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STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF
CURACAO, ARUBA, BONAIRE
AND THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS

P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK

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STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAgAO, ARUBA,
BONAIRE AND THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS

STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAQAO,
ARUBA, BONAIRE AND THE
VENEZUELAN ISLANDS

PROEFSCHRIFT

TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN
DOCTOR IN DE WIS- EN NATUURKUNDE AAN
DE RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT OP
GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR MAGNIFICUS
Dr. F. H. QUIX, HOOGLEERAAR IN DE
FACULTEIT DER GENEESKUNDE, VOLGENS
BESLUIT VAN DEN SENAAT DER UNIVERSITEIT
TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN DE FACULTEIT
DER WIS- EN NATUURKUNDE TE VERDEDIGEN
OP MAANDAG 8 JULI 1940 TE 15 UUR

DOOR

PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK

GEBOREN TE VLAARDINGEN

N.V. DRUKKERIJ P. DEN BOER - UTRECHT

quot;^iir'

1785 9475

Aan mijn ouders

Aan Je nagedachtenis van mijn grootouders

„Wij kannen niet allen metselaar zijn;
er moeten er ook zijn die de sfeenen aandragen.quot;

Hoewel mijn dank thans uitgaat naar allen die tot mijn geeste-
lijke vorming hebben bijgedragen, wil ik mij hier beperken tot
hen. die haar in wetenschappelijke richting het meest hebben
béinvloed.

In den allereersten plaats wil ik mijn Ouders mijn diepsten dank
betuigen, dat Zij mij in staat stelden biologie te studeeren, waarbij
ik het zeldzame voorrecht heb genoten jaren lang de vervulling van
mijn innigste wenschen te kunnen nastreven.

Waarde Groot E n z e r i n k en de Graaf, nog dikwijls
denk ik terug aan de tochten naar den Achterhoek. Twente en
Zuid-Limburg, die ik. als schooljongen, onder Uw leiding heb
mogen maken. Gij hebt de grondslagen gelegd voor mijn latere
studie aan de Universiteit. Dat de omstandigheden mij hierbij naar
Utrecht voerden, heeft mij steeds ten zeerste verheugd.

Met grooten eerbied en dankbaarheid gedenk ik het onderricht,
dat ik van mijn leermeester N i e r s t r a s z heb mogen ontvangen.
Hij leerde mij méér dan vergelijkende anatomie, ook critiek en
bescheidenheid.

De herinnering aan Professor Went is mij eveneens zeer
dierbaar.

Hooggeleerde R u 11 e n, Gij zult begrijpen, dat het niet alleen
Uw onderricht in de geologie is. waaraan ik met een gevoel van
bijzondere erkentelijkheid terugdenk: Uw voortdurende belang-
stelling in mijn werk is voor mij van groote waarde geweest. Gij
hebt mij medegenomen naar de Benedenwindsche Eilanden en Ge
weet. wat De West daarna voor mij is gaan beteekenen. Het doet
me goed. U en Mevrouw R u 11 e n. hier nog eens te kunnen
bedanken voor de goede zorgen waarmede Gij de leden der
„Utrechtsche Antillen Excursie 1930quot; hebt omringd en het goede
voorbeeld, dat Gij hen in vele dingen hebt gegeven.

Hooggeleerde Pulle, Uw onderricht in de systematische plant-
kunde was voor mij van groot belang. Door mijn werk in het
herbarium heb ik vele dingen geleerd, welke mij bij de bewerking
van dit proefschrift van groot nut zijn geweest. Uw hulp en
belangstelling. Zeergeleerde L a n j o u w, heb ik daarbij steeds
zeer gewaardeerd.

Hooggeleerde Jordan, ik heb het altijd als een groot voor-
recht beschouwd, dat het mij vergund is geweest onder Uw leiding
een blik te werpen in de gedachtenwereld der moderne physiologen.
Zeergeleerde Vonk en Zeergeleerde P o s t m a, U dank ik
voor de prettige medewerking hierbij ondervonden.

Hooggeleerde Möhr, met veel genoegen zal ik steeds terug-
denken aan Uw colleges in de bodemkunde.

Hooggeleerde Raven, voor Uw bereidheid als mijn Promotor te
willen optreden, hoewel ik mij de laatste jaren bewoog op een ter-
rein dat niet geheel het Uwe is, kan ik U niet erkentelijk genoeg
zijn. Het vertrouwen, dat Gij in mij hebt gesteld, hoop ik niet te
hebben beschaamd.

U, Zeergeleerde Hirsch, ben ik dankbaar voor de aantrek-
kelijke practica, waarmede mij op degelijke wijze de beginselen der
dierkunde werden bijgebracht. U, Zeergeleerde de Lange,
Schuurmans Stekhoven, de Marees van Swin-
deren en van Oordt, ben ik niet alleen erkentelijk voor
allerlei soort van wetenschappelijken bijstand, maar niet het minst
ook voor Uw prettig gezelschap op het zoölogisch laboratorium en
de vele belangwekkende gesprekken bij de middag-thee.

Gij P r ij s hebt mij waardevolle wenken gegeven op teeken-
gebied. Gij K r e u g e 1 waart steeds bereid mij alle mogelijke hulp
te verleenen. Mejuffrouw Drinkenburg dank ik voor haar
diensten in de bibliotheek en C a t o ben ik erkentelijk voor het
keurig schoonhouden van mijn kamer.

Een woord van hulde aan het Personeel van de Utrechtsche
Universiteits-Bibliotheek en aan de Bibliothecaressen van Artis,
Teyler's Stichting en het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, die
mij steeds zoo prachtig hebben geholpen.

Op het Zoölogisch Museum in Amsterdam heb ik altijd veel
gastvrijheid ondervonden; het verheugt me. Hooggeleerde d e
Beaufort, U thans daarvoor dank te kunnen zeggen. Het is
voor een groot deel de prettige sfeer, Zeergeachte Mejuffrouw
van B e n t h e m J u 11 i n g, die mij nog steeds elke gelegenheid
tot een bezoek aan dit Museum doet aangrijpen.

De vele uren, welke ik, worstelend met den Engelschen tekst van
dit proefschrift, heb doorgebracht, werden mij aanmerkelijk verlicht
door Robert W a r d e 11, die mij met eindeloos geduld den
weg wees bij de vele onbegrijpelijkheden van zijn moedertaal.

Onder het merkwaardige slag menschen, dat in Utrecht biologie
studeert, heb ik mij altijd bijzonder goed thuis gevoeld. Aan Hen.
en ook aan mijn andere Vrienden, dank ik het, dat mijn studie-tijd
zoo'n mooie periode in mijn leven is geworden.

Obtainable from
MARTINUS NIIHOFF. Haag.

STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAgAO, ARUBA,
BONAIRE AND THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS: No. 1-3.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Introduction ... -.....p.nbsp;1.

Qimate . ....... . , ,nbsp;p.nbsp;5i

Surface-water.........p.nbsp;9.

Vegetation..........p.nbsp;10.

Soil ............p.nbsp;10.

History...........p.nbsp;11.

The Territory.........p.nbsp;15.

The Localities.........p,nbsp;23.

Bibliography.........p.nbsp;37.

Maps............p.nbsp;42.

A SURVEY OF THE MAMMALS, LIZARDS
AND MOLLUSKS.

Introduction .........p.nbsp;59.

Mammalia..........p.nbsp;60.

Sauria............p.nbsp;73.

Gastropoda..........p.nbsp;86.

Bibliography.........p.nbsp;103.

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS.

Introduction ......

Distribution of the Species .
Affinities of the Fauna . . .
Palaeogeographical Conclusions
Bibliography......

STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAgAO, ARUBA,
BONAIRE AND THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS: No. 1.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Introduction..........p. 1,

Climate............p. 5.

Surface-water.........p. 9.

Vegetation..........p. 10.

Soil.............p. 10.

History ...........p. 11.

Tiie Territory.........p. 15.

The Localities.........p. 23.

Bibliography..........p. 37.

The region which forms the field of these studies lies between
Trinidad and the Goajira-peninsula, off the northcoast of South
America, comprising of seventeen islands or island-groups with
a total area of about 2000 square kilometers. It is a part of the
Venezuelan Republic, excepting Cura?ao, Aruba and Bonaire,
which is Netherlands territory. The total number of inhabitants
can be estimated at 164000, chiefly confined to Margarita (70000),
Curasao (61000), Aruba (24000), Bonaire (5500) and Coche
(3000).

This region was visited in 1936 and 1937 with the main object
of studying the land and freshwaterfauna, excluding birds and
the greater part of the insects. For comparison some parts of the
adjacent continent were also visited.

Already in 1868, a clergyman, G. J. Simons, gave an
enumeration of 265 kinds of animals, occurring on the island
of Curagao; the value of this list however is very doubtful.

Scientific surveyance of the Leeward Group began in 1885,
by an expedition of Prof. K. Martin, geologist, and Prof.
W. F. R. S u r i n g a r, botanist, both of the Leyden University,

with an entomologist, J. R. H. Neervoort van de Poll,
and two students.

In 1899 J. Bo eke was send to the Dutch West Indies
to study the fisheries; in 1921 — 1922 the geologist G. J. H.
Molengraaff examined Curagao, and in 1922 C. J.
van der Horst, conservator of the Zoological Museum at
Amsterdam, stayed for some time on the same island to make
a study of the sea-fauna. All three brought back a small collection
of land animals.

The U. S. A. has given more proof of their permanent interest
in the zoology of the Leeward Group. Several official
institutions, principally the Field Museum of Natural History and
the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, have sent their
staff-members and collectors to this region and have encouraged
private research. In this connection only the names of Henry
R. Raven (abt 1870), J. E. B e n e d i c t and W. N y e (1884),
Wirt Robinson (1895), Austin H. Clark (1901), Ned
Dearborn (1908), John F. Ferry (1909), Horace
Burrington Baker (1922), Paul Bartsch (1929) and
Horace G. Richards (1939) may be mentioned. The works
of Ernst Hartert (1892) and Percy R. Lowe (1904,
1906), and the researches of Adolf Ernst (1871, 1873, 1874),
J. S. Gibbons (1877), Ernst Peters (1890), Alfons
Gabriel (1922-25) and Alf Wollebaek (1925) show
however, that also other nationalities were fascinated by this
desert-island animal world.

The author's interest in the Caribbean Islands off the Vene-
zuelan coast was roused by the news, that Prof. L. M. R. R u 11 e n,
with his wife and five students of the Utrecht University, had
planned a geological excursion to Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire.
After acceptance as a member of this party, we had a glorious
time, camping in western Curasao (14.IV.—4.V.), Bonaire (lO.V.—
lO.VI.) and Aruba (16.VI.—9.VII. 1930). After a wonderful
excursion through the mountains of Tachira and Falcon, as guests
of the Caribbean Petroleum Company, we returned to Curasao
where the „Utrechtsche Antillen Excursie 1930quot; came to an end.

During this trip birds were collected by M. G. Rut ten and
L. VV. J. V e r m u n t, while H. J. MacGillavry spent
his spare time collecting insects. After the departure of my
fellow-travellers, I again visited Bonaire, from August 20th until
December 7th.

Most of my time was devoted to the study of marine fauna,
although much attention was given to inland-waters. The results
of this trip, appearing under the title of quot;Zoologische Ergebnisse
einer Reise nach Bonaire, Curaçao und Aruba, im Jahre 1930quot;
were published in the quot;Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für
Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tierequot;, vol. 64, 1933
(Nr. 1 — 12) and vol. 67, 1936 (Nr. 14—22), the quot;Capita Zoolo-
gicaquot;, vol. 8, 1936 (Nr. 23), 1937 (Nr. 24), 1939 (Nr. 25-27),
and quot;Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Bel-
giquequot; ser. 2, part 2, 1935 (Nr. 13). In this series publications
of W. Michaelsen (Nr. 2, Oligochaeta), H. Augener (Nr. 3,
Polychaeta), Walter Rammner (Nr. 4, Phyllopoda), Walter Khe
(Nr. 5, Ostracoda), P. A. Chappuis (Nr. 6, Harpacticoida), Frie-
drich Kiefer (Nr. 7, Cyclopoida), K. Stephensen (Nr. 8, Amphi-
poda), C. Willmann (Nr. 10, 20, Oribaüdae), Max Beier (Nr. 21,
Chernetes) and M. Sanders (Nr. 22, Pisces) dealt with the land
and freshwaterfauna.

