render it opaque and dark.

The fourth, is called Chorcides; it lies under the 4th. Cho-
*^clerotica, and is much thinner than that. Anato- ^rditlcs-
^fts think that this arifes from the Pia Mater or
^^ln cob-web-covering of the Brain, which is ex-
panded all along the Infide of the Optick Nerve,
�d terminates in the Cboroides. On the Infide of
^hls Membrane is a kind of blackifh Subftance,
Prepared by Nature, and fpread over the back Part
J the Eye. This Coat has a great Number of
,n ood-VefTels, which come from the feeond called

,'Erotica. The Clxnides itfeif is

of a whitifh Co- Its Colour.

i.^tlr» only the Glands thereabouts feparate fuch

� ^ackifh Matter as is before fpoken of. Mr. Snape Mr. Stiape's

/^s> that fuch Matter as is fpread over the Infide Accoim 0*.'

this Membrane, is for the End that the Idea's *|}.^ew^lat*"

Ou ^IVeC* '^nt0 ^C^^e ^^e ^m^g^nt ^aPP^ear ^more illuftri- f_readutv'
I, 5 but this is a dark Saying, like many more Ex- on ffn Cho-

^effions made ufe of by thofe who have treated up- roiues.
the Subject of Farriery.
_v;(Aere is no Doubt, but fuch blackifh Glaze, or �e,Au- .
> ^cous Liquor, is fpread over the Infide of this nj°n^J""
_w,^e.^mbrane, to the End that the Rays of Light, ceffting ic.
tefl¹^" pafs from Objefts into the Eye, may not be
foui. ^^lc^ ^ag^a'ⁿ» but (as it were) become tho-
J?₀ S"ly imbibed, and have a due Weight and

^ upon the ftxth Coat called the Retina.
for Cboroides is open, or has a round Hole be- The Pnpil-
p* (/or the Paffage of the Rays of Light,) called >*� ?*»*�

^urdly,) the Sight of the Eye. s^ght of

F 3 The the Eye.

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The Art of Farriery

The Uvea is the fifth Coat, and makes the Cir-
cumference of the Hole I have been defcribing,
which lies upon the Infide next the CryftaUine Ha^Jmour. This Coat is made of both circular and
ftraight Fibres or fmall Threads, which contract or
dilate, according to the different Impreffions of
Light and Objects : For, if the Light be ftrong and
glaring, thefe Fibres contract, and make the Hole-
called the Pupil (or Sight of the Eye) appear fmaller.
In like Manner, thofe Colours which make a ftrong
Impreflion upon the Retina, oblige thefe Fibres to
contrail and draw the Hole into a leffer Compafs»
for the Contraction is involuntary, as well as th«
Dilatation or ftretching out of the Pupil. And by
thefe different Actions of the circular and ftraight
Fibres of the Uvea, one may very eafily judge of
the reft of the Parts of the Eye ; I mean, whether
they be found and perfect. For, the more the
ftraight Fibres contract, when the Animal is in Dark'
nefs, or has a dark or opaque Body held before the
Eye, by fo much the more may we judge the reft
of the Parts of this Organ to be in a found and
healthful State. The Contraction of the circular
Fibres is upon the Admiffion of the Rays of LigW
into the Eye, and the quicker this Contraction I^sperformed, the founder and more healthful are the
reft of the Coats and Humours. But, a Perfon wh^
is not well verfed in Opticks, muft look well, and
near, to obferve rightly the Contraction and Dil^a'
tation I am fpeaking of.

In a Gutta Serena, the Pupil neither dilates no'
contracts; becaufe the Rays of Light which p3'^sthis Hole, and fall upon the Retina, do not in «>
leaft affect the Optick Nerve, which fhould convey"
the Image of the Object to the Brain. Therefore^
in my Opinion, (notwithftanding what fome »^aPretenders may fuggeft to the World, about th^e1^
curing this Diforder of Sight) a Gutta Serena is "V
curable. And I dare venture to wager a Hundre
Founds with any Perfon, who pretends to per^f?

102

frh.The

Uvea.

No Con-
traction or
Dilatation
the Pu-

Pil

in a

Gutta Se-
rena, and
lor what
IUalbn.

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		IMPROVED. 103 _t ^Is Operation with Succefs, that he fails in the At- ^^mpt: But then I will not take his Judgment, but y own, whether the Diftemper be a Gutta Serena J. ?° � For I know very well this common Trick Some Ac- _c -Dr. ?"�_r> ,,/jj, that he frequently calls a count of ^faa or Glaucoma by the Name of a Gutta pcl^Zft to /)(""' ^wnen ^tnere ^are ^no better Judges than him- _trje g___ j tys and therefore he is faid (by the ignorant '.'Sanders) to cure a Garta Serena, when he has v done what many a one before him has, (with- ^^a Quarter of the Noife he makes,) tnz. couched ^Maraa. But this the Do�lor thinks is too bald j kxpreffion ; and notwithstanding it is true, yet j. \^eerns Truth will not always take with the World . ^In a plain Drefs. Therefore this Itinerant cun- ingly �;j_es ^jj Operation (different from our j. ^refathers) by his common Term of Removing the '/orders of Sight, or DepreJJing a Glaucoma; for ^e Word CataraB would be too intelligible to the gantry People, and would hinder the Do&or's * cannot part with this Fellow, who travels up <J down the Kingdom, and pretends that he can Jprorm fuch Wonders in removing the Diforders of , 8«t,^ when in Fad (for I have difcourfed him over) � ^ls ignorant of the very Fundamentals, viz. the fcatomy of the Eye : And, as toVifion, he knows q more of it, nor of the Theory of Light and j> onrs, than the Creatures I am treating of in this. _t3a Indeed I muft own, he can couch a Cata- tin ^Snd ^brufh ^the ^White ^of ^the ^Eye '^by ^the ^La" r ^s Called Tunica Adnata) with a Brufh made of a ]u. Rye or Barley-angs, (tied together in the b_v v ^witn ^a W"^ ^Si'^k) ^w^^en ** ^is inflamed, and yj this Means cut afunder the fmall Capillary Blood- ₀ p'^s. which are full and turgid in an Opthalmia loot ^amnwtion of the Eye, upon which the Eye Win ^muc^ better and clearer : But then, all this j, ' f> "^c^ Operation is no new Thing; for, it ^been a Practice amongft the French* Surgeons, F 4- efpe-

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		The Art sf Farriery efpecially thofe who mounted Benches, by their own Countrymen ftiled Medians Ba&Ieurs, which rendered into our Language fignifies Romancing Doilors ; I k.y, this, as well as a great many more whimfical and amufing Performanc. s, are Ihewn to the Populace, by the nimble fingerd Gentleman 1 am fpeaking of: And of this I have been an Eye- > Witnefs twenty Years ago. But it is a delicious Brum to the Doftor, whatever it proves to his Pa- tients ; for, to my certain Knowledge, he laft Sum- mer bruihed an old clofe-fifted Clergyman out of thir- ty Guineas, and at laft left him where the D�1 left the Frier: B'Jt, fo far I mult tell the Doctor, he is fafe from any Complaints from this Gentleman, becaufe he dare not fqueak for fear of being laugh- ed at by his Neighbours, for being fo lavifh of his Money to a Perfon who travell'd with no other Credentials, than fuch as (by the Diction and Style) appear to be of his own Compofure. I am not at all furprized at fome Letters of Re- commendation this Perfon procures and carries from one Town to another, which Letters are moflly from Phylicians to their Brethren. I myfelf had two fuch from very ingenious Men in other Refpefts > but then I mull beg their Pardon if I differ from them in my Opinion of this empirical Pretender* who, in my Judgment, has got a Knack at nothing but getting Money,, which may do well enough for a while : But fo far I mult venture to tell Fortunes* (notwithftanding the late Aft of Parliament againfl the common Retailers of Altral Influence,) tha' this Man, along with one more of the like Stamp* and a Female Bone-Setter; I fay, thefe Three are of the Reptile kind, and therefore cannot endure long; but as they fprang up haftily, and are defh' tute of a good Foundation, it is certain they will ^irla few Moons totally di(appear, and vanifh like * Dream, neither will they be any more heard of. I beg the Reader's Pardon, for fo long a Digreffi' on, and I hope he will the more readily grant iU whe"¹

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		IMPROVED. 105 When I tell him that I did it to caution my Coun- trymen, as they value their Lives and Eye-Sight, lever to employ an Oculift who travels about the Country founding his own Trumpet ; for I never "eard of, nor never knew a cleverer Fellow of the Sort. And there are Inftances enough, within the Memory of Man, to confirm what I fay ; and I 'ancy the Publick will be thoroughly convinced, ^'hat Sort of Men are fitteft to be chofen as Opera- tors to remove the Diforders of Sight, when they fead my Tranflation of the Labours of the very ■Learned and truly Worthy Dr. Antoine Maitrejan, 'Worn Surgeon of Paris, with my Annotations up- on him ; which I have ready for the Prefs, and defign to publifh the firft Opportunity after I have Crimed this Book. But to return. The Iris is the Outfide of the Uvea, and is of The Trip, different Colours. From the Infide of the Uvea, Which joins the Choroides, rifes l\vt"Ligamentum Ci- 'iare ; it is made of fhort Fibres which run upon ^l«e fore-part of the GiaiTy Humour (which I (hall Jfefcribe hereafter,) to the Edges of the Cryjialline : Thefe Lines are drawn from the Circumference to Thc-Ufeof ^f"e Center, and by the Contraction of thefe Fibres the Ciliary ^e fore-part of the Eye is made more prominent Ligament. j? higher in the Middle, and the Retina or Net- ''<e Membrane prefTed back farther from the Cryf- ^tr-Hine Humour, as the Axis of Vifion is lengthen'd ^'hen Objccls are placed too near the Eye. The Retina is the fixth Coat, fo called from its Sixth, The tofembling a Net', which covereth the Bottom of Retina. j¹? Cavity of the Eye. It is a fine Expanfion of 'he Medullary or Marrow Fibres of the Optick V^erve upon the Surface of the daffy Humour, as _;^r as the Li'gavientum Ciliare ; and it is upon this Jj-oat that the Impreffion of Objefts is made, and ^fonv thence by the Optick Nerve convey'o. to the ^c°nimon Senfory. The Humours of the Eye are three '. The firft is. The Hu- lled the Aqueous or Watery Humour, which is ₀f mov.rs of F 5 a thin

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		IMPROVED. 107 when I read it. But when I told the Do&or that he had puzzled me, he faid he was. glad on it, for he did not write in order to be underftood, fo that he had gained his Point. But for fear of naufeate- ing the Reader too much with dwelling upon this Man of Ability, I mail proceed. The fecond Humour is the Cryflalline. It lies 2d. The immediately next, to the Aqueous, behind the U'vea, Cryftalline. Oppofite to the Pupil or Sight of the Eye, nearer to the Fore-part, than the Back-part of the Globe. It is the leaft of the Humours, but much more fo- lid and firm than any of them. Its Figure, which is Covex or high in the Middle, and thinner at the Sides, refembles too unequal Segments of Spheres, of which the molt Convex is on its Back-fide, which makes a fmall Cavity or hollow Place in the Glaffy or Vitreous Humour in which it lies. It is cover'd with a fine thin Coat called Aranea from its Refem- blance to a Spider's Web j and this very Coat or Covering is adherent to the Glaffy Humour all around the Edge of the Cryftalline. Dr. T-----r, Oculift to Her Majefty, has made a great deal of Do-about-nothing, in a Piece he has had the Affurance to publifh to the World. In this Learned Performance, the Doftor runs much upon the Caffula of the Cryftalline Humour, by which he means a kind of Bag wi ich covers the faid Humour ;. and would have us believe, that "�. was the firft Difcoverer of fuch Capfula or little Sag, which he imagines he cuts in his Operation for a Cataraft, jnd with his Needle turns the whole >ody of the Cryftalline through fuch Aperture or Opening. But fure, the Doclor is fo far from have- 'ng read the Authors he quotes upon the Subjeft, , that he has neglefted the Perufal even of fome of pur own Nation, particularly Dr Kennedy:* I fay,. '; 5T-�r the Oculift h:ul perufed this Author, or (" he could not underftand him) have got fome ^°^e to explain it to him, he would find that his ^apfala of the Cryftalline, is nothing more than F 6 the

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		The Art of Farriery the Tunica Aranea, or Membrane that adheres to, or is continued from, the Vitreous Tunic and Liga- mentum Ciliare: And then, as to his turning the whole Body of the Cryftalline out of its Place, I iliall (hew the Abfurdity of the Notion, after I have defcribed the Parts of the Eye, and come to treat upon Vifion. But to return. The Subftance of the Cryftalline Humour is com- monly taken for a congeal'd or frozen Sort of Body, as the Vitreous has likewife been : But this Opinion, no doubt, has proceeded from a very flight Exami- nation, or rather no Examination at all; fince fevV are fo ignorant as not to have feen a Fifh's Eye boiled, or even any other Creature's, the Cryftalline of which becomes White, and turns off in many dif- ferent Laminte or Coats, like unto the Coats of an Onion. And becaufe the Q^�'s Oculift would have us believe, that he firft difcovered the Capfula of the Cryftalline, I beg the Reader's Leave to tranfcribe the Words of Dr. Kennedy, in his Book publifhed in the Year 1713, which I believe will be found to be fome Years before T�-r was a Prsc- tifer : The Words are thefe, <viz. fpeaking of the Cryftalline Humour, he fays, " That it lies in a " perfect Sort of Sacculus, that is, its Tunica Ara- �' nea being continued from the Vitreous Tunic " and Ligamentum Ciliare, comes clofely round it, " fo that it lies very fixed and faft; but if you cut " its Tunic or Coat on the Top or Side, it imme- " diately fprings out, fo that it feems not to be any " ways adherent to its Membranes. " Thus far Dr. Kennedy, whofe Sacculus for the Cryftalline, I think every whit as pertinent as T�r's Capfula : Although I mud own, Dr. Ken- nedy is miftaken in one particular, <viz. where he fays, that if you cut the Tunica Aranea, or which is all one, T- Vs Capfula,) the Cryftalline will immediately fpring out; I fay, that Mr. Kenned) is moft certainly wrong in this, becaufe we never couch a Cataracl, but we cut this Capfula or thi" Membrane,

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		IMPROVED. 109 Membrane, and turn off very often one or more of 'he Lamina of the Cryftalline Humour ; nay I have great Reafon to believe, that fome CataraSls are no ^ore than the Capfula of the Cryftalline grown dark or opaque : for upon the leaft Touch with my Needle (I mean a flat two-edged Needle) the Fi- bres of the Capfula being a little divided, imme- diately contracted themfelves, and left the whole Body of the Cryftalline clear and tranfparent; and I was fatisfied, it could not be the Cryftalline that I touched with my Needle, becaufe I did it fo lightly that I fcarcely cut the Capfula. I fay, the Lamina of the Cryftalline Humour, m the Difeafe called -a Cataraft, are fo altered as ⁿ°t to fuffer the Rays of Light to pafs through them ; and when thefe Laminae, I mean the opaque Strata or Lays of the Cryftalline, are thus fcraped °ff with the Needle, it is then the remaining Part of Aat Humour fuffers the Rays of Light to pafs thro', although, indeed, they often fall in a confufed Man- ner upon the Retina ; and therefore it is abfolutely neceifiry to fupply the Defeft of the Cryftalline, Which from being convex, is, by the Needle in couching, made almoft of a Plane Surface ; I fay, this Defeft is beft fupplied by a Lens or Convex Glafb. And for farther Proof that this is the real Cafe of a Cataraft, and that the Cryftalline is in Faft the true Lens of the Eye, it may be obferved, '"at thofe Perfons who have had their Eyes couched, ^ai'e obliged to ufe Glaffes of a greater Convexity, than others who are above a hundred Years of Age : And this, becaufe the Convexity of one Side of the J-^ryftalline is fcraped off in the Operation of Couch- J"}g- But it is Folly and Madnefs to imagine, with f~~~r the Oculift, that the cryftalline Humour ^Is quite turn'd oat of the Cavity it makes in the Vi- nous, in fuch Operation ; and that the Vitreous Humour becomes convex in its Place I fay, this ^ls (for Reafons too plain to be infifteft on) talking toore like a quacking empirical Fellow, than one verfed

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		i io TZtf Art c/Farriiry verfed in Opticks. I ihall now proceed to a Defcrip- tion of the third Humour. The 3d The third is called the Vitreous or GlafTy Hu- Hnmour. _mour. It takes up the greater! Part of the Eye, filling all the hind part of the Globe. It is Sphe- rical behind and its Middle; before, it is concave or hollow, and in the Cavity the Q-yitalline Hu- mour lies. The Vitre- The Vitreous is a very tranfparent Subftance, not bus Hii- f₀ _nard _as the Cryftalline, or fo fluid as the Aque- ftribe I ^ous ^or Eatery Humour; and it feems to be nothing elfe but a Number of delicate little Veficles or Bladders full of Water j for in touching, it is al- ways moift and wateriih, and when cut, the Mix- ture flows out more abundantly ; or by rubbing it betwixt the Palms of one's Honds, the Water comes out, and to fuch a Degree, that it will appear nothing but a Membrane or thin Skin j and by ob- ferving with a Microfcope or Giafs commonly call- ed a Magnifying-Glafs, when it is cut, you will obferve many little Airy Bubbles to arife from it, but being dried, it evaporates or flies away, and this delicate membranous Body feems almoft wi- thered to nothing. The Ufe of The Ufe of the Vitreous or daffy Humour, feems the Vitre, chiefly defigned to keep the Cryftalline at a proper mow Diftance f_rom the Retina, as I fhall farther ex- plain in fpeaking of Vifion : For I hope the Reader will pardon my Prolixity, with relation to a Dif- courfe of that fo admirably contrived Organ the Eye, feeing fo many People are cheated with Horfes that have bad ones, nay fometimes with fuch as are ftone Blind. Therefore, I fay, if the Reader will only ftudy over this Chapter a little, he may moil certainly judge of the Soundnefs of a Horfe's Eyes; and thereby fhun the Lofs which accrues upon buy- ing a Blind Horfe, as well as the Cenfure of his Neighbours, for his Ignorance in that Particular. Now to return. The

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	IMPROVED.
		in


The Vitreous or Glaffy Humour has a very fine and thin Membrane or Coat with which it is co- vered. This Membrane is adherent or joining to the Ligamentum Ciliare, and no doubt has Blood- Veffels (as well as all the other Membranes of the Body, which muft be nouriftied by Blood-Veffels,) from thence, although fo fine and fmall that they are not to be feen even with a Microfcope. Yet this need not feem ftrange when we confider that thofe of the Cornea, though they are much larger, are not to be feen, till they become turgid or fwell in an Ophthalmia or Inflammation of the Eye; or even thofe of the Tunica ardnata or white of the Eye, till inflamed, as I have faid. Now whether there is any Communication between the Vitreous Humour and the Cryftalline, is what Ans- tomifts cannot determine : But this is plain, to wit, that its Membrane or Coat is not only continued or adherent to the Ligamentum Ciliare, but likewife to the Tunica Aranea or Membrane which imme- diately covers the Cryftalline Humour, which Tuni- ca Aranea is the Capfula of the Cryftalline lately difcovored by Dr. T�r, as I have juft before hinted. The Optick Nerves pierce the Globe of the Eye The optick a little on the Infide of the Optick Axes. Their Nerves. External Coat, which is a Production of the Dura The Origin Mater, is continued to the Slerotis or that Part ^f;^�' °f the Eye next under the White j as their Inter- their Costs, flal from the Pia Mater* is to the Choroides, which �s the Coat next under the Sclerotica, and their Me- dullary Fibres pairing through all, are expanded in- to the Retina, upon which the Images of Objefts are painted. The Center of this Expanfion is in- Center of fenfible, and all Rays which fall upon it are loft, the Retina and confequently that Point of the Objeft from infcnfible. Which thefs Rays come is invifible to the Eye : The Reafon of which proceeds probably from the rj.jj� -^_ea. Blood-Veffels, which enter with the Optick Nerve, fon^adign- ^a«d cover this part of the Retina. But, whatever ed. its

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		ii2 The Art of Farriery its Caufe is, there is a manifeft Advantage in the The Ad- Optick Nerves being inferred on the Infide of the th"optick °P^dck ^Axes* ^for ^if ^they^had P^ierced ^the ^Ey^e»- Nerves be- ^trien the middle Point of every Objecl had been. ing inferted invifible. And where all Things conduce to make on the in- us fee belt, there we had not feen at all. We mull OPtickAx- ^likewife ^have ^M ^{ome ^Part ^of ^an ^0bJ^edt> ^if ^the_�S_ ^x Optick Nerves had been placed on the Outfide of the Optick Axes; becaufe an Objecl may be fo. placed as that all the Rays which come from one Point, may fall upon the Outfide of both Eyes; but it is impoffible they fliould fall upon the Infide of both Eyes; and therefore that Point which is loft in one Eye* is vifible by the other. How Virion All Rays of Light which come from one Point of is; perform- _an Objeft, are by the Cornea and Humours of the Eye united in a Point of the Retina, which is in a flraight Line drawn from the fame Point of the. Objecl through the Center of the Eye, and con- fequently all the Rays which come from all the Points of an Object are united on the Retina in the fame Order and Proportion as the Points of the Objecl are from whence thofe Rays come. Therefore the Interpofition which thefe Rays make upon the Retina muft be the Image of the Objecl : and thus Vifion in general is performed. But to ■ know what the feveral and diftincl Parts of the Globe of the Eye contribute hereunto, it is need- .ful to obferve, that the Cornea is more Convex than any other Part of the Eye, by which Means all the Rays are gathered, fo that they may pafs through the Pupil or Sight of the Eye, and none of them be loft upon the Uvea. The Aqueous Humour being thinneft and moil. liquid eafily changes its Figure, when either the Ligamcntum Ciliare contracts, or both the oblique The Rea- Mufcles fquecze the Middle of the Bulb of the fon ot [he E_ve _t0 _rerjCier it oblcng, when Objedls are too cn'and Dj" "^eal" ^US- ^The "^raig^ht ^Fibres ^of ^the U^vea ^dilatelatarion of ^�^^e ^^up^la or Sight of the Eye, as it is commonly he Pupil. called,

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			IMPROVED. 113 called, when there are but few Ray- of Light; and the Circular Fibres contrail it whe there are too many ; as may moft eafily be obferved in a Cat's Obtervati- Eye when fhe fits in the Sun-fhine, how narrow °? ^on ^^ and fmall the Pupil or Sight of her Eye will ap- \| ^Cart pear to what it is when fhe is in the Shade. When the Pupil or Sight of the Eye is contracted We fee moft diftin&ly; when it is dilated we fee moft clearly. The daffy Humour keeps the Cryftalline at fuch a Diftance from the Retina, as is neceffary for Uniting the Rays which come from one Point of the Object exactly in one Point of the Retina. The Choroides is tinctured black, that the Rays ^T!^le Cho- of Light which pafs through the Retina may not ]^± _a j be reflected back again, and thereby confufe the _wh_y.' Image of the Object; for black imbibes or (as it Black the Were) fucks up the Rays, and therefore it is the hottest Co- hotteft Colour a Man can wear jn Summer. SiimTiei Thus have I given a fuecinct or fhort Defcrip- _wear. tion of this admirably contrived Organ j and what I fhall treat of next is the Theory of Vifion, wherein I fhall fhew how and after what Manner, the Images of Objects are reprefented to the Eye, by Means of the aforefaid Organs of Sight.

		CHAP. XII. Theory of Vifion confide red, with fome of the Difeafes of the Eye. IT is not my Defign at prefent to write a dif- tinct Treatife upon Opticks, but only to (hew the Reader fo much as is neceffary how Sight is perfomed, and by that Means he will be able to Judge better, perhaps, than he could do before, of the Soundnefs of a Horfe's Eyes. Light

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		114 f^^ f/FARRIIRY Light a Light, or what I mean by Rays of Light, are no lubtil iu- ,joubt a fubtil Fluid that moves quick, and is conti- nually emitted from the Sun or Luminous Body. Its Motion may be obferved by the Reflection on Solid Bodies, and the Refra&ion it has in pafling through denfe Mediums, fuch as Glafs, cifc. Motion of I might here enter into a Philofophical Account Light of Light, and fliew how much quicker its Motion is thanthat than that of Sounds, which is the ftcond in quick- ofSounds. ^ne^^s to Light} and that this Body, for fuch it is, though of extremely fmall Particles, according to In what ^tBe Demonftration of Mr. Romer, from the Eclipfes, Space of of Jupiter's Satellites, finijhes its Progrefs from the TimeLight Sun to this Earth, in about ten Minutes of Time ; C?\vte "^S ^anc* ^moves ^a Million of Times quicker than a Caa- from the non-bullet, ftiot from the Mouth of a Cannon. For» Snn to as the firft comes to us from the Sun in ten Minutes, this Earth, the latter would be 25 Years in finifliing the fame Courfe, though it lhould fly with the fame Celerity as at firft; and yet the Sound of the fame Cannon, would be here in a little more than half that Space of Time. And the Reafon why a Bird does not fly away, and efeape being killed by the Fowler, when Light and Sound are fo much quicker than the Ball or Hail-ftiot, is, becaufe the Diftance be- tween the Fowler and the Bird is fo fmall, that the Difference is fcarcely diftinguifhable, except by a Perfon who is a good judge of thefe Things ; for the- Motion of all the Three is exceeding quick. What Bo- All Bodies abounding with earthy Particles, and dies by A- efpecially if they are fulphurous, and their Parts mit LiRht ^fuffi^cientlv agitated, do emit Light, whatfoever way fuch Agitation is brought about. Thus Sea-Wa- ter mines in a Storm ; Quickfilver when fliaked in Vacuo; Cats or Horfes when rubbed in the Dark ; Li ht ^and ^Wood> ^Fim> ^or ^FIem> ^wnen putrefied, what it is. ^ight then is that Materia Subtilis, fent forth from the Sun or Luminous Body in Lines or Rays, commonly called Sun-beams; and thefe coming with fuch incredible Swiftnefs, and meeting the Eye, properly

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		IMPROVED. 115 properly and wonderfully difpofed, with Convex and Diaphanous Mediums the better to receive fuch Rays, cannot but llrike very fenfibly upon the fine Medul- lary Fibres of the Retina; but whether it be com- municated to the Soul by Undulation or Vibration, is what I fhall not pretend to determine. The Eye may be conudered as a Camera Obfcura Camera or dark Chamber, to make which, ftiut the Doors Obfcura and Window-Ihutters of a Room very tight and defcribed. clofe, fo as no Light be admitted to come in but by a fmall Hole in one of the Shutters : Then place a Sheet of white Paper, which may be fuppofed to reprefent the Retina in the Eye : I fay, place this at a convenient Diftance from the Hole, and the Rays reflefted from Objedls without or in the Street, will crofs one another in the Hole, and paint the Image inverted or topfyturvy on the Pa- per, though but faintly. Thus it would do upon the Retina, although Vifion pen there were no Humours in the Eye, neither Cryftal- formed line, Vitreous, nor Aqueous, no nor even the Cornea wtlKiut or horny Coat, provided there was only a fmall _taui_ne _orHole, fuch as the Pupil, for the Rays to pafs other Hu. through, as in the Camera Olfcura; fo that it is rnovirs. poflible for a Creature to fee without the help of the Cryftalline Humour ; and perhaps this may have made Dr. T � r imagine, that he turns the whole Body of the Cryftalline Humour out of its Place, When he couches a Cataraft. But he muft be only a Smatterer in Opticks that knows not thus far, to Wit, that if the Cryftalline Humour were totally removed out of its Place, the Images of Objects Would be fo faintly painted upon the Retina, that a Perfon might be near as well blind. So that all the Parts of the Eye (as I fhall fhew heareafter, contri- bute to the greater Perfection of Sight. For Example, a Lens or Spectacle Glafs, we may T^.^f ^fuppofe to be the Cryftalline Humour behind the ^fX'a Pupil or Sight of the Eye; I fay fuch Glafs being by the placed betwixt the Hole and ths Paper, will make cryftalline (he Humour,

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		116 the Art of Farriery the Rays converge or come to a proper Focus or Point, though they were before fpread in a large and confufed manner; that is, the oblique Rays of each Pencil of Rays, that flows from every Point of the Object, will be refracted by the Denfity of the Glafs Medium to their proper Perpendicular, and there meeting much nearer to one another in the Focus, than at their Place of Incidence, muft con- fequently imprint the Image much more ftrongly, and perfectly delineated. If the Lens or Cryftalline Humour be too far from the Paper or Retina, the Rays will interject or crofs one another before they arrive there, and after- wards become divergent or difperfed upon the Pa- per ; fo that by this Means they are again fpread, and make a confufed or faint Image or Impreflion cf the Object. If it be held too near, I mean, if the Lens or Convex Glafs be held too near the Pa- per, the Rays are not as yet met in their Focus, and therefore cannot be fo perfect. Thus the Paper or 'Retina muft be at a proper Diftance. Near- The Reafon commonly affigned for the Dilbrder fighttd- of Sight called Myopia, Moufe-ey'd or Purblind, is nefs ac- this, to wit, from too great a Convexity or Protu- counteiior. berancy of the Cornea and Globe of the Eye, which is very remarkable in Creatures near-lighted. There is no Cure for this Diforder in Horfes, but Men are help'd by the Ufe of Concave Spectacles or Menif- cous Glafles, or foch Glafles as are Convex on one Side and Concave on the other, or thofe called Con- cavo-convex Glafles, which make the Rays diverge or go farther afunder, that otherwife would be too near or Convergent, by the too great Convexity of the Cornea, &c. Presbytia, Prejbytia, from <7r?io-Cu{, Senex, old, is a Dif- what. temper juft oppofite to the former ; and is when the Cornea, &c. are not fo Convex, as they were in In old Youth :_% For, as any Creature advances in Years, Horfes, the the Eye grows more plain and flat, for want of that �?r!fn ^n0t Vigour in the Blood's Impulfe, which was wont to w convex _keep

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		IMPROVED. 117 keep the Globe turgid and full. I fay, the Cornea as in young !ⁿ old Age becomes flatter or lefs Convex, and this ^ones- !^s to be helped by the Ufe of Convex Spectacles on- y > and thefe are to be fitted according to the Decay °J the Eye, or Flatnefs of the Cornea ; for I do not ^a''Ow that fo much depends upon the other Parts of "te Eye, as on the Cryftalline Humour's growing P'ainer and of a leffer Sphere, according as a Perfon ^varices in Years; no, I am well fatisfied that the Cornea or horny Coat (which is the outermoft Part Caufe of ^of the Eye before) is moftly the Caufe of Dimnefs ^^"^efs ^of5^ Sight, and no doubt but it is the fame in Horfes : ' °r in them I have obferved the Cornea* become Why old ^more flat or lefs Convex as they grew old ; but this Horfes fee Creature is not fo fubject to the Infirmity I am now ^worf^et3li«> treating of as Man, by reafon they do not live to _;^young °^ncs' "alf the Age. And though it may be faid in gene- ts that a Horfe is as old at Seven, as a Man is at ^0rty> yet his Eyes {if he is well kept) may conti- nue full, and the Cornea be kept prominent till he ^Is Sixteen, or even Twenty Years of Age. Befi 'e , Mankind are fo carelefs of this ineftimable Blefting, "iat they little regard the Value of it, till it is often ^too late; for they do their Eyes a vaft deal of Da- Fire perni-J fWge by fitting near and facing hot glaring Fires, cious to 'nfomuch, that they, in fome Meafure, parboil the ^tlle ^E>'^es>J-ryftalline Humour in particular, as well as do ^urt to the reft of the Parts within the Globe of the ^.Ve. But as the Cryftalline Humour is (as I have laid before) of the moft folid Confiftence of any of "e three Humours of the Eye; therefore lefs Heat ^Is neceftary to make it of fuch a Nature, as that the Ws of Light cannot pafs through it, fo as to make Vifion diftinft. And in fuch Cafe, the outermoft Lamina or Covering mull be turned off by a Needle, ^as m the Operation for the Glaucoma or Cataraft. Another Thing is Candle-Light, and of this Peo- Candle- P'e generally fuffer themfelves to have too much .Light. ^when there is little Occafion for it. And by how ^^f ^rtouch, the more we accuftom ourfelves to it, or (heEy read

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		xiS the Art c/FarrierV read by great Lights, by fo much the more are we hazarding our Eye-Sight; and we may thereby bring it into fuch a State that we cannot fee at all; when others of the fame Age, who do not hurt themfelves by what I am fpeaking of^ can read diftinctly. Furthermore, People mould turn their Backs upon the Light when they would read, or do any Thing that is term'd fine Work ; but inftead of this they turn their Faces direftly towards the Light, which is diametrically contradictory to all the known Rules in Opticks. Why a There is not any Thing in the Compofition of a Horfe fees Horfe's Eye, which mould caufe him to fee better therein ^t^^xn ^a Man ^can d°» iri the Night-time 5 for it is than Man. only his being kept more in Darknefs than we are* which makes a lefs Light ferve his Turn. So that as to Light or Darknefs we talk of them as we do of Heat or Cold, to wit, as they affeft ourfelves, hot others: For Example, what's Hot or Cold to me may not be fo to another, and when it is dark with us, it may not be fo with others, altho' in the fame Climate. Why Cats, As to a Cat or OwPs feeing better than other &c can fee Creatures in the Night, there cannot be any more Merfin the ^faid ⁱⁿ ^the ^Cafe ^than ^this> ^t0 ^wit> ^that ^thofe ^Crea' Night. tures have their Eyes of a finer Contexture or Make, and that therefore the Nerves are fooner affe&ed. Add to this, the Infide of the Tunica Sclerotica 01 thefe Creatures is more black than others, and by that Means the Rays of Light are more imbibed* and confequently a ftronger Impreffion made upon the Optick Nerve. And whoever pretends to giv^eany other Account than this, it muft be fuch as »^smeerly fpeculative and conjectural. But to return. The Lens which reprefents the Cryftalline Hu- mour, is to be placed at its proper Diftance frorn the Paper behind the Hole in the Camera Ob/cur* or dark Chamber ; by which Means the Rays of Light are broke or refrafted: But whether by ³proper Difpofition of the Pores of the Glafs or Me- diuxn?

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		IMPROVED. 119 dium, that breaks the Rays, in like Manner as a Ball is thrown into a Tube; or whether, according to the incomparable Sir IJaac Newton, the fame is performed by Attraction, I fhall not at prefeht take upon me to determine: But that the Rays are broke or refraftedj few or none will deny, fince it is de- monftrable by feveral Experiments in Opticks. Thefe Rays being brought then by Means of the Convex Glafs or Lens to their proper Focus or Point of Convergence upon the Paper, muft (as I have faid) imprint a more perfeft Image. A Convex Glafs of a larger Sphere* which Glafs A. Convex may be compared to the Cornea, as the other was ^Gla1^ ">m- to the Cryftalline; I fay, a Glafs of this Sort being the Cornea, put a little on the Outfide of the Hole, will make a greater Number of Rays to converge or corae-te a Point from all Parts of the external Objeft, and to enter in at the Hole upon the Lens or Convex Glafs on the Infide, and confequently make the Pifture or Image ftill more perfeft. The greater the Convexity of the Lens, the larger The great- the Objeft will appear i for the Angle of Vifion ^er tl?e Con- will be greater, but the Axis of Sight or Diftance ^v'^exl7 of from the Objeft will be fliortned j fo that Creatures ^ targar* which have their Eyes more Convex than ordinary, the Objeft or fuch as are Purblind* if they have no other De- appears. feft or Weaknefs but what proceeds from fuch Con- vexity, fee Things better, and larger than others j yet this muft be fuppofed at their own Diftance, Which no doubt muft be nearer according as the Eye is more Convex. There is no Help for this Defeft in Horfes* I Purblind Wean the too great Convexity of the Cornea; but Horfcs lee this I can fay with Truth, fuch Horfes will have a ^b"-^ttcr � hlore perfeft Sight, or fee Things at more proper ^V ^^ Diftances when they grow older ; for by that Time the Cornea will become flatter and more plain, and the Rays from Objefts at common Diftances will not fell f₀ divergent upon the Retina as they did before, I muft

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	120 The Art of Farriery A Horfe j _muft _not q_uj_t _thj_s 9ubjedl without acquainting tedd oTa ^the ^Reader' ^that ^if ^he ^be ^obli§^ed ^t0 ^ride ⁱⁿ ^a ^darkdark Night Night, nothing can be worfe than mounting his out of a Horfe out of a Stable where there are Candles burn- light ;_rg. _an(j ;_t j_s _tne f_ame _wjth thofe Horfes, which
	Stable.
		(to the Shame of their Mailers be it fpoken) are often hung or tied at the Door, 'till fuch Time as the Owner condefcends to mount: For, (as I juft now hinted,) no Light, or as little as poffible mould come near a Horfe for fome Time before he is rid, if the Night be dark ; feeing it dulls or confounds his Eye-Sight for fome Time at firft fetting out, in which Space his Mailer may very likely repent it, and curfe the poor Beaft for Humbling, when he himfelf was the Defaulter.

CHAP. XIII. Of Difeafes of the Eyes in General. Horfes TORSES are exceedingly fubjeft to Difeafes more \|_ of the Eyes, by Reafon they are obliged to fubjeft to fl₀₀p _or hold down their Heads (one half of their the^'ves⁰ ^t'^rne) ^m Order to come; at their Food, fo that the than Men, Blood-V effels in the Head are all that time more and why. upon the Stretch, than they can be fuppofed when a Creature has the Head erccL It is not to be imagined with the Vulgar Part of Mankind, (naho have no other Way of accounting for Nature*! Operations than from Appearances,) I fay, we mull not fuppofe that Humours fall down upon a Horfe's Eyes, becaufe he cften holds down his Head for a considerable Time together, when he is at Grafs; no, the Reafon is becaufe the Blood's Circulation, in the Veins about the Neck and Head, is in fome Meafure impeded or hindered, and this, by Reafon of the Blood in the Neck- Veins, being in almoft a perpendicular Situation, when his Head is down; fo that the impelling Force

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	IMPROVED.
		121


force from the antecedent Blood in the Arteries ^uft be greater to raife a perpendicular Column of "lood in the Veins, than is required to raife a Dia- gonal one, which is, when the Head is little lower than the Body. And nothing evinces this Truth ^ore, than what we obferve in fick weakly Perfons, t° wit, that they will bear twice the Quantity of Blood to be taken away from any Part of the Body . }^v'thout being fick, when they lye upon a Bed or ^1,1 a Horizontal Pofture, than they can do in an ^ereft or upright one; becaufe, in the latter, the Column of Blood in the Aorta or great Artery rifing °^ut of the Heart, preffes fo heavily againft the left Ventricle or Cavity in the left Side of the Heart, that it is fcarce able (in it's Syftole or Contraftion) to raife it, in Order for Circulation. And the true ^^a^"' Reafon of weak People's not being able to fit ereft j_n _a Hori- ithout Sicknefs proceeds from the like Caufe, juft zontal Pof- ⁿ°w affigned. So that even from this minute Cir- ^ture ^rl"ⁿSjunftance of a Prone or an Erect Pofture, feveral ^a".. ^eats may be performed with relation to Hasmor- '"ages or Loffes of Blood, which to the Vulgar ^ould feem almoft unaccountable. And, in my Jfortels Opinion, there can be no other Reafon given, why ,. r SU k. Horfe is not fick (or at leaft not fo to appearance) when Bled. ^Uring the Operation of Bleeding, than the Hori- zontal Pofture or Situation this Creature is formed ^! for, as I juft now faid, when an Animal is in a y"one or Horizontal Situation, there is not that °rce required in the Heart to drive the Blood round ^he Body in its Circulation, as there is when in an ^uP>%ht or ereft one. _ I know no one Thing which more endangers a Low-keep- «orfe'_s Eye-Sight, than of a fudden to turn him §�§�� ^l0m good and warm Keeping (I mean what is teen high ^oninionly underftood by high Feeding) to a worfe ted endan- md of Living; for I have been a Witnefs of it gershis j^evetal Times, and have obferved, that when by �y-S5feht. urning a Horfe from good to very low Keeping, "is Eyes have grown dull and funk in his Head, fo G that

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		122 The Art of Farriery that in a very little Time he muff inevitably have gone Blind : Yet upon fuch Horfe's being fold into the Hands of a more generous Mailer, who was not fo niggardly in his Allowances to the poor Beaft, his Eyes have again become full and clear, and ac- quired, in fome reafonable Time, their former Livelinefs and Vigour. Mr. Gii/iw's Mr. Gibfon, in his Book of Farriery, p. 67, has Remark, a- one very good Remark, to wit, " That Difeafes of tout the a ^_e �y_ej y_rgm _mtqjj_ard Accidents, become more or ■ " lefs dangerous, according as the Horfe is in a good " or bad State of Health 'when fuch Accidents befall¹" him." This Remark is not only juft as to the Eye in particular, but likewife in the Cafe of Wounds in any other Part of the Body ; and when we fay fuch GoodFkfli a one has good Flefh to heal, I cannot find there is to heal, any more in the Affair, than that fuch Perfon is the Reafon j_n _a g₀₀₍j state of Health, or that his Blood and Juices are of aBalfamick or healing Nature or Qua- lity ; and this is every Day's Experience, to wit, that in the recent or frefh Wounds, little more need be done (provided fuch Wound be in what we call a flefhy Part) than Binding it up in warm Blood ; and by keeping it wafhed once a Day with any Liquor, it is no matter what, whether Brandy or Rum, or Milk and Water warm, the Wound will heal as well, and much fooner than it would do by the Application of Plaifters, Ointments, &c. And our Fore-fathers, not confidering the Reafon of Things fo well as we do now, imagined frefh The Folly or green Wounds were cured by Sympathy, and of pretend- became fo far infatuated, as to drefs the Inftrument, W^indTby ^or ^at '^ea^ '^aP ^UP ⁿ ^c^ean Linnen the Tool with Sympathy. which the Wound was given, and by keeping fuch Inftrument lock'd up, and the Wound from the Air, thought it healed in a fhort Time. We have a great many furprizing and even Ro- mantick, Stories, of the Efficacy or Virtue of a Pow- der, called the Sympathetick Powder, particularly Sir

			A

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			IMPROVED. 123 Sir Kenelme Digby is very full in its Commendation, Sir Kemlme ^and is of Opinion, great Wonders are performed by ^T,fg ?� t¹* Sympathy. His Powder was a Preparation from p_owder. Salt of Iron, or what we call Copperas; but the Receipt is not worth Tranfcribing, otherwife I ^ould give it the Reader. The Operation of the Powder (as moft Prepara- tions of Iron are) was of a Styptick or binding Qua- lity, much of the Nature of Dr. Eaton's Balfamick Styptick, fold by Patent, which is a very good and Pretty Compofition of Steel, or Iron, although there feems to be an Abfurdity in the Title, to wit, oalfamick Styptick, which is meer Nonfenfe: However, I fay, the Medicine is exceeding preva- lent in many Diforders, attended with LofTes of ■Blood; and fuch things when applied to Wounds (that is frefh Wounds) bind up and flop the Mouths °f the lacerated and torn Blood-Veffels, and by that Means the Wound fooner confolidates or grows together.

		CHAP. XIV. 0/* Wounds or Bloivs on the Eye, and other external Accidents. IF the Reader will but give himfelf Liberty to gf ^°"?'^ls» ftudy a little the Anatomy of the Eye, accord- j_n°heEye Jig to what I have already fet down, he will eafily Judge whether it is ..he Cornea or Horny Coat, or 'orne other Parts of the Eye which is affected : But ⁵s the Cornea or Horny Coat is moftly the Scene of ^ftion in Wounds of the Eye, I mall chiefly am- ine myfelf to that particular Part in this Chapter: 0r the Cornea* or Tunica Adnata, which is only the °Paque Cornea or White of the Eye; I fay thefe, ?r the one of thefe, always fufFer in Wounds, plows, bSc. of the Eye, and the more fo, accord- ^Ifig as the Inftrument with which the Wound G z is

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		124 I'he Art of Farriery is given is more or lefs pointed or fharp. But if the Blow or Stroke be given with an obtufe or blunt Inftrument, then the Parts adjacent to the Cornea, as well as thofe within the Globe of the Eye, may be concerned, infomuch that the very Blood-Veffels which nouriih the Iris, Cryftalline, &c. may be broken, and the whole Eye gufh full of Blood in an Inftant. Nay, I have known it happen from the Stroke of a blunt Inftrument, fuch as a Cane or the Handle of a Whip, (which paffio- nate People are but too apt to make ufe of,) that the very Cryftalline Humour of a Horfe's Eye has been forced out of its Capfula or little Bag, and ei- ther fallen down to the bottom of the Aqueous Hu- mour, or advanced forward through the Hole of the Iris, which is, what People (though improperly) term the Sight of the Eye; and which foever'of thefe is the Cafe, is not to be remedied by Art; f° Honey of Honey of Rofes, ivith a little Spring Water, and the Kofcs and White of an Egg, mixed together, and applied ivith a te'r'jf od a- F^eather, is, in my Opinion, as good as any Thing gainlt In- elfe one can apply, to affwage the Inflammation, tiammation &c. oftheEyes, jy[_r. Gibfon talks of Plantain-Water, or Rofe- &°&7. ^Water; ^but ^thefe ^kinds ^of ^diftil!ed Waters, with many more which are obtained from Herbs, and fuppofed in their Nature cooling, have not any Vir- tue more than the Pump-Water. And therefore, the common Trick of Apothecaries fubftituting it in- The infig- ftead of Plantain-Water, is no harm at all; There- nificancy of fo_re, if this or the like were the greateft of their. te°^tepl^a' - I^mP^0Uti°^ns, I fliould never blame them, whatever tain-water Notions the good old Houfe-keepers may entertain ire. ' of Plantain, Rofe, or Hyffop-Waters, with at leaft forty more of the fame Tribe. It is very poffible for a Horfe to get fuch a Bruif^eor Crufh upon his Eye, in calling or throwing oveU (efpecially if any Stone or other hard and unequal Body lie in the Way,) that the Humours, wl«^c^ ought to be in their diftinct and feparate Covering⁵'

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			improved;

		may be turned a little fideways, and his Sight loft, although the Eye keeps its due Fullnefs and Propor- tion : But this Diforder cannot well be known, but V thofe who underftand the Anatomy of this fo admirably contrived Organ of the Body. I remember a very odd Cafe, fomething like this I am treating of, which happened to a Man's %es, and, as it is 1 think fcarcely to be parallel'd,- I muft beg leave to name it in this Place. The Cafe was this; one Henry Dumball, near Kigali, happened to receive a Stroke upon one of "is Eyes in a Quarrel, which entirely deprived him °f Sight on that Side, although his Eye was as plump and full as the other ; nor did he tell me When I faw it, that he had much Pain after the Misfortune. I obferved the Humours of the Eye difplaced, though I had reafon to believe their Coats or Cover- 'ngs pretty whole and entire. The Cryftalline was advanced nearer the Pupil (or little Hole in the Huddle of the Iris) than it ought to be, and with- all turned fide-ways ; fo that by this (I mean the Cryitalline's being advanced nearer the Pupil) the Rays of Light muft fall confufedly upon the Retina, in the fame manner as when, in the Camera Qbfcura before defcribed, the Paper which reprefents the Retina, is held at too great a Biftance from the Convex Glafs which reprefents the Cryftalline �Humour. So that finding the Eye in this Pickle, * advifed the poor IV an to reft contented, and not throw away his Money upon ignorant Itinerants, Which we daily fee is too often the Cafe of the de- luded Vulgar : But this Man's Evils did not end }ere; for a few Years afterwards, he happened to fell out with one of his Neighbours, who in the ■rray twilled his Finger into poor Dumball's* Hair, and fqueezed his Thumb with fuch Violence into his Eye, that, as the firft, fo was the other Eye ^loft, and as near as poflible remained in the like Si- tuation and Circumftances with it. And this in- G 3 deed

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		126 The Art ef Farriery deed was a deplorably Cafe, which made the poor Man feek out on every Hand for help, notwithftand- ing that I had given him my Opinion, that his Eyes were incurable by Art; and if he ever recover- ed, it mull be by Accident. But what does it fig- nify talking to blind Men, and telling them the Truth ; for though they are abfolutely incurable, they are ftill in hopes of receiving Benefit from fome Pretender or other, who does nothing effec- tually befides picking the Patient's Pocket; and re- ally one would be furprized, to find fo many poor deluded Mortals feeking Relief from thefe ignorant Impojiors. I know feveral Gentlemen and Ladies who have the Misfortune to be incurably blind; but more par- Mr. Nicholas ticularly one, to wit, Mr. Nicholas Kent, an Xents's C'al'e. eminent and very honeft Sollicitor in London, who is quite blind ; yet to a Perfon not well acquainted with the Structure of the Eye, this worthy Man ap- pears as if he could fee as well as any one in the Room with him. His Cafe is a Varix of theBlood- Veffels, chiefly of the Retina; what I mean by a Varix, is a Dilatation or Stretching of the Veins, not the Arteries, where the Blood turns into a kind cf Eddy, and makes a Knot upon the Part. I fay this is Mr. Kenth Cafe, and is not any ways re- mediable, though I have been informed he applied himfelf to Mr. T� r, the Travelling Oculift, who I doubt not would give good Encouragement for a good Fee. But I have reafon to doubt that Mr. 5T� r's Hand and Heart are mere Strangers to one another; or that if he fpeaks as he thinks, he is very ignorant. But to return to poor Harry Dum~ ball, who led me into this tedious Digrefficn: Evmball's I fay, this poor Fellow, after he had been Blind Cale con- fome Years, applied himfelf to Mr. Green, faid to tinned. be Son to the famous Green of Doncajier a pretty good Stage-Orator in his Time, who promifed to re- ftore him his Eye-Sight: But the Man being poor, a Perfon undertook to make a Collection for him to pay

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	127
		127

pay the Doctor, fo amongft the reft they ask'd my Charity. I told them that I would lodge ten Gui- neas, to be paid Mr. Green when the Cure was per- fected, but was unwilling to give any Money other- Wife ; however, I gave haif a Crown, and a little Wholefome Advice into the Bargain ; which was, not to give Mr. Green any Money till fuch Time as he had perfected the Cure, feeing he had promifed it on fuch Conditions. In fine, this Mountebank poked with his Needle, for fome confiderable Time toge- ther, in the poor Man's Eye, (for he did but try °ne of them,) yet without Succefs. However, thus much I mutt fay in behalf of Mr. Green, which is more than I can fay for any elfe of the Itinerant Tribe, that he had not thruft his Inftrument or Needle unskilfully into the Man's Eye ; for he had not in the leaft Hurt or Wounded any of the Blood- Veffels of the Iris, nor had he turned the Point of the Needle inward, fo as to do any damage to the Cryjlalline or Vitreous Humour; but on the con- trary, he had (like a skilful Operator fo far) kept the fame wholly in the Aqueous Humour, with a fteady Hand, and his only Fault or Imperfection was, that he was not able to judge rightly of the t)iforder : For had it been a Cataract that this Man had labour'd under, I am perfwaded this Gentle- man would have removed it with Safety; fo that in the Main, he neither did Good nor Harm to this Blind Man, which is much more commendable, than What is done by many oitentatious Pretenders, (who Would have us believe they can play Cups and Balls 'n a Man's Eye,) to wit, thruft the Needle fo un- skilfully into this noble Part, that they make it im- practicable for any after them to do Service j al- though the Diftemper (before they meddled with it,) was fuch, as might have been removed by a good Hand, even in the fourth Part of a Minute. But kaft I mould intrude too much upon the Reader's "atlence, I draw near to a Conclusion of this true Hiftory. G 4 As

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		The Art of Farriery As I juft now faid, Dumball ftill continued Blind, after what had been done to him by Mr. Green j but a few Years afterwards, he happened to be jell- ing and wreftling with one of his Neighbours, who caught him round the Head in his Arms, and fqueefed his Face againft his Breaft, and a Button by Accident happening to light againft one of the Blind Man's Eyes, it feemed to Hurt him very Sore, and fome Blood was (by the Violence of the Squeefe) forced out of the Eye ; but what is moft to be wondered at, the Blind-Man received Sight of that Eye from this Accident; which is more than all the Surgeons, Oculifts, &c. put together, could have done by Art. And whofoever fhould tell me he could have performed this by any Inftrumenf, or other Contrivance, I fhould look on fuch Perfon, as no more than a vain empty Coxcomb, who can fay more in one Minute, than he will perform in his whole Life, tho' he fhould outlive Methufelab. Now, in diis Cafe, there is no Manner of Doubt to be made, but the Cryftalline Humour of the Eye muit (by the violent Squeefe of the Man's Thumb) be forced out of its Capfula or that thin Covering by Anatomifts called Tunica Jranea; and in fuch Cafe, the Rays of Light mull be brought to a Focus or Point, quite in a different Part of the Eye to what they ought to be, and of confequence the Man's Sight muft be loft while the Cryftalline con- tinued in that State and Condition : And I am con- vinced, this was the true Cafe; for I could plainly perceive a little of the Edge of the Cryftalline Hu- mour (efpecially if I look'd fide-ways) through the Pupilla or Sight of the Eye, and when this Eye happened to be again prefs'd by the Button of a Coat as aforefaid, the Cryftalline flipped back into its proper Place, which is (as I have faid) imme- diately behind the Iris, and into a fmall Cavity in the Middle of the Vitreous Humour ; and by this Means, the Rays became properly convergent upon the Retina.

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		IMPROVED. 129 In the firft Place, if a Horfe's Eyes be out of or- Look well der, they fhould be well looked into before you Ho°_fe\_Eyeprefcribe : For, if he be quiet, one may eafily turn before you Up the Eye-Lids, and view if any foreign Body, prefcribe, fuch as Duff, or Moats of any kind, flick upon their Infide, or upon the Horny Coat, which, as I have faid, is the tranfparent and fore-part of the Eye ; if there is, it muft be carefully wiped off with a Spunge and Water. The Spunge may be tied to the End of a fmall Stick, or the like ; after this the Eye will mend of itfelf; for, when the Caufe istaken away the Effeil ceafes; only let the Eye now and then be wafhed with the white Eye-Water, as hereafter prefcribed. Take Roch-alum, and white-Vitriol, each one the white Ounce ; Calcine or burn them to a Calx or white Eye - water Mafs, in a Crucible or upon a clean Fire-fbo'vel; njade ^or'when this is done, powder 'em and mix 'em with . n,,.,,.." three Pints of Boiling-Water ; to this may be added of Lapis Calaminaris finely powdered, one Ounce. And this may be fufficient for mofl Rheumy Sore or Blood-fhot Eyes, or to heal any little Wounds °r Ulcers of the Cornea* or Tunica adnata, whether occafibned from Diftillations of Rheum, or extrane- ous Bodies which may have fretted and wounded ^lhe fame. If this Proportion of the Roch-alum and Vitriol be too fharp, it may eafily be lowered by adding a little more Water to it; and, as lhave before hinted,. Pump-Water is as good as Plaintain or Rofe-Water. If the Horfe's Eye be fwelled and inflamed, he Bleeding is ■bould be bled in the Neck, or where elfe you good for an pleafe; for, notwithftanding what Mr. Gibfon has Infkmmati- ftid about making an Orifice too near the affected °,ⁿ ^m ^the"art, there is not fo much in the Matter as he ^y ' J^ould have us believe, unlefs in very acute Cafes; pecaufe all the Good which accrues from Bleeding ^ls certainly no other than from the Quantity's be- G 5 ing

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		130 the Art of Farriery ing leflened. Therefore, in my Thoughts, when this Operation is performed either upon Man or Brute, it fhould be done to the Purpofe, that is, to take away as much Blood as the Violence of the Symptoms require, and the Strength of the Creature can well bear ; tho' indeed, I advife that the Blood may be drawn away at feveral repeated Operations, rather than all at once, for Reafons very well affign- ed by the ingenious Dr. Hales in his Hasmoftatical Experiments, vol. id. As to conferve of RedRofes, Vinegar, Bole-armenick, Whites of Eggs, or fuch like outward Applications, there is not much to be expe&ed from them ; fo that, the Horfe's Eye need only be bathed or wafhed well with warm Water and a large Spunge; or, for want of fo ufeful a Thing about a Stable, a pretty large Piece of Linnen-Rag may ferve the Turn. And for healing any Wound of the Eye, I dare fay the following Ointment will be ferviceable, when the aforefaid Water is not in Readinefs, provided the Owner of the Horfe be endow'd with a little Patience. An Omt- Take Ointment of Tutty, one Ounce; Honey of ment for Rofes, tivo Drachms i white Vitriol calcined of Wounds of burnt, one Scruple ; mix thefe cold, and apply 'em the Eye. _a little warmed with a Feather between the Eye- Lids, Morn and Even for fome Time, and wafli his Eye at Noon with a little warmed blue-Milk and a Spunge. Purging, Purging, Rowelling, Clyftering, csV. are not of &t. of no much fignificancy in the Cure of Wounds of the curing⁶ '" ^EY^e' ^but ^as ^I ^have J^uft ^now ^faid> Bleeding and the Wounds of Ointment, as before prefcribed, are (with Patience) the Eye. fufficient to efFeft it. I mull not clofe this Chapter, without taking Notice of one Thing in Mr. Gilfin\ Book of Far- riery, page 70. he fays, that " when a Horfe's Ey^e" happens to burft fomewhat out of its Socket, ty " the Violence of a Blow or Wound flretching ^cr" cutting the Mufcles, the firft Thing is to reduce " it and put it carefully in its Place, applying⁶' « Charge, &c. N°*

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			IMPROVED. r₃i Now, in my Thoughts, one may as foon, and with the like Succefs, put the Brain into its Place, after it is turned out, as the Eye. And tho' I a^ gree that the Mufcles may be relaxed and recover themfelves again without much Damage; yet I cannot think the Eye with its Optick Nerve, (con- fidering its Infertion into fo foft a Part as the Brain, whofe Contexture is fomething different from Elaf- tick ;) I fay, I cannot imagine that the Eye can be turned out of the Head or Socket wherein it mould lye, without caufing effectual Blindnefs. Yet the learned Dr. T�r may perhaps be of a different Opinion; for I have had the Honour to fee him perform fome furprifing Operations upon Eyes: But I muft not omit telling the Reader that they were dead Calve's Eyes, tho' indeed the Do&or told us he had done the like upon living Subje&s, and that Dr. Hollins and Dr. Chefelden were Witnefles to his Performances: But (low be it fpoken) the latter of thofe worthy Gentlemen favoured me with a Letter, wherein he fatisfied, or rather confirmed me in my Belief of T r's groundlefs Affertions. Soft Food, or fuch as does not require much Soft Food chewing, is moft proper for a Horfe that is difeafed proper for in his Eyes, and if it be in Summer-time cut Grafs l^hdT is beft in the Stall; but holding down his Head in tempered the Failure cannot be good for him, for Reafons be- Eyes. fore affigned.

		CHAP. XV. Of Rheumy, and inficnneA Eyes, THERE are Horfes, no doubt, frequently Rheumy troubled with Rheums and Inflammations of Ey^es- the Eyes, which have been ill cured while they were Colts; fo that the Blood and Humours acquired.a Wore than common Bent that Way, where the ufual Wcharge was made for fome considerable Time G 6 before,

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		132 *the* Art of Farriery before, infomuch that it is often very hard to flop it. And really it is furprifmg to obferve what large Obferva- Quantities a Perfon will bleed from the Bite of a p'Tof a "^orfe-^Leech> ^afer that Reptile has filled itfelf: But Horfe- ^^e.^Reafon ^is> ^the ^natural Bent of the Blood to the Leech. Orifice where the Leech fattened. And indeed I have often feen the good old Goffips hard fet to flop the Blood from flowing too much out of the fmall Wound made by this little Creature; and I have often heard People (who have been ufed to Bleed Spring and Fall) fay, that they could perceive the Blood pricking and making an Endeavour for Dif- charge at the old Orifice. The Pia- Juft thus it fares in Relation to moft Difcharges; the Veffels vr^⁷ ^continue ^t0° ^long> ^the Diameters of the increafed ^ ^e� T� ^the ^Part ^are ^inlarg^ed ^bY ^the continual by long i^^flux ^of the Blood and Humours; fo that 'tis fome and conti- Time 'ere they can be reftored to their former State chit f Condition of Elafticity. The^gCaiife The Caufes of Rheumy Eyes are very numerous; of Rheuniy ^as ^bY Surfeits, hard Riding, and the like. And I Eyes. have often obferved, that low and poor Feeding, of a Horfe which has been ufed to better, very much in- dangers his Eye-Sight,- and, that upon allowing him a proper Quantity of Oats, cifV. he has reco- vered his Sight to a Miracle, even after his Eyes ^m!t t bought funk in his Head (as it is call'd); and there is a very good Reafon for it, if one would but confider a little, which is, that while a Horfe eats a good Quantity of Oats, and is much in Ufe, his Blood and Spirits have their due Motion and Vi- gour j fo that the Globe or Ball of the Eye is kept rail, and the Axis of Vifion lengthened to a proper -pittance. But if fuch a Horfe happen to fall into .�,,, ,^Dl^d, �^nds> ^wh° "de him hard, and allow him fetrctn- S "oS�' ^A ^EyCS T " ?^a"S^er' ^ ^Reaf°ⁿ ^klii-iiption-'■ V °"en produce an Atrophy or Confumption of the Eye, J.^ne ^ for want of due Nourilhment to be derived how irora the Blood, <$.,. f_or the Ufe of this fo noble cauied. and wonderfully contrived Organ, If

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		IMPROVED. 13: If a Horfe is Plethorick or too full of Blood and The Me- Spirits, and his Eyes are inflamed or Rheumy, in ' °" ?* fuch Cafe Bleeding, Purging, Rowelling, &c. are Rheumy of no Service, although Super-purgation or Over- Eyes, purging is as bad, and often of dangerous Confe- quence, not only to the Eye-Sight, but alfo to the Bowels or Interlines, which it much weakens. Of fuch Concern therefore is it to keep the Golden Mean, and not to be over-fond of Purging or Bleed- ing our Horfes when there are very fmall Reafons for it, nay perhaps no other than that we are fond of feeing fuch Evacuations, by Reafon they beft quadrate with our outward Senfes. I fhall offer the following as a good and fafe Purge for Rheumy Eyes. Take Horfe-Aloes, ten Drachms; Cream of Tar- A Purge tar one Ounce ; Senna in Powder, half an Ounce ;* f°^r Rheu. Oil of Annifeed, two Drachms ; Syrrup of Buckthorn, ^my Eyes. as much as is fufficievt to make it into a Jlijf Mafs: Which form into two Balls, and give them in the common Manner with about a Quart of warm Ale to waih them down. The Price of this Purge ihould be about Sixteen The Price. Pence, (Apothecaries Profit,) and there is no fear of any of the Drugs being bad,, they are fo. cheap, unlefs the Oil of Annifeed, which is worth eight Shillings a Pound at London; and as I have not heard of any Method 6f trying its Goodnefs with- out a deal of Trouble, I muft recommend my Read- ers to make Choice of honefr. Apothecaries (if any fueh there are) to make up the Medicines I prefcribe. Oil of Annifeed has this peculiar Quality in it, different from moft, if not all other Chymical Oils; to wit, that it congeals or feems to freeze even in Warm Weather. After Bleeding, Purging, �sV. it will be of Ser- vice to ufe the Water, fuch as before prefcribed. If

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		134 The Art of Farriery How to be If _a Horfe has Rheumy running Eyes, the Wa- apply a _{er _wjjj ^ _Qjp g_reat y^ ^y putting it into them warm, not only twice, but feveral Times a Day, perhaps four or five Times : For the Tunica Cornea or outward Part of the Eye is (in thefe Cafes) full of fmall Wounds or Ulcers like fo many Pin-Points, which require fomething drying and healing to be applied pretty often, that the Lodgement of the fharp Humour may not farther corrode its tender Fibres. Laftly, I mall for Variety fet down an Ointment for the fame Ufe as the Water, which I have known fucceed where that had failed. And I can attribute it to nothing more than the Ointments continuing longer upon the Eye, and not being fo foon warned off by the Moifture and Movement of it. The Oint- Take Lapis Calaminaris, and Tutty prepared as ment for f_ne _as _may y_e> �ly grinding upon a Marble,) of each " half an Ounce ; Roman Vitriol in Poivder, half a Drachm; White Vitriol, and Alum calcined, each half an Ounce ; Camphire tivo Drachms ; mix thefe 'very ivell in three Ounces of frejh Butter, and ap- ply them ivarm thrice a Day mnth a Feather ; fo that it aftually get into, or rather upon the Horny-Coat, of the Eye. And I beg Leave to inforce this the ftronger, becaufe moft People do not fufhciently open the Eye-Lids when they apply Waters, Oint- ments, �*ff. for the Cure of Rheumy or fore Eyes. I have in my Notes upon Capt. Burdon^Ys Pocket- Farrier remarked that the Captain was a little out in his Calculation, when he faid, " no Powders " ought ever to be put into a Horfe's Eyes; " and ihew'd that the Water thofe Powders are mix'd with, ferves only as a Vehicle to them, no more than the Frelh-Butter in the Ointment juft prefcribed ; fo that in Faft it is the Powders which are the Bafis or chief Thing in the Compofition. Nor is it avail- able to fet down more Forms than thefe two, feeing the

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	IMPROVED. 135 the Water, or Ointment, may either of them be made weaker, as the Cafe requires, by adding more Water to the firft, or more Butter to the latter. I have read over at leaft an hundred Forms of differently contrived Eye-Waters, Powders, Oint- ments, &c. for the Cure of Rheumy Eyes, but let thefe fuffice with thofe who have fo much Learning as not to pin their Faith upon the Number of In- gredients in any Prefcription, but rather upon a few rightly chofen Drugs properly adapted to the Cu- rative Intention ; for of the other Pradlice there is no End, neither is it fupported by right Reafon. De Grey has fome Things here and there worth De Gmj Obfervation in his Book of Farriery; but he had a cenfured. comical out-of-the-way Notion, when he fancied that human Dung fry'd to a Coal and powder'd, and blown through a Quill into a Horfe's Eyes, takes away Specks, Films, &c. Indeed there is fomething of a Salt called Animal-Salt contained in the Excrement of all Creatures, but more efpecially in the Dung of thofe which difcharge the Urinous Salts along with it, having no Pifs-Pladder or Receptacle for the Urine, fuch as Geefe, &c. whofe Dung is white at one End ; (when it dries haftily;) and thefe are the Urinous Salts of fuch Ufe among the common Sort of People for the Cure of the Jaun- dice j but I am of Opinion, that the Dung of Ani- mals, however cooked, will be Dung ftill, and not avail much in curing any Difeafes of the Eyes.

				CHAP. XVI. Of Moon-Eyes, or Lunatick Eyes. Of Moon- Eyes.
M
M			R. Gibfon defines Moon-hlindedneh to proceed ,», _n-ir i. from an obitinate Stagnation m the fmall Definition
		Arteries of the Tunica Adnata or outermoft Coat of Moon- of the Eye, commonly called the White of the blindnefs « Eye,^cenfured-

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		The Art of Farriery " Eye,, and a Relaxation of the fmall Kernels that " are feated at each of its Angles or Corners; and " that, by the Lentor or Corrofivenefs of the Mat- " ter, it at length deftroys the Tranfparency and " Clearnefs of the Cornea, fo as to caufe Blindnefs." This, is in my Thoughts, a very lame Defcrip- tion of the Diftemper. For if there was an obllinate Stagnation of the Blood in the fmall Capillary Ar- teries, the Confequence would be a Suppuration or Gathering, (as 'tis commonly called;) and from thence the Cornea or Horny-Coat would be deftroy'd in Part, or in Whole, by the Formation of fo thick a Cicatrix or Scar that the Rays of Light could not be admitted fufficiently, in order to form dif- tincl: Vifion ; Whereas we find by Experience, that Moon-blind Horfes do, at fome particular (though not regularly ftated) Times, fee very well, info- much that no Alteration can be obferved, either within or without the Globe of the Eye. Secondly, I have feldom obferved, that the Cor- rofivenefs of the Humour or Matter deftroys the Tranfparency of the Cornea ; I mean in Lunatick or Moon-blind Horfes. And therefore, I am pretty confident, from repeated Obfervation and Diffefti- on of Moon-blind Eyes, that the true Seat of this Diftemper (fo very peculiar to Horfes) is in the Iris, otherwife termed Uvea, before defcribed ; and that it is an Inflammation of that particular Coat of the Eye, which may proceed from feveral Caufes, fuch as Surfeits, hard Exercife, or the like; and the faint Yellownefs obferved by v the Sieur de Solkyfel, appearing under the Apple of the Eye, may plainly be feen by any one, who underftands the Anatomy of this Organ, fituate upon the Uvea. And this Yellownefs is no other than what frequent- ly happens in other Parts of the Body, when an Inflammation is going off, occafioned (as I appre- hend) from the Blood and Humours .being obftruft- ed in their Circulation. Erom

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		IMPROVED. 137 From what has been faid, it will eafily be judged how we ought to proceed in the Cure of this Ma- lady. And firft of all, Leffening the Quantity of The Cure. Blood muft have the Preference: This ought to be performed as foon as may be, and a good deal taken away from the Thigh-Veins (if you pleafe) by Way of Revulfion. After this, Purging may take Place, and fuch Things which promote the Urinary Difcharges; and for this End, I know nothing bet- ter than the Turpentines of all Sorts. For Exam- ple. Take three Ounces of Venice-Turpentine ; living Balls foi^ Millepides, half a Gill; bruife them, and mix them ^^^y'with the Turpentine, and make all into a Mafs, ivith Flower of Brimjione : Out of which may be form'd fmall Balls, of the Bignefs of Pidgeons Eggs; one of which may be given in a Morning for a Fort- night together, after the Horfe has been purged twice or thrice with the common Aloes-Purge be- fore prefcribed. I know Mr. Gihfon fays, Phlebotomy or Blood- letting oftentimes proves hurtful in Moon-blindnefs; tut certainly he has not thoroughly considered the Caufe of this Diforder, feeing nothing more, or fooner relieves the Inflammation, than Leffening the Quantity of Blood. I do not think that outward Applications are of Outward Service to Moon-blind Horfes, by reafon the Seat Applica- of the Diftemper is within the Ball or Globe of the \|^.°* ⁿ⁰%e, and fuch Things reach no farther than the _an,[ _w]jy_ Cornea and outward Coats. Laftlj, when all other Proceedings have failed, I Cutting the "ave known the Temporal Arteries tied with waxed Temporal °'lk in two Places, each at the Diftance of about an _c;_urs \_at' *nch, and then cut afunder, anc the Wound healed Moon- ^«h any common Digeftive Ointment. And this blindnefs. Method I have feen perform a Cure more lafting, t«an any other Practice whatsoever; and a very good

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	138 The Art of Farriery good Reafon there is for it, to wit, that by making a Ligature upon the Temporal Arteries and dividing them, the too great Influx of Blood to the Eye is impeded, though there are fiifficient Branches left, to furnifh a proper and due Quantity of Blood to the Parts: Yet fetting all thefe Things afide, if I had a Hcife fubjeft to this Diftemper, the firft Thing I mould do, would be to get rid of him, though I don't fay I would fell him for a found Horfe, as I have heard is too common among Dealers, who think nothing of Confcience or Reputation. There is little or no Reafon in what Mr. Gilfin or the Sieur de Solleyfel have writ, with relation to Foals or Colts which have Oats given them, to wit, that their Eyes are in Danger from thence; becaufe, in chewing the Oats, the Mufcles about the Eyes are fo ftrained, that a Defluxion of Rheum, or, in their Words, more Blood than neceffary is drawn towards the Eyes, by the Motion as aforefaid. And therefore they direct, that the Oats be firft ground or ftamped. which I think is proper, fo far as they are nearer Digeftion, or in other Words, more eafy to digeft : And this is all I can fay in Recommen- dation of the Paragraph.