In 1936 and 1937 I again visited the same islands, the main
object being to investigate the land and freshwaterfauna. The
field was however extended to the Venezuelan islands and a
short visit was made to some parts of the adjacent continent for
comparison.

Margarita was traversed by car, with Porlamar as head-quarters
(10.V.-8.VI., 20-24.VI., 29.VI.-18.VII., 4. VIII.-13. VIII.
'36). The islands South and East of Margarita, and the coast of
the state of Sucre were visited by a 4 ton sailing boat (2I.V.,
9.VI.-19.VI., 25.VI.-28.VI.); the islands to the West, as far as
the Aves de Barlovento, were reached by a 10 tonner (19.VII.—
4.VIII.). On Curaçao (21.VIII.-12.XI., 16.XI.-2.XII. '36,
3-12.III., 2-4.IV. '37), Aruba (4.XII. '36-13.1. '37, 29.1.-

13.11., 25.II.-2.III. '37) and Bonaire (13-15.XI. '36, 22.III.-
l.IV. '37) I stayed at Piscadera Baai, Oranjestad and Kralendijk.
A coaster brought me to Las Piedras, whence I visited the
interior of the peninsula of Paraguana (14.11.—24.11. '37), and
to Puerto Lopez, from where I crossed the peninsula of La Goajira
to Rio Hacha and the Cabo de la Vela (14.I.-28.I. '37).

My grateful thanks are due to the Netherlands and Venezuelan
authorities whose kind assistance made travelling with heavy
luggage smooth and pleasant, and to everybody else who
facilitated my work. My weakness for the West Indies has been
really intensified by the friendly and helpful attitude of the
natives, which I encountered even in the most remote spots of
the Caribbean.

With special gratitude I must refer to the kind gesture of Dr.
E. H e 1 d r i n g, through whom the useful and helpful services
of Mr. C h r. L. B a k k e r, inspector of the Royal Dutch Steam-
ship Company at Caracas, were placed at my disposal. Mr.
B a k k e r officially prepared my visit to Margarita and Para-
guana and brought me in touch with the family Abouhamad
at Porlamar, who were very kind to me during my stay in
Margarita and whose help proved indispensable. The kind
assistance of Clemente Sibu and his family, whilst staying
at quot;Hotel Centralquot; in Porlamar, must also be mentioned. On
Paraguana I was the guest of the Mene Grande Oil Company's
Terminal Las Piedras.

My thanks too must be offered for the car placed at my disposal
by Mr. L. Wagemaker and Mr. J. M. St. van E p s,
the quot;gezaghebbersquot; of Aruba and Bonaire, but the greatest
piece of luck was when the quot;N.V. Curagaosche Petroleum Industrie
Maatschappijquot;, represented by Mr. W. van E ij k, spontaneously
loaned me a car for three months, and in that way made possible
an extensive exploration of the island of Curasao.

Lastly I should like to emphasize that, without the unending
generosity and interest shown by my parents, my neotropical
investigations would be altogether out of the question.

CLIMATE.

The islands are strongly exposed to the tradewinds, which
blow with great steadiness nearly the whole year, directions not
differing much from ENE and E, with a mean velocity of about
5 m sec. (3,4 Beaufort) [Table 1 and 2]. The seawind blows
with only slightly diminished force also during the night, rendering
the heat less oppressive than the high daily means of temperature
would suggest. Only one temperature maximum occurs in the
course of the year, August and September being considered the
hottest months, January and February the coolest; the difference
between highest and lowest monthly means however, rarely
exceeds 4° C [Table 3].

The islands are just S of the most southernly hurricane-tracks,
only occasionally cyclones exert their influence at a fairly safe
distance.

According to its marine situation, the mean relative humidity
is always rather high, the year-mean for Curasao being about
75 %. The degree of cloudiness is rather low. Even in the rainy
season drizzling weather is rare and the rain falls in short-lived
showers, followed by a rapid clearing. Cloudiness is highest in
the morning, lowest at noon and again increasing before sunset.
On Margarita the highest part of the mountains are frequently
wrapped in clouds during twilight, night and dawn.

The mean evaporation of a free watersurface on Curasao,
calculated from monthly means by Molengraaff, may be
estimated at 4.5 (Dec.)—7.5 (Aug.) mm a day.

The Leeward Group wholly falls within the area of low rainfall
which extends along the N-coast of South America, between the
mouths of the Rio Orinoco and that of the Magdalena. The climate
of this isolated dry region belongs to the quot;steppe-climatesquot; of
K 6 p p e n, which are defined by a rainfall of 340—680 mm a year,
if the annual temperature is 27° C. Several scattered smaller areas
are certainly still dryer and may therefore fall within the quot;desert-
climatesquot; of K 6 p p e n. The higher mountains of Margarita and,
in less degree, also the highest tops of Tamarindo and Curasao,
may receive considerably more rain and form wet islands in a
dry surrounding.

TABLE 1.

Wind at Willemstad (from Braak, 1935)

Cas Chiquito, July 1921—1926
(a little farther from the sea but in a more favourable position)

TABLE 2.

Frequencies o/ windforce and winddirection,
numbers for 10000 observations, at Willemstad
(Fort Amsterdam), 1910—Juni 1921.

(from Braak, 1935; surrounding buildings made the site of observation unfavourable)

i

1409 7461

TABLE 3.
Temperature

Willemstad from Braak, 1935; Maracaibo from Jahn, 1934.
Las Piedras from the original records of the Mene Grande Oil Co. C.a.

Las Piedras
(1927-29, 1931-36)

Year

In Curasao, Aruba, Bonaire and, probably, the neighbouring
islands as far as Orchila, the rainfall is scarce from February till
September. On Curagao the precipitation in the dry-season is
about 200 mm, against 350 mm in the wet-season, October till
January. A similar relation exists in Paraguana and La Goajira.
On the eastern Venezuelan Islands however, the heaviest rain
falls later in the season, while the midsummer-rains are also
important, being the main water supply of the opposite mainland
[Table 4]. The distribution of the rainfall is rather irregular,
owing to the frequent occurrence of local showers.

On Curasao the number of rain-seasons, in which the precipi-
tation is less than the mean rainfall, is larger than the number
in which it is more. If, during the rain-season there is less than
the mean, we might add these four months to those of the dry-
season, getting in this way the notion of dry-period, which lasts
at least 8 4 8 months. By a succession of poor rain-seasons

TABLE 4.
Mean Rainfall

Carupano, La Asuncion in part, Cumana, Coro and Maracaibo from P i 11 i e r,
1936; Kralendijk, Willemstad and Oranjestad from Braak, 1935; La Asuncion
in part and Piedras from the original records.

such a dry-period may extend for several years. Molengraaff
determined, largely on rainfall-observations of the last 200 years,
the following dry-periods for Curasao: 3 periods of 68 months,
3 of 56, 3 of 44, 3 of 32 and 10 of 20 months. Probably such
unfavourable conditions also occur in other parts of this dry
region.

SURFACE-WATER.

The drainage area being mostly hilly and little wooded, the
weathered surface layers thin and the showers heavy, much
rainwater runs straight to sea. Therefore many valleys are dammed
for agricultural purposes, changing the surfacewater into ground-
water. The accumulated water usually gets a bad composition and
dries up; often wells are dug behind the dams for drinking and
irrigation purposes.

In the hmestone region most of the rainwater quickly reaches
the watertable and often runs along the surface of the underlying
and more impervious rock. Where this horizon is exposed springs
are to be expected. These hillside springs are often permanent,
although clearly influenced by the rainfall (e.g. Hato and San
Pedro on Curasao, Fontein in Bonaire and Aruba).

In the lower limestone regions, every hole and fissure which
reaches the watertable, may be connected with large cavities
filled with fresh or brackish water. The cavern-water has pushed
aside the seawater and is often clearly in balance with it. In the
limestone-plateau of southern Bonaire the watersurface in such
holes after rains quickly reaches again its normal level, scarcely
lowering in the dryest periods. In several of these holes, as far
as and more than 1 km from the shore (Pos Calbas), oscillations
of the watertable may be observed, which must be associated
with the tide.

In the non-calcareous regions permanent springs are less fre-
quent. On Curagao four or five occur in the neighbourhood of the
Seroe Christoffel and on Bonaire one exists on the northern slope
of the Brandaris. On Aruba there are more, even forming rivulets,
which however are of little importance owing to their high salinity.

On Margarita, several small streams find their way down from

the Cerros de Copey, swelling no doubt during rains to torrents,
but in the dry season they become rather insignificant brooklets,'
drying up long before reaching the sea, and are scarcely sufficient
to supply the more populated centres with drinkwater.

VEGETATION.

Resulting from the unfavourable rainfall-conditions, the quot;tropical
dry-forestquot; vegetation has a pronounced xerophytic character,
dominated by deciduous and thorny shrubs of Euphorbiaceae,
Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae, Rubiaceae and cactuses. Frequently
it has been developed as an open vegetation with scattered shrubs
and occasional small trees. In Venezuela this type is called
quot;espinaresquot; or quot;cardonalesquot;, characterized resp. by a predomin-
ation of thorny shrubs and columniferous cactuses; on the Dutch
Islands it may be generally called quot;Croton-vegetationquot;, determined
by Croton flavens and Acacia. The ground is very exposed, in
a few places only a more coherent plantcovering has been more
or less artificially obtained. Where desert conditions prevail or
the soil is fully exposed to the tradewind, a very scanty plantlife
may be observed. The sabana's of La Goajira and northern Falcon
are very poor, having a richer grassy covering in wintertime only.

A poor quot;tropical semi-deciduous forestquot; vegetation may be found
in a few protected places with more favourable rainfall-conditions.
In the Cerros de Copey on Margarita a more abundant vegetation
occurs, occasionally even being comparable with quot;tropical rain-
forestquot;.

Along the sea-shore, also bordering the inland bays, a beach-
vegetation may be found, often connected with a considerable
growth of mangroves. Beach-vegetation appeared to be the only
covering of several small islands, and the isolated rocks of
Centinela and La Sola even were devoid of all plant life.

SOIL.

Nearly 30 % of the Leeward Group area consists of quaternary
coralrock or coral-detritus; a very small area only is formed of
older calcareous rock. On Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire the higher

situated beds must have belonged to a limestone-cap, extending
over the greater part of the islands, which is rarely more
than 30 m thick. These beds are bordered by lower and younger
limestone terraces near the sea. The limestone generally shows
a quot;lapiesquot; or quot;Karrenquot; habit, while the rock has been weathered
into a reddish-brown substance which has been washed into
caverns or removed by the wind. Many caves exist, often still
filled with the groundwater, which are made accessible by collapse
of the roof or exposure through an escarpment. In the higher
parts, water and wind have created a cuesta-landscape, broad
valleys with steep escarpments or narrow gorges, while near the
coast the sea has modelled chasms and large coves. Tortuga,
Las Aves, Klein Bonaire, Klein Curasao and the Roques Islands,
with exception of El Gran Roque, consist of corallogeneous
material only. No limestone exists on the Testigos Islands, Los
Frailes, Los Hermanos and Centinela.

The non-calcareous soil consists of igneous and sedimentary
rock of various composition. In the dry season a rather constant
aerial drift of finely weathered material may be observed,
depriving the hills of their most valuable soilmaterial, which
enriches the detritus-deposits towards the W and SW, but for
the greater part is lost in the sea.

HISTORY.

Margarita was discovered by Cristobal Colon in 1498;
Curasao by Alonso de Ojeda in 1499.

The interest of the visitors was keenly focussed on gold, pearls
and slaves. At first the northcoast of South America was only
occasionally ransacked, but soon this was more systematically
done by the Spaniards from the settlements of Cumana (1522),
Coro (1527) and Santa Marta (1525), ably assisted by the
Welser-firm from Augsburg until 1546. At this time the chief
trade of the Spaniards had already been transferred to more inland
centres, such as Caracas, Valencia, Merida and Bogota.

The pearlfisheries near Margarita were primarily organized
from Cumana; at first they were very profitable and even the

desert-island of Cubagua founded a settlement, but soon the great
profits were cut down and Cubagua was abandoned. Nowadays,
the pearlfisheries South of Margarita, strictly controlled by the
Venezuelan Government, are still of importance, whilst those on
the western coast of the peninsula of La Goajira have more
obviously decreased.

The original inhabitants of Curasao, Aruba, Bonaire and the
opposite mainland, were the Caquetios, belonging to the Arowaks,
while the inhabitants of Margarita and the adjacent continent
were the Guaiqueris, belonging to the Garibs. The small part
which survived the first contact with European civilisation was
soon assimilated, only the Indians from the Goajira-peninsula
remained.

Curasao was seized by the Dutch in 1634, as a base against
the Spaniards. They searched for salt and logwood. Salt was
chiefly taken from the pans of Punta de Araya and of Tortuga;
later their want was provided by the salt industry of Bonaire,
Curacao and St. Martin. Logwood (Haematoxylon Brasiletto) was
especially collected on Bonaire, Tortuga, Curasao and Paraguana.

Owing to its favourable situation and excellent anchorage,
Curasao soon became a centre of illicit trading and an important
slave-market. Besides all this, much attention was given to
planting. After the emancipation set-back in 1862 many experi-
ments were carried out to improve agriculture and cattle-breeding,
but without lasting success, leaving the shipping of Willemstad
the only important feature of the colony. Some phosphate- and
goldmining in Aruba, already stopped in 1916, and a more
endurable exploitation of the phosphate-layers of Curasao brought
new profits, whilst the opening of the Panama-canal greatly
improved Curasao's position in world-trade. The most drastic
alterations however were connected with the development of the
petroleum industry in the Maracaibo-basin, which gave rise to
the establishment of large refineries on Curagao and Aruba.

Margarita has seen fewer changes. Agriculture largely filled
the local wants but has never been very important, and the
mining of magnesite near Paraguachi was short-lived. The salt
industry, a government monopoly, is extensively carried out along

the coasts of Sucre, Falcon and Zulia, on the island of Coche and
on the western shore of La Goajira.

It is rather difficult to get an idea of the island-region vegetation
in former days. The interest of the visitors was obviously con-
centrated on useful plants and the statements of the inhabitants
were invariably biased. Although the first travellers already do
not give a very cheerful account of the vegetation, yet it is without
doubt that human agency has badly influenced the plantlife of
this region. Especially in the beginning much has been carelessly
cut down for private use, commerce or arable land. Charcoal-
burning was always an important business. Goats were kept on
a large scale and permitted to run wild even on the smallest island.

Along the Venezuelan mainland -coast the quot;espinaresquot; and
quot;cardonalesquot; are distinctly spreading at the cost of the dry-forest,
whilst the enormous extension of xerophytic associations in the
basin of the Rio Tocuyo is also due to wood-destruction. Very
probably the greater part of the island-area is covered with
second-growth, which might be rather poor in comparison with
the original vegetation. It is not certain that this vegetation will
even re-establish itself; in the mean time the weathered soil has
been largely removed by wind and water and because of this
much ground is hopelessly spoilt.

It is not impossible that, by altering the vegetation, human
agency has noticeably changed the macro-chmate, although there
are no data which point to such a change in historical time. The
occurrence of an isolated dry region along the northern coast of
South America is generally explained by the presence of cold
water, welling up from deeper layers, because the equatorial-
current has been forced to move away from the continent beyond
Trinidad; therefore it is not very probable that the chmatological
conditions have changed much since pleistocene time. On the
other hand, the common occurrence of extensive weathered
dripstone formations and the lack of important active dripstone
deposits, show that the chmate of Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire
must have been considerably less arid for some time, after the
emergence of the lower limestone terraces.

It is clear that the arrival of man with his wood-destruction,
land-cultivation and introduction of plants, cattle, fowl and
domestic animals, has seriously impaired the local fauna. Animal
life was constantly threatened. Turtles nowadays are very rare
near the Dutch Islands, but in 1737 their slaughtering in Willem-
stad was prohibited because of the nasty smell. An order was
issued the same year, protecting the booby's which occured in
great numbers on Klein Curasao, but which have at the present
time entirely disappeared from this and the neighbouring islands.
In 1926 several useful animals were protected in the territory of
Curasao; in 1931 this too was extended to some which were
becoming extinct.

THE TERRITORY.

LOS TESTIGOS.

Eleven islands or island-groups, seven being of considerable size. Greatest
distance between two islands estimated at 10 km; total area est. 4 km^. Highest
point abt. 200 m. Only the Morro de la Iguana and Tamarindo inhabited.

Morro de la Iguana.

Situated ll'°21'30quot; N. Lat., 63°5'30quot; W. Long. Gr.; km S of Tamarindo,
70 km from the continent; separated from the latter by water of 60 m deep.
Greatest length est. VA km, width 2/3 km; area est. 2/3 km2. Highest point est.
100 m. Inhabitants (1936) 44.

Consisting of granitic rocks. Higher parts with a considerable growth of
shrubs and small trees. A minor centre of fisheries.

Chiwo.

Situated 11P21'30quot; N. Lat., 63°5'30quot; W. Long.; 200 m N of the Morro de
la Iguana. Greatest length est. 300 m, width 100 m; area est. 1/50 km^. Highest
point est. 20 m.

Consisting of granitic rocks. With some growth of shrubs and small trees.
Angoletta.

Situated 11°22' N. Lat., 63°5'30quot; W. Long.; 200 m S of Tamarindo, 1 km
N of Chiwo. Greatest length est. 80 m, width 25 m; area est. i/i„oo km^.
Highest point est. 10 m.

Consisting of porphyrites. With a considerable growth of herbs and shrubs.

Tamarindo (Testigo Grande).

Situated 11°22'-11'°24' N. Lat., 63°5'^63°7' W. Long.; 72 km from the
comment, 155 km WSW of Grenada; separated from the former by water of
60 m deep, from the latter by water of abt. 1000 m. Greatest length est. 4 km,
width 1 km; area est. ly^ km^. Highest point abt. 200 m. Inhabitants (1936) 3.

Consisting of granitic rocks. Lee-side covered by a considerable growth of
shrubs, the higher parts even rather densely wooded with small trees.

Isla de Conejo.

Situated 11°24' N. Lat., 63°5' W. Long.; 2M km NNE of Tamarindo. Greatest
length est. 114 km, width Yi km; area est. ^ km^. Highest point est. 80 m.

Consisting of porphyrites. Lee-side with a rather considerable growth of shrubs
and small trees.

LA SOLA.

Situated 11 quot;2^ N. Lat., 63°34' W. Long. Gr.; 24 km NE of Puerto Real,
50 km W of Tamarindo; separated from both by water of 40—50 m deep
Greatest length estimated at 30 m, width 15 m; area est. km^. Highest
point est. 7 m.

Consisting of an unknown kind of rook. Devoid of plant-life, (not visited)

LOS FRAILES.

Seven islands of considerable size and several rocks. Greatest distance between
two islands estimated at 9 km; total area est. 1}^ km^. Highest point est. 100 m.
Uninhabited.

Puerto Real.

Situated 11°11'-11°12' N. Lat., 63°43'40quot;-63°44'50quot; W. Long. Gr.; 13H
km NE of Margarita; separated by water of 30 m deep. Greatest length est.
lYt km, width ^ km; area est. % km^. Highest point est. 100 m.

Consisting of diabases and diorite. The vegetation is rather scanty, the lee-side
only has often a considerable growth of low shrubs, cactuses predominating.

La Pecha.

Situated 11°12'-11'°12'30quot; N. Lat, 63°45'-63°45'30quot; W. Long.; % km NE
of Puerto Real. Greatest length est. km, width % km; area est. % km^.
Highest point est. 60 m.

Consisting of porphyrites. Lee-side with a considerable growth of low shrubs.

COCHE.

One large island and a couple of rocks.

Situated 10°44'-10°47'50quot; N. Lat., 63°53'40quot;-63°59'50quot; W. Long. Or.;
9 km S of Margarita, 9 km from the continent; separated from the former by
water of 50 m deep, from the latter by water of 10 m. Greatest length 11 ^/s km,
corresponding width Ss/s km; area 50 km^^. Highest point abt. 60 m. Inhabitants
(1926) 2865; San Pedro. Exports: salt.

The island is flattened and consists chiefly of thick deposits of non-calcareous
debris lying on weathered schists.

The vegetation is very scanty, mainly composed of scattered shrubs and
cactuses.

Centre of salt-manufacture and pearl-fisheries.

CUBAGUA.

One large island and a couple of rocks.

Situated 10°47'50quot;-10°50'20quot; N. Lat., 64°8'40quot;^64°13'50quot; W. Long. Gr.;
9 km S of Margarita, 15 km from the continent; separated from the former by
water of 30 m deep, from the latter by water of 60 m. Greatest length 92/5
km, corresponding width 42/5 km; area 26}^ km^. Highest point abt. 60 m. Inha-
bitants (1936) abt. 30.

The island is flattened and consists chiefly of limestones.

The vegetation is very scanty, scattered cactuses predominating.

Recently inhabited by fishermen. The spanish setdement of Nueva Cadiz was
abandoned in the 16th century.

MARGARITA.

One large island, one small islet and a couple of rocks.

Situated 10°51'40quot;^11°10'35quot; N. Lat.. 63°47'^64°24'40quot; W. Long. Or.;
22 km N of the continent; separated by water of 50 m deep. Greatest length

70 km, corresponding width 33 km; area, without inland-waters, abt. 850 km®.
Highest point 990 m (El Copey). Inhabitants (1926) 69392; Porlamar 10547,
Punta Piedras 9060, La Asuncion 7744, Juan Griego 4169, Santa Ana 3992, San
Juan Bautista 3505, El Valle 3201, Pampatar 2722. Exports: dividivi, pearls,
dried fish, straw hats, goatskins.

The island is composed of two parts, connected by a long, narrow wall of
sand and coral-debris, between which is the large Laguna de Arestinga.

The central part of eastern Margarita consists of several metamorphic rocks,
e.g. gneisses, mica-schists, serpentine-schists and marbles; in some localities other
rocks occur which are very probably of granitic origin. In the SE there are con-
siderable areas of calcareous shales and sandstones. The western part of the
island, Macanao, also has a crystalline basement. In the S and the W thick
layers of sand and non-calcareous debris have been deposited. Coral-limestone
terraces occur in SW-Macanao and, in a lesser degree, at a few places near the
S- and N-coast.

The vegetation of the coastal plains is usually very scanty; the lee-side of the
hills however, is often covered by a considerable growth of shrubs, while the
upper parts of the Cerros de Copey are densely wooded, with large trees in
favourable localities. In some higher valleys the vegetation may even be rather
hygrophytic.

The greater part of the inhabitants of San Juan Bautista, El Valle, La Asun-
cion and Santa Ana are agriculturalists; principle products being corn, sugar
cane, beans, bananas, coconuts, cotton, yuca, batates, dates, pineapple, mango,
guayaba and citrus fruit.

hla Blanca.

Situated 10°57'50quot; N. Lat., 63°47'50quot; W. Long.; 2 km E of Margarita; separ-
ated by water of 16 m deep. Greatest length 100 m, width 50 m, area estimated
V400 km=. Highest point abt. 30 m. Uninhabited.

Consisting of phosphatized clastic rock, with guano-deposits. Only a few
plants of Philoxerus vermicularis occurring.

LOS HERMANOS.

Five islands of considerable size and one small island, some accompanied by
a couple of rocks. Greatest distance between two islands estimated at 15 km;
total area est. 4 km®. Highest point abt. 200 m. Uninhabited.

Morro Fondeadero.

Situated 11°44' N. Lat., 64°25' W. Long. Gr.; 22 km E of Blanquilla, 75 km
N of Margarita; separated from the latter by water of probably more than 200 m
deep. Greatest length est. 1 km, width % km; area est. H km®. Highest point
est. 80 m.

Consisting of amphibolites, diorites and gabbros. With a rather considerable
growth of shrubs and cactuses on the flattened top.

Morro Pando (Orquilla).

Situated 11°48' N. Lat., 64°26' W. Long.; 16 km E of Blanquilla, 7 km N of
Morro Fondeadero; separated from the former by water of probably 100 m deep.

Greatest length est. 2 km. width 1% km; area est. 2 km^. Highest point abt.

Consisting of diorites. Lower lee-side covered by a considerable growth of
shrubs, cactuses predominating; other parts with a more scanty plantcovering.

BLANQUILLA (Isla Blanca).