			CHAP. XVII. Of Films, Webs, Sec, caufing Dimnefs of Sight,

		\,
		\,
Eye-Wa- TT is moft certainly of the utmoft Importance, ters, &c. J _to diftinguilh between thofe Difeafes or Infirmi- °Y^Ie°^:n^<Dif- ^l'^es ^aff"^e&>ⁿg ^tne outward, from fuch as have their orders ^eat ^uP^on ^tne inward Parts of the Eye ; for if the within the Diforder be inward or within the Globe of the Eye, Globe of all outward Applications of Waters, Powders, Oint- the Eye. _ments, &_c. are quite out of the Queftion : And where there is one Diforder of the Eye outwardly,. there is ten inwardly, (I mean in the Globe of the Eye j

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		IMPROVED. ,139 Eye;) for the Eye-Lids, &c. are not ftriftly to be accounted as Parts of the Eye. Therefore, I fay, Unlefs a Perfon will give himfelf the Trouble to learn fomething of the Anatomy of the Eye, (which may be done in an Hour's Time,) he can never be able to tell whether the Diftemper is inward or out- ward. And I have often been furprized to fee the politive Ignorance of Farriers, nay, even of fome Surgeons, (that fhould know better,) who, when the Creature has labour'd under the Diftemper call'd a Cataract, (which is an Affection of the Cryftal- Hne Humour within the Globe of the Eye,) have been applying Eye-Waters, �sV. as if the Cornea or outward Coat had been inflamed and full of fmall Ulcers. Mr. Gib [on fets down an Eye-Water of a blue -ima Saphi- Colour, for the Cure of Films occafioned from an ^r'^na °^r ,^eInflammation of the Eye ; and the fame is a very pJJ'^j⁰¹good Water ; but one need not take the Trouble of making it, for it is to be had at any Apothecary's at two Pence an Ounce; only ask for Jqua Sapkiri- The Price. "a or the blueifh Eye-Water. It is called Saphi- Why called ^r'»a, from the Rel'emblance in Colour to the Sa- Sqhmm. $>hire Stone. I ihall only recommend the Ointment prefcribed °r fore Eyes, Chap.* 15, whenfoever a Horfe has ^y Film or Speck, occafioned from the Sharpnefs °f Rheum or the like, falling upon his Eyes: But hen, I would be underftood to ufe it when the Jiftemper is new or recent; for it will (to my ■Knowledge,) both cleanfe and heal the little Sores ^th Safety : But if the Film or white Skin upon 'he Eye; be of long {landing, or what we call a Ci- ^c°tri_x _or Scar from the Healing of a Wound of 'he Eye; I fay, if this be the Cafe, I very much lueftion whether any Thing will be able effe&ually ¹⁰ remove it, notwithftanding there are many Nof- ,^rums for the purpofe. And if any Good be done, "�mult, be from the Ufe, nay long continued Ufe, ^ot fuchThings, as by their Roughnefs and Solidity (when

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		14° $te Art of Farriery (when introduced into the Eye) fcour off ths out- ward Coat of the Cornea; and thefe Things being mixed with Honey, or any other healing Thing, Powdered may now and then be of fome little Service. And Srfo/tak-ⁱⁿ ^my ^Thoug^hts> Powdered Glafs is moil likely to ing off effecT: a Removal of fuch Films or Specks, which Films, &c. appear upon the outward Surface of the Eye, when there is not any Inflammation accompanying them : For Glafs finely powdered, and fifted through a fine Flower Sieve, mixed with Honey and a little frefti Butter, I have known to take away a Speck or Film when all other Things have failed; and the Reafon is, no doubt, becaufe Glafs will keep its^ Form, and not be diifolved into leffer Particles by the Motions and Waters of the Eye ; whereas Tutty, or Laps Calaminaris, by fuch Motion, &c. of the Eye, are rendered fo fmooth, that they take little EfFecT: upon fo hard a Body as the Film is, when it has been of fo long {landing. And the Operation of the Glafs in the Eye, may well be compared to the Fiih-Skin ufed hy Joiners in fmoothing up their Work ; for, as this fmooths and polifhes the Wood,- fo does that the Cornea or horny Coat of the Eye ; and with Safety too, as I have often found by Ex- perience. But then (as I faid before) it feldom fuc- ceeds if the Film is old and hardened, unlefs the Owner of the Horfe has a deal of Patience, and con- tinues the Ufe of it for a long Time together. Cutting out As to cutting out the Haws, when the Excref- the Haws, cence is fo large that it damages a Horfe's Sight, there may be fomething faid for it: But as this Am- ple Operation may be eafily performed with Safety by any of our common Farriers, and as the fame is Efficiently defcribed by Mr. Gibfan,. I {hall not trouble the Reader with an Account of it any far- ther, than telling my Opinion what the Diforder is- And Firft, I take what the Farriers call the Haws, to proceed from a long and continued Deflu&ion of Rheum upon the Eye, or a preternatural Heat within the Globe of the Eye itfelf; and by this,

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		IMPROVED. 141 the kernelly Subftance (as Mr. Gibfin terms it) in the greater Canthus or Corner of the Eye towards the Nofe, becomes hard and griftly, infomuch, that �i have feen it advance near as far as the middle Part °f the Cornea, commonly, tho' erroneously, ftiled 'he Sight of the Eye. And in this Cafe, as I juft now hinted, there is nothing to be done but to cut them away, and the Ointment for fore Eyes before prefcribed, will be fufficient to heal the Part, at the fame Time it is employ'd to polifh and heal the Diforders of the Cornea or outward Parts of the Eye. De Grey makes mention of the French Mar/hah A good Ob- or Farriers taking up the Wajh of the Eye with a fervationof Needle and Thread, and cutting out the Haw as ^D° ^Gre) ^s< cIofe as they can, but difcommends fuch Praftice, for as much as that the Horfe becomes blear-ey'd afterwards. Therefore it is beft to cut out fo far °nly as the griftly Part (which is really the Haw) fpreads and no farther, by Reafon if you take away too much of the glandulous Subftance, there will be a Deficiency in that Part of the Eye; infomuch that the greater Canthus or Corner will Hand full °f Water. So that De Grey has very juftly obferved in this Cafe. Mr. Gibfin is very dark in his Reafoning about Mr. gitfon's feveral of the Diftempers incident to the Eyes of Account of Horfes, particularly what he fays of a Cataracl at ^a Cataract Pag. 83. is very far from the Truth; to wit, that the Matter which forms this Diforder is continually falling into the Aqueous or watery Humour, and farther, that we may know a Cataracl, before it is ^ripe by rubbing the outfide of the Eye; for by fuch Means he fays it will fhift it's Place. I cannot indeed be furprifed that Mr. Gib/an fr'Guld mirtake the true Seat of a Catarafi, feeing niany greater Men than he have fallen into the like Error, and imagined it placed in the Watery Hu- mour _; whereas nothing can be more abfurd and ridiculous; For, it is now made manifeft that the Cataracl

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The Art of Farriery

CataraB is fituate upon the Cryftalline Humour of
the Eye, and is nothing more than an Alteration
or Opacity of one or more of its Coats or Strata.
For the Cryjlalline is compofed of different Strata
or Lays in like Manner as you fee an Onion ; and
when (as I have faid) one or more of thefe Coats
become Opake or Dark, fo as to hinder the Rays
of Light from pafling thro' the Body of the Cryf-
talline in order to fall properly upon the Retina,
I fay this is what conftitues the true CataraB,
which differs in Colour, being fometimes White,
Pearl-Colour, Yellow, Black or Greeniih : And I
am of Opinion the two firfl: only are cureable,
yet not by any Application outwardly or Medicine
inwardly adminiftered, but by Manual Operation
with the Needle, which turns off the Lamina: of
the Cryftalline that are difeafed, and then the Rays
are admitted thro' the remaining Parts. But the
Mifchief is, that if you couch aHorfe for a CataraB,
you can't make him, or rather you can't contrive
him Spe&acles to wear afterwards, to help the De-
ficiency or Plainnefs of the Cryjlalline, fo that his
Sight will not be at all perfect, tho' he may have
enough to keep himfelf out of Pits and Ditches.

It has been, and I believe ftill is a Notion among
Dealers in Horfes as well as Gentlemen, that
when a Horfe ftarts much, or feems frighted at
every Thing he meets, his Eyes are bad ; and Mr-
Snape with like Reafon, believes fuch Horfes have
congealed Bits like Motes floating in the Aqueous
Humour ; and that thefe, when they become adhe-
rent or flicking to one another, form what we no\V
call a CataraB.- But thefe Specks, Flies, Infects,
or»the like, which are imagined to go to and fro
before the Sight of Human Creatures, (and no
doubt it is the fame in this Refpett as to Brutes,)
are no other than the difeafed Parts or Particles of
the Outward Coat of the Cryjlalline Humour, in an
initient CataraB; and the Reafon we do not per'
ceive the Motes or Reprefentation of Flies always

142

The true
Seat of a
Cataract,

ACataraJt,
what.

Removed
by manual
Operation
only.

Mr. Shape's
Opinion of
a Cataraft
cenfured.

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		IMPROVED. 143 in the fame Place, is plain to any who has the leaft Notion of Opticks; for, unlefs the Eye be kept truly fteady and fixed in the fame Poiition, it is lot poffible a Perfon Ihould obferve the Mote or Speck always the fame. Some will have it, that the Reprefentations I am fpeaking of are not occafioned by the difeafed Cry fialline, and pretend to prove from Experiments in Opticks, that no Objefts fixed upon the Cornea or Cryftalline can be reprefented upon the Retina, fbr- ^afmuch as thofe Parts are fo near the Retina, and °f fuch Convexity, that the Pencil of Rays, paffing from Objefts thro' them, cannot fall upon the Re- Una, fo as to be diftinguifh'd; and therefore con- clude, that the Parts of the Retina (in the Diftem- per I am treating of) are too much comprefs'd by ^a Diftention or Stretching of the Arteries, and that fuch Diftention is often the Caufe of a Gutta Serena. Thefe may feem plaufible Arguments, but I rnufl °Wn I could never obferve any Part of the Eye d'forder'd in Cafe of a CataraB, befides the Cryjlal- »e Humour, altho' I have diffefted feveral Eyes }^vhich were troubled with fuch Malady. Indeed ^T₍,^ne ^Caufe cannot help thinking, but that the Gutta Serena, ^' ^a ^CH"^a"lay proceed from fuch Diftention or ftretching of ^l"e Coats of the Arteries upon the Retina, I mean Jfhen fuch Diforder proceeds from a Bruife, or the ^ke, and then it is moftly confined to one Eye only : W if both Eyes be affected with a Gutta Serena,* ^atld that the Diftemper came without much Pain, I ^artl apt to believe the Seat or Caufe is an Obftruc- Jjon of the Optick Nerve; But whether it be occa- ^lK>n'd from a Diftention of the Blood-Veffels which ^c°mprefs and fqueefe the Retina, fo that Obje&s ^Cannot be reprefented to the Brain, or whether it is ^ Obftru&ion, Convulfion, or Paralytick Indifpo- ^nt!on of the Optick Nerve, I think is not much to ^y prefent Purpofe, feeing I am fatisfted they are dually incurable by Art. I had

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		144 The Art of Farriery A re- I had a pretty odd Cafe of the Eyes once under markable _my c_are> ^,5,^ _was _thj_s. A young Fellow, who was a Sailor, and a vifiting his Friends upon his Re- turn from Sea, who lived near Ormskirk, being one Day walking in the Fields by himfelf, was ftruck blind all of a fudden, without any previous Indif- pofition, either in his Habit of Body or Eyes. Up- on this, he was obliged to call out and make a Noife for Help to carry him Home ; and as Luck would have it, a Foot-Path leading thro' the fame Field he was in, fomebody pafs'd that Way in a little Time, and led him to his Habitation. After a while he was condudled to me at Lancafler, where, upon my viewing his Eyes, I found it a Gutta Se- rena which he was afflifted with, and judged the fame incurable, notwithstanding the poor Man's Eyes appear'd as clear, bright, and tranfparent, both within and without, as any Perfon's living. The Reader may fuppofe the Confufion and calamitous Condition the young Man mull be in, who had his Bread to earn, when I told him his Cafe was defpe- rate, which proved but too true ; for he lived near three Years blind afterwards, when kind Death put an End to his miferable Life. Now what I name this Cafe for, is to fhew, that ' a Gutta Serena may proceed either from a Dilata- tion of the Blood-Veffels, or from an Obftruftion of the Optick Nerve; for I am fure no Perfon (how- foever skill'd in Opticks, and the Anatomy of the Eye) could be able to judge which of the two was the Caufe of the young Sailor's Blindnefs: Not- withftanding, I will allow, they might argue for fome Time upon the Subjecl in a metaphyfical Way, without being ever a Whit nearer Truth, than they were at firft fetting out. Mr. Gilftm's What Mr. Gib/on and others fay, with relation Account of to the Cure of a Gutta Serena, is meer Stuff and a GuitdSeraa Nonfenfe : For, fuppofing the Caufe in the Arte- erroneous. _rJ_es _as obferved, this Gentleman advifes Cinnabar Balls, which, no doubt, as Cinnabar is much hea- vier

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	145
		145

^vier than the Blood, will add to its Momentum* or wronger Pulfation ; and this is generally fuppofed as Toft proper to open Obllruclions or Stoppages in ^fhe Blood-Veffels, Glands, cjfc.* which is very true; "Ut then if the Stoppage or Obilrudlion proceeds ^fom the over-llretching or Dilatation of a Blood- 'efTel, vyhether Artery or Vein ; I fay, let whe- ther will be the Cafe, if we give Cinnabar,* or the ''ke, we run the Hazard of quite breaking the Coats ^0t fuch Veffel, from whence many and great Evils ^tght enfue. And here it may be feen of how mo- mentous a Concern it is, rightly to judge of Things, '^eft we precipitately embark ; and by adminiilring r^edicines of quite a different Tendency tg the main ■^^efign of Cure, we render the Cafe almoft deplo- rable, which before (by a skilful Man) might ea- "y have been remedied. Mr. T-----r, the travelling Oculift, pretends to An Obfer- ?Ure a Gutta Serena by convulfing the Eye, (as he ^v:l ^ion ^on !^s Pleafed to term the Operation;) but fuch Pretence �g°p^_c. '^s meeily fo, and of French* Extraction ; for the _tj_ce /J°untebanks in France can play forty comical ^lficks upon the Eyes of their deluded Patients, with- , ^ut eafmg them of their Diforders. And re?!ly they ,^ave fuch an Apparatus of Machinery to perform he F_arce _withal, _th_at an underllanding Man would ^e confounded to fee it; for, not one Inftrument ^f of forty, they (hew you, can be faid to be of y ^real Ufc in performing Operations upon the Eye. K ^a Horfe move his Ears forward, and feem to t.^eP them much in the fame Pofture, as a blind it ^rJ5 will do when he is turn'd loofe : I fay, if a I J^e do this when he is led in the Hand, (or run _a j°^> ^as the Dealers Term is,) and that he Hep ^ 'ttle higher than ordinary with his Feet, 'tis a ha ⁶T^ ^S'?ⁿ ^^IS ^'^es ^are S⁰"¹^ ^t0 decay, or that he in\ ^R,e ^ⁿfl^ammation either upon the outward or te^r^ ^Coats °^ ^t^^em ^; ^an^ t^⁰' ^ic k^e ^an ^eafy Mat- cm °^f ^^entl^emen to judge of the Soundnefs of the ^ward Parts of the Eye, yet it is very difficult for H them

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		146 The Art of Farriery them to do fo rightly of the inward, unlefs,~as I have faid before, they will give themfelves the Trouble ( or rather the Pleafure) of ftudying the Anatomy thereof, which may be learn'd in half a Day to Perfection ; and then they would under- ftand, whether the Diftemper lay within the Reach of outward Application or no ; and if it did not, that the Blood and Humours are then to be corrected by Bleeding, Rowelling, Purging, &c. and thereby they might fave much Expence to themfelves, as well as preferve the poor Creature from the torturing Application of corrofive Powders, Eye-Waters, &c- which ignorant Grooms and Farriers conftantly ap- ply, havirg no other Notion of the Diftempers of this Orgsn of the Body, than as if they were all feated upon the outward Parts, fuch as the horny Coat, tsfc. and fo perfectly deftroy a Horfe's EyeN which were, before fuch Perfon meddled with them, curable: And therefore I infill upon it, that when the Difeafe is fituate outwardly or upon the Outride of the Globe of the Eye, nothing is more proper or efficacious than the Ointment for fore Ep^!before prefcribed, nor need a Perfon u(e any Thing elfe outwardly, provided he has Patience to wait the neceffary and due Time for Cure, which may be longer or fhorter, according to the Urgency of the Symptoms : For as the Eye is a Part of the Body conftantly imbued with iVloifture, and of Neceflity ToomYich often moved, I fay, thefe tvvo Things greatly re' >vioiiture tard the Cure of their Diftenvpers ; for nothing and Motion hinders the uniting or healing of Wounds more he"lrng a ^than Moifture and Motion, as may be experimerr WotokIs. tally found by any who have Cuts or Sores upo" TheG««A? the Eyes, Lips, Joints, fjff. account 4? There are about forty feven D'ftempers. reckon'" rfSyS.^h?^the ^G,ech ^that ^rffeft ^human ^Ey^es> ^but ^if ^l! Why icarce worth while to mention them in this Place- Horl'es do becaufe Brute Creatures are fubjeft only to a few o* not fquint. them ; and the Reafon why Horfes never have tfcf Defe#

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		IMPROVED. 147 Defeat in their Eyes called Stralifmus or fquint- eyed, is, becaufe their Eyes are a good Way afunder, and fbfficiently parted or feparated by the Promi- nency or bunching out of the Forehead. This, I fay, keeps them in fuch a Situation, that they can- Hot crofs one another, or, in other Words, Vifion is not performed au tracers, as the French call it. It may not, perhaps, be amifs, if I fay fome- thing of this unfeemly Diforder of the Eye, altho' the Creature I treat moftly of in thefe Pages be not fubjeft to it. A Strabifmus or Strabojity is a Diftortion of one Squinting, of the Eyes, or both in refpeft to one another, or what it a Tranfverfe Vifion commonly call'd Squinting. It P^r°^ceedsproceeds from an unequal Aftion of the Mufcles of the Eye. Infants eafily contract this Diilemper, fometimes by Negleft of the Nurfes who place the Cradle in an ill Pofture towards the Window, or letting the Child wear peaked Caps which come Over the Forehead. Young Perfons alfo fall into this Diftemper, ei- ther by an ill Ufe of their Eyes, or by Contagion, 'o wit, by looking upon others troubled with the fame Diforder. So that from hence it may be judged how improper it is to put out a Child to a fquint- itig Nune, or to let them play with Children who nave this Defeft; for they are almoft fure to learn tt, efpecially if they keep Company for any conq- uerable Time with others who fquint. And it is yie fame as to fome other Habits, which are eafily (and as it were without our Knowledge or Obfer- Vance) acquired; more particularly the Defeft of Speech called Stammering, which is often commu- nicated from the Parent to the Child, from one Child to another, and from the Tutor to his Pupil, and when once this DefecT: is acquired, it is hard to The Defe& ^De removed, becaufe it requires Time and Perfe- of Sam- yerance, and is not done, but by accuftoming one's ^merin� ^ac' ^ie'f to a quite contrary Habit. For, as StammeringT^nM f Proceeds from a too hafty Pronunciation, or putting aire. '^tSH 2 one's

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		The Art 9/Farriery one's Words too clofe or crowded, it is (like all ether Difeafes of the Body) to be removed by its contrary, which is a flow and ftudied Utterance or Delivery of Speech. And fo far I am fatisfy'd that I could eafily make any Perfon ftammer, whom I kept Company with, provided they did not keep a good Guard upon themfclves, and were apprized of the Trick before-hand. Squinting may be eafily cured, if the Perfon will only confent to wear a Mafe over the Forehead, with two Pieces of Leather, or any Thing fet to it in the Shape of Pipes or Tubes, about three or four Inches long, to look thro' in the Day-time, and in the Night to have the Eyes tied up with a Hand- kerchief: But then this Method mull be purfued for fome confiderable Space of Time, otherwife there will be a Relapfe, and according as the Defect has been of a longer or fhorter Date, fo does it re- quire a Continuance of the Ufe of the Mafk. I have fometimes ordered a very large Nofe of Pafteboard to be fix'd to fomething over the Fore- head, which has entirely cured People of Squint- ing for the main Bufmefs is to keep the Eyes part- ed fufficiently, fo that they may not (as it were) crofs one another, by the Right Eye's looking at an Object upon the Left, and the Left Eye upon one on the Right Hand : Therefore 'tis beft not to look upon an Object even before you, when trou- bled with this Defe<3, but rather to turn the Head a little fideways; for the Nofe muft be an exceed- ing big one to part the Eyes in two, if one look upon an Object right forward. I fhall now proceed to give my Opinion of Colds, or what the Farriers term Morfoundring.

			CHAP-

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			IMPROVED. 149

		CHAP. XVIII. Of Colds, or (ivhat Farriers call) Morfoundring. TH E Word Morfondre in French fignifies Cold Morfoun- upon Heat, and therefore our Farriers retain Ja"?^** the Term, as Monfieur Solleyfell made Ufe of it, firft ; and would have us underftand by it, that it is belted Greafe, or a Foundering in the Body, as He ^rey has it. But it is no other than this, to wit, when a Horfe has been rid hard, and heated, and Cools too fuddenly, fo that the Pores of his Hide ^are conftipated or fhut in a hafty manner, infomuch that the Materia Perfpirabilis is hinder'd from going off in the ufual Courfe. Therefore as the Lungs ^a"d Brain of Animals are, from their very Contex- ture or Make, moil fufceptible of Impreffion, the Enemy is fixed fometimes upon the one, fometimes fpon the other of thefe fo noble Parts of the Body. Mr. Gibfon fays, that Cold or Morfoundring is a Stagnation of the Pores; but this Gentleman fure- ty has not rightly underftood what is meant by the Term. Indeed if he hadfaid that Cold is occafion'd °y the perfpirable Matter's (which fhould have gone °ffby the Pores of the Skin) ftagnating in the Bo- "X, I fhould have agreed with him. But his next Remark makes fufficient Amends for this Miftake, when he fays " that Colds are often occafion'd thro' Neglect of Ruobing off the Sweat after hard Exercife, which ftrikes a Chillinefs and Damp ' over the whole Body. " This is a very juft Obfervation } and he who will lot lend a helping Hand to rub a Horfe clean and ory, and cloath him up after he has rid him hard, m my Thoughts, deferves to trudge on Foot rather than ever mount this ufeful Creature. But fuch un- thinking and carelefs Men there are, and {till I be- lieve will be, who can ride a poor dumb Creature molt unmercifully for twenty or thirty, nay, fome- H 3 times

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		150 The Art of Farriery times forty or fifty Miles together, without ever a Bait, and after giving him a genteel Lafh or two over his Buttocks with their Whip, turn him over to the Care of a drunken lazy Fellow, who has no more Humanity than themfelves, 'till fuch Time as they have Occafion to mount next Morning. And, it may be, the poor Horfe undergoes almoft the fame Fate for two or three Days fucceifively, by which, if lie had not a good deal of Meat in him, as the Saying is, before he fet out, 'tis ten to one but he falls into fome dangerous Diftemper afterwards. I muil not omit what the laft mention'd Author fays with relation to the Air affecting Horfes with Colds. He tells us, " that fometimes many of the " Symptoms will happen (I fuppofe he means " Symptoms of a Cold) when the Air is too much " rarified and thin ; for by that Means its Preffure " is not fufHcient to force the Blood thro' the fmall " Veflels of the Lungs, but will occafion a Stagna- " tion there, and caufe a Difficulty of Breathing, " which will be accompanied with a Cough, �sV." Mr. Giifin's Now any Man who has the leaft Notion of Pneu- Account of maticks or the Properties of the Air, may fee that Colds tr- Mr. Gibfon was ignorant pf this Part of Natural roneous. Philofophy; for if he had not, he would-have been quite of a different Opinion j becaufe when the Air is moft rarified or thin, it is then moft elaftic, or preffes harder, or with more Weight, upon all Bo- dies. And this may be eafily feen by any one, (who has not had the Opportunities of feeing Experiments in Philofophy ) if a Bladder half filled with Wind; and tied, be held near the Fire, fo as. the Air with- in it may be rarified, how will it fill and ftretch enough to burft out its Sides; or if he only obferves the working of the Barometer, (or Quickfilver in the Weather-Glafs,) he will find that when the Air is thinneft, (as Mr. Gibfon calls it,) it then approach- es the neareft to what we may term pure Air, and that therefore it is the moft fpringy or elaftick ; and by its perpendicular Preffure at fuch Times, it forces

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		IMPROVED. 151 forces up the Mercury in the Tube, to the greateft -Height: So that in the Main, we have a greater Preffure of Air upon the Surface of our Bodies, ^'hen the Air is thin, and not agitated by Winds, &c. than we can poffibly have otherwiie. Furthermore, I fay, that the Air within our bodies, (and no doubt but there is a confiderable Portion,) bears an Equality with the Spring of the Air without; and when dirty foul Weather is com- ^g on, the Air within bur Blood-VeiTels mull be- come lefs elaftick, whereby the Blood moves more Slow and Languid ; and it is then we feel thofe Pandering Pains of the Rheumatifin, fsV. fo often ^c°mplained of by old People of Fourfcore, whofe Bodies are by conftant Obfervstion become good leather-GlaiTes. But to retain. I have faid that a Cold is Perfpiration obftrufted, A Sto- ^and that it moftly affefts the Brain and Lungs; ^rnach- for Horfes are not fo much fubjedt to Diforders of^Cougthe Nerves which occafion Coughing, as Man, yet they often have a Stomach-Cough, or, I would fay, ^a Diforder at the Stomach, which makes them cough �"luch, and this moftly proceeds from Worms, Bots, w. lodged there, or a little lower in the Inteftines °r Guts. The Cure of a Stomach-Cough confifts, in giving The Cure., 'he Horfe fuch Things as deftroy Worms; thefe are Wercurius Dulcis, JBthiop Mineral, or the like : 'Jt if you give the firft, let it be about a Drachm in "owder for a Dofe, mixed in a little Pafte, or ra- ther fome of my Cordial Ball, in an Evening; and 'he next Morning give him a Purge, of an Ounce of ■"toes ; an Ounce of Cream of Tartar ; and half an Vance of Senna in Potvder ; make this into two ^alls with Syrrup* of Buckthorn, and give it the ■Horfe in the common way. The Mercurius Dulcis fⁿd Purge {hould be given once a Week for three ■Turns, and I think that may be fufEcient; but mind >'ou never give a Horfe cold Water when he purges, ^f°r thofe who do are meer Ignoramus's, and cannot H 4 give

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		152 1%e Aft of Farriery give any good Reafon for their Proceedings; only they'll tell you perhaps every Horfe will not drink warm Water, though I think there are few but will (with a little Oatmeal,) drink fufficiently : Yet if they Hill refufe, never fear letting them faft, ra- ther than oblige them with cold Water, for Reafons too plain to be fet down more than once; and I believe I have already made mention of them, under the Difcourfe upon Purging, Bleeding, csV. JEthiops Mineral is a very fafe Medicine for the Worms, either in Man or Beaft, but muft be con- tinned for fome Time, at lead a Fortnight; half an Ounce a Day in fcalded Bran, if the Horfe will eat it, if not, give it him in his Oats after they are fprinkled with Water. There is not any occafion for Purging after the JEthiops, though there is after the Mercurius Dulcisi for if you did not then do this, you would in all like- lihood raife a Salivation ; for Horfes eafilier falivate than Men, provided the Dofe is in Proportion, by Reafon of the pendent Situation of the Head. After the Ufe of Worm-Medicines, let the Horfe have fome Stomachic-Drench given him, fuch as the following.

	The Cor- dial Sto- mach, lirench.		Take Tumeric, one Ounce; Saffron, one Drachm > Long Pepper, tivo Drachms ; Annifeed, one Ounce '� Powder all the/e, and mix ''em in half a Pound of
	The Cor- dial Sto- mach, lirench.
Treacle, and a �>uart of ivarm Ale, for a Dofe i ivhich may be ufed thrice a Week, for a Fortnight. It is very frequent for Coughs to be fo epidemical frequently or univerfal, that few Men or Horfes mifs having Epideini- their Share, more or lefs; and this is owing to fom^e ^eal- peculiar Difpofition of the Air, which breeds fuch Diftempers; though I muft frankly confefs I am ignorant cf the true Caufe; that is, whether it be occafioned from Infecls floating about in the Air. and carried from Place to Place by the Winds, (as a late Learned Author undertakes to prove ;) or it i^s brougn'

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		IMPROVED. 153 brought about by the Air's being more or lefs im- pregnated with Nitrous Particles. I fay, this is Matter of Controverfy ; yet if we can but find pro- P^er Remedies for all Sorts of Coughs and Colds, it ^ls» one would think, abundantly fufficient, without ^entering into many frivolous and idle Difputes, of which there is no end. If you would know whether a Horfe has newly How to token Cold, feel between his Jaws, and if there be know whe- ⁿ° fwelling of the Glands or Kernels of the Throat, ^her a Cold you may fuppofe it has not been long upon him ; _t~Jt ^* "kewife if he rattle in his Breathing, it is a Sign '"e Diftemper is in its firft Stage, or if (when he drinks) the Water comes more than common thro' his Noitrils. Bleeding is moft proper in the Beginning of almoll The Cure. ^aH Colds, feeing they are more or lefs attended with ^a Fever ; for as the obftrucled perfpirable Matter ^caufes a Commotion in the Blood, this Operation j&tift certainly be very feafonable, if (as I have faid) J¹ ba performed in the Beginning of the Diftemper, before Nature has pointed out fome other Way to difcharge the Enemy. _ Moderate Exercife next takes Place, which, along. uh warm Water and Oatmeal, and a few of my Cordial Balls, as prefcribed in my Notes upon the \°cket-Farrier)* is, without any other Helps, the ^beft Method of Cure. The Balls (hould be given in the Quantity of two Dire&ions Ounces every Morning, when you take the Horfe for feeding ?"t upon his Exeicife, till fuch Time as the Difeafe^«otfe in P^e quite conquered ; though I muft not omit advif- ^lrig the Reader, that warm Cloathing, efpecially ^abcut the Plead and Throat, very much contributes towards bringing the Diftemper to a Crifis or a Wead., which may be known from the Difcharge by ^e Noitrils : For Horfes differ from Men in this, that they do not cough up the Pus or Corruption by *ne Mouth, but throw it out all through the Nof- fr^s, and often make fed natty work in the Man- H 5 gers,

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		154 'the Art of Farriery gers, fo that it is proper to fill the Manger with Straw ; and when you feed a Horfe that has a Run- ning at his Nofe, wipe it clean as well as his Man- ger ; neither fhould he have much Hay given him at once, for his Breathing (at this Time) will taint it, and bring on a Sicknefs at his Stomach, if he feeds upon it any Time together. The Hay fhould be exceedingly well fhaked from Duft, &c. and fprinkled with Spring or River- Water a little; for I have found by Experience, that dry Hay prolongs this Diforder, and hinders the Cold from breaking, as it is called, fo foon as it would do otherwife. Scalded Scalded Bran is alfo proper in molt Colds, and ^ⁿ_;^pr°' this mult be given (I mean put into the Manger) Cold. ■^not' f°^r ^tne Steam of it does not a little conduce towards a Cure, by fetting the Nofe a running, from which Symptom a Horfe finds the firft Eafe- ment; for till then he will be dull and heavyfome, and hang his Head into his Manger, and fometimes run at his Eyes; which laft is a fure Sign the offend- ing Matter affects the Brain. As it is very likely that a Horfe, which runs at the Nofe, mult fwallow with his Oats* or Hay a good deal of the Pus or corrupted Matter, it may be advifeable (after the Diftemper is gone off) to admi- niiter a Purge. The following may be taken as a general one'in this Cafe. A Purge Take Aloes Caballine, commonly calVd Horfe-Aloes, cw* * ^0ne ^^>unce ' °f -ocotrine Aloes, half an Ounce j Glauber's Salt, one Ounce; Oil of Annifc-d, t<wO Drachms ; Syrrup of Saffron, one Ounce : Beat tbefe nvell tof ether, and if the Mafs be foft, 'work into it a little flour of Brimftone, and give it the Horfe irt two Balls. This mould be repeated every ten Days, as the Horfe is able to bear it; though I think two of them fufjkient, unlefs he is very full of Fleih. And as

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		rMPROVED, 155 ^as I have ordered him to be bled in the firft Stage ?f this Difiemper, I muft here again repeat the fame ^ireftions, to remind the Reader of fuch neceflary. Evacuations; and that it be done to fome Purpofe,. ^triat is, not a Quart at a Time, but two or three Quarts, or rather more if the Horfe can bear the Bleeding Lofs of fo much ; and there are few but will, feeing rooft¹)' ne- 'hey have fo great a Quantity in the Body as before ^Ce ^y' °bferved ; though if a good Quantity be taken away ^Rt two or three Operations, fuppofe every Day once ; two Quarts the firft Day, three Pints the fecond, ^�"d a Quirt the third, it is belt of all. There is one Thing ordered by De Grey, which he tells us he had from a famous Marfhall or Trench farrier, and that he holds it the beft Thing which ^c2n be prefcribed, (I fuppofe he means in the height of the Diftemper;) it is this. " Take a fmall Quantity of frefh Butter, and De Greys Brimltone made into a fine Powder ; work them Method together well, till they become of a deep yellow \^^S° Colour ; then take two long Goofe-Feathers, and Head. anoint them with the Ointment to the very Quills, on either Side; which done, roll them in more Powder of Brimftone, and fo put them up each Noftril one ; and at the But-end of the Quills put a ftrong Packthread, which muft be fattened over the Horfe's Poll, like the Read-ftall of a Bridle; and then ride him up and down mo- derately, for the Space of an Hour or longer, and it will provoke him to fnort or fnuffle forth of his Nofe and Head much of the congealed Filth ; then tie him to the Rack an Hour, after which draw forth the Fenthers; keep him warm, and give him Maflies and white-Water, for four or fori Days." Now for my Part, notwithftanding "the Enco- Ruums De Grey is pleafed to pafs upon this Method, 1 think the Butter and Brimftone are ridiculous; for H 6 there

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		The Art of Farriery there is not any Thing in either of them which provokes the Horfe to fnort or fneeze; therefore we are to attribute the Good (if any) it does wholly to the Feathers, which, by tickling and irritating the Olfactory or Smelling Nerves fpread about in the Noftrils, caufes Sneezing: Yet in my Thoughts, there are feveral Things may be thought of, under the Tribe or Clafs of Sternutatories or Sneezing-Pow- ders, that will anfwer the End better, and with much lefs Uneafmefs than the Goofe-Quills. a How a Medicine occafions the Convulfive Mo- tion termed Sneezing or Snorting, in Brutes as well as Human Creatures, is not at all difficult to under- ftand : For the Fibres and Membranes within-fide the Noftrils are extremely fenfible : Whatfoever therefore ftimulates them, makes them contract, and thereby pull thofe Parts they have any Com- munication with, which by Degrees brings on that general Convulfive Shake, that throws off the irri- tating Matter. Every one's own Experience demonftrates, and beft explains to himfelf, how this is produced; and likewife manifefts the great Influences which may be communicated over the whole Body, by the Communication of Fibves, from an almoft unheaded Senfation upon the leaft Part. The Salutary Effects of this forcible Concuffion of the whole Body, are very confiderable. There are many Glands or Kernels about the Head, deftined for the Separation of very vifcid and mucous or flimy Subiiances; by which Means many Sinus's or Cavities, of fome Service in the Animal Oeco- nomy, are frequently fo fluffed with fuch Matter, as not to give that Room to fome of the Veffels, as it is their Office to do j whereby the Circulating Fluid in fome'Parts makes them too turgid or full, which upon � many Accounts will occafion uneafy Senfations, Pain, Giddinefs, and other Diftempers, frequently experienced in the Head. By

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		IMPROVED. 157 By a particular Conformation, the Nofe receives and difcharges many fuch fuperfluous Vifcidities or Foulneffes. Therefore a Stimulus, from what we call Sternutatories or commonly Snuff, will pro- voke thofe Parts to encreafe fuch Difcharges, where- by a troublefome Load of Matter is drawn off, and the Head rendered briflc and lightfome. But, befides the Benefit the Head receives from fuch a Difcharge, the whole Conftitution or Frame of the Body is likewife fo fenfibly affefted, that in many Cafes it is of Ufe as an Exercife; and there is no Motion whatfoever, even not that of Vomit- ing, (though Horfes feldom vomit,) which fo fud- denly and forcibly fhakes the whole Nervous Syftenu So that in all Obftruftions of the finer Paffages, par- ticularly of the Nervous Fluid, whatfoever produces Sneezing muft be of great and Angular Advantage. And common Experience and Praftice confirms this in many Inftances of Paralytick, Apopledtick, and Lethargick Cafes; where this Motion roufes, and enlivens as it were, the fluggifh Spirits, and by mak- ing the moft remote Fibres, aflifts their proper Juices in Circulation, which before feemed to ftagnate, or not to irritate the Fibres enough to maintain the natural Elafticity r And of fuch great Efficacy is this Convulfive Motion, that it is fometimes procured (in Human Bodies) on purpofe to forward Delivery, and with good Succefs. How far the Cuftom of taking Snuff is ferviceaWe The Folly or detrimental, is not direftly to my prefent Purpofe ^of accnf- to determine ; but thus far it may not be amifs to '⁰�,'"f_elf mform thofe who comply too much with it as a _t0 taking Fafliion, that they thereby put it out of their Power Snuff, to receive any Benefit from fuch Things as a Medi- cine, whenfoever there may be cccafion for fuck Helps: For continually ftimulatiug thofe Parts with, not pungent Snuffs, makes them by Degrees grow as it were callous or hard and horny, and much lefs fenfible, which all Snuff-takers experience; being not provoked to Sneezing, if they take ever fo much, when:

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		158 The Art of Farriery when one Pinch of the fame would immediately ope- rate upon a Stranger to it. There is another Inconveniency alfo from this Practice, and that is fpoiling the Appetite; for moft of the common Snuffs are Tobacco of one kind or other, whereof fome will pafs down the Throat into the Stomach, efpecially in thofe who take much; whence it deftroys their natural Appetite, as many of them confefs to find by Experience, altho' they cannot be prevailed upon to leave it off. But for fuch who imagine continual taking Snuff to be neceflary or beneficial for them, many Things in li- quid Forms would much more properly anfwer their .Intention; fuch as Sal Volatile Oleofum, diluted with Something proper, as Spirit of Lavender, or the like, where it is of itfelf too ftrong. But it is to be feared no falutary Regard can obtain fuch Reforma- ■ tion, unlefs that Jdol Fajhion would vouchfafe a Sanction thereto. Now to re urn. A Cold in If ^a Horfe has a Cold in his Head, I think it the Head, may moft eafily be known from the rattling Noife he makes in Breathing; and it is my Opinion, that Patience and warm Cloathing are very requifite in this Cafe, by reafon the Matter of the Diftemper requires Time to affimilate or gather together in fuch Quantity, as that it may, with the greateft Eafe to Nature, be discharged thro' the Nofe. But we are fuch uneafy Mortals, that we have not Pa- tience to wait Nature's Leifure, but rather force her beyond her beneficent Defigns; infomuch that the Difbrder is often protracted, to the no fmall Dan- ger of the Sick. The Cure. I fay then, let the Horfe's Body and Head be well coverV with Cloathes for a considerable Time, and when his Nofe begins to difcharge ever fo little, it is proper to blow thro' a Quill up his Noftrils fome of the following Sneezing Powder, which may be repeated twice or thrice a Day, till the Running gradually ceafe j all which Time let him have warm Water

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		IMPROVED. 159 Water and Oatmeal, with Mafhes and fprinkled Hay, as before advifed. The Powder is this. Take of the Leaves of the Herb Afara Bacca dried, ^The ^Sneef- halfan Ounce ; white Hellebore, one Drachm. Pow- '�f q°^^Tder them well, and keep them in a Battle clofe ftopfd, ;_n _th_efor Ufe. Head. There are a Number of Recipe's for Colds, both in Sollefell, Blundcville, De Grey, Mr. Markham, and Mr. Gib [on ; but as I have look'd them over, I think they are not any of them worth tranferibing, or giving my Opinion upon : For Bleeding, Exer- The true cife, good Dreffing, warm Cloathing, and proper yay of cur- Feeding, as before fpoken of, will, along with the ^mg ^Colds- Ufe of my Cordial Ball hereafter prefcribed, per- form a Cure ; unlefs the Cough be a Confumptive one, or that the Glandules or Kernels, call'd Pitui- tary or Phlegmy, fituate about the upper Part of the Jaws and Throat, be much infefted. Here follows the Cordial Ball. Take Annifeed, Caraway Seed, and greater Car- \F. ^^at~ da?nons finely powder d, each one Ounce ; Flower of /* _f ,1 Brimjione, two Ounces ; Turmerick in fine Powder, vne Ounce and a half; Saffron, two Drachms ; Su- gar-Candy, four Ounces ; Sfanijb Juice dif/bl-ved in Hyffop-Water, (or for 'want of titch, Rain-Water will do,) two Ounces ; Oil of Anrtifeed, half an Ounce; Liquorice-Powder, one Ounce and half; Wheat-Flour. a fujficient Quantity to make it up into a fiijfPafie by beating all the Ingredients ivell in a Mortar. I have not made any material Alteration in this Cordial Ball from my Prefcription in the Pocket- Farrier, feeing I could not do it to Advantage; only when the Mafs grows dry by keeping, it may be proper to beat it up again with fome fweet Flo- rence

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			160 The Art c/Farriery rence-Oil, which will keep it moift a long Time together. I need not enter upon any Encomium upon the Properties or Effe&s of this Cordial Ball,, feeing I have done it fufficiently in my Notes upon Burden> only this I muft fay farther in Favour of it, to wit, that it c ontains all the proper Ingredients fit for a Cordial Drench, as the Farriers term it; fo that you have only to take the Bignefs of a Hen's Egg of it, and diffolve it in a Pint of White-wine, or for want of that, a Quart of Beer, and give it the Horfe, as Occaiion requires. Mr. G;'if«»'s Before I clofe this Chapter,, I mall only take Decoftion Notice of a Prefcription of Mr. Gibfin's, in his Book Running^ °" Farriery,* Page 90, to wit, that " if you make the Nol'e " ^a Deco&ion of red Rofe Leaves, Pomep-ranate turning to " Bark, and Diafcordiiim, and fyringe it up the the Glan- «- Noftrils pretty often, it will hinder its turning fured ^CCn' " ^t0 ^the ^Glandcrs' ^and ^tllat Honey of Rofes will " do the fame." Now I am fatisfied, neither of thefe will be of any real Service more than warm Water, nay, per- haps they may not be fo good ; for the Intention of the Prefcription is as an Aftringent, fo that it will lock up and flop the proper Difcharge from the Glands about the Throat, that is, if the Syringe throw it up fo far :. But I am of Opinion it can fcarcely be injefted fo as to reach the Caufe of the Diitemper, therefore it favours more of Sound than Senfe.

		CHAP. XIX. Of Cheft-Foundering, and broken-winded liorfes. Cheft fonn- >-pv H E Word Fondre in French fignifies to melt i^efe oip¹" -"-■ °^r ¹'1^u'fy> ^alJd therefore the ancient Farriers ^vc> would have us believe that the Horfe's Greafe is molten

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			IMPROVED. 161

		Molten when he is Cheft-founder'd ; but this Term Brok en- is very dark and abftrufe, forafmuch as a Perfon winded and ^annot form any true Idea of the Diftemper from ^"_e^l "� fes, Moft Authors agree in this, to wit, that Cheft- foundering proceeds from too hard Labour, whereby the Horfe becomes furfeited ; fo that in the main it is no more than a fevere Cold, and therefore to be managed accordingly. The Signs of this Diftemper are a ftaring Coat, signs of and Heaving of the Flanks more than common. Chclt- Mr. Gibfon mentions ftarting with Pain as often as foundering. he offers to move, to be one of the Symptoms of Cheft-foundering : But I imagine that Author had form'd fuch a Notion of this Diforder as might lead him into the Miftake, for I could never obferve fuch Starting with Pain, He. more peculiar to the Cheft- . � founder'd Horfe than any other. In the firft Place, I recommend Bleeding accord- The Cure, >ng to a Horfe's Strength, Age, �sV. to eafe his Difficulty of Breathing ; but as to Opening the Flank Veins, or thofe on the Iniide of the Thigh, to make Revulfion, (as Mr. Gibfon advifes,) I don't believe there is much in it, for Reafons before af- fign'd under the Term Re<vulfion. As Cheft-founder'd Horfes are moftly Coftive, ari-J of a hot and dry Habit, foft Food is moft pro- per, I mean fuch as will give the Stomach leaft Trouble (if I may be allow'd the Expreffion) to di- geft it; fuch is boiVd Barley, Oats ground rough, "warm Water with a good deal of Oatmeal in it, ^and the like, What I mean by warm Water, is a Pretty Quantity of cold Water, to which you may ufing a add a little hot Water, fo as to make it Milk-warm; Horfe too for if _a Horfe be ufed to Water more than juft ^lonS ^t0 warm, he will not drink any cold for fome confi- y��_r _anderable Time afterwards. ill Cuftom. I cannot fee any Occafion for Clyfters, unlefs the Horfe is (according to the Farriers Term) burnt up in

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		162 The Art of F a r r i e r y in his Body; if fo, indeed, he may have the fol- lowing.

	An excel- lent Clyf- ter.		Take Pellitory of the Wall, and Mallow-1 eaves, each three Handfuh ; Fenugreek-Seed hruifed, and
	An excel- lent Clyf- ter.
Annifeed, each one Ounce. Boil thefe well in a Gal- lon of Water to three Quarts ; then add of the Elec- tuary calVd Caryocoftinum, tot Ounces; (which you may buy for about four fence per Ounce,) and thrte Ounces of common Oil; for 'tis not material what Oil it be that is ufed in Clyfters, feeing the Part into which they are injecled will make no Difb'nch'on between Florence - Oil and common. Plaifter-Oil. If you add a little common Salt, it will caufe the Clyfter to operate fooner, by the pungent Particles irritating the inner Membranes of the Return or Straight-Gut, and promoting that vermicular Mo- tion of the Interlines call'd Perifcaltick. I cannot prefcribe any Thing better than the Cordial Ball to be ufed thro' all the Stages of this. Diftemper, which will, with the Method above^. good clean Hay, warm Cloathing, and lying well? litter'd up in a large Stall, with the Help of mo-- derate Exercife (for fome confiderable Time) teftore the Horfe to Health and Vigour. A grand There is very often a grand Miftake among Far- Mirtake riers, to wit, that when the Horfe goes with much among Far- p_ain _and Uneafmefs about his Shoulders and fore Parts, they conclude him founder'd in his Body ; whereas 'tis ten to one the Caufe of fuch painful Movement lies in the Hoof, and is what thefe Fel- lows call Hoof-foundering ; tho' the Word Hoof- foundering is Nonfenfe if render'd into our Language, which would be Hoof molten ; and that there is no fuch Quantity of Greafe in a Horfe's Hoof where- by it can be molten by hard Exercife, fo as to de- ferve the Name of Hoof-foundering, I need not be at the Pains to explain. Therefore I fhalL fhew my Notions

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		IMPROVED. 163 Motions of what the Farriers term Hoof-founder, when I come to treat of the Difeafes of the Hoof. Broken Wind and Purfivenefs in Horfes is what in Broken ^human Creatures we call Afthmatick and Phthificky. J^¹"¹ The Caufe of Purfivenefs and broken Wind pro- _nef_sseeds from Surfeiting, hard Exercife upon a full Belly, -j._he c_auf_e>Riding a Horfe into Water when he is hot and Weats; and laftly from obftinate Colds ill cured. I need not be tedious in enumerating the Signs or The Signs. symptoms of Purfivenefs, and broken Wind, by yenfon every one may eafily perceive the Diforder, 1 ?' a Horfe be only trotted fharply to sand fro; for ^II is a frequent difficult, and ihort Refpfration, join'd With a kind of himng or whiffling Sound, and a Coug]_1; efpecially after drinking cold Water. And Horfes are, in this Particular, more liable to Pur- fivenefs than Men are to Afthma's, becaufe their P^fone Pofture occafions the Guts to prefs continually ^againft the Diaphragm or Midriff, which of confe- rence muft hinder the Lungs from expanding them- fclves, or in other Words, they are expanded or {Wch'd with more Difficulty than in Man, who is ^III a perpendicular or upright Pofture. And that this is the Cafe, thofe who are Afthmatick find by Experience, that when they go to Bed they breathe with greater Trouble, and are obliged to lie high With the Head, that the Bowels may not prefs the Midriff againft the Lungs, and hinder their Ex- Panfion. I cannot f?y, but it is fomething difficult for a & difficult "erfon (not fkill'd in Diftempers) to diftir.guifh be- Matter to ^tween a purfive Horfe, and one which has newly uiltinguifh '^aken Cold : But if he only take Notice, that upon between a Motion there will be a hilling whittling Sound, and ^� Sweater Heaving of the Flanks than in common Wind. C°lds, he will eafily know the Difference. Befides, he Cough does not found fo deep in Purfivenefs, "ut on the contrary is a fhort tickling one, as if it Were feated at the upper Part of the Larynx or Wind- PJpe: tho' indeed it is feated moftly in the Lungs, where

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		i54 The Art ^Farriery where there are watry Tubercles or little Bladders, and often flatulent or windy Tumours. A Hiftory Be Grey tells us of a young Horfe he had under »om Vt y _Care _in _a Confumption of the Flefh, (as he calls it,) which had been occafioned, as he believed, from hard Riding after a Pack of Hounds, and after- wards fuffering him to go up to the Saddle-Skirts in Water. In fine, the Cafe baffled poor De Grey; but he open'd the Horfe when dead, and told his Owner, that the Man who had the Nag in teaching to am- ble had given him the Diftemper, by riding him when hot into cold Water ; for that the Horfe be- ing very full of Flefh, the Fat about his Belly, Brisket, Ribs, and Sides, was fo caked and har- den'd that it never could be diffolved; therefore, he by flow Degrees dwindled off his Flefh, and at laft died. Now this Account may to fome People feem pro- bable enough ; but I fear De Grey tells the Story too much in Favour of his own Abilities, when he would have us believe him almoft a Conjurer, in gueffing that the Ambler had rid the Horfe into cold Water in the Circumftances aforefaid; nor did this Farrier know, perhaps, that there is a Difference between Adeps and Pinguedo; the firft lignifying the foft fatty Subftance, and the latter what we call Suet, or the harder Part of the Fat. Therefore, in the Cafe De Grey cites, the foft fatty Subftance was all confumed, (as it really is in all confumptive Cafes,) and nothing was left but the Pinguedo or Suet, which, when a Horfe dies leaⁿ> is generally of a yellowifh Colour, I fay, this made De Grey form the whimfical Notion of the Horfe * Fat being frozen or congealed to fuch a Deg^reethat the fame never diffolved again. The Cure. I am pretty well convinced that more Stir and Noife is made about Arcanum s and Nofirums or Secrets for the Cure of Broken-Winded and Purfive Horfes, than there is anv real Foundation for; yet there is no

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	165
		165

ⁿ° manner of Difpute but fuch Horfes may, by good careful Management, be made of better Ser- ^Vlce, than otherwife they would: For Inftance, let the Water you give them be, once every other Day, 'mpregnated with half an Ounce of Salt Petre, and two Drachms of Sal Armoniac, which will operate powerfully by Urine, and whatfoever does that, moft certainly relieves Purfivenefs in Horfes as well ^as Afthma's in Men. The following is fometimes ffed, and may do for a while, 'till you can jockey your Neighbour with a Broken-Winded Horfe in Lieu of a found one. Take new Milk, one Quart; Florence Oil, mixed & Mixture *>'& the the Yolks of Eggs, four Ounces: give him ^r°^^^flV<" this Blood-warm, and let his Hay be well fliaked ^]from Dull, and fprinkled with Water moderately ; becaufe if it is done over-much, he will take a Dif- tafte at it, but if it be done fparingly it adds to the Sweetnefs and Flavour of it. A Horfe that is Purfive or Broken-Winded mould at what is of good Nourifhment, and lies in a little ^oom ; that is, he ihould have more Corn than ■Way : For when a Horfe -is obliged to fill his Belly )vith Hay, he muft drink a deal of Water to dilute 't> and make it fit for Digeftion ; this prefTes harder PPon the Lungs, c5?c. and adds to the Grievance. ■therefore, let fuch Horfes have much Corn, and ^Jlttle Hay always fprinkled, if you expeft them to Perform a Journey, and then their Lungs will have ^r°om to expand and dilate themfelves fufficiently. -Df Grey* tells a merry Story of a Horfe cured of Ce Grey's, "urfivenefs, which is as.follows, " a certain Groom �^llre for \|\| (no doubt a wife one) who had a Broken-Winded ^Broken- Horfe under his Care, kept him from drinking Wind for two or three Days, giving him all that Time as much Hay and other Provender as he would ^eat j then he leaped upon his Back, and rode him to Water, where he fuffered him to to drink " his

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		The Art of Farriery " his Fill; then he clapped Spurs to him and gal- " loped full Speed, 'till the poor Creature fell dow" " for want of Breath, and lay for fome Time as if " he was dead ; as foon as he recovered Wind, th« " Groom gave him more Water, and galloped him " a fecond Time 'till he fell, and fo a third ; (for " no Number I fuppofe but an odd one would do " with this Groom ;) well, when the Horfe had " recovered his Wind a little, he fell to Coughing " very much, (as well he might,) and by the Vi' " olence of the Shake, caft out of his Wind-Pipe ' and Mouth, a Lump of congealed Phlegmatic! " Stuff of a good Bignefs, after which the Geld" " ing was freed from the Diftemper. This is what the laft mentioned Author relates from a worthy honeft Farrier, who had it from the very Groom himfelf who performed the Cure ; but in my Opinion, the Story has need of better At' teftation ; though if I had feen the Thing done my felf, I Ihould never advife any one to put it i" Practice. As T have faid before, a fpare Diet and that of good Nourifhment is moft proper for fhort, thick, or broken-winded Horfes; and Grafs is belt of all* efpecially fuch as does not make them grow big iⁿthe Belly, as is the Nature of fome kinds of coarfe Benty Paftures. So that by Care and Management* a Perfon may make a Horfe perform tolleiably well; though he is Thick-Winded ; but if he is not other- wife a valuable one, I think it is a great Folly ^t0keep tampering with him, for indeed there is no End on't; therefore it is in vain for me to think ot any Method of Cure, otherwife than as before \& down, feeing I have no Faith in any of the long Farrago of Recipes contrived. for fuch Purpofes > and whoever lays out his Nloney upon the certain and infallible Cure for Broken-Winded Horfes, had much better keep it in his Pocket, towards purchas- ing another Horfe, fmce that in prefent Poffeffion is not likely to do him much Service. Yet I a¹¹¹ appre-

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		IMPROVED. 167 ^Pprehenfive, that all I can fay againft giving Me- ^QJcines for the Cure of Broken-Winded Horfes, will ⁿ°t have its due Weight; becaufe I know there are niany who give Credit to every Thing they fee writ "Own, provided there is Probatum eft at the Clofe °f the Receipt. But the Family of the Wrong- Heads is, and no doubt will be^ a very numerous ⁰ⁿe, while the World endures; and there will be "ill more Fools than Philofophers, though there were twenty greater Men than Sir Ifaac Newton, yet in Being to inftruft them. Mr. Gibfon orders a Ball made with Gum'Galba- Mr. ■G'J/o»s' num, Affimoniacum, Burdock-Root, Flonvers of Benja-* Balls for ^m'n, and Siveet Oil, to be given four Ounces a Day ^V°^kfⁿj ^a' twice ; and I cannot fay but the Composition is Horfes. ^a good one. though there is not in the Burdook- &°ot much of a Pe&oral -Quality: But, according to ⁿⁱy Thoughts, this Bill would Hand in five or fix Shillings a Day, at the Rate Galbanarn, &c. now Ml. Therefore, unlefs the Horfe be a valuable ^0r>e, I believe no Perfon will beftow fo much Mo- ?^ey upon him when Purfive, efpecially when there ^ls fo little Hopes of a Cure according to our beft ■Accounts and Obfetvations. I fhall now proceed to a Defcription of the Glan- ""''s, which the Farriers term Mourning of the Chine.

			C H A P. XX. Qf the Glanders, or Mourning of the Chine. Cannot defcribe the Glanders better than Mr. The Signs Gibfon has done, to wit, " that it is a'Flux or Running of corrupt Matter from the Nofe of a Horfe, which Matter is of different Colours; as White, Yellow, Green, or Black, according to the Degree of Malignity, or according as the Diilemper has been of long or fhort Continuance." Our

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		"68 The Art of V arrizry* Our ancient Farriers treat very oddly of this Dif- eafe, imagining the Seat of it fometimes in the Lungs, at other Times in the Brain, �sV. and par- ticularly De Grey tells us, " that before a Farrier ^c* can perfeftly cure the Glanders, he muft free the ' Horfe from manifold and fundry Difeafes, which " accompany them ; fuch as Confumption of the " Flefh and Lungs, Griefs and Aches in the Head, ' Inflammation under the Joul, Difeafes in the " Liver, Purfivenefs, Hide-bound, Dropfy, Swell'd " Legs, &c" Now out of all thefe, I know but one infeparable Sign of the Glanders, to wit, Inflammation or Swel- ling of the Glands about the Throat, and behind the Ears. And as to what Monfieur Solleyfel, Blun- deville, and others, write abont the Mourning of the Chine or Confumption of the Brain and Spinal Mar- row, which runs all through the Vertebra or Bones of the Neck, Back, Loins, iffc. it is a Pack of Nonfenfe; though indeed we have a Diftemper in Human Bodies which goes by the Name of Tabes Dorfalis, and implies a Wafting or Confumption of the Spinal Marrow: But I believe this Term was moftly in Ufe when the Knowledge of Phyfick was in its Infancy: For, what the Ancients fuppofed to be a Wafting of the Marrow in the Back, was no- thing more than a Gonorrhoea Simplex or Simple Gofi' without any Virulency, or Infectious Quality in the Running; and the Pain in this Cafe moftly affecting the Loins, they therefore judged the Marrow to be wafting : But to return to the Glanders m Horfes. I take Mr. Snapeh Account of the Glanders not to be very defective ; only I cannot agree with hw¹in one Thing, that is, in this Diftemper's being contagious or infeftious; for he might as well fay that we catch Colds, Confumptions, foe. by Infec- tion : No; what made him as well as others believe this Difeafe of an infectious Nature, was the epide- mical Conftitution of the Air, which, more at forrie particular Times than others /as we find by daily Exp^e-

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		IMPROVED. 169 o_r^XPp^rience>) fobjefts Men, Horfe, &c. to Colds p Rheumy Diftillations upon the Brain, Lungs, "uces or Jaws, and fo forth : And whenfoever this ^aPpens, they do not all begin at one Time, but "e after another, according as the Blood and Hu- ours are in a State to receive the Infeftion from ^e 'nfpired Air ; and really in all Colds, one mould <r^ai"d as much as poffible againft the Glanders or In- ^ration and hardening of the Glands or Kernels oout the Throat; and this may be done in the flowing Manner. p As the Glanders feems to be an Affeftion of the ^'ands of the Throat, whether from catching Cold, ⁿwholefome Food which renders the Blood poor ⁿd vifcid, or from the bad Conftitution of the Air Producing fuch Diforders; T fay, let it be from any thefe Caufes, the Horfe muft be managed in J^uch the fame Way : But the Bufinefs is to take The Cure. ^ ^e Diftemper in its firit Stage, and nip it in the ^UP : For, after the Matter or Running has ac- ^,^Ulred a malignant and corrofive Quality, whereby ^e foft fpungy Bones in the Nofe are become ftf⁰" or rotten ; (which may be known from the j Colour, Smell, &c.) when this is the Cafe, it , Paft Remedy, or at leaf! the Remedy is worfe ^c«a_n the Difeafe. In the firft Place, the Horfe is to be kept very ^Diet ^f°r a jjfm, and fed with clean good Food j as fweet well &�$�.* � ^ll jed Hay, Oats ground, and fome of the rougher <iers. _f.^eeas taken out, Maihes, and the like, with a con- ned Ufe of warm Water and Oat-meal, for fome to'"!-⁶ '' .^ani* °f^tne latter, to wit, Oat-meal, be not . 'Paring ; for the Glanders are occafioned often- _f^es thro' Poverty, and Lownefs of Flefh. There- go- ' ^as Difeafcs are cured by their Contraries, what }[_t°^rtis S°°d wholefome Nourilhment, and adds Spi- � ^s to _t]_le Bi_ood) _muft _undoubtedly be of Service ⁿ ^fhis Cafe. Bleeding _t, ^SeS°ndl_y, Bleeding is proper in the Beginning of P"*" lⁿ'^e n;/i₀� l ■ 1 / 1 tt ° 1 the Begin- ■'-'Utemper, that is, before the Humours have _ning ₀f _thc I too Piltemper.

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		The Art of Farriery too far affected the Glands or Kernels about the up' per Part of the Wind-Pipe ; though indeed manf. Horfes are affefted with Swellings of the Glands of the Throat, while they are at Grafs efpecially iⁿWinter, which continue long upon 'em before W* fee them, or any proper Care is taken, infomuch that they indurate or harden, and would turn out like a boiled Potatoe ; and when thus harden'd, they are unfit to perform Secretion. But here it may not be amifs to fhew the Reader the Form °^fStructure of a Gland, and then he may be the bet' ter qualified to judge of Glandulous Diforders, which are really very numerous; nnd it is great Pity more Pains is not taken to fet their Doctrine in a true Light; though of late Years we are better acquaint- ed with their Strufture and Mechanifm, from per' ufing the Works of the truly Ingenious Dr. Kei' upon the Subjeft. The Ancients believed the Glands were as fo mil' ny Cifterns which contained certain Liquors, by which the Elood being fermented, threw off th^eHumours refined by the Excretory or difcharging ■Dufts or Pipes: But as thefe Ferments muft necei' farily mix with the Blood, fo they mvfi be exhatw' ed, and carried off by the Blood into the Veins! and becaufe all the Liquors in the Body are fep*" rated from the Blocd, there muft be another l'e'' ment to feparate more : But this fecend Ferment >^sas liable to the fame Fate as the firft; and therefor there muft be an infinite Series of Ferments in th^eBody ; which is abfurd to imagine. If it mould bz objefted that the Ferments are not carried off with the Blood, they muft be ftopp'd W the Strufture of the Glands; but then there wi'¹be- a Secretion without a Ferment, which is no^ the common Opinion. Sonic think the Glands are Tubes whofe Orifices, differing in Figure, admit only Bodies of f mils Figures to pafs through them :' But this (though ^a plaufible Conjecture) is demonfirably folie ; l"^cr befide^s

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		IMPROVED. 171 befides that Liquors are fufceptible of all Figures, ^and that Bodies of any Figure, and a leffer Dia- meter than that of the Gland, will pafs through ; ^even a Body of a fimilar Figure, and equal Dia- meter with that of the Orifice of the Glands, may "^e prefented innumerable Ways, and not be able to Ws through, whilll there is only one Way it can Pafs. I fay that all the Veffels in an Animal Body are All_the^ �~°nicai or Cylindrical, and confequently there is no X r^ISj difference in the Figure of their Orifices; for, the _are co'Jcal ^reffu_re of a Fluid being always perpendicular upon or Cylin- ¹¹⁶ Sides of the Veffel that contains it, and equal at drical. ^equal Heights of the Fluid, if the Sides are foft and ''elding they muft be equally diftended or ftretched ^ut; that is to fay, a Section perpendicular to the pXis of the Veffel muft be a Circle, and confequent- y the Veffel be either Cylindrical or Conical: And ^l!s is agreeable to the Accounts of the niceft Ana- ,^0rnifts, who tell us that a Gland is nothing elfe j!¹ a Convolution (or winding together in a Bundle) -.'wall Arteries, whofe laft Branches are Cylindri- '. ' or which is the fame thing, Part of an infi- _f, .^ev long Cone. A Gland therefore being no- . "^lng elfe but a Branch of an Artery, whofe farthelt in ^tre.^mJ^ty becomes the Excretory Duct or difcharge- fu k P^e °^ ^t'^le Gland, '* '^s ^next ^t0 ^^e known how fl ^a Structure can feparate from the Blood only f_eJJ^e °f its Parts, and how different Glands may Pj^ate different Parts of the Blood. fii¹ ^^c^ ^a ^'u'd then is to be drawn off, as con- Or'fi°^f ^t)lc f'^na"^cfl Particles of the Blood, let that tep °f the Gland, which is inferted into the'Ar- ^.y of which it is a Branch, be fo fmall as to ad- thef °^nly ^the ^fmalleft Particles of the Blood, then lq ^e' ^and thefe only will enter this Gland, and the ^f!'e'i' ^vv^¹'^c'¹ paffes out at the other Extremity of i J ube or the Excretory Duct, muft be fuch as Squired, I 2 If

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		72 The Art of Farriery If the Particles of the Blood which are of the next Size or Magnitude are required to be feparat" ed, let the Orifice of the Gland be fo big as to re- ceive thofe fecond Particles, but fmall enough t° exclude all bigger Particles; then thefe fecond ?&' tides, together with the firft or fmalleft, will ente'' �the Gland: But becauie the Liquor to be fecerned or feparated is to confift only of the fecond Sort "i �Particles, that is, the fecond Sort of Particles on!/ are to flow out at the Extremity of the Tube or EX" cretory Duel;; therefore we are to fuppofe that th>j �Gland (which is only the Branch of an Artery, and differs in nothing from a common Artery, but in tW Narrownefs of its Channel,) has Branches which are big enough to receive the fmalleft Particles only' and carry them off into the Veins; fo that as both Sorts of Particles move together along the Gland* the fmalleft Particles will pafs off thro' its Branches' and a Fluid confifting chiefly of the fecond Sort o» Particles, will arrive at the Excretory Duft °^rExtemity of the convoluted Tube. Thus the Number of Branches may be fo great* as to draw off nioft of the fmalleft Particles bef°^r6the fecond Sort of Particles arrive at the Excretory Duft; fo that the Liquor to befecern'd or feparate may confift of both thefe Sorts of Particles mi^etogether in any Proportion, according to the N"¹¹¹' ber of Branches. If a Fluid confifting of a third Sort of Parti⁵larger than any of the former, is to be fecern'd, ^�h Orifice of the Gland muft be juft big enough to & mit fuch Particles, and none bigger ; and ^fh Branches of the Gland muft be fmall enough exclude the biggeft Particles, and big enough receive the ltffer : And according as the Nm* ., of Branches is either greater or fmaller, the r^fa which puns out at the Excretory Dufts will ^c011either of the krgeft reticles, cr of all tog-;'" mixed in any Proportion. j

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		IMPROVED. 17-3- And thus we may underftand how a Liquor thick- en an the Blood itfelf may be ftrain'd off from the ~j°od, if the Orifice of the Gland be fo big as to ^a(«nit Particles of any Sizes, and the Branches fo ^nuTierous as to draw off the thinner Parts, before ^e thicker arrive at the Excretory Duel:. I could farther illuftrate this Theory by Diagrams, ^d (hew more plainly how, and in what Manner, j«e feveral Humours in the Body may be feparated '^rom the Blood, which muft either be compofed of ⁰ many Humours as are feparated from it, orother- yfe it muft contain a few Principles, which mixed^: a'l together form the Blood, and which, varioufly ^°mbined, form the different Humours which are "fain'd from' it;- as a few Rays of Light, of diffe- An Obfer- ^rer>t Refrangibilifies, mixed all together, produce a nation up- ^hite Colour, but varioufly combined exhibit all ^on ^L'^8ht' ^aginable Variety of Colours. And it is not at all The Glands Probable, that the Blood, in which we difcern but Feparate '^odiftind Parts, mould be compofed of near thirty I"¹¹ '^^ ^fin»ple Humours;- for fo many do the Glands fepa- ^h�?[^e f�~ ^4ce trom it: Nor is it agreeable to that Simplicity _trie Biood. ^hich Nature conilantly affecls in all her Operations. The Principles of all Natural Bodies are faid not ■ 'O exceed Five ; and how prodigious is the Variety that refults from their different Mixtures and Modi- nations ? . If we. fuppofe likewife but five Principles or dif- erent Particles in the Blood, their Combinations a- '°ne, _with different Modifications and Proportions, "1 yield near as many different Humours as are fe- Parated from the Blood. And it is Matter of Fad, r�^at Urine, Sweat, Tears, Saliva* or Spittle irr Wan, and what we call Slaver in Horfes, as well^:^ the Milk in Human and Brute Creatures, are Compound Liquors, and that in each of them there ^are Parts common to all of them. And if the Com- Pofition of fome other Humours of the Body is not together fo plain and apparent as in thefe I juft ^mention'd, yet it does not follow from thence, that I 3 they

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		1^4 %he Art s/Farriery they are not compounded, no more than that the Blood is not, becaufe we do not perceive in it the feveral Humours which are feparated from it by the Glands. Since therefore the feveral Humours are form'd by the various Combinations of a few Particles which compofe the Blood and that each Humour is fecern'd and feparated by Glands placed moftly in fome one Part of the Body, as the Gall svhich is feparated in the Liver, and the Urine in the Kidneys; the Par- ticles of Blood muft fall into fuch Combinations as are fit to form Gall in the Liver, and Urine in the Kidneys, and fo of the others: And if this was not the Cafe, the Glands could never feparate fuch Hu- mours from the Blood. And as all the Humours are compofed of a few different Particles, the greater will, be the Number of Particles combined to form Bile, and the greater Quantity of Bile will be fepa- rated, the fewer there are of all other Combina- tions at the Liver. Such Combinations therefore as are fit to form the Humours proper to pais thro' the. Glands, where thefe Combinations are form'd, being therefore only requifite,,, will be there moft numerous: And therefore, wherever the Particles of Blood are moft diffolved, there will be placed fuch Glands as feparate Humours, which confift of the moft Ample Combinations, or of Particles which do the moft eafily combine: And at the greateft Diftances from thefe will be fituated the Glands which fecern or feparate Humours confifting of the moft compound Combinations, or of Particles which do the moft flowly unite. And between thefe will be all other Glands, which, according to either Extreme, will feparate Humours more or lefs com- bined, or compounded of Particles which do more quickly or flowly combine together. The Blood By the Thinnefs of the Liquor in the Pericardia"' ismoftJif- or Bag furrounding and inclofing the Heart, and ^lblr^di,^ath ^that ^whicil P^affes ^thrc' ^the Kidneys, the Particles of tteHwt. ^BIood ^feem ^moft diffolv'd at and about the Heart.

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		IMPROVED. 175 pr here we not only find the Effeft of fuch Diffo- ution in the Secretions, but like\yife we are ac- quainted with the Caufe of it, to wit, the Force of fre Air in Refpiration breaking the Globules of the 'ood, which Force is demonitrable to exceed the ■"eflure of a Hundred Pounds Weight upon the Sur- ,»Ce of the Lungs in a human Body, and much more J^ ^?- Horfe, whofe Lungs are far bigger than ours. k°^r is it evident only from the Caufes and Effects, ^at the Blood is here moft diflblved, but likewife ^f°m the very Methods which Nature takes to pre- . ^eU the Effects of this Diffolution in fome particu- «* Places at a little Diftance from the Heart: For, Je Bile or Gall, and Seed of Animals being thick Rumours, compofed of Particles which combine but lowly together, and it being requifite they fhould 1 Separated where the Liver and Tellicles are placed, ;ature has made Ufe of particular Contrivances to o've the Particles, which were to form thefe Hu- f^urs, more Time to combine than they would ^ave had otherwife, being fo near to the Heart. , For the Formation of the Gall, {he has contrived The For- jj!^e Vena Porta:, and the Spleen; thro' the iirft the mation of Jjlood moves near two hundred Times flower (and ^thc' ^GaU- **o' thelaft altogether as much,) than otherwife it , °uld have done ; and that the Particles which °^fm- the Seed might have Time to combine, the ^r'fices of the Sperrnatick Arteries are contracted, , "& they likewife arife from the Vena Cava* a little SJovy (kg �_mulg_entSi _at _a g_reat Diftance from the Socles, contrary to the common Courfe of Na- . ? > by which Means the Blood is one hundred ^ fifty Times flower or longer in going to the , ^efticles or Stones, than otherwife it would have been. _c At the greateft Diftance from the Heart, the vif- The vif- °us Liquor of the Joints is fecern'd ; as alio fome cous Li- ?.^ther Liquors, which do not require any Gombina- f� ^of ^thetlonc. «�\»i. r ,1* tt i-i joints, , ■»! as the Lympba or watry Humour, which may where fe- '^e ieparated any where. And all thefe different parated, 1 4. Combi-

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			I

		176 The Art j/Farriery Combinations which form fo many diftincl: Fluids, arife from an attractive Power in the Parts of Mat' ter, which, tho' it be equally diffufed thro' the whole Mafs, yet according to the different Denfitie' of Particles, and the Figures of their Parts, ioffl^eSorts of Particles will be foon united, while others require a longer Time to be join'd together ; fom^ will cohere or flick together more firmly than others, and Particles of one Kind will have a greater Tendency to unite with thole of another Sort, in 3 certain Portion of their Surface, than in any other. But, leaft I fhould tire the Reader, with thefe long Digreflions, (tho' there is not any Thing more ne- ceflary towards a right Underftanding of the Animal Machine, than a thorough Knowledge of the Struc- ture and Ufe of the Glands or Strainers of the Body j) I now proceed to give fome Account of the Cure iot the Glanders, when the fame is curable. I have already hinted, that good, clean, and eafy digeftible Food, warm Cloathing, along with Bleeding, Jjff. are proper in the firft Stage of the Glanders. Sequel of Secondly, a continued Ufe of the following Mix- the Cure _ture every Morning, for at leaft a Month, will per- Glandfrs ^form ^the ^Cure' ^ ^any Thing can touch the Root of the Dillemper. A Mixture Take a Pound of Balfam of Capaiba, [commonly lor the caWd Capivi;) incorporate it tvell ivith the Yelks of Wanders, pwenty frejh Eggs ; then add to it a Pound of Treacle i and mix all in fix Quarts of good ftale Beer, and keep it cork d in a Stone Bottle for Ufe. White- nvine is much better than Beer, if People will go to the Price of it. Caphi The Bafis of this Mixture confifts in the Balfam BMfam is of Capi-vi, which is an excellent and very penetrat- :\bout 45. ing Kind of Turpentine ; and tho' there is a great ft'the ' Number of Turpentines, fuch as the common, that chvaueft &■"* ^t0 ^come from' Venice, the Chio Turpentine, and Hand. all the Kinds of Pitch and Tar are of this Tribe ; and

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IMPROVED. 177

^i^Ia%, the Balfam ofMecba, or Balm of Gilead,
q'. d Opobalfamum ; this laft, to wit, the Balm of'

^ the Turpentine kind, yet is fo dear that it can-
ty- ,^De afforded to Horfes of common Value, not-
f ytftanding a little of it will go a great Way. But
. ^lng fome Gentlemen may take it in their Heads
r,.^tr>' a little upon a Horfe in the Glanders, here

'lows _a Defcription of it.
_n ^r«e Balfam of Mecha or Balm of Gilead is a Refi- _An _Acf;a^dS liquor or Balfam, which at firft is of the Con- count of
jji ^ence of Oil of fweet Almonds, but by Age becomes the Balm of
bl ^e,'^^urP^entine, lofes much of its Smell, and grows iSImA

*^ac.^kifh. Whenfrefh, it is of a very agreeable Aro-
j^¹* Smell, and taftes like Citron-Peel. The
� ^nt from which it flows is calPd Balfamum Syriacum
j! "> Rutge by Cafter Baubine the famed Botanift.
^onfieur Lippi was lent-by Lewis the Fourteenth of
jl**** as Ambaffador to the Emperor of the Jbyf-
Co? ^ln ^iyf^f' where he was at great Pains to dif-
]ji^Ver. the Plant which produced this Balfam, and
lafl j-'k ^t'^le Manner °^ procuring it, which he af
did ; and tells us, that there are three Ways of

fr₀ !"^g "� ^The ^Firft ^is ^by ^Running ^of itfelf
th , ^l^^e Tree ; the Second by Incifion, or cutting
�j^⁰' the Bark ; and the Third is by boiling the
firf?^S °f the Trees; and that the Balfam which rifes
Uj * war a gentle Deco&ion, is very good, and
_Co!'^cJ} cfteem'd ; but what is got afterwards is of the
fera ?^ort> ^and ^of ^litt,e Value. The firft kind is
tK_e ^ntare'y f the Seraglio of the Grand Seignior ;

J'ther Sorts are fuffer'd to be exported.
VyL. v^'s Balfam is not now to be-found in jfudea,
v_e. ^was its ancient Native Soil, and where it was
\t r °^mrr,on ^Derore the Deftruftion of Jeru/akm:
V ^r°°n after that, the Jews deftroy'd all their
of'^'^aft the Romans mould make Advantage

tern.

prefent it is found at Mctha and Grand Cairo

".�

Sypl, from whence it is carried to Conjiantinofle,
I 5 and

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		iyS The. Art of Farriery and is in very great Efteem, infomuch that the Grand Signior's Ladies ufe it as a. Cofmetick or Beautifier of the Skin ; -but as they cannot do this with any Succefs, I think they make ufe of it only as it has a fine Flavour, and is very fcarce : (I mean the beft Sort.) The Scarcity and Price of this Balfam makes it iometimes come to us very much adulterated, but when really genuine, no one Medicine can exceed it in opening Obftru&ions of the Lungs, and heal- ing Erofions or Ulcerations from acrimonious and lharp Humours. There is nothing exceeds it in Afthma's and Pleuriftes, and whatfoever elfe requires Expectoration or Spitting. All inward Decays, as well as Bruifes and Sores are relieved by it; and particularly thofe of the Reins and Urinary Paffiges; for it very quickly paffes off that way, and (hows itfelf in the Smell of the Urine. In fine, it imparts a Healing and Deterfive Quality to the whole Mafs of Blood, fo that nothing can be faid truly to exceed it in the Cure of inward Waitings, &c. but it is fo dear (as I juft now faid) that very little of it is ufed; but the Gspi&i Balfam fubftituted in it Head. If the Mixture with Balfam of Capi-vi, and fyring- ing or warning the Horfe's Noftiils well and often with v/arm Water and a little Honey of Rcfes in it, do not give Relief in the Glanders in the Space of three or four Weeks, I advife he may be knock'd on the Head, and put out of his Mifery ; for he cannot be faid to be curable : And altho' there are a Number of pretended Cures fet down for this Dif- temper, in almoft all Authors ; yet I don't fee any of them worth Notice, faving, that among Hands one may now and then give the Horfe a Quart of the Decoction of Guaiacum Wood, made as follows. The Guaia- Take of the Rafpings of Guaiacum, ot bet-wife called CoctionJbr ^Llf^num ^Vita! ^W°od, half a ?ound; Raifins, and the Glan- Liquorice Root, each ttvo Ounces : Boil thefe in fi* ders. Quarts of River or Rain-Water to four Quarts ; then Exprefs

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		IMPROVED. 179 '^xprefs or Strain it out ftrongly, and give it Milk- ^a>7» a �)uart every other Day for a Fortnight.* vl need not tell the Virtues of the Lignum Vitas Wood, or Gum of that Tree, in healing inward .Ulcerations, or promoting infenfible Perfpiration by ^r,^s Warm deterfive Quality, feeing the fame is fuffi- Gently Experienced in obftinate chronicle Cafes; j^d if it promote Sweat it muft be good in the firft '^ages of the Glanders, which are in my Thoughts ,'tener occafioned from obftru&ed Perfpiration, rj"°ught on either by hard Riding and Slaving the J^orfe afterwards, or by repeated Colds in Winter ^afturage, than from any other Caufe whatfoever, ^Xcepting fuch as are Diftemper'd from Foals. _f I muft own, that if Liquors could be injefted fo Gonor- ^ar up the Horfe's Noftrils as to reach the Seat rhcea or ^of the Diftemper, fuch Things would be very pro- gkf'Sf* P^er J in like Manner as we cure a Gonorrhoea or _ti^_n> ' '^aP in Human Bodies of either Sex, furely, fafely, ^an(l in the leaft Time, by Inje&ion : And this is 'Pplying the healing Liquor to the very Parts af- ^efted, without fuffering it to go the tedious Round, °\Circulation from the Stomach to the Penis; j^either need any one be in the leaft afraid of a - / ^elapfe ₀r locking up the offending Matter in the °°y, (as the common Phrafe is ;) for I have pith never failing Succefs) cured Gonorrhoea's by ⁿjeftion for twenty Years paft, unlefs I happened � have to do with a whimfical Fellow now and ^fter>, who would not be fatisfied except he was ^Cor>tinually taking Bolus's, and keeping a Corref- P°ndence with the Clofe-Stool. But to return to the Zanders in Horfes. fay, if with a long and well contrived Syringe ^'^le couid throw up the'Liquor fo far as to reach ^e parotid Glands or Glands fituate at the upper "^art of the Throat, it might be of Service ; but I *^m afraid that will be hard to be done : However, '^0r the Satisfaction of fuch as have a Defire to try, I 6 I fhall

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180 the Art c/Farrii r y

I fliall fet down as proper an Injection as can be
thought of in fuch Circumstances.

The

Author's
Jnjefiion
lor the
Glanders.

Take Venice Turpentine, three Ounces i mix it
<very well ivith the Yelks of a Dozen Eggs ; then add
Honey of Rofes, fix Ounces ; JEgyptiacum Ointment,
two Ounces; White Wine, one Quart. Mix and

fyringe it up the Noftrils Milk-warm; but unlefs
(as I juft now hinted) you caufe it to reach the very
Part affected, it cannot poffibly be of Service,
farther than warning the nafty Matter out of the
Noftrils.

I have confidered all the Kinds of Liquors pre-
pared to be injected up the Nofe in the Glanders;
but I take the above to be one of the beft contrived
Injections for the Purpofe : And as to Myrrh and
Aloes, as ordered by Mr. Gibfon to be mixed with
thefe Liquors, there is little to be expected from
them, whatever Notion fome People may entertain
of their fpecifkk Virtues in mundifying or clean-
fing old Sores or Ulcers: For they are far inferior
to the Turpentines, in Cafes where healing and de- -
teriive or cleanfing Medicaments are indicated.

CHAP. XXI.

Of the Strangles, Baftard-Strangles, andFives.

THE Strangles fcarce need any Defcription,
by renfon they are pretty well known to all;
only I mull take Notice, that this Diftemper as
furely happens to young Hories (at one Time or
cthei) as the Small-Pox does to Children; and it
may well be compared to a Quinfey in Human
Bodies, which is an Inflammation of the Mulcles,
tffc deftined for the OfRce of Swallowing ; and a
Tumour being formed, the Patient is often fuffb-

cated

Strangles.

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		181
	IMPROVED.	181
	IMPROVED.

cated before the Matter is fufficiently digefted and difcharged; which Difcharge happens for the moft J^rt on the Infide of the Throat, by reafon of the Thinnefs of the Skin in comparifon to the outward Skin, and in fuch Cafe it is thrown up by the Mouth in Human, and through the Nofe in Brute Creatures. The Baftard-Strangles differ very little from the Baltard- ^true, only the Degree of Inflammation is not fo Strangles. ^v'olent; and in like Manner, we make a Diftinc- ^tlon between a True and Baftard-Quinfey in Human Bodies. There is one very good Remark in Mr. Gib/on"?, Farriery, under the Chapter of the felfe and Baf- ^l«rd - Strangles, which is this, " that when the " Swellings about the Jaws and among the Kernels happen to old Horfes, it is an infallible Sign of a crazy Conftitution, and is oftentimes the fore- runner of the Glanders, unlefs fuch Swelling has '''been occafion'd by fome Violence," I fuppofe "Y Violence he means over hard Ufage, and Sur- ging, &c. and farthermore he fays (which I know ^lo be very true) that " we may even obferve in Human Bodies, in all tender and delicate Habits, the fame Difpofition to Swellings in the Glan- dulous Parts; but more efpecially in thofe that are Confumptive.' The Vives, according to all Accounts differ little Vives hap- 'fom the Strangles. The French call this Diftem- g^" _of&*Awpvei., though I cannot fee any Derivation of _ajj Ages. "ie Word, fo as to imply a Swelling of the Glands °^r Kernels near the Ear Roots, for that Part is the ^heat of this Diforder ; and it happens to Horfes of ^a«l Ages; whereas the Strangles is moitly confined ° young Horfes. There is a Difiemper in Human Bodies much Swelling of ^hke the Vives in Horfes, to wit, the Swelling of'^ E"� ^Ui° parotid Glands behind the Ears, and Relaxation Relaxa- ⁰¹ the U-viJa, which when it happens, the com- non of the ^mon People cry out their Ear-Roots are down, and Uvula in therefore

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		182 7*^ ^/ «/Farrierv

	Human Bodies, compar'd to the Vives in Horfes.		therefore they immediately apply themfelves to fome good old Woman who is Skilled in ftroaking them up again ; and this Operation together with a little Pep- per and Milk, or Pepper and Bread and Butter, per-
	Human Bodies, compar'd to the Vives in Horfes.
forms a Cure, according to their Way of Thinking ; though they do not confider that Friction or rub- bing any Swelling upon a Glandulous Part (which is moftly of a cold Nature, the Juices there being fo far out of the common Road of Circulation} helps to diflipate or difperfe the Tumour; add to this, their being directed to keep the Throat and Ears well covered, which indeed conduces chiefly to- wards a Cure. The One. As all Swellings upon Glandulous Parts of the Body are a long Time in Suppurating, (or coming to a Head ;) therefore a great deal of Patience is re- quired, kafi by a too bafty Incifion or Cutting them open, you caufe the Wound to heal before the Humours to be difcharged are fuffictently digefed and prepared by Nature; and by this Means, you bring about two or three diftinft Tumours, one after another, when one would have done the Buiinefs, provided you had been endow'd with the Gift of Patience, as before obferved. ]f the Swellings, (for I mull put them in the plural N umber, feeing feveral Glands are affected ;) I fay then, if the Swellings are recent, or of fhort {landing, the Difeife may p:rhaps be cured by the firft Intention, which is doing it the neareit Way, and not fuffering the Humours to come to Suppura- tion ; and for this End Bleeding, Purging, with the Ufe of Emollient Clyflers now and then, are of Service: In General all Evacuations are neceffary, but there are r.ot near fo many Ways to perform this.in Horfes as there are in Men ; for as Dr. Bay- nard (fpeaking of Evacuation) in his Decade very hun-.o.iroufly expreffes it.

				Pifs

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	I M PRO V E D
	Pifs, Spew and Spit, Perfpiration and Sweat,	Purge, Bleed and Blifter, Iflue and Clyfter.

183

" In tbefe Ten Words the <whole Art is comprised;
" For fame of the Ten are always ad'vis"d.

I fay, that Evacuation by Vomiting, Spitting,
and Bliftering, are not, nor can poflibly be pra&ifed
Upon Horfes on every Emergency; neither ought
any of the ftrongly operative Medicines which pro-
mote Urine, be given to a Horfe in order to diflolve
Swellings about the Throat, Ears, &c. For as there
is always more or lefs of a Symptomatick Fever at-
tending thefe Tumours, (fuchMedicines being moftly
of the Turpentine kind) the Fever is heightened
and increafed by them. Therefore thro' the whole
Courfe of the Strangles, Baftard-Strangles, and
Vives, let the Horfe be kept cloath'd, and more
efpecially his Head and Throat, and have White-
Water and foft Food, and let the Tumours or Swel-
lings be anointed with the following Ointment.

Take Flanders Oil of Bays, half a Found; Frejh The firft
Sutter clarified, four Ounces; Crude Mercury or Ointment
Quickftl-ver , one Ounce; Oil of Turpentine, ^CiW Srinzies
Ounce: Mix or incorporate the �>uickfil<ver, with Vives &C.
the Oil of Turpentine very well in a Gaily-Pot, and
then put it to the Oil of Bays, bfc. which
fliould be ftirred and wrought together a Quarter
of an Hour or longer, that the Mercury may be
divided into as fmall Globules or Particles as poffi-
ble, and (when the Hair is ihaved off this Swelling,)
Rmprocate or Anoint the Part with the Oint-
ment for a good while; and by that Means the
fmall Globules of Shiickfil-ver will penetrate the ■
Pores of the Skin, and by their Weight add to the
Blood's Momentum or Stroke againft the Extremity
of the Veffels, infomuch that (if any Thing will)

this

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		184 22tf Art of Farriery this will diffipate and diffolve the Swelling by the Help of the Oil of Bays, &c. which foftens the Parts, and confequently gives more room for the Blood and Humours to circulate, when by the Power of the ^uickfllnjer as aforefaid a greater Weight is added to them. For whatever Body is mixed nvith a Fluid (fpeciflcally heavier than the Fluid it/elf) mujt add to the Weight of fuch fluid: Preparati- Thus Preparations of Iron, Mercury, &c. when i"^S 'm" mixed with the Blood add to its Weight, and coji- cury' 6-c fequently to its Momentum or Pulfe; and by thefe Their Ope- Helps, Obftruftions, <&c. of the fmall Veffels are ration ex- opened, and many Diforders, proceeding from a plained. flowly Circulating, Sizey Blood, are cured. During the Ufe of the aforefaid Ointment, the Horfe mould be purged with the common Aloes- Purge, before fet down as a general Purge for Horf- es; provided the Blood is not very feverifh, which may be known from the Motion of it, by laying one's Hand near his Heart upon the near Side, (as it is generally called,) and by fo much as the Pulfes exceed the Number 40 in a Minute, (which is by Experience found to be the neareft Calculation of the Syftole's or Contractions of the left Ventricle of a Horfe in a healthful State;) I fay, by as much as thefe Pulfations exceed 40 in a Minute, by fo much "■"' is the feverifh Heat increafed ; and if the Horfe is Purging found to be feverifh, (1 mean to any Degree) for Medicines Example, if his Heart or the left Ventricle there- dangtrons, _cf fj_ontreft above ^₀ Times in a Minute, it may Horle's ^De fuppofed his Fever is fo high, that Purging Pulfe beats Medicines would be dangerous; for nothing of aboi-e jo that kind can be given to any Animal, but it raifes Times in a ^_or _a Time) a Heat and Commotion in the Blood; therefore I fay, forbear Purging a Horfe in any Diflemper whatfoever, when his Pulfe beats above 50 Times in a Minute. How. to To meafure the Times a Horfes Pulfe beats in a meajUire Minute, a Stop-watch which runs Seconds, or a I Haiv" Mirwte Sand Glafs, as there are enough of them, efpecially

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		IMPROVED. 185 Specially in the Maritime Towns; I fay, either of Pnlfebeatt ^thefe (in a good hand) will do, where a Perfon is ^^m' lot provided with a proper Pendulum for the Purpofe. If the Tumours or Swellings will not give way to ■Refolvents or fuch Applications as open and loofen, then we are to try fuch Things as will bring the fatter to fuppurate or digeft : And here it may not "^e improper briefly to explain what is meant by thefe Terms, to wit, Repellents, or fuch Medica- ments as drive back Tumours, &c. and Ripeners or ■prawers, as they are ufually termed : For if a Perfon ^ghtly underftand when to apply either the one or the other of thefe, he will be far above the Reach °f our common Farriers, who when they would draw the Matter to a Head, often through Ignorance apply Repellents, which (by driving back the "Sending Matter into the Mafs of Blood) raife new and frefh Tumults and Commotions, which too often endanger the Life of the Animal. And firft, By Repellents, I mean fach Medicines or Appli- Repellents, Cations as prevent fuch Afflux of Fluid to any their Man- particular Part, as would raife it into a Tumour or "l^°_n ��' Swelling : But to know how this may be Effected, plained. ^Jt will be convenient to attend to the feveral Caufes yvhich can produce a Swelling, or force out of the , Veffels any of their Fluid Contents, by fome unna- tural Difcharge. All Tumours have neceflarily one of thefe in their Caufe, to wit, either an Increafe in the Velo- city or Quantity of the Fluids, or a Weaknefs in fome particular Part; and fometimes both concur. An Increafe in the Velocity of the Fluids makes The Ef- them pufh more forcibly againft, and diftend, all f^eas ^of ^aBthe Parts in their Circuit: If therefore any Part be velocity of unequally prefled, or relaxed or loofed by exter- _tne Fluids tjal Injuries, (as is the Cafe of a Clap in the Back- explained, hnews ofaHorfe,) that Part will be more elevated than any other; and for want of equal Refiftance ^w»h the Reft of the Body, will at length receive fuch ^a Quantity of Fluid, as will raife it into a Swelling, Hioie

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		186 The Art of Farriery more efpecially if any of its Veffels be obft.rucr.ed : Becaufe the Protrufion of frefh Matter a Tergo will continue to add thereunto, until fuch Time as the Part be upon the utmoft Stretch, and can hold no more. In this Cafe all thofe Tilings are faid to be Repel- lent, which check or flop the Growth of the Swel- ling, and affifl the refluent Blood in taking up the obft.rucr.ed Matter, and wafhing it along into the common Stream again. And this Intention is chiefly favoured by Evacuation and Revuifion : For nxshatfoewer leffens the Quantity of the Fluid in the Body, ivill diminijh the Force of the remaining Fluid upon the tumifed Part. But it concerns us molt to know, with relation to the Strangles, &c. how ex- ternal Application to the Part itfelf helps or affifts in this Affair. And, Repellents Hereby a Medicine comes to be a Repellent, by fometimes confifting of fuch fubtile Parts, as may tranfmit dangerous. fy_me _Qf _them _t]j_r0Ugh _tne p_oreS) _an(j j^p _t0 _ren, der the obftrucled Matter more fluid ; fo that it be- comes the more eafy to be foftened, and fall again into the circulating Current: Bat in this Cafe there is a Hazard likewife of fuch Things putting the obftrudted Humour into a Ferment, whereby it fooner turns into Pus or corrupt Matter, and then they are called Suppuratives or Ripeners. What therefore in a ftrift Senfe is to be reputed a Repeller, is that which aftringes or binds together, (as it were) and ftrengthens the Part, fo as to make it refill any fuch Lodgement of extravafated Matter, &c. and thefe are fuch, whofe Qualities are moft. manifeft in their Coldnefs and drying Properties; ■ but there are few Inftances where Bandage or bind- ing down the Swelling in a proper Manner is not much better than fuch Applications; therefore (with the Knowing Part of Mankind) very few Medica- ments come in Play for fuch Purpofe; only in cu- taneous or skinny Diftempers, where the ferous or thin Part of the Blood is too plentifully feparSted

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		IMPROVED. 187 °Y the Miliary-Glands, fo that it deforms the Skin, ?? alfo in fome kinds of Hemorrhages or Bleedings, j} kings of this Nature take Place ; which anfwer '^U(-'h Ends by eftringing the Fibres, fo that the A- P^ettures or Openings are clofed and do not admit ^any fuch Fluid through them afterwards. Some Things alfo anfwer this End by ftimulating Stimulants �e Fibres of the tumified Part, fo as to give them fometimes ^iu<Uen and forcible Twitches, whereby the Obftruc- jjw^ ''on is fometimes loofen'd and fhook (as it were) jJWay with the refluent Blood ; and fuch a fort of Motion as this will be occafioned by the fudden Ap- plication of any Thing extremely cold, as common /^ater, or the like : But this Practice is feldom fafe; °Y reafon if the firft Efforts, which the Fibres are Put upon by fuch Means, do not fucceed in break- ^lng away the inclofed Matter, they will be ftrain'd, ^atd not afterwards able to repeat their natural Vi- ^■"ations: The Confequence of which is weakening J^e Part, and fo the Tumour or Swelling will be �till more obftiftate. There are many other Menns and accidental Cir- ^c^rnftances, which contribute to favour or retard 'his Way of Prafiiee ; I mean the Ufe of Repelling {^edicines; but the Hints already given may, 1 i°pe, prove fufficient: Therefore I fhall now give an Account what is meant by Suppurative Medicines, ^r fuch Medicaments as are generally ftyled Ripen- ^ers or Drawers. . By Ripeners or Drawers I mean thofe Applica- Suppura- °°ns which, by the Activity and Warmth of their ^^ve_s^M^j_r ^arts, are able to penetrate the Pores, and mix with, operation ^at>d rarefy any obftruded Matter, fo that it may be explain'd. ender'd fit for Difcarge upon laying open the Part V Caufticks or Incifion. j. Now in many Inflances, as the Matter by thefe ^eans rarifies, and grows more fluid, the refluent lood is apt to warn it back into the common Mafs; ^vhich fometimes is of that Nature, as to do a great ^l of Mifchief; or by making it take up more Room

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		188 The Art of Farriery Room upon its Rarefication, occasions it to diftend the Parts in which it is contain'd more ftrongly; whereupon a Senfe of Pain is excited, and thereby a greater Concourfe of Fluid, and confequently a needlefs Increafe of the Tumour or Swelling caufed ; fo that Medicaments under this Denomination re- quire to be in the Hands of fuch, who are fo well acquainted with tiie Mechanifm of the Animal Oe- conomy, as to be abie to apply them to the bell Ad- vantage, and know how to avoid the Hazards which may arife from their Abufe. Now to return, I fay,, if the Strangles will not yield to Bleeding, Purging, ISc. fo as apparently to diflblve away, then Poultices made of fcalded Bran and frelh Hog's- Lard, mixed and applied warm, are as good as any Thing elfe which can be contrived for fuch Pur- pofe, notwithstanding every Perfon may pretend to Secrets of the kind. But for the better Satisfaction of fuch whole Heads run upon one particular kind of Poultice or Cataplafm more than another, (I mean where foftening Things are indicated,) I fliall fliow how and in what Manner thefe Sorts of Ap- plications operate: And, Firft,. Emollients, Emollients are fuch Things as fheathe and foften Medidnes⁸ ^the -Afperity or Sharpnefs of the Humours,, and re- their Man- ^^ax ^and make fupple the Solids at the fame Time, ner of Ope- And it is very eafy to conceive the Manner how ration ex- thefe Effects are brought about by one and the fame: plun'd. _Medicine- Secondly, By what Means foever the Juices have obtain'd a Sharpnefs or Afperity (and in the large Glands they are very fubjeft thereunto,) fo as to vellicate and render uneafy the Fibres and Nervous Parts; thofe Things which are fmooth, foft, and, yielding, cannot but (as it were) wrap up their Points, and render them imperceptible, infomuch that they will not be able to caufe Pains and uneafy Senfations; and by this Means they may gradually (by the proper Courfe of Circulation) be brought t«

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		IMPROVED. ^to fbme convenient Emun&ory or Out-let, with- out doing any Injury by the Way. Such Juices likewife draw the Fibres into Spafms ^0r Convulfive Twitchings, and keep them tenfe or ^upon the Stretch, fo that Obftru&ions of the worfe kind are frequently form'd. In all fuch Cafes therefore, Emollients lubricate ^nd moiften the Fibres, fo as to relax or loofen them ^lrto their proper Dimenfions, whereupon the Caufe "J the Grievance is removed, and the Diforder ceafes. Now to return, The Swelling of the Glands, in the Diforder of the Strangles, Vives,* &c. muft be well embrocated °t rubbed with fome foftening Ointment, or Oil, fuch as Ointment of Marfh-Mallows> commonly ^caH'ci Dialthane, Oil of Lillies, Or the like ; warm thefe pretty well when you ufe them ; but, where ^{hey cannot be had, I think fweet frejh Butter may do well enough. However, before I quit the Sub- ject of Emollient Applications, I cannot omit fetting down an 'Ointment I have often tried (with great Succefs) to difTolve tumifled or fwell'd Glands in human Bodies, whether from (what is commonly ^call'd) the Evil, or from any other Caufe whatfoe- ^ver ; and if.it will do this in Man, it will do the fame in Brute Creatures, only making it a little ffcore penetrating, by reafon of the Skin's being thicker in thofe than in human Bodies; pnd this ^ay be done by adding a little Oil of Turpentine, ^ahd Spirit of Wine, mix'd in equal Quantities, About a Tea Spoonful of this Mixture to an Ounce °f the Ointment well inccrporated together, will "P fufficient, with long Friction or Rubbing, to ^c ufe it to enter the Pores and difperfe the Swel- ling, provided fuch Swelling be taken in its firft '- e, and before the ftagnating Humours are be- currupt. The Ointment is this. Take the Flowers of the Digitalis or Fox-Glove, any Quantity ; and ft amp

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	icp The Art of Farriery ftamp or beat them ti-ell up in frefh Butter, as many as you can make the Butter take up ; then fet it in f Tot in a Cellar for a Fortnight or longer ''till tol Floivers are fujficiently rotted in the Butter ; whcti this is done, boil it a ivhile; then ftrain and keep it forVfe. This Ointment you muft know was held as a par- ticular Secret with an old Doctor of my Acquain- tance, who had a vaft deal of Experience, I think at leafl fifty Years, when he told me of it, and that he never found any Thing exceed its Virtues in refolving Tumours of the Glandulous Parts, &c. and he faid he had frequently cured Colts of his own breeding by the Ufe of it, when the common Means ufed by Farriers had fail'd ; tho' I confefs I want Faith to think there is any more in this Oint- ment than in others prepared for the like Intentions, fuch as the Ointment of Mar/h-Ma I lews, Palm- Oil, &c. which aft in the Manner before fet down as Emolients. If the Matter of the Sti 'angles, Vi^ves, &c. can be felt to fluctuate under one's Finger upon the Pref- fure of the Tumour, it is beft to flit open the Swel- ling, recording to the Direction of the Fibres, the whole Length of the Sinus or hollow Part, and drefs the Wound with Dozels of Tow dipp'd in the following Ointment very warm.

The Wound- Ointment lor the Strangles.		Take Rofin, and Burgundy Pitch, of each one Vound and half; Honey, and common Turpentine, each eight Ounces ; yellow Wax, four Ounces ; frejh Butter boiPd and clarified, one Pound; Verdegreafi
The Wound- Ointment lor the Strangles.
			of France finely powdered, one Ounce: Mix. Firft melt the Rofin, Pitch,' and Turpentine to- gether with the Bees-Wax fhaved in fmall Pieces; then boil them up with the clarified Butter, and put the Ointment into a Pot that will abide the Fire, and ftir in the Verdegreafe by Decrees, till the whole

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		IMPROVED. igj Whole be pretty cool, that the Powder may not by Us Weight fink to the Bottom of the Pot; for if it "°> the Ointment will be too abfterfive when it ^conies near the Bottom. This Ointment may ferve as a general Wound- ointment for all Sores or Wounds in any Part of ^l"e Horfe's Body ; for it will not eafily fuffer fun- Sous, fpungy, or proud Fleih to grow, as is com- mon when Ointments have too much Oil or Greafe ^!U their Composition : Yet if the Wound happen to Put forth proud Flefh, as is common to old Sores, y°u may wafh it with a few Feathers tied together, ^ar>d dipt in the following Phagedenic Water. Take ofichite Sublimate in Powder, two Drachms; Water to d{ffbl<ve it in a Pint of Lime-Water, and it will ^eat away ^frn of a yellowifi Colour: Which keep in a Bottle* �g°"sor for Tli P^r0lld The Lime-Water is prepared by pouring about a Lime- Quart of Water upon a Pound of quick or unflack'd Water, Lime, and when it has flood all Night, decant the ^ho"^v ^to .. «lear Water for Ufe. ' PF« ■ At the fame Time the Wound is drefs'd with the Ointment, the remaining Hardnefs, if any, in the Week, may be anointed with the firfl Ointment as P^refcribed for the Strangles, or elfe the Fox-Glove Ointment, to difiblve it: For, if it is found, that ^arUongft the Glands all the Corruption is not dif- Cnarged at once for want of Communication one ^'th another, fo that there often happens two or uree Gatherings one after another, let the Wound pe kept open as much as poffible, not by the Ufe of }: ^er*ts, for they are mofily of pernicious Confequen.ee, ,°r Reafons hereafter to be affign'd, but by Incifions .JJto all the Sufficiently finuous or hollow Farts; and ? the Dozels be thruft pretty tightly into the Wound, f^f may be kept open 'till fijeh Time as the' offend- ^lr'g Matter is difchnrged. Before

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			io2 The Art of Farriery Before I clofe this Chapter, let me advife, that all Ointments of this Nature be ufed very warm, and then they will affift the natural Heat of the Part, which is generally wanting on thefe Occafions, by reafon the Blood and Spirits are drain'd off by the Wound, which robs the Parts adjacent Of the due natural Heat mention'd; and all the Tribe of Tur- pentines have this particular Quality in them, to wit, if you apply them hot, they are ftrongly di' geftive and deterfive; if coldly applied, they are almoft of as little Efficacy as a greafy Ointment, which indeed is bad enough. I muft now proceed to give an Account of the Diforder call'd the Anticor in Horfes.

		CHAP. XXII. Of the Aniicor. THIS Diforder in Horfes is call'd in French, ■ Anticeeur, on Account of its being over- againft the Heart, or in the Breaft. The Signs. The Signs of an Anticor are (accordivjg to the belt Obfervations of Men of Experience in Farriery) a Swelling in the Breaft of a Horfe, which forne times rifes upwards along the Gullet, and threatens fuffocating him ; he will hang down his Head, an" groan much when he is laid down ; forfaking hi⁵Food ; neither can he ftoop to Grafs or Hay up°ⁿthe Ground; he has a faltering in his Fore Legs* and trembling of the whole Body ; and if you tie up his Head to give him a Cordial-Drench, he i^slikely to tumble over. Englipt It is faid, that our Engli/b Horfes are not fo fub- Horles v.nt j_eft _t0 _trij_s Diftemper as the French, Spanijb, °^r\"t olhc ^other ^fore'gⁿ Horfrs are ; tho' I know no Reafon Z'nv°(ir\ ' ~^or ^lt>* ^uri'^el'^s ^ be that our Climate, which is more temperate, does not generate thefe inflammatory Diforders fo frequently as in the hotter Regions. ^b The

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		IMPROVED. 193 Caufe proceeds from taking Cold upon hard The Caufe ^^d laborious Exercife, fo that the Blood, &c. (as °^f ^an "*" ■were) ftagnates, tho' near the Heart, and Parts HPcent; and this made the Sieur De Solleyfel* ima- l^ltle the Ahticor a Diftemper of the Pericardium or ^aS which contains the Heart. Others are of Opinion, that it proceeds from ^an.k Feeding, and much Fatnefs. But let that be ¹¹ will, here follows the Cure. ., ^-^s there is ftill a feverifh Heat more or lefs in The Cure. ., ^e Blood, when a Horfe is feized with the Anticor;* ^erefore, Firft, Bleeding (at feveral Times,) ac- . ^fuing to the Strength and Urgency of Symptoms, indi_Cate(j; I fay, at feveral Times, becaufe it is _a ^u"jd by H&mojiatical Experiments, that Bleeding different Times is the moft proper Method to .^u'^e Revulfion, and hinder the Blood from 'flowing ₀�, " that Impetuofity into the pain'd Part, as it j' ^erwif_e would : And tho' 'tis true that once Bleed- th r^^a^ ^do ^t^'^K' y^et ^c ^w^ ^not ^° ^enC"^ec"^tuaily ^ea^"^e _a "ain, as when Blood is drawn at feveral Periods, jj ^0rding to the Urgency of Symptoms, as I have ScH ^Xt ^t0 Bleeding, (if the Horfe be bound in his Clyfters Xj_f^ °r is what we call Coftive) Clyfters are of when pro- ' ^and the following may ferve as a general one. P^er' tfr ?f^e Leaves of Mallows, and Pellitory of the A Clyfter. "He Jj "J ^each three Handfuls ; Camomile Flowers, h_aif ^andful; Annifeed, and Jnveet Fennel-Seed, each fir ^an Oun^e; Linfeeds, one Ounce: Boil thefe in o_ut ryiarts of Water to tixo ; then ftrain or prefs Ej_e � ^e Liquor ftrongly; and add of Caryocoftinum ^aid ^ar^' ^one Ounce ; common Salt, t<wo Ounces; ^Con"non Plaifter-Oil, three Ounces: Mix. Tv. fo_r _t, ^e Should be injedted thro' a very long Pipe hi_s Qv.⁶ ^urP°f^e, ^and as warm as a Man can bear in. ^ⁿ«^ek" to the Side of the Bladder it is tied up ⁿ°- then it may be expe&ed in a little Time K . (perhaps

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		94 The Art* (/Farriuy (perhaps in an Hour) that the Horfe will void h" Excrements, together with Wind, cif<-. and by th^j, Means his feverilh Heat will be diminifhed : For,^)fthe Excrement or Dung of Animals be longer tha" ordinary retained, fome of its putrefying Particle are imbibed by the Interlines or Guts, and thereby get into the Blood, which ftill adds Fewel to ib^ebefore inkindled Flame. The Clyfter may be repeated every two or thtf'j Days, as Occafion offers; and the Horfe's Fo°° ihould be fuch as is ordered in the Strangles, * white Water with a pretty deal of Oatmeal in >'' for if you can nourifh him up with this, and i°' Food, fuch as boil'd Barley given moderately war"¹' &c. it is much the bell; not only as fuch Thin? are eafieft to digeft, but alfo by reafon that B/ gives the Horfe much Trouble in chewing, the Motion of the Mufcles deftin'd for Mafticatif¹and Deglutition* or Swallowing, the Inflammsti⁰upon the Throat is increafed ; for, this Difternp^e(as I faid before) fometimes rifes from the Breaft ^UP the Gullet, and threatens fuffocating or choak"* the poor Beaft. ,. If the Fever runs high, which (as I have hi⁰^ may be known from the Number of advanced P^u'L above Forty, the common ftated Number in a W¹nute, when a Horfe is in Health, and not feared -A Cordial frighted ; I fay, if his Fever has run high, }. proper _mav (after the Eighth or Ninth Day of the Dif<f! ' ^attlli!^he accounting; from the firft Attack of it) give J¹' eighth of - , . o _r , r. i- i Hati> ninth Day. "bout 'wo Ounces or tiie common Cordial ". which contains moft Things proper for that Purp⁰ ' and you may mix it with two Ounces of ^eni t Treacle, four Ounces of common Treacle, and a -<S off ale Beer ; tho' if you will go to the Chtfg^e>* j Quart of Canary is much better than Beer, p>"^oV; j_sthe Canary be genuine and frefh. When "'l* j_edone, give it the Horfe carefully, fo that as_" . -may be loft as poffible,, and walk Jiim a while m

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		IMPROVED. 195 ^�oaths afterwards; but let his Water be always a little warm'd, as before obferved. Three of thefe Cordial Mixtures given at two or three Days diftance, I think fufficient to recruit the Blood and Spirits, after they (the latter efpeci- ?Jv) have been wafted and much fpent in this Oiftemper. ^ It nvuft be remember'd, that a Horfe fhould reft A Horfe �r fome confiderable Time after acute Difeafes; as ftiould reft fevers of any kind, or other violent and fickly Dif- ^ifile after orders : For if he is (when in this weak Condition) acute Dif- P^ut to labour beyond his Strength, it may occafion eafes. ttiany and great Evils >, as Manginefs, Farcin ; and -■pifeafes of the Stomach and Bowels, as Scouring, Sec. "° that from a tolerably good Horfe before the Dif- temper, he is now become a nvafby, good-for-nothing, fl^uggijh Jade ; and, what is worft of all, is likely to continue fo, unlefs he undergoes a tedious Courfe °f Phyfick, in order to bring the Fibres to their for- mer Power of Elafticity and Firmnefs.

			CHAP. XXIII. Of Difeafes of the Stomach, and Guts. MR. Gibfon begins the 33d Chapter of his Book of Farriery with a very nice Obferva- ^tlon 5 to wit, that " as the Food of Horfes confjis °f the mofl fimple Productions of the Earth, they cannot be liable to many Difeafes of the Stomach. ■And what he fays farther under the fame Head is vorth reading ; only when he comes to treat of the ^-we, he fets down two Purges which he tells us ^ay be either of them given with Succefs, to rdtd-* ^Ver loft Appetite. They are near the Clofe of the ¹24th Page of his Book, and one of them is a De- co&ion, the other made into Boluffes or Balls. Wow the Decoftion is a pretty mild and eafy-work- ⁱⁿg Purge; but the Ball is ftrong enough for any K 2 Horfe

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		196 The Art of FARRiiiRv Horfe in full Vigour. Indeed he fays, take of the beft Aloes an Ounce and half, by which he may mean the Succotrine Aloes brought to us from Ara- bia, and Egypt, in Skins, and is of a blackifh Co- lour in the Lump, but of a mining golden Hue when broke and powder'd and has but little Smell : I fay, if he intended this Sort of Aloes, he mould have been a little more explicit, for it is dearer than the common Aloes by five Shillings in the Pound- Weight ; therefore you need not fear the Apothe- caries will let you have that of fix or feven Shillings, when they can fell you Aloes for fixteen Pence a Pound, which is imported from Barbadoes in large Shells or Gourds, of a ftrong ofFenfive Scent, and is called Hepatic Aloes, from its dark Liver Colour. The Ufe of In fhort, I know no one Drug of more univerfal Aloes very Ufe in Medicine than Aloes, nor of more Efficacy extennve. f_or _m?cny Intentions, both as a Purge and Altera- tive. But to return, RefinoYts In the Purging BallTor left Appetite, as prefcribed Pi rgesdan- by Mr. Gib/on, there are two Drachms of Diagridi- rough^Tn¹ ^um' ^wn'^c^ is a refmous Subftnnce call'd Scammony Optration. roafted in a Quince; but correft it how you pleafe, it is ftill fo refmous that fmall Particles of it, are apt to ftick amongit the Folds of the Stomach and Guts, and caufe fuch Vellications or convulfive Twitchings, that they often endanger the Life of the Animal: And moreover, by the rough Opera- tion of fuch refmous Purges, the Bowels are fo ir- ritated to a Difcharge of their Contents, that the Creature oftentimes purges off the very Mucus of flimy Liquor or Moifture which daubs over their internal Coat, and which Mucus Nature depofits there as a Defence againft any fharp irritating Juices which may pafs through them Beiides, two Drachms o{ D-iagridium is twelve good Doles for a ftrong Man, and this (eonfider'd with tne Quantity of Horfe Allocs) I think is an ever-Dofe, efpecially for a Horfe whofe Stomach is (according to my Text) fuppofed to be in a depraved and weak Con-

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		IMPROVED. 197 Rendition. Therefore when I come to the curative ^tentions, I mail offer fome Amendments to Mr. Gib- Jon's Decoftion and Ball for Recovery 0/ loft Appetite. Moft Diftempers, efpecially Chronic ones or thofe ?Hong (landing, derive their Original from depraved ^geilion ; and altho' Horfes (as I have faid before) Horfes not ^are not fo fubjeft to Difeafes of the Stomach as Man, �° S^fj Jyho ranfacks both the Indies for hot fiery Spices to ₀f_tj,_esto- tisfy his moft unreafonable Guftation; yet many mack as ■"ifeafes in them are produced from Faults in the Sto- Men, and ^ach, or in other Words, the Faults of the Stomach ^why- ^0r depraved Digeftion, very often are the Occafion °'many Difeafes in Horfes, as well as that the Dif- ^eafes of the Body bring on loft Appetite. There are two moft remarkable Caufes of Chylifi- ^e<tion Hurt or Crudities in Digeftion, to wit, the �&id Crudity and the Nidorofe. And firft, Acid Crudity brings on the Heart-burn, four and Acid Cr« fluent Erudlations or Belchings upwards, and this ^-l- ^1X1 Mankind, more efpecially in Children who are Y^ry fubjeft to acid Crudities, is thrown up by ^omit; oftentimes by Nature, fometimes by Art: "it as Horfes by reafon of the Spiral Windings of the Gullet where it is inferted into the Stomach, can- not eafily vomit, therefore thefe auftere and foure Juices are carried along into the Interlines, and there caufe Gripings, csV. A nd when a Horfe is troubled with over much Acid in his Stomach and J^uts, he as naturally and with as good Reafon de- «res Mud and Dirt, as he does his Hay when he is hungry : And in my Thoughts, every Horfe which J? Conftantly kept in the Stable, and has not Grafs ^lometimes for Years together, ought to have now i'fd then powdered Chalk, burnt Hartshorn, or the 1 ' g^lven h'^m *ⁿ h'^s Provender, inftead of being threatned and often beaten by his ignorant and illi- terate Keeper, for eating what would cure his Dif- fer in 'lime. Burnt Hartshorn is much better than the Clay or Mud he would e it, becaufe it will "bforb or drink up more of the offending Aci 1 in K 3 the

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198

The Art s/pARRiEny

the Stomach, &c. And how powerful the Tefta-
cea or fhelly Powders, as well as Chalk or burnt
Hartshorn, are in deftroying Acids, or rather ab-
forbing them, any one may judge, who makes the
Experiment by mixing Vinegar or the like with
fuch Powders, which immediately lofes its Sharp-
nefs and Pungency upon the Tongue.

The Cure of Acid Crudity confifts in this ; to
wit, firft,' in sbforbing the Acid by the Ufe o(
burnt Hartshorn for fome Time ; then a Cordial
Drink or two, prepared with Volatile Aromaticks,
according to the following Prefcription.

Take a Quart of White-Wine, or for wjant of this
a Stuart of Beer ; and grate into it tivo Nutmegs °J
about a Penny a-piece; and give it the Horfe by A
Horn, Milk-warm.

After the Drink, in a Day or two, may be gives
the following Purge; but if Purging be made ufe
of before fuch Preparation of the Juices, nothing will
be difcharged, but Gripings and Convulfive Motions
will be occafioned. The Purge is this.

Take of Aloes, one Ounce; Diapente, an Ound
and half; Salt of Tartar, half an Ounce ; Syrrup "J
Buckthorn, an Ounce and half; and ivith Flour "J
Brimfone make them up into tnuo Balls, and gi^
them in the ordinary Method.

Nidorous Crudity, from the Word Nidor, which
fignifies any Thing of a bad Smell or Flavour, '^s»
when the Nourifhment is corrupted, fo that it turns
into a putrefied Solution of a horrid Tafte and Smell>
altogether unfit for proper Chyle, and does not (in
any eminent Degree) differ from Acid Crudity ; only
the Eruclations are not acid, but rather infipid, p^u'
trid, or fulphurous, like theTafte of fry'd Eggs wheⁿthey are burnt, as near as I can any way judge it. Th'S
cccafions Heart-Burnjnss; therefore the Horfe part'>
^& loaths

The Cure
of Acid
Crudity.

A Purge
for Acid
Crudities
in the Sto-
mach, ire.

Nidorous
Crudity,
what.

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		I M P R O V E D. i<99 _a°^afhs his ufual Food, and longs after Mud and Dirt; ij.¹¹ What the divine Hyppocrates fays with relation to r^man Bodies, will hold good in Brute Creatures, nofe Compofition is of Solids and Fluids a&uated 2- ^e fame Mechanick Powers with our own; tot "> that thofe Things which the Appetite is fond of, , ^e "luchmore eafely digefted, than fuch as the Stomach ^a'« no dcjire after; and therefore the common Pro- �^erb is true, tubal one Relijhes, Nouri/bes. For, the g^tomach may truly be ftiled the Kitchen of the {!r~y> its Office being to receive the Food as into a . ^_%^e"H°ui"^e> and to digeft the fame is its Primary 'won ; whence Indigeftion is an undoubted Fore- "nner of the Deftru&ion of the whole Oeconomy. . -^igeftion is fimply a Work of Nature, nor can , he performed by Art; for we can only affift and ^e'P the Work of Nature, and fo correct the Fer- ^^erit in the Stomach, that it may be reduced to its f^at«ral State. Therefore, the fame Method I "^ave prefcribed for the Cure of Acid Crudities, will The Cure. Pffform the Work with relation to Nidorous ^udities. I (hall juft mention a Paffage in Mr. 'bfon's Book of Farriery, with regard to Horfes _Nhich are troubled with iibure Juices upon the Sto- p^acn> and which for fuch Reafon defire to eat 7^ay out of the Walls, &c. He tells us, " that" , when he attended the Army, he took an Oppor- tunity of gratifying a Horfe in a very ardent De- fire of that Kind. The Horfe had fuffered very touch from his Keeper, and had been often beat jor eating Clay out of the Wall;" he then fays, he brought hiin a Piece of Chalk the bignefs of * Man's Fift, and laid it in the Manger; the Horfe turned it over with his Noi'e feveral Times, and at laft broke off fome of the Corners and eat them ; whereupon Mr. Gibfon took up the Chalk to break it into fmaller Pieces; but becaufe the Horfe thought he was going to be robb'd of it, «e puffied his Head after it with all imaginable tagernefs, and when it was broke he eat the K 4 " greater!

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		200 The Art of Farriery " greateft Part of it, and fell immediately to h^lS' " Hay. The Dragoon told Mr. Gib/en 'he gav« " him more Chalk afterwards, and obferved that " the Horfe eat his Hay better for it ; but being " ibon ;ifter obliged to march, he was perfecW ' cured by the Exercife, and had no farther Cra' " vings of that Kind." You may by this Account, fee how necefTary ^lCis to allow a Horfe (that has Acid Juices in his Stc mach in too great abundance.) to eat Clay, is'c. &* rather to give him Chalk, burnt Hartshorn, °^rOyfier-fhells, in fine Powder, or the like ; othf' wife he will not thrive nor eat his Hay ; and ah⁰Exercife is one great Help, towards removing th^eComplaint. The Hun- The Hungry Evil in Horfes, is the faJ»* gary Evil, that in Man we term Malacia and Bulimia, VflJ' garly called a Canine or Dog-like Appetite, al' though Bulimy fignifies an Oxe's Appetite. The Cav;fe. The Caufe of all thefe is Acid and Nidorous Cru' dities, of which I have juft now treated; and as th^e The Cure. Cure confifts in Abforbent, Evacuant, and Storn' chick Medicines as mentioned, I fhall not take vp the Reader's Time fo much as to make a diftir"" Chapter of it, but proceed to an Account of tb Diftempers of the Guts, and firft of the Colick.

			CHAP. XXIV. Of the Cholick. AS the Colick is a Diftemper which (as «** as many more of the Stomach and Guts) p^r0' ceeds from Flatulence or Wind pent up, I muft beg leave to explain what is meant by Carminative M^ dicines, or fuch Medicines as are laid to expel Wind f and as the Nervea are frequently under great Difo^r' ders from pent up Wind or Tlatm's, what diffipa^teS

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		IMPROVED. aoi and expels fuch Vapours, muft be reckoned of great Service to thofe Parts. A great many People feem to be Strangers to this Carmina- Term, I mean the Word Carminative, which does ^v.^ve ^Medl" Appear to carry in it any Thing expreffive of the pt_ai_ne<i_#Medicinal Efficacies of thofe Simples, which pafs ^u»der its Denomination. This Term certainly had its Rife as thus apply'd, when Medicine was too much in the Hands of thofe Jugglers, who, for want of a true Knowledge in their Profeffion, brought Religion into their Party, and what through Ignorance they were unable to do "Y rational Prefcription, and the Ufe of proper Me- dicines, they pretended to effect by Invocations, and 'he Correfpondence they kept with Heaven : Which Cant being generally, for the Surprize-fake, couch'd ^ln fome fhort Verfes; the Word Carmen, which fig- ⁿ'fies a Verfe, was made alfo to mean an Inchant- ^ent: Which, as it was a very good Cover for their Ignorance as well as their Knavery, was fre- quently made ufe of to fatisfy the People of the Ope- ration of a Medicine they themfelves could not ac- count for ; and as thofe Medicines now under this Wame are of fome quick Efficacy, and the Confe- rences thereof in many Inftances very great and ^Urprizing, the mod violent Pains fometimes arifmg ,^r°m pent-up Wind, which immediately ceafe upon 1U k^einS difperfed ; for thefe Reafons, I fay, fuch. ^Jyiedicines as give Relief in this Cafe are more par- 'Cularly ftiled Carminatives, as if they cured by In- "antmer:; the Complaint removed by them being 0 Hidden, that the ordinary Manner of Operation * a natural. Caufe, is not eafily imagined to take PMcfi fo foon. But howfoever this Term came into the Profef- jj?ⁿ; its common Ufe has fufficlcntly determined its eaning; to wit, that whadbever Medicines in- ardly, or Applications outwardly, expel or dif- P«He Wind, fuch I fay are ranked under the Clafs ^w Carminatives. K s How

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				The Art of Farriery How fuch Medicines difperfe Wind may be con- ceived, if we do but confider, that all the Parts of the Body are perfpirable. Sanfiorius, in his Medi- cina Statica, determines all that is called Wind in the Bowels to be fuch perfpirable Matter as makes its efcape through the Coats of the Stomach and Guts. And this likewife happens to the Mufcular Parts; for fuch perfpirable Matter often breaks out and lodges amongft the Mufcles, �sV. for fome Time. Now, whatfoever will rarefy and render thinner fuch Collections of Vapours, muft conduce to their utter Difcharge out of the Body, and confequentty remove thofe Uneafineffes which arife from their Detention. And as thofe Things in Medicine which pafs under this Denomination are warm, and confift of very light fubtile Parts, it is eafy to con- ceive how a Mixture of fuch Particles may agitate and rarefy thofe Flatulences, fo as to facilitate their Expulfion ; and more efpecially when we confider what-a Help to this Purpofe thofe grateful Senfa- tions, which fuch Medicines give to the Fibres, may be; this cannot but invigorate their tonics Undulations or tremulous Motions, infomuch that by Degrees the obftrufted Wind is diflodged, and at laft quite expelled. If the OMrr&ion is not great, as it feldom is m the Stomach, l.nteftines or '''■.:?. reafon of their large Vent both upwards and v .wards, the Rare" faction of the Wind upon taking fuch a Medicine is often fo fudden, and its Difcharge likewife, that it goes off like the Explofion of Gun-Powder. J* fine, all Things that warm, rarefy, and attenuate the cbftructed Humours, may ( ccording to the common Acceptation of this Term) be called Car- minative Medicines. Before I proceed to an Account of the Cholick, ^lCmay not be thought impertinent in me to defence the Gut-Colon in a Ho-r, which differs from the Colon in Man, inaffliucjh _aS in the firft it appears as three
		202 All the Parts of the Body are Perlpira- ble _; and all Wind in the Vef- fels, ire. of the Body, is faid to fce perfpi- rable Mat- ter, broke thro' the Coats of inch Vef- fels. Carminia- tive Medi- cines of ■warm fub- tle Parts.

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		IM'PRO V E D. 203 ';iee Guts, being (as it were) divided by two Necks, (js they are termed by Hippotomifts,)* whereas in Man 'his Gut is feemingly but one ; and in my Opinion, ■ 'he Reafon the Necks or narrow Places'in the Colon °' a Horfe are fo ordained by Nature, is that the i'ood ( vvhich is moftly hard to digeft ) mould not Pafs off before the Glands of the Interlines have ^taken in and fuck'd up what was neceffary to lubri- ?^te and make them flippery, as well as for other j^eafons hereafter fet down in the following De- scription. The Colon of a Horfe, which (as I have faid) The Colon 1 kerns to be three Guts, by reafon of the two Necks °* * ^f* ?' about half a Yard in Length each, is drawn up ^ "Ho many Cells or Purfes by Means of two Liga- ments, one of which runs along the Upper, and the ^other the Under Side of it, which, with the Affif- ^taiKe of a Valve or Flap at its Beginning, hinder ■he Excrements either from returning back into the 'mall Guts, or falling too foon downward, as I juft how hinted, before the Chyle or Milky Subftance Prepared from the Food be fent into its proper Vef- ,'^s. And indeed the C&cum or Blind-Gut, which ^ls the firft of the three larger Guts, feems to be fo > Contrived in Manner of a Valve to hinder the Ali- ment and Chyle from paffing too foon into- the ■ ^olon ; for if the Aliment and Chyle were not in jotrie Meafure hinder'd in their Paifage thro' thefe : ^large Guts, the Body could not be fufficientl-y fup- P'y'd with Nouriihment: And thofe who pretend i ttat nothing can enter into the Mafs of Blood which ^is injefted by way of Clyfter, may go on in their Ig- norance ; but I am fatisfied of the contrary, for I have cured a great many People of Agues byadmi- Agues hiftring the jefuit's Bark in Clyfters, when the Pa- ^c«red by rient could not bear the Thoughts of it in any ether f'^v'"g. the The firft of thefe Colons is about-a Yard and half in Length, the fecond about a Yard, and the third, or that Part which joins to the Keiium* or , K6 Arfc---

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204 The Art cf Farriery

ArfeGut, near fix Yards in Length ; fo that the
Colon of a Horfe fourteen Hands high may be faid
to be nearly eight Yards and a half long ; and from
it along the Reflum or Straight-Gut to the Anuit
where the Excrements are difcharged, is not above
half a Yard; fo that it is plain Clyfters operate
Clyfters moftly in the Colon ; tho' I muft fay they are
ftiouU be given in too fmall Quantities; for what fignifies
given in two Quarts of Liquor in a Gut nine Yards long,
^^r8^e . . and four or five Inches Diameter in a natural State:
Hi:a ties. But in the Colick it is fo diftended with Flatu-
lences, that its Diameter exceeds feven or eight
Inches, as I have frequently obferved in thofe dy-
ing of that Diftemper, or, which is much the
fame, the Griping of the Guts. Now for a De-
fcription of the Colick.

The Word

Colick de-
fined.

The Word Colick, ftriftly taken, fignifies Dif-
orders of the Colon only; but now generally it is

taken for any painful Diforder of the Stomach, or
Bowels, attended from firft to laft with a thick and

Fir^, aBi
lioiis Co-
lick, what.

The Caufe.

troubled LJrine, whether in Man or Brute Crea-
tures. And from hence arifes the common Di-
ftin&ions of, Firft, a Bilious Colick, which fprings
from a Redundancy of Acrimony of Choler irrita-

ting the Bowels, and fo caufing Gripings, and ge-
nerally a Lax or Scouring.

Th-' Cure.

The Cure of a Bilious Colick is performed by

gently purging off and foftening the offending Hu-
mours, which is accomplished by Lenitives and Emol-
lients. The following Clyfter is very proper in the
firft Stage of this Diftemper.

A Clyfter Take Ma llo<w-Leaves, and Camomile-Fleivers, of

for the Co- each t-zvo Har.dfuls ; Pellitory of the Wall, three
lick. Handfuls; Flowers of Elder, two Handfuls ; Juni-

per Berries biuifd, four Ounces: Boil thefe in four
Quarts of Rain-Water to three ; then ft'rain and prefs
cut the Liquor pretty ftrongly, and add two Ounces of
Lenitive Electuary; and give the Horfe the whole
three Quarts by way of Clyfter at once; for, as I

have

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		IMPROVED. 205 have faid before, unlefs Clyfters be injedled in large Quantities, they are but of fmall Service. After the Colon and Straight Gut are cleanfed from Excrement by the Ufe of the aforefaid Clyfter, it may be needful to give him the following eafy Purge. Take of Alexandrian Senna, (known by the pointed Purge in leaf, Brightnefs of Colour, and ^uicknefs of Fla- ^the Colick. "vour,J ttuo Ounces ; Liquorice-Root, one Ounce j Salt of Tartar, tivo Drachms; Caraixiay Seeds, <nd frejbefl Juniper Berries bruifed, each one Ounce; Boil thefe in a Quart of Water to the Confumption Of half; then ftrain and add of Lenitive Eleiluary,* (as frefh as you can get it, for when old it is good for little,) two Ounces; and of good Canary, half a Pint. Give it the Horfe in the Morning rather more than Milk-warm, and keep him warm cover'd for fome Days. It is common in Cafes of the Colick in Horfes for Opiates Farriers to give Venice-Treacle, Mithridate, or Diaf- dangerous cordium, in their Cordial Drinks, and often in ^!"^the ^_f^r* large Quantities by way of Clyfter, and this in the _the^gBilious firft Stage of the Diftemper; which fo locks up the Colick. Caufe of it in the Guts, that it is all one in EfFeft, as if you fet the Muzzle of a Piftol to the Horfes Fundament, and let fly, in Hopes to clear the Way of all Obfauftions at'once. Indeed after the Caufe of the Diforder is re- moved by Lenient Purgatives, Clyf&rs, &c. as be- fore prescribed, it is abfolutely neceffary warm Opiates fhould be adminifter'd, fometimes by Way of Clyfter, fometimes by the Mouth ; for altho' 'hefe Sorts of Medicines are (as I have faid) of fuch dangerous Confequence in the Beginning of the ■Difeafe, yet are they requifite to finifh the Cure, and allay the Tumult of the Bowels, which other- Wife ends in Superpuigation, or fuch a Lax or Scouring

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		2o6 The Art of Farriery Scouring as may caufe the Horfe to void moil of the Mucus or flippery Matter, which mould defend the inner Membranes of the Guts from the Erofion and Acrimony of the Juices; Therefore, when it is pro- perly judged that the Caufe of the Diforder is taken away, let the following Mixture be given inwardly- A Mixture Take a Quart of Canary, or for Want of that ci for the Quart of inarm Beer; diffolve about the Bignefs of an Egg of my Cordial Ball in it, and an Ounce of Venice Treacle, or Mithridate : To which may be added (if the Horfe fcour more than ordinary) One Hundred Drops of Liquid Laudanum, and the like 'Number ofTinfture of Caftor. Stir it well before you give it. The Purge, Clyller, &c. may be repeated accord- ing as there is Need : But give no Opiates in the Beginning of the Diftemper; for, notwithftanding T have as great a Veneration for Opiates as the Gentleman who faid, If there ivas no Opium he 'would be no Ph-fician ; yet I am Jatisfy'd the Secret lies in the Administration, not in the Knowledge of good or bad Drugs. And this Secret will ftill re- main in the Hands (or rather Heads) of a very few, altho' Books upon the Subject of Phyfick were every Day publifh'd. And no doubt the true Rea- fon of this is owing to the indolent and fluggifl¹Temper of Mankind, which fo bewitches them, that they will not take Pains to fearch after Truth; Mathematicks, Mechanicks, Natural and Experi- mental Philofophy, being meer Bugbears to them > fo that they are contented to jog on in the old blind Road of Ignorance, and prefcribe Medicines in Spite of Nature and their Stars, and without knowing, ot being able to give "any tolerable Account of the Modus Operandi, a Knowledge fo effentially necei- fary in the Cure of Difeafes. Thefe are the Men who have not the Why for the Wherefore, and vvhofe Faith or chief Reliance is upon the Number of Drugs in the Prefcription, not at all confidering

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		IMPROVED. 207 fte Bafis or principal Ingredient, to which the Cure "* any be wrought) is attributable. during the Ufe of Opiates (which may be given ^Very other Day for two or three Turns,) it is pro- f^r to give the Horfe a Solution of Gum Arabick* in ^fte Water he drinks, which may be thus prepared. , 'ahe an Ounce of Gum Arabick; bruife it, aWTheGnm- ^oi} it in a Quart of Water, 'till tis diffofoed; then ^jj* '* it ijuitb half a common Fail full of cold Water, ■�r Oatmeal; and let the Horfe drink this fort of ftpter Milk-inarm for fame Time, to ivit, for a , ^eek ; and by that Time it may be fuppofed that .he Infide of the Guts is well imbued with flippery letter to defend them from acrimonious or Iharp J^IJ'ces. I hope I need not tell the Reader that moderately Exercife joking the Horfe will do him Good in the Colick, proper in ^ee'ng that moderate Exercife is proper in moft Dif- i"^oft_ie^Di pipers, excepting Fevers, in which the Blood is "heady at too high a Pitch to admit of it. , The famous Bagliwi was of Opinion, that the Baglivi's ^ht'^ of the Bilious Colick is in the Mefentery or what Opinion of ^e call the Net* in Brute Creatures 5 and therefore c^ick!⁰"⁸JJ^e ordered his Patients, when the Diftemper was ubborn, to take a Journey, that the Body might ^ ftaked up and exercifed by Riding for fome . ^a>'s, and the Fibres of the Mefentery, which by J?^Rg Psin were relaxed, might affume their former _T filiations to eradicate and expel the diftemperM "purities; after which he orders a Semicufium* or ^^arm Bath, wherein the Patient fits up to the ^avel for fome Time : But as this laft cannot ^VVe'l be done for a Horfe in the Colick, tho' moft ,^^tainly if he was nearly over Head in warm , .^atfir it might be exceeding proper ; yet I fay, as �^!s is fcarcely practicable upon Horfes, we muft intent ourfelves with Exercife, giving them now ^ajw then an eafy Trot, to make the Guts a little, which

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		2o8 The Art «/Farriery which will greatly affift in diflodging the Enemy' Permit me now to give an Account, Secondly, ° the Flatulent or Windy-Colick. Secondly, The Flatulent or Windy-Colick ftiews itfelf b? TheWindy p_a;_n i_n _tjj_e Bowels, and proceeds from Wind penj The^ Signs ^UP ^l^^ere» which gives the Horfe fuch Pains a" convulfive Twitchings, that he will oftentimes l^,edown, tumble, and ftart up again haftily, and ftrik^ehis Belly with his hinder Feet, and ftamp with h'⁵Fore-Feet, and forfake his Food. Thefe are th^emoll common Signs of a Flatulent Colick ; and tfl'j Divine Contriver of all Things hath wifely order <� (both in Brute and Human Creatures) that the Ci' Ion ftiould furround the whole Abdomen or loW^efBelly, and with the ReBum (before defcribed) toud* all the Parts contain'd in it; fo that by immedia^teFomentation with Clyfters , we might eafe fuC'¹Parts of their Maladies : I fay, this we have 1° praife God for, as well as for the reft of his woⁿ' drous Works. The Caufe. The Caufe (as I have faid) is from pent «P Wind, which for the moil Part is occafion'd fro"¹the Excrement or Dung's being too long retain'd* which renders the Juices vifcid and ropy, fo that the windy Flatulence cannot eafily break through- I remember fome Author or other that fay^s> " Flatulences or windy Diforders are bred in th« " Stomach, and Bowels by a vicious Fermentation) " excited by a preternatural Acid in a vifcid Sub' " jeft, and that the Cure confifts in Digeftives and " evacuating Medicines, together with a regul^ar" Diet." This Defcription is fuccinft and clear, fo that/ need not trouble the Reader any farther, only ^Jpfetting down my own Thoughts as to the Cure. The Cure. Firft, if you fufpeft, that the Flatulence proceeds Back- from harden'd Dung, the Horfe muft be Back-rakpi ^ra^^!rig nd ^as ^C^^e F^ar"^ers ^caU '». which is done by anointing how 'per- ^t^^le* Hand very well with any Sort of Oil or Butted lorm'd. and ty little and little fetching out his Excrement' °- as

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	209
		209

?* far as the Farrier can well put his Arm into the ^Midament: But I advife every Gentleman to pitch ^uP°n a Perfon to do this Friendly Office, who has ^a Hand and Arm of the -{mailer Size: For fome ^a,'^e fo large and brawny, that unlefs the Horfe was °* the larger Sort, there would be fome Danger of ?ⁿ Inflammation in the Straight-Gut, which would "^e of far greater Concern than the Gripes. After the Horfe has been Back-raked, in two Wours Time give him the Clyfter as prescribed for e Colick. Mr. Gib/on* very much extols a Clyfter he prefents ^Us with for Pains in the Guts, after the groffer Ex- crements have been difcharged by fuch Clyfter as I J^uft now mention'd. His Clyfter is this. . Take red Rofe Leaves, two Hacdfuls; Top of Mr G;'�/«i'» ^llffer Centaury, and Wormwood, of each one Hand-* Clyfter lot f«[: Boil them in two Quarts of Water to three ^^ⁿ "* *ts ; and i_n the Decoilion diffoliie two Ounces of ^'afcordium, and half a Pint of Treacle-Water, w fyitit of Wine.* The Bafis of this Composition lies in the Opium jiⁿd other warm Ingredients of the Diafcordium. ⁵⁾⁰ that in the main, if the Diafcordium was only j^uced with three Pints of warm Punch, it would J* full as good as Mr. Gibfon's Red Rofe-Leaves, I^s °f Centaury, &c. Therefore I mall humbly o«er an Amendment, or rather a more proper Clyf- ,^e.^r in the Place of his, which he fays, lies fo cor- ^ClaIly in the Bowels. It is this, Take Camomile-Flowers, tivo Handfuls', Ami- A Clyfter yL""> _anii leffer Cardamoms bruifcd, of each one for Wind -W; Long Pepper, half an Ounce. Boil thtfe* fo "»theGutS. Ave Qu_arts of Water to three ; and add thereto, ^>he� Jirain'd, three Ounces of my Cordial Ball; rr\^U ^f'^nt °f R>'^anily ^or Sum, and half an Ounce "J OH of Amber : And give it the Horfe by a long Clyfter-

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		2io The Art s/Farhiery Clyfler-Pipe, and tie his Tail down to his Tuel (or fome Time. I can fee the Reader fmile at finding the Cordial Ball come into the Compofition of a Clylter; but he may be eafy when I allure him, that there are feveral Things ready mixed and incorporated in that Ball, which are proper by way of Clyfter; more particularly, Oil of Annifeeds is a noble Thing, by Van Helmont ftyled So/amen Intejiinorum, it is of (o freat Efteem and Account in the Cure of Flatulent )iforders of the Guts. De Grey has the following Cordial Drink in the Chapter of the Colick. De Grt/s Take of White Wine, a �>uart; Fenugreek Seeds, XcCoikk ^Say-^Berries> ^and Pefper, of each four Ounces i Grains of Paradife, and Ginger, of each one Ounce > Water-Creffes, t-zvo Handfuls ; Sengreen, one Pound i Mint, one Handful: Stamp the Herbs, and pound the Spices; then ftrain it, and put to it of Live- Honey tivo Spoonfuls; and fo gi=ve it the Horfe Blood' �warm- Notwithftanding De Greys great Experience in Farriery, I think the Quantity of Pepper too great in this Mixture, to be given by the Mouth; nor do I fee what Bufmefs the Sengreen, as he calls it» or Houfe-Leek, has to do in fo warm a Compofiti- on j that Herb being known, even by the common People, as an exceeding great Cooler ; and it really is fo, infomuch that I have feen the unskilful Ap- plication of it to a Burn or Scald, fo cool and de- ftroy the natural Heat of the Part, that a Mortifi- cation or Gangrene has been threatened for forne confiderable Time after it. Therefore, I think the Sengreen fuperfluous, and contrary to the main In- tention of the Drink ; unlefs De Grey thought he had put too much Pepper down in his Prefcripti°ⁿ7 and fo thought proper to cool it with the Juice or Hmff

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		IMPROVED. an V'"/e- Leek; But even this would be a ftrange round- °ut way of prefcribing, and fomething agreeable * 4e old Family-Receipts fo much efteem'd by \|°^Qd- Houfewives, &c. But if the Horfe be a ton'd-Horfe that is troubled with the Colick or .!}P^es, this laft mentioned Author very merrily ad- j^es he mould have a Mare, efpecially if he is fo "lifted that he cannot pifs: and adds, that it pre- ^etlts fundry Sorts of Sicknefs and Difeafes, and ^ttrengtheneth Nature. "Ow De Grey* was no Philofopher, otherwife he '"t have known, that the oftner any Spring is _ti.^u"d up to its Height, it every Time lofes fome- ,^ln& (thi? perhaps very inccnfiderahle) of its Elaf- JSjH and for this very Reafon Ooiuon can in no '�e ftrengthen Nature ; for Omne Animal pofi Coi- *** hebes. _s ^lf the Colick or Griping of the Guts caufe a ^toppage of the Horfe's Water, it moftly proceeds ^rom harden'd Excrements, which fo prefs the Neck , the Bladder, that the Sphinfler Vefica cannot Efficiently be dilated for the Paffage of the Urine : , ."erefbre in fuch Cafe Back-rake him, and give A Clyfter, ?* the Clyfter for Wind as before mentioned, only when the J»ng half a Pound of any common Oil to it, \|[^J^ "ich will lubricate, and make flippery the ftraight ₀f Water _a,^ut> C5V. fo that the Dung may Aide more eafily from har- ^a'0ng ;_t " den'd Ex- "There is a very proper and eafily prepared Clyf- ^crements- «* in Mr. Gibfon's Book, which will excite thePe- Utaltick Motion of the Guts, and forward the Ex- P«'Uon of the Excrements. It is this. " Take Mr. Gil-fa's Beef Broth, (but in my Thoughts any fort of Broth ^cM^eI'^forof VI n. \ +t a _. v jc i* /-the fame. <c { ^tLeJh,J two or three Quarts ; one Handful of _<( ^ah, and half a Pound of Butter : Mix, and make ? Clyfter to be injefied <very <warm.* " I fllall clofe this Chapter with a Hiftory relating An Ac-- S ^the Cafe I am treating of; which is of a Dragoon^ count of a f^ft that died of the Farrier, who (like many Horfe that .^Vlen m another Profeffion) was ignorant of the �~_ri� ^Uxe Strufture

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		212 'The Art of Farriery Structure and Mechanifm of the Creature, whi^¹was the Subjeft of his Art, as Mr. Gib/en handfom^e' ly expreffes it, in Page 134 of his Farrier's Guid^e' the Story is as follows. Mr. Gib/on tells us, " that a Dragoon-Horfe '"j ' the Regiment to which he belonged, after a f^u" " five Weeks March, coming to (land at his " grew exceeding Coftive, and had his Fundams"' " and Sheath much fwelled, and that he was com' " mitted to the Care of one, who was tolerably " well fkili'd in many of the common Things' " but being wholly unacquainted with the Stru&u¹ " and Mechanifm of that Creature, which was th^e" Subjeft of his Art, committed a grand Miftak* " in giving him a ftrong Dofe of Purging Phyfick< *' There being no Vent for a Paflage of the Excr«' " ments downwards, and the Horfe having no C' ". pacity to vomit, and difgorge himfelf upwardsi " was put into the moll violent Agony imaginable ** and at laft died in ftrong Convulfions. " Mr. Gib/on goes on faying, " that perhaps th^lS" Man might have fucceeded in Cafes of lefs O/' " ftinacy, and where there was little or no Swrf' " ling of the Fundament; and that if there had " been a Poflibility of making the Horfe vom^' " he might have fucceeded even in this Cafes j ^ " then the Phyfick would have gone off that wa/» " and after feveral Difcharges by the Mouth, th^e" Remainder might have gone downwards, as '' " oftentimes happens to Human Bodies j becaufi⁵" the ftraining to vomit makes a ftrong Comprefli' " on of the Mufcles of the lower Belly, which " greatly forwards the Dejedlions by the Fundi' " ment: And therefore in fome obftinate Cafes oj " this Nature, the beft Phyficians have order'd " Vomits with Succefs. But as it is quite other' " wife with Horfes; and that their Stomachs are " not otherwife to be moved with the ftrongeft Sti' " muli, than only to create Sicknefs, and caufe " them to flaver a little; purging is not to be at- " tempt*"

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			IMPROVED. 212 ,, ^tempted in any ftubborn Coftivenefs, but by Clyfters. "� This Account, and Mr. Gibfon's Obfervations l P°1 it, are well worth obferving ; and although i? feys he belong'd to a Regiment, I am fure by J^s Manner of Writing that he was no common ^arrier ; for not one that ever I talked with, or . «oie Works I have read, come any thing near *^T- Gibfin's Way of Reafoning : But on the other j ^and, the Difcourfe of the Modern, and the Write- ., 8^s of the Ancient Farriers, agree in this, to wit, ^at they are equally a Compofition of Nonfenfe, ^unintelligible Jargon built upon falfe Principles. . There are three difFerent Sorts of Colicks more Three clrf- "^an the two I have mentioned, which are incident ferent Sorts I Human Bodies, to wit, the Hyjierick-Colick,* the ^ofColicks. c^ervouj-Colici, and laftly the Stone-Colick, arifmg °tn Irritations of Stones and Gravel in the Kid- i y^s> and urinary Paffages, and caufing violent Pain y Confent of Parts: But as thefe three kinds are ^ot common to Horfes, I beg leave to proceed to iⁿ Account of what we call a Diarrhoea in Men, ¹ a Lax or Scouring in Horfes.