64°35'-64°39' W. Long. Gr.; 155 km E of
tnbsp;^^ Tortuga; separated from both by water of probably

more than 1000 m dep. Greatest length 11^ km, corresponding width 6H km;
arra abt. 45 km-. Highest point abt. 60 m. Inhabitants (1936) 8

The greater part of die island consists of a flat diorite landscape with gently
sloping hills. Nearly 25% of the area is occupied by coraWimestone, bLdly
capping the older rocks along the E-coast, and occurring as a very narrow fre-
quently interrupted border along the S- and SE-shore.

The landscape often has a sabana-like appearance, with grassy diorite hills
and scattered bushes. The bays on the S-coast are lined with mangroves

fhere is some catde-breeding and several small coconut-groves occur in the S.

TORTUGA.

One large island with four small islets N and NW, a couple of rocks and a
fragmentary reef along the S-coast.

Situated 10°54'30quot;^11°0' N. Lat, 65°12'^65°24'30quot; W. Long. Gr.; 77 km
E of Centinela, 83 km from the continent; separated by water of abt. 200 m
deep. Greatest length 23 km, corresponding width 10 km; area abt. 140 km^
Highest point abt. 30 m. Usually uninhabited.

The island consists of coral-limestone in which three terraces of varying heiqht
may be distinguished.

It generally has a rather considerable growth of shrubs and small trees with
cactuses. The S-shore is often hned with mangroves.
The SE-coast is frequently visited by fishermen and has abandoned salt-pans.

CENTINELA.

One small island with a rock-flat of abt. 2 m high, estimated at 300 m NNW
Situated 10°48' N. Lat, 66°6' W. Long. Gr.; 110 km S of Orchila, 25^ km
from the continent; separated from the former by water not exceeding 1000 m,
from die latter by water of abt. 90 m deep. Greatest length est. 100 m, width
50 m; area est 1/300 km^. Highest point est 20 m. Uninhabited.
Probably consisting of hornstone. Devoid of plant-life.

ORCHILA.

One large island, four islands of considerable size and several small islands
and reef-fragments. Greatest distance between two islands 14 km; total area
estimated at 32 km^. Highest point abt 120 m. Uninhabited.

The smaller islands are formed by a low terrace of coral-rock or are sandy
keys with walls of coral-debris and low dunes. The most northern island was
exploited for guano about 50 years ago.

Huespen.

S^uated ll°47'~ir°49' N. Lat, 66°6'-66°13'30quot; W. Long. Gr.; 52 km E
ot tl Oran Roque, 128 km from die continent; separated from die former by

water of abt. 1400 m deep, from the latter by water probably not exceeding
1000 m. Greatest length 133^ km, corresponding width abt. 3 km; area abt.
25 km^. Highest point abt. 120 m.

The island consists of several outcrops of granitic rocks and gneisses, con-
nected by a very low limestone terrace, occupying abt 70—80 % of the area,
which is partly covered by sand and other detritus.

It has a scanty vegetation with some scattered cactuses and a few low shrubs.

LOS ROQUES.

One large island (according to the map), several islands of considerable size
and a hundred or more small islands and reef-fragments. Greatest distance between
two islands abt. 35 km; total area of the smaller islands estimated at 5 km^.
together with the large island — generally indicated on the map as quot;Cayo
Grandequot; but not found by the author — possibly abt. 60 km^. Highest point
123 m. Only El Gran Roque inhabited.

El Gran Roque.

Situated 11°57'-11°58' N. Lat., 66°40'-66°42' W. Long. Gr.; 77 km E of
Ave de Barlovento, 145 km from the continent; separated from the former by
water of probably more than 1000 m deep, from the latter by water of abt.
1200 m. Greatest length 3^5 km, corresponding width 1 km; area, without inland
waters, IVa km^. Highest point 123 m. Inhabitants (1936) 320.

The rocky part, consisting of granitic rocks, amphibolites and phosphorites, is
very steep and has only on its SE-side considerable deposits of debris, which
gradually pass into a sandy beach enclosing some shallow lagoons.

The rocky soil has a very scanty vegetation, without ordinary shrubs or
trees. The detritus has only beach-vegetation with remnants of a considerable
growth of Rhizophora.

A rather important centre of fisheries. The W-part has phosphorite-veins
which are of little commercial value.

Isla Larga.

Situated abt. 11°54' N. Lat.., 66°48' W. Long.; abt. 6 km SW of El Gran
Roque. Greatest length est. 5 km, width Vio km; area est. i/s km^. Highest point
est. 5 m.

Consisting of a wall of coral-debris, running E—W, with low dunes, occasion-
ally broadened to a sandy area. It has beach-vegetation with some growth of
Rhizophora.

Cayo de Agua.

Situated abt. 11°53' N. Lat., 66°55' W. Long.; abt. 25 km WSW of El Gran
Roque. Greatest length est. 2 km, width Va km; area est. ^/s km^. Highest point
est. 10 m.

A sandy key, running E-W, with dunes; the W-part being connected to the
main-part by a narrow sandspit of 200 m long, submerged at high tide. It has
beach-vegetation, excepting seven miserable date-palms growing in the centre,
and seven poor coconuts which occur in the W-part of the island.

LAS AVES.

Two or three islands of considerable size and a hundred or more small islands
and reef-fragments, distinguished as Aves de Barlovento and Aves de Sotavento
Greatest distance between two islands abt. 30 km; total area estimated at
km^. Highest point est. 5 m. Probably uninhabited.

Ave de Barlovento.

Skuated 11°27' N. Lat., 67°25' W. Long. Gr.; 85 km E of Bonaire, 24 km E
of Ave de Sotavento, 152 km from the continent; separated from the former by
water of probably more than 1000 m deep, from the latter by water of abt.
1800 m. Greatest length est. 3 km, width ^h km; area est. i/io km^. Highest point
est. 4 m.nbsp;^ f

Consisting of a wall of coral-debris, running E-W, which in the S. is broad-
ened to a sandy area with very low dunes. It has beach-vegetation with a con-
siderable growth of Rhizophora.

BONAIRE.

One large island and one much smaller island.

Situated 12°2'^12°19' N. Lat. 68°12'^68°25' W. Long. Gr.; 40 km E of
Curasao, 87 km from the continent; separated from the former by water of
1500 m deep, from the latter by water of 1700 m. Greatest length 35 km, corres-
ponding width 11 km; area, without inland-waters, abt. 265 km«. Highest point
243 m (Brandaris). Inhabitants (1937) 5565; Kralendijk, Rincon. Exports (1937)-
charcoal (59000 fl.), aloe-resin (58000 fl.), goats and sheep (15000 fl.), dividivi
(12000 fl.). salt (5500 fl.), manure (4500 fl.).

The island mainly consists of: 1. The quot;Washikembaquot; formation, diabase and
porphyrite, lavas and tuffs, with intercalations of cherts and limestones; forming
the greater part of the hills, including the highest top. 2. A series of limestones
and conglomerates, called quot;Rinconquot; formation and quot;Soebi Blancoquot; conglomerate
occurring only in small areas in the central part. 3. A deposit of upper-eocene
marl SL of Fontem. 4. A quaternary limestone formation which occupies 65-
70 /o of the island area, encircling the older formations, forming table-mountains
(up to 143 m) and a large plateau in the NE and in the S. In the NW hand-
shaped bays occur; they are separated from the sea by a wall of coral-shingle
and may be of considerable depth or entirely dry.

The greater part of the southern limestone plateau has beach-vegetation; tliis
gradually passes into a Crofon-vegetation which, in the higher parts, changes
mto a more forestlike type. Cereoidea are still more predominant than on the
other islands, often entirely covering the hills. Bordering the Lac, probably the
l^argest beach-forest of the Leeward Group occurs, its kmquot; of Rhizophora
being comparable only to the mangrove growth in the Laguna de las Maritas
on Margarita.

A considerable part of the inhabitants are agriculturalists. Fruitgrowinq
IS confined to small irrigated areas, called quot;hofjesquot;, at Fontein and Bronswinkel.
Klein Bonaire.

Situated 12°9'^12°10' N. Lat, 68°17'30quot;^68°19'30quot; W. Long.; ^ km W
of Bonaire, separated by water of 42 m deep. Greatest length 4 km, correspon-
ding width 2H km; area abt. 7 km«. Highest point 6 m. Uninhabited

Consistmg of a limestone-plateau. It has Crofon-vegetation with some scattered
trees.

KLEIN CURACAO.

Situated ll'gt;59'-12°0' N. Lat., 68°38'30quot;-68°39' W. Long. Or.; 11 km ESE
of Curagao, 61 km from the continent; separated from the former by water of
600 m deep, from the latter by water of 1400 m. Greatest length 2®/5 km, corres-
ponding width % km; area abt. l^/s km®. Highest point nearly 3 m. Inhabited
by 3 coast-guards.

Consisting of a coral-limestone plateau. It has a very poor beach-vegetation.
In former days extensive guano-deposits have been levelled off.

CURACAO.

Situated 12°2'-12°23'30quot; N. Lat., 68°44'30quot;^69°10' W. Long. Gr.; 76 km
E of Aruba, 64 km from the peninsula of Paraguana, separated from the former
by water of 1300 m deep, from the latter by water of 1400 m. Greatest length
59 km, corresponding width 11 km; area, without inland-waters, abt. 425 km®.
Highest point 372 m (Seroe Christoffel). Inhabitants (1937) 60.883; Willem-
stad 29000, Emmastad 24000. Exports (1937): oilproducts (117.382.000 fl.),
phosphate (Tafelberg St. Barbara, 873.500 fl.), straw hats (291.000 fl.), dividivi
(23000 fl.), orange-peel (2500 fl.), salt (1500 fl.).

The island mainly consists of: 1. A formation of diabases, exposed in two
large areas, E and W, which are usually deeply weathered and much denuded.
2. The quot;Knipquot; beds, chiefly cherts and tuffaceous beds, cropping out in the
most eastern part and forming the higher tops. 3. A few small areas of upper-
cretacic quot;Seroe Teintjequot; limestone in the northern part of the island. 4. A some-
what larger deposit of upper-eocene quot;Seroe di Cuebaquot; limestone in the N
and probably also an eocene marl in the S, forming the Seroe Mainsjie.
5. The quot;Midden Curasaoquot; beds, composed of conglomerates, sandstones, shales
and marls, chiefly occurring in the middle of the island. 4. A limestone formation
which occupies 25—30 % of the island-area, partly encircling the older forma-
tions and forming conspicuous table-mountains (up to 230 m). Several hand-
shaped bays occur, they may be of considerable depth or entirely dry.

The vegetation of Cura?ao is nearly the same as that of Bonaire. On the
diabase-hills in the E only a very scanty plant-life may be observed; the W
however, is often rather densely wooded. The higher parts of the Seroe Chris-
toffel have a rather different vegetation, more comparable with that of the
lower parts of the Cerros de Copey.

Owing to shipping and industries, agriculture has been greatly neglected.
Fruitgrowing in several quot;hofjesquot;, and a little horticulture near Willemstad,
is of local importance.

ARUBA.

Situated 12°24'30quot;-12°37'30quot; N. Lat., 69°52'3quot;-70°4' W. Long. Gr.; 27 km
N of the peninsula of Paraguana, 200 km E of the peninsula of La Goajira,
separated from both by water of 180 m deep. Greatest length 30 km, corres-
ponding width 8 km; area abt. 175 km®. Highest point 188 m (Jamanota).
Inhabitants (1937) 23.719; Oranjestad, St. Nicolaas. Exports (1937): oilproducts
(149.303.000 fl.), aloe-resin, manure.

The island mainly consists of: 1. A diabase-schist-tuff formation, the principal
rocks being diabases, cropping out in a hilly landscape which includes the
highest top. 2. A quartzdiorite batholith with its differentiates, occupying the

greater part of the island. In distinction from the diabase landscape the diorite
Tr'Ll'nbsp;f Tnbsp;differentiates, quot;hooibergitequot;. occurs as more

Lnbsp;Hooiberg, 164 m), 3. A limestone formation which occupies

.u ^^ ^^nbsp;encircling the older formations and forming

rather conspicuous table-mountains (up to 135 m). A few handshaped bays
occur, they are either entirely or almost dry. Dunes occur locally along tL
N- and Ashore. Along the S-coast lies a frequendy interrupted shore-reef with
a wall oi coral-shingle and sand, up to 3 m above sea-level

The vegetation of Aruba is largely comparable to that of Bonaire and
L-ura?ao. I he island is very scantily wooded; especially in the non-calcareous
region in the N and the E a very scattered vegetation may be found. The
reet has beach-vegetation with some growth of mangrove

The agriculture was less affected by the industries than in Curasao; the
cultivation of Andropogon Sorghum is still of importance. Fruitgrowing is
practicahy confined to the -hofjequot; of Fontein. The mining of gold and phosphate
(beroe Colorado) was of great importance until 1916.