		CHAP. XXV. Of the Lax or Scouring in Horfes. I Shall not trouble the Reader with a tedious De- t, _nf^cr'P^tion of the feveral difFerent kinds of Loofe- h'k ^or S^courmg> by reafon fuch Account would >f ^er tend to embarras than edify the Reader. _a ^erefore I fhall content myfelf with as fuccincr. ^a brief a Defcription as may be. jy. Lax or Scouring in Horfes , is a frequent Tae Signs, j, "charge of Thin, Watery, Mucous, Phlegmy, _d^r°^tny, Fat, Colerick, Black Matter, by the Pun- gent ; and this is moftly with, tho' fometimes without

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214 ^ drt °f Farriery without Excrements 5 and commonly, but not a>* ways attended with Griping Pains in the Guts. If the Caufe of this Diftemper is any Error "J the Horfe's Food, Water, or Exercife, the Remov¹of fuch Caufe is the better Half of the Cure. Then from whatfoever Caufe the Scouring P^r°. ceed, the Stomach is to be ftrengthened, and foe* Things given inwardly as abforb Acids ; both "whi<f Forms I have mention'd before : However, that tft Reader may not be at the Trouble of looking ba<>' wards, I fhall again name fome Drugs which a^fproper in fuch Cafes; and, firft, I think if y°._ give the Horfe pretty well of my Cordial Ball, ^el' ther by way of Bolus, or diflblved in Wine or B^er\| it is as good as moft Things I can order. Hi ever, leaft it may be thought that I intended ^�

			make this Cordial Ball as univerfal as Capt. Bu	■dial
				■dial
		has made his Turnep-Poultis, I mail offer a Cor¹

	Stomachick Drink, (or Drench) as follows. A Cordial Take Annifeeds, Caraivay-Seeds, and Cardatu^ Carmina- the leffer, of each an Ounce ; Juniper-Berries, fi" tiveDrencn _Q y _{r ₍y _s _d _d _Berries _and _put the** for the Lax . . �; ^J . ... ,,, , , / ,u4 or Scour- ^tnto fi^ve ^ints °f Mint-Water ; then add to tw .* ing. two Ounces of Venice Treacle, or Mithridate. " ._t to the Confumption of half; then Jlrain out the * quor, and add to it half a Pint of good Red Port ffli"' and half a Pound of Treacle. The Price. This may be prepared for about two ShilHⁿS^s' and he who will not lay out fo fmall a Matter i°^rright good Drink for his Horfe, ought to trudg^eFoot: But I have one Thing to fay for't j It is ⁿ" fo dear as Mr. Gibforis* Clyfter for the Lax or Sco^ ing, Pag. 137, where he orders three Ounces of^u , of Rue at a Time, which will coil thirty Shilling⁵* unlefs the Apothecaries can make you believe tn common Oil, in which Rue has been infufed, ^1Sgood as the Chymical Oil, tho' there's no Comp³rifon between them. ,_s

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		IMPROVED. 215 As to Medicines which abforb Acids, they are The Vir- ^a'^! the Tejiacea or Shelly Powders, fuch as Coral,�^es,^offW, Crabs-Eyes, Burnt Hartshorn, Oyfter-Shells, p^ffcrsT* ^ln Powder, or the like. And if you ask for any of ^l"^e firft Sort, 'tis ten to one the Apothecaries will ⁰ⁿly let you have of the laft; which really is no �^reat Cheat, fince it is every Whit as good as any °* them, though it may be afforded for a Penny an Ounce in very fine Powder; and it ihould be finely Povvder'd, or like the reft of the Tejiacea 'tis not of "ear fo much Service. There is a very fine white Oyfter-Shell gather'd upon the Sea-Shores, which the London Druggifts ^Vend to their young Cuftomers in the Country for * Groat or Sixpence a Pound: But if you throw a "arcel of large or any Oyfter-Shells upon Walls or ^ut-houfes, to blanch or whiten with the Weather, pun, �s'c. the Powder of them will be as good as ^any ; but it muft be fo prepared by grinding upon ^a Marble with Water, that you cannot feel it gritty ^ln the Teeth; for unlefs thefe Powders are thus ma- gged, as I faid before, they are not of much Se'r- ^vice. Molten Greafe is only a fat or oily Scouring, and Molten ^arifes from a Colliquation or Melting of the Fat of Greafe. ^e Body. In all Kinds of Loofenefles or Scourings, the "orfe's Drink fhould be fparing and moderate ; for " he be allow'd to take too much Liquid, it will father encourage than abate the Flux or Scouring ; 3nd i_n _aU h;_s Water let him have Gum-Arabick Qiffolved in it, according to the Directions given ¹¹¹ the Gum-Arabick Water for the wet Gripes or ^-holick, when there happens a Purging along with it. It is a nice Thing to judge rightly when to flop ^a Loofenefs and when to encourage it: Therefore, ¹¹¹ the firft Place, if the Horfe's Appetite be good, ^and that he has pretty well of Flelh upon his Back, uo not immediately go about to flop his Scouring ; '^or it may be, and very often is, the Out-let by which Many Nature Diftempers

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		216 The Art of Farriery carried off Nature is working off fome latent Enemy, which » Loof--^tiCal ^reta'ⁿ'd ^m ^tne Blood a while longer, would bring of meffes. dangerous Diftempers, as Fevers, &c. Therefor?) I fay, do not immediately ftop the Scouring, (if the Horfe take Food fufficient to withftand it,) but ra- ther give him warm white-Water with Gum Ar&' hick for a while, to try how Matters go. Yet i» his Scouring continue too long, and that he purg^eoff the very Mucus of the Bowels, which the igno- rant Grooms and Farriers often miftake for a good Omen, when they think that the Horfe's parting with fuch Stuff muft certainly do him Service > whereas (as I have already faid) this very mucous flymy Matter is as neceflary for lining the Infide of the Bowels, and defending them from fharp irritat- ing Humours which pafs thro' them, as the Chyle is to fupply Nourifhment to all Parts of the Body: I fay, if the Lax or Scouring continues too long upon him, give him the following Drink. The at- Take Red-Ro/e Leaves, (or the drfd Buds which tnngent the Apothecaries keep,) two Ounces ; Yellow Sanders, Sco~riii2 three Ounces ; Tormentil-Root, four Ounces : Brui]^eand boil thefe in two Quarts of Water to one ; the" , ftrain, and add of choice toajled Rhcubarb in fin^ePowder, half an Ounce ; Syrrup of dried Rofes, thrl¹Ounces: Mix, and give it the Horfe in a Morning Milk-warm. We do not certainly know the Plant of which Rheubarb is the Root, tho' it is probrbly a Species . of Lapathum or Dock, call'd by Herman, Laf^a' thum Sinenfe ; and Muntingius in his Book De <oer* Herba Bullanica, pretends to have cultivated it in Holland, yet I do not think he coald do it to any great Perfection. We have a Root in England forcething like the Turkey, or rather the Eaji-India Rheubarb, called Rhaponticum or Monk's Rheubarb ; but it is eafity diftinguifhed from the Foreign Sorts, by a flimy mucous

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		IMPROVED. 217 Mucous Tafte which it leaves in the Mouth, and be- ^ufe when it is cut it appears regularly marbled, of * ^red, white, or yellow Colour; and thefe Cd- '°Urs are difpofed in a radiated Manner. This Sort, . wit, Monke's Rheubarb is a Handing Ingredient '!* the Medicated Ales or Diet-Drinks intended for° jj^e Cure of the Jaundice, and removing Foulnefs of Jj^e Urinary Paffages; which it does by its deterfive xjality, for it does not come up to a Purge. , The Rheubarb from the Levant is now accounted An Ac- ^ft; it is of a bright yellowifh Colour, and of a �ⁿ"^nt °^fj^tmeg-Grain if 'tis good ; tho' a deal of the belt d?ts Ver- J^ces will he decay'd in every Parcel you look upon. tues. ,'here is fome comes from China,* and other Parts of -^he Eaji-Indies, but is not fo much in Efteem as this ^r°«i the Levant, being of a darker Colour, more tid j_n Smell, and is not eafily powder'd; tho ,^at from the Eaft-Indies is more purgative, efpe- 'ally in Infufion, but has not fo much of the pftringent Quality fo efficacious in Diarrhoea's or i"°ofenefTes, and Dyfenteries or Bloody-Flux; and .lat fort vvhich is accounted the fineft is very little .^Urgative, but is much preferable in all the Inten- ds of a Reftringent, and for this Reafon it is bell ¹¹ fluxes of all kinds. The Purgative Quality of Rheubarb feems moftly ^coniift in its Gummy Parts, by reafon it is drawn >!* peft with watry DifTolvents impregnated with a 'ivial Salt, as Salt of Tartar, or the like; and '^ferne Drying deftroys its Purgative Quality; ^ft6refore it is frequently ordered to be toafted on � ^rPofe to make it lefs purgative, and more aftrin- P^nt or binding ;' and nothing ftrengthens the Sto- j>.^ach and Bowels more than this Drug in the ^aids of a judicious Prefcriber : Nor do the Kid- ys lie too remote for its Influences: for it fre- jL^'y pafTes fo much that Way as to difcover it- . >n the Colour of the Urine : And upon this Ac- fy¹!¹¹¹ it is good in Obftru&ions of the Reins and 'itiary Paffages, whether from Sabulous and Gra- L velly

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		218 The Art of Farriery velly Concretions, or othervvife ; and in the Jaun- dice it almoft pafles for infallible. The Price. The Price this Drug moftly bears makes the Aftringent Purge for Scouring either a high or loi* Price ; for the reft of the Ingredients may be ha° «for about is. id. ; but Rheubarb cofts the Apothc caries (I mean the choice fort) from \s.bd. f^lfOunce to 5 j. and fometimes more. It is noW worth about three Pounds three Shillings per Pound ! but furely it has been cheaper when Mr. Gib/on of der'd three Ounces in a Drench for this Purpofe Page 137. of his Book. After the Ufe of the Aftringent Purge, let the Horfe have fome of the Cordial Ball in Red Win^eor Beer, with a Nutmeg grated into it, and about an Ounce of Venice Treacle, or Mithridate, and a little common Treacle to make it tafte better ; f°f in the Main, one fhould ftudy a Horfe's Palate a⁵well as a Man's, feeing they are often much licke' than human Bodies can be, by reafon they canno' vomit, but with fuch Difficulty as is enough to de^ ftroy the very Frame and Nature of them; tho I have heard a Farrier fay he could make a vomit any Time, and at laft I obtain'd a Difcovef/ of the Secret, which really is enough to make the A Farrier's D�-1 vomit; for 'twas a Bolus made of a Sirrev«' ^"h" f °^r ^rence ^or Human Dung, begging the Reader's Pa^r' don, which this foolifh Fellow had a Way of forcing down the poor Creature's Throat with his Hand. One would be furprized to find the old Farrier⁵prefcribe fuch out-of-the-way Medicines, (tho' the'' Mixtures deferve not the Name of Medicines ;) particularly in this Cafe. De Grey tells us, that * Flux or Scouring proceeds from eating FeatherSt Hen-Dung, &c and is not content till he has made the Horfe fwallow the Guts of a great Chi^c' ken for a Cure. But as the Recipe is not worth tranferibing, I fhall not trouble the Reader with it- However, leafi the Aftringent Purge before (^et^fa ^& dovv"

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		IMPROVED. 215 "°wn be thought too dear, I ftiall name an Aftrin- &^ent Mixture of a low Price. °-ke of RochAlum, one Ounce; Armenian Bole, The Af- l^ne O_unce and half; put thefe into a Quart of Milk,* "ⁱⁿg^entV'&en they are powder d, and fiir it o-ver the Tire ^Mlxtlire> '" it turns to a Curd; then give it the Horfe all ' once,* Arid I hope the Reader will remember the Gum f°iici Water as before prefcribed, and continue ue Xjf_e ₀f j_t f_or fome Time after the Loofenefs is jj°PP'd ; for Example, I think a Week may be fuf- ,^Clent; and if an Ounce of Burnt Hartshorn in Pow- ^er t>e mix'd with each half Pail-full of fuch medi- ated Water, it will ftill make it better, and I ^lnk no Horfe will refufe drinking it. p ' has been obferved, that both Human and Brute ■js^atures which die of the Flux, efpecially if any p'°°d be mix'd with the Stools, their Inteftines or 1 ^^ts are mortified or gangren'd at leaft three Days j ^e'°>"e their Death, and it is then that Third is no ,,^I1�^er troublefome, and that the extreme Parts, as ^Limbs, &e.* grow cold and ftirF. Mr. Gibfen thinks the Bloody-Flux a Diftemper j ^hich Horfes are not fubjeft, and with him Sol- tl > but other Authors tell us they have feen o ⁿy airlifted with it; and as it is a Profufion or ^,P.^erabundance of Pancreatic and Bilious Juices, r, }p being difcharged from the Sweet-bread and , ^a'^J-bladder into the Inteftines, caufe an Irritation, >s t\> ^^rCat ^In^^ux °^ Blood thither ; I fay, as this j> "e Cafe of a Bloody-Flux, I fee no Reafon why ^0r'^es as well as Men may not be afflifted with it. q ^a^ly» when there is Blood difcharged by the Dyfentery ] jf ^s' give the following Powder in warm Claret, or Bloody- � �?U love your Horfe, and would not lofe a Bog for ^F1«^x- ' ^nalf-penny worth of Tar, Take L 2

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The Art of Farriery

Take Powder ofOyjler-Shells, three Ounces; Con-

22-G

Another
Mixture or
Drink for a
Looienefs
or Flux.

trayer'va Root.

and Virginian Sna.

:e-Root, of e&

one Ounce ; Cinnamon, and Tcrmer.til-R.oot, of
half an Ounce ; Saffron, and Cochineal, of cr
Drachms. Powder all well, and mix for fix Pa
to be given the Horfe two every Day hi warm

Wine or Beer for three Days, keeping hin
well, and no Play before him for two Hour ;^rthe Drink; and fometimes may be added to ^ttDofe one Ounce of Diafcor'dium with, the Wine.

Mr. Gib/on mentions . Lientery or Flux whs*
the Chyle is difcharged with the Excrements, w !i'-*
Diftemper is- common in Human Bodies; and ^lSoccafioned from the Mouths of the Lafteals h.'S'i
ilopt by flimy Matter, fo that the Chyle cannot en-
ter, but is forced forward, and voided with the Ex-
crements. This Diforder in Men is fometimes call'**
the Caliac Paffion; but I cannot believe Horfes are
much fubjeel; to it, by reafon then- ife guards

them from it.

The Cure of this Sort of Flux (according to mo-
dern Practice) is by warm Aftringents only. Begi"
with the ■Aftringent Purge before fet down for a La#
or Scouring ; after which, give the following Info'
lion by a Pint at a Time every Morning while ^lElafteth.

Coeliac
Paffion de-
fcribed.

Take, Zedoary-Root, and Gentian, of each half
an Ounce ; Orange Peel, and Winter's Bark, °J
each, an Ounce ; choicejl Myrrh in Powder, half ^a"
Ounce; Floivers of Camomile, and leffer Centaury'
of each half a Handful; Mace, and Clo-ves, of ^eaC,
two Drachms: Beat all thefe grofsly together, a'¹infufe them in a Gallon of good Red Port, H

The Infti-
fion for a
thyle-
Elux.

Horfe is worth it, if not you may ufe Stong "^ef..
in its ftead, tho' the firft is much better if you W
go to the Price of it, and have Judgment enoug
not to be impofed upon by the Vintners.

Whefl

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		IMPROVED. 221 When you ufe it, which may be after two Days ?'o Infufion, you mould add to every Dofe you «�^Ve the Horfe about two Ounces of Syrrup of drfd frAt, and give it Milk-warm ; but leaft the Apo- ■/"-Varies impofe fome other Syrrup upon you in the W of the Syrrup of dry'd Rofes, I (hall fet down _v Recipe for an excellent Reftringent Syrrup, which ,^tlf Pity but all Apothecaries and Farriers mould � aie Oak Bark, one Pound; Pomegranate Shells, An Excel- l°?t^s ofTormentil, and Biftort, of each tnxo Ounces ;* lent Re- °^d them in a Gallon of Spring - Water to three ftringtnt or .°^u»ds, or three Pints; ftrain the Liquor, and let j?"^ httle 'tillfine ; which pour off as clear as may be. ' ⁰ the Liquor add Juice of Sloes, and Barberries, of , ' o- Pint; which boil and evaporate to one Pint; C/j ^addfine Sugar, tnvo Pounds, and boil to the Con- ^JV<nce of _a Syrrup. � fflis makes a Syrrup fo reftringent and binding ' ^:^ rrisy be trufted to in Fluxes, even by itfelf, th ^ere ^ Things are wanted, and fo ftrengthens jr Stom; ch and braces the Fibres, that it will in ^Jnuin Bodies (efpecially in Children) cure Agues th _T^nt:eirn; ⁿg Fevers; however, a great deal of tri j . ^ts~Ba '■ nay be fpared, was this Syrrup con- Ba I ^int0 ^a'¹ Forms convenient for it, or the ^k made up into Bolils's with it. fro ^ly' ^T ^mal1 ^c!°^;s ^lhi? ^chapter ^with ^a Clyfter ^Mr. Gibfon* as'order'd in a Bloody-Flux; tho' _a r,^^uthor very ingenuoufly confefle; he never faw forn °^r^^C ^^eize^ ^wlt^ ^mch ^a Difterape , yet believes q ^e m^y have it, as it is not inconiiftcnt with the �^on°my of that Animal. _3s ^Oyfter is this, and I think as well contrived f_Uc�°�^b]e where the Cafe is within the Reach of a qi ^'ⁿg⁵; and if it don't operate when given as ai.,J ,^r' I fee no Harm can accrue from its being ^6lVe» by _th_e Mouth. L 3 " Take

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			222 The Art ef Farriery Ml.Gilfm's " Take, a �>uart of Forge-Water, [the older ft¹Rtftrin- « _dmi_t _the better;) boil in it four Ounces of Oak' fhr^C vi'he " ^Bark' ^tnvo °"^ncl:s °f Tormentil-Root ; BalaV Bloody- " fines or Pomegranate Flcnvers, and Red Rofe Bd" Flux. " dry'd, of each a Handful; and to the firahi'd' D'* " cod ion add three Ounces of Diafcordium, on¹" Ounce ofMithridate, and half a Drachm ofOpiut"' Inject it warm with a long Pipe, C3V. but if it b* given by the Mouth, which I think is the mo^eeffectual Method in fuch Cafes, feeing (as I faid be fore) the Caufe may lie more remote within the Ifl' teftines or Guts than the Clyfter can be injecTleo with the longeft Pipe of the Kind : Therefore, fay, when it is defign'd for inward Ufe by the Mouth' you muft only put in half the Quantity of the Diaj' cordium, Mithridate, and Opium, and then it wi'¹be an efficacious and fafe Medicine to flop Purging⁸of any Kind. I fhall now proceed to give an Account of thojf trcublefeme Reptiles to which both Man and Hon^eare fo fubjeft, that inilead of devouring us when *'^eare dead, I am furprized they do it not while W⁶are living, to wit, Worms of all Kinds.

		CHAP. XXVI. Of Worms, Bots, and Truncheons. Of Worms. T T O R S E S are exceedingly fubjea to Worm* S~1[ Bots, and Truncheons. By Worms the Fs^r' riers underftand thofe which are bred in the Maw Stomach ; but there is great Reafon to believe th» no Worms are bred there, though many are ot different Opinion. For, as Mr. Gibfon obferves, is as hard for a Moufe to live and fubfift under Milftone while it is grinding Corn, as for Worrfl^ to live and fubfift in the Stomach of any Animal, con' fdering the Mufcular Action of this fo fenfible Part of the Body, which according to the beft &

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IMPROVED. 223 °unts we have of the Faculty of DigefUon, would ^rtainly grind them to Pieces very foon. There- J"^e when Worms are caft up by the Mouth and °ftril_s of Human Bodies, it may be fuppofed they j^d not abide the Heat and triturating Quality of ^e Stomach, fo that they quit that Habitation, ⁿd make the beft of their way either upwards or °nwards. And I cannot fay I ever took Notice . Worms vomited up, which were lively, bur, 'trier dead or very near it. Yet they are often in »e Duodenum* or firft of the fmall Guts next the ^omach, for as foon as the Creature dies they rife ip thither ; where being found upon opening the !^^arcafs, it is erroneoufly concluded that they were ^bred there. Bots are a kind of fmall fhort and thick Worms, Bots ^'th great Heads, and fmall Tails; they are moftly '"� the Reflum or Gut next the Fundament j as the 'ftall white Worms in Human Bodies, which we "t'l Afcarides, from M%ka, mo-veo, to move, fo ^tfcrmed from their continual troublefome Motion ^Cj>ufing intolerable Itching. ,. Truncheons are fhort thick Worms of a pretty Trunche- ^blgnef_s, and have black and hard Heads. ^Qns' " Monfieur Solleyfeli takes Notice of a fourth A "«*
		Sort of Worms which refemble Wood-lice, only ^Sor
				t or


	₍ they have fewer Feet, are of a deep reddifh ₍ Colour, velveted on the Back like a Bat, and _f made up of feveral Folds: and thefe are the ₍ Worms he believes are bred in the Stomach, ₍ and abiding there deftroy all the Nourifhment; _f fo that a Horfe, if he be never fo great a Feeder, cannot thrive whilft they are in his Maw.," And "^ls Author farther obferves, " that this kind of >> Worms is oftentimes the Occafion of a Horfe's >> Death, by eating Holes through his Stomach ; and tells us, that he has feen Thoufands of them " ^i:' the Stomachs of Dead Horfes." L 4. Now		Worm?.

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		224 �be Art of Farriery Now, this Account feems to contradict and thwart what I have before advanced; but if the Reader will only confider that, as the Duodenum °^rfirft of the fmall Guts is fo near the Stomach, f° foon as the Creature dies, and the Motion of that Part ceafes, the Worms mount up thither, whe^rethere is Plenty of Feeding, though before this, that Habitation was too hot for them : And indeed it 1⁵my Opinion, that when any Creature is near dying> and that the Power of the Stomach is nearly de- ftroy'd, thefe voracious Reptiles make their Way, to and abide in the Stomach ; for I myfelf have ieen a young Horfe's Stomach eaten quite through with Worms, though opened only the Day after he died. All Am- j_t i_s _ag_reed by all, and a received Axiom, that produced all Animals are produced from Eggs, as allPlants are from Errs, from Seeds; and thefe Ova or Eggs being fwallowed with the Food, and meeting with a proper Nidus in the Inteftines or Guts of Animals, they are there hatched or brought to Life. And }'oung Horfes are like young Children, more fubjeft to Worms than full aged, or fuch as are come to their Prime ; by reafon, in the latter, the digeftive Faculty is t° ftrong that the very Ova themfelves are, as it were* parboiled and deftroyed ; whereas in the firft, this Faculty is fo cold and weak, as juft to produce a proper Warmth to fwell the Eggs as they pa'^sthrough the Stomach. Therefore when they g^etinto the Guts along with the Recrements of the Food, they are fooner brought to Life ; but whe- ther they are bred in the Stomach, or Guts, it mat- ters not, provided we know of a fafe and effeft^uaJVermifuge, which will deftroy them without doing hurt to the Animal whofe Guts they are lodged i»* and of this I am pretty confident, to wit, that 1 the following Methods and Medicines be ufe"d, ^tney. cannot fail of deftroying all the Species or Breed o Worms. _Thc

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		IMPROVED. 225 The Signs are all thofe which appearin a Colick; The Signs, and ,he only Pathognomontick or infeparable Symp- tom of the Worms whereby to know it from the Colick, is the Horfe's rubbing his Tail often, as ^Jf he had an itching Ilumour upon him, though at the fame Time he has not any. Firil, give the Horfe for three Mornings fuc- The Cure, ceffively t<wo Quarts of warm Ale-Wort; and the ^Ale-Wort fourth Morning let him have the following Purging g_A\^' French. Worms, and why. Take of Aloes, one Ounce ; Diapente, one Ounce A Purge and half; Cream, ar Cryftals of Tartar, one Ounce ; to kill Calomel prepared, two Drachms ; mix, and with Worms. Syrrup of Buckthorn, make it into a Ball, which 'nay he "wrought up to a Confidence 'with Powder of Liquorice. T'he warm Wort is fo pleafant and grateful to the Worms, that they readily fvvill themfelves with it even fo full, that they will fometimes come away with the Excrements or Dung without any other ■Remedy : But when the Purge comes upon them fuH bellied, they cannot keep their Holds amongft the Folds of the Guts, but are fwept away, as Trouts, &c. with a Land-Flood. After two of thefe Purges, and the Method pre- foibed, let the Horfe reft a while from Medicines; the Purges may-be given about a Week afunder: For Horfes cannot bear Purging twice in a Week without imminent Danger of Life, or elfe deftroying. their Conftitution. In a Week's Time after the Purges, give the "orfe JEthiops Mineral, in Manner following. Take about a Bound of my Cordial Ball, (before it The Ball to °f too dry;) four Ounces of JEthiops Mineral; two kill Ounces of Coralline, and as much Syrrup of Saffron Worms. " toil/ make the Ball of a due Confiflence, which ^may be about two Ounces. Beat all well together, ^ give the Horfe about the Bignefs of a large Pid- L 5 geon's

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			The Art of Farriery geon's Egg, every Morning and Evening before his Exercife, for a Fortnight. Coralline, or the Mufcus Mar bins of Diafcor ides, grows, fomethinglike theMofs ofTrees, upon Rocks, Shells, and on Coral; the laft Sort is accounted beft, and may be known from the ftrong Marine Smell with which it it endowed, more than the other two Kinds : It is fold at moft Apothecaries Shops, and is a very cheap thing ; but for its Virtue in deftroy- ing Worms, it is not, though taken alone, infe- riour to many of the Shop-Compofitions. I advife that Worm-Medicines be continued for a confiderable Time, at leaft three Weeks or a Month j for if this be not done, the fmaller Sort will not be deftroyed, by reafon they fo cover them- felves in the Folds of the Guts, that the Medicine paftes over them; for SelfPrtfervation is inherent in every Creature, even from the higheft Potentate to the vileft Reptile. Therefore, I fay, let the Horfe have of the JEthiops Mineral, &c. for at leaft three Weeks, and then it is almoft impoffible but the Worms muft take in fome of it; but if it be given for a few Days only, thev will rather fail than fuck up any of the Juices mixed with it. Mr. Gihfon frequently prefcribes half an Ounce of Mercurius Dulcis ; two Drachms of Diafcordium, &c. with Aloes, for a Purge to kill Worms : But although I am very fenfible that Mercurius Dulcis is an excellent Vermifuge, yet the Quantity here taken Notice of I think an Over-Dofe, efpecially if two Drachms of Diagridrum be given along with it. Therefore the Quantity is the only Objection, and is much liker to deftroy both the Worms and Korfe, rather than fix upon .the former and fpare the latter. If you give Mercurius Dulcis, (which no doubt is a fafe Medicine enough in good hand?,) let it be in very fine Powder, and about two Drachms of it mixed with an Ounce of the Cordial Ball, and given the
		226

	An Ac- count of Coralline.

Worm- Medicines jhonld be Continued for fome time, and ■why.

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		IMPROVED. 227 he Horfe in a Horn of warm Ale the Night before y°u defign to purge him with the Purge for Worms before mentioned ; and this is much the beft Way, becaufe the Mercury will be doing Bufinefs all y ight, and mixing itfelf with the Juices of the Guts, '° that many of the Worms will be either killed, °^r fo difabled before the Purge operates, that they JJ'ill not have Strength to withftand the Wafli of it, "Ut will float along with the Excrements, and be ^eje&ed in great Numbers. I have not feen any ill Effefts of giving Mercu- ^r'us Dulcis of itfelf, though fo long before the -^/o^Purge as twelve Hours ; yet I muft confefs ^tr>at a Horfe, from the pendent Situation of his Head, may fooner be put into a Salivation than A Horfe Man : But it is the Quantity rightly judged and Iboner Sali- ^adapted to the Horfe's Strength which is the Thing; ^vates ^tha� ^f°r though half an Ounce given by itlelf may put a %^ⁿ' Horfe into a Salivation, yet mail not two Drachms "e able to effeft it; and thus Purgative Medicines ^are managed fo, that they may become Alteratives; ^hich Term I have explained in fome former Pages. Although a Horfe happens to Salivate by the Ufe of Mercurius Dulcis of itfelf, yet is there no Danger ; for, one or two Purges will take off the ■Running at his Mouth without Hazard ; and if his v»ums be fore and Teeth loofe, they will mend of nemfelves by giving him foft Food, �SV. without ^tre Help of any Thing farther than Purging him ^ due Incervals as aforefaid. And this I know by Experience ; for I had a Horfe that was very hard ^to P^urge, being the fame that, in my Notes upon "Urdon, I mention to have taken tiuo Ounces of ■woes, half an Ounce of Diagridium, tixo Ounces of ^ream of Tartar, and forty Drops of Oil of Juniper, tvith Syrrup of Buckthorn, and with the Addition of ^a Drachm of Mercurius Dulcis: Which Dofe in reality is full much for two Horfes, I mean becaufe 0' the Diagridium. But before I order'd the Horfe L 6 fuch

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		228 The Art of Farriery fuch a Purge, I was well acquainted with his G"¹" ftitution, and what he could bear without Damage : For, in all Creatures, there is a peculiar Tempera- ment or Difpofition in fome, which is not common to others, though of the fame Species; and this i^sIdiofyncra- ^wnat ^we ^term the Idiofyncrafy of Bodies, a Thing fy of Bo- very neceffary to be itudied by all thofe who take dies, what, upon them to prefcribe Medicines, whether for Men or Brutes. And this is fo felf-evident that I need not infill farther upon it: For if a Phyfician (only of tolerable Skill and Judgment) has been employed in a Fami'y for any confiderable Time, he can ea- fily tell the Danger any one of them is in, even from a bare Account of the Symptoms brought him by a Servant; and I am fure that this Prognoftick in fuch Cafe (hall oftener hit, than even when he himfelf fhall vifit a Stranger, whofe Conftitution, or rather peculiar Temperament or Difpofition, he was before wholly unacquainted with. Now to return. As I have prefcribed jEthiops Mineral feveral times in this Chapter, it may not be amifs to fet down the Manner of making it, which is done in the bed and quicker! Method as follows. ffithiops Take of Crude Mercury or 2>uickfilver, and Flour Mineral, of.Brimflont_t of each equal Parts ; melt the Brim- V>are it ac- ft^one fl°^w'y ^ln ^an Iron-Ladle, and fiir in the Quick- coidingto lilver for fome time till you fuppae it well incor- Art. porated with the Sulphur ; then take it off the Fire, and keep ftirring while it is any thing like hot, or till it grows fo cold that the Quickfil'ver cannot precipitate or fink to the Bottom of the Pan ; when this is done, and that the Mafs is cold, half the Rubbing will ferve it afterwards, which ought to be performed in an Iron or Marble, not in a Brafs-Mortar. The common Way of preparing JEtbiops Mine- ral is by triturating or grinding it in a Mortar for fome Time, without melting it before-hand, as I have faid j but unlefs the Perfon continues to rub the

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		IMPROVED. 22 'he Mixture for five or fix Hours together, the Mafs will not be fumciently mixed, but the Quick- filver will remain in larger Globules than it mould be ; whereas the Bufmefs is to divide the Mercurial Globules as much as may be, and then they will do moft Service. J could fay a great deal in Praife of Quickfilver�, Encomi- which is fo admirably form'd by Nature, that it qJ^Si" will intimately mix with moft Metals, Antimony, _Ver. Iron, and Copper excepted; and is itfelf the heavieft of all Metals excepting Gold, which is to �>uickfilver as four to three. Many are the Preparations from this Prodigy in Nature, if I may be allowed the Expreffion : For it has eluded all the Skill of the moft able Chymifts in all Ages, who frankly con- fefs their Inability to fix it; and from any of its Preparations you may again reduce it into its priftine State of Fluidity by the Force of Fire; and what was juft now a fafe, harmlefs, and efficacious Medi- cine, is in an Inftant turned to the ranked of Poi- fons, and all this from only altering its Form and Fluidity. And whofoever confiders this thoroughly muft allow that the Operation of Medicine is truly Mechanical; and though our finite Capacities are not able to difcover with any Certainty the true Caufes of the Diftempers; yet fo far as we can trace the Operation of Medicine, it appears demonftra- tively Mechanical: And he who at Random launches into the Pra&ke of Phyfick without being firft thoroughly acquainted with the Properties of Body, muft make ftrange Havock with Mankind; neither can he himfelf have the real Satisfaction which is enjoy'd by the thinking Part of our Species. As I have run into a Digreffion upon the Subjeft of Shiickfih'er, I cannot help taking Notice in this Place of Antimony, which is of fuch commorPUfe, efpecially among Farriers, that they make nothing of giving an Ounce or two a Day for fome Time together. Antimony

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		The Art of Farriery of Antimony is a heavy, folid, metallic, brittle Sub- " ftance, of a Lead Colour, with long finning Streaks, '" fufible or made fluid by Fire, but not duftile or malleable. It is found in Italy,* and feveral of the Provinces in France, as Au-vergne, Poiclou, Britany, and others. Among the Ancients, Antimony was ufed to dye the Supercilia, or Eye-Brows, &ff. black ; and ac- cordingly we read in Scripture, that the wicked Queen jexebel, in order to charm the King her Husband, painted her Eyes (by which I fuppofe is only meant the Eye-Brows) with Antimony; and the Women who ufed that Practice are alfo reproved by the Prophets. And from thence it was that this Mineral got the Name of yvvcuKtiov. But altho' Quickfilver was by the Ancients rank'd among Poi- fons, (I mean by thofe who mention it, for the Name of it is not found in the Writings of Hippo- crates, whence it is probable that it was not in Ufe in his Time ;) yet Antimony, its Preparations and Virtues are often fet forth by Galen, Hippocrates, and Diafcorides, and others of more modern Date. And about the twelfth Century, a German Bene- diftine Monk, -ji%. Bajilius Valentinus published a Book under the Title of Currus Triumphalis Anti- monii, wherein he extols the Vertues of that Mi- neral, and its Preparations, in the Cure of an infi- nite Number of Difeafes. And in the Century following, Paracelfus made the Fame of Antimony become fti'l more univerfal. However, Phyficians, for fome Time afterwards, with great Warmth and Virulence difputed concerning the beneficial and de- leterious or pofonous Qualities of this Mineral ; but at prefent all agree, that the Preparations from it are very powerful and fafe, (provided they are in good Hands;) and acknowledge two Vertues in it which depend upon its different Preparations, one operating either by Vomit or Stool, the other by Sweat; for, in Fad, all Medicines prepared from Antimony

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		IMPROVED. 231 dntimony do either purge upwards or downwards, ^0r are Diaphoretic!? and Sudorifick. Wards Pill and Drop are moft certainly Prepara- WanCs Vill tions from Antimony; and I could eafily tell the ^and ^DroP deader of a Pill and Drop, of like Operation with {^sTom thofe Quack Medicines, which may be prepared Anumony. from Antimony. But as no one Medicine can fuit ^aU Conftitutions, tho' many that are robuft and ftrong may for a while ftand the Shock of thofe vio- lent Emeticks, fcft. and find Relief for the pre- fent; I fay, for this Reafon I forbear the Mention of any Medicine as a Catholicon, rather choofing to treat of Diftempers in a Way different from the Gentlemen who ride Poft for Bread, and fluff the News-Papers with their fulfome Nonfenfe. I fhall clofe my Remarks upon this valuable Mi- neral in Phyfick, with taking Notice, that in a Manner all the different Preparations from Antimo- ny, how fevere foever they are alone, may be fo managed in a skilful Hand, as to operate little, or perhaps not at all in the Prima? Vice or firft Paffages, which are reckon'd the Stomach, Inteflittes, and their Appendages; nor will their Operation be per- ceived until they arrive at the fmalleft Paffages. And it is then thofe mighty Things are to be effec- ted which cure the Gout, Pox, Evil, &c. in Men, which are too much the Opprobium Medicorum; as alfo the Farcin, &c. in Horfes. And it is cer- tainly the want of this Knack of converting the moil efficacious Catharticks into Alteratives, that makes the common Praftice in chronic Cafes fo little to the Purpofe. And no doubt but at this Time there are, in the Hands of fome Empiricks, Medicines upon this Bffis which are too much a Shame to Learning and Education. But how can it be otherwife, when Praftice is calculated rather for the Eafe and Difpatch of a great deal of Bufi- nefs, than to cure Patients ; whereby Cafes of Dif- ficulty are not worth the Care of any but Quacks, and fuch as venture at Random. I now beg the Reader's

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		232 The Art of Farriery Reader's Pardon for this Digreflion, and I hope h^ff' will the more eafily grant it, by reafoh that Qui¹' filler and Antimony* have fo large a Share in Medi- cine, and may be managed and contrived fo as to an- fwer very different Purpofes. Now to return to the Worms in Horfes. I believe I need not name any more different Forms of Medicines for the Worms, feeing what I have faid before is abundantly fufRcient, if the Own- er of the Horfe have but Patience enough to con- tinue the Ufe of the Prefcriptions for a confiderable Time, by reafon the Guts of a Horfe are no lefs than thirty five Yards long from the Stomach to the Fundament. Sublimate Some Farriers ufe Black-Soap, Alum, Burnt Vitri- Mercury ₀l, and the like, to kill Worms; nay, they even and Prtci- venture to give Sublimate Mercury, and Precipitates dangerous which is moft certainly an erroneous Practice, efpe- Effedis, if cially the two hi ft Preparations which are exceeding given in- dangerous. For Sublimate Mercury is a moft deadly warJIy. Poifon ; and altho' the Quantity may be fo propor- tion d that its Effects fhall not immediately be felt; yet the poor Horfe's Conftitution and Habit of Bo- dy muft be very much weaken'd end impair'd by it. And as to Precipitate, tho' it is femetimes in obfti- nate Cafes (when deflagrate;! with Spirit of Wine,) given inwardiy, yet I advifr every one to be cauti- ous in the Ufe of fuch Thi] p. Now altho' the ^mous Worm-Do&or, Mr. John Moor (wiio pretended to a Secret againft Worms} tho* as long as the May-Pole formerly in the Strand) were yet in being. I am confident ^fhat Mercuries Dulcis, and the yEtfa'ops, are as good Medicines to deftroy thofe trotibleforr.e Creatures as any Compo- fition he was able to find out. And as this Gentle- mar, happen'd to die juft at the Time I am treating of Worms', for which his Pefih and Mortar in Ab- church- Lane made fo mudrNoifej I fhall conclude with a Prediction of the juftly celebrated Mr. Pope, relating

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IMPROVED.

'233

plating to this fo immortal Man, which is, or will
"i a very ftiort Time, be fulfilled.

Of Learned Friend, of Abchurch-Lane,

Who fiets our Intraih free ;
Vain is thy Skill, thy Po-iuder <vain,.

Since Worms <will eat even Thee.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of Pain in the Bowels from fudden Accidents.

BY Pain in the Bowels from fudden Accidents
_) I would be underllood to mean thofe Difor-
ders which are occafion'd thro' the Careleffrtefs of
the Owner, Hoftler or Groom, who give them
cold Water while they are hot, nay, perhaps, ride
'hem into it up to the Mid-fide to wafti them, ra- Wafliing �
wer than be at the Pains to heat a little to clean Horfe's
we Legs from Dirt, &c. and in about an Hour's ^Le8^s ^v^_^thTime afterw- rds to rub them dry, which certainly ^/"be^er

the bell Way to manage a Horfe after a hard than cold,

13;

this

Uay'_s Work. And it is by the Omiffion of

**ft Piece of Advice, that many of thofe ferviceable
*?<>' dumb Creatures turn Broken-winded, Phthi-
Jicky or Confumptive, or eife are greafed intolera-
'y_- But as the Brain, Lungs, and Guts, are from
^ileir Situation and Make moft fufceptible of Im-
Pfeffions; I fay, for this Reafon thefe Parts are
�Jtoftly the Scene of Aftion when the Pores are fud-
^tiet»ly ftopp'd by Cold, cifV.

. It would be thought an incredible Story to fome, Infenfible
^l* I ihould tell them, that infenfible Perfpiration or Pei'fpirati-
we Matter which we lofe by a kind of infenfible ^on>Seating has been proved beyond Contradi&ion to
^eed all the other Evacuations by Stool, Urine,
^v pitting, &_c. put together ; and that in Italy, as
"nBorius very accurately obferved, this infenfible
^erfpiration is fo great, that in fifty one Days a

Mart

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		234 The Art of Farriery Man lofes that Way, <viz. thro' the Pores of the Skin, even the Weight of himfelf. And I am fore that a Horfe mull lofe more in Proportion to hi^sBulk by infenfible Perfpiration than Man, by rea- fon that the other common Evacuations are not eJJ* joy'd by him in fo great a Degree as in us; parti' cularly the Evacuation by the Mouth is much lef"⁵in a Horfe than a Man ; And if Nature be over' burthen'd, this Creature cannot difcharge himfc'* by Vomit; therefore is he furnim'd with a Hi^^eexceeding porous in order for a Difcharge of an/ peccant or offending Matter which might difturb the Vital Flame. And that this is the Cafe is plais from the Ufes fuch Leather is put to ; for it is not of fo firm a Contexture as to ferve for Shoe-Sole^s> or the like. The Subjeft of Infenfible Perfpiration is moil cer- tainly of the utmoft Concern, and ought thorough!/ to be underftood both by Phyficians and Farriers» and they ought not only to acquaint themfelv^�Swith the Nature of this Evacuation, but likew»^ethoroughly to know by what Means it is to be pro' moted or lefTen'd, according to the feveral Exigence* of the Creature they have to deal with, either W* the Prefervation or Recovery of Health. Infenfible Perfpiration is either made by the Porej of the Body, which is all over perfpirable, a»<j \ cover'd with a Skin like a Net; or it is perform^d by Refpiration thro' the Mouth, which laft in ^aMan in Health amounts to about half a Pound Jⁿthe Space of twelve Hours, as has been made to appear by breathing upon a Glafs for that Time. By the Pores we are to underftand the Excretory or difcharging Dufts or Pipes of the cutaneoij⁵ Glands or Glands of the Skin, both thofe internal. Infcnfible as of the Guts and Fifcera, and the common Co; Pertpira- verings of all the Mufcles; as well as the externa don hin- _Pores _of _the Quticula or outward Skin. And N^' wGripings ^ture ^has ^fo provided, that if by any external Cauie "' this neceffary Evacuation is hinder'd in any one Par'*

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		IMPROVED. ^l* is always increafed in another, or elfe a Diftem- P^er will enfue ; for which Reafon, when the Cold- ^efs of the external Air (which more immediately the. outer-Skin) leffens the Infenfible Per/pi- ^Tition that Way, either the fenfibie Evacuations ^8te increafed, as commonly the Urine ; or elfe \|^reater Quantities are carried off by Refpiration !^r°m the Lungs and Parts about the Mouth 3 or, ^ftly, perfpired into the Cavities of the Guts ; ^hich afterwards are difcharged by breaking Wind ^"her upwards or downwards: For, as long as the r^pulfe within remains the fame, wherever there ^ls the leaft Refinance, thither will always the great- 1 Derivation of perfpirable Matter be. And from l^nce it is that we fo frequently find (when the jjody is more than ufually expofed to external Cold,) ^ripings, and great Uneafineffes in the Bowels, ^hich proceed from nothing elfe but becaufe fome Vt of the perfpirable Matter, that ought to have P^fs'd the outer Skin, finding an opener Paffage Within is thrown off that Way. And to this Pur- P°fe it is likewife very obfervable in Dogs, whofe °Wer Skin is very little porous, <wss. in hot Seafons, ^atd upon mucrnExercife, whereby the more than ^0rdinary Motions of the Body occafion greater At- tritions or Frettings off, of their circulating Fluids, ^hich produce larger Quantities of perfpirable Mat- -^r, that thefe Creatures throw off a vaft deal from their Lungs in Refpiration and the Parts about the iyouth, infomuch that their very Breath appears ^llke thick Smoke. Letvenhoeck* pretends by the Help of his Glaffes, ^hough we have better now than ever he had, ¹ hanks to the Incomparable Sir Ifaac Newton for \|he Improvements;) I fay, this nice Difcoverer 'news the Texture of the Cuticula or outward Skin ° be Scaly, and that thofe Scales cover one another ^lr> feveral Lamina* or Plates, more or lefs according j⁰ the different Thickneffes of the Scarf-skin in the 'everal Parts of the Body ; and in the Compafs of fine

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		236 The Art of Farriery one Cuticular Scale he reckons there may be 5°° Excretory or difcharping Channels, and that ³ Grain of Sand will cover one Hundred twenty f-^ve Thoufand Orifices through which we daily perfpir^e; Warm In Human Bodies when Perfpiration is hindered Bathing by any Accident, as Cold, cifV. nothing comes up Perfiiir" ^t0 ^warm ^Batl"»iⁿg ^for promoting this fo neceffer/ tion, and Difcharge. For by it the internal Bowels are -^re- is good frigerated,- according to SanSorius's ExprefTion, and againit i_n Nephritick or Gravel-Pains, it has not its Equal' Bowel's"^the ^Therefore ^as ^Colds ^are ^fo common and frequent an^Gravel amongft us, it is Pity (efpecially for the Ufe °» in Men. large Families, who do not refide near the naturally warm Baths, or the City of London ;) I fay it J* Pity we have not more Conveniencies for Artificial Bathing, when Cafes of the utmoft Confequenca require it. The Cure What I have order'd before in the Chapter of the «f Pains in Colick, is moftly proper for Pains in the Guts from from Acri- ^fudden ^Aceidents- However, I fhall order a pro- dsnts. P^er Dnnk for the Purpofe, and then proceed to take an Account of the Yellonjos or Jaundice. Firft then, let the Horfe be taken into feme warm Place, where you can fire {orMStraw or.F,u;Z- near him, and turn him about it, fo that he become pretty warm ; when this is done, and his Stall well- bedded, let him have the following. Drink. A Drink Take Venice Treacle, or Mithridate, two Ounces i for Pain in Matthew?: Pill, ttuo Drachms ; Camfhire, fi" frcm^GAcci- ^Grains ^: ^Mix ^and diffolw them in a Quart ofWhite- dsnts. Wine, or Beer, and gi-ve it the Horfe, keeping btffl ivarm cloathedfor 48 Hours after. I own to have Copied this from Mr. Gibfe'h though I have not put in his whole Quantity °* Mithridate, or Venicle Treacle, thinking it rather too much j and if to the Drink abovefaid, be added a little of the Cordial Ball, it may be ftill better. ⁷ The

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		IMPROVED. 237 . The Drink, or as the Farriers call it, this Drench, Camphire ^s well contrived, and the Camphire makes it a very (_e^^p?<Hverful Diaphoretick or Promoter of Sweat; for * is the moft efficacious of that Kind yet known in ^ whole Materia Medica, its great Subtilty dif- "fing it through the very Subftance of the Parts, ?⁸ foon almoft as the Warmth of the Stomach fets «, in Motion : But its greatefr. Heat requires plenti- 5 diluting with fmall Liquors. Therefore, let ^^e Horfe have warm white Water offer'd him now ^ then, that Sweating may be encouraged. >. The Drops which make fo much Noife now-a- Bateman's * ^a_ys, by the Title of Bateman's PeBoral Drop, ^"J?^ ^e nothing but a Compofition of Spirit of Wine,* _are com- Jum,* and Camphire. And from hence it is, pounded of. .J.^ey cafe Pains and promote Sweat. But nothing ) the Kind fhould be ufed without good Advice; .^e'ⁿg that thofe Things which are the moft effica- 'Ous Medicines, in fome Cafes may, in the Hands the ignorant and vulgar, turn to a very bad Ac- ■ ., If the Horfe be bound in his Body, let him have A Clyfler. ^e Emollient Clyfler prefcribed for the Colick, and I ^fe him to retain it as long as poffible, by hold- § his Tail down to his Fandament. j, Mr. Gihfin orders a Horfe that has Pain in his Mr. Gilfon j.?tyels, occafioned by fudden Accidents as afore- advifes to _rH to be buried in a Dunghil all but the Head, {^"V- �Ot.L . �, . � c ■ 1 Horfe in a (i, "iat no one Thing requires sweating more than Dunghill (j !^s> and that it may be fufpefted, the Horfe from when r ^king cold Water while he was hot, may prove pain'd in _t^^Utlder'd in his Cheft. And this Author imagines ^the ^wels, j_p^e pafe is fo, becaufe the Horfe works and heaves &»H ?^^an^^s ^a^ °^ ^a Sudden, after fuch Accidents ^Mifmanagement. ^ Now I take this Heaving of the Flanks to pro- fo r ^^rom ^h'^s '^nward Heat; for when the Pores are p_e .j^denly clofed up by the cold Water, and the ^'PJrable Matter hinder'd from flying off that way, ^r-^v great Changes muft of Confequence happen in the

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			238 The Art* of* Farriery the Blood, by the Mixture of fuch heterogene P^ar' tides, which raife a Fever with great Sicknefs 3ⁿFainting; and when any Creature is fick or fai^flt' ifh, they breathe fhorter and thicker, which as * apprehend is the Reafon of the Heaving, and n° any thing that ftrikes to the Horfe's Heart, (as th^evulgarly received Opinion goes) which caufes Fob"'¹dering in the Cheft. As to Burying in a Dunghill, according to M^r' Gibfon's Method, I cannot think it will have an/ better Effeft than what I before advifed, to Wt» making a Fire of Straw or Furz in fome Place, '° that you may turn the Horfe round about near >/, and with Cloaths put him in a Sweat as much as " he was buried in a Dunghill.

		CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Yellows or Jaundice. TH E Jaundice or Yellows is a Diftemper, ^t0which both Man and Beaft are exceedingly fubjeft; and notwithftanding this, fome Authors upon Farriery omit the Mention of it; more parti- cularly Sir William Hope, in his Compleat Farriery* never names the Yellows in Horfes, that I can find- The Signs. The Signs or Symptoms of the Yellows, are 3 Dullnefs or Sluggifhnefs of the whole Body, the Horfe feems to breathe with Difficulty, his Heart beats flower than when he is in Health; Lafih he lofes his Appetite and becomes poor, lean, and liker a Dog-Horfe than one fit for Bufinefs; an" the Infide of his Eye-Lids, and Eyes themfelves appear Yellow ; alfo Saffron-coloured Urine, C5V- The Caufe of the Yellows or Jaundice is often from a Stone in the Gall-Bladder, or rather the Duilus Communis Choledocbus or common Gall' Pipe, or elfe in the Duilus Cyfticus or Torus Bila~ rius; which two laft when they unite, form the common

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IMPROVED. 239

plimon Gall-Pipe, that empties out the Bile or
~^aH into the lower Part of the firft of the fmall
jj^ts. So that when any of thefe are obftru&ed or

°Pped up by fabulous or gravelly Matter, or by
Jty flimy or vifcous Subftance, the Gall or Bile is
.?^rced into the Vena Cava, inftead of paffine into
*■* Guts.

The Ufe of the Bile or Gall is defign'd by Na- The Ufe
l^⁶ to blunt or Iheathe the Acids of the Chyle; of the Bile
.f^ufe they, being entangled with its Sulphurs, °r Gall m
[r^lcken it fo that it cannot be fufhciently diluted by ^Ammals-
j^e §uccus Pancreaticus or Juice from the Sweet-

&«

d, to enter the Lafteal ,or milky Veffels. And

appears not only from the Analyfis of the Bile,

/H�h yields more of a Lixivia! than of a 'volatile
inline Salt, but alfo from what ha> been found
X Experiment, to wit that of the great Quantity
., ^cid Salts among the Alfments in the Stomach,
■ ^^re never could be found any in the Chyle, after
_c ^d pafs'd the Duodenum or firft Gut: And be-
^u'^e fome Chyle is always pairing thro' the Duode-
"^%> it was neceflary that the Bile or Gall (hould be
-J^'nually poured into it by the Duclus Hefaticus,
^ ^etwife called Duftus Choledochus: And a greater
vjs^ntity of Aliments requiring a greater Quantity of
0 ^e> it is contrived by the Divine Artificer, that the
j ^ach fhould prefs the Gail-Bladder according as it
'ftended, and requires the Mixture of that Liquor.
Q, ^e<:oW/>>, the Yellows or Jaundice proceeds from
^, .'ruftions of the Hepatick or Liver - Glands,
hv '^C P^rcvent the Gall from being duly feparated
cili, ^em f^rom the Blood. And /ometimes, efpe-

f_a. ' ^» J-lUlildil XJUU1CS, titClC VJ1W1IU& <UC. 1U JI1UU-

}j °r hardened as never afterwards to be opened,
_reJ!: ^e,ude the Skill of the ableft Phyficians, and
&ef ^t^^eF°^rce of the ftrongeft Deobftruents. Nay, Hard
lj₀.,'^e₅Glands are often, in hard Drin'ers, fo par- Dr nking,
ed by the long continued ufe of '.'piritous Li- ^whai ^ic

,' ^0rs- of which we may reckon Wine and Ale S"?,VJL

"0 Ma , 1 _r . o - . 1 r Human Bo-

� Although the Legijlature at pretent rank thefe digs.

under

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		240 The Art of Farriery under another Tribe;) I fay the Glands of '^ Liver which feparate the Bile, are in thefe Cafes v> flopped, that they ftraiten the Motion of the Bl°° through that Vifcous or Bowel, and that to fuch ' Degree as forces it fo ftrongly into the Gaftric'' Arteries, (which go, or branch off from the »K patick,) that it breaks thro' into the Stomach. Ar^ from hence it is that fuch Unfortunates are fubje* to vomit Blood, in the laft Stages of their miferabl/ fpent Lives; for this Symptom is a very fatal onfr I can affure them, and fuch as does not admit of * Cure. The Cure. If the Jaundice fucceeds the Colick, as is ofte" the Cafe, then it is proper to give the followi^S Mixture. A Purge Take Turkey Rheubagfi in Powder, one Ounce Of" Jaundice. ^half' ^E"g^ Saffron in Powder, two Drachms? Aloes called Succotrine, one Ounce ; Syrrup of Buck' thorn, as much as is fufficient to make it into a Ball' which may be given the Horfe in a Morning, an» about a Pint of warm Ale upon it. You muft not expecT: that this Purge will operate much, nay perhaps not at all in fome Conftitutions > yet it will do great Service in the Jaundice, by p^r°' moting other, though infenfible Difcharges, as we'¹as carry the Diftemper off by Urine. But if RbM' barb be thought too dear or chargeable, it may b^eomitted, and more Aloes added. Yet the Medicine cannot be fo effectual by fuch Management; and> I can affure the Reader, I ftudy as much as poffible> not only fuch Drugs as are mod ferviceable in the Diforders I treat of, but likewife the Charge or each Prefcription, that it may not exceed the Bounds of Horfe-Phyfick. If the Yellows or Jaundice comes of itfelf, th^cColick not preceeding, give the Horfe the afor^e' faid Purge with Rbeubarb; after which let hm¹have the following hfufion. _ ,

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	241
		241

lake Salt of Tartar, t<wo Ounces ; Turmerick, "fee Ounces ; Saffron, and Soap of Tartar, of each 'f an Ounce ; Filings of Iron, three Ounces: Mix ^^efe in about a Gallon of Ale, and infufe for three ,^f four Days in a Stone-Bottle, or the like, giving J a Shake now and then ; and let the Horfe have a : Hvt every Morning Milk-warm while it kits, ftrain- ^g it off as you want it. v A great many are fond of the Ames of burnt ~^room, for the Cure of the Jaundice and Dropfy : �Jid we meet in the Chymical Shops, with thefe ■^nds of fixed Salts of a great many Plants, and the °tnmon Prefcriptions of Tome Gentlemen of the Fa- ulty, who pra&ife in the fpeciikk Method, take V°tice of the different Kinds: But fuch may reft fa- ''sfied that thofe dexterous and confcientious Artifi- ^ers the Chymifts, can furnifh us with a Lixivial* "It of any Plant we want, made from the Cineres ^Javellati or Pot-Afhes. And Indeed if this was ^Jle greater! of their Impositions it would be well ^eHo_Ugh ; for, let the Plant be what it will before 'tis ^teduced to Aihes, the Fire brings it to that Texture ^d Make of Parts into which it reduces any other, "j? that a Salt made out of the Lixivium of any ^mes whatever will be always the fame. And they Jyho are incredulous herein may try Experiments ten ^ft,°ufand Ways, if fo many can be invented, but J^¹" never find any fpeciikk Difference. And No fpeci- ^erefore, true Salt of Wormwood is not more effec- ^fick Diffe- ,^Ual in hopping Vomitings or Convulfive Twitch- ^z�^ _s^* !Jg^s of the Stomach, than Salt of Tartar; and of ofWorm- ^ftls I have been often convinced upon many and re- wocd and Peated Trials. Salt of Tar- The Soap of Tartar, &c. in the aforefaid Infufion,^tar* Pevate powerfully upon the Obftruftions in the r'^lver> which are the Caufe of the Jaundice, and ^^elP to carry the offending Matter off by Urine. yⁿd as the Term Diuretick is oftener ufed than un- ^eiflood, I fhall give the Reader a fuccincl: or fhort M Account

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		The Art of Farriery Account of the Operation of Diuretick Medicine^5,And firft, Under the Term Diuretick may be comprehended all thofe Medicines whofe moft remarkable Propel" ties appear in their Increafing the Difcharge b/ Urine, or which are fuppofed to have any Power iⁿremoving Obftru&ions of the urinary Glands, "f Paffages, from what Caufe foever, whether Hw mours, Gravel, or other offending Matter. And i" this View, Diureticks come under thefe following Kinds; to wit, they are either fuch as foften and lubricate the Fibres ccmpofing the urinary Glands and Canals, by which they yeiid and relax into their due Dimenfions and Capacities ; of which Kind are all Emollients already explained : Or the/ are fuch as by their attenuating and deterfive Pro- perties, rarefy and thin vifcous or flimv Humours* and adhere to, and carry them along in the Paffages '■ Or again, they muft be fuch as have a Power of >° altering the Crafis or Mixture of the Humours, as to fit thofe to pafs, which could not get through before ; and of this Kind is the Soap of Tartar men- tioned, as well as all the Tribe of Lixii'ials and fixed Salts. But, without venturing too far, from the Compafs here allotted, into the Natuie of Secre- tion, it may be proper to take Notice, that the thinner^ Separations ir.crea.fe in Proportion to the Blood's Velocity : for the Swiftnefs of its "Motion not only keeps the Parts more divided, but all⁰brings them oftcner to the fecretory Orifice ; and this every where is that which takes off the thin- ner! of the Blocd at that Part. Some of the vifcid and thicker Secretions requiring, for the fame Rea- fon, a vaft Check of the Blood's Motion before they can be performed ; that_# is< before the Blood has obtained jack a Ccnfiilence by the Slownefs of it^sMotion, that what is to be f.parated is the thickeft at that Part. If therefore Bom any Caufe the Blood does not move with its due Velocity, ^ltsParts will attract, one another, and make the whole too
	242

Diuretitk Medicines their Operation explained.

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		IMPROVED. 243 ^to° thick to part with any thing by the Kidneys, or ?* kaft fo much as it ought. And herein Nature ^s i_n _a _very wonderful Manner provided againft �}^s Inconvenience, by fo near Situation of the Sidneys to the Heart, that the Motion of the Blood l^y not be retarded when it comes to them, unlefs 't moves flower through the Heart itfelf. And in !^Uch Cafe, it muft of Confequence move flower than ¹¹ fhould do near the Kidneys. Prom what has been faid it appears, that fuch, 'hings are Diuretick or operate by Urine, which "ot only ftimulate the Blood's Motion, by their Ir- ^r,^lt;ajion of the Solids and quickening their Vibra- J}°ns; but are fo fubtile, as to keep the Blood in as 'uidaState as poffible. Therefore, Lixivia! Salts, ^af ^^oaP of Tartar, and the like, in the Infufion for "^e Yellows, are of fuch a Nature, that they hin- ^er fuch Particles of Blood from coming into Con- 2^ which would make them cohere. And on this ^^ccount it is, that in all fluggifh and vifcid Habits, JyWe the Blood tends to too much Thicknefs, ^Uch things promote the urinary Difcharges. There are fundry kinds of Diureticks* more than �"at I have mentioned, but they all aft in a Me- nanical Way ; to wit, either by adding to the "°tion of the Blood, or by encreafing its Salts, of ^ich Sort are all the Plants of the Mallows-Kind : ;rⁿd Dr. Grew, a moil: faithful Recorder of Expe- riments of this Nature, obferves more Salts to be in , ^la^ts of this kind, to wit, fuch as feem of a muci- S'tious or flimy Contexture, than in others which ,''cover it more upon the Palate. And if Nature ,^e the beft. Compounder, thofe Plants of her Pro- ^ion which have thefe Salts wrapt up in a kind ,. Mucilage, muft be the beft that can be contrived ^r carrying off fabulous or gravelly Concretions, in f'^e Kidneys of Human Bodies: For, at the fame Y^hat ^k!n'^djj*te that Salts are added to the Blood, by the Ex- "[j^w j.jbition of Decoctions of Mnrfh-Mallows, or the per in the ^e > thefe are fo invdoped ox wrapt up in a Muci- Gjavel in M 2 lage >^n-

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		244 Vb^e -drt cf Farriery lage or flimy Matter, that the Ureters are not hur' by the Gravel, as it paries along from the Kidney⁵to the Bladder. I mall only obferve one Th>ⁿ� more, and the return to the Yellows in Horfes. It has been a long Difpute, how fome Thing⁵which manifeftly pafs off by Urine, can do it in i° fhort a Time as they are often obferved ; efpeciali/ thofe of the Turpentine kind, which will very foo" difcover themfelves by their Smell (in which n° Body can be deceived) in the Water. To explai" which would take up too much room in this Place« neither does it feem greatly to our prefent Purpofe to determine fuch Difficulties. However, t^iofe who have Time and Leifure may abundantly fatisfy themfelves in thefe Points, as well as how it hap' pens that large Quantities of Liquors drunk fuddenl/ make their way through the Kidneys to the Bladder in fuch fhort Spaces of Time: I fay an Accoun' of this is given in a handfome Manner by P^rv. Quincy, in his Explanation upon the Aphorifms ^oiSanSorius. I am of Opinion, that as the Yellows in Horft⁵moftly proceed from a Diminution or Decay of the Animal Salts contained in the Blood, therefore the Addition of fuch kind of Salts mult reftore theCrea' ture to Soundnefs of Body ; and this is performed W Millefides or Wood-lice, as well as the white En^dof Goofe-dung; for (as I have faid before) this Pa^falone of the Dung contains the Animal-Salt of th^eCreature from whence it comes; the chaffy or blac" terrene Part being of no Ufe at all in Medicin^e' So that if you add to the Infufion for the Yellows a Pint of Millepides pruifed, (but they mould be frefh, for the old, commorrry kept in the Shop^s» are worth little ;) J fay if you add thefe, or a go°^dQuantity of the White of Goofe-dung, it will mak^ethe Thing ftill more effectual. The Jaundice or Yellows in Horfes is very eafav cured, provided the Vifcera be found. And the/ have this Advantage over the human Species*, ^t0 wit>

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		IMPROVED. 245 ^it, that if they have the Jaundice, it moftly pro- ceeds from a Diminution or Want of Animal-Salts, ^as I have before hinted ; and not from Schirrhous °r hard knotty Tumours of the Liver, which is Common to Men who have followed the Trade of Tippling too long, and whofe Conftitutions, in ^fuch Cafe, are almoft pail Help. I am fully perfwaded, that Caftik-Soap diffolved Caftile- n white Wine, or even in Beer, will cure moft ^SoaP good Jaundices or Yellows ; tho' this indeed is from a j_amKy_cefixed vegetable Salt* wrapt up in an oily Subftance. And I have been credibly informed, that half a frrachm of Cajlile-Soap diffolved in a Glafs of White Wine was (from fome Experiment in Bedford- HoufeJ eiteemed a great Secret for provoking Urine in the Jaundice and Dropfy in Human Bodies. Thofe, who have a Mind to try it upon a Horfe m the Yellows, may mix an Ounce in two Quarts of Beer, and give it at four Times, a Pint a Day, either warm or cold 'tis equal, and let the Horfe have Exercife : For the Jaundice caufes a fluggifh Lazinefs either in Man or Beaft ; therefore Exercife is proper to hinder the Fluids from running into preternatural Cohefions, which was the Occafion of the Diftemper. There is not any Perfon, who has treated more largely and well upon the Jaundice, and Difeafes of the Liver in human Bodies, than my quondam Pra- 'eptor, whom all Europe muft acknowledge one of the Chiefs of his Profeffion, to wit, the learned and truly worthy Herman Boerhaa<ve, Profeflbr of Phyftck at the Univerfity of Leyden. Laftly, I advife (for it will anfwer when moft ffithiops Anti-ifterick Medicines, or Medicines againft the Mineral Jaundice have fail'd,) the Ufe of jEthiots Mineral f^ood ,ⁱⁿ ^th« r fome confiderable Time. And then I am pretty fure it will do, unlefs the Obftrudlions be very pbftinate, and the Liver grown hard and horny ; in which Cafe nothing will be able to remove the DHeafc. M 3 Before

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		246 The Art of Farriery Before the JEthiops let the following Purge be adminiftred. A Purge for Take ten Drachms of Ahes, one Ounce of Cream of th^jauii- Tarter, half an Ounce of Caftile-joap, twoDrachmS of Saffron in Powder ; and ivith Syrrup ofBud thai'" make it into ttuo Balls by the Addition of a littU Powder of Liquorice. Let the Horfe have one of thefe Dofes, (I mean two Balls for a Dofe) before the JEthiops, and I think it will be fufHcient to fcour off the flimy rau- cous Matter, which may hinder the Bile or Gall from being difcharged into the Guts, and mixing with the Chyle, the Acids of which it is by Na- ture defign'd to blunt and make fmooth. The JEthiops Mineral may be given in the fol- lowing Manner, to wit, .f.thiops Take of my Cordial Ball, one Pound; of JEthiops Mineral Mineral prepared as aforefaid, three Ounces ; of Cafile-foap, two Ounces ; of living Millepedes, ont Pint; of Syrrup of Saffron, three Ounces : Mix, ana give the Horfe the Bignefs.of a fmall Egg once or twice a Day, before his moderate Exercife for threl Weeks. I know it is a Difpute with many, whether any of the Quickfilver in the JEthiops taken by the Mouth get into the Mafs of Blood ; and thefe Gen- tlemen bring for Argument, that the Force and Heat of the Stomach are not fufHcient to fublime it in order to pafs that Way. However, J am con- vinced from manifold Experiments, that ^Ethiops is an excellent Medicine in fkinny Diforders, which lye even at the outermoft Skirts of Circulation. And why it mould perform thefe Cures without any of its Particles (how minute foever) getting into the Blood; I fay, this is a Myftery not to be unfolded, unlefs we have Recourfe to a Doftrine, fomething like

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			IMPROVED. 247 '^^e that of Sir Kenelm Digby of the Virtues of his ^pathetic Powder, which he made fuch a Stir jj°^Ut> altho' it was nothing but a little calcined or ^Urnt Vitriol, which, ftrewed upon the Wound, °Pt the Flux of Blood, and Nature perform'd the C;^Ure afterwards, by Means of the Balfam of the JJ°od itfelf, which will any time do without the r^^e^ps of Ointments, where the Fluids and Solids are J) a healthful State; and this may be cbferved upon '"its, between which and human Bodies, in feve- Plants and ^ra' Refpe&s, there is a great Analogy, to wit, that Animals, j !^v'hen you wound a Tree, by cutting away fome of ^^w^ !^s Bark or Subftanee, in a few Years that Lofs will ^e repaired by Nature, without any Helping from J^ Gardener. And juft thus it fares with recent or ^^eft and green Wounds as they are called, when "¹,^e>" happen in a flemy Part of the Body ; for they k'^!'l heal fooner of themfelves, provided the Part ,^e kept at Reft, without, than with any Applica- "on whatfoever. I (hall now proceed to the Diftempers of the «�>»s* and Bladder.

		CHAP. XXIX. Of Difeafes of the Reins, and Bladder. IN E E D not defcribe the Kidneys of a Horfe, no more than any other of the Parts of this J^-reature, feeing it is fo well perform'd to my hand ^by Mr. Snape and others, Therefore I lhall content ^yfelf with giving the Reader a fhort Account of eir Ufe. And ftrfi.* The Ufe of the Kidneys is, to feparate the Urine The Ufe of Jrora the Blood, which, bv the Motion of the^the ^Kf^l" f«art and Arteries, is thruft into the cmulgent f_crii,ed, "ranches, which carry it to the little Glands, by *^vhicfi the Serofity or watry Part being feparated, ^u is received by the Orifices of the little Tubes, M 4, which

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		24S 'The Art «/ F a r r 1 e r y which go from the fmall Glands to the Pefois ^otBafon in the Middle of the Kidney, and from thenc^eit is that the Urine runs by the Ureters, as they a^rStermed, into the Bladder. The Blood, which could not enter the Glands, ^)S brought back by the emulgent Veins of the Kidneys. Urine con- The Urine, thus feparated, confifts of much Sal' fills of floating in Water; and on this Account it is, tha^� much Salt, ^ xidneys have their Situation fo near the Heart: Water ^^or had 'h^ey '^3een pl^aced at a greater Diftance frofl¹ it, other Particles muft have united with the Salt⁵ and aqueous or watery Particles, (as in the prefen' Situation fome terreftrial ones do,) and difturbed their Secretion. And this Inconvenience is hinder'd, &^s I fometime ago remarked, by the Situation of the Kidneys, which are fo near the Heart, that the Blood, tifr. moves fo quick, that fuch Particles are hinder'd from uniting, or coming within the Sphere of Attraction (as much as poffible) of the Urinous Salts. The Ure- The Ureters are two long Pipes or Canals which rersde- come from the Bafon of the Kidneys, one on each (bribed. Side. They lye between the Doublings of the Peri- toneeum, and defending in the Form of an S, they pierce the Bladder near its Neck, where they run fome Space between its Coats, and then open into its Cavity. The Cavity of the Ureters is contracted fome' times in three or four Places, more efpecially to- wards the Bladder ; and human, as well as brute Creatures, fuch as are fubjeft to the Gravel, have them very much wider than thofe who are not fub- jedt to this Diforder. Furthermore, I have ob- ferved, upon the Diffeftion of human Bodies of fuch as were exceffive Drinkers, that the Ureters have been fo dilated, as to put the End of one's little Finger into them. And therefore, f think it may truly be faid, that fuch Tipplers make their Bodies info a kind of Cullanders to percolate the Liquor between

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		IMPROVED. 249 between the Hogihead and the Pifs-pot: Of fo "ttle Ufe are they to the reft of Mankind. The Obftru&ion of the Ureters by Gravel, or ^any other foreign Matter, caufes a Suppreffion of Urine oftentimes very fatal j for it lies out of the reach of manual Operation. Therefore, when the Cafe is thus, moft or all the Evacuations are requi- site ; and firft, Bleeding, altho' the Horfe has not any Fever befides a fymptomatk one. For, from Pain his Blood muft acquire an exalted Motion ; I f^ay, for this Reafon, Bleeding fliould be performed >n the Beginning of tire Difeafe, in order to give more room for the offending Matter to pafs along the Ureters. I muft confefs I have been often perplexed to find out, how or in what Manner it is poffible for fuch large Pieces of Stone or Gravel to pafs from the �Kidneys along the Ureters to the Bladder, when I have confidered the Paflages as they are very nar- row, and, in feveral Places much more contracted than in others: But that it is really fo, is every Cay's Experience, and beft underftood by thofe, Who are fo unhappy as to fuffer under excruciating and intolerable Gravel-Pains; for thefe Unfortu- nates are truly fennble of the Progrefs which any Piece of fabulous Concretion makes from the Kid- neys along their Back and Flanks till its Arrival in the Bladder. And then for the meft part it is, that their violent Strainings to vomit ceafe, and nothing farther is to be feared, but the Tiouble of forcing the Piece of Stone through the Urethra by die Penis or Yard. But it often happens, that fuch large Stones come "y the Ureters from the Kidneys, that when they are even got into the Capacity of the Bladder, the Perfon is net able to pifs them away : Which to me 's furprizing ; feeing, as I juft now hinted, the Ureters are i'o narrow, and the Neck of the Bladder fo large. However, there is no Dcubt of it, but the beft way to get rid of thefe Stones, when they Mj are

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			The Art of Farriery are in the Bladder, is to hold the Urine as long 3^swe can with Safety, and then the Detrufores TJrintf or Mufcles which drive out the Urine will have more Power to force out the Contents of the Blad- der. But when the Stones are of the white kind ot inclinable to a greyiih Colour, we have Reafon to fear their becoming fo large that they cannot pafs the Ureters, &c. Therefore, thofe who are airlift- ed with the reddifh Gravel refembling Brick-Duft> have lefs to apprehend ; for I dare fay this laft kind feldom flicks together in fuch Quantity as to form a Stone that cannot be pifs'd off by the Penis- It is certain that the Kidneys in Human Bodies are, in Fits of the Gravel, affefted with a true In- flammation. And this the incomparable Boer- hawve tells us is fo from the burning, pungent, and great Pain ; from the fmall Quantity of Urine very red and fiery, or in the Height of the Diftemper watry; from the Numbnefs of the Leg on the pain'd Side, the Pain of the Groin and Tefticle, the Bial PaJJlon or Nervous Colick, the vomiting of Bile, and continual Belchings. All the general Caufes producing an Inflamma- tion may occafion the aforefaid Symptoms, more particularly what hinders the Straining and Paffage of the Urine in the Urinary PaiTges. And if a great Inflammation feizes thefe Veffels, they are often fo bound up, that no Urine is made ; at other Times but very little, thin, and watry ; which no Doubt is a very bad Sign. The Species and Caufes of Nephritick or Gravel- Pains are infinite, yet the Cure of all of them is much what the fame. And Firjl, General Remedies proper for the Cure of Inflam- mations take Place, viz. Bleeding, Revulfion, and Dilution; and lenient Deco'Hions, Emollient!, and fuch Things as rcfift too much Heat, fhould be given plentifully. Clyjiers, Fomentations, and Baths prepared with Emollients, are (in Human Bodies) exceeding bene- ficial j
250

	Grey or ■whitifh Gravel moll likely to breed large Stones in the Kid-' neys, ire. Bacrhaave's Opinion of theGravel. Signs of it in Human Bodies.