LOS MONGES.

Three or four small islands and several rocks; distinguished as Monges
del Sur, two islets to abt. 70 m high, Monge del Este, abt. 45 m high and
Monges del Norte, seven rocks to abt. 45 m high. Greatest distance between
two islandsnbsp;km; total area est. at km^. Uninhabited. Monge del Sur

consists of hornblende-rock and has little plant-life, (not visited)

CONTINENTAL COAST OF SUCRE.

Peninsula de Puerto Santo.

10°44' N. Lat, 63°10' W. Long.; connected with the mainland by a IJ^ km
long, sandy wall; length 1 km, width ^ km, area 14 km^; highest point estimated
100 m. Uninhabited. Crystalline schists and marble. Considerable growth of
herbs and shrubs with scattered small trees.

Morro de Puerto Santo.

10°44' N. Lat., 63°10'30quot; W. Long.; 200 m from the mainland, separated
by water est. 5 m; length est. 1 km, width 2/3 km, area est. Va km^; highest
point est. 100 m. Uninhabited. CrystaOine schists. Grassy plantcovering with
scattered shrubs.

Morro de Esmerarda.

10°39' N. Lat., 63°30'30quot; W. Long.; 200 m from the mainland, separated by
water est. 10 m; length % km, width km, area abt. 34 km^; highest point
est. 70 m. Uninhabited. Crystalline schists. Rather dense growth, cactuses rather
predominating.

Morro de Chacopata.

10°41'-10°43' N. Lat, 63°48'^63°49'30quot; W. Long.; comiected with the
mainland by a 4 km long, sandy wall; length 3% km, width 214 km, area abt
3 km2; highest point abt. 45 m. Inhabitants: est. 300. Thick deposits of non-
calcareous debris with a few outcrops of schists. Very scanty vegetation.

Isla de Caribes.

10°42' N. Lat., 63°5r30quot; W. Long.; km from the continent, separated
by water of 3}4 m; length 1^4 km, width % km, area abt. Vs km^; highest
point abt. 30 m. Inhabitants: est. 50. Chiefly schists. Scanty plantcovering with
scattered bushes.

Lobos,

10°42' N. Lat., 63°53' W. Long.; 2J4 km E of Isla de Caribes, 6 km from
the continent, separated by water of 18 m; combined length of the two islets
H km, width 34 km, area abt. 1/20 km^; highest point abt. 30 m. Usually
uninhabited. Mainly schists. Considerable growth of herbs with scattered shrubs.

PENINSULA DE PARAGUANA.

11°36'-12°12' N. Lat, 69°48'-70°18'30quot; W. Long.; connected with the
mainland by a broad, 25 km long wall of sand and coral-rock; length 683/^ km,
width 60 km, area abt. 2570 km^; highest point abt. 800 m. Inhabitants:
esdmated at 25.000. Limestones, marls and detritus-deposits, broadly encircling
several outcrops of gabbroid rocks. Vegetation generally very scanty, cactuses
often predominating. Exports: dividivi, goats. A crude oil transhipment-station
at the bay of Las Piedras.

PENINSULA DE LA GOAJIRA.

Abt 11°35'-12°28' N. Lat, 71°6'30quot;-abt. 72°15' W. Long.; connected
with the mainland by a low plain of 40 km breadth; length abt. 120 km, width
75 km, area abt. 7000 km^; highest point abt. 800 m. Inhabitants: est. at
10.000. Several mountain-complexes of igneous and metamorphic rocks, often
with considerable layers of sandstone and hmestone, encircled by detritus-
plains with occasional quaternary limestone-terraces. Vegetation generally very
scanty, cactuses often predominating, only the protected central part with a
richer plantcovering. Exports: some cattle, dividivi.

THE LOCALITIES.

A few localities in which collecting has been done in 1930 (cf. Zool. Jahrb.
Syst. 64. pp. 289—326, 1933), are included without special numbering.
A capital-letter after the station-number indicates a different habitat or a
comparable habitat in another locality; an ordinary-letter indicates that the
same habitat has already been studied before. — The water-temperature is given
only if a constant value could be expected. Netherlands Governmental maps were
used for the altitudes in Curagao, Aruba and Bonaire; other values were
estimated and therefore must be considered as inexact.

Proper names are not translated, therefore it may be useful to explain a few
common terms which often have a special local significance:

Spanish — papiamento or netherlandish — english

aljibe — pos, put — deep well

cerro — seroe, berg, heuvel — mountain, hill

cueva — cueba, spelonk, grot — cave

laguna - tanki; lagoen, lagune — large pond, lake; lagoon

manantial — bron — spring

morro ^ morro, klip, rots ^ rock, rocky island

poza — tanki, plas, vijver — pond

pozo — pos, put — well

quebrada, arroyo — rooi, dal, rivierbed — gully
salina ^ salinja, zoutmeer, zoutvlakte — saltlake, salty mud-flat
At the same time attention may be drawn to the significance of the following
terms which are often quite differently used:

West Indies ^ Antilles, Bahamas, Florida Keys, Bermuda, Cayman I.ds.

tswan I.d, Old Providence, St. Andrews
Antilles -- chain of islands from Cuba to Trinidad and Aruba
Greater Antilles — islands from Cuba to Puerto-Rico
Lesser Antilles _ islands from Virgin I.ds to Trinidad and Aruba
Leeward Islands ~ from Virgin I.ds to Dominica
Windward Islands — from Martinique to Grenada
Caribbees - from the Anegada Passage and Sombrero to Grenada
Wmdward Group -- from Virgin I.ds to Grenada (Bovenwindsche Eilanden,

Isias de Bariovento, Inseln oben dem Winde)
Leeward Group - from Los Testigos to Aruba and Los Monges (Beneden-
wmdsche Eilanden, Isias de Sotavento, Inseln unter dem Winde).

KEY TO THE FRESH AND BRACKISH WATER HABITATS.
I Underground water

A Connected with limestone: 56, 73; 40, 47, 48, 53 54 55 57 58 61
71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 92, 94, 95, Pepe, jktoe'Largoe!
Guajakä L., Gabriel, Blauwduif, Guajakä K.B.

II Springs

A Connected with limestone: 48, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 79. 80; 75. 93
B Unconnected with limestone: 44A. 86. 87. 102, 104; 15, 16, 17, 19, 21,

III Running waternbsp;^^^

A Rapidly or rather quickly streaming, or more quiet pools
A Connected with limestone
a at spring

^ ^^nbsp;......................................................... 48, 7L 72, 76

b near spring

.......................................... 71A, 72A, 74, 76A. 79

c at some distance of spring

cc brooklet ......................................................................................................2

B Unconnected with limestone

a at spring

aa watertrack ........................................................................................jq^

b near spring

^^nbsp;................................................... 17, 19. 88. 104A

c at some distance of spring

bb rivulet ....................................................................................jj 22 27

quot;nbsp;............................21.' 26.' 103

B Slowly or very slowly streaming

A Connected with limestone
a at spring

bb rivulet .................................................................. 77, 80

b near spring

aa watertrack ................................................ 76B, 77A, 80A

B Unconnected with limestone
a at spring

aa watertrack ............................................................... 44A

bb rivulet ............................................................... 86, 102

b near spring

aa watertrack .................................................................. 87

bb rivulet ............................................................ 102A, 104B

c at some distance of spring

bb rivulet .................................................................. 16, 23

dd river ..................................................................... 1, 115

IV Stagnant water

A With more or less regular underground water-supply
A Connected with limestone or coralsand
a in dark caves

aa never dry ............................................................... 56, 73

b connected with dark caves

aa never dry ............ 40, 47, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 92, 93, 94, 95,

Shiki, Pepe, Jatoe L., Guajaka L., Gabriel, Blauw-
duif, Guajaka K.B.
c with restricted underground circulation

aa probably never dry ............... 9, 36, 39. 49, 52, 60. 64, 75, 112

bb probably rarely dry .............................. 59. 64A. Oranjepan

B Unconnected with limestone or coralsand
a' deeply or rather deeply dug

aa probably never dry ......... 11, 14, 20, 29. 37. 41. 42. 45. 65, 84

b' free or superficially dug

aa probably never dry ..................... 35, 44, 66, Hoeba, Chikitoe

B Without more or less regular underground water-supply
A Connected with limestone or coralsand

aa probably never dry ........................ 63, 81, 105, 107, 108, 109

bb probably rarely dry .......................................... 70, 96, 106

dd usually dry for several months a year ... 43, 62, 68, 69, 90, 91
B Unconnected with limestone or coralsand

aa probably never dry ...... 13, 18, 38, 50, 78, 82, 83, 100, 110, 114

bb probably rarely dry ...... 28, 30, 31, 32, 46, 67, 89, 101, 111, 113

cc usually dry for a few months a year ...... 3, 4. 5, 6, 8, 10, 12,

24, 25. 51. 65A. 85

dd usually dry for several months a year ...... 7. 33, 34, 97, 98, 99

KEY TO THE LAND HABITATS.

I Strongly influenced by seawafer
1 Small island

11nbsp;......................................................... 156. 200. 200A

bb sandynbsp;................................... 177^ j78^ j79nbsp;^/S

^ Fart ot larger island or continent

^nbsp;............................................................... 247A 253A

II Not . T ^ «.......7................................ ISO' 247, 285, 287. 291

II Wof strongly influenced by seawater

1 Island, more than 5 km from continent

A Usually swamped or moistened by groundwater

a' seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ................................................ jg2 193

b without limestone ..........................................................................'

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

b without limestone ....................................... I50 jgj 236

B Not usually swamped or moistened by groundwater........

A Average rainfall more than 800 mm a year

a well protected from trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

b without limestone ..............................................................................J44

b rather protected from trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

b without limestone .............................. 163, 163A, 163B, 234

d fully exposed to trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

b without limestone ............................................. I45 j^g

B Average rainfall less than 800 mm a year

A' In cave-depth

a with limestone ......... 141. 142, 183, 183A, 188, 189, 209 218

0, , . ^ ,nbsp;219, 219A, 250, 251, 251A

o Not in cave-depth

a well protected from trade-wind
a' seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ......................................................... 216

b without limestone ............................................ I55 245

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone .............................. I39, 140, 208, 238, 263

b without limestone ........................... 165^ 197^ jgg^ 233 235

b rather protected from trade-wind
a' seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ............................................. 257, 274, 220

b without limestone ....................................................................................J47

b' not seriously affected by cultivation
a with limestone 173, 190, 207, 211, 213, 220, 231, 240. 244 260A
b without limestone 136, 157, 162, 167, 168, 204, 205, 243A 246

c rather exposed to trade-wind

a' seriously affected by cuhivation

a with limestone .......................................... 186, 259, 264

b without limestone .............................. 148, 172, 172A, 230

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ......... 138, 173A, 175, 184, 184A, 185, 185A.

187, 190A, 191. 199, 199A, 201, 202A, 206, 210, 212,
215, 217, 221, 223, 224, 227, 228. 229, 232, 240A,
241, 242, 242A, 242B, 243, 248A, 249, 255, 256,
260, 260B, 265, 272, 272A, 275, 276
b without limestone... 131, 132, 133, 135, 151, 158, 160, 166, 169,
201A, 204A, 222, 229A, 245A, 268, 268B, 269, 277
d fully exposed to trade-wind

a' seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone .............................. 258A, 262A, 265A, 271

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ......... 130, 152, 153, 171, I72B, 181, 182, 195,

196, 202, 203, 213A, 214, 225, 226, 237, 239, 248,
253, 254, 258, 261, 262, 266, 267

b without limestone ......... 129, 134, 137, 154, 159, 164, 168A,

170, 174, 176, 252, 252A, 268A, 270, 270A, 273
2 Continent, or island less than 5 km from continent
B Not usually swamped or moistened by groundwater
A Average rainfall more than 800 mm a year
a well protected from trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cuhivation

a with limestone ................................................... 123, 124

b rather protected from trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ......................................................... 125

d fully exposed to trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

b without limestone ...................................................... 126

B Average rainfall less than 800 mm a year
b rather protected from trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ................................................... 122, 279

b without limestone ...................................................... 281

c rather exposed to trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone .......................................... 282, 292, 293

b without limestone ........................... 121, 283, 288, 289, 294

d fully exposed to trade-wind

b' not seriously affected by cultivation

a with limestone ................................................ 280, 290A

b without hmestone ........................... 127, 128, 284, 286, 290

TABLE 5.
Water Analyses

„Rijksbureau voor Drinkwatervoorzieningquot;, Utrecht,
through the kind offices of Dr. L. H. L o u w e K o o y m a n s.
(from samples of 80 cc)

FRESH AN BRACKISH WATER HABITATS.
[Table 5]

N. E. Venezuelan Continent.

1nbsp;Rio Chuspa, 30.7.1936.