		The Cure.

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		IMPROVE D. 251 ficial ; but the two Firft can only be ufed to tforfes. Secondly, a moift foftening Diet or Food is very l^ceffary, {uch a%fcalded Bran, boil'dBarky, and the :ke; and if the Symptoms of Pain are very violent, ty'ates* are proper ; and in Human Bodies, when there is too much Vomiting, I know nothing an- Hver better than warm Gruel, the Wheys of feveral ^>rts, or fuch like, fweeten'd with Virgin Honey: ■^nd it has been obferved, that Honey is of fo pene- trating and healing, or rather abfterfive Quality, that it will cure even Ulcers of the Kidneys, by a ^c°ntinued Ufe of it for fome Time. , If the Diftemper cannot be difperfed, but con- AnAbfcc-tV t'nues beyond the feventh Day, an Abfcefs or Ga- in the Kid- thering in the Kidney is to be fufpe&ed : But if the ^nt'* Suppuration continues long, the whole Kidney forms ^a Bag fit for no Manner of Ufe ; and then a Tabes Renalis or a Confumption of the Kidneys commonly ,. ^enfues: But if this forms a Schirrous or hard knotty Swelling, a Palfy or Lamenefs of the Leg on the ^ifeafed Side follows, which is incurable; from whence a Confumption or Dropfy proceeds. If a fmall Quantity of inflammatory coagulated A. Stone in or curdled Matter flicks in the letter Urinary Paf- ^the ^Ki� %es, it lays a Foundation, to which the Sandy Mat- ^^4* kr which fupplies the Diftemper being added, and growing hard, forms a Stone, and fo increafes it,. Jnat it is very difficultly diffolved or brought away ty any Medicine. I have feen Dr Boerhaa"je lay a fmr.ll Stone, taken out of a Peribn's Btadder, in the Bail of his "and, which, by his pouring a Liquor upon it, "iffclved and fell into Pieces very foon. Whereupon this great Luminary in the Art of Phyfick obferved, that he was not without Hopes of, fome Time or other, meeting with a proper and fafe DifTolvent for the Store in cither the Rein? or Bladder ; but frankly cohfefs'd that the Liquor which diffolved the Stone in his Hand, altho' it did not difcolour M 6 the

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				the Art of Farriery the Skin, yet it was not fafe to give the fame iij' wardly. And I myfelf have tryed to diffolve fma'J Pieces of Gravel, by putting them into fevers' Kinds of Liquors, which fometimes anfwer'd ffrf Expectation: But then fuch Liquors that had th^egreateft Power of diffolving the Stones, were n"' fafe for inward Ufe. Only this I muft obferve* that the Juice of Onions approach'd neareft to th^eDiffolvent I was feeking after. I obferve by the Experiments of a late Author, the ingenious D¹"* Hales, that the Juice of this Vegetable is a very powerful Diffolvent of calculous Matter ; and from this Hint no doubt a great many ufe the Infufion °» Onions in White-Wine, to bring away Gravel, {sp- lodged in the Urinary Paffages ; tho' in my Thoughts, when the Matter which compofes the Stone is of the greyifh Kind, as I juft now faid, l' is very hard to be diffolved, and when grown to any Bignefs in the Bladder, it is ftill of a firmer Con- fiftence, lying in a Kind of Strata or Covering⁵like the Coats of an Onion, as I have often obferv- ed in ^xthofe I have taken from both Men and Women, which are for the moil Part of an oval Shape like the Bladder, which moulds them as they increafe in Bulk like the rolling of a Snow-Ball. I once, in cutting an old Man for the Stone, ex- tracted fix Stones out of his Bladder, which weigh'd one with another above an Ounce each ; they were fomething bigger than Pidgeon'» Eggs, fmeoth, and polifh'd by rubbing againft one another like f° many Bullets in a Bag; and whenfoever I meet with the firft Stone of a fmooth Surface, 1 arr in full Expectation of more fuch like Companions, though the Number cannot, by any Trial, be afcertain'd, 'till we have extracted all ve can lay hold of, and founded the Bladder very diligently afterwards. Horfes are not much troubled with the Gravel, by reafon their Liquor is r.iolt fimple : But, Man, I am forry to fay it, who fhould be the moil rea- fonabie Part of the Creation, is moil unreafonable in his
2 �2

		Juice of Onions a Diffolvent ofcalculous Matter. Dr. Haiti's Obftrva- tion on it.

	A particu- Jar Cafe.

			Horfisoot ibt'ubjedt to the Gra- vel as Men and why.

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		IMPROVED. 253 "'s Longings after very different Meats and Drinks, 'ho' they are fo prejudicial to his Health and Well- being. Apd there can be no other Reafon given Why Man mould be afflifted with fo many out-of- the-way Diforders unknown to Brutes, but his rio- ^tous and luxurious Living; for, rather than deny himfelf of his Bottle, and the Solace of his Bon- Companions, he will run the Hazard of his Health, ^and fill his Stomach with Crudities, and his Reins with Tartar, proper Fuel for moft Fevers, as well ^as for the two Coufin - Germans the Gravel and Gout in particular. But, leaft I write a Treatife Upon the Difeafes of Mankind, inftead of one upon Horfes, I muft return to the Text. I have faid in general, that Bleeding and moft Bleeding Evacuations are neceffary in Cafes of Gravel-Pains, P^roP^er- as they empty and give more Room for the Enemy ^{o diflodge ; therefore after Bleeding fufnciently, let 'he following Clyfter be injefted very warm. Take of Mallows, and Marfh-Mallonus, of each f- ^c'yft^erthree Handfuls ; Pellitory of the Wall, two Hand- � ^the. .. Juts; Boil the/e in jour Stuarts of (rater to three; Horles then ftrain out the Liquor Jlrongly, and add of Venice- Turpentine three Ounces, diffolved in the Yolks of three Eggs ; Oil of Juniper, and Oil of Turpentine, "f each half an Ounce ; Oil of Annifeed, t<wo Ui'achms. Incorporate the Oils tvith the Turpentine, ^�ggs, and three Ounces of Syrrup of Marfh-Mallvvos ; then mix all together far a Clyfter to be given in the ordinary Way. The Horfe's common Drink fhould be the Gum- �drabick-Water prefcribed in the Chapter upon the �ux or Loofenefs, and half an Ounce of fweet Sjirit of Nitre put into his Morning or Evening Draught for three or four Days; and if this Me- thod with moderate Exercife will not perform a Cure, the Cafe is very defperate, and the Horfe not Worth keeping. I have

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		the Art of Farriery I have known fome Horfes very fubjeft to an Ifchury or Suppreffion of Urine, from riding hard without letting them flop now and then toftalej For when the Bladder is ftretch'd beyond its natural Tone, the Detrufores Urin/e are diftended to fuch a Degree as to lofe their Power of Elafticity, and the poor Creature is very hard fet to drive his Water from him. Therefore it may be judged how necef- fary it is to fuffer a Horfe to ftop a little now and then upon the Road, to try if he'll pifs, for Fear o> fuch Accidents. When a Suppreffion of Urine happens to a Mao or Woman, we can give immediate Relief by take- ing off the Water with an Inftrument call'd a Ca- theter. And I have performed this Operation once or twice a Day for a Fortnight upon the fame Per- ron, before the Bladder has recover'd its due Tone. Three or four Times I have in my Practice (when the Sphincter Mufcle or Neck of the Bladder has been fo fwelled that it would not admit of paffing the Jnftrument,) cut into the very Body of the Blad- der above the Os Pubis, and let the Urine flow out that Way for a Month or fix Weeks, till fuch Time as the Inflammation, �jfV. about the Neck of the Bladder was quite difperfed and gone; after which the People pifs'd as well and found as ever> and fome of them are yet living; tho' it is ten Years fince I perform'd fuch Operation upon them. I mention this Operation as it is a Method never before pradtifed, nor even mention'd in any ancient or modern Author ; and really if the People I did it upon had died under my Hands, I might perhaps have been profecuted by fome malicious ill-defigning People for Male-Praftice ; but as they all recover'd, I am out of Danger ; and J would not give a Far- thing for one of our .Profeffion, who will not in defperate Q.fes, and where nothing can be expefted but Death, without fome extraordinary Methods be ufed, move out of the common P.ck Hone Ro,"d to fave a Man's Life: And I am fully perfwaded, that a great
	254 A Horfe ihould itop now and then upon the Road, and why.

The Au- thor's new Operation for Snp. predion of Urine.

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		IMPROVED. , S^reat many People die of a Suppreffion of Urine tho' (jjgy _might be cured by the aforefaid Method: ^ the Generality of Mankind are fo ignorant, . t when any Man dies for want of making Water, ^ls prefently concluded that the Gravel or Stone j[^as the Caufe; whereas they have no manner of Nation to an lfchury* or Stoppage of Urine. I J^uld eafily account for the Reafonablenefs of my Peration for this Diforder, and-fhow how im- P°flible it would be for the Patient to pifs under fuch Paralytick Indifpofition of the Bladder, as hap- f^s _at fuch Times, if my Leifure would in any ^Ird permit me fo to do : But if any of my Read- ,^fs ftlould (though I heartily wifh they never may) ■^ troubled with a SuppreiTion of Urine for feveral J7^ays, and that, after the taking their Water away y the Ufe of the Catheter,* the Bladder ftill con- ges infenfible of the Preffure of Urine with which I^ls from Time to Time fill'd : I fay, when the Safe is thus defperate, I am fure Cutting into the %dder above the Os Pubis* mult be the only Relief, ⁿd it is both fafe and fuccefsful; neither is it at- tded with Pain, no not even fo much as that of Nng let Blood : For as the Bladder is, or ought to p^e> pretty full of Water when this Operation is per- °^riri'd, the Parts are fo upon the Stretch and be- Jl^d, that there is little Feeling left. Befides this, ^^ere is not any Lofs of Blood, no not the Quantity �^f ■ two Ounces, efpecially if the Operation is per- °fm'd by a Perfon skill'd in Anatomy ; nor are the ¹ arts which minifter to Generation in the leaft hurt ^r difabled, as I have been inform'd from feveral ' rny Patients who have undergone this new Ope- ^tion. But to return. v h is fcarce worth any Body's while to keep a f^orfe which is fubjeft to Diforders of the Reins and gladder. I {hall therefore only add a Recipe* or two *^0r piffing of Bloed, after I have given a fliort Ac- ^c°unt of the Caufe; for, As

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		The Art «/Farriuy As to the Signs, every Body's Eyes will beft '"' form them, tho' they will be hard put to it to kno^ where the Grievance is fituate; for there is oft^el1bloody Urine made by too violent Exercife wit''' out any Fault of the Kidneys, or Sufpicion of t" Stone, tho' the Blood which comes away in tM Urine is frequently difcharged from one or both °' them. And fometimes Blood is difcharged from t#^eUreters, and fometimes from the Arteries of th^eYard. A Fall or Bruife, as well as a Straining °^fhard Leap, as the Huntfmen term it, will alfo oC cafion Piffing of Blood. De Grey relates a Story " of a good Gelding " with which a young Gentleman was Hunting > " that upon coming to a great Leap, and rid offhi^s" Wind, his Rider inconfiderately forced him ^t0" take it, which the Gelding did, tho' with mud¹" Difficulty, but withal fell and was not able to f rife up but with the Help of Men: And upo" " coming Home the fame Night he pifs'd Blood; " whereof he died four Days after, maugre th« " Endeavours of three able Farriers; and being! ?'. open'd, they found two Veins broken near hi⁵" Kidneys, and much black Blood. " The fame Author alfo takes Notice, that piffing bloody Water often is occafion'd by too hard Riding, &c. In bloody Urine, or piffing of Blood, the Inten- tion is to blunt the Acrimony or Sharpnefs of the Humours as much as poffible. Therefore Milk given with Bole Armoniac is proper. Take two Quarts of Milk ; two Ounces of Armf nian Bole in Powder ; and half an Ounce of J apa# Earth. Mix and give it the Horfe all at once. , Doctor Miaye tells us, " that he faw a Perfon '.' (who d- i.tities of Elood in " his '^! :mptive "Way,) " cured by drinking new Milk from . ^r'ow every iorniug

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			IMPROVED. 257 << ,_t Morning; and the Way was to milk it upon a <_t ^SP"g of red Mint, and whilft it was yet hot, ,_t fweeten'd with Syrrup of Quinces and a little � Powder of Cinnamon ; and that he recover'd and lived many Years afterwards." Moft Authors, w'ss. Foreftus, Hollerius, Buretus, Sheep's ^as Well as Hippocrates, and Avicenna, are very libe- Milk pre- ?' in the Praife of Sheep's Milk and Bole Armoniac. ^f^t0therefore where fuch Milk can be had it may be Milk ^ufe<l inftead of Cow's Milk. Laftly, Hog's Dung put in Milk and ftrain'd is a Hog's ^rtain Remedy, among the Country People, for ^E*^!ng , !^heir Cattle which pifs Blood, or have the Moor- t?^^m ^di^g. as they call it: But this I put down by the _againu: ^^ay, not having any other Authority for it than Bloody ^at I might hear from People who ufed to buy Water. &eat Numbers of Oxen, dsV. to drive into the S°^uth j and as piffing of Blood is a very common J^iftemper amongft fuch Cattle, I believe this is the ^eft Remedy the Drovers have yet difcover'd.

		CHAP. XXX. Of the Colt-Evil, and Mattering of the Yard. TH E Colt - Evil is fuppofed to arife from Stoned Colts having their full Liberty with ^res, before they are able to cover them; but I erve ^m°ft Farriers are fo ignorant, that they bring n! > ^r ^tk*^s Denomination all Difeafes of the Sheath, , ° they only proceed from Dirt and Naftinefs odged _ti_iere> _wm-_ch _a i;_tt]_e _warm Beer and Butter "'Ifully ufed will remove, and caufe the Swelling difperfe, as has been often experienced. When a Colt's Yard is tumefied or fwell'd, from The Cure, hatever Caufe it proceeds, it ftiould be fomented jj^ltri warm Flannels fqueezed out of the following Mentation as warm as he can well bear it; and

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		258 The: Jfrt of Fa rrie ry if he will not be eafy while it is ufing, bind hi!" in fome fafe Manner. Fomenta- Take the Leaves of Mallows, and Marjh-M^' tion for the lows, Flowers of Camomile, Melilct, Fumitory Colt Evil. ₀j. _mch _fhree _Handf_uh . R₀ji_mary! Q_r.;_gaKu»i, "' wild Thyme, Southernwood, and Flowers of El^f' of each two Handfuls ; Juniper, and Laurel-Ber'''¹' bruifed, of each four Ounces. Boil the/e in cig'¹Quarts of Water to fix. Then ftrain out the Liquor* and with two Pieces of Flannel by Turns foment ^^eParts affefted as warm as the Horfc will bear it, f°^rfome Time, Morning and Evening : But before yo" apply it, it may not be improper to add to it fofl>* common Malt or Moloffes Spirit, about a Pint v0 be fufficient; and every Time when ufed, it ihoul" be kept warm over a Chafing-Diih of Coals, or »' will grow colder than it mould be. When you have done fomenting the fwell'd Part> the Liquor may be put upon the Herbs, (sfc. to keep for Ufe againft next Day. This Fomentation may be ufed as a general one in all Kinds of S"we** lisgs of the Fleray ram, eftty by adding ir.ui* Spirits to make it penetrate deeper. Mattering Mattering of the Yard, as 'tis call'd, in Stone" of the * Horfes'is often no other than a Gonorrhoea Simple* Yard, or in the ftrifteft Senfe of the Word : For, when thefe QorM-ht.a Creatures are high fed, and do little, nothing i^s Horil\s^m ^inore common than to fee them Ihed their Seed by how cured, thrufting their Yard againft their own Belly ; and «* this is the Cafe, and you want a Cure, you muft cut off his Stones, or elfe let him have Mares; fot either of thefe will do it effectually. If the Skin is fretted off a Horfe's Yard by being over eager in covering Mares, it muft be cured with the fame Kind of Applications as Wounds in any moift Part of the Body, and when fuch Wounds have not been of too long {landing,- the following Ointment or rather Liniment is proper.

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		IMPROVED. 59 «& the Yolks of tivo Eggs, and mix with them �■ ^Lini" n "nice Turpentine tivo Ounces, and of Honey* /"�i^_orf°'_s'Ji one Ounce ; ftir all well together, and apply Yard when j- Moderately warm twice or thrice a Day with a fore. i^U Bunch of Feathers tied together. And if this } performed for fome Time, and the Yard now and j ^e1 wafh'd with warm Water to keep it clean, I J^te fay it will cure any Sore or Wound upon the j. Iftfide of it: But as this Part of the Body is of a . ⁽ fpungy Nature, and is often extended and con- � ^a$:ed, it requires fome Time to heal Wounds upon >.^: For, as I have often faid before, Motion hinders "'ting in thefe Cafes, as may be found by Expen- se when we get a Hurt upon a Joint, or have a � f'ⁿ in the Lip, as the North-Country Phrafe is; vT> thefe Parts being of Neceffity often obliged to ^otion, they will not give Time for the Wound to j.°ⁿfolidate or heal. If the Sore feem to put out To con- .^gous or fpungy Flefh, it mould be warned now <�* ^orJ^ then with a little Roman Vitriol Water, which fungous "^ J¹? be prepared with half an Ounce of Vitriol to a Flefc. v^rt of Lime Water, and kept in a Bottle for Ufe. . Sometimes there feejns to be no more than a fint- �:^e Inflammation from the Horfe's being too eager ., ^covering Mares; and if fo it is proper to bathe ^fte Yard with the following Mixture. . Jake Lime-Water, one Quart; Sugar of Lead, A. Water ^^lf an Ounce : Mix and apply it Milk-warm, by ^^r f , J^a?iing the Part with a foft Rag or Piece of Spunge y°_r^ ^S lP d in the Liquor. when in- flamed, j, As to a Horfe's being burnt by a Mare, as the j friers call it, I do not fay it is impoffible, altho' °elieve it is not very probable 5 for they cannot ean any Thing elfe by fuch Term than that fuch j^ffe is clapp'd, or has got the Chaude-pifs or hot . Now there is no manner of Doubt to be made ^ut that fuch Diftemper proceeds from over-heating the

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		260 The Art of Fa r rie ry the Genital Parts of Animals by frequent Fri#^l0_sor rubbing upon one another, in like manner * you may caufe Fire even by rubbing two dry St»<* together; for Fire is caufed by rapid Motion, ^$may be feen from feveral Experiments, befides tb» of Flint and Steel. Therefore, if the Gen^¹Parts of Male or Female happen to be too m^u _ exercifed in the Aft of Coition or Coupling togfj ther, they may either of them have the Skin rubb off the Part, and Ulcers form'd, either on the 0^' fide, or in the Urethra: Add to this, the Corrupt' on of the Semen or Seed of feveral Male Anima'⁵' when they mix or Couple with one of the Fema'⁶³of the fame Species; for, this, along with & Ju>ces which naturally ouze out of the Glands ^t0moiften the Vagina or Sheath of the Female, ^ quires in the End fuch a corroiive Quality, that b*' Cawef of ing imbibed or fuck'd in by the Yard of the M^a'^e

			a
		a Gonor- Animal, which may well be compared to a Pi^eCC"icea, _Qf gp_ung_e . j fay_f ^g f_ermented corrofive Liqu°^r' when it enters the Yard either by the Pores up⁰¹¹the Outride of it or by the Urethra or Pifs-Paffag^e> caufes vvhat is commonly tho' erroneoufly call'd * Gonorrhoea. And if this be the Cafe, as undoubted' ly it is, how much millaken miift that ingenio^ Man the late Dr. Friend have been, when he ende' vours to make the French-Pox* a new Diftemp^efj and that the Lepra Grecorum and Lepra Arabum b^anot any Relation to it. In my Opinion, the Ancients only wanted a p^r°' per Name for this Diftemper; and there can be n Doubt, but if feveral Men ufe the Aft of Coiti°« with one and the fame Woman, there is great li^^e' lihood, that the thin Skin or Lining of the Vagt^ntof the Woman may be fretted off in fome Part ° other, or at leaf! the Parts of Generation will be heated and inflamed, as that they will eafily fupp^u' rate or difcharge from the Glands call'd Lacuna: corrofive Ichor or Ferment, which when mixed wtf' the corrupted Seed, lodged as aforefaid in the Vf<

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		IMPROVED. 261 j^?³ or Sheath of the Female, conftitutes fufficient *atte_r to propagate the Diftemper to the next ^0rner, and fo on ad infinitum,* unlefs fuch' Ulcers ^r ^running Sores be fafely and thoroughly deterged �^r ^cleanfed and heal'd, otherwife they will be re- ^)nfe$ed. .from what has been faid, is appears moil reafon- Female ⁵°'e that the Female was firft infefted with what we firft infeft- ^ _caH _the Venereal Lues, and that the Male, ^^^ ■ ? ^er the Running commenced, (tho' I think not l_U6j ^ea . ^0re>) might propagate it at Pleafure. And it is ^th good Reafon judged, that tho' one Man (as in hofe Times when Polygamy was ho Sin) mould jjave a Number of Wives, yet {hall be fafe and ^^c]ire from the Venereal Difeafe, provided fuch ^ives do not contract the Diftemper from another HlJarter. And this may be plainly feen in ftoned Juries, which have a Number of Mares, perhaps i¹* or feven Score in a Seafon, yet fhall they not ^ave any Running at the Yard which can be judged ^Vlrulent. But it is far otherwife with Dogs, &c. Dogs often J'.hich copulate fo promifcuoufly that they heat the dapp'd. 'tches, and thereby get the Clap, which often ^^ris to an inveterate Mangynefs, accordingly as it ^^eWs itfelf in a kind of Leprofy in Human Bodies, j^hen the Venereal Miafmata* or infeftious Matter ^ftas once got into the Blood. v yogs moftly lick themfelves whole, tho' their V^rine, (for the Diftemper makes them pifs oftener "an they would do, and that is almoft as often as yfY pleafe;) I fay their Urine wafhes the fmall Jr'cers within the Urethra, and keeps them clean, ? ^fhat no Efchars or hard Scabs can be form'd upon ^ern to hinder the Difcharge of the Venereal Ve- il⁰¹¹! ; for in Fatt, thefe Efchars or Scabs, whe- p ^er by Negleft or bad Management, occafion the ,S^X in Human Bodies by driving back the Venereal jaint, fo that it foon infects the whole Mafs of ' °°d, and deilroys the foft fpungy Bones, c5>. �"$>* but in Procefs of Time ruins the whole Hu- man

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		%62 The Art of Farriery it man Fabrick. Yet more Stir and Noife is rrtf" about the Danger and Cure of the Venereal P¹.. eafe than needs be by far j for, in Reality, ther^� . iio more in curing it (if not of too long ftandini'j than in drawing Teeth, or cutting out Corns, f this with the greater! Safety imaginable, even wi'* out taking a Grain of any Medicine by the Mou¹"; Yet I am told, that this Difeafe is fo terrible ^a" frightful to the London Apprentices, &c. tha^�great many of our Profeffion live very comfortabv , from their Gains upon this one Article. Yet I muft confefs thefe Gentlemen are at mO^f. Pains and Trouble to find out new and fright',¹¹Symptoms in this Diftemper, than one need be' curing it. However, if their frightful declamat⁰¹^ Way of Writing has any good Effect upon You¹*¹fo as to make them lead better and more virtu°^uLives, it would be Pity for any one to inveigjj againft them. Therefore, at prefent I muft def". from the Subject, and proceed to a Defcription ° the Dropfy in Horfes.

			CHAP. XXXI. Of the Dropfy in Horfes. MR. Gibfon fays, that all our Englijh Authors* and fome Italians, have enumerated Dropfy among the Difeafes of Horfes ,� but I find M^r-Gibfon has not thought Sir William Hope's Book, * third Edition of which was printed in 1717, wort" his Perufal: For this Author never mentions tb^eDropfy as a Difeafe incident to Horfes, altho' hf hits a good Number of the Diftempers which affi¹¹- this ufeful Animal. But then Sir William prefcribe⁵fuch out-of-the-way Mixtures and Applications' that to read them is enough to make cry; fick. ^° that in the main I have not read any Author up°ⁿthe Subject, of Horfes (befides Mr. Gibfon) which**

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IMPROVED. 263 , ^0rth a. Farthing ; I mean as to the Methodus prcsfcri- /"'"' or Manner of prefcribing Medicines. I own ^^eral of them, as the late Duke of Newcajlle, Sir '"'«»* Hope, and others, have treated handfbmely ₀₍!^t'¹ relation to the Menage, as the French call it, _t] '"is Creature; but then give me Leave to fay, �,^ey Were not competent Judges of the Force and ^ration of Medicine. Therefore, when we per- The an- \|^^e either the Works of the Ancients or premier ^c!^ent ^FaJ" j ^0aerns upon the Subjeft of Farriery, we mould do I._eTO-_e)fⁿ_t>i._a View to gain fomething from their Prac- Moderns J:^e and Obfervation upon the Symptoms or Tokens cenfnred. j ^ J^iftempers; for as to the curative Indications, a-. fare they are in a great meafure very lame ^efeftive. ' .1 ■* cannot give a better Definition of a Dropfy than j. ^at which I was long ago taught by my much re- jP^efted Preceptor Dr.- Boerhaaw ; And tho' this > ^"nition feems chiefly calculated -(by that great f "f'-Hiary in Phyfick) for human Bodies; yet I am '-ned it will hold good with relation to Horfes, <.₀. ^e Arteries, Veins, Lymphedufts, &c. are IjlJ^al as ours; and Matter nraft be indued with j.^e Properties, whether it be found in the Shape of a ^ or a "brute Creature. jj ^r- Boerhaave's* Definition of an Anafarca or tyj^r°pfy when the whole Habit of the Body is ftufFd ₍Y pitnitous or phlegmy Humour.-, is as follows: As often as in the whole Habit of the fubcu- Dr. Bser- ^■eous Fat the Lympha ftagrtates, or is let out tow'sDe- °f the Veffds, it forms a Dropfy ; and the Signs ^finiti^on ^oi Of it r e� 1 r rrV ■ ^tr 1 1 I T> 1 ^an Ana- ^u are, a foft, loofe Tumour of tne wnole Body, f_arca_ '^eally cedematous (or cold and watry ) in the T^gs efpeciallv, a'Defire of Drinking, the Urine V¹¹", white, feV. qJ? ^s ^trie Dropfy of the whole Body is by the frorn ^^Ct* L'eucophlegmatia, and becaufe'it proceeds tC ^a Kind of Lymph or Water, it may not be ht improper for my prefent Purpofe to give

	*tea
	*tea	der a general Notion of what we mean by thofe
		der a general Notion of what we mean by thofe

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		264 the Art of Farriery thofe Veffels of the Body, which we call If phatics. Lymphatic Thefe are flender, pellucid or tranfparent Tub⁶⁵' Veflels, whofe Cavities are contracted at fmall and uneqn³. w at. Diftances, by two oppofite femilunar Valves, wh>^c, permit a thin and tranfparent Liquor to pafs tltf? them towards the Heart, but which fhut like Flo°^d gates upon its returning. They arife in all Parts of the Body, but an^e\| what Manner needs no great Difpute; for with⁰'¹Doubt all the Liquors in the Body (excepting ^�jj Chyle before defcribed) are feparated from �* Blood, in the fine capillary or Hair-like Veffels, W a different Pipe from the common Channel ' which the Reft of the Blood moves: But wheth^ this Duel; or Pipe be long or ihort, vifible or in^vfible, it is ftill a Gland, while it fuffers fome P^arof the Blood to pafs thro' it, and denies a Paflj> to other Parts of that Fluid. Now, the Gland⁵' which feparate the Lympha* muft be of the finalU Kind, being invifible thro' the fineft Microfcor that has yet been contrived; but their excretw Duels or difcharging Orifices, the lympha¹Veffels, unite with one another, and grow larger, they approach the Heart; yet they do not open ' to one common Channel as the Veins do ; _ ' fometimes we find two or three, nay fometin¹more Lymphatics, running by one another, wb^J ^ only communicate by fhort intermediate Duels, ^awhich unite, and prefently divide again. ₀ In their Progrefs they always touch at one or t conglobate or veiicular Glands, into which tn * difcharge themfelves of their Lympha or watry y-. mour; which Liquor, if chymicaliy exarnin ' will be found to contain a great deal of volatile ^ no fixed Salt, fome Phlegm, fome Sulphur, an little Earth. _f - The Ufe of the Lymph may be gathered rr« the Confideration of the Parts into which it .^ charges itfelf, which are the Receptacuhtm ^W^

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		IMPROVED. 265 "^e Abdomen or lower Belly, and the Duclus Thora- ^C'^CUs Jugular, and Subclavian Veins, which fhews _f^ery plainly, that its Ufe is to dilute and make per- ^eft the Cbyle before it mixes with the Blood. , Now the whole Lymph, which is feparated from !j^e Blood, being requifite for this Ufe, it is plain, I ^at there could be no Glands in the Abdomen or °Wer Belly appropriated for the Separation of the ^vho!e Lymph, but what muft have had a very great ''are of the Blood, which paifes through the Aorta _^r large Artery arifing out of the Heart, in order to ^Parate fo great a Quantity of this watry Liquor. ^ut the Liver and Kidneys requiring likewife a p^eat Quantity of Blood, and which for many Rea- ls could not be avoided, provident Nature chofe ⁰ feparate the Lymph from the Blood which goes ⁰ all Parts of the Body, rather than appoint parti- u^ar Glands for fuch Ufe in the Abdomen or lower ^e"}', which might have been more at hand, but ^v°^uld have robb'd the other Parts, to wit, the Li- ^er. Kid neys, &c. of a large Quantity of Blood, j ^ alfo occafion'd a very unequal Diftribution of ■ ' Now to return to the Dropfy, mofty proceed- ., S from this Lymph when extravafated or out of ^theVeflel_s. ' _h /^s the Dropfy proceeds from a kind of Weak- The Cure, ^ls tn the Blood, the curative Indications are only _r °> <vix.* a Difcharge of the Water, and Recove- i_t.^f the Strength of the Blood. And to this End _a '^s °f the greateft Confequence, both in human o ^a brute Creatures, to know whether the Sick of f₀ Dropfy be eafily or with Difficulty purged; j ' ^as I have often mentioned before, and I think ^eafter cannot too often inculcate, the Idiojyncrajy die-P^anicular Temperament and Difpofition of Bo- Vi\\ ^rnu"' ^^ri^ k^e l^earnt> otherwife the Prefcriber v make but blundering Work on't. ^^ake of black Hellebore fre/h gathered, two Pounds; �l gjg§; J > otuife, and boil it in fix Quarts of Spring or on for the N Ri-ver- Dropfy.

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		266 the Art of Farriery Ri<ver-Water to four Quarts; then ft rain out the > quor, and put tmjo Quarts of white Wine upon >" , remaining Hellebore, and let it in fife ivarm ** Pitcher or the like for forty eight Hours, often fr^a" i ing the Liquor about; then ftrain out the Wine, f" mix both the Water and it together, which may '' kept in a Stone-Bottle for Vfe. Give the Horfe * Pint Morn and Even Milk-warm while it lafts. Strong Cathartics, or purging Medicines work quick, are to be preferred to thofe whi^ work milder and flower, and thefe are to be iJ peated as often as the Strength of the Horfe w'¹' permit. Refinous r_n human Bodies, where the alimentary Tube o^f eoodln the ^P^e ^^rom ^the ^Stomach ^l° ^tne Fundament is n°^cDropfy in f° I°ⁿg by feveral Yards as in Horfes, nor th Men but Pofture fo inconvenient, refinous Purges are rn⁰' jiot in Hor- effectual; fuch as Gamboge, Elaterium or the in' fpiffated Juice of wild Cucumber, and the like, �>/ reafon they powerfully irritate the Glands cf th Guts, and make them fqueeze out their Contents infomuch that the Patient fhall have feveral Stool moftly Water, tho' he drink very little Gruel du- ring the Operation of thefe kinds of Purges; "ⁿtherefore in human Bodies they are very ferviceab' to drain off the fuperfluous Lymph : But I fear fa& Things are not fafe for Horfes, for Reafons already affign'd under the Chapter upon general Purging,^' Therefore, if the Legs of your Horfe pit upon th Impreflion of the Fingers, I mean if they do pretty high up towards the Hough behind, °, Knee before, in fuch Cafe his Blood may be judged too weak, that is, its¹ Momentum or Stroke again¹the Extremity of the Veffels, for want of Spi"^ts» iffc. is not fo flrong as it'ought. And therefore, upon its perpendicular Prefl'ure the Parts are apt tumefy and fwell, more efpecially in the lo\v^eLimbs of human, and below the Houghs and Knees of brute Creatures. Wheⁿ

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		IMPROVED. 267 (,g Hen the Waters.are lodged in the Abdomen or TheTym- t^^veen the inner Rim of the Belly and Guts, then P�J« V^ Diftemper is called a Tympany,* becaufe the ^W ^la * iv in fuch Cafes founds like a Drum. f_k ^l is alfo termed J/cites by the Latins; and Cel- Mates. _ti' 'he famous Phyfician in the Time of Tiberius _fe^e ^ird Roman Emperor, tells us, the only DifFe- jj ^Ce between a Tympanites and Afcites is, that the lj Confifts more of Humours and lefs Spirits, the Xyf* of more Spirits and fewer Humours; which a -'nftion is pretty nice and worth Obfervance, u, I don't remember any other Author to have Q ,^e fo accurate a Remark; for if it be really as o_f -gs informs us, it is very likely that the J/cites V . °Pfy of the Abdomen, which confifts of more Ijy'ts and lefs watry Humours, may be better cured % P^r°per Medicines, than by the Operation of %f'ⁿ�> V reafon the fxck Creature would better »^ergo the Lofs of a watry than fpirituous Liquor, go,^E is not always to be fuppofed, that a Horfe has Every Coj¹,4e Dropfy, when he feems to have a Kind of Swelling in f,₀^ Swelling upon his Legs, that takes an Jmpref- %� ^ ^8S\k ^m the Finger; no, this often happens for Dropfy. t]j ' of due Exercife, Dreffing, &c. becaufe, as tL ~'^mbs are the moil depending Part of the Body, i{ Blood moves in them with Difficulty, that is, V_eE^reffes hardeft againft the Sides, &c. of the fo_f ^s by the Force of its perpendicular Altitude ; <?/,'.' Fluids prefs according to their perpendicular All Fluids foJ'", and not according to their Quantity.* There- P"f? ^ac" \_%' I fay, in the Limbs, notwithilanding Nature ^J"^⁰^ _Q^V^^ry wonderfully contrived what we call Valves, nendicular ff_Q ^rder to take off or eafe the Sides of the Veffels Altitude. fu_ci tne perpendicular PreiTure of the Blood; yet V_en. ^ttflure muft be greater there than in thofe of >^^s which lie more horizontal. And this Piece of ., ^echanifm may be plainly obferved by any one T_tQ f tneaneft Capacity, who will be at the leaft in_to^U . imaginable to think : For, in .thofe Tubes ^which Mercury* or �>uickfikver is put in order to N 2 mow

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		268 The Art of Farriery fhow the leffer Variations of the Air, &c the P^lSj gonal ones, the Quickfilver will rife and fall (" may fo fay) feveral Inches more than in the c°^ The Rea- mon perpendicular Sort. And the nearer the L¹" fon why ftruck from the Perpendicular, approaches to a rig'¹Lea^fwell ^AnS^le» ^by ^fo ^much ^the ^more ^wil1 ^the Mercur/ in the fhew the elaftick Force of the Air. And for vf. Day, and fame Reafon thofe People who happen to have fall in the Legs j_n _an Evening, find them moftly fallen in ^aNight. Morning, unlefs the Force of the Heart be ^ weak indeed. An Afcites There are very different Opinions about the M^a"' or Dropfy, _ner }_10w _a Dropfy of the Belly is produced. Sof.* ner howl i^mag'^ne it proceeds from the Liver which is cover form'd. by a thin Membrane, and that when this Me"¹' brane happens to be feparated by a waterifh Vf mour iffuing out of the Capillary Lymphati<* Puftules or little Bladders are form'd, which conta¹" a clear waterifh Lymph; and if thefe break, "[ Water falls into the Cavity of the Belly, and caul⁶' the fame to fwell like a Drum. Others, and p^articularly our Countryman Dr. Willis, think «� Dropfy of the Belly proceeds from a Rupture of ^triLaftea'l or Milky Velfels fpread about in the M^rfentry or Net of Animals. But I am rather N¹' clined to believe, that as there are a Number of Ly⁰¹phatic Vcffels which pour out a water Liquor up⁰the Chyle as it paffes along the middle Coat of t¹, Mefentery or Net, the Lymphatics are broke, a" ouze out Water into the Cavity of the Belly, iⁿ'⁰/ much that the Guts fwim in it as in a Pail f^u" ° Water. But what thofe Paffages are by which -tfl Waters are difcharged out of the Cavity of the Ji" domen or lower Belly into the Interlines, &c. is J very uncertain : But it appears by Experience, ^tr". an Infufion of Crocus Metallorum, or what is caU^eVinum Benediftum, powerfully forces off watf; Humours from the Outfide of the Guts in »" Afcites both upwards and downwards, which, as if t? Odftacles were removed, it runs plentifully off *f Stooi-

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		IMPROVED. 269 .tool. And the famous Sydenham obferves, that the ^l"ner Bark of Elder, three Handfuls boil'd in Milk nd W_ater* of each a Quart to the Confumption of J^rfie Pints, is as effectual as any Thing for the* pⁿre of an J/cites or Dropfy of the Belly, if the . ^atient takes half a Pint in the Evening and the Reft ^ the Morning ; but then this diligent Obfer<ver, ijreeable to Capt. Bur don in his Gentleman's Pocket- ^ayrier, orders fuch Decodtion of Elder Bark to be j^Peated 'till the Patient is well; fo I muft own the ^aptain had a good Precedent for his Expreffion. . And here I muft not omit the Mention of Dr. ydenbani's Honefty and Candour, where fpeaking 7 a Dropfy of the Belly which he had cured, he -.^h:s Words to the Effed following. " And I, with the juvenile Confidence of an un- Dr. S)Jen-* experienced Man, verily believed that I had got a ham's iin- Medicine that would cure any manner of Dropfy ; ?^cre i� but I found my Miftake within a few Weeks: _ci_arau_on. For, foon. after I was call'd to another Woman that had the fame Difeafe, which csme upon a long Quartan Ague : I gave the fame Medicine, and repeated it often, increafing the Dofe gra- dually ; but having vainly endeavour'd to eva- cuate the Waters, the Purge not working, the Tumour of the Belly increafed, and the fick Per- fon difmifs'd me, and, as I remember, recovered by the Ajjijlance of another Phyfician, nvho pre- scribed more effectual Remedies." , Now what can be more ingenuous and fincere "^an thL Confeffion of Dr. Sydenham,* who was ^ertainly a Man allow'd by the ableft Judges very �^aPable of the Practice of Phyfick : But fo far from The Folly ollovving this glorious Example are many of your of fruiting Pfefent Theoretical Gentlemen, who, juft difpatch'd !° ^the r°rn Colleges brim-full of Diploma and Ignorance, of young ,?'ft their Nonfenfe and Abfurdities upon the Pub- Phyficianf. ^lck, yet never own their Errors, but impudently }& pofitively infift upon the Juftnefs of their juve- ^mle and fhallow Prognofticks in the Cure* of Dif- N 3 eafesj

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2 yo The Art of Farriery

cafes, infomuch'that an old experienced Pra&itionC
has but a poor Chance of being heard, unlefs th^eAudience happen to be better Judges than are com'
monly met with on fuch Occasions. But to return-.
Three I am fully perfwaded that a Dropfy in general >^s

Ways of a produced by any Caufe, which may, 'Firft, fo (#"'
bti^e ^pro- ft^ram '^e Serous or watry Liquor as to make it ftsg'
duced. ^mte ^or ft°P 'ⁿ ^tne Veffels; or, Secondly, break th^e

Veffels, fo as to let fuch Liquor out amongft t&
Membranes of the Body ; or, Thirdly, fo obftrO'l
the Veffels that bring it back from the Cavity °
the Abdomen that fuch Liquor cannot exhale, n⁰^
be abforb'd again. And thefe Caufes are varioo⁵'
jometimes acute Difeafes, fuch as Fevers and t«
like; Schirrhous Tumours or hard knotty Swelling
of any remarkable Bowel, fuch as the Liver, Sph?^en'
feV. all extravagant Difcharges whatever, efpecia'v
great LofTes of Blood.

I foal] now fet down a Prefcription or two for th
Dropfy in Horfes, and juft mention a particul^
Cafe ; after which I foall proceed to an Account o>
what is meant by a Horfe's being Hide-boun^

^And>
The Cure Firft, if the Dropfical Humour be contained why
ofan^aa- in the Bounds of Circulation, tho' indeed there d
(area. _not _want Arguments to prove, that the Waters col'

tain'd in the Abdomen or lower Belly of Dropfi^c*
Perfons are fo ; I fay if thefe Humours are lodg^eall over, or, as we exprefs it, in the Habit of to
Body, it is term'd an Anafarca, and may eafily P
cured (provided the Vifcera be found) with Purging'
and corroborating or ftrengthening Medicin^⁵'
And firft of all give the Horfe this Purge.

A Purge Take Aloes, one Ounce ; Gamboge, one Dracbfl''

icr the Saffron in Powder, tivo Drachms ; Cloves, ®ⁿDropfy. Nutmegs, each one Drachm ; Oil of Annifeed, ft^x'_fDrops; Syrrup of Buckthorn, as much as is fujp^ct ,

to make it into a Ball; ivhich may be given t»

ufual Way. Only when a Horfe is fubjeft to P

fic

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IMPROVED. 271 Humours, he fhould not be allow'd much Wa- ter while his Phyiick works, and then it will fetch . °ff more Water. This kind of Purge may be prepared at once, if the Perfon who wants it keeps the Cordial Ball; for ^lt is only working or beating up the Aloes and Gamboge when in Powder, into two Ounces of that . ♦fell; and a little Syrrup of Buckthorn, if the fame "e too hard, will make it of a proper Confiftence. The Gamboge fhould be powder'd in a Mortar Gamboge 4at is firft rubb'd with a little fine Oil, otherwife ft>°»^ld be 'ts Parts will not be fufficiently divided ; and if it �f\| [�" he not, it will caufe intolerable griping Pains, by _why, fticking amongft the Folds of the Guts. I have faid, that refinous Purges* are not conve- nient nor proper for Horfes, but that juft now fet down is fufficiently qualified with warm Ingredients hich will forward its Operation with Safety. Therefore, when I fpoke of the Danger of refinous Purges, I would be underftood that fuch Things are o, unlefs duly qualified by other warm Ingredients. Secondly, Corroborating or ftrengthening Medi- cines are indicated, which brace the Fibres of the Stomach, as well as thofe of the whole Body. And or this End I advife the following Infufion to be given every Morning a Pint for a Fortnight, letting the Horfe be kept without Food for two Hours after it. Take Gentian Root, and "Zedoary, of each two* An Infnfi- Qunces ; Camomile Flowers, and Tops of Centaury on to corro- he leffir, of each two Handfuh ; Bark of Peru com- borate and only called Jefuit's Bark grofsly powder d, two Oun- _tne Ir₀; ^cet* ; Turmerick, three Ounces ; Filings of Iron, half _mach. ^a Pound; Annis or Caraway Seed, four Ounces. Mix thefe together, and infufe them in three Gallons "f Ale for a Week, Jhaking the Vejfel now and then to draw out the Virtues of the Ingredients.

	N₄	Give
	N₄

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			The Art of Farriery Give the Horfe a Pint of this Infufion at a Time Morn and Even, and in a little Time the Crafts or due Mixture and Quality of the Blo6d will be re- ftored, and the Horfe again to his Appetite, &c. The Cafe I propofed to mention was this. A very worthy Gentleman of my Acquaintance, who loves a good Horfe and Hunting, had one of his Hunters under the Farrier's Care for feme Diforder or other, which I do not now particularly remem- ber, but the Fellow was doing fomething about his Belly, or Infide of his Thigh, with a Knife, which either .flipp'd, or upon ftarting ran into the Belly of the Horfe, upon which there iffued out a conside- rable Quantity of Water from the Orifice or Hole* keeping open for fome Time, I was inform'd there might be at leaft fix or feven Gallons of Water difcharged in the Whole, before the Wound clcfed up : But what is moft remarkable, the Horfe was not before this Accident fuppofed any Way incline- able to a Dropfy, nor did he in the leaft {hew any Symptoms that Water might be lodged between the Gats and inner Rim of his Belly ; for he did his Bufinefs as well as could be expected at his Age, which was pretty confiderable : But his hinder Legs, which were moft commonly fwell'd or fubjeft to Gaurdinefs, as the Dealers term it, fell to their pro- per Size and Dimenfion. And my Friend told me, that the Gelding was fo well after this lucky Acci- dent as he call'd it, that he hoped he might ferve him to ride a Hunting for fome Seafons. Now where the Waters are contain'd in the Belly, I believe Horfes may be cured by Tapping much fafer than Men, by reafon that the Situation a Horfe is in, favours the Difcharge of the watry Hu- mours thro' the Orifice made by the Inftrument. And I could inftance many Cafes where the Ope- ration has fucceeded fo far both on Men and Wo- men, that the Belly, after taking out fixteen, cighteeen, nay fometimes twenty Gallons of Water at different Times, lias kept down to its natural Sis-%
		272

	A particu- lar Cafe of a Dropiy cured by Accident..

Horfes much eali- cr cured by Tapping than Men.

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		IMPROVED. 273 "ize, and the Parties recovered to a Miracle. But ^tr>e Reafon why this Operation does not much °ftener fucceed to the Patient's Satisfa&ion, is Want Sf Judgment in the Phyfician or Surgeon employ'd: or if thefe underftood their Bufinefs, they muft Tapping know the different Kinds of tumefied Bellies, and J?^r.^a ^.^roP" ^eafily judge by the Date of the Diftemper, the ^jf-j^ Sound of the Belly, and the Fluctuation of the notoftener Waters, together with the AfpecT: of the Patient, fucceed. ^and Knowledge of his or her Manner of living; I %% if thefe be confidered by a skilful Perfon of the Profeffion, a pretty fure Prognoftick may be form'd, Whether any thing or nothing can be done for the Benefit of the Sick, more than prolonging Life for a tew uneafy Days and Weeks. Laftly, when the Dropfy call'd A/cites happens to attack a hard Drinker of Spirituous Liquors, I ttiuft. tell him for his Comfort, he cannot be long an Inhabitant of this World, but that his inward Parts ^are or foon will be fo vitiated, and as it were par- Wl'd, that they admit of no Human Affiftance. therefore he muft fall, as the merry Drinking Catch expreffes it, in (or rather by) Ofiober. There are various and innumerable Prefcriptions let down by Authors for the Cure of Dropfies, which are compounded according to the Opinion and Skill of the Prefcriber. One of Hippocrates's Apho- Hipocrates ^rjfms is plainly againft Tapping Men for a Dropfy, was again* ^tho' I fancy this divine old Man had been fome '^PP¹¹^ T* � � ]\ 1 c n 10 r 3. irne or other frighted into the Opinion, by obferv- u_r0pfy - ^lng that Wounds in Hydropic Bodies were with ■Difficulty cured ; as may be gather'd from the latter Part of the fame Aphcrifm. Yet, as I juft now faid, ttie prefent Praftice feems to warrant the Operation. 1 muft not omit one Thing for the Benefit of my Dr. Boer- Readers who happen to be affti&ed with this ftub- home's Opi- bom Diftemper. It is the Opinion and Doftrine ^f -^ °f the truly worthy Dr. Boerhaa<ve, communicated Human ^to me fome Years ago from his own Mouth, mix. Bodies. that Hodropic People ought ftrittly and reli- N 5 " gicufly

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		274 N>e Art of Farriery " gioufly to abftain from Drinking, and ufe a Diet " of Bilket-Bread and Raifins, with a little Salt, " and a moderate Quantity of Oily or rich Wines.' Indeed, thofe fick of the Dropfy are generally fo thirfty, that it is impoffible for them to deny them' felves of drinking Quantities of one Kind of Liquor or other; fo that, in the Main, they mould fub- mit themfelves to Confinement under a trufty Guard, who will keep up to the Directions of 3 knowing Phyfician, and by that Means they may have fome Chance, by putting a Force upon Na- ture, and obliging the Glands in the Mefentery (which by Abftinence from Liquor are almoft as dry as Spunges before dipp'd) to imbibe or fuck up the extravafated Lymph, and convey it into the cir- culating Channels once again, and then there is no great Fear but Medicines will have the wifh'd-for Effea. There are not wanting feveral Inftances to con- firm the aforefaid Doftrine of Profeflbr Boerhaa've's i* particularly a virtuous and good Lady in Ireland, whofe Name for Decency I forbear mentioning, cured herfelf (as I may fay) by abftaining wholly from Liquor of any Kind for a confiderable Time, during which Ihe eat Bifket and Raifins. And in my Opinion, there is no Fear of dying for want of Liquid, feeing the Body in fuch Cafe is moift ' enough, and rather than the Vitals will fuccumb or fink under the Diftemper, they will fupply them- felves with what is fufficient from the Waters lodged in the Ahdomen or lower Belly : But People are now- adays fo over-fond of gratifying their fenfual Ap- petite, that a Phyfician might as well ftay at Home, L and perhaps do the Patient more Good than by prefcribing Medicines which are fure to be taken irregularly, and with no due Decorum, or proper Government.

			CHAP-

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		IMPROVED. 272 CHAP. XXXII. Of Hide-hound Horfes. AHorfe is faid to be Hide-bound when his Skin The Signs, flicks fo hard to his Ribs, &c. that you can- not with your Hand feparate or loofen the one from the other, but with great Difficulty. Several old Authors upon Farriery have omitted the Mention of this Infirmity in Horfes, for this �Keafon, as I fuppofe, that when a Horfe happens ^to be Hide-bound, and clung up in his Belly, they Prefently pronounced him Cbeji-founder'd or Body- founder'd: And (as I have obferved before upon the judgment of thefe learned Gentlemen) they were often miftaken even in what they call the Cbeji or Body-founder: And not only the old Farriers, but Jikewife the prefent, frequently judge a Horfe foun- der'd in his Body, when in Reality the Ailment lies in the Hoof. However, the Terms Cheftfoun- der, Body-founder, and Hoof-founder, are very non- fenfical Terms indeed, as they do not convey to the Reader any juft or true Idea of the Diftemper. But to return to what we may properly call a Hide- bound Horfe. Befides the Skin cleaving to his Bones, his Body Further is lean, his Belly gaunt, (as 'tis called,) and the ^SlgnS-Ridge or Back-Bones Hand up, his Guts are for the molt Part very deficient of Moifture, his Dung dry, hard, and balled, rendering an ofFenfive Smell more than common. I cannot fay but that Horfes fall into this Dif- The Caufe. temper moftly from bad keeping, or riding, and ufing them above their Keep, if I may be allowed fuch Jockey Term ; and fuch Diforder happens to them generally upon, or while they are at, Hay ; which, if not of a good kind and well fhaked from Dull, very much conduces to render the Blood of this Animid fpiridefs, poor, and vifcid j in which N 6 State

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		2j6 The Art of Farriery State I apprehend him to be when he is Hide-bound- And when the Hay is bad, and the Owner fo like his Horfe that he is Hide bound too, ftinting him of his proper and neceffary Allowance of Oats, Hide- &V. For, when the Soul and Silver of the Owner hound Maf- _are fo nearly related, that he can ride his Horfe HMe-tound ^harcJ' ^ancJ ^keeP ^him ^Iow ^at ^the ^<ame ^Time> '^tisHorfes. ^tnen ^l'^le Diftemper is communicated, and that the Horfe becomes Hide-bound and poor-fpirjted like his Mailer. However, the Cure of the firft may be performed by changing the Pafture; but 'tis much to be feared the latter will continue Hide- bound, let him be removed into whatfoever Region or Climate. There is one very good Obfervation in Mr. Gib' Jin's Farriery, relating to the Management of Deal- ers in Horfes, as they are call'd. This Author, after having in a proper Manner told the Reader how a lean Horfe is to be managed, and that when fuch Horfe happens to be fatned too iuddenly, he becomes jadim, broken-winded, lame, of lofes his Eye-fight; he then proceeds thus; " For while the main Study of thofe Perfons (mean- " ing the Dealers in Horfes) is only to make them " fat and plump, they foften all their Food, that " it may digeft foon, and turn the fooner to Blood, " and allow them no manner of Exercrfe; being " fenfible that any fuch Method would foon turn " to their own Detriment. " \ Now, what Mr. Gib/on means by no Manner cf Bxercife, muft. be conftru'd, that he allows them not Exercife fufficient or proper to put them in a Condition for a Gentleman's riding. Moil Peo- Indeed, I muft confefs this is often the Cafe ; pie art- _ancj pray, where's the Cheat anv more than in thurlva" cthe/Aclions of our Lives ? Do not all the World ftrive to (hew their Goods, Lie. to the beft Ad- vantage r Are not we all in Mafquerade, from the meereft Cobler, who trims up and polifhes his Work; even to ttie higheft Siatefman, who in Imi- tation

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		IMPROVED. 277 fetion of the Cobler is obliged to fmooth and co- lour over his Ends, that his ill-concerted Politicks Eiay relifh the better ? Therefore, I infill upon it, that all or moft People are Jockies, according to the beft of their Judgments and Abilties : And that there is no more Reafon for applying the Name particular to Dealers in Horfes, than to Dealers in ^any other Merchandize orTrafnck. If a Horfe become Hide-bound by hard Ufage The Cure, and ill Keeping, it is not properly a Difeafe, be- ^caufe it may be removed witheut the Help of Medi- cine, to wit, by good Keeping, &c. Tho' I own, that Morbus is attended with an unufual Circulation - of the Blood, or the circular Motion of the Blood augmented or diminished, either throughout the Whole Body, or in fome Part of it. If this Diforder be the EfFeci of a Fever, or of fome other Difeafe, if that be cured ivhich is the Cau/e, the EffeSl ivill ceafe. But, if the Horfe has no Fever upon him, and that he is Hide-bound from Lownefs of Blood and Spirits; the Remedies prefcribed for the Cure of the Yellows can hardly be amifs. Therefore I mull refer the Reader to that Chapter ; only reminding him, that, during the Time he is fattening a Horfe from Leannefs, > the Food and Exercife ought to be in Proportion to his Strength, efpecially, if he defign him for his own Ufe. But if, according to the Way of the World, he would pack oft" his Goods as foon as may be, and with as fair an Outride as poffible, or in other .Words, if he would jockey his Neighbour, he need only order a little Blood to be taken from a lean , Horfe, turn him to Grafs, and let him fill his Veflels, i$c. with crude indigefted Particles fit only to puff up his Flefh, and make him faleable. And if fuch a Horfe -be defigned to fatten up in Winter, it will require a much longer Time than in Summer. However, 'tis belt done with boil'd Barley or the like, provided the Horfe does not purge too much by fuch ilippery Food: But you muft expeft he

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		278 The Art of Farriery will dung foft like a Cow; and indeed if you de- fign him for your own Service, it is befl to raife his Flefh with boii'd Barley add other kinds of foft Food, White-water, and the like. But again, you muft have Patience with fuch Horfe after his Flefh is raifed, to harden it with good Oats, Beans, Ex- ercife, t$c. For whatfoever, either vegetable or a- nimal Bodies, is of quick or hafty Accretion or Growth, fuch Body will abide leaft Hardfhip, that is, it will be fooner confumed or wafted. So that in the Main, nothing comes up to length of Time and good Meat for making a Horfe perform his Journey ftrongly. And I dare fay many a Horfe is, by the ignorant and unthinking Part of Mankind, deem'd a Jade upon a Journey, when his Weaknefs is ow- ing to Mifmanagements of the Owner or Keeper, whofe Inconfideratenefs makes them expeft Impof- fibilities. Proceed we now to the Farcin, fome- times filled Farcy in Horfes.

			CHAP. XXXIH. Of the Farcin in Horfes. I Do not know any Diftemper to which Horfes are fubjecl, which is more loathfome or more filthy than the Farcin. The Signs. The Farcin is a kind of creeping Ulcer, begin- ning with hard Knots and Puftules, which fpread fometirnes over the whole Body of the Horfe, like the Branches of a Vine or Ivy-Tree. I fhall not trouble the R.eader with a Defcription of the Wet Farcy, the Dry, the inward Farcy, the flying Far- cy, the corded Farcy, the yellow, or black Farcy, (sfc. becaufe they are all Degrees of one and the fame Difeafe. The Cavie. The Caufe lies in the Blood and Plumours: For, as the firft is in this Diftemper of too flow a Motion, efpecially in the capillary Arteries, the Glands and fecretory

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		IMPROVED. 279 fecretory Duels will be ftuff'd with a Kind of flimy Matter, and thereby render'd unfit to perform their proper Office of feparating each particular Humour, as is required by the Animal Machine. It is abfurd to imagine the Farcin can be produced Rufty Spur from Wounds of Spur-rowels, cifr. and fome Authors Rowels fondly fuggeft ; but fuch Writers when they mention-�^an".^ot, the Farcin to proceed from rufty Spur-rowels, furely f_arc^_n ^edid not underftand, that to be hurt or cut with a rufty Inftrument is not more dangerous than to be cut with a fine polifti'd one; or that the Ruft of Iron is an excellent Medicine given inwardly, even in the Difeafe call'd the Farcin .- For as 'tis now univerfally allow'd by the thinking Part of our Profeffion, that Medicines operate mechanically ; therefore if any of the Particles of Iron, or in "other Words, if any of the Ruft get into the Blood by the Wounds in the Horfe's Sides, it muft rather affift in,the Cure of the Diftemper, than otherwife, by opening the Obftruc- tions in the fmall Capillary or Hair-like Veflels, and caufing it to move more briskly and freely. Therefore, if any of the ancient Farriers have ob- ferved the Farcin to fucceed fore or wounded Sides from rufty Spurs; I imagine, firft, either that fuch Horfes are over exercifed and heated, and afterwards cool too haftily ; or, fecondly, that their Food has not been proportionably good as their Exercife, C3°r. have been violent. For, he <wbo rides imith rufty Spurs, generally rides a poor lean Horfe, <which is �very unfit to anjiver any Kind of Spur, without mov- ing beyond what he is well able to perform. It is faid, the Farcin is contagious or catching, The Farcin which I believe may be true, if the Matter difcharged contagious. from the Sores happen frequently to fall, or be rubb'd upon another Horfe. Neither can the Ejflu- <via, which Horfes in this Diftemper perfpire, be without Danger, in Cafe fuch Horfes ftand conftant- ly near others; for it may no doubt be communica- ted as the Itch in human Bodies, if efpecially the Horfes lie together. That

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			The Art of Farriery That Kind of Farcin which begins in the Head and upper Parts is moft eafily cured, unlefs it has got amongft the Kernels of the Jaws, and towards the Ear-Roots ; in which Cafe the Glanders are threatned. If this Diftemper be not fpeedily cured, the Horfe in procefs of Time becomes fubjeft to many others Difeafes, as the Yellows, Broken-wind, Con- fumption, &c. which ftill renders the Cure of the Farcin more difficult and hazardous. When the Farcin begins in the moft depending Parts of a Horfe's Body, it is difficult to remove it, fo as to make the Cure lafting ; by Reafon it is often attended with the Greafe. I fliall now proceed to the Cure. The Cure of the Farcin confifts in removing the Lentor, or flow, languid, and fluggifh Difpofition of the Blood, which I fuppofe is much diverted of its Spirits, and therefore more liable to be obftrufted in the extreme Parts, or fmall Blood-Veflels in the Skin and fleftiy Pannicle. Firft, Regard muft be had to the Horfe's Strength; for if he is lean and weak, Purging is forbidden ; yet it is neceffary to begin with a Courfe of Medi- cines of that Kind, provided the Horfe is well able to fland out their Operations. Therefore I fay, this muft be in the Owner's or Farrier's own Breaft. Solley/ell, the famous French Author, will not agree to Purging, unlefs the Horfe be coftive or bound up in his Body, and even in that Cafe he does it by Clyilers. But there is no doubt but Purging Medicines are proper to clear the firft Pafl'ages, and lay a good Foundation for the following Medicines, However, I muft not omit informing the Reader, that many poor Horfes are ruined, and their Confti- tutions fhatter'd and broken to Pieces very often, by being over purged, according to the ignorant Di- rections of their ill-judging Owners, or elfe of the Farriers, who have no other Notion of the Farcin, than that it ii a Difeafe in which the Blood is fan- of
		280 Farcin which be- gins in the Head moft eafily cured. Farcin caufes broken Wind, &c.

	The Far- cin begin- ning in the Limbs dif- ficult to cure. The Cure.

Monfieur againft Purging for the Farcin.

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	IMPROVED.
		281


�f Corruption, and that the Purges they prefcribe ^ve an- elective or fpecific Property of carrying ^av/ay fuch corrupted Matter with the Dung ; and therefore they continue Purging the Horfe till the ^very Mucous Subftance of his Guts is wafted. I fhall not undertake in this Place to mew that 'here is no fuch Thing as Eleftive Purgation, other- ¹ ^wtfe than as I have mention'd before under fuch general Head. If the Horfe troubled with the Farcin be full of Bleeding Plefh, let him be firft bled fufficiently, then purged ^an<l Pmge- ^w«h the cammon Jloes Purge, before prefcribed for ^lng ^whenthzDropfy, Chap. XXXI. and let this be repeated ^p ^per- with a due Regimen for two or three Times at pro- per Intervals, which cannot be lefs than a Week : ?° , ,^sfor altho' a Man may be purged every other or b_e°p�re°a third Day, for fome Time without Danger, yet I oftner than ^ant fatisfied, if you purge a Horfe oftner than once once a ^a Week, you run great Hazards of killing him, or Week. Qeftroying his Conftitution. . A lean Horfe in the Farcin does not require Bleed- What Me- ^lng or Purging, but rather a Courfe of Sudorifick dicinespro- ^0r Sweating, and alterative Medicines. Therefore, P^er °Hm-fe whether the Horfe troubled with this Diftemper be j_n _the Far- *** or lean, the following is a proper Ball to be con- cin. Nued for the Space of three Weeks or a Month. Take 'Native Cinnabar, four Ounces ; Gum. Guia- A Ball for ^Cu"i, one Ounce ; Zedoary Root, and Galangal, of^tlle farcin. ?^c& half an Ounce ; Diapheretic Antipiony, one U"tice ; Venice Treacle, three Ounces ; mix tbefe up y^'th a Pound of the Cordial Ball. If it be too hard, it may be foften'd with a little Syrrup of Saf- fron or the like, giving Allowance for the Weather. �°r the Ball will fooner grow hard and brittle in Summer than Winter. The Horfe mould have the Bignefs of a Pidgeon's ^fcSg of the Ball, twice a Day before his Water, nd be duly exercifed according to his Strength. For nothing

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		282 The Art of Farriery nothing removes Vifcidity and Clammynefs of the Blood, or helps to remove the Obftruftions of the Veflels, JsV. more than Exercife, which puts the whole Vafcular Syftem in Motion, (if I may be al- lowed the Expreflion,) an Animal Body being as much a Composition of Blood-Veflels as any Thing erfe, feeing, fo far as we can trace Nature through that admirable Piece of Machinery by the Help of Microfcopes, we may obferve Blood-Veflels. And in the very Cuticula or Scarf-skin of Human Bodies, I have been many Times pleafed to fee their Rami- fications or Branchings out j but the Injection with which this was performed, I have not been yet able to learn, altho' well acquainted with the Gentleman, who performed the fame at the Royal Garden in Paris, where I heard the late Monfieur Du Vernej_Twho writ that excellent Treatife de Auditu, bid fifty Louis Dior's for a Difcovery of it, upon feeing the Blood-Veflels in the Brain injected to the higheft Perfection imaginable. Yet I had great Reafon to- believe the fame moftly compounded of Oil of Tur- pentine, tinftured with the Rad. Anchufa or Alca- net-Root. But to proceed. The Lnngs If a Horfe be opened that has died of the Farcin, T ct .in".; his Lungs are frequently ulcerated, and his Liver' it. the Far- _wh.₀J]y putrefied, and alio full of Ulcers, which no doubt is caufed by the hot and corrupt Blood : Yet as I faid before, this is not wholly to be cured by purging Medicines. The mpft promifing Sign of the Diftemper or ra- ther its Malignity being overcome, is when the Cords or Knots grow loofe and moveable ; for then the fame may be cored with a moderate Expence, if due Exercife be given at the fame Time. If the Farcin fliews itfelf in Ulcers like unto a Hen's Fundament, cauterize or burn them well, and apply the following Unguent with a Bunch of Feathers,

			Take

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		IMPROVED. 283 Take common Turpentine, and Bees-nvax, of each Ointment half _a Pound; Frejh Butter clarified, one Pound; ^_rcia. French Verdigreafe in fine Powder, one Ounce and half; Honey, four Ounces: Mix and keep ftirring 'till almoft cold, or the Verdigreafe will fall to the lower Part of the Ointment, and make it much more abfterfive or fharp than it mould be. Some- times inftead of the Verdigreafe I have known ufed feme Soot fcraped off the Bottoms of Brafs-Pans, which when finely powder'd and ftirr'd in well makes a mining black Ointment; and I believe an effectual one in deterging and healing moft Wounds: For Soot, as I juft now mention'd, muft be full of igneous and fiery Particles, and therefore good to apply to Wounds, which for the moft Part are de- ficient of a due natural Heat, by Reafon of the Dif- charge and Expend of Spirits that Way. I cannot fay I ever knew a Mercurial Ointment ufed for the Farcin, yet I am fure it would be very effeftual and fafe, feeing 'tis often ufed for the Scab in.this Animal. Therefore I fnall mention one of that Sort, which may be rubbed all over the Horfe in the hot Sun, if in Summer ; but, if in cold Weather, it fhould be heated by a Fire of Straw or the like made all round the Horfe, after which he may be covered warm with an old Rug or the like for a few Days, till the Particles of Quickfilver be got into his Blood. Take Flanders Oil of Bays, one Pound and half; Ointment Oil of Turpentine, tivo Ounces ', Crude Mercury or J?^r . ^eQuickftl'ver, four Ounces: Mix the ^uickfil'uer and Oil of Turpentine well together, then add the Oil of Says, which ihould be rubbed in for half an Hour, or the Particles of Mercury will not be fufficiently divided. Rub the Horfe all over with this Ointment in Manner aforefaid once a Week for three Turns, if the

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a84 1"he Art of Farriery the Diftemper be obftinately fixed. After which let him have two or three Purges at due Intervals. An Oint- The Negro-Slaves in the Caribbee Jfles are fubjeft ment for to a Diftemper called the Tanvs, which, according per F'lf-T' ^t0 ^tne Defcription I have had of it, refembles the the Yaws. farcin in Horfes; I mean that Sort where the Ul- cers turn out the Lips like a Hen's Fundament. And I have been told from good Hands, that nothing comes up to Venice 'Turpentine, four Ounces ; �>uick- Jil'ver, fix Drachms; mixed for an Ointment to a- noint the Sores or Ulcers; and there is a very good Reafon why this Application along with proper In- ternals fhould work a Cure. In the cure of the Farcin of any Kind, moll Preparations from Antimony take Place, and a Courfe of Crude Antimony itfelf, or the Mineral jEtkiops, for fome Time, is very proper. The fol- lowing Preparation is, I think, as effedual as any to eradicate this ftubborn Diftemper.

		A Powder for the Farcin.	Take Butter of Antimony, and Bezoar Mineral, of each an Ounce; mix and make a Poivder ; which
		A Powder for the Farcin.
	may be beat up with half a Pound of the Cordial Ball while the Ball is moift or foft enough to take it up. Give theHorfe the Bignefs of a Wallnut, or three Quarters of an Ounce, of this Ball eveiy Day for two or three Weeks, letting him faft two or three Hours after it, and have moderate walking Exercife, Its Operation is by Sweat and Urine, and in Human Bodies the Mineral Bezoar will fometimes vomit, but it is a very fafe and effectual Alterative in Horfes if continued for fome Time, otherwife little Good The Au- can accrue from its Ufe. But I advife every one, thor advi- who value their Horfe's Health, to buy fuch Things , festobuy f_rom the Apothecaries-Hall in London, where they Me^dTcines ^may ^be ^fure ^t0 ^have ** g^enu'^ne ^: But the Chymifts from the ^are ^tne greateft Jockies of all others; for thefe and Apotheca- fuch like Artificers, who keep Medicine - Ware- ries Hall. houfes,

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		IMPROVED. 285 houfes, frequently fophifticate it with half or two thirds of Flowers of Sal Armoniac. Moil Preparations from Antimony are of Ufe in Antihefti- the Farcin, as I faid before, particularly the Anti- cum Poterii heaicum Poterii may be given from two Drachms \|?^ocl .ⁱⁿ ^tlieto half an Ounce every other Day. The Dofe may ^arcm-be made up with a little of the Cordial Ball as Oc- cafion requires; but of all Things the Owner muft have Patience, feeing, in thefe obftinate Cafes, the very Crafis of the Blood muft be alter'd from a cor- rupt and morbid to a healthful and balfamic State. Laftly, I fhall fet down a Method of Cure, which I have, been told from good Hands hath often fuc- ceeded; particularly my old Friend the Farrier, whom I took Occafion to mention before, told me he had often cured the Farcin by fuch Means, when all others he was able to try had failed. Before I fet it down I muft confefs to the Reader, that I cannot give any right Reafon why fuch Practice fhould re- move the Diftemper, unlefs it be brought about from the new Turn it gives the Blood and Juices: For as my Friend told me he could make a Horfe exceeding fick this Way, when he could no Way do it by other Methods or Medicines which he ufed in the Farcin, and his Method was this, which I fuppofe he had borrowed from De Grey, for I fee the fame in his Book. Take one Handful of the tendereft Tops of Reeds, De Grep's bruife them well in a Mortar, then mix about two Method of Ounces of clear render'd Hog's-lard with it, and ^in. put it into the Horfe's Ears, Hitching them up after- Wards, and let him ftand tied up for twenty-four Hours at leaft without Food. Put a little Wool upon the Compofition in each Ear to keep it in the better, and after twenty-four Hours unfiitch the Ears and turn him to Grafs; or as De Grey tells us, he may be wrought after it, for the more he's jlirred, and the more fpare his Diet, the former he is cared. But we muft take De Gre/s M eaning to be with Relation to a fltfny Horfe, which may

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			286 The Art of Farriery may have contrafted the Farcin from foul Feeding and Want of Exercife; and then indeed his Diet mould be fpare, and Excercife pretty mai p : But 'tis otherwife with refpedt to lean Horfes which are afflicled with this Diforder. If the Green Ointment (p. 283) be not ftrong enough, but that Fungous or proud Flefh is feen to arife about the Wounds, you may mix with every Ounce of Ointment a Drachm of Gum Eufhorbium in fine Powder, whofe Alcaline Qualities we are allured from good Hands, deftroy the Acids which corrode Ulcers, and even the Bones themfelves fo as to in- duce Rottennefs.