2nbsp;Rio Quanta, 7.4.1937.

3nbsp;Puddle in Bromeliaceae, 10.6.1936.

4nbsp;Estanque Arriba de Manglillo, 26.6.1936.

5nbsp;Estanque Abajo de Manglillo, 26.6.1936.

6nbsp;Estanque de Chacopata, 27.6.1936.

7nbsp;Poza de Chacopata, 27.6.1936.

Coche.

8nbsp;Poza de la Represa, 25.6.1936.

C u b a g u a.

9nbsp;Pozo de la Rancheria, 21.5.1936.

Margarita.

10nbsp;Poza de la Laguna Duke, 20.5.1936.

11nbsp;Aljibe de la Laguna Duke, 20.5.1936.

12nbsp;Poza Baranca, 20.5.1936.

13nbsp;Estanque Lato, 20.5.1936.

14nbsp;Aljibe de Diego Aguilera, 13.7.1936.

15nbsp;Manantial de Güiri, 13.7.1936. (26° C)

16nbsp;Manantial de Las Aguas Saladas, 11.8.1936. (29° C)

17nbsp;Toma de Agua de Encanado, 13.7.1936. (28° C)

18nbsp;Laguna Honda, 16.5.1936.

19nbsp;Toma de Agua de Tacarigua, 11.8.1936. (26° C)

20nbsp;Aljibe del Rio de la Fuente, 11.5.1936.

21nbsp;Toma de Agua de La Asuncion, 6.7.1936. (25° C)
17.nbsp;Rio Asuncion, 3.7.1936.

23nbsp;Rio Asuncion, 11.5.1936.

24nbsp;Poza al Sur de Los Robles, 27.5.1936.

25nbsp;Puddle in Bromeliaceae, 10.7.1936.

26nbsp;Toma de Agua del Valle, 4.7.1936. (abt. 25° C)

27nbsp;Casa de Agua del Valle, 4.7.1936.

28nbsp;Peila del Cerrito, 27.5.1936.

Los Testigos.

29nbsp;Pozo del Puerto de la Iguana, 14.6.1936.

30nbsp;Poza del Morro de la Iguana, 14.6.1936.

31nbsp;Pozo del Puerto Real de Tamarindo, 15.6.1936.

32nbsp;Poza Ingles de Tamarindo, 15.6.1936.

33nbsp;Puddle on top of Tamarindo, 16.6.1936.

34nbsp;Puddle on top of Tamarindo, 16.6.1936.

Blanquilla.

35nbsp;Pozo de Valuchu, 21.7.1936.

36nbsp;Pozo de la Playa del Jaque, 22.7.1936.

37nbsp;Pozo de la Cocoteria, 22.7.1936.

38nbsp;Poza de Aguada, 22.7.1936.

Orchila.

39nbsp;Pozo Grande de Huespen, 24.7.1936.

40nbsp;Pozo Chiquito de Huespen, 24.7.1936.

Los Roques.

41nbsp;Pozo de la Vaca, Gran Roque, 25.7.1936.

42nbsp;Pozo de la Cabecera, Gran Roque, 26.7.1936.

43nbsp;Puddle, Cayo de Agua, 26.7.1936.

Bonaire.

44nbsp;Pos Bronswinkel, 27.3.1937.
44a Pos Bronswinkel, 31.5.1930.

44A Bron di Pos Bronswinkel, 27.3.1937. (27° C)
Pos Hoeba, 26.5.1930.
Pos Chikitoe, 26.5.1930.

45nbsp;Dos Pos, 27.3.1937.

46nbsp;Tanki Onima, 13.11.1936.
46a Tanki Onima, 23.5.1930.

47nbsp;Pos Letin, 13.11.1936.

47a Pos Letin (Pos Onima), 29.5.1930.

48nbsp;Bron Fontein, 13.11.1936. (abt. 28° C)
48a Bron Fontein, 30.3.1937. (28° C)

48b Bron Fontein, 21.5.1930. (28° C)

49nbsp;Pos Boven Bolivia, 24.3.1937.
49a Pos Boven Bolivia, 23.11.1930.

50nbsp;Tanki di Nene George, 25.3.1937.

51nbsp;Tanki Kerkhof, 31.3.1937.

52nbsp;Pos Ichi, 14.11.1936.
52anbsp;Pos Ichi. 31.3.1937.
52bnbsp;Pos Ichi. 30.9.1930.

53nbsp;Pos Baca, 14.11.1936.
53anbsp;Pos Baca, 31.3.1937.
53bnbsp;Pos Baca. 17.5.1930.

54nbsp;Pos Baca Chikitoe, 14.11.1936.
Pos Shiki, 3.12.1930.

55nbsp;Pos Calbas, 1.4.1937.

56nbsp;Grot Watapana, 1.4.1937.
Pos di Pepe, 29.8.1930.
Pos Jatoe Largoe, 29.8.1930.
Pos Guajakâ, Lima, 29.8.1930.

57nbsp;Pos Caranja, 14.11.1936.
57anbsp;Pos Caranja, 31.3.1937.
57bnbsp;Pos Caranja, 17.5.1930.

58nbsp;Pos Francés, 31.3.1937.
58anbsp;Pos Francés, 3.9.1930.

Pos Gabriel. 3.9.1930.

59nbsp;Pos Oranjepan. 26.3.1937.
Pos Oranjepan, 3.12.1930.

60nbsp;Pos Lansberg, 26.3.1937.
60a Pos Lansberg, 8.6.1930.

Klein Bonaire.

61nbsp;Pos di Gas, 15.11.1936.
61anbsp;Pos di Gas, 23.3.1937.

Pos Blauwduif, 17.10.1930.

62nbsp;Sheet of water, 15.11.1936.

63nbsp;Tanki Calbas, 15.11.1936.
63anbsp;Tanki Calbas, 23.3.1937.
63bnbsp;Tanki Calbas, 9.6.1930.

Pos Guajakä, 17.10.1930.

Klein Curagao.

64nbsp;Pos N. of Lighthouse, 29.8.1936.
64Anbsp;Pos N. of Lighthouse, 29.8.1936.

C u r a g a O.

65nbsp;Pos di Hofje Fuik, 9.9.1936.
65Anbsp;Bak di Hofje Fuik, 9.9.1936.

66nbsp;Tanki di Gas Klein St. Joris, 6.9.1936.

67nbsp;Bak di Groot St. Joris, 20.10.1936.

68nbsp;Puddle, Piscadera, 10.10.1936.

69nbsp;Puddle, Piscadera, 10.10.1936.

70nbsp;Tanki Koenoekoe Hatoen, 15.10.1936.

71nbsp;Boca Spelonk di Bak Ariba, 13.10.1936. (30° C)
71Anbsp;Bak Ariba, Hato, 13.10.1936.

72nbsp;Boca di Leeuw, Hato, 13.10.1936. (30° C)
72Anbsp;Bak di Boca di Leeuw, 13.10.1936.

73nbsp;Grot van Hato, 16.9.1936. (abt. 27° C)
73anbsp;Grot van Hato, 5.10.1936. (abt. 27° C)

74nbsp;Bron Cajoeda, 1.10.1936. (29° C)

75nbsp;Tanki Mamaja, 6.10.1936.
75anbsp;Tanki Mamaja, 11.10.1936.

76nbsp;Bron Wandongo, 6.10.1936. (28° C)
76Anbsp;Bron Wandongo, 6.10.1936. (28° C)
76Aanbsp;Bron Wandongo, 11.10.1936. (28° C)
76Bnbsp;Bron Wandongo, 11.10.1936.

77nbsp;Bak Rincón, Hato, 11.10.1936. (29° C)
77Anbsp;Bak Rincón, 11.10.1936.

78nbsp;Tanki Monpos. 11.10.1936.

79nbsp;Bron San Pedro, 22.10.1936. (30° C)

80nbsp;Bron San Pedro, 22.10.1936. (abt. 30° C)
80Anbsp;Bron San Pedro, 22.10.1936.

81nbsp;Pos di Wanga, 9.11.1936.

82nbsp;Pos Europa, Dokterstuin, 27.10.1936.

83nbsp;Pos Ariba, Dokterstuin, 27.10.1936.
83anbsp;Pos Ariba, 29.10.1936.

84nbsp;Pos di Hofje St. Kruis, 24.10.1936.

85nbsp;Tanki St. Kruis, 24.10.1936.

86nbsp;Pos Sorsaka, 10.11.1936. (abt. 28° C)

87nbsp;Bron di Rooi Sanchez, 11.11.1936. (abt. 28° C)

88nbsp;Bron di Rooi Beroe, 10.11.1936. (abt. 28° C)

89nbsp;Tanki di Hofje Savonet, 29.10.1936.

90nbsp;Puddle, Westpunt, 27.10.1936.

Aruba.

91nbsp;Puddle, Quadirikiri, 9.2.1937.

92nbsp;Pos Fontein, 23.12.1936. (abt. 29° C)

93nbsp;Bron di Fontein, 23.12.1936. (29° C)
93a Bron di Fontein, 2.7.1930. (29° C)

94nbsp;Pos Grandi, 12.2.1937.

95nbsp;Pos W. of Rooi Lamoenchi, 11.12.1937.

96nbsp;Tanki Chikitoe, 12.2.1937.

97nbsp;Tanki Mon Plaisir, 15.12.1936.

98nbsp;Tanki di Hofje Westpunt, 9.12.1936.

99nbsp;Tanki di Goudmijn Tibusji, 9.12.1936.

100nbsp;Tanki Leendert, 16.12.1936.

101nbsp;Tanki Rooi Canashito, 7.12.1936.

102nbsp;Bron di Pos di Noord, 30.12.1936. (abt. 29° C)
102A Pos di Noord, 30.12.1936.

102Aa Pos di Noord, 28.6.1930.

103nbsp;Bron di Rooi Bringamosa, 6.1.1937.

104nbsp;Bron di Rooi Prins, 9.1.1937. (abt. 29° C)
104A Bron di Rooi Prins, 9.1.1937. (abt. 29° C)
104Bnbsp;Bron di Rooi Prins, 9.1.1937.

104Banbsp;Bron di Rooi Prins, 4.7.1930.

Paraguana.

105nbsp;Poza de la Compania, 15.2.1937.

106nbsp;Poza de San Antonio, 16.2.1937.

107nbsp;Poza Supideo, 16.2.1937.

108nbsp;Estanque de Moruy, 18.2.1937.

109nbsp;Estanque de Santa Fé, 18.2.1937.

110nbsp;Estanque de Santa Ana, 16.2.1937.

La Goajira.

111nbsp;Pozo de Macaralpao, 14.1.1937.

112nbsp;Pozo del Cabo de la Vela, 22.1.1937.

113nbsp;Pozo del Arroyo de Appara, 27.1.1937.

114nbsp;Laguna del Pajaro, 21.1.1937.

115nbsp;Rio Calancala, 17.1.1937.