		CHAP. XXXIV. Of the Mange or Scab in Horfes. I Shall not trouble the Reader with a long or te- dious Defcription of the Scab in Horfes, by Rea- fon the Diftemper is fo eafily known from any other. The Mange or Scab in Horfes is a skinny Dif- temper, therefore outward Applications will be found moll available. The French call it the E/e- phantick Malady, becaufe Elephants are much fub- jeft to fuch Diforders. The Signs. It is a Kind of a formal Leprofy which often be- gins in the Neck, Main, or Tail, and caufes the Horfe to be ever rubbing or fcrubbing: The Hair will Hare, and in many Places peel off, and fall away, and a loathfome Scurf remains after it. » The Scab is well known to be infectious, other- wife our Laws would not provide, that no fuch Horfe mould be fufFered to go loofe, or in a com- mon Pafture, leaft he infeft his Brethren. TheCanfe. The Caufe of the Scab or Mange proceeds from the Blood's being of too thin a Texture, and full of Serum of a fharp, pungent, or corrofive Nature. It is

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		IMPROVED. 287 ^ls often brought on from Over-heating and Cooling J.⁰⁰ fall, from low Feeding, &c. And I have ob- i^efved, that the Lime-burners Horfes are very fub- J& to the Scab, which I think may proceed from j^f Lime falling upon them, which fo heats and ^ies their Skins, that the Pores and Excretory P«fts of the Miliary Glands are obftru&ed and ?^raWn together in fuch Manner that the perfpirable- �^atter cannot fly ofF, but is ftopp'd between the ^"tis* and Cuticula, and there corrupts and frets the "arts, fo that both the true and Scarf-Skin appear ^very _Ugly _and foil of Wrinkles. There are a vail Number of Nojlrums or pretend- The Cure, fd never-failing Receipts for the Scab in Horfes; 3^f I lhall irya few Words lhew what is, of all, !e moft effectual and fafe Method to be ufed in '"ch Cafes. / , Pirfl then, if the Horfe be fcabbed from Poverty, ^e ftiould change his Manner of Living : For, Dif- ^aS^es (as I have often faid) are cured by their Con- ^r"ries. And tho' Bleeding is not abfolutely ne- ^Ceftary in lean Horfes troubled with this Diftemper, �^ I think both that and Purging are fo when ^ Horfe is full of Flefh : And in either Cafe, I ?^eari whether the Horfe is fat or lean, let the °'Wing Ointment take Place. j, Take Oil of Bays, ( or even frejh Butter, ) one Mercurial ?^u"d; �>uickftl<ver, four Ounces; Oil of Turf en- Ointment ,,*> tnxio Ounces; black Soap, four Ounces.* Mix ,?^r ^eVJ^e 0/7 of Turpentine and �>uickftl<ver well, then the ^a ' �?^c& Soap and 0/7 of Bays; but mind to rub the _t,'ntment a long Time till none of the Particles of � . ^e Mercury appear to a young Eye ; for by this it t, 'ender'd much more effectual in removing the . *?� Rub the Horfe all over in the Sun, or by r ^'re of Furz, or the like. But I own the Scab is , °neft cured in the Spring when the Sun begins to . ^4Ve Power, and when Grafs has Juice and Feed- '§ in it; and I believe the above Quantity will be fuffieient

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			288 The Art of Farriery fufficient for curing two Horfes, if the fame be rubb'd well in, or rather thro' his Hide. The Oint- This Ointment fometimes purges a Horfe ; tho ment fome- if he is any thing like found it will not do him unes p r- ^ztm, and if he is otherwife e'en let him take h>^s Chance ; for if he ftand the Scouring it may come �to be of Service to him, befides curing him of the Mange or Scab. Crude An- After fome Time, the Horfe Ihould take Crudi timony pro- Antimony in Powder, about an Ounce at a Time the Oint¹- ^ti]1 ^he ^has ^eat ^a ^Pound ⁱⁿ ^fcaUed ^Bran> ^or ^fflixment. vJitlci his Corn, after it has been fprinkled with ³ little Water that the Antimony may ftick to it the better. There are various Forms of Medicines, both to.' ward and outward, fet down by Authors for the Cure of the Scab : But the Method I have juft now mention'd is by far the moft effectual; and pray where is the good of putting down a long Train 01 Recipes for each Diftemper, when^ they only ferve ^t0embarrafs and confound the common and ordinary Reader, who it mult be fuppofed is not able to pic* out the moft effectual and beft contrived Remedies; but rather is apt to choofe that which has the gr^eat' eft Number of Ingredients in the Compofition.

		CHAP. XXXV. Of Tumours, Impojlumes, and Wounds in general- Tumour, "p Y a Tumour, Abfcefs, or Impojlume, I would and Impof JD be underftood to mean Swellings of any kind, tame what. ^tno' ^tlle firft is moft applicable to thofc kinds ° ' Swellings which have not any Pits or Matter in them- Thus any Excrefcence upon the Body which is P^re~ ternatural may be call'd a Tumour: But an Abfcep or Impojlume is a Collection ofTus or Matter in any Part of the Body, and is caufed either from an <Jo- " ftruition

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		IMPROVED. 2S9 "fuftion of the Fluids in that particular Part, which J>^akes them change into fuch Matter, or from a ranflation of it from fome other Part where it is generated. Whenfoever a Tumour happens, the firft Method ° be ufed generally is to diffolve or difperfe it, pro- dded the fame is not form'd by a Tranflation of Mor- °'fick Matter caft off from the Blood, in order to ter- t'inate a Fever or other Di [order of that Fluid; for ^ln fuch Cafe to attempt a Diffolution of the tumour* jj^ght bring on worfe Evils. And yet I have ob- ^lefved in human Bodies, that Abfcejfes form'd from ^e Matter of a Fever or other acute Diftemper are ^oft obftinate of Cure, and the Wound (upon open- ^Ing fuch Abfcefs) and Parts adjacent are more than °^rdinarily deftitute of natural Heat. t^irjl then, if you would attempt Refolution or The firft ■^ifperfing the Swelling, all Applications of auftere Intention ^four Things, fuch .as Vinegar, Verjuice, Leesof^o{aCuxQ' ^;«e, (especially Red Wine,) and the like, are be- neficial ; fo is every Thing potentially cold, or ^'nich is actually fo : But moderate and proper Ban- ^age, in my Opinion, will hinder the Growth of ⁿV Tumour or Swelling fooner than any Application ^'hatfoever, for Reafons already affign'd under the S^eneral Head of Repellents or Medicines which drive ^ack Tumours. Therefore thither 1 refer the Read- ?.^r for his farther Satisfa&ion in the Cure of Swel- \|^lngs by difperfing them. Tho' this I mull put ^llfn in Mind of, viz. that when he has difperfed Svvelling, he ought to purge the Horfe once or ^.^lce, in order to cleanfe his Blood as much as P°«ible of the offending Humours which may be ^riven back into it. � The Second Intention of Cure in Tumours or The fccond flings, where there is great Heat, &c. is by Intention ^Ppuratives or Ripeners as they are ftiled; and of ^ot ^Lure* h"'s I have treated fufiiciently under thofe general "eads. However, I ihall fet down a Cataplafm or » O Poultice

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The Art of Farriery

Poultis for ripening any Swelling where fuch Thing⁵can be applied with Conveniency.

2 go

A Poultis
to ripen
any Tu-
mour or

Take Leaves of Mallows, and MarJh-MalhvXi
each fix Eandfuls ; White Lilly-Root, half a Found i
Fenugreek, and Linfeeds, of each four Ounces ; pu^rt~

Swelling, fed Hogs Lard, about tiuo Pounds. Mix.

* The Seeds mould be firft bruifed and boil'd 5»
about three Quarts of Water to two, or till the Li-
quor feem a Jelly. The Leaves and Root muft be
boil'd well, and the Water prefs'd ftrongly out be'
tween two Boards; then beat the Jelly and Hog ^sLard well up with them, and ufe it very warm and
thick fpread, as you fee Occafion, till the Swel-
ling is fit to be open'd or otherwife difperfed away >
for if Nature (and no doubt Ihe is the bell Guide)
defign that the Tumour or Swelling fhall fuppurate
or ripen, this Application aflifts in foftening the
Skin, &c. and relaxes the parch'd Fibrilla:, which
were before fo corded and upon the Stretch, that
the Motion of the Heart was fcarce ftrong enough
fufiiciently to protrude the offending Matter. And
again, if Nature defigns a Refolution of the Swel-
ling, fuch Poultis is no ways difagreeable; for by its
foftening Quality it helps to eafe the Pain and In-
flammation , and thereby gives Vent to the of-
fending Humours either outwards oj inwards, as
Nature (hall point out molt for the Benefit of the
Sick.

The Au-
thor jufti-
fks his
Theory.

It may be objefted by fome, who can fooner fpy
a Fault than mend one, that herein I contradict my
own Theory of Repellents, feeing I make one and

the fame Poultis ferve both as a Repellent and Ri-
pener : But I beg of fuch to confider a little, that
this Poultis afts no otherwife as a Repellent than as
it cools and eafes the Inflammation ; and whatever
Application does this muft hinder a greater Flux of
Humours to the affected Part. Thus Opium, tho*
not ftriaiy fpeaking of any Reftringent Quality,

frequently

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		IMPROVED. 291 frequently ftops a Loofenefs, which it performs in a "afferent Way from Lemnian Earth, Bole-Armoniac, Qragorfs Blood, and the like. But as a great many Things go to all Things, it muft not be expected ^lW I fhould give a mechanical Account of the Ope- ^ration of every Thing I prefcribe in this Book; therefore I hope no Body will condemn me before I "^e farther heard, if any Perfon fhall fee Occafion to '■all me to a Vindication of my Writings. When any Tumour or Swelling is become foft, How to Jo that the Matter may be felt to fluftuate under the °P^en ^Tu" finger upon Preflure, then 'tis proper the fame swellings 'jtould be open'd the whole Length, (if it can be ^one with Safety,) and not crofs-ways, but according \|o the Direftion of the Fibres. 'Tho' if the Swelling P⁵ very fuperficial, I mean only Skin-deep, it may °^e open'd any Way according to the convenient Si- tuation of the Part in which it lies; but what I ^ean by opening Swellings according to the Direc- >°n of the Fibres, is, that none of the Tendons or Naders, as they are call'd, may be cut ; for if any ' thefe happen to be touch'd, and their Fibres di- tranfverfly or a-crofs, any Perfon may judge ^^e Confequence from what I have before faid in ^Y Defcription of the Nature and Elafticity of an ^imal Fibre. pi have fet down the Form of an Ointment,' � ^ag- 283.) which fhould be conftantly'kept ready ? thofe Stables where there are many Horfes ; for ^Ccidents, as Wounds, Bruifes, tifr. are happening 0 ^ery Day, fuch as Over-reaching when the Horfe �p^ps fo far with his Hind-Foot that he cuts his o^re-Heel. j f_aVj _tjj_e Ointment defcribed Page ..3- in the Chapter of the Farcin, is a very conve- rt Ointment to be kept for conftant and common >e to Wounds of all Sorts. Only when they hap- p to be old Wounds, as Fiftula's, and the like, 1 ^Is tieceflary, firft, to deftroy all the Callofities or *^T& and horny Subftance either by Knife or Fire, ^ then apply the Ointment very warm upon O 7 Hurds,

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		292 The Art ©/"Farriery Hurds, iSc. And it is for old Wounds efpecialty that I have order'd the Soot to be mix'd with it a^sOccafion offers. If fungous or proud Flefh happens to put forth* which is very common, you may wafh the faW^ewith the following Water as often as there is N^e' ceffity for it. A Water Take Corrofive Sublimate, half an Ounce; dif' to eat fohve it in a Pint of ftrong Lime-Water, which ^fi Fldh^P ⁿ"'ⁿ ^turn "f " ^Ydl°� ^Colmr- ^KeeP ^this ⁱⁿ ^a ^B°^ttle with a Stopple made of Bees-Wax or Glafs. Wounds I {hall not make any needlefs Diftindtion between fimple and Ample and complicated Wounds, the firft being rec- compljcate. _kon,_d _only _a _Divifl0n _of _the _foft _Parts _w;_thout the Concomitancy of other Accidents, and the latter where there is a Contufion or Bruifing of the Fie"¹at the fame Time the Wound is given, and forne' times a Fra&ure or Dislocation of the Bones, a" which Circumftances only make the Wound longer > or more difficult of Cure. Tho' if thofe Wounds which lie deep, and where the Bones are hurt, b⁶drefs'd with Hurds dipp'd in Tinclure of Myrrh of Tintlure of Eupborbium at the Bottom, and the reft of its Parts with the aforefaid Ointment, there is n" .Danger but, in Time, they will do well I muft here take Notice of Mr. Gihfin's Miltake, Page 194 of his Book, where, after fpeaking °' Wounds of the Vifcera, he fays, " Wounds pene- " trating the Subftar.ce of the Brain are alfo inert' " rable, becaufe of its Softnefs, the Multiplicity ^oi " its Veffels, and the Tendernefs of its Mefl>- " branes." Mr GHUn's Now it is univerfally agreed, that Wounds upo° Miftake the Brain of Animals are not always mortal; tho i ^ut , _f if I remember right, our Countryman Mr. Wifil* toe Brain ^man ^fa}'^s> ^that ^the ^Patient ^may ^live ^dU ^the ^woundeLobe be wafted away and confumed, but canno¹furvive afterwards : Yet I have more than once beef

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		IMPROVED. 293 °^n call'd upon, where the very Subftance of the pfain has been wounded, and that a good Portion of ^1{) together with the Dura and the Pia Mater, have S°me away with the Dreffings, after the fraftured Pieces of the Skull have been removed. So that "Otn this it may be feen how much the Ancients ^ere- miftaken with relation to Wounds upon the "fain, which are not in my Thoughts, provided they do not happen upon the Cerebellum or back Part of it, near fo dangerous as Wounds of the Wer, Lungs, Stomach, or Interlines, fetting the Heart afide ; for that molt noble Part, I own to be the Primum Mobile of the whole Animal Machine : And yet there are not wanting Inftances, where even Wounds of the Heart have not prov'd mortal, parti- cularly I remember the Heart of a Deer kept as a A Musket Rarity at Loivtber-Hall, the Seat of that honeft and Ball in the Worthy Nobleman the Lord Vifcount Lonfdale, ^"tjf * Jvhich had a Mufket Ball lodged in it, that was _recovered. healed over, and a callous or hard Subftance all ^round it j which convinced me plainly, that fuch Sail had been lodged there a considerable Time be- fore that which might be the Death of him : And herein we may find, that Nature will often perform Things beyond the Reach of human Skill or Porefight. If a Horfe be wounded in the Stomach or Paunch, Wounds in Guts, Liver, &c. I think 'tis hardly worth while, ^ch^. Coniidering the hazardous Event, to attempt a Cure, exceeding Yet, if his Scull happen to be fraftur'd, there's no dangerous, poubt but he might as fuccefsfully be trepan'd as ■Man. And if it is fo broken and fhatter'd that with ^an Instrument called a Legatory the Farrier may ^aife up and take out the Fragments, I fay then the ^ound may be healed with the following Com- Pufition. Take Honey of Rofes, half a Pound j Spirit of A Mixture "^ine, four Ounces. Mix. for Wounds of the O ₃ When ^B,ain'

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		294 5^ Art of Farriery When the Bones or Fragments are carefully r^fi' mov'd, cut a Piece of fine thin Silk or Linnen Cloth a little bigger than the Hole in the Scull, fallen it in the Middle by paffing a little Thread thro'; dip this in the Mixture when warm'd, and cover the Orifice or Hole, then fill the Wound with Dozels of Lint dipp'd in the fame ; after which bind on a double Coth, csY. How to If the Lungs be wounded, the Air will penetrate *fae°L ^Whf ^tW ^tlle ^Sore ^with ^a ^Frothy ^BIood ^of ^a Vermilion are " ^b Colour. Yet I have often known ignorant People wounded, imagine Wind or Air to come ftrongly thro' the Wound, and that the fame went down at the Mouth, and fo on even till it blew the Candle out j whereas it was only the very Air that pafTed in at the Ori- fice on Expiration, or Breathing out the Air in the Lungs; for when thefe are again expanded and ftretched on Infpiration or drawing in the Breath, the Air between them and the Diaphragm or Mid- riff, or any where in the lower Belly, muft necef- farily be forced out thro' the Wound. And I well remember a Surgeon to have gain'd great Reputation for his Skill in curing a Wound caufed by a Plow- fhare in a Boy's Side, when it was fuppofed the Air came thro' his Lungs and blew the Candle out, tho' at the fame Time, neither the Lungs nor any principal Part was touched in the leaft : But the common Integuments being cut thro', the Air on The com- Expiration went in, and on Infpiration return'd mon People again, and put out the Candle. So you fee how unfit to _un�_t _tjj_e Common-people are to judge of Merit, Cures feeing, as I fuppofe, there are few either Phyficians or Surgeons will care to undeceive them, when they cry up the Cure for a greater Matter than what it really is: And for my part, I am very well con- vinced from many Observations, that the Practice ' ofPhyfic, as well as Surgery, infomeofits Bran- ches, efpecially that of Bone-fetting, is turn'd into mere Sham and Knavery. And fo far they refemble the Law in this Particular, that if the ProfeiTors were

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		IMPROVED. 295 J^ere always to fpeak Truth, their Fees would not "^e by far fo numerous. Yet I would fain hope there ^are fome in all Profeffions, who will not barter their Confidences for that vain, empty, and unmerited "raife before fpoken of, or even for Golden Fees ^hich are moft tempting. But to return. When the Stomach is wounded, there will be How to violent Sicknefs, with fudden Lofs of Appetite; know if the and if any of the fmall Guts are run thro' the f^⁰�^ Chyle ufually iffues out of the Wound, tho' 'tis hard _are _W0Bn^« ^fo know it from Matter after the Wound begins to ed. digeft. If the Kidneys be wounded, the Horfe (hall ftale the Kid- Blood ; and if the Bladder, then the Pifs fhall iffue ⁿ^\ ^an4forth at the Orifice of the Wound. Therefore, by ^iMatUlcI- thefe and many other Signs too tedious to mention ' Diay inward Wounds be known. I fhould, before I had put down the Compofition °f an Ointment, have told the Reader, that if there is great Hemorrhage or Lofs of Blood, the fame mull be firft flopped by the following ftyptic Compofition. Take any Quanitty of Filings of Iron, and pour upon An excel- hem Spirit of Salt to the Height of three or four Fin- lent ftyptic gers above them; let them jland in a gentle digejiive* l^J°^W('^er> Sand-Heat, or near the Fire, till the Fermentation _caj;_e�j _Co/_e. s o<ver, and the Spirit of Salt is become fweet; then batch's Styp- P»ur off vjhat is liquid, and evaporate it in an Iron* tic. ^6r Glafs Veffel until half is confumed; at ivhich Time put to it an equal Quantity of Sugar of Lead, that is, 'he Weight of the remaining Liquor, and evaporate to _a d_ry Powder : But the Operation fhould be ftopfd ^uP°n its becoming pretty dry, or ii 'will not have f° much Virtue as it ought. This is that grand Styptic, for the Sale of which there Was once a Patent obtain'd. The Difference in that fold by Patent and this, I have not put down, being f° immaterial that it is fcarce worth Notice. Nor fteed I trouble the Reader with any other. Styptic Q 4. Forms

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		296 The Art of Farriery Forms either folid or liquid 3 for, if th s will i>^otflop the Blood, the Cafe is defparate. And befor* I quit the Subjeft I muft declare, that I have n°^{found a more powerful or effe&ual Styptick in th* whole Materia Medica, either outwardly apply'd o^finwardly adminiftred. The Dofe to a Horfe in' wardly, either to flop Bleeding or even moft kino⁵of Fluxes, is about two Scruples or a Drachrfl' Mix it with a little warm Ale or red Wine, Nut' meg and Sugar if you pleafe, and give it Milk' warm : If this fail in two or three Dofes, ever/ Day one, I cannot fay what will anfwer; for, I have known it flop the Bleeding of an Artery? which has been cut, upon unskilfully ftriking th* Fleam into a Horfe's Neck to let him Blood; ano this it did after moft other Remedies had been un' fuccefsfully try'd. There are fome Surgeons and Apothecaries, I be' lieve, keep this Preparation ; and really none fhoulo be without fuch a Thing, by reafon 'tis often want' ed in Hafte. Therefore if you fend for it to the Apothecaries, enquire for it by the Name of Cokbatch\ Styptic ; and if 'tis good, it will be in little hard Lumps of a brownifh Colour ; but if it has been kept badly cork'd, it has loft its Vertues, and becomes moift and foft. Little to There is little to be done in the Cafe of inward be done in Wounds more than Hopping the Efflux of Bloodi Wounds ^for ^Nature ^muft P^erfo:m ^the ^reft ^of ^the ^Wor\^:- bdidcs Yet no doubt but Surgeons as well as Farriers will flopping pretend to heal fuch Sores by applying Ointments, the Blood. Pkifters, &c. to the outward Orifice, when in Fa# they might as well, and with as much Reafon ap- ply the fame to the Patient's Heel as to his Side, for a Wound either in the Lungs, Liver, Stomach, yc. which . lie far beyond the Power of outward Applications. Therefore a proper cooling and bal* famic Regimen is, no doubt, all (after flopping th* Blood) which either Phyfician or Surgeon can puC in Praftice for the Benefit of the Sick. In

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		IMPROVED. 297 In Cafes where any large Branch of an Artery is ^Atery_ founded, the Method is to feparate the mufcular �^ed ^lefli from about it, if it can be done with Safety, _wnac _is _t'₀^at>d by paffing a blunt, long, and crooked Needle be done, ^ith an Eye made in the Point, under the Artery ^ith double Silk waxed a little, the fame may be *ed ftrongly both above and below the Wound or Iole in the Blood Veffel; and this Operation is jtyled the Operation of an Aneurifm, But it mult be confidered, it is much harder to be performed tjpon a Horfe than a Man in feveral Parts of his ■Body, for Reafons too tedious to enumerate. There- fore, if Blood cannot be flopped by the Styptick I We mentioned, I think 'tis in vain to attempt ^farther. A proper Quantity of it mould be laid upon the Part, according to the Emergency ; and be fure you always force it down, and hold it upon the very * effel that fpews out the Blood, if it can be done ^utwardly; if not, it may be given inwardly, as I We already taught: And I dare fay it will hin- der the Horfe from bleeding to Death, if any thing '1 the whole Univerfe will; feeing nothing which 'as yet been difcovered in the chymical Pharmacy 'tomes up to Preparations from Iron or Vitriol, for 'topping large Hemorrhages or Bleedings. � I hope I need not tell the Reader, when any What ^ound requires to be Hitched together, feeing his Wounds °Wn Judgment will eafily point out that to him : J?.^ay. i^f f°r, Wounds in the fiefhy Parts, and when they ' ^Lhappen according to the Dire&ion of the Fibres °mmonly called the Leaders, thefe are frequently etched ; but it is otherwife amongft the Tendons or ^lriews, which the Needle might prick, and do ^ore Hurt than the firft Accident. , When a Tendon happens to be cut quite afun- A Tendon ^er> there is an Operation perform'd which is ^cu^ ^wiliU'^sj^ied the fiitching of a Tendon ; which is done by ^t0 ^b" ^doae' ^aymg one End over the other about half an Inch, ^nQ fo paffing the Needle.and waxed Silk two or O 5 three

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		298 The Art of Farriery three times thro' them, and dreffing the Bottom of the Wound with fpirituous Dreffings, and the Lip^swith the Ointment page 283. of this Book. Laftly, when any frefh Wound that lyes deep re- quires to be ftitch'd, I advife, that the Farrier do not only pafs his Needle Skin deep, but a good Way into the mufcular Flefh, otherwife the Wound will be left in fuch a Condition, that the congealed Blood will become corrupt, and hinder the found Healing of it, and often make it turn fiftulous, &c. In Cafes of One Thing muft always be obferved, -viz. that Wounds, when any Creature is wounded, Keeping the wound- mnft'be' ^ed ^Palt (^aS ^much ^as P^offlble) ^free ^from ^Motion ^is kept tree half ^tne Cure ; for I have known many a flight irom Mo- Wound, efpecially if amongft the Tendons or Si- tion. news, which might have been cured in a little Time, provided the Creature had not ftirr'd about: But by fuch Male-pra&ice a Flux of Humours has been occafion'd, and a Gangrene and Mortification forely threatened, and fometimes brought on. 'Tis therefore, that I advife refting the wounded Part; and if the Horfe will not lye down in a wide Stall, To make a he fhould be forced to it by tying up one of his fore Horfe lye Feet clofe, and fattening a Cord or finall Rope down. _a{,_out _t]j_e _otj_ler fetlock, and bringing the End of it over the Horfe's Shoulders; and by hitting him 3 Kick with your Foot behind that Knee, and at the fame time pulling his Nofe down ftrongly to the Manger, you will bring him upon his Knees, where you mould hold him till he's tired, and that cannot be long ; but if he don't lye down foon, you fhould get fomebcdy to thruft fideways againft his Quarters to throw him over. Mind your Halter be good, and Staple in the Manger ftrong, and by forcing him down feveral Times in this Way, you may teach him to lye down at the fame Words you made ufe of when you firft caft him, for they are exceeding tradable Creatures. I know

				A

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		IMPROVED. 299 I know nothing better for inward or outward Wounds than what's commonly call'd Balfam de Vervain, or Vervain's Balfam, which made fo much Noife in Ireland fome time ago. The Recife I fhall put down, as I receiv'd it from a faithful Friend, who profefs'd it was genuine ; but whether it be fo or no, I am fure the Compofition is ac- cording to Art. The Balfam is this: Take Gum Benjamin, one Ounce; Storax, fix Vervmtfs Drachms ; Peruvian Balfam, half an Ounce ; Sue- ^^"f cotrine Aloes, fix Drachms; finefi Myrrh, t=wo Oun- bounds ces ; Tops of St. John's Wort, tvuo Handfuls; reBi- fied Spirits of Wine, three Pints. Cut the Kerb fmall, bruife the Gums, &c. and infufe in a ivarm Place, for three or four Days, till the TinBure be . fftade as fircng as ''tis poffible for the Ingredients to make it; and decant it off as Occafion offers. This Balfam or rather Tinfture is to by fyringed now and then into the Wound, if the fame lye deep, otherwife 'tis fufficient to fmear it all over with a Feather, and cover it with Lint or Tow, proper Bandage, &c. There is one good Obfervation in Mr. Gibfon's Book, with Relation to Gun-fhot Wounds, (viz.) ' that fuch Wounds are not fubjedl to bleed much, " by Reafon of the Bruifing and Contufion which " accompanies them. " And this indeed is one Happinefs, feeing fo many Horfes muft be wounded in Battle. The firft Thing to be attempted in Gun-fhot The Man. Wounds is to extratt the Ball, if the fame be ner of ex- lodged fo as fafely to be come at; and in order to l^ra,j ^g ^a_fthis, the Horfe fhould be put in the very fame G_un.fl_loCPofture, in which he was when he receiv'd it, Wound, otherwife it will be impoffible to extrad it, by Reafon of the bellying out of the Mufcles; and be- '"'■'. his Operation fhould be done as foon as pof- Ball will fali by its own Weight, and O 6 by

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		300 The Art j/Farriery by the Motion of the Parts, infomuch that it can in no wife be laid hold of. The lnftrument for ex- tracting Balls, or other foreign Bodies, forth of deep Wounds, is a hollow Pipe or long Cannulla, which contains a fmall Piece of Steel, with a kind of iharp Screw at the End, made in the Manner of that we raife the Scull with when deprefs'd, and when you touch the Ball with the End of the fmooth Cannula, you turn forward the Screw, and fo extraft the Ball, Pieces of Rags, &c. Gold or I know no kind of foreign Body that will lie in Lead will the Flelh without Corruption, befides Gold and the^aMufcS ^Lead' ^but ^thefe ^wiH ^for ^many ^YearS- ^And ^WSlar Flefti ^nave Inftances of Soldiers who have receiv'd Balls manyYears about the Neck, Shoulders, CSV. and after a Num- ■withont ber of Years, thofe very Balls have fallen down as Damage. ]_ow _as _tj,_e j_j0i_nS; Hips, &c. where they have been Ativan- drawn out. So that in the main, thefe are two tages at- very great Advantanges attending the Misfortunes of tending the'glorious A&ions, (<viz.) that Gun-fliot Wounds are Misfoitnne fej^om or never deadly (provided they mifs the Wounds ^verv Vitals) from Lofs of Blood. Nor is the Ball of any corroding Metal, but rather of a friendly Nature and Difpofition; and unlefs fome Rag or other foreign Body be driven in by the Force of the Ball, the Lead does not much incommode the heal- ing of the Wound. Yet no doubt but it is poffible to make Bullets, Arrows, C3V. poifonou^c. by letting them.remain for fome Time in certain Liquors, or Juices of Plants; but the Enemy who is guilty of this can never be call'd a fair one. Burnt with jf _a Horfe happen to be burnt or fccrched with A^&r ^Gun-P°w^der> (Sfc the belt Application is Spirit of ' ' Wine and Camphire, about a Drachm of the lait to each Ounce of the firft ; and afterwards, J mean in about half an Hour, anoint the Part with com- mon Oil, which is of as good Effect as Oil of Rofes, Spirits.of Oil of St. John's-woJt, or Linfeed-Oi! as prefcrib- Wine ar.d _ej {,y Mr. Gibjbn in like Cafes; and I am fatis- Camphire, ^ _tJmt _s _iri{ _of ^-^ _canlp],_ora,_ecj_j j₈ _tne very �beS

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		IMPROVED. 301 beft Thing that can be applied to a Burn or Scald in heft Cure Human Bodies, provided the fame be ufed imme- ^^or Scalds diately, and before the Scarf-skin be raifed into a B_ocij_es g-_CiBlifter ; for it will preferve that Skin from coming off, and entirely take away the Complaint. But if the Cuticula or Scarf-skin be raifed by Serum or watry Humour under it, it mould reft there a pro- per Time, and then be let out, the Skin taken a- ' Way, and the Blifter healed with Melilot Plaifter, in the common Way ; for there is little Difference Whether a Blifter be raifed by aftual or potential Fire, only the firft is quicker and fmarter; but one and the fame Management will ferve for the Cure of either, when the outward Skin is come off. And as to what the common People fay of Fire being in, or Fire being out of the Part, 'tis a Pack of Nonfenfe: For if they'll only have a little Patience, and drefs with common Melilot Plaifter, the Inflam- mation, which they term Fire, will go off by a t)ifcharge of Serous and other Humours from fuch fuperficial Wounds. If the Burn be exceeding violent, fo that the The green Horfe's Hide is much fcorched, I cannot warrant Ointment that the Spirit of Wine, cifr. will be of fo great i^he"' ^a° avail, by Reafon the very Skin is burnt as it were to a Cinder. Therefore in fuch Cafe you muft ap- ply the common green Ointmnt prefcrib'd, {p. 283.) pretty thick and warm upon Tow, and in fome rea- fonable Time the Efchar or thick Scab upon the Wound will feparate. After which continue the fame Dreflings till the Part affected be well, and then there is no doubt but 'tis cured, as I told Cap- tain Burdon by his Turnep-Poultis. If the Horfe be Feverifh, I mean, if he has a Bleeding, Symptomatic Fever from the Pain and Inflammation S *^erE' 1 of the Burn, then he (bould be bled and have Clyf- the Inflam- ters to cool him, and wLaticsver he drinks fhould mation. fee a little warm'J.

			CHAP.

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		302 The Art of Farriery

				CHAP. XXXV.

			Of a Gangrene, and Mortification, MR. Gihfon defines a Gangrene to be a fudden and violent Inflammation with intolerable Pain, and that the fame is no other than a beginning Mortification. Now this Defcription of a Gangrene I take to be very lame, for by it one would be induced to be- lieve every fudden Inflammation a beginning Mor- tification. Therefore I fhall offer another Account of this direful Phsenomenon. The Signs of a Gangrene are when the Symptoms of Inflammation too fuddenly difappear, without taking away the Caufe; a dull Senfe in the Part, Softnefs, Flaxidity, not rifing again if deprefs'd, Puftules full of a Lymphatic or watry Liquor, fome- times yellowifh, at other Times of a reddifh Colour, in and about the Place inflamed. After this, comes on a deadly Blacknefs of the Flefh, �9V. In a perfedl Mortification, which Word has its Etymology from Mors, Death, znd/ado, to make, the natural Juices quite lofe their proper Motions, fo that they fall into a fermentative one, and there- by corrupt and deftroy the very Texture of the Parts; Senfe and Motion in this Cafe are entirely taken away ; (I mean in the Limb affected;) there is a cadaverous Smell, and a deep mortiferous Cor- ruption preying upon all the adjacent Parts, even to the very Bones themfelves; a Gangrene is pre- fently to be remedied, but a Mortification or Spha- celus immediately to be extirpated, or cut away by the very Roots. If this Diftemper happens to an old Horfe, whe- ther naturally or by Accident, it is almoft always deadly; and in human Bodies from whatfoever Caufe a Mortification proceeds, if the fame fall up- on the Aged, or Hydropical, Phthyfical, or Scor- butic Habits, it moftly carries the Patient cfF.
	The Au- thor's Ac- count of a Gangrene.

A Mortifi- cation, ■what.

Mortifica- tion in okl Age dead-

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		IMPROVED. 303 In the Cure of a Grangrene, nothing exceeds The Cure 'imely and fmart Scarification, or cutting into the ^of ^a ^Gan" Part, in feveral Places, to difcharge the fermenting S^rene- Blood and Humours tending to Corruption. And Really the Ichor which flows out in fuch Cafes is of fo corrofive a Nature, that I have been often, in Human Bodies, furprized to fee it immediately take away the Polifh of a fine Steel Inftrument, and tinge the fame with a bluifh Caft, which fliews the Juices to be in ftrange Confufion and Diforder. After Scarification it is neceffary to warn the Sores Lirne- and all round the Part with ftrong and warm Lime- Water and Water, with fome Sulphur Viwum in Powder mixed ^Su!P^hurWith it; about a Quarter of a Pound to two Quarts $21 aMor- of the Lime-Water will be fufficient. The follow- tification. ing is likewife of great Service in flopping a Morti- fication. Take Oil of turpentine, four Ounces; Tintture A Mixture of Myrrh-Aloes, one Ounce; mix, and warn the Sores, 'or a Mor- after Scarification, with it very hot twice a Day. ^tincati°ⁿ. But of all outward Applications, a very good Au- thor recommends the following Solution. Take Spirit of Nitre, (I fuppofe he means that A Solution Made -with Oil of Vi trial,) or for ivant of that Aqua- far a fortis, tivo Ounces ; $uickfil<ver, one Ounce. Mix. Gangrene. Moiften Cloths in this Liquor, and fold them round the Gangrened Part, and as our Author fays, the Dead will readily feparate from the Sound ; nor is there, fays he, any Occafion to think of any other Medicine for a Gangrene, feeing there is not found one which performs the Work fooner or better. I muft own I never tried this Solution of Quick- silver in the Cafe Belief e (for he is my Author) Mentions; but as he is a very old Mnn, and of long Experience in a very extenfive Practice, I think I ^am not to blame to copy after him. Though I ^muft own this Gentleman has rather carried the Jeft too

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		304 The Art ^Farriery too far, when his Veneration for Crude-Mercury or Quickfllver led him to an Adminiftration of it in An Obfer- almoft all Difeafes. And indeed our Englijb Ladies vation °ⁿ were fo infatuated with the falutiferous Vertues of drinking ^this ^MineraI. ^that ^theY ^ufed ^t0 ^d"^nk ^it; ⁱⁿ ^their Quickfil- Tea, infomuch that they frequently, though invo- ver, luntarily, dropt the fmall Particles of it all round the Floor upon a Ball-night, fo that one would really think there had been a Parcel of fmall fpark- ling Diamonds thrown about the Room. Gnnfliot- I cannot fay but that Gunfhot-Wounds are moft Wounds .fubjecl: to gangrene and mortify, by Reafon of the ^f"?tT ^M C°^ntufi°ⁿ> at the fame Time the Wound is received. Scarifica- Therefore pretty large Scarifications are moft .cer- tion proper, tainly proper in Gunfhot-Wounds, to promote the natural Heat and genial Warmth of the Part. I remember to have feen a fmall Piece publifhed by Mr. Rujh-wortb, a Surgeon lately dead as I re- member at 'Northampton, in which Book he tells us q� the great Ufefulnefs of the Jefuits Bark in flop- ping Mortifications, and upon fuch Recommendation I made Trial of it, and chofe the Bark as good as I could. jefuit's The firft was upon a young Man who had the Bark good Humeral Artery wounded upon unskilful Bleeding to ftoj; by an Apothecary's Apprentice, fo that his lower Monifica- ^,._m began to mortify, and the Mortification, with- out yielding in the leaft to the Bark, fpread up to his Body, down his Side, and killed him. The Boy to oblige his filly Mother would not confent to lofe his Arm, or he might have been yet living. Nor could the Operation for the Aneurifm be per- formed, by P.eafon I was fatisfied it was the main Body of the Humeral Artery which was wounded. Therefore if this had been tied up, all the lower Arm mull have wanted a Supply of Blood. But I own I was not fatisfied from this Trial, that the Bark was of no Service in flopping Mortifications; for I was not fo ftupid to imagine that it could make the poor Boy a new Artery : No, I think the Bark

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			IMPROVED. 305 ■*> this Cafe had not a fair Chance to grapple with 'he Diftemper : Therefore I made ufe of it in more ^eafy and flight Cafes, where the Part feeffi'd to 'Waten a Gangrene, or Mortification, from a De- ^cay of Spirits, or for want of natural Heat, as I <aid before. For if an inflamed Tumour too fud- ^enly grows cold, then this Drug no doubt yields . belief, by mechanically promoting the Firmnefs ^ald Elafticity of all the Animal Fibres: And there- fore thofe Horfes which happen to be wounded in Engagements, it may not be improper (if they are ^orth rearing) to give them a Pound of Bark by Ounces twice a Day, mixed with Beer or the like, ^and a little Venice Treacle along with it.

		CHAP. XXXVII. Of Venomous Bites, as of the Mad Dog, &c. in Horfes. I Do not know any Thing more dangerous in England than the Bite of a Mad Dog or Viper, but very few Misfortunes (thank God) happen from ^l«e latter, though there are many from the former. And befides, the Bite of our Viper is nothing like '° deadly a Bite, as thofe in hotter Countries, («'«,) baly, &c. Before I proceed to the Cure of the Bite of a The Signs ^ad Dog, it may not be improper to give fome of Madnefi Account how a Perfon may know when a Dog is ^inaE°⁸' ^ally mad; for I am fatisfied many poor Curs are ^laid to be fo, after they have been abufed and ^mbled in the Dirt, when in fad the People that °How to deftroy them are the madder of the two ; ?ⁿd whomfoever fuch innocent Cur happens to bite ¹¹¹ his own Defence muft be deem'd forfooth bit by Dog, and thereupon travels Scores of Miles f'Wh his wife Head, to apply for Relief to fome 'giorant Fellow as filly as himfelf, only it is ru- mour'd

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			/

		306 The An of Farriery jnour'd he has got a Noftrum or never-failing Secret for the Cure of thefe venomous Bites. And up<"> taking fuch Pill, Powder, Bolus, or Draught, the deluded Traveller returns with mens fana in corpor¹fano; although 'tis ten, nay I may fay, a hundred to one, that fuch Dog was not really mad, or that if he were fo, the Saliva or Slaver did not get into the Blood of the Perfon, who fancied himfelf bit] and if it did not, I am fure no evil Accident would follow upon fuch Bite. Yet fuch People fay that if it do no Good, it can do no Harm; true, but the» why lhould a Pack of ignorant Fellows have the Credit of curing thefe venomous Bites with their Nojirums and Nonfenfe, when the Operation of the _{very Poifon itfelf, as well as the Methods by which j it is prevented from doing Harm, are truly mecha- nical, as has been fufficiently fhewn by Dr. Meai ^,n ^his ^Ei% ^on Poifons. Symutomof. ^The ^�rft Symptom of Madnefs in moft Animals, Madnefs. ^1S ^an ^unufual Trepidation or Trembling. A true De- The Diagnoftick Signs of a Dog truly mad, are fcription of Hunger and Thirft, yet he will not eat or drink, a Mad p₀g. except when the Diftemper is in its firft Stage. His Eyes are fierce and flaming j he hangs down his Ears, thrufls out his Tongue, froths much at the Mouth, barks at his Shadow, runs along fad and anxious, often breathes as if tired with running) carries hisTail bent inwards without any Difference; he runs againft all he meets with Force, and bites running in a hafty and uncertain Courfe. N. B. All Dogs that are well have fo much Senfe of the Danger, that they fly away both at the Sigh' and Barking of one that is mad. Accoun^'f « ^Mr' ^G-^ihf°" ^tel,S ^US' " ^that ^the ^BitinS °^f ^a ^Mad' theTite °f\" ?°? ^is ^not f° poifonous as fuppofed, but only as a Mad Dog. " ^tlaoie Creatures are apt to ftrike their Jaws with \|\| great Force, whereby they fometimes wound and \|\| "ruife the Sinews and nervous Parts; but that « , ^e,?^ite ^of ^an Adder is plainly venomous and- deadly f_rom _many Inftances both among Men and " Brutes." NovV

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		IMPROVED. 307 Now for my Part I cannot fee what mould lead The �«- b Author into a Belief that the Bite of a Mad- �g f^ ~°g is not fo poifonous as we may imagine, feeing _with Mr. r^ly Experience evinces that it is fo, unlefs it is, aifon.* "^ecaufe the Wound frpm the Bite of this Creature ^hen mad, is as eaiily healed as any other Wound ^Can be. And really the Bite of a Mad-Dog has this Peculiar and wonderful in it, to wit, that fometimes fhe Mifchief is not difcovered 'till the Occafion of ^lts Caufe is quite forgot, as the juftly celebrated Dr. "Aead obferves. It often happens that the Poifon fhows itfelf two ^^r fix Months, nay fometimes a whole Year or 'onger after the Bite; and I have been well inform'd "Jom very creditable People, that a Carrier between Bernard Cajile and Kirkly Lonfdale in Wejtmoreland, ^ent mad three Years after the Bite without any new Aggravation, and died howling and barking, with ?'l the Symptoms of this fo direful Malady upon "'m. So that really we cannot tell when we are tyJite fafe. However, if after forty Days the Crea- TheVe- Jure bit continues well without any of the common �°�_ly^om* symptoms of Madnefs upon him, we may reafon- foews itfelf ^aWy conclude the greater! Part of the Danger to be in forty °ver. Days. , I believe, by Experience, and our own Obferva- ^l°n, that the Saliva or Slaver of the Dog is chiefly y^iated, and that the Poifon is only in that, for it '^s that which ufually infe&s Wounds. Yet we have ^,0me authentic Accounts that the Mifchief may be jr°rnmunicated without a Wound. Particularly we ^Ce in the Pbilofopbical Tranfaftions an Account of -^ⁿ &-^c' ^o Men afFefted with Madnefs from touching of ^°�' °� tfia 07. 01 <- »» 1 i-v � 1 ^b two Men ;i^ie iiahva or Slaver of a Mad-Dog, without any _affe6red J^ound or Bite given. Though I am of Opinion from the gat thefe Men have had fome fore Pkces upon their Slaver of a pands when they touched the Saliva, and that the ^^₀u?^S_a ^attle has affe&ed them by penetrating into fuch Wound. °^re Places, otherwife it is fcarce poffible the Thing "Quid come to pafs: For if the outermoft Skin, commonly

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		3©S
		3©S	The Art of Farriery commonly called the Scarf-skin, be found and whole* it is of fuch a Nature, that it will not eafily adm¹' any Thing to pafs through it inwardly, as may be feen every Day in the Application of Epifpaftick ot Blifter-Plaifters, which feldom caufe the Strangury* unlefs fome of the Flies be put on the Melilot Plaif' ter after the outermoft Skin is removed. And the" indeed the Ends of the Blood-Veffels, tstc. are un' guarded, and the fmall Particles of Flies enter, and fo ftimulate the Parts, that very frequently a great Heat of Urine and Strangury are occafion'd, which would continue longer if the Party did not drink plentifully of fmall Liquors to warn off the Flies by the Kidneys, &c. We have likewife an Account of two Boys iff Inland, who were in like Manner affected, only by handling of a Wound in the Head of a Dog bit by another Mad-Dog : Though, as I faid before, w« are not fure but thefe Lads might have little Cuts of Sores upon their Fingers, by which the Venom might enter, and fo get into the Mafs of Blood. Time will not permit me to run Divifions upon each of the Symptoms attending the Bite of a Map Dog, nor to tell the different Prefcriptions of emi' nent Men upon the Subject. Therefore 1 ihall con' tent myfelf with fetting down the moft effectual Method yet known for the Cure. It is much doubted by the moft ingenious Men, whether or no there is any Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog when the Venom has once taken Root, but that the fame may be hindered from communi- cating with the Mafs of Blood, if the Part affected be managed as it ought, no one mould make the leaft Scruple. And in order to this End, let the Wound as foon as poffible be cauterized with a hot Iron ; and as Qahn has recommended, let a Circle be drawn with fuch Iron round the Wound pretty deep, then waih the Sore with the following Mi' ture. Tat,

	Two Boys affected with Mad- nefs, only by hand- ling a Wound in a Dog's Head that had been bit by a Mad-Dog.

The Cure,

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		IMPROVED. 309 Take good Muftard-Seed in Powder, two Ounces: Mixture to ^bite-Wine Vinegar, one Pint: Mix and digeft^�^\ ^arm and clofe Jiopfd for an Hour or two, then i^_ad-Dog. ftrain and keep for Ufe. This Mixture or Infufion fhould be applied as ^arrn as 'tis poffible to be borne : After which, let the Wound be drefs'd with fome of the frefheft Bgyp- t'acum Ointment you can get; then cover it with pledgets of Tow, and bind it up according to Art. This fhould be done twice a Day for fome Time, I 'Sean the Dreffing with the Ointment 5 for once is enough to cauterize when fuch Thing can he done with Safety. But if the Bite be amongft the Sinews ^0r Tendons, I am apprehenfive giving the Fire 'flight contrail them fo as to lame the Horfe, unlefs the Operation was perform'd in an eafy Manner by ^a frnall pointed Iron, and only burning the Wound, without any Circle round afterwards, as obferved before. All that we have to do is to break, blunt, or 'heathe the pointed Spicule or little floating Daggers which are contain'd in the Venom infufed into the Wound. And this may be done by Fire immediate- v apply'd, as alfo by Piper's Tat, which is allow'd the moft penetrating Kind of all others; for it is Certain the Viper-Catchers have a Way of fmearing ^0yer their Hands with the Fat of the Viper, and then they fear no Colours, but boldly handle them ^as loon as their little Dogs make a Set at them, in the Manner of Setting-Dogs, which is the Way they take Vipers both here and in Italy; for this ^at fo fheathes and invelopes the pointed Spicule,* 'hat they are not able to work their Way through ^tfle Fibres of the Body, they are fo entangled by it. Next to Cauterizing is keeping open the Wound Wound re ³ long while, at leafl; forty Days, by making a Kind be kept °^f Jfiue of it with a Pea, or the Root of Florence °^p_a^en_s^!or:y^frire cut into that Shape, and rubb'd over with ^ay ' the following Ointment. Take

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The Art of Farriery

310

An Oint- Take the common green Ointment, prefcrihed Page
jnent. ₂g_3> _fcwo Ounces; Cantbarides or Spanijh Flies in

Powder, three Drachms, Mix.

Immerilon
in Salt
Water ne-
ceflary.

During thefe Things, whether the Creature that
is bitten be Man or Beaft, it is absolutely neceffar/
to immerfe them in Salt-Water; but if that cannot

conveniently be come at, any cold Spring may do,
'till you can arrive at the Sea-Water. The deeper
the Creature is plunged over Head the more effec-
tual will it prove ; for it is not altogether the Cold-
nefs, but the Weight of the Fluid which prefles upon
the Body in Immerfion, that does the Buiinefs. And
it is therefore, that Salt Water in many Cafes is
more beneficial than cold Bathing, by reafon it is
much heavier. But as to the Number of Times
proper to dip in the Salt Water, I am of Opinion
Ten Times are better than Nine, though the firil
be an even and the latter an odd Number.

The Secret
fome Time
ago in the
News no
other than
Bates's De-
ceftum ad
Morfum
Canis Ralidi.

A great deal of Stir has been made in the News
feveral Times, with an Account of a pretended Se-
cret for the Cure of,the Bite of a Mad-Dog. And
I knew fome Gentlemen who efleem'd the Thing
(before it came in the News) as a grand Or<vietan
or Counter-Poifon; whereas the Compofition is in
Bates's Difpenfatory, under the Title of DecoSlum ad

Morfum Canis Rahidi. However, to fave the Reader
the Trouble of looking into that Book, I fhall here
write the Thing down, that thofe who judge fit
may try its Efficacy ; and I muft own the fame is
well enough calculated for the intended Purpofes.

A Decoc- Take Tops of Rue, fix Ounces ; Filings of Tin,

tion for the L_onc[_on Treacle, and Garlick, of each four. Ounces i

Bite of a
mad Dog

clear Ale, four Pounds or two Quarts: Boil to the

Confumption of one Half, and digeft or let it ft and
warm a while, then ftrain it. Dofe to a Man, fix
Spoonfuls twice a Day for nine Days together, and
apply the Magma (or Herbs after they are fipiees&ed
out of the Liquor) to the Wound.

You

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IMPROVED. ₃n You fee Dr. Bates was, like the reft of the ^orld, infatuated with an odd Number, or elfe he ��as order'd it fo to be taken in Compliance with the °ld Ufe and Cuftom, which I muft own I fhall not ^ftdertake to alter; though I hope I am at Liberty ^f° ufe my Senfes and judge reafonably, let old Ufe ^ai>d Cuftom do as they pleafe. There is one Mr. Hill of Ormeskirk in Lancajhire, Mr. mi's ^ho pretends to a rare Secret for the Cure of w- f^^CI^ ^for_f°»ious Bites, particularly thofe of a mad Dog, mad* _a _maj �,°� ",* &c. and I am told, his Medicine is in Form not always' °f a Powder ; though I can't fay it was ever pre- fuccefsfal, ^euded to cure any one when the Symptoms of Mad- ^fs had really feized them, notwithftanding I had he Curiofity to make a ftricl Enquiry of its Suc- k's. But I was told, that the late Earl of Derby ^had moft of his Hounds bit by a mad Dog : And ?s Knonxjley, the prefent Seat of that Ancient and ffoble Family, is in the Neighbourhood of Ormef- 'H his Lordfhip thought fit to try Mr. Hill's* Se- ^ffit. An equal Number of them took the Powder, J¹" as many more equally affefted as far as could ^ejudged, took the Decoftion of Rue, Garlici, &C. »^s aforefaid, by the Management and Direction of \|^r- Serjeant, the then Cook at Knowjley, from ''hom I had the Account. In fine, five out of 5j0e of Mr. Hill's died, and thofe under the Cook's ,^are all recover'd. But then it may be objcfted, <at jyj_r HiU's Secret does not operate upon Men v ^"S¹ ^m ^t^^e ~^ame Manner ; but fuch Objection . j'uld, to any Man of Senfe, look very abfurd and � ^a'culous, feeing, as I have often hinted, nothing liore fine than that the Operation of Medicine is j.^echar,ical, and that therefore it will adt by the h"^le known Powers, let the Subjeft be Human or _e,^ute Creature. Dr. Ly/ler* has treated very learn- y upon thefe venomous Bites, &c. ^ ^'r William Hope, Author of The Complete Horfe-

Vthins		rfeB Farrier, has here and there fet down
Vthins
	' ng in the curative Way worth obfervingj but

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		312 The Art »/Fajriery but in general he is very iniipid and infigniiicant 3^sto this Particular : And in treating of venom*¹³Bites he has the following Obfervation, viz.* " There are certain venomous Creatures refem' " bling Mice, which breed in rotten Straw, th' " Bitings of which are fatal to Horfes and Dog^s> " and when a Cat eats them, ihe dies in a kind o* " Confumption. If they bite a Horfe in the Pa' '.' tern or Fetlock-Joint, the Part fwells, extendi^ " the Tumour to the Hough, Cods and Funds' " ment ; and, without timely AfMance, th^e" Horfe dies in forty eight Hours. If they bi'^e" the Belly of a Horfe, the Tumour either rif"^eS" towards the Throat or extends to the Sheath> " and quickly kills him. " Thus far Sir William Hope,* tho' I can't fay * ever knew any Thing happen to a Horfe, whereb/ one might fuppofe him bit by one of thefe Mice > nor do I find, that any of the ancient Authors mefl' tion it. Yet I have had Cats, that have died ftf' quentily in a kind of lingering Way, which indeed might be called Confumptive ; and though young> wafted, and refufed Food to the End, without m/ being able to guefs at the Diitemper. But I alway⁵fuppofed they might have eaten fome Moufe or Ri¹' that had taken Rat's Bane, &c. and got fo much o> that Poifon as might make them linger and difr though not very haftily. But I might be miftakefli and the Cats may have eaten fome of Sir Williai" Hope's Mice. Therefore take his Receipt for th^sCure of this Sort of Bite. Sir Willi am " If the Bite be in the Leg, tie a Ribbon ot Hye's Cure " Garter of the Breadth of an Inch above th^e for the Bite ,', Swelling to flop its Progrefs; and beat the fwolk" or venom- ,, _ °, * , Jp ' � ... > ousMice. ^art with a Branch of Goofeberry Buih, till « " be all over bloody : Then chafe it with a larg^e" Quantity of Ori-vietan. " (I do not know whid¹he means, unlefs that in Bates's and ^uincfs Difpeti' fatories under the Title of Bkffuarium Orvietar.utM " or Venice Treacle, exhibiting inwardly at fr^e ' " fam"

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		IMPROVED. 313 fame Time an Ounce of either the Or<vietan or Venice-Treacle in Wine ; the next Day anoint again and exhibit half an Ounce of the fame ■Remedy. After which untie the Garter, chafe the Leg with Spirit of Wine, few a Cloth dipt in the fame Spirit about the Swelling, and after that rub the Part with the Duke's Ointment to affwage the Swelling. " I have look'd over the Ointment which he is Vipers Fat leafed to ftyle the Duke's Ointment, and find it excellent impounded of Linfeed-Oil, Flowers of Sulphur, ^~%_fj^d Hog's Lard, or Horfe's Greafe, which latter Sort venomous "^lr William fancies mult be beft ; though in the Bites, ^ain there is fcarce any Difference in the EfFefts of ^e Fat of Animals, I mean Quadrupedes; but Vi- P^er's Fat is of all others the moft penetrating, and ^hat no large Family (hould be without, feeing it ^as moft Right to claim fomething extraordinary in ^uring not only the Viperine Poifon inflifted by a ite, but likewife all other venomous Bites; for '"ere is no manner of Difpute to be made but the .^eadly Mifchiefs following fuch Bites proceed from "^e fmall and pointed Spicule contained in the Juices �^r Saliva in the Mouth. And of this any one may ^e convinced upon looking at the Venom of feveral . °Xious Animals with a Microfcope, when the fame ^s floating upon a China Saucer or the like. E>r. Mead enraged a Viper, and caufed it to bite 1 young Dog in the Nofe fo hard, that both the ^eeth were ftruck deep in : He howl'd bitterly, and .,^le Part began to fwell; but upon Application of ^e -Axungia or Fat of the Viper, which, was ready '■ Hand, he was very well 'the next Day : But leaft: nv,ght be thought that the Dog's licking his Nofe t,,^l8ht cure him, he was bit a fecond Time in the °ngue, and upon forbearing the Remedy, he died ^ four or five Hours after the Bite. The fame Trial j. ^as made with likeSuccefs upon other Dogs. But j ^a full and truly fatisfaftory Account of Poifons, ^lruift refer the Reader to the Doctor's Effay on that P Subjeft.

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		314 ^e 1/c/Farriiry SubjecL And I mult efteem thofe very unhapP^ who have not feen that excellent Piece.

				CHAP. XXXVIII. Of Fijlulas, old Wounds, &C


	The Signs.		AFijlula is any Kind of Pipe : But its commofl
	The Signs.
Ufe is to fignify Ulcers that lie deep, and ouze out their Matter thro' long, narrow, winding Paffages. In which Cafes the Bones are frequently affefted with Rottennefs or Blacknefs, and the eX' treme Parts or Lips of the Wound, as well as man/ Times the Infide of it, are callous, horny, and hard- Thefe Wounds are commonly narrower at the Mouth than at the Bottom, and fend forth thin Matter coffl' monly call'd Ichor. The Caufe. A Fifiula is often occafion'd from the ill Healing of a Wound ; fometimes it comes from a Cruih from the Saddle ; and, as I have obferved, thefe trouble' fome Ulcers are moft commonly in the Withers '■ And if they pafs down between the Shoulder^lades and Ribs, as is often the Cafe, they are very diffi' cult of Cure, by reafon there is no coming at th^eBottom of the Wound. The Cure. The firft Thing to be done, is to fearch or probe the Wound with a leaden Probe that will eafily bend* or with a Piece of fmall Wax-Candle ; and, if the Sinus or Cavity lie in any Part that can with Safety be open'd, it mould be done the whole Length of i^�by the Help of a long, fmall-pointed Penknife of Biftory, which ihould be'guided along with a fnva'l Piece of Iron that is channell'd on one Side, and of a fit Length. After the Hoilownefs or Cavity ij quite open, you mult feel with your Finger up an down for callous, horny, and hard Subftancei ; ⁱ⁰* the Ichorous Difcharge from thefe old Wounds is ot fuch a corrofive Quality, that it caufes the Sinus of Cavity to become horny and hard in order to ^^er'

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IMPROVED. 315 ^{he Veffels, &c. from the farther Corroiion of it, ^ald in this Particular it is like a Shield of Defence, ■out all this callous Subftance muft be taken away All the either by the Knife, aftual, or potential Cautery ; �^a^^stho' I take the firft to be the quickeft and beft Me- ^ be con- thod, if it can be done ; yet in many Cafes we are filmed be- obliged to burn away the Callofity with the aftual fore the Cautery ; and even where this cannot be comply'd Fiftula can ^ith, fome corrofive Powder or the like is made ^e ^curecl" ^ufe of. Therefore, firft deftroy the callous or horny ^ubflance to the very Bottom of the Wound 3 then ^af>ply the following Water and Unguent. Take a Pint of Lime-Water made very ftrong; TheFiftula Q'ld put to it, of corroftve Sublimate, two Drachms; Water. fi'f thefe frequently together for fome Days ; then four "ff ivhat is clear, and add Spirit of [Vine, four

		Ounces. M	*IX.*
			*IX.*

	With this Water the Wound may, with a Bunch ^f Feathers, be warned for a Week at the Beginning : ut its Ufe mould not "be continued too long toge- ther ; for though 'tis a good Cleanfer of old Wounds, Vet after all the Hardnefs is eaten away (as 'tis ^Ca'l'd,) proper Ointments are fufHcient. Therefore you need only now and then warn the Sore with it ^tc> hinder fungous or proud Flefh from generating ; this Water being a great Enemy to any fuch foft jubilances, and, I dare fay, would cure what the To cure Cow-Leeches term the Foul* in a Cow's Foot, by the Foul in JJhng it as they do Oil of Vitriol, which, in my a Cow's thoughts, is not near fo fafe. ^oat. I hope it will be remember'd, that I directed the ~pening of Wounds according to the Direction of "^e animal Fibres, efpecially where there is not a Rood deal of mufcular Flefh : But where this is in lenty, it cannot do much Harm if the Sinus or J~^av«y be open'd a little crofs-wife ; for the fmaller ^lnd of Fibres will unite well enough to perform ^le Aftion of the Mufcles j but no fuch Thing can P 3 be

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		316 The Art of Farriery be done where the Cavity runs'amongft the Tendons or extreme Parts of the Mufcles, unlefs the fame lie only Skin-deep, and then indeed it may be laid open as the Operator finds it moll needful. When all is done which I have directed, let the Wound be drefs'd once or twice a Day (according to the Quantity of Matter it difcharges) with the following Unguent.

	Ointment for a Fif- ttila.		Take common Tar, tivo Pounds ; common Turpentine half a Pound; Honey, fix Ounces; Talks of Eggs,
	Ointment for a Fif- ttila.
Number ten : Melt the Tar, Turpentine, and Honey together, and ixihen they ha<ve food till they are only Milk-ivarm, ftir in an Ounce of the heft French Verdigreafe in fine Powder, and ftir it fo long that it cannot fink doivn to the Bottom. If you would have it a little more fliff or of a thicker Confidence, you may add half a Pint of Wheat-Flour ; but, in my Thoughts, 'tis better to be thin; and then with a few Feathers tied together the whole Wound may be anointed with the Oint- ment very warm, as often as there is Occafion. And laftly, cover with Tow and Pledgets. A Cafe of I remember to have had a good old Horfe, which ? ^P,^)ftl^,^a. I much valued for his paft Services: He had a large tterscu-¹' and hard Tumour or Swelling upon his Withers, red which is the Joining of the Shoulder-Blades before the Saddle. It continued for fome Months, with- out tending in the Ieafl to fuppurate, but remain'd fix'd and hard, and at laft grew fo big, and con- tracted the large Back-Sinew of his Neck, fo much, that he could fcarcely ftoop to eat Grafs. I then apply'd to a Farrier, who had had a deal of Expe- rience, to know what he thought of the Matter » tho' I did not defign reiigioufly .to purfue his Me- thod unlefs I judged it reasonable. Upon handling the Tumour, he told me, in a very honeft way, that I had better knock the Horfe o'th' Head, and patch him at once, rather than be at Expence

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	3¹
		3¹

and Trouble with him to no Manner of Purpofe ; fo that he thought him abfolutely incurable, the Tumour was fo large and of fuch a hard and horny Nature : And farther he faid, he had Reafon to be- lieve the fame a Fiftula, which penetrated deep be- tween the Shoulder-Blades and Ribs. This Sentence I thought a very harfh one pafs'd On my old Servant, by one of the better Sort of Praftiiers in his Way. However, I told him, if he Would operate with his Knife, I would direfl it; feeing he thought the Horfe fit for nothing but try- ing Experiments upon. This he very readily con- tented to, for it was my old Friend the Farrier (whom I have often mentioned) that wrought for toe, and I for him, fo that We Doitors never took any Fees from one another, as the facetious and lucky Prognofticator Dr. Radcliffe merrily exprefs'd himfelf to an Operator of this kind. In fhort, we caft the poor Creature, and after fecuring his Feet, fcjV. I made the Farrier cut a Hat's Crown full of horny and hard Flefh from about the Withers; in- fomuch that my Friend cried out to Hop, or we ihould cut the Fix-Fax of the Neck (as he call'd it) which is the large and ftrong Tendon that fupports the Head. This I thought a good Obfervation of the Fellow, who had (as every one mould) in his Mind the Parts concern'd in the Operation : But I bid him proceed, for that we were yet fafe enough from what he apprehended. When he had cut as touch of the callous Subftance away as I judged ne- ceffary, I ordered him to fearch the Wound for a Cavity or .hollow Part, which he ufually did by a kind of crooked Horn like the Antler or Branch of a Stag, whereby he difcovered a Fiftula which feem'd to run along towards the Shoulder-Blades, though I was in Hopes it was not very deep for Reafons too tedious to enumerate. This done, the next Thing to be confider'd was the found Healing of the Wound, and at as eafy an Expence as might be, left the Cure Ihould be worfe than the Difeafe j for he was then P 4 a Horfe

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		3it aiu/FAimiERy of fmall Value, and if kept at Hay, 6fr. would foon have eat his Head off, as the common Saying is, I therefore order'd him to Grafs, (for it was in Spring Time,) and that in fuch a Pafture where he fliould have fomething to bite at; otherwife the Healing of the Wound would be hindered by his continual Stooping and Labouring for his Living The Wound was drefs'd twice a Day with the Oint- ment as above, only a little Soot was added to it to make it more detergent, and alfo more offenfive to the Flies, &V. After the Ointment, we cover'd the Shoulders with Tow, and a Piece of thin Sack- ing over all faften'd behind his Shoulders under his Cheit and before his Breaft ; and in this Manner he was cared in a. reafonable Time, doing much good Service afterwards. I kept my Friend the Farrier for fome Time in Ignorance and Sufpence about the Ointment, but rather than I would lofe his Cuftom, tho' he gave me no Fee--, I told him how to prepare it, which was as before directed. Abfterfire I ^noP^e I need not enter into a Difpute, whether and cleanf- un&uous or oily, or cleanfing and abfterfive Appli- '"S.Appli- cations are moll: proper for the Cure of Fiftuloiis fifrabk 'icT Ulcers, old Wounds, CSV. feeing I have fufficiently nncVtious or ^mewn in my Notes upon Captain Burdoti's Pocket city, Fa-rier,* that the latter are much preferable, and the former to be rejected, as fuch Things breed proud Flelh, &c. Neither is Syringing any kind of Li- quors, or paffing a Rope or Hair Rowel thro' the Sinus or Cavity, in order to drain off the Humours, The UtV of of any Avail in thefe Cafes; and there are vere few Tents per- Inftances wherein the Ufe of Tents are not preju- Knife'V d ^^C'^a'' °^r ^any ^or ^a^ ^ofr ^tne"^e ^mucn °f^tener create Fire better. ^tnan ^cure ^a Fiftula. Therefore the molt ready and ' effectual Method is the Knife and Fire, both which agree better with the Nature of a Horfe's Flelh than Injeclions, Rowels, or Tents. Giving the That giving the Fire is of the greateft Service in Fire, oi _mariy Cafes, both in Human and Brute Creatures, no

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		IMPROVED. 319 ^fto one need difpute; being we often find that the great Ser- ^'iatica or Hip-Gout, and long fettled Pains and j^hu- Samenefs in the Joints, &c. of the latter are often _man _an(1Amoved by it, when given to the Purpofe ; or in brute Crea- other Words, when the pain'd Parts are cauterized tures. ^as deep as their Situation will allow, and according to the Urgency of Symptoms, both which muft guide the Hand of the Operator. I could recount many obftinate Pains and Aches 'n. the Joints, &c. of human Bodies, which have °een removed and often quite cured by the Ufe of 'he aftual Cautery. And I once knew an empirical Fellow that travell'd the Country, making it his Bufinefs to remove fuch Complaints, which he moft- ly did by applying Canities to fo great a Degree, that I found he put on Ten at a Time to cure a cer- tain Landlady at Otley in York/hire of an obftinate Sciatica and Rheumatifm, which he did effcclually ; for when I faw her fhe had been three Years well and free from her Pains, and faid (he hoped to con- tinue fo, tho' her IfTues from the Cauftics were all dried up. The Arabians were very fenfible of the great Ufe- fulnefs of the aftual Cautery in many Cafes, parti- cularly Alfahara<vius, who as the late ingenious Dr. friend tells us is the fame with Albucajis, mentions fifty Diftempers where it may be of Service. And ■Pro/per Alpinus remarks, that in his Time Uftion or Burning was the Remedy moft ufed, and was moft depended on for inveterate Pains and Aches amongtl the Egyptian and Arabian Horfemen, who, living chiefly in Tents and Defarts, were no doubt very li- able to vagous and wandering Pains, �sV. And. really I am furprized the adtual Cautery is not more in TJfe at this Day, feeing there are fuch good Rea- sons for it. But, when Phyficians and Surgeons are fo timorous, either for the prefent Eafe of their Pa- tients, or in Diffidence to their own Judgments, we muft expeft feveral Cures will be perform'd by Em- piricks and Quacks, who venture upon rougher, P 4 y«

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			The Art of Farriery yet more effectual Means. Witnefs Ward's P" and Drop, which is a Angular Inftance of this Truth � For the fame being Preparations from Antimony* feveral very notable Feats are performed by then¹' efpecially in diflodging Gouts and other HumoU^rSwhich oMrudt the Glands and fmaller Paffag^ And tho' we well know why the Pill and Drop ^e; feft this and that Cure, yet, forfooth, becaufe Ant' monial Preparations are accounted rough and han" in their Operation, they mull be excluded the Shop⁵' to oblige the prefent delicate Age, who rath^erchoofe what they ignorantly ftyle zfafe Man,* tha\|j one who prefcribes, more effectual Medicines, an" moves upon a more certain Bafis, and much bett^efPhilofophy. I fee n3 Harm in Firing or Cauterizing young Colts, that are ilender legg'd, upon the back SinevvS) before they are lam'd, and abfolutely require Operation. For it was a Practice amongft th^eEajlern Botvmen, before the Ufe of Fire-Arms, t° do the like upon the brawny Part of the Arms °' moll of their Youth, that they might becontf flronger, and fhoot their Arrows with more Force- I need not farther enlarge upon the Manner °j giving the Fire, feeing it is fufficiently known and practifed by Farriers : Therefore I mull now pr°' ceed to Ronuclling, &c.

		CHAP. XXXIX. Of Ronve/Iing Horfes. IO N C E thought not to have made a particular Chapter upon Roivelling, feeing I have in m}' Notes upon Burdon given My Reafons when th^sfame is ufeful, and when otherwife ; but left th»^�fmall Piece may not be in the Hands of every Sub- fcriber to this Work, or if it were, it is incorrefl thro' the Negligence of the Irilh Printer; I fav, f°^r

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IMPROVED, � 3fi thefe Reafons, I beg to be fcard a Word or two upon the Subject. And fir ft, tho' Rowelling be the molt common Thing amongft Farriers, yet I never met with one could give me any fatisfaftory Account of the Ufe or Abufe of fuch Drains. But they all in general tell you, that a Rowel is to draw off the bad or cor- rupt Humours from the Blood ; fo that Fat or Lean, Lame in the Hoof, or Lame in the Shoulder, Hide- bound, or Hoof-bound, Rowelling is the Cure, ac- cording to their way of Reafoning. Rowelling is an artificial Vent which is made be- Rowelling, tween the Skin and Flelh, in order to make Revul- fion or Derivation from any Part that is weaken'd or relax'd by old obftinate Obftru&ions. And for this Purpofe, it is ufeful in many of the fame In- tentions as the attual Cautery or Firing treated of in the preceeding Chapter. * It is good in all Aches and Pains, cold phlegma- Rowelling tick Swellings, and fometimes Lamenefs, and Infir- ^_er '^lr0 mities of the Legs. It alfo gives Relief where there is a Fullnefs and Redundancy of Humours, and in Defluctions of Rheum upon the Eyes, &c. but it is prejudicial to lean hide-bound Horfes, which can- , not bear any fuch Difcharge. And, as I faid in my Notes upon Bur don, the Horfe might as well, nay better, lofe as much Blood every Day, as he does Matter by the Rowel : For it is certainly and with as much Propriety of Language called Cruor, as that in the Veins is called Sanguinis, barring the , Colour, which makes no very effential Difference. And I am very much of Opinion, that feveral Reft and Cures are wholly attributed to Rowelling, when Patience Reft and Patience are the principal Inftruments or ^vtll °'^una i i r-v -i . 77-'- ptriorm �Agents tnat perform it. However, 2�ut <vuit decipi _tj,_e cure, decipiatur. tho' it is
		attri. nted to other Things.
		attri. nted to other Things.

	C H A P..