LAND HABITATS
N. E. Venezuelan Continent

121nbsp;Cabo Blanco, 19.8.1936. (20 m)

122nbsp;Rio Guanta, 15.8.1936. (2—4 m)

123nbsp;Peninsula de Esmerarda, 10.6.1936. (2—5 m)

124nbsp;Morro de Esmerarda, 10.6.1936. (1—5 m)

125nbsp;Peninsula de Puerto Santo, 12.6.1936. (20 m)
125Anbsp;Peninsula de Puerto Santo, 12.6.1936. (80 m)

126nbsp;Morro de Puerto Santo, 12.6.1936. (60 m)

127nbsp;Morro de Chacopata, 27.6.1936. (45 m)

128nbsp;Isla de Caribes, 26.6.1936. (25 m)

Coche

129nbsp;El Guamache, 25.6.1936. (20 m)
C u b a g u a

130nbsp;N. W. Cubagua, 21.5.1936. (15 m)
Margarita

131nbsp;Morro de Robledar, 20.5.1936. (30 m)

132nbsp;Punta Ausente, 14.5.1936. (20 m)

133nbsp;Near Alta Gracia, 14.5.1936. (120 m)

134nbsp;Mina de Magnesite, 13.5.1936. (120 m)

135nbsp;Paraguachî, 13.5.1936. (60 m)

136nbsp;Near the Cerro Guayamuri, 11.5.1936. (180 m)

137nbsp;Near Matasiete, 27.5.1936. (150 m)

138nbsp;Near El Cerrito, 27.5.1936 (120 m)

139nbsp;Cerro de Marmoleta, 13.5.1936. (150 m)

140nbsp;El Piache, 10.7.1936. (100 m)

141nbsp;Cueva Honda del Piache, 10.7.1936. (300 m)
141Anbsp;Near Cueva Honda, 10.7.1936. (300 m)

142nbsp;Cueva Honda, 10.7.1936 (300 m)

143nbsp;Below Toma del Valle, 4.7.1936. (250 m)

144nbsp;Toma de Agua del Valle, 4.7.1936. (250 m)

145nbsp;S.W. of La Asuncion, 3.7.1936. (300 m)

146nbsp;W. of La Asuncion, 3.7.1936. (250 m)

147nbsp;W. of La Asuncion, 3.7.1936 (200 m)

148nbsp;Near Toma de La Asuncion, 12.7.1936. (250 m)

149nbsp;Above Toma de La Asuncion, 12.7.1936. (350 m)

150nbsp;Toma de Encanado, 13.7.1936. (150 m)

151nbsp;W. of San Antonio, 16.5.1936. (20 m)

152nbsp;Punta Mosquito, 4.6.1936. (20 m)

153nbsp;Gaiquire, 8.7.1936. (5-15 m)

154nbsp;S. of Los Robles, 18.5.1936. (5 m)

155nbsp;Patio, 25.5.1936. (2 m)

156nbsp;Isla Blanca, 9.6.1936. (25 m)

Los Testigos

157nbsp;Morro de la Iguana, 14.6.1936. (40 m)

158nbsp;Morro de la Iguana, 14.6.1936. (100 m)

159nbsp;Chiwo, 15.6.1936. (5-20 m)

160nbsp;Angoletta, 15.6.1936. (5-10 m)

161nbsp;Inglés, Tamarindo, 16.6.1936 (20 m)

162nbsp;Morro Grande, Tamarindo, 16.6.1936 (150 m)

163nbsp;Morro Grande, Tamarindo, 16.6.1936. (200 m)
163A-B Morro Grande, Tamarindo, 16.6.1936. (200 m)

164nbsp;Isla de Conejo, 17.6.1936. (80 m)

165nbsp;Cave on Isla de Conejo, 17.6.1936. (30 m)

Los Frailes

166nbsp;Puerto Real, 18.6.1936. (60 m)

167nbsp;Puerto Real, 18.6.1936. (40 m)

168nbsp;La Pécha, 19.6.1936. (40 m)
168Anbsp;La Pécha, 19.6.1936. (60 m)

Los Hermanos

169nbsp;Morro Fondeadero, 20.7.1936. (80 m)

170nbsp;Morro Pando, 20.7.1936. (200 m)

B1an q u i 11 a

171nbsp;N. of Valuchu, 21.7.1936. (20 m)

172nbsp;Grove of El Jaque, 22.7.1936. (2 m)
172A Grove of El Jaque, 22.7.1936. (1 m)
172B Puerto El Jaque, 22.7.1936. (6 m)

Tortuga

173nbsp;S.W. Tortuga, 1.8.1936. (20 m)
173A S.W. Tortuga, 1.8.1936. (1 m)

Orchila

174nbsp;S.W. Huespen, 23.7.1936. (40 m)

175nbsp;S.W. Huespen, 23.7.1936. (1 m)

Los Roques

176nbsp;El Gran Roque, 25.7.1936. (15 m)

177nbsp;Isla Larga, 26.7.1936. {l^-l m)

178nbsp;Cayo de Agua, 26.7.1936. (2 m)

Las Aves

179nbsp;Ave de Barlovento, 27.7.1936. (2 m)
179A Ave de Barlovento, 27.7.1936. (2 m)

Bonaire

180nbsp;Cay, 29..3.1937. (H m)

181nbsp;Zuidpunt, 26.3.1937. (1 m)

182nbsp;N.W. of Lansberg, 26.3.1937. (14 m)

183nbsp;Grot Watapana, 1.4.1937.nbsp;m) (28H° C, moist. 85%)
183A Grot Watapana, 1.4.1937. (^ m) (29^° C, moist. 95%)

184nbsp;Lima, 14.11.1936.
184Anbsp;Lima, 31.3.1937. (2 m)

185nbsp;Lima, 14.11.1936. (H m)
185Anbsp;Baca, 27.9.1930. (li^ m)

186nbsp;Deenterra, 25.3.1937. (3 m)

187nbsp;Near Spelonk, 24.3.1937. (6 m)

188nbsp;Cave of Spelonk, 24.3.1937. (7 m) (27^° C, moist. 80%)

189nbsp;Cave of Spelonk, 24.3.1937. (7 m) (28^° C, moist. 90%)

190nbsp;Fontein, 25.3.1937. (50 m)
190Anbsp;S. of Fontein, 20.5.1930. (80 m)

191nbsp;Ruïns of Fontein, 30.3.1937. (40 m)

192nbsp;Tunnel of Fontein, 13.11.1936. (25 m)

193nbsp;Hofje Fontein, 30.3.1937. (22 m)

194nbsp;Tanki Onima, 13.11.1936. (3 m)

195nbsp;E. Boca Onima, 13.11.1936. (6 m)

196nbsp;W. Boca Onima, 13.11.1936. (8 m)

197nbsp;W. of Seroe Brandaris, 27.3.1937. (30 m)

198nbsp;Bronswinkel, 27.3.1937. (35 m)

Klein Bonaire

199nbsp;S.E. Klein Bonaire, 15.11.1936. (3 m)

199anbsp;S.E. Klein Bonaire, 23.3.1937; 199b id. 14.5.1930.

199Anbsp;Tanki Calbas, 15.11.1936. (1 m)

Klein Curasao

200nbsp;Klein Curagao, 29.8.1936. (1 m)
200Anbsp;Klein Curasao 29.8.1936. (2 m)

Curasao

201nbsp;Ronde Klip, 20.10.1936. (125 m)
201Anbsp;S. of Ronde Klip, 20.10.1936. (40 m)

202nbsp;Seroe di Boca, 7.9.1936. (40 m)
202Anbsp;Seroe di Boca, 7.9.1936. (5-10 m)

203nbsp;Seroe Mainsjie, 7.9.1936. (40 m)

204nbsp;Oost Seinpost, 9.9.1936. (25-40 m)
204Anbsp;Fuik, 9.9.1935. (25 m)

205nbsp;Rooi Manzalienja, 4.9.1936. (2—3 m)

206nbsp;Tafelberg, 4.9.1936. (140-160 m)

207nbsp;Near Grot van Newport, 2.9.1936 (7—9 m)

208nbsp;Grot van Newport, 2.9.1936. (6 m)

209nbsp;Grot van Newport, 2.9.1936. (5—6 m)

210nbsp;Kabrietenberg, 16.10.1936. (25 m)

211nbsp;Fort Beekenburg, 16.10.1936. (10-15 m)

212nbsp;Schaarloo, 26.10.1936. (30-35 m)

213nbsp;Seroe Pretoe, 9.10.1936. (30 m)
213Anbsp;Seroe Domi, 12.4.1930. (75 m)

214nbsp;Jack Evertszberg, 10.10.1936.

215nbsp;Seroe Spreit, 23.10.1936. (10—40 m)

216nbsp;Hofje Hato, 13.10.1936. (10 m)

217nbsp;Near Grot van Hato, 17.9.1936. (30 m)

218nbsp;Grot van Hato, 21.9.1936. (50 m)

219nbsp;Grot van Hato, 16.9.1936. (50 m)
219Anbsp;Grot van Hato, 16.9.1936. (50 m)

220nbsp;Bron Wandongo, 6.10.1936. (10 m)

221nbsp;Groote Berg, 22.10.1936. (75 m)

222nbsp;Koenoekoe Abau, 9.11.1936. (70 m)

223nbsp;Hernianos, 9.11.1936. (40-50 m)

224nbsp;Seroe Kabritoe, 9.11.1936. (40—50 m)

225nbsp;Seroe Cabajé, 9.11.1936. (30-50 m)
225anbsp;Seroe Cabajé, 14.4.1930.

226nbsp;San Pedro, 22.10.1936. (10-15 m)

227nbsp;Seroe di Cueba, 29.10.1936. (40-45 m)
227anbsp;Seroe di Cueba, 30.4.1930.

228nbsp;Calbas Boshi, 29.10.1936. (10 m)

229nbsp;Seroe Bartool, 29.10.1936. (45-50 m)
229Anbsp;W. of Seroe Bartool, 29.10.1936. (45 m)

230nbsp;St. Silvester, 22.11.1936. (15 m)

231nbsp;Seroe Teintje, 27.10.1936. (30 m)

232nbsp;Tafelberg, 10.11.1936. (60-70 m)

233nbsp;Rooi Sorsaka, 8.11.1936. (25-35 m)

234nbsp;Seroe Christoffel, 7.3.1937. (340 m)

235nbsp;Seroe Christoffel, 10.11.1936. (200 m)

236nbsp;Rooi Sanchez, 11.11.1936. (190 m)

237nbsp;Boca Tabla, 27.10.1936. (7 m)

238nbsp;Boshi di Westpunt, 27.10.1936. (2 m)

239nbsp;Westpunt, 27.10.1936. (7 m)

240nbsp;N. of Plaja Abau, 6.11.1936. (10-15 m)
240Anbsp;N. Plaja Abau, 6.11.1936. (7 m)

241nbsp;S. Plaja Abau, 6.11.1936. (7 m)

242nbsp;Seroe Djerimi, 6.11. 1936. (35—45 m)
242Anbsp;Seroe Djerimi, 6.11.1936. (25-30 m)
242Bnbsp;Near Seroe Djerimi, 6.11.1936. (9 m)

243nbsp;N. St. Kruis Baai, 24.10.1936. (8-12 m)
243Anbsp;Seroe Commandant, 24.4.1930. (120 m)

244nbsp;Plaja Chikitoe, 24.10.1936. (5-8 m)

245nbsp;Hofje St. Kruis, 24.10.1936. (2 m)
245Anbsp;St. Kruis, 24.10.1936. (5-15 m)

Aruba

246nbsp;Rooi Prins, 9.1.1937. (20 m)

247nbsp;Dunes of Boca Prins, 9.1.1937. (20 m)
247Anbsp;W. Boca Prins, 9.1.1937. (6 m)

248nbsp;E. Boca Prins, 9.1.1937. (12 m)
248Anbsp;S. of Fontein, 5.7.1930. (35 m)

249nbsp;Quadirikiri, 9.2.1937. (15 m)

250nbsp;Grot van Quadirikiri, 9.2.1937. (25 m) (25-30° C, moist. 78 %)

251nbsp;Grot van Quadirikiri, 9.2.1937. (25 m) (29° C, moist. 93 %)
251Anbsp;Grot van Quadirikiri, 9.2.1937. (25 m)

252nbsp;Vader Piet, 9.2.1937. (25 m)
252Anbsp;S.E. of Fontein, 9.2.1937. (25 m)

253nbsp;Boca Grandi, 5.1.1937. (25 m)
253Anbsp;Boca Grandi, 5.1.1937. (10 m)

254nbsp;Culebra, 5.1.1937. (30 m)

255nbsp;Rooi Spoki, 6.2.1937. (45-55 m)

256nbsp;Savaneta, 5.1.1937. (5 m)

257nbsp;Grove in Rooi Lamoenchi, 29.12.1936. (3 m)

258nbsp;Near Pos Grandi, 29.12.1936. (2 m)

258Anbsp;W. of Rooi Lamoenchi, 29.12.1936. (25 m)

259nbsp;Isla, 29.12.1936. (25 m)

260nbsp;Baranca Alto, 29.12.1936. (40-50 m)
260Anbsp;Rooi near Baranca Alto, 29.12.1936. (25 m)

261nbsp;E. Spaansch Lagoen, 5.1.1937. (6 m)

262nbsp;W. Spaansch Lagoen, 5.1.1937. (5 m)
262Anbsp;Balashi, 29.12.1936. (25 m)

263nbsp;Rooi Frances, 6.1.1937. (20—25 m)

264nbsp;Rooi Barcadera, 5.1.1937. (8 m)

265nbsp;Rooi Perldetenbosch, 5.1.1937. (5 m)

265Anbsp;N.W. of Rooi Perkietenbosch, 5.1.1937. (5 m)

266nbsp;Seroe Canashito, 7.12.1936. (55 m)

267nbsp;Seroe Canashito, 7.12.1936. (45-65 m)

268nbsp;Hooiberg, 21.12.1936. (120-130 m)
268Ànbsp;Hooiberg, 21.12.1936. (160 m)
268Bnbsp;Hooiberg, 5.12.1936. (60 m)

269nbsp;Santa Cruz, 21.12.1936. (40 m)

270nbsp;Jamanota, 3.1.1937. (185 m)

270Anbsp;Seroe Cristal, 10.2.1937. (60—70 m)

271nbsp;Seroe Plat, 10.2.1937. (85-90 m)

272nbsp;Hudishibana, 9.12.1936. (10-20 m)
272Anbsp;Annaboei, 9.12.1936. (15-25 m)

273nbsp;Tibushi, 9.12.1936. (3 m)

274nbsp;Hofje Westpunt, 9.12.1936. (1 m)

275nbsp;Solito, 16.12.1936. (20-25 m)

276nbsp;Heintje Croes, 14.12.1936. (4 m)

277nbsp;Mon Plaisir, 15.12.1936. (3 m)

278nbsp;Reef of Boekoeti, 8.2.1937. (H-2 m)

N.W. Venezuelan Continent (Paraguanâ)

279nbsp;Quebrada de la Compania, 15.2.1937.

280nbsp;Cerro Transverso, 16.2.1937. (40 m)

281nbsp;W. of Santa Ana, 16.2.1937. (50 m)

282nbsp;E. of Santa Fé, 18.2.1937. (50 m)

283nbsp;N.E. of Moruy, 18.2.1937. (50 m)

284nbsp;Cerro de Machuruca, 16.2.1937. (300 m)

N.E. Colombian Continent (La Goajira)

285nbsp;Punta Tucacas, 14.1.1937. (2 m)

286nbsp;Laguna de Tucacas, 15.1.1937. (2 m)

287nbsp;Castilletes, 14.1.1937. (3 m)

288nbsp;Uribia, 17.1.1937. (10 m)

289nbsp;Rancherïa del Cabo, 22.1.1937. (6 m)

290nbsp;Cabo de la Vela, 22.1.1937. (20 m)
290Anbsp;Cabo de la Vela, 22.1.1937. (30 m)

291nbsp;N. of El Cardón, 22.1.1937. (2 m)

292nbsp;N.E. of Rio Hacha, 20.1.1937. (2 m)

293nbsp;S. of Rio Hacha, 18.1.1937. (5 m)

294nbsp;S. of Rio Hacha, 18.1.1937. (25 m)

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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MAPS.

(nautical)

U.S. Hydrographie Office Charts; especially Nos. 2319, Coast of Venezuela

1 : 953.000, and 2035, Margarita Island 1 : 188.000.
Netherland Government Charts.
British Admirality Charts,
(topographical)

Topographische Kaart van Curaçao, 1 :20.000, 18 sheets (surveyed by

L. Lens and J. Werbata, 1906—1909).
Topographische Kaart van Aruba, 1 :20.000, 8 sheets (surveyed by

L. Lens and W. A. Jonckheer Jr., 1909—1910).
Topographische Kaart van Bonaire, 1 :20.000, 10 sheets (surveyed by

L. Lens and W. A. Jonckheer Jr., 1911—1912).
Croquis de las Isias Margarita y Coche, 1 : 100.000, in Aguerrevere, 1937.
Mapa Topogrâfico... de la Isla Gran Roque, 1 : 5.000, in Aguerrevere et
Lopez, 1939.
(geological)

Geologische Kaart van het Eiland Curaçao, 1 : 40.000, 2 sheets, in Molen-
graaff, 1929.

Geological Map of Aruba, 1 : 50.000, in Wcstermaim, 1932.
Bonaire. Geological Map ..., 1 : 65.800, in Pijpers, 1933.
Croquis Geológico de las Isias Margarita y Coche, 1 :200.000, in Aguer-
revcre, 1936.

Mapa... Geológico de la Isla Gran Roque, 1 : 5.000, in Aguerrevere et

Lopez, 1939.
Island of Blanquilla, 1 :74.000, in Lowe, 1911.
Die Orchilas-Inseln, 1 : 175.000, in Rost, 1938.

Geologische Übersichtskarte der Insel Gran Roque, 1 : 16.000, in Rost, 1938.

Ngt;

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roughly surveyed.

U SOLA

de los Fraîles

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MOfiBO 6PUES0

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nom moimno
quot;quot;•■vMmo muiTo

Fig. 6. flermanos-islands, roughly
surveyed.

CUBAGUA

UCCfMTA I

Fig. 7. Margarita, Cubagua, Coche and a part of the Araya-peninsula; with
stations, (from U. S. Hydr. Off. chart, contour intervals from estimations as
given on Aguerrevere's map)

4238nbsp;----\

'ITnbsp;O»' A

55

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STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAgAO, ARUBA,
BONAIRE AND THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS: No. 2.

A SURVEY OF THE MAMMALS, LIZARDS
AND MOLLUSKS,

Introduction .........p. 59.

Mammalia..........p. 60.

Sauria............p. 73.

Gastropoda..........p. 86.

Bibliography.........p. 103.

This annotated hst of the mammals, hzards and mollusks of the
Leeward Group, is based on author's collection and therefore
includes additional mainland-records of the island-species.

As a rule a short commentary is given only as a guide to the
adopted nomenclature and classification, in case of controversial
data which are not yet setded, if important for our knowledge of
regional distribution, mentioning vernacular names. Regarding
the mammals, all known material-records are included.

Species of Peropteryx, Gonatodes, Phyllodactylus, Anolis,
Ameiva, Cnemidophoms, Gymnophthalmus, Potamopyrgus, and
especially those of Odocoileus, Sylvilagus, Tudora and Cerion
are more extensively treated.

Generally new synonyms are separately listed behind sole
bibliographical references. Station-numbers of mollusk-records
are printed in italics if living specimens have been collected. Other
specimens which were not obtained in a fresh state are only
approximatively dated. Important new localities are indicated by
an exclamation-mark.

I am much indebted to Tera van Benthem Jutting
(Amsterdam), Horace Burrington Baker (Philadelphia)
and Horace G. Richards (Trenton, N.J.) for their help
in naming some difficult mollusks, to L. D. Brongersma
(Leiden) for some herpetological information, and to M. A. C.
Hint on (London) for examining a few small rodents.

The greater part of the material has been presented to the
Netherland State Museum, Leiden, the Zoological Museum of

Amsterdam and the Zoological Museum of the State-University
in Utrecht.nbsp;'

MAMMALIA

PRIMATES

CEBIDAE
Ccbus margaritac Hollister, 1914

Margaruf'quot;'''''''''''nbsp;^nbsp;« « b i „ s o n et H o 11 i s t e r.

ARTIODACTYLA

CERVIDAE
Odocoileus Rafinesque, 1832

of ^Zuff^''^metacarpals persisting, naviculo-cuboid
of tarsus free from cuneiform, vomer dividing aperture of posterior nares

LTsnbsp;-- surface of comZ

anders, spotted young. Alaska to Peru, Bolivia and northern Brasil.

Key to the South American species

[chiefly from literature]

nrlLJ^^?^ long-haired, hairs on back to 35-55 mm long; greyish colours
predonnnatmg in the mountains at higher altitudes -)nbsp;2

Jau K hairs on back to 20-30 mm long; yellowish
and brownish colours predominating (- in the mountains at low altitudes
and in the lowlands —) ............................................^

2a Blackish eye-ring, complete of fragmentary; dark spot on base of foot,
Anl,nbsp;TV^nbsp;no metatarsal-gland (- Colombian

quot;quot;rmS- L'ost^^^^^^ ...............

2b Whitish eye-ring; without dark markings on leg; no metatarsal-gland

(- Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and probably northern Chile -) .....

............................................. Od. pemviams (Gray, 1874)

3a Greyish-brown colours predominating; upperparts often varied with
much black; hairs on back to 30 mm long, rather erect, not stiff; probably
no metatarsal-gland (- Guyana, northern Brasil and probably eastern

ve^zuela .......... .............. Od. spinostis (Gay et Gervais, 1846)

[Cert-US savannamm Cabanis et Schomburgk, 1848]

wiSnbsp;predominating; upperparts varied

ri^ f Y f) xTnbsp;«'»oothened, stiff; no

metatarsal-gland (- Venezuela, Colombia, Curasao, Margarita and probably

Guyana and northern Bra^l -) ............ od. gymnotis (Wiegmann, 1833)

[?? Cervns mangworm Schrank, 1818. ? Certgt;«s goudofii Gay et Gervais

846 Gymnofts wtegmanni Fitzinger, 1879. Odocoileus mavgaritae Osgood,

Key to the subspecies of Odocoileas g ym not is
[data on Od. gymn. tropicalis from literature]

la Outside of ears well haired; reddish-brown colours predominating
(—western Colombia; type-locality: Valley of the Dagua —)

................................. Od. gymnotis tropicalis Cabrera, 1918

lb Outside of ears sparsely haired; yellowish or brownish-yellow
colours predominating (— eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Curagao and
Margarita —) .......................................................................... 2

2a Outside of ears rarely nearly naked in centre; upperparts generally
brownish greyish-yellow; usually a very small blackish spot in upper
postorbital region; frequently a small but distinct black antorbital spot;
often a rather distinct blackish neckstreak ....................................... 3

2b Outside of ears often nearly naked in centre; upperparts generally
greyish brownish-yellow; no blackish spot in upper postorbital region;
no distinct black antorbital spot; sometimes a rather distinct blackish
neckstreak .................................................................................... 4

3a Generally a small but distinct black antorbital spot; usually a rather

distinct blackish neckstreak (— Guragao; type-locality —) ..................

................................. Od. gymnotis curassavicus subsp. nov.

3b Probably no distinct black antorbital spot; without a rather distinct
blackish neckstreak (— La Goajira and probably Santa Marta district —)
............... considered identical with Od. gymnotis curassavicus

4a Frontals usually rather abruptly elevated and rather strongly ridged
medially, probably rarely deeply indented between base of pedicel and
orbit (— assumed to occur in northern Venezuela only; type-locality:
quot;Gegend des Orenocoquot; —) ... Od. gymnotis gymnotis (Wiegmann, 1833)

4b Frontals usually abruptly elevated and strongly ridged medially,
usually deeply indented between base of pedicel and orbit (— Margarita;
type-locality —) ........................ Od. gymnotis margaritae Osgood, 1910

Rising from our incomplete and often confusing knowledge of South American
deer, the accepted species and subspecies are delimitated in a rather arbitrary way.

General data on Odocoileus gymnotis

[Observed in Curagao (c), Margarita (m), the mainland of Venezuela (v)
and The Hague, from specimens which were brought from the Venezuelan
mainland, state of Sucre(n).]

The first 2—3 months of their life, the young have a conspicuous white-
spotted coat, the hairs generally are soft and more erect than in older
specimens, the upperparts are rather equally vivid yellowish-brown, often with
a shght reddish tinge (c, v, n). After the first moult the pelage is still rather
soft, but in other respects is quite the same as those of the adults (c, v, n).
Resulting from the design of the hair, the brown or brownish-yellow colour is
more obvious in the fresh-mouked pelage. Vague remnants of the white spots
may be observed in adult state in mediodorsal region (c, m, v, n). — Impregn-
ation may occur at the age of 1 year (n); the gestation being about months
(n). Whelping occurs in February (c, n), March (n), April (n), June (v, n).

Skull-measurements in adult Odocoiteus gymnotis
(in mm; distances in straight lines; left and right averaged)

Locality

Curagao

Margarita