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		322 the Art of F a r r i e r y

		CHAP. XL. Of the Lampas, Barbs, Wolves-Teeth, Splents, Spavins, and Ring-Bones. S^hthf^gflS T ^H ^E ^Lampas ^is ^by ^the ^Farriers ^defined ^a ^fiI" Larnpas. JL ^Y Lump or Excrefcence in the Roof of the Mouth, fo that upon Opening the Horfe's Mouth, you may perceive that the Roof rifes more or lefs above the Teeth. The Cure. This Diforder (as 'tis call'd) is common to young Horfes, the Roof of their Mouth not being of fo harfh and dry a nature as thofe of old Horfes. And, tho' 'tis faid, that the Flefli will rife fo high above the Teeth that it will even fcare him from his Oats, tsfc yet I am ftill of Opinion that Nature is not often luxuriant above Meafure in this Particular, as the common Farriers, Blackfmiths, &c. would make us believe. Nor is there, in my Thoughts, fo often need of cutting out the Lampas. The French Cure it by rubbing the luxuriant Flefh with a hot roafted Onion wrap'd in a Clout; but for my Part, I cannot fee of what Benefit fuch Application can be to deftroy or waile the Lampas in a Horfe's Mouth. I have had many young Horfes, yet never any cut for the Lampas, tho' the Roofs of their Mouths were as flefny as other People's Horfes; and I never could lee that it did any real Service to cut them out; fo that it is plaguing and tormenting the poor Creature to no Purpofe, and fatisfying the ignorant Farrier, and more ignorant Matter or Owner. Be- fides this, it makes the Horfe bear a Mark or Tefti- mony of old Age before his Time; an old Horfe's Mouth being naturally harfh and thin of Flefh upon the Roof: Therefore 'tis well we have fo many Marks, which fhould all or moft of them corref- pond for our Satisfaction, to fignify to us a Horfe's Age; otherwife we might often be obliged to keep thofe,

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		I M PROVED. 323 thofe, which we had moil Mind to part with, by Reafon Chapmen, ivbo meafure others Corn by their °ivn Bujhel, would not believe us when we {aid he had been cut for the Lampas, and fo would deem him an aged Horfe. Barbs are fmall Excrefcences under the Tongue, Barbs. Which may be feen by drawing it afide a little, and are cured by cutting them off as clofe as may be j but as to rubbing the Place with Salt afterwards, there is not much Reafon or Occafion for it, tho* tis commonly ufed for this and many other Ail- ments, wherein it cannot be faid to mare any Thing of the Cure ; therefore I think a Spunge, or Rag dipt in Brandy or Spirit of Wine is better, frequently to warn the Sores withal after cutting off the Barbs. A Horfe is faid to have Wolves-Teeth when his Wolves Teeth grow either outwards or inwards fo, that Teeth, their Points prick and wound either the Tongue, or Gums when he eats. Horfes in their Decline of Age are moil fubjeft to this Infirmity, by Reafon the TeeA grow long, or in other Words, they are not fo much cover'd with Fleft at the Roots, as a young Horfe. And when the upper overpafs the under Teeth in a great Degree, 'tis then he may have what the Farriers call Wol-ves-Teeth. If you would remedy this Evil, you may either The Cure, chip off the fuperfluous Parts of the Teeth with a Chizzel and Mallet, or, which is better tho' longer in performing, file them down firft with a rough, then with a fmooth File, till fuch Time as you have wafted them fufHciently. After which 'tis di- rected by Farriers to waft the Mouth with Vinegar and Salt; though warm, or even cold Water is as effe&ual in removing the fmall Pieces of Bone, and that is all which is required. Splents, Ofslets, Spavins, and Ring-bones moftly Splents, owe their Formation to one and the fame Caufe, to 5?_l?)^rins' 1 ^w't, Bruifes or hard Exercife, and feme have itRjnf.^S'^anfrom their Sire or Dam ; yet there is no general b.ms. P 6 ''" Rule

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The Art of Farriery

Rule without an Exception. However, tho' I told
the World in my Notes upon Bur don, that Horfes
troubled with Spavins, Ring-bones, &c. might get
found Colts, yet I would not have fuch Expreffion
conftru'd in too large a Senfe; for as thofe Notes
were writ in hafte, and the Subjeft couched in as
few Words as poffible, it muft not be expe&ed that
every Particular is touched upon. Therefore I mull
now declare, that altho' fuch Horfes may beget
found Colts, yet I would not put a Mare to either
a blind Horfe, (efpecially if he went blind without
Accident,) or to one which had a Spavin a Ring-
bone. But as to Splents, Ofslets, &c. I do not
call the Horfe unfound though troubled with them,
for thefe moftly wear off by Time.

Every one knows that Splents are hard Excref-
cences which grow upon the Shank-bones of Horfes,
and they are more or lefs dangerous as they are big
or little, but there are few young ones without
fome.

Ofslets are of the fame Nature with Splents, fitu-
ate near the Knee on the Infide, and are faid to
grow out of a Gummy Subftance about the Knee.

Ofslets are only diftinguimable from the Knee it-
felf by being a little lower. And thefe, as well as
Ring-bones, Bone-fpavms, &c. before they become
of too hard a Nature, may be made to yield to
Remedies.

The Cure of all thefe bony Excrefcences, is, in
my Thoughts, firfi, to beat them with a bleeding
Stick for fome Time ; then pj ick or wound the Part
with a fmall Bodkin made hot, and rub in fome of
the beft Oil of Origany; after which clap on the
following Charge.

3²4

their
Caufe.

A Horfe
cannot be-
Calkd un-
found tho'
he have
Spknts
provided
he <io not
halt.
Splents.

Ofslets.

The Cure,

Take ^Ethiops Mineral, one Ounce; common Tur-
pentine, Ji_x Drachms ; Burgundy Pitch, One Ounce ;
Spanijb Fiies in Powder, tnvo Drachms ; Gum Eu-

Charge
for a Ring-
tone.
Si'ent,
OIV:et, or
Spavin.

phorbiuni, t<vuo Drachms ■
Powder, half a Drach

Co.- rofeve Sublimate in

Mix. Shave awav the

Hair,

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		IMPROVED; 325 Hair, and apply this warm and thick fpread either upon Tow, or Leather, and bind it on for fome Time till it offers to come off eafily, after which heal the Wound with the Green Ointment, [page 283.) Some give the Fire in thefe Cafes with Suc- cefs; but I believe the Method I have fet down has cured more than any other, and if it fail I think Firing will not work a Cure ; nor. would it do be- fore, if the Excrefcence be of fuchHardnefs, as that it will not yield to the above Application, &c. It is worth obferving, that thefe Kinds of bony Excrefcences muft either be nipt in the Bud, or they will foon become of fuch Firmnefs and Solidity, that they will not yield to one Thing or other ;. and that by Rubbing and Beating them with a Stick of any fort of Wood, tho' fome advife Hazle as the beft, the hard Subftance is brought foft as Jelly, and will therefore more eafily be difperfed or diffolved by the Plaifter, bfc. I fliall not enlarge upon the Subject of thefe bony Bone-Spa- Excrcfcences; for the fame Method, which will ^v}ⁿ and cure a Ring-bone or Ofslet, will do in Cafe of^Cure" Bone-fpavins; only in the Cure of the laft it may be proper to keep the Back-fihew well oiled now and then with Oil of Swallows for fear the fame contract too much, which it will often do when the Fire has been given deep : But if the Method I have fet down be pra&ifed, there is not near fo much Danger of Contraction. The Blood-Spai'ii! js a Dilatation or Swelling of Blood- a Vein on the Infide of the Horfe's Hough, and in Spavin. Human Bodies we call this Diforder a Varicofe- fwelling, where the Blood in the Vein turns into a Kind of Eddy, and forms fuch Tumours. The Cure of a Blood-Spavin is the fame as that TheGure. for an Aneurifm or Dilatation of an Artery, only One Thing material mu fit be minded, in which the One Thing tying up a Vein, and tying up an Artery, differ very mate- >oi an eminent Degree; for the Arterial-Blood circu- ^ri*J^t0 ^b,^e. lates °^Mervcd ^In

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3^6

making a
Ligature
upon any
Blood-
Veffcl.

The Art c/ Fa r R i e r Y

lates from larger into fmaller Veffels, but the Venal-
Blood from fmaller to larger; fo that if you tie a
Vein above the Hough, without tying it alfo below,
the Tumour muft neceffarily increafe as the Blood
meets with ReMance at the Ligature ; for the Veins
carry back to the Heart the fuperabundant Blood
from the Arteries. Therefore a Vein muft be tied
below, .and an Artery above the Hough to cure a
Swelling or Dilatation, of which'I am now treat-
ing : And really no one Thing is more common
amongft the ignorant blundering Farriers, than to
tie up a Vein on the wrong Side the Varicofe-Tu-
mour; for thefe Fellows have no Notion of the
Difference between a Vein and an Artery. There-
fore they imagine that all the Blood-Veffels are
alike, and convey that Fluid from the Heart to the
extreme Parts of the Body without carrying any of
it back again.

From what has been faid it may be obferved,
that the Cure of a Blood-Spavin confifts in differing
the Skin and mufcular Flefh off the Vein, but fo as
not to cut any, or however very few, of the Car-
nous Fibres tranfverfely. Then pafs a Piece of ftrong
Silk doubled and well waxed with Bees-wax both
below and above the Tumour, which is performed
with a crooked Needle not very iharp, with an Eye
in the Point fufficiently large,, that the Thread may
leave it eaffly. And when the Blood-Veffel is well
tied both above and below the Swelling, cut it in
two in the Middle, and heal the Wound with the
common Green Ointment, (p. 283 ■).

Some Farriers give the Fire after tying up the
Vein, but I think fuch Practice unneceffary.

Giving the
Fire in the
Cure of a
B:ood-
Spavinwfl-
necefiary.

CHAP. XLI.

Of the Poll-Evil, Bruifes in the Withers, Warbles
in the Back, &c.

T*H E Poll-Evil is a Swelling in the Nape of
the Neck or Poll of the Horfe jufl behind
the Ears. This

Ths Poll-
Evil.

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		IMPROVED. 327 This often proceeds from Crufhes and Bruifes, The Caufe. cither with the Halter or fome other hard Body ; and fometimes from ill Humours: But as I have obferved moftly from the Halter's crufhing this Part of the Neck, when Horfes are unruly in break- ing, lhoeing, &c. therefore 'tis good to wrap Colt- Halters with Lifts to make them foft and eafy. The Cure is much the fame as with a Fiftula, The Cure. ('viz.) to lay the part open, where it can be done with Safety, and apply the Fiftula-Ointment, &c. very warm: But if the Poll-evil be not taken in Time, it degenerates into a hollow crooked Ulcer, full of lharp Humours, tho' this moftly falls out for Want of Care in the Beginning; and when the Bones of the Neck are become foul and decay'd, I much queftion there is any Cure. However if the Matter difcharged do not partake of an ill Smell, c3°<r. Oil Oil of Tur- of Turpentine poured hot into the Sinus or hollow P?^nt>ne Wound once a Day, and rubbing the Swelling with fheVn the following Ointment, is moft likely to fucceed. %,_ri\. Take Oil of Bays, half a Pound; Oil of Turpen- TheOint- tine, tnxio Ounces; ^uicifilver, three Ounces. Mix. ment for The Quickfilver mould be well kill'd (as 'tis ^f/⁰¹¹* call'd) in the Oil of Turpentine when mixed with the Oil of Bays, 'till none of its Particles can be difcovered with the naked Eye. Rub the Swelling twice a Day, and cover the Neck with Flannel, or a good warm Cap-hood. Tents of any kind are feldom or never proper in Tents im- the Cure of the Poll-Evil, for they caufe the Ulcer P¹⁰^"^ to become fiftulous. Therefore Incifion or Cutting open, where it can be done, is beft; and where fuch Operation is impra&icable by reafon of the confi- derable Branches of Nerves, Tendons, or Blood- Veflels, then a Tube or hollow Pipe made of Lead turn'd down at the outermoft Edge, and Holes bored thro' it, to tie two Strings, fo that they may be faftned round the Neck in order to keep it in for the

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		328 the Art of Farriery the Matter to run thro', till the Wound gradually heals by the Applications prefcribed. But one Thing is to be obferved, to wit, that all Tumours, AbfcefTes, hollow or Sinuous Ulcers fhould be open'", either by the Knife, or by Cauftic, in the moil de- pending Part that can fafely be come at; that f" the Ichorous Matter, may run ofF before it acquire fo great a Degree of Acidity, &c. at to corrode the Bones and other Parts, and fo caufe a trouble- fome running Ulcer or Fiflula. Withers of The Withers of a Horfe, is the joining of the a Horfe, Shoulder-Bones before the Saddle ; and thofe Horfes where fi- _which are thin fhoulder'd, as 'tis call'd, are moft mate. fubjeft to be wrung in the Withers by fuch Saddles as are wide in the Tree, or want Stuffing : And really it is fcarce poffible one and the fame Saddle fhould rightly fit feveral Horfes, whofe Backs differ The An- ^as ^mucn ^as Human Faces. Therefore I advife eve- thor'sOpi- ^ry Perfon to be fo far prudent, for the poor dumb jiion v.pon Creature's Eafe, and his own Safety, as to have S2i3dles_;d<;. his Saddle rightly fittted to the very Horfe's Back proper ioi �_vv2iicJi he is to ride the Tourney upon. And if i Journty , , � J ' . K ■ , , the Saddle wants fluffing, then to mind particularly, after one or two Days riding, whether the fame do not bear upon the Horfe's Withers; for the new Stuffing will fettle much, and it is a great Piece of Ignorance and Folly for any one to feel at the Sad- dle or Horfe's Back while he is in the Stable, whe- ther it hurts or wrings his Withers, for by fuch Tryal he may be deceived. Therefore let him mount, or fet a heavier Man upon the Horfe, and then let him try if he can get the Breadth of two Fingers between the Withers and Saddle, which Space is fufficien.t; for if it.fit too high 'tis a great Fault, becaufe it wiings him in the Points, and will make him travel with Pain and Uneafmefs, be- sides bruifing the Flefh, and caufmg him to carry the Rider's Weight in a wrong and very improper Part : For if the Saddle be two narrow in the Tree, or she Pannel have too much Stufiing-in at the Points

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		IMPROVED. 329 Points, in fuch Cafe the Horfe cannot be faid to carry the Weight upon his Back, but rather upon his Shoulder-Blades. And altho' many jejune and frolickfome Riders mount a Horfe for a long Jour- ney, without firft having the Saddle well fitted to the Back ; yet it is a Piece of great Indifcretion and bad Conduft, to neglect fo good and beneficial a Part of Oeconomy ; and whoever flights thefe Precepts, 1 hope it will be voted Nem. Con. that fuch Rider be obliged to carry his Horfe inftead of the Horfe carrying him, or at leaft to walk half of the Jour- ney on Foot. And fo far I mull: fpeak in my own Commendation, as to the Particular of faving the Horfe I ride from being wrung or hurt in the Wi- thers, that tho' I take good Care of my Saddles, yet I cannot ride five Miles an End, without feeling now and then with my Fingers under the Saddle next the Horfe's Withers whether it fit down, (as 'tis call'd.) Furthermore it is moft eafy for a Horfe to travel and carry his Weight upon a good large feated Saddle, and the more fo, if the Perfon who rides him be fat and bulky ; for then he may be truly faid to carry his Weight in fo great a Com- pafs, as that it will not gall or fret his Hide, &c. Therefore how prepoiterous and unnatural muft it be for a heavy Man to ride upon a Cockney-Saddle, which may fitly be compared to a filly Man car- rying two Buckets of Water upon his Shoulders with a round Pole, inftead of a flattilh one hollowed and mechanically fitted to receive his Shoulders. If the Horfe be young and his Back not ufed to the Burthen, it will be the more neceflary to ride him with a large Saddle, that his Back may not war- ble, or however as little as poflible ; for if the Weather be hot, and Journey long, it will be ex- ceeding difficult to keep the Back of a young Horfe from galling: However the belt Method is a large Saddle often fcrap'd with a Knife, beaten and clean'd upon the Pannel from Sweat and Dirt, and the Horfe's Back bath'd every Night with a little cold Water

	^

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		230 The Art of Farriery Water wherein fome Alum has been diffolved. An� it may not be amifs every Day at Noon to take on ' the Saddle, and cool his Back by only throwing * Jingle woollen Cloth upon it. Nor is there much fear of catching Cold from thefe Practices, if the Rider only confider the Seafon, and cover the Horfe's Back more or lefs accordingly, while the Saddle is off: For if we confider the Thing rightly, we mull know that it is the Motion and Heat of the Saddle which caufes a kind of Bliftering upon the Horfe's Back. And tho' it may be imagined, by fome lhort-fighted Folks, that a large Saddle is toe hot, and will fooner gall a Horfe than a fmall one, which (to them) feems much cooler ; yet 'tis plainly the contrary, and every Day's Experience mew, that large Saddles are not only eafier, and in Reality cooler to Horfes Backs, as well as much more eafy and fafe to all Men who are not accuf- tomed to top a five-bar'd Gate, than the fmall Sort can poffibly be. Aad if, inftead of the Follies and Fopperies of a certain neighbouring Nation, we imitated them in their way of faddling Horfes only, we mould not be fo defervedly laugh'd at, as Scotch Car- I'm afraid we are. I could farther enlarge upon "^er.^s ^?^a(1_f this Point, and fhew the Scotch Carriers Cunning, es without" ^or ^ratner Dexterity, in faddling their Horfes, and Pack Sad- making them carry much heavier Packs without, die. than our Carriers can with Saddles: But I hope what I have faid is enough to convince any reafon- able Man, that a large Saddle is eafier and more convenient than a fmall one both for Man ana Horfe. Permit me now to proceed to the Cure of a fore Back from a Crufh with the Saddle. If the Saddle be altered in due Time, I mean be' fore the Blood Veffels, &c. are ill crufhed, the bsft Application mult be camphorated Spirit of Wine > but left the Apothecaries you get it from fhoul" have a Spice of the K�e in them, when Camphire happens to be dear, you mould buy the Spirit of Wine and it feparate, and then you are fafe. There-

			to»*

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		IMPROVED.* 331 W I fliall fet down the due Proportion of Spirit ^aHd Camphire fit for this Purpofe. Take Spirit of Wine reBified, four Ounces 3 Cam- Spirit of $ire, fix Drachms. Mix. ^wine cam- phorated, By the continued Ufe of this three times a Day crafh on for a few Days, and removing the Caufe of the the Wi- Complaint, <vm. the Preflure of the Saddle-Bow "5 ^upon the Withers, I dare fay the Swelling will di- fperfe; but if it turn to Matter or grows foft and fuzzy, then it muft be opened for fear of a Fiftula, ^and cured with the green Ointment, &c.p. 283. Every one has his Noftrum or Secret for the Cure °f a crufh'd Back; fuch as a cold Sod of Earth, Bole ■Armoniac, White Wine ^Vinegar, and Whites of Eggs commonly called by Grooms the cold Charge, °f Salt and Black Soap, &c. which any one may try at Pleafure j for, as I have fome time ago faid, whatfoeveir is either potentially cold, or fo in its 0\vn Nature, muft be accounted a Repellent, and proper, in fome Cafes, to apply to Tumours from Heat and Inflammation ; nay even if you come to ⁵ Dijhclout by Turns fquees'd out of cold Spring- Water and apply'd to the Part, it is as potent a Re- pellent, in my Opinion, as mofl others which bear ^a more pompous Title. Yet by the ill Ufe of Re- pellents, many and bad Confequences are brought about: But for further Satisfaction I muft beg the Reader will take the Trouble of turning back a few "ages, and confider what X have writ down under the general Term. Warbles are fmall hard Tumours or Swellings ofWar- Jtider the Saddling Part of a Horfe's Back, occa- bles, and fion'd from the Heat of the Saddle in Travelling, their Cure. «d are cured by Bathing them often with the fol- lowing fpirituous Mixture. Take Spirit of Wine, tnuo Ounces; Oil of Turpen-* '"**» half an Ounce: Tinfture of Myrrh-Aloes, tvis "rachms. Mix.

			ASti-

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The Art of Farriery

A Sit-Faft, proceeds moftly from a Warble aft*'
'tis burnt, and is a Piece of the Horfe's Hide turn'''
horny or hard by the Heat, tsfc. of the Saddle.

The Cure is performed by taking hold of th'
Edge of the hard Skin with a Pair of ftrong Flyer?)
fuch as are ufed by Watchmakers, �sV. and cutting
out the horny Part entirely, and dreffing it as *
common Wound with the Ointment /. 283. arid
taking Care to keep the Saddle from rubbing upo"
it. Therefore, if you are upon a Journey, th^eSaddle fhould be chamber'd very nicely, and no'
carry upon a hard Ridge all round the Sore, but to
fall off gradually, or the Horfe's Back will be worft
hurt than before.

It may not be amifs to tell the Reader how h«
may preferve his own Pofteriors, as well as tb�
Horfe's Back, from galling, fretting, or excoriating!
and herein I mould be a pretty competent Judge>
not only by reafon the Subjeft is of the human
Species, but becaufe I myfelf, tho' I often ride,
am very apt to gall and have the Skin fretted off
my Pofteriors, unlefs I take great Care. And even
in this we fee the great Difference or peculiar Dii'
pofition of one Perfpn from another ; for fome yvil*
bear to ride further upon a bare Saddle-Tree with-
out any Cover of Leather, than I can upon a very
eafy Saddle.

I have obferved lately in the News Papers an
Advertifement about a Powder, for the entire Cure-
ing of what I am now about: But the very Title
and Account of it bewrays the Thing fpurious and
infignificant.

The firft Thing is, as I have juft now faid, to
ride upon a large Saddle, that your Weight ma/
be carried (let me fpeak philofophically) upon more
Points than 'tis poffible, in a little Saddle, to touch
upon; and by this you will find that every addi-
tional Point, provided you be not quite out of all
Reafon, will ftill eafe the Places in the Middle
where you prefs hardeft upon the Saddle.

33*

A Sit-Faft,
what.

The Cure.

How to
preferve a
Traveller
from Gall-
ing by
Riding.

Large Sad-
dles moft
eafy, aft er
a Perfon is
nfed to
them.

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			IMPROVED.

		Next to this is often eafing yourfelf by alighting porn the Horfe, and either walking flowly, or reft- ^lrig yourfelf upon fome eafy Seat, and now and then poling your Buttocks in cold Water to harden the jjkin : For it is much eafier to prevent, by good Management, the Buttocks from galling, than to ^ake the Skin come on again, upon a Journey. And herein People are as negligent and carelefs for 'heir Eafe, as they are in other Particulars relating ^to Health ; for while their Buttocks are eafy and ^^vell, they think nothing of a gall'd A�fe, than ^hich fcarce any thing is more painful, by reafon Jye have fo often Occafion to make Ufe on't. There- '°re they mount any fort of Saddle, and caufe an ^(lamination before they are aware of it; neither ^'H they apply any Helps, or ufe any preventive Methods, before 'tis too late. For when by the ridging, &c. in Riding, the Serum or watry Part ?f the Blood is gathered between the two Skins, it '^s then too late to prevent a fore Backfide. There- °fe, either apply pretty large Plaifters fpread thin ^ttPon Leather with Diachylon, or what is fometimes Wd Diapa Ima, to the Buttocks, before you really j^ant them, or be content to jog on with a wry ^Face^Nand fore A-fe. _b There is a great deal to be faid why fuch cooling ^Jaifter fhould preferve the Skin from fretting, or ^e>fcoriating, ^tno1 I ^ma'l ^onty name a few of its Ver- .^es. And firft, it thickens your own Skin, or, as ¹ Were adds a new and ftronger Scarf Skin to de- ,^er»d the Ends of the Blood-Veffels, C5V. from being ^lt'ated and inflamed, and hinders the Skin from ebbing into Wrinkles, which is one Reafon why ^e gall fo foon. � Secondly,* it performs this by a Compofition that .' Very cooling and pleafant, and an Enemy to Heat "^ Inflammation in the Flefh, and which is in its *ⁿ Nature drying and healing. ^«/?/)i, I advife thefe Plaifters be large, and ap- P'^d to the Buttocks as plain and even as poffible, and

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		The Art of Farriery and to keep them as much as can be in the lik^eSituation. I fometimes put them on after I am mounted* and got a little Way into the Lanes, for Fear o> their running into Creafes or Wrinkles while I an¹getting on Horfeback ; but fat and unwieldy People cannot raife themfelves upon the Saddle fo as to do this. Therefore they muft put them on juft before they mount, and keep them even, as I have dire<3' ed. Furthermore, it is neceflary to have a Numbe^fof thefe Plaifters ready fpread and roll'd up in Box^⁵for the Purpofe, that fo you may take a frelh one as Occafion requires; but while the old one will flick and keep from Creafes, it will do well enough. They may be thrown by at Night, and the But' tocks cool'd with Blue-Milk and Water, and laid on in the Morning after ftretching them a little. Let them be fpread thin and with a fmall Mar- gin, and by that Means your Linnen and Breeches will keep clear of daubing, &c. If the Traveller be fo very negligent as not to follow thefe wholefome Directions till the Skin i^soff his Buttocks, 'tis Pitty but it mould continue fo- However, I muft tell him charitably, that nothing will in fuch Cafe keep him more eafy to his Jour- neys End, than thofe very Plaifters, which fhoulo be apply'd before the Thing is too far gone. As to this or that Sort of Lining of Breeches, Hare ot Rabbet-Skins, and the like, they are only good a⁵they caufe the Buttocks to reft more eafy upon a hard Saddle ; which fort of Furniture I by no mean' recommend, unlefs it were to be ufed as a peniteri' tial Scourge to the Pofteriors, in like manner as there are a Sort of Pennance-Belts to correft th* Sins and Vices of the anterior Parts of the Body. If I have been tedious upon this Particular, 1 muft beg the Reader's Pardon, having promifed * worthy Gentleman of my Acquaintance to fpeak to it in fome Part or other of this Book.

			CHAP-

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	IMPROVED.
	IMPROVED.	335
		335

CHAP. XLII. Of a Shoulder-Wrench, Shoulder-Slip, Sinew- Sprain, &c. BEFORE the Reader enter into this Chapter, his Notions and Judgment Ihould be full fraught with the Properties of an Animal Thread or Fibre, for of fuch are the Mufcles, Tendons, &ct poncern'd in the Grievance, compofed. And thefe Properties have been explain'd before. Horfes above all other Creatures are fubje&ed to piefe kinds of Ailments, and yet fcarce any Thing \|^s more difficult in the Art of Farriery than to tell �n fome Cafes, whether the Complaint be in the Shoulder, Back-Sinew, or Foot: And tho' every farrier will, at the firft flight View of a lame Horfe, Pretend to tell you the Affair is in this or that par- ticular Place; yet I would no more believe or truft them, than a young, unfledged Phylician (who has �iuft received his Difpatches from his College) in the ~ure of any obftinate and ftubborn Diftemper, not- jyuhftanding thePhyfician and Farrier are alike po- "tive in their Way ; therefore if your Horfe be lame ^before or in his Fore-Parts, confider rightly his Way ^of going. But firft I muft inform the Reader, that j Horfe's Shoulder-BIades are not fixed to his Body ^by any kind of Articulation or Joint, but by Ap- Pofition or being laid on along the Side of the Ribs, j^d there faften'd by the Mufcles, &c. which lie "e'ow and above them ; fo that when a Horfe re- aves a Hurt in the Shoulder, it is the Mufcles, jendons, &c. which are relaxed or ftretched at J^at Juncture of Time, beyond their natural- Tone Elafticity or Springinefs. , If the Lamenefs be in the Foot (except it be a The Signs _f^Qt furbated Foot) the Horfe will halt more the of Lame- "^rther he travels; that is, if the Complaint be the "^efs ⁱⁿ ^the�^r-vel, or a Crufli with the Shoe, or a Nail that ^{t0^C}■ ^v<rs too hard upon a Vein, &c.* he will not mend by

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The Art of Farriery

by Travelling, but generally goes worfe and worfe >
and if the Roads be hard or rough, he will com-
plain fo much the more ; tho' in a Shoulder-Strain
he will not make much Difference as to hard or fott
Roads; and if the Wrench be violent, he will be
apt to call his Foot outwards, forming a Circle as
he goes.

If the Ailment is in the Shoulder, he will fet his
Foot down hardily to favour it, though he be turn'd
ihort on the lame Side, which Motion tries him th«
moft of any : But if you cannot yet difcover where
the Lamenefs lies, you muft have the Shoe off, and
his Foot fearch'd, and fqueezed a little here and
there with a Pair of Pincers; and if his Sole &
good he will not eafily complain, unlefs there t>^eGravel, or a Nail hurt him, or the Shoe fit dow⁰too hard upon his Quarters.

336

The Signs
of a Strain
in the
Shoulder.

Back-Sinew

Strain.

If it be neither in the Shoulder nor Foot, it may'

be in the Back-Sinew, which may be known by
the Roundnefs of the Leg, or Inflammation and
Heat thereabouts; or if not here, yet it may be i°
the Coffin-Joint, tho' no Swelling or outward Ap'
pearance of it can be difcovered. I mail now pr°'
ceed to the curative Intentions.

No Strain
efte�tually
cured un-
der three
Months
Time.

In the firft Place let it be remember'd, that n°

Strain or Relaxation of the Tendons is fufficiently"

cured in lefs Time than three Months; but that i>

the Horfe be continued in Ufe during the Grievance)

it may make him incurably lame. Therefore it is»

that Reft, without the Farrier's Applications, avail'

more than fuch Applications without Reft. A^^a

from hence it may be feen, how improper it is r°

a Horfe to wear a Patten-Shoe, to force him to bea

his Weight upon the weak Shoulder, And tho

am told the Horfe is well after fuch Management.

yet I am very fenfible he would be fooner cured by

pulling his Shoes off, and giving him Reft and Eaff �

The Cure. If _your Horfe be ftram'd in the Shoulder, let hi"¹

be bled in the Thigh-Vein, and rubb'd with the

following Mixture. �, ,.

Tali¹

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		IMPROVED. 3S7 Take Oil of Turpentine, one Ounce; Spirit of Mixture Wine camphorated, two Ounces. Mix. j°^r _h\|^train Shoulder. This lhould be rubb'd well in at twice, half of it foon after Bleeding, and the reft twelve Hours af- terwards, walking the Horfe a little till the Heat be gone off. If you put in more Spirit of Wine than I have order'd in this Mixture, it will not be fufficiently warm fo as to penetrate deep enough to do good, and if more Oil be made ufe of, it will be too hot, and caufe the Hair to come off, and the Horfe's Hide to crack and break as far as the Mixture �Caches: Therefore if the Medium be kept fo as I have ordered, I believe it will be as effeftual as any Thing which can be apply'd, and yet not fo hot as to bring the Hair off, altho' it be heated in with a hot Fire-lhovel. Captain Burdon* in his Pocket-Farrier orders Oil °f Spike and Oil of Swallows mix'd, to rub a "rain'd Shoulder; but thefe two Oils are of quite different Properties as much as Water and Spirit of Vine ; fo that by this injudicious Compofition, 'tis ^eafy to guefs at the Captain's Tether of Learning ^ith Relation to Medicine. Rowelling is generally the next Thing prefcribed Rowelling ^after Oiling and Bleeding, though I cannot fee any fonietimes Sfeat Reafon for it, unlefs the Strain be exceeding P^r0P^el'^Jn^olent, and a Flux of Humours brought upon the _tJle s^oul- "art by_cthe Tenfion and Heat; then indeed I can- fai, t fay any Thing againft Rowelling under the Belly d in the Breaft, which may help to cool and eafe J}e Pain. And in my Thoughts Scoprels or round 'eces of Leather with Holes in the Middle, lap't °und with Tow, are the moft fit and proper in !^efe Cafes. But in order to make the Rowel dif- .^arge moft copioully, let the Piece of Leather ^Vlth Tow he dipt in the following Ointment made ^arm. Q_ Take*

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			the Art of Farriery Take the common green Ointment, (p. 283,) two Ounces ; Cantharides or Spanijh Flies in Powder, three Drachms. Mix. Every other Day with a fmall Bunch of Feathers work up fome of this Ointment into the Wounds, and it will caufe a copious Running. If the Strain be in the Back-finew and the fame not violent, I think the Application of the follow- ing cold Charge may be fufficient, with Reft and Pa- tience : But without thefe I believe the Symptoms will be aggravated. Take of Bole Armoniac in Po<wder, half a Pound , White-woine Vinegar, and Whites of Eggs, as much as ivill make it the Confifience of a Poultis. Mix. Apply it pretty thick upon a Piece of Leather or double Cloth, and as it grows dry put on more, 'til* fuch Time as the Tendon or Sinew has received its natural Tone. There are a great many different Methods, as Captain Burdon\ Turnip Poultis, &c. Bleeding in the Sprun-Vein, Poultis's of Cow's-Dung, and the like: But the cold Charge exceeds them all ; tho if the Sinew be much relaxed, or if the Horfe be, what the Jockies call, let down in the Sinew, * think nothing comes up to firing : Yet fuch Horfe can never be made fo ftrong in that Part, but a hard Courfe, or Running a Race upon hard Ground, wi" let him down again, tho' he may perform indiffe- rent well upon a Road, provided he has had a Win' ter's Running after giving the Fire. If the Lamenefs be in the Coffin-Joint, oiling with the Mixture for a Strain in the Shoulder, and fufEcient Reft may pei form a Cure; but I have known thefe Strains very tedious in going off. For a Strain in the Couplings, I advife the fol' lowing lengthening Charge. ,
	33* Ointment ior Rowel- ling.

		Cold Charge for a Strain in the Kack- Sinew.

A Wirtcrs Running neceffary after giving the Fire for a Strain in the Back- Sinew. Strain in the Back commonly call'd a Sway'd Back.

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			IMPROVED.
			IMPROVED.	339
				339

		Take Pitch and Pofin, of each four Ounces; torn- "ion Turpentine, three Ounces. Mix. Pour it on Warm, and cover the Fillets all over with Tow or Hurds. I have juft mention'd the Signs of Lamenefs in the Foot, and how it may be diftinguifh'd from a Shoulder-Slip, &c.. But I fhall treat of the feveral Oiforders attending that Part of the Body, with the Methods of Cure, feparately in fome fubfequent Chapter.

	CHAP. XLIII. Of the Mallenders, Sallenders, &c. MA L L EN D E R S are a very fore Thing happening to Horfes, making them ftumble and go lame. They are fituate upon the Bending of the Knee °n the Infide, and difcharge a fharp thin indigefted Matter. Sallenders appear upon the Bending of the Hough, Sallenders ^a»d make a Horfe go lame behind. ^what- The Cure of both thefe Infirmities is perform'd The Cure, "y warning the Parts with a Lather of Soap warm, J* with old Pifs; after which apply the following Ointment. Take common Turpentine, and $>uickfil'ver, of each Ointment ⁿⁿ Ounce; incorporate them well by ftirring for a -PF ^ °"i Time in a Pot, and fpread ''em upon Pledgets of ,j_erS-V and drefs Night and Morning 'till all the Scabs °fe fallen off. But if this does not fucceed, take �^e following, which is yet a more effectual Method, ^ft°' tis better to cure any Diforder with eafier or ?°re mild Applications, if it can poffibly be done, °^r which Reafon I juft mention'd the Turpentine ^ Quickftlver. 0^2 Take

^

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		'g4© the drt s/Farriiry Another Take Flanders Oil of Bays, or for 'want of that of Ointment render d Hog's Lard, two Ounces ; Sublimate Mer- gers or Sal- ^t^h ^tn)J0 Drachms. Mix. Anoint the Mallenders lenders. ^or Sallenders every Night and Morning for four Turns, und I dare fay it will cure them, by rubbing with a little Quickfilver mixed with HogVLard af- terwards, which mould be done for three or four Days, to caufe the Scabs to fall ofF and the Hair to come afrelh.

			CHAP. XLIV. Of the Greafe and Scratches, Mules, and Kibed Heels. I Believe I need not trouble the Reader with a te- dious Defcription of thefe Diftempers, by Rea- fon they are fufficiently known and apparent to every Body. The Caufe. The Caufe of thefe and fuch like Diforders is from over Exercife, when a Horfe is either over fat or lean, or in other Words, when he is exercifed above his Keeping, and has not due Care taken of him in Dreffing, Feeding, &c. or when he goes too near, and knocks one Leg againft another fo as to bruife the Flefh, and caufe Heat, Inflammation, &c. in which laft Cafe great Care mull be had in Shoe- ing, that he may be made to go as wide as poffible, otherwife thefe Kinds of Horfes will be difficult to manage fo as to keep them from the Greafe, &c. If the Greafe be an Attendant of fome other Dif' eafe, fuch Difeafe muft be cured before the Greaf^ecan be removed; for very often it is an Attendant upon the Farcin, Yellows, and other Diforders o» the Blood and Humours. The Cure. If the Horfe be full of Flefh the Cure is to be begun by Evacuation, fuch as Bleeding, "Purging; Es'r. and his Heels always kept as clean and fweet a^spoffible, by wafting with warm Water and Soap ' lot

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		IMPROVED. $0 for nothing promotes the Greafe more than Negli- gence and Naftinefs, and as I have told the Publick in my Notes on Burdon, nothing is better for the Cure of the Greafe than a good deal of Elbow-greafe _/properly apply'd, when the Sores are kept clean Waih'd. But few, very few Grooms will take the true Pains required to preferve a Horfe's Legs in or- der, efpecially if fuch Horfe is often rid hard either upon the Field or Road. Therefore the Mailer's Elbow- Eye and Hand are as neceffary to keep his Horfe Greafe from the Greafe, CSV. as to fee them fed, nay much l^hen P^r0" more fo; becaufe a lazy Fellow can fooner tofs a Feed of Corn into the Horfe's Manger, than clean his Legs by warning with warm Water, &c. as he ought. And in my Thoughts more Horfes are > � greafed by bad looking to, than by hard Riding, or any Diftemper Horfes may be fuppofed to have which may bring on fuch Malady. Therefore if you have a Horfe that is inclinable to fwelPd Legs, be fure to choofe as careful a Servant as you can to look after him; for without great Care, as I faid before, no Medicines will effeft a Cure. I believe, out of the many Boys I have had to look after my Horfes, I have had but one that could truly be faid to be fo careful, that you could not greafe one whilft under his Care and Management: For altho' he was as I mult confefs very apt to get too much Liquor, yet drunk or fober he always turn'd his Horfes out with cleen Heels, fo that I Could more eafily forgive his common Faults. And unlefs your Servant every Time he goes into the Stable, or however very often in a Day, rub your Horfe's Legs with his Hands after the Legs are dry ^and clean, you can expeft nothing but the Greafe from a Stagnation of the Blood and Juices in thofe dependftig Parts, for want of fuch mufcular Motion, which by Turns naturally compreffes the Veffels When the Horfe is at Grafs, and thereby forwards Circulation. Therefore I would propofe a Piece of wholefome Advice to all thofe Mailers who are Q_3 troubled

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		342 The Art of Farriery troubled with what we call ftiff-hacKdServants that cannot Hoop but with Difficulty, which is, that fuch Mailers would turn their Horfes to Grafs, and allow them the like Quantity of Corn in Summer which they fhould do in Winter, if they are expec- ted to do great Service; and then I am fure they will not be fubject, to the Greafe, and yet perform a Journey very well, but not look fo fleck and fine coated as thofe which lie in the Houfe. If you can't confent to your Horfe's lying out in Winter, with a Hovel or haif-Houfe for them to run into at Pleafure, where they fhould have their Hay Proper Ex- ^ⁿ^ Oats with warm Bedding, &c. I think turning erciie the om in the Day Time moft likely to cure the Greafe, beft Re. _or prevent it when threatncd ; and by what has been ^medy- faid of the Caufe, it is eafy to judge of the Cure ; for as the Greafe proceeds from the Blood and Hu- mours ftagnating or flopping in the Limbs, Exercife muft be the Remedy to promote the Circulation of the Juices. And this, together with keeping the Heels clean wafh'd, exceeds any Medicine inwardly, or Application outwardly, for the Cure of the Greafe, The beft Exercife is for the Horfe to go at large as he pleafes amongft the Grafs; for if this happens to be in Plenty, or that he walks up and down amongft Weeds, Rufhes, Barks, or fuch like, the Dew which refts upon them, will by falling upon the Horfe's Legs fo cool and eafe the Inflammation and Heat, that I have known many cured this Way. A large Next to turning a Horfe out for the Cure of the Stall proper Greafe or Scratches, I am fatisfied a large and con- fer cvring venient Stall, with good Dreffing. cirV. moll take ene Create. _place _And _if _ypur _Horfe _be _taught _to _lie d_0Wn at the Word of Command, as I have fhewn in fome former Pages, he will be ftill lefs liable to the Greafe, Scratches, Mules or Kib'd Heels ;«for by lying down often, the Blood and Juices will circu- late with more Eafe in the Limbs, which are then in a Horizontal Pofture j fo that it is not, according to the vulgarly received Opinion, the Humour, which

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		IMPROVED. 343 Which fall down from the Body upon the Limbs which caufe the Greafe, �sPr. but the flow Circula- tion, and the great perpendicular Column of Blood which preffes hard againft the Sides of the contain- ing Veffels for want of Exercife ; or in other Words for want of mufcular Contra dtion, which occafions a Stagnation, and of Confequence the Scratches, Greafe, &c. It is a very foolifh and abfurd Notion to imagine The Joe- \ a Horfe full of Humours (as the Jockies call it) kies Notion when he happens to be troubled with the Greafe, ^oi ^tj.^realeScratches, or fore Heels: But fuch (hallow Reafon- ^confuted' mg will always abound, while People's Judgments are merely fuperficial. Therefore to convince fuch unthinking Folks, let them take a thick Stick and beat a Horfe foundly upon his Legs, fo that they bruife them in feveral Places; after which they'll fwell, I dare fay, and be in Danger of Greafing. Now pray what were thefe offending Humours do- ing before the Bruifes given by the Stick ? And it is abfurd to fay, that when a Horfe travels he raifes the Humours in his Body, and then they fall dowil into the Limbs; whereas it is nothing but his knock- ing his Legs together, Want of Care to keep his Heels clean, and Heat of the Parts occafion'd by a hard Day's Journey, which for the moll Part bring on the Greafe, &c. But leaft I fhould be thought lingular in pretending to cure the Greafe, by Diet, Exercife, and good Dreffing, I fhall fay a Word or two with relation to the Medicines of moil Efficacy in fuch Intentions of Cure. hvAfirft, I don't think Capt. Bur don¹ & Turnip Poult is a def- Capt. Bur' picable Application : For when.the Heels are clean duCatw- Wafh'd and the Hair cut away, fuch Poultis may, ^"^"^j oy its genial Warmth, and more homogenial Juice, _per f_or _cu. much contribute towards a Cure. But then, unlefs ring the the Horfe will lie down of himfelf, or at the Word Greafe. °f Command, the Poultis will not do fo much Ser- vice ; for it is generally his ftanding Days and Nights ^together in narrow bound-up Stalk, which occafions Q^4 this

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			The Art of Farriery this loathfome and nafty Diftemper. Therefore, unlefs the Greafe happens to be an Attendant of fome inward Difeafe or outward Accident, I am of Opinion what I have already faid about it may lead any fenfible Men to the Cure. Bleeding, Purging, Rowelling, and mofl other Evacuations take Place (according to Cuftom) in the Cure of the Greafe and Scratches. And when, as I have hinted, this Diftemper is the Attendant of fome other Difeafe, which proceeds from a general Fulnefs of the Veffels, fuch Difcharges are requi- fite and neceffary, without all manner of Difpute : But then again to purge a Horfe nuithin an Inch of his Life, in order to carry off the Greafe with the Excrements, is a Piece of mere Enthufiafm : For what thefe Adepts imagine to be Greafe is the na- tural Mucus of the Guts; which flimy Matter I have lhewn to be as neceffary in its Place, as the the very Blood within the Veins. I muft own, when a Horfe's Legs are very hot, and enflamed, the Groom may over-do his Part in rubbing them, either with a Cloth or his Hands. Therefore, in this Cafe, Moderation is to be ufed ; and if you will not turn the Horfe out in the Day- time till his Limbs, are cool'd and made eafy, you Ihould order him into a very large Stall, if he is not in one already ; but what other People think a large Stall, may, in my Opinion, be otherwife. For what I call a large one Ihould be at leaft fix Foot wide, that a tall Horfe may fhoot out his Legs at Length, that fo the Blood may pafs along with- out the Refiftances it muft naturally meet with when a Horfe lies all on a Heap, or with his Legs under him. Furthermore it is neceffary, that a Stable fhould be fo paved that there be not too great a De- clivity or Steepnefs between the fore and hind Parts of the Horfe. For if he ftand too low with his hind Legs, moft of his Weight will reft upon them and give him the Greafe, efpecially if he is in the leaft inclinable to what we term gourdy Legs. And I really
		344

	Bleeding &c. necef- lary.

Stall not too fteep backwards Why Horf es greafe oftener be- hind than before.

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		IMPROVED. 345 I really believe, if Horfes were to ftand as low with the fore Feet as they generally do with their hinder Feet, they would greafe and fcratch fooner before than behind ; and there can be no other Reafon why a Horfe fhould greafe fooner behind than before, un- lefs that he is apt to cut oftener in the Place firft Mentioned. Some of our ancient Farriers advife the tying up Tying up of the Thigh Veins for the Greafe : But I by no ^e.^Thisli-. Means approve of fuch Practice, it being quite op- ^^"t the Pofite to the Intention of Cure ; feeing that inftead Greale, of tying up or flopping a Vein, they had better an Error, (were it poffible) add another more than there is al- ready, and fo the Blood would circulate more eafily, When there is a Kind of Stagnation in the Limbs: I fhall not enlarge upon this Head farther than 'nforming the Reader, that a large Stall, good Bed- ding, clean Feeding, Dreffing, and Exercife, along With the Ufe of the cordial Ball, with a little Anti- mony in it, will moft certainly cure the Greafe. »ut to give a Check to and curb the prefent Evil, 'urn the Horfe out in the Day-time in his Cloaths, 'f he be ufed to Cloathing, and when his Heels are dry and cool, it is a bad Groom, or a worfe Mailer that fuffers him to relapfe, except he be fuch a Horfe ^as cuts intolerably ; if fo, he is not worth my while o mention, farther than to bequeath him a Collar, 'Or he is not fit for the Road. Lafily, thofe Gentlemen who admire the Diverfi- °u of Hunting, and are hard Riders, fhould take «i;s Piece of Advice along with them, ('viz.) that if tis a young Horfe, and unufed to Leaps, he fhould ■"ave the.greateft Care imaginable taken to pick out ^a'l the Thorns, is'c. that may ftick about his Fet- Jock-Joints, &c. For as young Horfes generally Ofufh thro⁷ rather than clear their Leaps, they are ^apt to bang their Legs againft Stubs, &c. which, ^ith the Points of Thorns flicking in the Flefh, S^ufe Inflammation and Greafe. Therefore let fuch * horns be very carefully fearched by the Finger, and Qj P^ull'^d

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		The Art of Farriery pulPd out, and the Legs well wafh'd with warm Water, and after they are dry let them be bath'd with fome common Spirit of Moloffes, Malt, or the like; and after Feeding properly, let him be forced down in the Manner I have taught, if he will not lie down of himfelf, which 'tis ten to one he will not, becaufe his Legs will be uneafy from the Pricks, Knocks, &c. fuftain'd in getting thro' the Hedges. And as a young Horfe is, from his not being ufed to fuch Work, and the prefent tender Difpofition of his Fibras, moll fubjeft to greafe or fcratch in the Heels (as 'tis call'd); for thefe Reafons the Groom ought not to leave him, 'till he has eafed his Legs as much as pofiible, and feen him lie down. In fine, a Horfe's Legs in fuch a Cafe mould be wafh'd and clean'd at leaft three Times a Day. And if he will lie and feed with Captain Burdons Turnip-Poultis, I can fay nothing againft fuch Application. When the Greafe is got to an intolerable Height (which it need not be fuffered to do unlefs People are both filly and obftinate) fo that the Hair flares, and is (what fome term) pen-feather''d, then indeed it wi!l be hard to cure it, in fuch Manner as that the Hair (hall lie fmooth afterwards. However, to put a Stop to fuch naufeous Difcharge, let the Heels, after cutting off the Hair, be firft walh'd very clean with Soap and Water, then bath'd with the follow- ing Wound-Water pretty warm twice a Day for three Days. Take Roch Alum, and white Vitriol, of each tiu" Ounces ; powder them together, and burn them eithef in a Crucible or upon a clean Fire-Sho'vel till they of come a ivhite Calx : Then take Camphire, one Ounce > powder it by rubbing the End of the Ptjile with <* little Oil; and of Bole Armoniac in Powder, ff^ Ounces ; River or Rain-Water, two Quarts. Ma*¹the Water hot, and ftir the other Things into it for ^aconjiderable Time. When

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		IMPROVED. 347 . When you ufe it, it mould be {naked up, and a little of it warm'd ain a Pot, and the Sores wafh'd With a Piece of Spunge or Rag. It is a Folly to imagine, that there is Danger in drying up the Ulcers in the Heels of Horfes troubled With the Greafe, which feemingly difcharge fo much ftinking Matter. For it is the Lodgment of fuch Matter amongft the Wounds and Hair of the Heels, that makes it of fuch offenfive Savour. In like manner the Saliva difcharged in human Bodies du- ring a Salivation fmells exceeding llrong and offen- sive ; but it is not the Saliva or Spittle that naturally fmells fo, but the Breath, which acquires fuch Taint, as it paffes over the numberlefs fmal! Ulcers in the Mouth, Throat, csV.'of fuch Perfons. And this is eafily try'd, by impartially fmelling to the difcharged Sali-va, in a Place which the Patient's Breath can- not have tainted. Neither is it, in the Cafe of de- cay'd and rotten Teeth, the Perfon's Breath that ftinks, but the Teeth ; for only remove fuch Caufe, and the EfFeft will ceafe. Therefore there is not, ftriftly fpeaking, any fuch Thing as a ftinking Breath, unlefs fuch Perfon has an Ulcer of the Lungs, which contaminates the very Air inlnfpiration. Horfes are very fubjeft to the Scratches or kibed Scratches, Heels, from travelling in deep fandy Lanes, or from Mutes, or a natural Gourdinefs of the Legs, but moftly for Si Want of Care in warning and keeping them clean after Exercife. The Scratches are fo painful a Diforder, that they will caufe a Horfe to lofe his Appetite, and go ex- ceeding lame and ftiff for feme Time after fetting out. The Cure is the fame with that of the Greafe ; The Cur?, only if the Scratches be dry, 'tis beft to keep the Heels foftened and fupple with Curriers Dubbing made of Oil and Tallow ; for this will keep the Hide from cracking, and preierve it as well as it does Leather; and it is the only Thing to hinder the Scratches, by ufing it often before Exercife, and Q^6 warning

			t

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		348 tte Art j/Farriery wafting the Heels with warm Water, when the Horfe comes in. Watery I ihall not make a diftinft Chapter of watry Sores, n°nntng ^. of the Legs, as Mr. Gib/on has done, feeing Fruit. ^tne"^e Diforders may be confider'd under the Chapter of the Greafe,* &c. And if a Horfe has naturally a running Fruft, I believe there is no Cure that can be accounted fafe, no more than we can cure People of fweaty Feet. Therefore the beft Way is to keep both thefe Inconveniencies as fweet and clean as the Circumftances of the Cafe will admit of, by reafon an entire Drying up of fuch fuperfluous Matter, which Nature has thought fit to difcharge this Way, might bring on worfe Evils. I ftall now proceed to the Diftempers of the Foot: And firji of Surbating.

			CHAP. XLV. Of Surbating, and narrow Heels. The Signs. ~JT Muft own, that the Farriers have a great many ^ Names for Diftempers that would puzzle a Man to find out their Etymologies; nor can I think from whence the Term Surbating comes, unlefs from the French ^of fur and battre, which fignifies to ftrike upon, as when the Horfe's Hoof itrikes upon the Pavement, and thereby becomes hot, or The Caufe. what we call furbated. Surbated Hoofs proceed from hard Ufage and in- judicious Shoeing, tho' moftly from the natural Con- formation or Make of the Horfe's Hoof, which if, inftead of being of a flat Make and open Heel, it is a deep Hoof with a narrow Heel, you may fully expeft he will (if ufed upon hard Roads) become furbated or beaten of his Feet in a very ftort Time, let the Owner take what Care he can of him. I hope I need not tell the Reader, that eafy Shoe- ing, Greafjng, or Liquoring the Hoofs with Hog's Lard I

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		IMPROVED. Lard or any other Greafe (which is ftill the fame, as I have (hewn in fome of the preceding Chapters) and Stuffing every Night with foft Cow's Dung, is the beft Method to eafe a beaten Foot. And if now and then you order a little Print of frelh Butter to be put upon the Sole of the Foot, and lay the Cow- Dung uppermoft, it will ftill make the Horfe travel with more Eafe to himfelf and Safety to the Rider ; for he will not, when his Feet are eafed, be fo apt to fnapper and ftumble. And I have obferved, that thefe kind of tender-footed Horfes are worft when they are new fhod ; for 'tis either the Beats of the Hammer, or the Shoe that is hot yet fettled to their thin and tender Soles, that makes them tread like a Cat upon a hot Backjione, as we ufe to fay in the North : But when the Shoes are fettled to the Feet, thefe Horfes will fome of them) make a tolerable Shew in a Dealer's Hand, if he is fo wife as to keep the Spur on the Side, and the Horfe on foft Ground. But leaft I mould be thought to teach them more Cunning than they have already, (tho' they moftly have Occafion for it, feeing all Eyes are upon them) I muft proceed ; only, before I leave the Subjeft of beaten or furbated Feet, let me warn the Reader of one common Trick which the Dealers ufe when they happen to have a Horfe that's tender-footed, (i>fe.) they always fhew you thefe Horfes in wore-out bad Shoes, and pretend that when he's fhod he'll go found and clever. But it is a Miftake, as I have now hinted; for if he be lame in Shoes that are fettled to his Feet, I am fure he will be fo in new ones in a much greater Degree than we ourfelves are in new Shoes; otherwife from whence the Proverb, as eafy as my old Shoe. But while a Horfe is young and mettlefome he fcorns to yield to or (hew the growing Infirmity. In like manner as we ourfelves, when Boys, could tread upon harder Grounds, and wear more pinching Shoes than we can at prefent. Therefore, I fay, it is of the utmoft Confequence to examine well the Make of the Hoof when you de- fign I

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		The Art of Farriery fign to buy: For tho' one of thefe fo ufeful Crea- tures may trot found on hard Ground upon a Shew > yet if his Hoof be what we term a deep Hoof with a narrow Heel, he ought to be refufed for it, if the Buyer want one to ferve him a good while; but fuch Horfes may do well enough for thofe whofe Bufmefs it is to buy the D�1 and fell the D----1, and may ferve well enough on Roads that are not too hard for their Corns. However, I muft tell the Reader that fuch Kind of Horfes cannot be call'd good for the Road, by Reafon the Road muft be firft of all good for fuch Horfes: For when you ride one of thefe, you fhould fend a Pioneer before to le- vel the Roads. It has been a Method long amongft Farriers, to or- der a Stuffing of Ox or Cow's-Dung and Vinegar for the Soles of the Feet in thefe Cafes; but furely thefe Fellows do not rightly confider the Virtues of Vinegar any farther than deeming it a Cooler, and therefore good againft a hot, furbated Hoof: But I would have fuch People know it is not only cooling but alfo reftringent, which laft Property is diame- trically oppofite to the Intention of Cure. And be- fides, this vegetable acid Juice may by its eminent cooling Quality, if ufed to a hot Hoof, caufe the Horfe to founder, and go lamer than he would do without fuch Application, which benumbs him ex^ ceedingly in fuch Cafes. Therefore you fee how neceffary and requisite it is for a Man who under- takes to prefcribe Medicines either inwardly or out- wardly, to confider, throughly and with Judgment, all the particular and different Qualities cr Vertues of every individual Ingredient in the Compofiticn, otherwife he can never be faid to prefcribe judiciouf- ly ; for although at firft flight Confideration a Drug may feem properly adapted for the Cure of a Dif- temper, yet if we do but give ourfelves Liberty to confider a little, we fhall find perhaps that fuch Drug is endu'd with fome very different Qualities more than what we at firft imagined. But to return : There

			f

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		IMPROVED. 351 There are others again who are for foftning the Sole of the Foot with greafy Things, and afterwards pouring in a Mixture of boiling Pitch and Tarr: But I do not think thefe Things can do any°Service, becaufe no right Reafon can be given why they mould eafe a Surbated Hoof. Therefore I rather recom- mend old De Grey's Method, which was to take two new-laid Eggs, and after pricking the Feet well, break them raw upon the Soles. After which (luff with Ox or Cow-Dung. If you only ufe the Whites of Eggs with fuch Stuffing, I believe it will be ftill better; for they are moderately cooling, and by their clammy Na- ture add Firmnefs to the dry and brittle Hoof. I have, ordered a Horfe of this Sort to be mod with Pieces of old Hat under the Shoes, thinking thereby to let him tread fofter, but all to no Purpofe, for I could find no Difference in his Travelling. So that in the Main there is no Cure for a beaten Hoof. Therefore what I have faid before is all that can be done in the Cafe. By a Horfe's being Hoof bound is meant, when Hoof- his Heels are too narrow, &c. or that his Hoof is bound, bound up and drawn together in Wrinkles, both ^w ' which are a Sign of too great Heat in this Part of the Horfe's Body. There are many and various Methods now in Ufe for the Cure of this Diforder of the Hoof; and Farriers, no doubt, will tell you that drawing the Soles, and fcrewing the Heels wider with a Piece of Machinery for the Purpofe, will certainly cure your Horfe. But altho' I have often taken Notice of this barbarous Cuftom, and been forry to fee a Flag of Horfe-Soles hung out upon every filly Smith's Door j yet I could never convince them that fuch Method was erroneous and foolifh, or that they did amifs when they fcraped away fo much of the Frufh as they generally do to open the Heels in Shoeing, tho' by fo doing they weaken the Heels and make them

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			lie Art ^/"Farriery them approach nearer together. But as I have faid before, �>ui <vult decipi, decipiatur. I cag give no particular Directions for the Cure of narrow-heel'd Horfes, befides what I have faid under the Title of beaten and furbated Hoofs. And altho¹ Mr. Gib/on has writ well upon Farriery, yet I think he's out, where he defcribes an Operation for the Purpofe, feeing little Good ever accrues from it.
		352

	Narrow- Heel.


CHAP. XLVI. Of Gravel, Nails, &c. in the Foot. IN E E D not defcribe the Gravel in the Hoof, any further than what I have done in the pre- ceding Chapter, where I treated of Lamenefs, and how a Perfon might guefs whether a Horfe was lame in the Foot or Shoulder. The Dire. The firft Thing is to get out the Enemy as foon as you can ; but if you have not very good Reafon to believe your Horfe gravel'd, by pinching his Sole moderately with a Pair of Pinchers, (for any Horfe will Ihrink if he's hard wrung :) I fay if you don't find fufficient Reafon to believe he is gravel'd, do not fuffer the Smith to rip and tear up the poor Creature's Foot with his drawing Knife ; for by fuch injudicious Practice the Horfe often gravels, tho' he was not before fuch Work, by making the Sole fo thin that the Gravel works itfelf thro' to the Quick; and really there is no Occafion to rip up the Foot fo much, becaufe if you fqueeze him only at every half Inch Diftance round the Hoof, you will be fure to hit the Place, if there be Gra- vel. But then again you are to give Allowance for a thin, and thick, and firm Sole ; for thin-foled Horfes, or fuch as have tender Feet, will ftiew Symptoms of the Gravel, upon this Tryal, altho' . there

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			I MP ROVED.

		there is not the leaft Bit got thro' the Sole. And therefore I fay, you mult give Allowance for a tender-footed Horfe. The Gravel moftly follows the Nail-Holes, and When thefe pafs too near the Quick, 'tis then fuch Sort of Matter gets in and corrupts, working its Way continually upwards towards the Coronet, or Part between Hoof and Hair, where it very often forms what the Farriers call a Quitter-Bone, of te- dious and difficult Cure. Furthermore a Horfe may be gravel'd from his being fo thin pared in the Heels or elfewhere of his Foot, that it works its Way thro'; yet I believe the Farriers often make a Miftake by calling the Lamenefs a Gravel, when it is the Horfe's Foot which is crufh'd about the Heel by the Shoe that fits too hard, and the crufh'd Blood when grown corrupt makes the Horfe halt and go lame j there- fore upon fearching the Hoof it is term'd a Gravel. But as the Cure of both are the fame, we may the more eafily forgive the Miftake. After you have got out all the Gravel, which may be known by a Difcontinuation of the Black- nefs,) the Place may be heal'd with the Green Ointment, page 283. which muft be apply'd very- Warm, or rather poured hot into the Grievance; and afterwards fill the hollow Part with fomething of a more firm Confiftence, fuch as black Pitch, With a little Turpentine, or the like. However it may be proper every Night to view how Matters go, leaft the Cement be dropt out in Travelling. The beft Way to preferve it in its Place, is to leave the Hole as rough as poffible, and hollow'd a.little Under; that is, to make the Hole larger within than without, in the fame Manner as we fix the Gudgeons of a Door in Stone, by melting Lead in- to the Cavities. Some have a Method, and that not defpicable, of burning Oil of Turpentine in the Hole, after the Oravel is got out; for by this Means the Sole, I mean

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		354 Tf>^e -Art of Farriery mean the thin Part next the Quick, is made harder and firmer, to hinder the getting in of foreign Mat' ter; and after burning the Oil, to melt in any Kind of Cement, fuch as Pitch, Rofin, Burgundy- Pitch, or the like. Sole to be if the Gravel lye deep or thro' the Sole of the drawn, if Foot, which may be eafily told when you trace it lied^GraVel '^Wlt^ ^^e ^Farr'^er'^s drawing Knife, then indeed it is ^eep' fafeft and belt to draw the Sole, and by this Method you may hinder a Quitter-Bone; for unlefs yoU proceed fo as to fetch out all the Gravel, it will ftill work upwards, as I have faid; like as an Ear of Rye or Barley will go further and further up one's Arm if we put it under the Wrift-band of the Shirt, and ftir the Arm from and to the Body. For a Horfe's Hoof is fmooth upwards and rough down' wards, in the fame Manner with an Ear of Rye or Barley : So that if any Gravel get to the Quick, i^�cannot come out the fame Way it went in, unltffs fcraped out, but works ftill further and further up' wards, 'till it makes its Egrefs about the Coronet of the Hoof. Therefore, if the Gravel lie deep, drav? the Sole, and apply Tar and Turpentine warm, 'til* a new one be formed firm enough for the Horfe to travel upon. Coffin-Bone Sometimes the Grievance proceeds ftill further, affefted and afFedls the Coffin-bone, which is of fo foft and with the fpungy a Nature, that it foon turns carious and rot- ten. Therefore, if this be the Cafe, (which tho' it cannot be told 'till the Sole is drawn, yet it may be eafily difcerned afterwards in two DreiTings, when the Blood is ftop'd and the Part well walh'd, by * Continuation of the Blacknefs, over-againft the Hole, in the Sole that's drawn;) I fay, if the Coffin-Bone- TheCure. be tainted, nothing exceeds the Aftual Cautery or" Burning-Iron contrived with a Point like a Sugar' Loaf; and by drying the Bone in this Manner, and the Application of the following fpirituous Mixture, with the green Ointment, p. 283. over all, the Part may be made found and without Blemilh, which it cai>

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		IMPROVED. 355 Can fcarcely be, when the Gravel burfts out about he Coronet. The Mixture is this: Take Tinclure of Myrrh-Aloes, half an Ounce* J Tincture Tintture of Euthorbium, two Drachms. Mix. ^fot ^the J ^r Gravel. Apply this, by dipping a fmall Dozel of Lint i%, \ to the decay'd Bone, without warming, twice a I>ay, and the green Ointment over all, as before tinted. I can't fay but there is a great Similitude or Agree- ment between a Man's Nails and a Horfe's Hoof j for when there happens to be a Gathering (as 'tis call'd) under any of the Nails, if it be near the Hoot of the Nail, it often caufes it to grow in Ridges °r Wrinkles ever after: And in like manner it fares with Horfes Hoofs when the Gravel gets up to the Coronet, where forming a Quitter-Bone, the Far- mer is obliged to apply fuch Things as will deftroy he Excrefcence or hard Subftance, and unlefs great Care be taken, the Hoof will grow wrinkled, and °ften lofe a Quarter (as 'tis call'd). To cure a Tread upon the Hoof, or what's com- The Cure toonly called an Over-reach,* nothing more need be ^for anOver- ttfed than the common green Ointment, p. 283. and ^reac"- a Clout few'd over the Sore; for the Gravel fcarce ^ever works downwards, becaufe it is hinder'd by the ^ery Make of the Hoof, as I have before fhewn : Neither need you to fear Travelling the Horfe a kittle, unlefs the Grievance be very bad, for there is ^a vaft deal of Difference as to the Danger of Gravel at the .Bottom, and Gravel at the Top of the Hoof. A Quitter-Bone is a Kind of hard, round Swel- A Quitter. j>ⁿg upon the Coronet, moftly about the Heel or Bone,what, back Part of the Hoof, and generally it grows on *e Infide. The Caufe is moft commonly from Gravel which The Caufe, has not been got out in Time, but by working its "^^ay upwards, it lodges about the Coronet, forming ^a Quitter-Bone. It alfo proceeds from Bruifes, Stabs, Pricks,

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		256 The Art j/Farriery Pricks, Nails, and the like, which having been neg' letted (hew the Farrier's Ignorance, or Owner'⁸Fault in not applying in Time. There are other Caufes affign'd, but I canno' think they have any Hand in producing Quitter' Bones, therefore I omit their Recital. The Signs.* The Signs are Lamenefs, and a vifible Swelling in the Place mention'd, which at laft breaks, an<* runs Matter from a fmall Hole like unto a Fiftula. The Cure, The Cure of a Quitter-Bone is perform'd by burn- ing feveral Holes in it pretty deep with a Cautery of Piece of Iron, pointed pyramidically ; burn th^eHoles fo big that you may put in Pieces of Subli' mate Mercury, as big as Horfe-Beans, which lejj, flay there 'till there turns out a Core or Lump & putrefied Fleih; after which drefs the Wound fo^ffome Time with the green Ointment, f- 283. with the Addition of Soot, as order'd in the Chapter o» the Farcin. It v.ery often happens, that a Horfe lofes a Quar' ter of his Hoof by a fevere Quitter-Bone; for that Part call'd the Coronet, being deftroy'd, and no other Method yet found fo efFettual as Burning i» the Manner I have defcribed, without which a Cur« cannot be effetted, therefore it is, that the Hoo» often parts in two Pieces, and remains fo while ths Horfe lives ; which fo weakens his Hoof, that when a Stone happens to prefs harder upon that Part thai* the reft of the Foot, he is ready to tumble down> But I am apt to believe, that when the Hoof parts quite thro' from the Coronet to the Sole, the Quit' ter-Bone has been ill cured; for by keeping th« Hoof dry, and lapping it round with Clukin, as the Sailors call it, pretty well tar'd, from the upper to the lower Part, it will preferve it together, and caufe it to grow firm and ftrong. Yet it requires » quick Eye, and found Judgment, to tell when alj the Matter of the Quitter-Bone is deftroy'd, as well as to preferve that Quarter of the Hoof from being loft (as 'tis call'd). ,

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		IMPROVED. 357 If you now and then wafh the Sore with the fol- lowing Water, it will hinder proud Flefli, and caufe ^e Wound to heal more found than it otherwife ^ould do. Take White-Wine Vinegar, one Pint; Honey, half Water for ** Pound; French Verdigreafe in Powder, half an a Quitter- ^unce: Boil them all well, and put it into a Bottle °°^a^' for Ufe. And to caufe the Hoof to grow, Tallow,' bogs-Greafe, and Turpentine, of each equal Quan- tities, are recommended, tho' I dare fay any Greafe 's as good as Dog's Greafe, provided it is free from Salt. I have now faid what is fufficient for the Cure of ^oft Maladies, which infeft this fo noble and ufeful Creature; I fay, moft Maladies, thofe which I have pmitted being not worth Notice, becaufe they fall '1 naturally under fome of the Heads of which I have treated. And as I have far exceeded the Number of Pages at firft Propofed to my Subfcribers, I mull beg Leave to proceed to an Account of the Prices of Drugs ufed in Farriery; only I beg the deader would obferve one Thing, which is, that he would try before he buy: And tho' you can hardly ^eet with a Dealer that will let you have a Horfe ^pon Trial a Day or two, yet if they would not, ^lhey fhould have none of my Money ; for though a _The _s; ^ "orfe fund firm and upright upon his Pajiernt, walks of a good ^a"d trots like a Doe, goes wide behind, and pretty Road- *«»� before, fo as to ruffle the Hair without breaking* "^or»^e- ^f°e Skin, carries his Head in a good Place, and Jkews Wmfelf otherwife a handfome and excellent Horfe, yet he may be apt to boggle, or be otherwife vici- ous, notwithstanding he does not fhew his Imperfec- tions in the Dealer's Hand, who never cries Stink- \ⁿg Fi/h, though perhaps he may talk Jjoneftly ; but J* is my Opinion (fo far as I have try'd this Sort of �traders) that their Tongues and Hearts lie far Sunder; but for a thorough-pac'd One, I moft re- commend

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		$§8 The Art ^Farriery commend my old Friend at the K-g's-A-s in K-nd-l> who is as iharp a Dealer as any of them, and j' takes Care to fet his Words, �sV. in fuch prop Places, that he feems to preferve what is commonty ftyled a Character.*

			An

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IMPROVED.

339

An Account of the Goodnefs and
Prices of DRUGS made ufe of in
Fa r r i e r y, when purchafed from
the beft Hand. (June 1737 )

A. 1. s. d

ALOES Succotrine, the beft, per

■** Pound ----------------- O

Ditto, fecond Sort ■�. ------ o

Ditto, third Sort .------ ----- o

Ditto, Barbadoes, commonly called

Horfe-Aloes _____ O

�4l*m, common, per Pound �� o

~~- Kup. or Roch Alum --------- O

Antimony, crude, per Pound �� o

^rfenick, white or yellow, per Pound o

^tifeeds, per Pound ------------< O

■^gyptiacum, per Pound ■■ O

^thiops Mineral, per Ounce ------ O

^itimony Diaphoretic, per Ounce � O

o
o
o
o
o
I
o
o

8
6
8

z
�*

4
3�

4
6
8
6
4

"I/am Capivi, per Pound

"*""------of Gilead, per Ounce

^K*~�> of Peru, per Ounce
tp------Of Tolu, per Pound

°le Armoniac, per Pound
^°rax, per Pound

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
10

4
o

4
2

8 ,

*'« Wax, per Pound --------

«lufiines, per Pound ---------

^imftone in Rolls, per Pound �

■S-lfam of Sulphur anifated, per Pound
'titer of Antimony, per Ojnce ��

C. Camphire

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The Art «/Farr.ibry

j6o

Campbire, from 3; j. to 4/. /*>� Pound,


o	4	o
0	6	o
o	i	0
o	3	4
o	o	3
o	2	4
0	I	4
o	3	4
o	o	6
o	o	8
o	4	4
0	o	2-
o	i	8

which laft Price it is now fold at

Cantharides, per Pound ----->

Cafcor, New-England, per Ounce

Ditto, Ruffia, per Ounce -----

Cerufe, or White-Lead, per Pound

Cinnabar, native, per Ounce -----

Cochineal, per Ounce ��

Coloquintida, per Pound �^�

Corallin, per Pound ��

Cream of Tartar, per Pound ----

Cardamoms the greater, per Pound
Coriander Seeds, per Pound �

Crocus Metallorum, per Pound �

D.
Diagridium, per Ounce :------------■ o 1 4

Earth offweet Vitriol, commonly called

Colcothar, per Ounce ------------■ 004

Ens Veneris, per Ounce ■-------■ O o 9

ExtraiJ. Opii, per Ounce ■ o 1 4

Ditto of Rheubarb, per Ounce ---- 038

Viewers of Camomile, per Pound �� o 1 4

Fenugreek Seeds, .per Pound __� 003^

Frankincenfe, per Pound � 005

Floivers of Benjamin, per Ounce � 080

Ditto, of Brimftone, per Pound � 004

Grains of Paradife, per Pound ■------ o 1 °

Gamboge, per Pound-------- O 3 °

Gum Elemy, per Pound ------------ 028

�-----Euphorbium, per Pound ■ « O I 2

* Guil

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3^1

IMPROVED.

Gum Guaiacum, per Pound

------Myrrh, the beft, per Pound

------Scammony, from. Smyrna, per Pound

jj------ Trugacanth, beft, per Pound

Guaiacum, or Lignum Vitce, rafped, per

Pound - -

Glafs of Antimony, per Pound

d.
o
8
o

2
o

o
I

'oney, per Pound
Ditto of Rofes, per Pound
Horfe Spice, per Pound

Juniper Berries, per Pound
Jefuit's Bark, per Pound
Jalap Root, per Pound

Laurel Berries, per Pound
'-apis Lifemalis, per Ounce

Ditto Medicamentofus
Laudanum Liquidum, Dr. Sydenham'/,

per Ounce - -

'-tad, white, per Pound
Liquorice, the beft, per Pound

O O 2

070
046

o
o
o

o
o
0

^ercurius Dulcis, per Ounce O

Ditto Frcecipitate, red, per Pound o

Ditto, Sublimate corrofive, per Pound O

7
o
6

Vpium, per Pound

°f fweet Almonds, per Pound
Ditto, of Chamomile, commoner Pd.
Ditto, Chymlcal, per Ounce
Ditto, of Swallows, per Pound
R

10
2
1

4
Ditto,

-ocr page 371-

The Art of Farriery.

/. s. &

Gil, of Bays, Flanders, per Pound O I 2

Ditto, of Linfeed, cold drawn, per Pd. o i 4

Ditto, of Worms, per Pound � o I 4

Ditto, of Olives, the beft, per Pound o I °

Ditto, ofPetre, per Pound o I <>
Ditto, of Spike, common, per Pound,
'tis a Cheat, the true Chymical

Oil being very hard to be got *o o °

Ditto, Turpentine, per Pound - o O "

Ditto, of Anifeed, per Pound ----- o 8 "

Ditto, of Juniper, per Pound - - o 7

Ditto, of Bricks, per Pound ■� o 2

Pepper, long, the beft, per Pound - - O' I *

Pitch, Burgundy, per Pound ~~.....~~ O o 4

Shiickfilver, per Pound �. o 5 °

Rhubarb, the beft, per Pound �. 3 O

Royal Stiptic Water, per Ounce - - 00

Saffron, Engli/b, per Ounce -� O 2

Sena of Alexandria, per Pound .� o 3

Snakcroot, per Pound ------ o 3

Sal Armoniac, crude, per Pound - - 02

Soap, black, per Pound ------- o o

Staves, Aire-feed, per Pound - - o 1

Spanijh Juice, per Pound � o I

Syrup of Marfmalloivs, per Pound o 1

Soap of Tartar, per Pound ----� O O

Spirit of Wine, per Gallon------- o 4

Tar of Barbadoes, per Pound � o 1 "

Turpentine, common, per Pound o ° J

Turpent'¹¹"

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IMPROVED.

3⁶3

o i 6

007

Turpentine of Strasburgb
Turmerick, per Pound

Vipers, per Dozen � o io o

Vitriol, wuhite, per Pound - - - - 008

Ditto, Roman, per Pound � 014.

Ditto, Green, or Coper as, per Pound o o 1

Verdigreafe, French, per Pound O 2 o

Ditto, Englijb - - - O I o

Zedoary, from Turkey, per Pound

- o z o

FINIS.

R z

INDEX.

-ocr page 373-

T H E

INDEX.

Denominations ibid.

iEthicps Mineral, proper for
the Deftruftion of Worms
151. How to prepare it
according to Art Z28
Good in the Jaundice 245

Etiology, what 36

Agues cured by giving the
Bark in Glyilers 203

Air, one of the four Elements 2

Albuginea Tunica, what 100.
Its other Denominations ib<

Ale-wort , good againft the
irms 225

Alee, the Ufe of it very eX"

ABDOMEN, what 44
Abracadabras , whif-
per'd in Horfes Ears by the
Germans as a Charm for
the Farcin 98. The Folly
of it, and the Cuftom of
turning them thrice round
afterwards, expos'd ibid.

Abfterfive Applications, pre-
ferable to un&uous Ones,
in the Cure of Fiftulous Ul-
cers, &V. 318

Acid Crudity, one of the
Caufes ofChylification 197.
The Cure of it 198. The
The Prefcription for it ibid.
A Purge for it ibid.

Acid Crudity, the Caufe of
the hungry Evil . 200

Adeps, what 164. The dif-
ference between that and
Pinguedo ibid.

Adnata Tunica, what 100.
Its Derivation and other

�9

Alterative Medicines , ufl'

known to common Farriers

9. Great Cares perform'¹*

by them in Chronic Caft⁵

ibid, and 8°

Anafarca, Boerbaa-ve's De*¹'
nition of it 263. Th^eSigns ibid. The Cure 27°/

Anatomy, the Knowledge °

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	INDEX.

it absolutely neceffary for the Cure of Difeafes 51 Aneurifms, what 62. The Operation for it harder to be performed upon a Horfe than a Man 297 Angiology, what 92 Animal Digeftion, defined 43 Animal CEconomy, receives a great Advantage by the dif- tant Station of the Brain from the Heart, and why 84 Animal Spirits, a Fluid in the Nerves ib. Their Motion flow and languid, and why ibid. Animals, of all kinds, pro- duced from Eggs 224. Their Analogy with Plants 247 Anticor, what, and why fo called 192. The Signs of it ibid. Englifh Horfes not much fubjeft to it ibid. The Caufe and Cure 193. A Glyfter proper for it ib. A Cordial proper to be gi- ven , after eight or nine Days 194 ■Antibeclicum Poterii, good for Horfes in the Farcin 285 Antimony, an Account of it 230. Where found ibid. Called ywjdUKHOf, and why ibid. Made ufe of by Je- xsbel, to charm the King her Husband ibid. The Vertues of it fet forth by		Galen, Hippocrates, Sec. ibid. Antimony, Ward's Pill and-' Drop, a Preparation from it 231 Antimony, crude, proper to be given to Horfes in the Mange 28 8 Aorta, what 51. Defcribed 56 Apex, what 53 Apopleilicse, the internal jugu- lar Veins fo called by Bar- tholine, aud why 91 Apoplexy, its Derivation and Definition 88. Its Courfe ibid. Its Caufe and Cure Jqua Saphrina, a Cure for Films 139. The Price of it ibid. Why fo called ibid. Aqueous Humour of the Eye defcribed 106. Its fpiritu- ous Nature ibid. Arteries, the Derivation of the Term 61. Their Number and Names ibid. A De- fcription of one 62. Its Elafticity ibid. The Pulfe in them accounted for 63. Their Form ibid. Their chief Diftribution 64. They accompany the Veins for the moft part through the Body ibid. Lie deeper however, and are harder to be come at than the Veins . ibid. The fatal Confequence R 3 that.

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	INDEX.

that attends the cutting one of them ibid. Artery, large, if wounded, what is to be done 297 Afcites, what 267. How pro- duced 268 Afpera Arteria, what 72 Affara Bacca, dried and pow- der'd, an excellent Medi- cine for Horfes affefted with the Head-ach arid diftem- per'd Eyes 86. The Man- ner in which it is to be ufed, the Quantity prefcribed, and the Precautions to be taken in the Operation ibid. Afthma's , what called by the Farrier's 3. What Sort of Horfes moil fubjeft to them ibid. Aftringent Purge for fcouring 216 Aftringent Mixture for it 219 Aftringent Syrup, to be trail- ed to in Fluxes 221 Aftringent Glyfters, prefcri- bed in the like Cafe by Mr. Gib/on, and approved by the Author 27.2 Atrophy, what, and how cauf- ed 132 Augmented Secretion, what 5. The beft Method to retain it ibid. Auricles, defcribed 54. Their BAck-raking, what, and how performed 208		Back-fmevv, when ftrain'd, a cold Charge for it 338 Bagii-vi, his Opinion of the bilous Cholick 207 Balls for Moon-ey'd Horfes 137. To kill Worms 225 Balm of Gilead, what 177. Call'd Opobaifamum ibid. A particular Account of it ibid. The Plant from which it flows, what called by Cafpar Ceuhine ibid. Mr. Lippifent by LenvisXlV. of France, as Ambaflador to the Emperor of the Abyf- Jines in Egypt, to difcover that Plant; and the man- ner of procuring the Balfam from it ibid. The various Ways of producing it ibid. Not bow to be found in In- dia, and why ibid. At prefent found at Mecha, and Grand Cairo in Egypt, ibid. From thence carried to Con- fiantinople ibid. Ufed by the Ladies there as a Cof- metic 178. The Scarcity and Price of it, the Caufes of its Adulteration ibid. An excellent Remedy in opening Obftruclion of the Lungs and feveral other Diftempers ibid. Balfam of Capivi, what 176. Its Price ibid. Us'd in- ftead of Balm of Gilead 178 Balfam de Vervain recom- mended

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	INDEX.

		to be ufed 1 $■. Serviceable in Swellings of the Legs, occafioned by the Greafe, ibid. But with Reftri&ions ibid. Proper in violent Pains, whether internal or external 16. In nioft Dif- orders of the Head ibid. Forbid by Solleyfell in Dif- eafes of the Eyes ibid. His Judgment quefticned ibid. When ferviceable fpecified 17. Proper in the Farcin, and other Difeafes of the Skin ibid. The Horfe's Age to be confidered in the Ufe of it ibid. Youth the moft proper Time for it ib. Horfes not fubjecl to Sick- nefs or Fainting during the Operation, and why ibid'. In all Cafes where Bleeding is neceffary the Strength of the Horfe muft be confider'd 21. The firft thing requi- fite in a fymptomatic Fever , � ³⁹ Bleeding to Death, no true Eftimate of the Quantity of Blood in any Aiima) 5Z Bleeding according to a Horfe's Strength, Age, &c. fervice- able when he is affected . with the HSead-ach 85. The premier Refort in moft Dif- eafes of the Brain o [ Bleeding in any one particular Part not very material, and why 92. On the contrary R 4 Side
mended 199. The Recipe ibid. fiarbs, what 323 Bartboline calls the internal jugular Veins Apople8ic/e , and why 91 ^atemari's pectoral Drops, of what compounded 237 iaynard, (Dr.) his humourous Account of Evacuations 183 fiiie in Animals, the Ufe of it ^z39 Black, the hotteft Colour for Summer wear, and why b "³ ■Bleeding, proper for Colts in the Strangles 4. Service- able when a Horfe is ple- thoric and full of Blood 7 bleeding a whole Troop of Horfes together by way of Prevention before they go to Summer Grafs, a ridicu- lous Practice 9 ■Bleeding to be pra�tifed with great Caution 1 o. In what Cafes it may be ferviceable ibid. Oftner creates than prevents Difeafes 11. Ge- neral Rules to be obferved in the Practice of it 13. The nioft ready and ufeful Ope- ration for Relief in Sicknefs, and why ibid. When to be avoided 14. Requisite in all Fevers ibid. And in all Impofthumations, unlefs there be a Suppuration ; and why ,in that Cafe not

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	INDEX.

Side to the Part affected moft approved of, and why ibid. Dr. Sydenham famous for the Practice of bleeding in the Pleurify, but chofe the af- . fected Side, contrary to the ■ Doftrine of Revulfion 04 Bleeding, from whence the Benefit arifes 96. Service- able to Horfes with rheumy Eyes 133. And for fuch as are Moon-blind 137. Pro- per in the Beginning of all Colds, and why 153. And in large Quantities 155. Proper in the Glanders 169. Proper for Perfons afflicted with Gravel - pains 253. When proper for Horfes in the Farcin 281 Blood, one of the four Hu- mours 3. What underftood by it 49. The Calculations of its Quantity and Veloci- ty 50. The Time of its Circulation not to be deter- mined 52. Its Circulation, how performed 60. The Antients and Moderns like- wife unacquainted with it, till difcover'd by W.Harvey, Phyfician to King Charles the Firft 61. Moft dif- folv'd at and about the Heart 174 Bloody Flux, what 219. Horfes not fubjett to it ac- cording to Gibfon and Sol- ley fell ibid. The Author's
		Affertion to the contrary and his Prefcription for it ibid, and 220 Blood-fpavin, what 325. The Cure ibid. Cauterizing un- necefTary for it 326 Jerville's Recipes for co;d^snot worth transcribing 1 59. His Account of the^Glan- ders cenfured 168 .::ai<e, (Herman) a mcft excellent Phyfician 241- His Definition'of a Dropf/ 263. Plis Opinion of it in human Bodies 273 Bone-ipavin, the Cure 325 Borelli, miftaken in his Calco' lation of the Power of the Heart in a human Body 59_ Bots, frequently the Caufe of the Stomach-cough 151. A particular Account of theifl 223 Boyle's Difcourfe on a Machine \| for Digeftion recommend' ed 4^s Brain the Difeafes of k 81 ■ The true Reafon of its Bulk S4- Bran, fcalded, proper fo^fHorfes when affefted with a Cold 154 I Breathing defin'd 72. The Weight of it ibid- Broken Wind, the Farrier's Term for Afthma's 5; What Sort of Horfes moft fubjedt to that Diftempe' ibid. The Caufe of it 63 The

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				E X. cines, but manual Operati- ons only ibid. Snafe\ Opi- nion of it cenfured ibid- Cathartic Medicines fervicea- ble by way of Alteratives, ~ in Chronic Cafes 80 Cats, the Author's Obferva- tions on their Eyes 113 Cats rubb'd in the Dark emit Light, and why 114 Cats fee better than Men in the Night, and why 118 Caufes (the fame) will often produce different Eflfe&s 38 Cautery, the Ufe of it recom- mended for the Cure of Pains in 'the Joints 31,9 Cheft-foundering, what, and . from whence it proceeds 161. The Signs of it ibid. The Cure ibid. The Food moil proper for Horfes un- der that Diftemper ibid. Choler, one of the four Hu- mours 3 Cholic, what, and from whence it proceeds 200. Defined 204. The Caufe and Cure ibid. A Glyfter for it ibid. A Purge for it 205. A A Mixture for it 206. The various Sorts of it 213 Choroids, what 101. Its Spring ibid. Its Colour ibid. Shape's Account of the blackifh Matter fpread - ion it, dark and obfeure ibid. Is open ibid. Is black, and why 11.3 R 5 Cryftalline
		INI The Signs ibid. A difficult Matter to diftinguifh it from a Cold ibid. The Cure 164. A Recipe for it 165. What Diet belt for Horfes foaffeaed 166 Bulimia, what 200. The Caufe and Cure ibid. Bunion's Pocket Farrier re- ferr'd to with refpecl: to a general Obfervation of the Author 1 C CAMERA obfcura, a Defcription of it 115 Campire, the Quality of it 237 Canthus, what 141 Capillary Veffels, what 17 Capfuia of the Cryftalline pretended to be firft difco- ver'd by T� r 108. Known long before he was a Prac- titioner ibid. Carminative Medicines ex- plain'd 201. Confift of warm fubtil Parts 202 Caftile Soap, good in the Jaun- dice 245 plafm, what 26 Cataract, what 106. Mr. Gibfoiis Account of it cen- fured 141. The true Seat of it 142. What Co:. a true one ibid. The fcve- ral Colours of it ibid. The white and j: earl colour'd only curable ibid. Not by interna! or external

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	INDEX.

Cryflalline Humour of the Eye defcribed 107. Its Situation , Figure , and Covering ibid. Its Sub- ftance commonly taken thro' Miftake', for a congeal'd Body 108. Dr. Kennedys Account of ibid. The Au- thor's Obfervations on the Doftor ibid. Chyle, what 9 Chyle-Flux, the Author's In- fufion for it 220 Chylification, what 197 Cineres Clavellati, what 241 Cineritious Subftance, what Circulation of the Blood not to be determined 52. How at is performed 60. An- tients unacquainted with it, and Moderns ikewife, 'till difcovered by Harvey, in the Reign of King Charles the Firft 61 Clap, or Gonorrhoea, beft cu- red by Injection 179 Clyfters, vide Glyfters Cceliac Paflion, what 220. Horfes not fubjeft to it, and why ibid. The Cure for it ibid. Colds fooner affecr. the Lungs than any other Part of the Body 77. Bleeding, and , other proper Meafures to be taken, when Horfes are fo affedted ibid. Nothing cold to be adminiftred to them
		under thofe Diforders 78. A Prefcription of the Au- thor's ibid. Mr. GtbJbti'.S Receipt approv'd of ibid. His Opinion relating to un- skilful Prefcriptions juilified ibid, Colds, from whence proceed- ing 149. Gib/on s Account of them erroneous ibid, and 150. How to know when Horfes are firft taken 153. The Cure ibid. The Feed- ing proper at fuch Times 153, 154. Purging proper, a Recipe accordingly 154. Bleeding necefTary 155. De Grefs Method of Cure ibid. Part of his Method cenfured as ridiculous 156. The Author's Directions for knowing when a Cold in the Head is taken 158. And his Sneezing-Powders to cure it 159. The Re- cipe ibid. Further Direc- tions for the Cure ibid. The Author's Cordial-Ball propofed ibid. The Recipe ibid. Coldbatcti-i grand Styptic for the Stoppage of Blood, how prepared 295 Colon of a Horfe defcribed 203 Colour of Horfes, Markhams pretended Skill therein 3. What it may poffibly de- note ibid.

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	INDEX.

		214. The Charge of it ibid. Cornea Tunica, what ioi Cornea of the Eye, not fo con- vex in old Horfes as in young ones 116. Is the Caufe of Dimnefs 117 Coronary VeiTels, what 54 Coughs frequently epidemi- cal 152. To what owing ibid. Crafis, what 51 Chronic Diftempers, their O- rigine 197 Cures, common People unfit to judge of them 294 D .Ecoftion, prefcribed by Dr. Gib/on to prevent Running at the Nofe turn- ing to the Glanders, cen- fur'd, and why 160 Deer, an Inftance of one mot in the Heart with a Muf- ket-Ball, and yet recover'd 293 De Grey cenfured for his Eye- Powder for Horfes, compof- ed of human Dung 135. Aa Obfervation of his with refpeft to the Hawes ap- proved of 141. His Pre- scription for a Cola in the Head 1; 5. Part of it ridi- culous and why 156. His Recipe's for Colds not worth tranferibing 159. HisHif- tory of a Horfe in a Con- R 6. fumption
Colts moft fubjecl to the Stran- gles 4. The Meafures to be taken immediately there- upon ibid. Colt-Evil, what 257. . The Cure ibid. Fomentation for it 258 Columns, what 55 Complexion of Horfes, an idle Term, and the Conjectures that many Difeafes proceed from it, all imaginary 2. Not difcernible thro' their Skin, as a Man's is 7 Conjuncli<va Tunica, what 100. Its other Denominations ibid. Conftipation, what 24. Convex Glafs compared to the Cornea 1 19 Convex Glafles, Helps to Per- fons near-fighted, and why 116 Convexity of the Cornea, the greater it is, the larger the Object appears 119. No Help for this Defect in Horfes ibid. Coralline, the Manner of its growing, its Vertues and Price 2 2 6 Cordial Stomach Drench, the feveral Ingredients whereof it is compofed 151 Cordial Ball recommended to be given to Horfes when Chefl founder'd 162 Cordial Carminiative Drench for the Lax, or Scouring

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	INDEX.

^: fumption of the Fleih, cen- fured 164. His Drench for the Cholic 210. His mer- ry Prefcription for a Stone- Horfe, when troubled with the Cholic, or unable to pifs 211. Charged with be- ing no Philofopher on that Account, and why, ibid. His Account of the Caufe of a Scouring, and his Pre- fcription for' it, cenfured 218. His Method for cu- ring the Farcin 285 Des Cartes imagined the Glan- dula Pinealis to be the Seat of the Soul 71 Diagridium, what 196 Diameters of Veffels increased by long and continued Dif- ■ charges 132 Diaphragm, what 44 Diarrhoeas, what 20, 217 Diaftole, what 50 Digeflion more effe&ually and expeditioufly perform'd in the Day - time than the Night, when an Animal is awake than when a deep, and why 46. In Exercife, than when inaftive ibid. Hard Study prejudicial to Digeflion , and therefore the Mind ought to be un- bent by Mufick, or fome other Arnufement to for- ward it 47 Digeflion, better in 'Winter
		than in Summer, and why 4 J Diluters, not to be denied in Fevers, if they confift of proper Mixtures 38,39 Difeafe, a Definition of it 2. When there is a Complica- tion of them in a Horfe at the fame Time, the general Maxim to be obferv'd 4 Diuretic Medicines, what 78. Their Operations explain'd 242. What kind moft pro- per for Perfons afflicted with the Gravel 243 Dogs often clap'd 261 Dropfy in Horfes, Dr. Boer- tome's Definition of it 263. The Signs ibid. The Cure 265. The Hellebore In- fufion for it ibid. How produced 268. Three fe- veral Ways specified 460- A Purge for it 270. .An Infefioa to corroborate the Stomach 271 Dropfy in a Horfe, a remark- able Cure of it by nicer Accident 272 Dropfy, Dr. Boerhao<t>e^ys O- pinion of it in human Bo- dies 273 Dumball, (Henry) a particular Cafe, with rcfpecl to a Blow on his Eye 125- Tamper'd with by Dr. Green els 1 26- Rd em lc by a won-

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	INDEX.

		Evacuations, a general Rule concerning them 86. Un- skilful Grooms and Farriers expofed for their poking in- to a Horfe's Excrements in Search of Greafe ibid. Dr. Bayxard's humorous Ex- preffion concerning them 183 Exercife, effentially neceffary for the Prefervation of a Horfe's Health, and why 12. To be ufed in Pro^- portion to his Strength, and Manner of Feeding ibid. His Airings mult be gentle, however, and not violent, efpecially if he be of a ten- der Conititution 13. Pro- per in moll Diftempers 207 Exercife the beft Remedy for Horfes troubled with the Greafe, &c 342 Expiration, what 73 Extraverfation, what 310 Eye, an Account of the Dif- eafes of it, and its various Parts 99 Eyes, called by the Lathis Otruti, and why 100. Their globular Form, and why made fo ibid. Eye-Lids, their Ufe ibid. Their Coats, and the feveral Names of them ibid. & feq. Eye, the three Humours of it defcribed, and their feveral D'enominations 105, & feq. The Author's Obfeivatiocs on
derful Providence, and not by Art ibid. The extra- ordinary Manner of it par- ticularly related 128 Duodenum, what, and the Length of it in a Horfe 48 Dyfentery, what 217 E. EARTH, one of the four Elements 2 Eaton's Balfamic Styptic, a good Preparation in itfelf, tho' the Title is meer Non- fenfe 123 Effects (the fame) will often proceed from different Cau- fes 63 Elective Purgations, a meer Jeit 162 Elements, confined to four by the Chymifts 2. Their fe- veral Denominations 3 Elephantic Malady, what, and why fo call'd 286. The Signs and Caufe ibid. The Cure 287 Elbow-Greafe, when proper 34' Emollients, what 188. Their Manner of Operation ex- plain'd v ibid. Emunilorie'!, what 78 Errors in Practice, with re- fpeft to preventing Difeafes, and the heft Means to pre- ferve Health 6 Efchars, what 261 Evaeuants, proper in the Stag- - g«s ₉₇

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	INDEX.

on a Cock's Eye 106. Re- flexions on Dr. T�r, and his Treatife on the Difor- ders of Sight ibid. Eye of a Cat, the Author's Obfervations on it 113 Eyes, Fire pernicious to them 117. Reading by Candle- light bad for them ibid. Eye-Waters of no Service in Diforders within the Globe of the Eye 138 Eyes fubjeci to 47 feveral Di- ftempers, according to the Greeks 146 F FARCIN, inHorfes, a very loathfome Diftem- per 278. Signs of it, and the various Kinds of it ibid. The Caufe ibid. Cannot proceed from the Wounds of rufty Spur-rowels, and why 279. The Diftemper contagious ibid. That kind which begins in the Head moft eafily cured 280. The dangerous Confequences of it, if not fpeedily cured ibid. The Farcin, if beginning in the Limbs, hard to cure ibid. The Cure ibid. Purg- ing for it improper , ac- cording to Solleyfell ibid. When Bleeding and Purg- ing proper 281. Proper Medicines for lean Hories in the Farcin ibid. A Ball for it ibid. An Omunent
		for it 283. A Mercurial Ointment for it ibid. A Powder for it 284. Ar.ti- hetticum Paierii good for it 285. De Grey's Method of Cure for it ibid. Farriers, f common ones) ig- norant empty Coxcombs 1. Ought to follow Nature, and why 5. The Caufe of feveral Errors in their Prac- tice 8. Cannot, for the moft part, diftinguifh be- tween a Vein and an Ar- tery ibid. A vulgar Error of theirs exploded ibid. Few of them have any No- tion of alterative Medicines 9 Farriers Ointment, to be ufed in the Cure of the Strangles 27 Farriers (modern ones) and an- cient Phyficians, much up- on a Level with refpeel to Learning 79 Farriers, both ancient and mo- dern, cenfured 263 Fevers, what Sort of Hones moft fubjeil; to them 3. A particular Account of them 33. How generally defin- ed ibid. What compared to by Solleyfell ibid. His Account wide of the Mark 34. The Author's Defini- tion ibid. The feveral Cauf- es from whence it may pro- ceed 36, & i'eq. A parti- cular

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	INDEX.

cular Account of the Sim- ple or Symptomatic Kind 37. Sometimes occafioned by turning a Horfe to Grafs .in hot Weather ibid. Mr. Gib fan's Account of it ibid. It may be produced by ex- ternal Cold, or Perfpiration hindered 33. The Signs of it ibid. The Cure 39. Bleeding and Glyfters pro- per ibid. Cold Water and Purges pernicious, and why 40. Directions to Farriers in adminiftring of Glyfters ibid. Syringes, or Squirts, proper Inftruments for that Operation, and the Quanti- ty of Liquor requifite to be ufed ibid. Glyfters to be mild in Operation , and large in Quantity ibid. A Recipe for one ibid. Fevers, the different Kinds of them 41 Fermentation, no fuch Thing in the Blood, and why 29. The Term explained 30. How mechanically effecled ibid. Bell conceived by fnch as underftand Hydroftaticks 31 Fibres of the Heart offified in feveral Animals 58 Fibres defcribed 67. The A- nimal Body nothing but a Composition of feveral Kinds of them ibid. Some are fenfible, others not ;
		fome imperceptible, others obvious to the naked Eye ibid. All of them, in a living Body, in a State of Diftraftion 68 Fibrillae, what 26 Fiery Hprfes, fubjeft to Fe- vers and Afthma's 3 Films, caufing Dimnefs of Sight, an Account of them 138 Fire, one of the four Ele- ments 2. By what caufed 443 Fifh, Flefh, or Wood, emit Light when putrified 114 Fiftula, what 314. The Signs ibid. The Caufe and Cure ibid. A Water for it 315. An Ointment for it 316 Fiftula, in the Withers, cured 316 Fix-fax, what 317 Fleghm, one of the four Hu- mours 3 Flefh, good to heal, the Rea- fon of it 122 Fluids, the EfFe&s of an in- creas'd Velocity of them ex- plain'd 185. Their Man- ner of PrefTure 267 Fcndre, a French Term, the Signification of it 160 Foul-feeding, the Caufe of Surfeits 41 Foul, in a Cow's Foot, the Cure for it 315 Frenzy, occafioned from a Fe- ver in a Horfe's Brain �9$. Not

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				< E X. Balls for broken - winded Horfes approved of, but thought too dear 167. His Defcription of the Glanders approved of ibid. Glanders, a Defcription of them 167. The Signs of them ibid. S oileyfill, Blun- der<ville, &c. cenfur'd, for their Accounts of this Dif- temper 168. The Cure 169. The proper Diet for a Horfe in them ibid. Bleed- ing proper ibid. Sequel of the Cure for it 176. A Re- cipe for it ibid. The Guai- acum Decoction for it 178. The Author's Injection 180. Glands, whati;, 170. Se- parate near thirty Humours from the Blood 173 Glandula Pinealis, what, and from whom fo called 71. Suppofed by Des Cartes to be the Seat of the Soul ibid. The Notion exploded, and why ibid. Glafs Eye, what 106' GlafTey Humour of the. Eye, defcribed no. The Ufe of it ibid. Glaucoma, what 106 Glyflers, proper to be applied to Colts in the Strangles 4. Requifite in Symptomatic Fevers 39. Should, be mild in Operation, and iarge in Quantity 40. A Recipe for one ibid. They ihould be inje&eot
		I N I Not eafxly diftinguim'd from the Staggers ibid. The Cure ibid. G ALEN, his voluminous Writings cenfur'd 79. Charged with being as great a Blunderer in the Method of prefcribing, as our mo- dern Farriers ibid. Gall, the Formation of it 175. . The Ufe of it 239 Galling, Methods prefcribed ■ by the Author to prevent it 332, & feq. Gamboge Pill, the Ufe of it exploded 80 Gamboge muftbe finely pow- der'd, and why 271 Gangrene, the Author's Ac- count of it 332. His Cure for it 303. A Solution for it ibid. Garlick, CSV. ftitchcd up in a Horfe's Ears, a common Practice in the Cure of the Staggers, according to Gib- fin 98. The Folly of it .. expos'd ibid. Gib/on, cenfured, with refpeft to his Account of the Cata- raft 141. His Definition of Mor-foundering falfe 149. And his Recipe's for Colds not worth tranfcribing 159. His Deco&ion to prevent Running at the Nofe turn- ing to the Glanders, cen- fur'd and why 160. His

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	INDEX

		Gravel-pains, Bleeding proper for them 253 Greafe, the Caufe of it 340. The Cure ibid. Capt. Bur- don's Turnip Poultice not improper for it 343. Bleed- ing neceffary 344. Tying up the Thigh Veins for the Cure of it an Error 345 Greafe, what fort of Horfes moft fubjecl to that Dif- temper 3 Greeks, reckon up forty-feven feveral Diftempers of the Eyes 146 Green, (Dr.) a pretty good Stage Orator and Oculift 126. A particular Ac- count of him, and his tam- pering with one T>umhaW% Eyes without Succefs ibid. Guaiacum, what 178. Its Vermes 179 Gum - Arabick, proper to be put into the Water a Horfe drinks, when troubled with the Cholick 207. The Prefcription ibid. Gun-lhot Wounds, the Man- ner of extracting the Ball 299. Two Advantages at- tending fuch Wounds 300. Subjeft however to mortify 304. Scarification therefore proper ibid. Gutta Serena, a Diftemper of the Eye 102. No Contrac- tion or Dilatation of the Pupil
injefted very warm 41. The extent of their Ope- ration 97. An excellent Glyfter for Horfes that are Cheft-foundered i6z Glyfters to be adminifter'd in large Quantities 204. A Glyfter for the Cholic ibid. For a Pain in the Guts 209. Glyfters proper, when a Horfe has a Stoppage of his Water from hardened Ex- crements zi I. Mr. Gihfitii Prefcription in that Cafe ibid. Glyfters for Horfes troubled with Gravel 253 Gold or Lead will lie in the Fleih without Corruption 300 Gonorrhcea, or Clap, beft cu- red by Injection 1 79 Gonorrhcea Simple:-:, in Horf- es, what, and how cured 258. The Caufe of it 260 Gourdinefs, what 272 Gravel, that Sort which is grey, or whitifh, moft likely to breed large Stones in the Kidneys zco. Boerhaaves Opinion of it ibid. Signs ■ of it in human Bodies ibid. The Cure ibid. Gravel, the Sole of a Horfe to be drawn if it lies deep 354. The ill Confequences that attend it ibid. The Cure ibid. A Tinfture for it 355

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	INDEX.

Pupil in it, and why ibid. Thought by the Author in- curable, notwithftanding the Arrogance of fome Preten- ders to the contrary ibid. Dr. T�r's common Ar- tifice to impofe on his Spec- tators, by calling a Cataraft or Glaucoma a Gutta Sere- na 103. Further Reflecti- ons on the Doctor, with re- fpedl to his Practice ibid. His Ignorance in Anatomy expofed ibid. The Author's Prophecy relating to him, a Brother Operator, and a Female Bone-fetter, by him ftiled Reptiles, by way of Contempt 104 Cutta Serena, the Caufe of it 143. A remarkable Cafe of a young Sailor afflicted with it all of a fudden 144. Gibfons Account of it erro- neous ibid. 7�r's Pre- tence to cure it a meer Gaf- conade 145 H HAB-NAB, a vulgar Term for doing any Thing at Random 22 Haemorrhage, what 4, 14. Hard drinking, the Effects of it 239, 240 Hale's Obfervation on the Juice of Onions 25 2 Harney, [William) where born and bred 61. Phyfician to King Charles the Firft, and
		firft Difcoverer of the Cir- culation of the Blood ibid. A great Benefactor to the College of Phyficians in London ibid. Died a Bat- chellor in the 88th Year of his Age, and immortalized his Name by his Writings ibid. Haws, what 140 Head, an Account of the Dif- eafes wherewith 'tis often afflicted 81, & feq. Head-ach, the Signs of it in Horfes 85. The Cure ibid. Health, a Definition of it 2 Health , only relative, and why 6. When Creatures may properly be faid to en- joy it, upon what it depends, and what muft be the Means to preferve it ibid. The Means made ufe of in Sick- nefs prejudicial in a State of Health, and why ibid. Health, wherein it confifls 7 Heart a Defcription of it 53. Its Bafis always cover'd with Fat ibid. Its two Motions 58. Properly call'd a Muf- cle ibid. Its Force has em- ploy'd the Enquiries of ma- ny in vain ibid. The fa- mous Borelli miilaken in his Calculation of this Pow- er in a human Body. ibid. Heart, a fatisfaclory Account of the Power of it given by Dr. .&�///59. The Weight of

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	INDEX.

		and more" Judgment requi- fite in the Cure of them, than thofe in human Bodies, and the Reafon affign'd 1 Horfes, the belt Sort of them fpecified 3. Such as are fiery, fubjeft to Fevers and Afthma's ibid. Such as are dull and fluggifh, fubjeft to the Greafe and Scratches ibid. Horfes, like Men differ in Conftitution, or Complex- ion, and whereto it is ow- ing 7. But then their Com- plexions are not difcover- able through the Skin, as ours are 8 Horfes, more difficult to be purged than Men, and why 21 Horfes in a Fever muft have no cold Water, or Purges, giyen them 39 Horfes, not often afflifted with. Loofeneffes, and why 75. Errors with refpeft to their Feeding 76. Hay alone ve- ry pernicious ibid. Horfes, fome of them, like Men, hard to purge, and when fo, other Meafures muft be taken to remove their Diforder 81 Horfes, not fo fubjeft to Ner- vous Diforders as Men, and why 84, 85 Horfes rub'd in the dark emit Light, and why 814 Horfes
of a human Heart ibid. The Weight of its Force ibid. Wherein it is em- ploy'd ibid. How the Mo- tion of it firft came, cannot be determined ibid. Heart is a Mufcle that has no Antagoniil 91 Hide-bound, Horfes fubjeft to that Diftemper 79. Medi- cines proper for it prefcribed ibid. Hide-bound, what 275. Signs of it ibid. Natural Caufe of it ibid. Sometimes pro- ceeds from Hide bound Maf- ters 276. The Cure 277 Hiera-Picra, the Uie of it re- commended 80 Hill's Secret for the Bite of a mad Dog, not always fuc- cefsful 311 Hippocrates cenfured 79 , Hippocrates againft Tapping for the Dropfy in Men 273 Hog's Lard pernicious and improper for Wounds, and why 27 Hoof-foundering, a grand Mif- take of Farriers about it 162. The Term Nonfenfe in Englijh, and why ibid. I Hoof-bound, what 351 Hope, (Sir William) his Ob- fervation on the Bite of ve- nomous Mice 312. His Cure for it ibid. Horfes, greater Difficulty in knowing their Dittempers,

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	INDEX.

Horfes, much eafier cured of the Dropfy by Tapping, than Men 272 Horfes, fhould not be purged above once a Week 281 Horfes, when wounded, muft be kept free from Motion 298. The Method of ma- king them lie down, pre- ferred ibid. Horfes, when burnt with Gun- powder, how to be cured 300. The green Ointment proper, and when 301 Horfes Greafe oftener behind than before, and why 344 Are fubjeft to the Scratch- es, cifc. and from whence it proceeds 347. Some Horfes call'd Pioneers, and why 350 Horfe-Leech, feme Obferva- tions on its Bite 132 Hotch - Potches, a Term of Contempt, made ufe of to exprefs a Load of ill-con- trived Medicines 2 Humours confined by fome Authors to four only 3. Their Denominations ibid. Humours of the Eye, their Number and Denomina- tions 105, 106 Hungry Evil in Horfes, what I 200 TAundice, or Yellows, in Horfes,.by what caufed 20. ' A Diftemper both Men and Horfes are very fubjeft to		238. The Signs of it ibid. The Caufes 239. The Cure 240. A Purge for it ibid. An Infufion for it 241. Caftile Soap good for it 245. iEthiops Mineral good for it ibid. A Purge for it 246 Idiofyncrafy of Bodies to be duly ftudied by Farriers 21. What it is, and how it may be learnt ibid, and 228 Jefuit's Bark, good Jo flop Mortifications 304 Jezebel, faid to die her Eye- brows with Antimony, to charm her Husband 230 Impofthumations, what 15 Impofthume, -vide Tumour Inflammations in Horfes Eyes, occasioned by Bruifes, &c. a Recipe for their Cure 124. Bleeding in the Neck, or any where elfe, ferviceabk 129. As great a Quantity of Blood to be taken away as the Cafe requires, or the Strength of the Horfe can bear 130. Not to be drawn away, however, all at once, and why ibid. Infenfible Perfpiration, what 233. The belt of all Eva- cuations ibid. Sancloriuss Obfervation upon it ibid. The Subjeft of it of the ut- moft Concern to be known by Phyficions and Farriers ²34 Infen.

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	INDEX.

Infenfible Perfpiration, how made 234. If hindered, the Caufe of Gripings, tiff. ibid. Warm Bathing good for promoting it 236 Internal Jugular Veins, call'd by Barthaline, ApopleElica, and why 91 Jockeys, moft People fo in their own Way 276 Jockeys, their Notion of Greafe confuted 343 Iris, a Defcription of it 105 Ifchury, what 254 K. KE IL L, (Dr.) his curious Experiments relating to the Weight of the Liquors contain'd in the Veffels of Bodies 5 2 Kenelm Digby, (Sir) his Sympa- thetic Powders cenfur'd, and the Receipt declar'd not worth tranfcribing 123 Kennedy, (Dr.) a Quotation from a Treatife of his rela- ting to the Chryftalline Humour of the Eye 184. Some Miftake of his hint- ed at by the Author 108 Kent, (Nicholas) a blind Soli- citor in London, his Cafe re- lated at large 126 Kib'd Heels, the Caufe there- of 347 Kidneys, their Ufe 247. An Abfcefs in them, when to be fufpecled 25 1. A Stone in them, how found ibid.
		L. LAmenefs in the Foot, the Signs of it 335 Lampas, what 322. The Sign⁵and Cure ibid' Lancajhire, the Field Country of it remarkable for produc- ing Muftard-feed fpontane- oufly 25. The Truth of i^{confirm'd in Ray's Hiftory of Plants ibid' Lapathum, what 217. Ho^ called by Herman ibid. Said to be cultivated in Hollant by Muntigius ibid- Larynx, what 23, 7? Lax in Horfes, a DefcriptioiJ of it 213. The Signs and Cure ibid. A cordial car- minative Drench for it 214 Lens, what 109, 115 Lentor, what 65, 93 Leueophlegmatia, what 263 Ligamentum Ciliare, what* and from whence it arifc⁵165. The Ufe of it ibid- Light, what 114. Its Mo- tion rapid ibid. How to be obferved ibid. More quick than that of Sounds ibid. The (hort Space i» which it finilhes its Courfe from the Sun to the Earth* according to Mr. Romer ibid- Light emitted by fome parti- cular Obje&s. by Agitation ibid- Light defcribed ibid. The Rays

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	INDEX.

		with Colds than any other Part of the Body, and why 77. The proper Meafures to be taken with Horfes when fo affected ibid. How to know when they are wounded 294 Lymph, the Ufe of 265 M Adnefs, in a Dog, the Signs of it 305. The firft Symptom 306. A De- fcription of a mad Dog. ibid. Gibfirfs Account of the Bite of a mad Dog ibid. The Author differs in Opi- nion 307. The Venom, when commonly perceiv'd ibid. The Cure 308. A Mixture to wafh the Bite 309. The Wound to be kept open forty Days ibid. An Ointment for it 310. Immerfion in Salt Water neceffary ibid. A Decoc- tion for it ibid. Malacca, what 200. The Caufe of it and the Cure ibid. Mallenders, what 339. Where fituate ibid. Ointment for the Cure 578. Another 34° Malpigbi, his Defcription of the Head, &c. approv'd of 82. His Examination of the cortical Subftance of the Brain, and Difcovery of what it is ibid. Mange
Rays of it convey'd by the Cryftalline Humour 115 Light, an Obfervation upon it 173 Lignum-Vita? Wood, its Ver- mes 295 Lime-Water, how to prepare it 191 Liniments for Horfes Yards when fore 259 Lippi, (Monf.) fent by Lewis XIV. of France as Ambaf- fador of the Emperor of the AbyJJines in Egypt, to difco- ver the Plant which produ- ces the Balm of Gilead 177. Takes great Pains to find it, and the Manner ofprocure- ing it ibid. His Succefs, and the various Ways of producing it ibid. Loofenefs, what Medicines proper to be applied to Hor- fes afflicted with it, and what not 5. The Caufe af- fign'd ibid. Horfes but fel- dom troubled with it, and why 75. Diftempers fre- quently carried off by it 215, 216 Low-keeping of Horfes imme- diately after High-feeding, endangers their Eye-fight .1 z 1. A curious Obferva- tion of Mr. Gib/bfi's relating to a Horfe's Eyes 122 Lunatic Eyes, wide Moon Eyes Lungs, their wonderful Struc- ture 73. Sooner affected

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		I N D Mange in Horfes, what 286. Called by the French the E- lephantic Malady, and why ibid. The Signs and Caufe of it ibid. The Cure 287. A mercurial Ointment for it ibid. Markham, his pretended Skill in Horfes from the Colour of them 3. Stil'd a Roji- crucian Sage, by way of Contempt ibid. Cenfur'd for his odd Account of the Baftard Strangles 29. His Recipe for Colds not worth tranfcribing 159 Maffeter, what 89 Materia perfpirabilis, what, according to Sanclorius 69 Mattering of the Yard, what, and how cured 257 Mediaftinum defcrib'd 53 Medicines, given at Random, not juftifiable 11. The beft and fafeft Methods for pre- venting Difeafes, laid down ibid. Medullary, by the Latins* call'd Medulla oblongata, what 70. The Seat of Sul- fation in all Animals ibid. Melancholy, one of the four Humours 3 Menifcous Glaffes, ferviceable to near-fighted Perfons, and why 116 Mercurius dulcis, proper for the Deftru&ion of Worms 226. Prefcrib'd by Gibfin ibid. As good as any S:-
				E X. cret of the famous Dr. Moor's of jib church- Lane 232 Mercury, few'd up in a Horfe's Ears as a Cure for the Far- cin, pra&is'd with Succefs 98. Both Sublimate and Precipitate dangerous, if gi- ven inwardly 23 z Mefentery, what 3 2 Miafmata, what 19 Millepedes, what 244 Mitrales, what, and why fo called 5 6 Moifture and Motion hinder the Cure of Wounds 250 Moleculae, what 43 Molten Greafe, what, and from whence it arifes 146 Monks Rhubarb, how call'd and diftinguifh'd from, the foreign Sort 216. In what Diftempers a Handing In- gredient 217 Moon-Eyes, an Account of them 135 Moon-Blindnefs, Mr. Gib/on^ Definition of it cenjfui'd 135. The true Seat of it defcrib'd 136. The Cure 137. Cutting the temporal Arteries of fingular Service ibid- Mooring, what 257 Mor-foundering, the Term e' plain'd 149. Gib/on* igno- rant of the Meaning of »' ibid. His Account of Colds erroneous 1 $° Morti-

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		#

	E X. riers, and why 5. To be aflifted in her Operations, but not compell'd 6. Muft be the Begirmer, and ought often to be the Finifher of the Work ibid. Nerves, a Defcription of them 70. Each F'ibre of them anfwers to a particular Part of the Brain 71. Accom- pany the Arteries, and why ibid. Ten Pair of them within the Skull, and thirty Pair branch out between the Vertebra; ibid. Nerves, a Fluid in them call'd Animal Spirits 83. Senfa- tion muft be made from that Fluid, and not the Sub- ftance of the Nerve, and why ibid. No Vibration in them from the Impref- fion of external Objects ibid. Nervus Sciaticus, what 71 Near - fightednefs, accounted for 116 Near-lighted Perfons fee better as they grow old, and why Nidorous Crudity, what 198. Its Derivation ibid. Its Cure 199. The Caufe of the Hungry Evil 200 Nonnaturals, the Number of them, and what called by the Latins 3 Nutrition, what, and how per- form'd 4+ S OAT 5,
I N E Mortification, what 302. In old Age deadly ibid. What good to prevent one 303. A Mixture for it ibid. Sca- rification and Jefuit's Bark proper to flop it 304 Mourning of the Chine, what 167. The Signs of it ibid. Solleyjell, Blunderville, and others , cenfur'd for their Account of it 168. The Cure for it 169. Proper Diet for a Horfe when fo afflifted ibid. Bleeding pro- per for it ibid. Sequel of the Cure for it 176. A Recipe for it ibid. The- Guaiacum Decoction for it 178. The Author's In- jeclion for it 180 Mules, the Caufe thereof 340. The Cure �' ibid. Mufcles , what Sg. What call'd by the Farriers 27. Their Motions, how per- form'd go. Some have An- tagonists, and others none 91 Mufcus Marinus, its Virtues and Value 226 Myopia, what, and how ac- counted for n 6. No Cure for it in Horfes, tho' Men are help'd by the Ufe of proper Glaffes ibid. NN. ATURE, the bed Guide, and to be dili- gently followed by all Far-

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INDEX.

Over-feeding, conftitutes a Sur-
feit 4²

Owls, fee better than Men in
the Night, and why 118
P.

PAck-Saddles, not ufed by
Scotch Carriers 3 3°

Pain in the Guts from Acci-
dents, a Drench for it 236
A Glyfter for it 237. Bu-
rying a Horfe in a Dung-
hill prefcribed by Gibfin fof
it ibid-

Pancreas, what i"

Pancreatic Juice, what 4?

Pericardium defcribcd 52. I'⁵Derivation ibid. The Fi-
gure and Refemblance of rt>
and what it contains ibid-
TheUfe of it 53. Its Si-
tuation ib^

Periftaltick Motion, what 48'
and 162

Phlebotomy, its Derivation 9'�
The Term explained ibid-

Phyficians, the Folly of truft'

OATS, not to be given
to Foals or Colts till
ground, or fcamp'd, accord-
ing to Gib/on and Solleyfell
138. The Reafon affign'd
ibid. Judged proper by the
Author, only as being eafier
of Digeftion when fo pre-
pared ibid.
Oefophagus, what 53
Over-reach, the Cure for it

,. . 355

Oily Applications for Wounds,

very pernicious 27

Ointments proper for Wounds

ibid.

Ointments for fore Eyes 134.

A Recipe for making it ib.

Of no Service in Diforders

wi thin the Globe of the Eye

137

Onions, the Juice of them a

Diffolvent of calculous Mat-
ter 252. Dr. Hale's Ob-
fervation on it. ibid.

Opiates, dangerous in'the firil
Stage of the Bilious Cholic
205
Opobalfamum, what 177

Ophthalmia, what 100

Optick Nerves, the Origine
and Termination of their
Coats ui. Their advan-
tagious Situation 11 2

Os Sacrum, what 71

Oilers, their Caufe 323. What
324. Their Cure ibid. A
Mixture for them ibid.

fed

mg to young ones expo

269

Pia Mater, what 70, and i°'

Pineus , firft found out th*
Gland fituate on the upK
Part of the Brain, fuppo<f
by the Moderns to be <*
Seat of the Soul 70, and,7\

Pinguedo , what 164. >■ 1
Difference between that a»
Adeps tff'

Pitting of Blood, by what t*
quently occafioped Zb

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		INDEX.

			and to its Pulfe 184. Their Operation explained ibid. Presbytia, what 116. Its De- rivation ibid. Prevention of Difeafes, the bell Method for it prefcribed 12 Prima? Vis, what 19 Pupillae, what 101. Abfurdly called the Sight of the Eye ibid. The Contraction and Dilatation of it accounted for 113. The Author's Ob- fervation on a Cat's Eye ib. Purblind Perfons, as well as Horfes, fee better as they grow old, and why 119 Purge-to kill Worms Z25 Purging Serviceable to a Horfe that is .plethoric, and full of Blood 7. To be prac- tised with Caution, and not at a Venture 11. When it may be ufed by way of Prevention, and why ibid. Often becomes the Parent of DifeaSes, inftead of pre- venting them, and why ibid. General Rules to be observ- ed in the Practice of it 13. How brought about 18. Neceffary in molt or all plethoric Cafes, but af- ter Bleeding, and why 19. Particularly if a Horfe be troubled with Worms 20. Neceffary if he be coftive or laxitive ibid. Ufeful in correcting all grofs Habits ibid. In Swellings, watery S 2 Difeafes,
The Cure i'bid. A Mixture for it ibid. New Milk from the Cow prepared by Dr. Mayern ibid. Sheeps Milk ftill better 257. Hog's Dung good for it ibid. Planets, their Influence upon the Fluids of the Body won- derful 14. A Treatife on their Operations, by Dr. Mead, cenfured ibid. Plants, their Analogy with A- nimals 247 Plethora, what 14 Pleura, what 16 Pleurify, Dr. Sydenham famous for the Cure of it 94. His Method ibid. Poll-Evil, a Diilemper inci- dent to Horfes, and what Sort in particular 3. An Account of it 326. The Caufe and Cure 327. Oil of Turpentine good for it ibid. An Ointment for it ib. Pores, what 234 Porus Biliarius, what 48 Powders, of no Service in Dis- orders within the "Globe of the Eye 138 Powdered Glafs, proper for taking off Films 140. The Operation of it in the Eye, compared to the Fifh-skin ufed by Joyners, and the Reafon affigned ibid. Preparations from Iron, Mer- cury, &c. mixed with the Blood, add Weight to it,


	I

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	INDEX.

Difeafes, Diforders of the Liver, and Difeafes of the Eyes and Head, if not at- tended by a Fever , and why ibid. In all Cafes, the Strength of the Horfe to be confxdered 21 Purging, what it is 33 Purging proper in grofs Ha- bits, and why 32. Not fer- viceable, however, in cafe of Dry-blindnefs ibid. Purging at proper Intervals, ferviceable to a Horfe that has a flaring Coat 79. Purge, however, upon Purge, is very pernicious ibid.- A vulgar Error with refpett to purging Medicines ibid. Purges hazardous to be given to fuch Horfes as are hard to work upon 81. Ser- viceable when given accor- ding to theHorfe's Strength, Age, &c. when he is af- fected with the Head-ach 85. A general Error in the Practice of Purging 86. Serviceable to Horfes af- fefted with rheumy Eyes 133. A Purge for it ibid. And with Moon-blindnefs 137. Of no Service in the Cure of Wounds of the Eye ibid. Proper for the Sto- mach-cough 151 Purging Medicines dangerous, when a Horfe's Pulfe beats 50 Times in a Minute 184.
		How to meafure fuch Times ibid. Purging, when proper for Hor- fes in the Farcin 281 Purfive, what 14. The Caufe of Purfivenefs 163. The Signs ibid. Difficult to be diftinguiihed from a Cold ibid. The Cure 164. A Recipe 165. What Diet beft for them 166 Pylorus, what 46 CL QUickfilver, when fhook in Vacuo, emits Light, _ and why 114 An Encomium on it 229. Ranked by the Ancients a- mongft Poifons 230. An Obfervation on the Engltjh Ladies drinking it 304 Quitter-bone, what 355. The Caufe ibid. The Signs and Cure 356 R. RAT, (Mr.) a particular Obfervation of his, with relation to the fpontaneous Growth of Muftard-feed in Lancajhire - 25 Reading by Candle-light, bad for the Eyes 117 Receptaculum Chyli, what 48 Recipes. A Poultice for the Strangles 26. A Glyfter in a Fever 40. A white Eye- water 130. An Ointment for Wounds of the Eye 113 ■ A Purge for rheumy Eyes

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			E X.
	I N D		E X.
	I N D

ibid. An Ointment for fore Eyes 134. Balls for Moon- ey'd Horfes 137. A Cor- dial Stomach - drench 152. A Purge after a Cold 154. Sneezing Powders for Colds in the Head 159. A Cor- dial Ball for Colds ibid. An excellent Glyfter 162. A Mixture for Purfivenefs 165 A Mixture for the Glanders 176. A Guaiacum De- codion for the Glanders j78. The Author's In- jection for the Glanders 180. The firft Ointment for the Strangles, Vives, ©V. 1 S3. The fecond Oint- ment for the fame Difeafes 189. The Wound Oint- ment for the Strangles 190. Water to eat away fungous or proud Flefh 191. A Glyfter when Horfes are coftive 195. A Cure for acid Crudity 198. A Purge for it ibid. A Glyfter for the Cholic 204. A Purge for it 20;. A Mixture for it 206. A Solution of Gum Arabick 207. Mr. Gihfon's Glyfter for a Pain in the Guts 209. The Au- thor's Glyfter for Wind in the Guts ibid. De Greys Drench for the Cholic 210. Mr. Gibfin's Glyfter for a Horfe that has a Stoppage of W.ater from harden'd
		Excrements 211. A Cor- dial carminative Drench for the Lax or Scouring 214. The aftringent Purge for Scouring 216. The aftrin- gent Mixture for the fame 219. Another Mixture for the fame 220. The Infu- fion for a Chyle-flux ibid. An excellent reftringent Sy- rup 221. Mr. Gib fort's, re- ftringent Glyfter for the Bloody-flux 222. A Purge to kill Worms 225. The Ball to kill Worms ibid. A Drink for Pain in the Guts from Accidents 236. A Purge for the Jaundice 240. Infufion for the fame 241. Another Purge for the Jaundice 146. JEtki- ops Mineral Ball ibid. A Glyfter for the Gravel in Horfes 253. A Mixture for Pifiing of Blood 25-6. A Fomentation for the Colt- Evil 2j-8. A Liniment for a Horfe's Yard, when fore 259. A Water it, when inflamed ibid. The Helle- bore Infufion for the Drop- fy 265. A Purge for the Dropfy 270. An Infufion to corroborate and ftreng- then the Stomach 271. A Ball for the Farcin 281. An Ointment for it 283. Another Ointment for the fame ibid. An Ointment S 3 for

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	IN D E X.'

		Repellents, their Manner of Operation explain'd 185. Are fometimes dangerous 186 Reptiles, a Term made ufe of by the Author to ex- prefs his Contempt of three Qaack Operators 104 Res r.on naturales, the Num- ber of them 3 Refinous Purges, dangerous and rough in Operation 196. Good for Men in the Drop- fy, but not for Holies 266 Refpiration defined 72 Reft, after acute Difeafes, pro- ■ per for Horfes, and why 195 Reftoratives, when ncceffiiry 4 Retina, what 71. Defcribed 105. Why fo cali'd ibid. The Center of it inferifible, and why 111 Revulfion, what j;, 32, 92' Rhubarb, the Plant of which it is the Root not certainly known 216. What cali'd by Herman ibid. Pretend- ed to have been cultivated in Holland by Muntingius ib. The Englijb Root, cali'd Rhapnticum , or Monk's Rhubarb, how cliflinguifli'd from the foreign Sort ibid. What Rhubard the beft, and its Vertues 217. In what its purgative Quality principally confifts, and why ibid. Order'd to be toaft- ed, and why ibid. In what Difte
for the Yaws 284. A Pow- der for the Farcin ibid. Mercurial Ointment for the Scab 287. A Poultice to ripen any Tumour 290. A Water to eat away proud Flefh 292. A Mixture for Wounds of the Brain 293. Colebatcb^,s Styptick 295. Vervains Balfam for all Kinds of Wounds 299. A Mixture for a Mortification 303. A Solution for a Gan- grene ibid. A Mixture to wafh the Bite of a mad Dog 309. An Ointment for the fame 310. A Decoction for it ibid. The Fiftula Water 315. Ointment for a Fiftula 316. A Charge for a Ring-bone, Splent, Oi'ct, or Spavin 324. The Ointment for the Poll-Evil 327. A Mixture for a Crufli on the Withers 331. A Mixture for the Warbles ibid. A Mixture for a Strain in the Shoulder 337. An Ointment for Rowelling 338. A cold Charge for a Strain in the Back Sinew-in the Couplings ibid. An Ointment for the Mallen- ders 339. Another Oint- ment for Mallenders or Sal- lenders 340. A drying Wound-water for the Greafe 346. A Tinfture for the Gravel 355. A Water for a Quitter-Lone 357

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	INDEX.

		'Sal Prunella, what 78. Pre- fcribed by Dr. Gibfon to Horfes, when their Perfo- ration is obftrufted ibid. His Medicine approved of by the Author ibid. Sal Volatile Oleofum, diluted with Spirit of Lavender, much more beneficial to the Head than SnufF 158 Sallenders, what 339. The Cure ibid. An Ointment for it ibid. Another 340 SanBorius's Materia Perfpira- bilis, what 69. His accu- rate Obfervation, with re- fpecl to- Infenfible Perfpira- tion 435 Scab, <vide Mange Scalds, in human Bodies, how fooneft cured 300 Sclerotica Tunica, what 100 Scouring, what it proceeds from, according to De Grey ■ 218. His Prescription for it ibid. The Author's af- tringent Mixture for it 219 Scratches, a Diftemper inci- dent to Horfes 3. What Sort of Horfes moll fubjeft to it ibid. Scratches, the Caufe 340. The Cure ibid. Sea-Water fhines in a Storm, and why 114. Secretion, what 5 Semilunares, what, and why fo called 56 Senfation, made by the Fluid S 4 in
Diftempers moft ferviceable ibid. The Price 218 Rheumy and inflamed Eyes, an Account of them 131, & feq. The Caufe of them 132. The Method of Cure 133 Ring-bones, their Caufe 323. A Mixture for them 3 24 Road-Horfe, the Signs of a good one 357 RoTe-Water, Plantane-Water, tiff, talk'd of by Gib/on, have no more Vertue than Pump-Water 124 Roficrucian Sages, a Term of Contempt made ufe of by the Author to expofe Pre- tenders to Farriery 3 Rowels, prefcribed when Hor- fes are affefted with the Head-ach 85. Several to be made ufe of at a Time ibid. Serviceable in curing moll Diftempers in the Brain, and the Reafon of it 99. Of no Significancy in the Cure of Wounds of the Eye 130. Serviceable to Horfes with rheumy Eyes 133 Rowelling, its Ufe 321. When proper ibid. An Ointment for it 338 Runmng-Frufh, no Cure fafe for it 348 S ADDLES, the Author's Opinion of fuch'as are fit for a Journey 328

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				E X. Snuff, the Folly of accuftom- ing our felves to the taking of it 157 Solkyfell, a French Author on Farriery, very prolix, and one who bewilders common Farriers 1. Forbids Bleed- ing in Difeafes of the Eyes 17. His Judgment que- ftion'd ibid. Compares the Strangles in Colts, to the Smail-Pox in Children 23. Is faid to be ignorant of a Horfe's anatomical Struc- ture, tho' a curious Obferver into the Diftempers he is fubject to ibid. He and Markhdm account for the Strangles in an odd Manner 29. Is cenfured for his Ac- count of the Baftard Stran- gles ibid. His Account of Fevers cenfur'd, as 'wide of the Mark 34. Directs Oats to be ground or ftamp'd be- fore they are given to Colts, and why 138. His Recipes not worth tranfcribing 1 59- His Account of the Glan- ders cenfur'd 167. He dis- approves of purging for the Farcin 280 Solutio continui, what 69 Soul, the Seat of it imagin'd to be in the Stomach, by the Ancients, and why jo. Its Refidence thought to be in the Brain by the Mo- dems, and firft found out
		I N D in the Nerves, &c. not the Subftance of them, and why 83 Septum Medium, what 55 Serum, what 18 Shrill Voices, Prognofticks of a Confumption in Men, and why 74 Sicknefs, a Definition of it z Sigmoidales, what, and why fo called 56 Signs ef Sicknefs in Horfes 1 Sirreverence, prefaibed by a certain Farrier as a Vomit for a Horfe 21 8 Sit-faft, what 332. The Cure ibid. Snape, Farrier to King Charles I. his Defcription of the Brain, and its Meninges, cs'r. approv'd of 82. His Etymology of the Term Glandula pinealis 71. His Opinion of a Cataract cen- fiir'd 14a. His Account of the blackifh Matter fpread upon the Choroides dark and obfcure ioi.. The Au- thor's Opinion concerning it ibid. His Account of the Glanders not very defective 168 Sneezing, how occafion'd 15-6 Sneezing Powders, proper in paralitic, apoplectic, and le- thargic Cafes, and why 157. Proper for a Cold in the Head 158. The Ingredients 159

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	INDEX.

		ly; the Author's Balls pro- pofed as lefs expenfive ibid- A Glyfter prefcribed after them 97. Dire&ions how to make the Preparation, and adminifter it ibid. Af- fera Bacca, in Powders, to- be blown up the Noftnls af- ter it ibid. Great Num- bers of Receipts given by Authors for it ibid. The fewer Ingredients in any Compofition, the better ib. No End to the Praftice founded on Noftrums ibid. Stall, not to be too fteep back- wards, and why 344 Stammering, infeaious, eafily contraded, and hard to be remov'd 147- The Defeft accounted for, and the Cure prefcrib'd H* Staring Coat, what 79. Me- dicines proper for Horfes troubled with that Diftem- per ^ibld- Sternum, what 55 Sternutatories, what 97. [Pro- per in Colds >S⁶Stomach, if wounded, how to know it ²95 Stomach - Cough, what, and from whence it proceeds 151. The Cure ibid. Stomachick-Drench, the proper Ingredients for it 15 * Strabifmus, what, and from whence it proceeds 147.. Infants eafily contraa this
by one Pineus, and from him call'd Glandula Pine- alis , according to fome; but according to Snape from its Likenefs in Shape to a Pine Kernel ibid, and 71. Des Cartes likewife feated the Soul in this Glandule ibid. The Notion, how- ever, exploded, and why ibid. Spavins, their Caufe 323. A Mixture for them 324 Spinal Marrow, what 70. The common Seat of Sen- fation in all Animals ibid. Splents , their Caufe 313. What ibid. Their Cure 314. A Mixture for them ibid. Squinting, eafily to be reme- died 147. Several Methods of Cure 148 Staggers,, or Stavers, a Dif- temper incident to Horfes, an Account of it 88. Bears a very near Affinity to the Apoplexy, or Vertigo, in human Bodies ibid. An ex- cellent Obfervation on the Origine of them, by Cap- tain Burdon, in his Pocket Farrier 95. Bleeding four or five Quarts for it, and purging afterwards, the beft Cure, and why ibid. Mr. Gib/on's Affa Feetida. Balls with Caftor, approv'dof 96. Thought, however, too coft-

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	INDEX.

Diflemper ibid. Cautions to Parents relating to it ib. Strain in the Shoulder, the Signs of it 336. Not to be cured in lefs than three Months ibid. The Cure ibid. A Mixture for it 337. Rowelling proper ibid. Strangles, Colts moft fubjeft to this Diftemper 4. The belt Methods of Cure ibid. A particular Defcription of them 22. Bear a near Af- finity to the Quinzy in.hu- man Bodies ibid. Not fo dangerous, however, as the latter, and why ibid. Com- par'd by Solkyfell to the Small-Pox in Children 23. The bell Method to prevent them 24. The belt Me- thods of Cure 15. An ex- cellent Poultice for them 26. The Manner of its Appli- cation 27. How beft to be cur'd after Incifion 28 Strangles, fpurious, falfe, or baftard, an Account of them 29, & feq. Solkyfell and Markham account for them jn an odd Manner ibid. Strangles, a Defcription of them 180. An Account of the baftard Strangles 181. A good Remark of Gibfons with refpeft to them ibid. The firft Ointment for them 183. The fecond Oint- ment for them 189. The
		Wound Ointment for them 190 Subclavian Vein, what 98 Supercilia, ^what 2.30 Superpurgation of Horfes, per- nicious to their Eye-light 133 Suppreffion of Urine, reliev'd by a new Operation of the Author's 254 Suppuration, what 1 5 Suppurative Medicines, their Operation explain'd 187 Surbating, what 348. From whence derived ibid. The Signs and Cure ib. and 349 Surfeits, an Account of them 4r, & feq. What gene- rally meant by the Term ibid. Various Caufes from whence they proceed 42. If the Caufe be fimple, the Cure may be effefted with. Eafe; if complicated, with. much Difficulty, and fome- times not at all ibid. Cre- ated principally by over or foul Feeding ibid. The Cure for them 76. The Signs of them ibid. Mr. Gibfiri's Notion of them cenfur'd ibid. Sweating, proper for Colts in the Strangles 4 Swellings, like the Strangles, in old Horfes, the Sign of a crazy Conftitution 3² Swellings in the Legs, not al- ways the Refult of a Dropfy 267.

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	INDEX.

		Symptoms, particular Regard to be had to them 3. Their Explication ibid. Syftole, what 18 T. TAbes Dorfalis, what 168 Tabes Renalis, what Tampering with Phyfick, bad, and of ill Confequence 8 Tapping for Dropfy in Men, why fo often unfuccefsful 273. Not approved of by HippGcrates ibid. Tears, the Ufe of them 101 Temperaments, their Number and Names 2, Tendon, when cut, what is to be done 297 Tents, in moft Cafes, perni- cious in the drefling of Wounds, and why 28, 191, 318 Teftaceous Powders, their Ver- mes 21 J" Three, the abfurd Notion of that Number conducing to, effect a Cure, either in Man or Beaft, confuted 98. The Practice of turning a Horfe round thrice by the Ger- mans, for the Farcin, ex- pofed ibid. Thorax, what 16 Tides, the Reafon why the higheft are not precifely on the Full or Change of the Moon, nor the Neaps on the Quarters ?9 Tinftura
267. Rife in the Day, and fall in the Night, and why 268 Sydenham, his Chara&er 18. Famous for curing the Pleu- rify 94. Depended much upon Bleeding ibid. Took Blood from the affected Sides, and not the oppofite, contrary to the Doftrine of Revulfion ibid. Sydenham, a remarkable In- ftance of his Sincerity 169 Sympathy, the Notion of cu- ring green Wounds by it ridiculous 122 Sympathetic Powders, fo high- ly recommended by Sir Ke- nelm Digby, of no real Va- lue 12 j Symptomatic, or fimple Fever, what 37. How it may be occafion'd ibid. Mr. Gib- Jbn's Account of it ib. The Signs of it 38. The Cure 39. Bleeding and Glyfters proper for it ibid. Cold Water and Purges perni- cious, and why 40. Di- rections to Farriers in admi- niftring Glyfters ibid. Sy- ringes, or Squirts, proper Instruments for that Opera- tion ibid. The Quantity of Liquor requifite to be ufed ibid. Glyfters to be mild in Operation, and large in Quantity ibid. A Recipe fcr one ibid.

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		INDEX. Tinflura Sacra, the Ufe of it V. recommended 80 "T TAlves, of the Heart, Trachea Arteria, what 73 y what 55. Of the Veins Tricufpides, what '55 65 Truncheons, an Account of Varix, what ijo them 113 Veins, defcribed 64. Their Tubercles, what 164 Number and Names ibid. Tumours of the Glands, hard No Pulfe in them, and why to be diflblved, and why 28 65. Their Valves defcri- Tumour, what 288. The firft bed ibid. Intention of a Cure 289. Vena Cava, what 53 The fecond ibid. A Poul- Venereal Lues, the Female firft tice for it 290. Directions infe&ed with it 261 for opening it 291 Ventricles of the Heart de- Tunica Aranea, what, and why fcribed 92. Its Veffels and fo call'd 107 Valves 93. What called Tunicles, their feveral Deno- ibid. minations 100 Vertebra?, what 53 T�r, Oculift to the Queen, Vertigo, what 10 a particular Account of him Ver-vaitis Balfam , for all 103. His Ignorance and Kinds of Wounds, recom- Pra&ice expos'd ibid. A mended 299. The Recipe Prophecy concerning him, ibid, and fome other Quack Ope- Vipers Fat, excellent for the rators 104. Further Re- Cure of venomous Bites 313 flections on him, and his Viicidities, what _ 17 Treatife on the Diforders of Vifcous Liquor of the Joints, Sight 106. His furprizing where feparated 175 Operations on dead Calved Vifion, how performed 112. Eyes ridicul'd 131. His The Theory confider'd 113 Pretence to cure a Gutta Vitreous, or Glaffey Humour Serena, by convulfing the of the Eye, a Defcription Eye, a meer Pretence 145 of it 110. The Ufe of it Turpentines , all the Kinds im- proper for Wounds 27. Vives, what 181. How cal- And for Horfes with Luna- led by the French ibid, tick Eyes 137 Happens to Horfes of all Tympany, what 267 Ages ibid. Is much like the Swelling of the parotid Glands,

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	INDEX.

Glands, and Relaxation of the Uvula in human Bodies ibid. The Cure i8z. The firft Ointment for them 183. The fecond Ointment for therh 189. The Wound Ointment for them 190 Ulcers, that are finuous or hol- low, to be laid open, and in what Manner 27 Undulation, what 88 Vomit for a Horfe, a Angular one prefcribed by a certain Farrier 218 Ureters, defcribed 248 Urine, of what it confifts ib. Uvea; what 102. Its Com- pofition ibid. W. GARBLES, what 331. Their Cure ibid. A Mixture for them ibid. Ward's Pill and Drop, Prepa- rations from Antimony 231 Warm Bathing, good againft Pains in the Bowels, &c. 236 Warning a Horfe's Legs with warm Water, better than with cold 233 Water, one of the four Ele- ments 2 Water, given to Horfes too long warm, when out of Order, an ill Cuftom 161 Water, to eat away proud Flefh 191 Another Water for the fame Ufe 292		Weak Perfons eafier in an ho- rizontal, than in an erecl Pofture, and why 121 Webs, caufing Dimnefs of Sight, an Account of them 138 White Eye-Water, a Receipt for it 129 Willis, (Dr.) his various Hy- potheses cenfured 84. Wind in the Bowels, what 202 Wind Cholic, whence it pro- ceeds 208. The Signs of it-ibid. The Caufe ibid. The Cure ibid. Withers of a Horfe, where fi- tuate 3z8. A Mixture for the Cure 331 Wolves Teeth, what 323. The Cure ibid. Wood, when putrified, will emit Light 114 Worms, frequently the Caufe of the Stomach- Cough 151 Worms, an Account of them 222. Horfes exceedingly fubjeft to them ibid. A Sort of them refembling, according to Solley feII,W'ood Lice, very pernicious 223. The Signs of them, and the Cure ZZ5. A Purge to kill them ibid. Worm Medicines, to be con- tinued for fome Time, and why 226 Wounds, not to be cured by Sympathy, as the Ancients idly

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%1'4^T

INDEX.

sdly imagined 132. The
Sympathetick Powders fo
highly recommended for
that Purpofe by Sir Kenelm
Digby, of no real Worth
123

Wounds, or Blows on the
Eye, and other external
Accidents an Account of
them 123, & feq.

Wounds of the Eye, an Oint-
ment for them 130. Di-
rections for the Ufe of it
ibid. Purging of no Ser-
vice in the Cure of them
ibid.

Wounds fimple and compli-
cate 29 z

Wounds of the Brafn, Gib-

fim^,s Miftake about them

ibid. A Mixture for them

293

Wounds in the Stomach, very
dangerous ibid.

Wounds, when internal, little
more is to be done than to

. flop the Blood 296

Wounds, what may be ititch'd
Y 297

YAWS, what 284. An
Ointment for it. ibid.
Yellows, <vide Jaundice

�■?

34 Vbe Art of Farriery

" the Wine, are feparated; the Lees fall to the
" Bottom, a Sort of Scum floats on the Top, and
" the Concavity of the Veffel is covered with a Sort
** of crufty Subftance."

Thus far Monf. Solleyfell; who, though he was
one of the better Sort of Farriers by way of Reafon-
ing, yet he was far wide of the Mark. For firft,
I infill upon it, that there is no fuch Thing as Fer-
mentation in the circulating Blood; although I own
the Tranflation of Morbific Matter in Fevers (hews
fomething very like it, wss. That after the Blood's
Ebullition, it throws off the offending Matter in
Tumours and Eruptions much in the Manner of the
Sediments of fermented Liquors. Yet, notwithstand-
ing this Appearance fuits fo pat with our outward
Senfes, it is far from Truth ; I mean, to imagine
that there is a Poffibility of the Blood's Fermenta-
tion, (any otherwife than as I have before defcribed
under this Term ;) and if it only happens in the
Manner I have pointed out, there is no Doubt but
all the Effects, fuch as Tumours, Eruptions, C5V.
may follow a Fever as well every whit, as if there
was fuch a Thing as Fermentation in the Blood.
A Fever ^ⁿ ^mY Opinion, as well as feveral who have

defined. gone before me, a Fever is an augmented Velocity
of the Blood; and the almoft infinite Variety of |
Cades of this Diftemper, does fo diverfify its Ap-
pearances, and indicate fo many Ways or Methods
of Cure, that really it is no eafy Matter to write
down Rules, for the Management of Horfes in fuch
Condition. ^However, I mall attempt it in the
moft concife and belt Manner I am able.

Firft then, the Blood (as all other Fluids) being
compofed or made of Liquid Parts, is therefore
capable of being put into a more than ordinary
Degree of Motion, both by external and internal
Gauies. When the Caufe happens to b- fimple
and external, as for Inftance, when the Blood is
violently agitated and put into a Hurry by the
Heat of the Sun, or by violent and exceffive Ex- .

ercife j