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DEPARTMF]NT of the interior

MONOGRAPHS

OF THE

United States Geological Survey

VOLUME XXVI

UNITED STATES GEOLOUICAL SUKVEY

CHARLES H. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

THE

FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS

BY

JOHN STRONO NEWBERRY

A roSTLIUMorS WOKK

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OEPICB 1 895

CONTENTS

Page.

Letter of transmittal................ 11

Editor�s preface.............................................................................. 13

Introduction................................................................................. 21

Characteristics of the flora................................................................... 24

Botanical character of the flora............................................................... 30

Geograxthical distribution of the flora........................................................ 31

Description of species........................................................................ 34

Cryptogamia.............................-............................................... 34

Thallophyta............................................... 34

Chondriteie............... 34

Bryophyta......................................................................... 35

Ilepaticse........................................................................ 35

Pteridophyta...................................................................... 36

Filicinte......................................................................... 36

Phanerogamia............................................................................ 44

GymnospermiB....................................................................... 44

Cyoadacea}....................................................................... 44

Coniferiu......................................................................... 46

Coniferai of uncertain affinities................................................... 59

Conifera;�miscellaneous notes ............^..................................... 61

AngioS2ieriniB.......................................-................................ 62

Dicotyledonea;..................................................................... 62

Juglandacea'..................................................................... 62

Myricacese....................................................................... 62

Salioaceoe........................................................................ 65

E agaceiB......................................................................... 69

IJlmace�......................................................................... 69

MoraceiB........................................ 70

ProteaceoB........ 7I

Magnoliace�..................................................................... 73

Menisiiermacete.................................................................. g4

Lauraeeaj......................................................... g5

Rosaceai......................................................................... go

Leguuiinosa)..................................................................... 90

Aquifoliace*..................................................................... 98

Celastraceae.................. 98

Aceraceoe........................................................................ 106

Ehamtiaoese...................................................................... 106

Vitacese.......................................................................... 107

Tiliacea}..................................................................... 109

5

CONTENTS.

Description of species�continued.

PUanerogamia�continued,

Augiospermu!�continued.

Dicotyledone��continued. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Page.

Passifloracece..........................'..........................................� nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;109

Myrtacece........................................................................ HQ

AraliacesB........................................................................ H'l

Cornacese...........................-............................................ HQ

Ericaceae........................................................................ 120

Myrsinace�............................................................. 122

Sapotaceae....................................................................... 123

Ebeuace�........................................................................ 124

Asclepiadace�................................................................... 124

Caprifoliace�.................................................................... 125

Genera and species of uncertain affinities................................................. 125

Palieanthus............ 125

Williamsonia................................................................... 127

Protopliyllum.................................................................... 128

De walqnea...................... 129

Phyllites......................................................................... 130

Calycites........................................................................ 131

Tricaly cites...................................................................... 132

Tricarpellites.................................................................... 132

Carpolitlius...................................................................... 133

Staminate aments f............................................................... 134

Table of distribution......................................................................... 135

Index...................................................... 257

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Pl. I. Figs. 1, 4. Chondrites flexuosus Newb. n. sp........................................ 142

Figs. 2, 3, 5. Hausmannia rigida Newb. ii. sp........................................ 142

Pigs. 6, 7. Asplenium Uioksonianuin Heer.......................................... 142

II. Figs. 1-8.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Asplenium Dicksoniauum Heer.......................................... 144

III. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Figs. 1, 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anemia stricta Newb. n. sp........................................... 146

Fig. 3. Asplenium Dicksonianum Heer............................................ 146

Fig. 4. Pbegopteris Grothiaua Heer?............................................... 146

Fig. 5. Gleichenia Zippei Heer?'................................................... 146

Fig. 6. Gleichenia micromera Heer ?............................................... 146

IV. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Figs. 1-11. Asplenium Foersteri Deb. amp;Ett?....................................... 148

Fig. 12. Gleichenia Giesekiana Heer?.............................................. 148

V. Figs. 1-7. Cuuninghamites elegans (Corda) Endl................................... 150

VI. Figs. 1-13. Sequoia heterophy 11a Vel............................................... 152

VII. Figs. 1-7.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brachyphyllum crassum Lesq........................................... 154

VIII. Figs. 1-5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Widdriugtonites Eeichii (Ett.; Heer..................................... 156

IX. Fig. 1. Sequoia gracillima (Lesq.) Newb............................................ 158

Figs. 2, 3. Immature cones of same................................................. 158

Figs.4,4a. Cones of Sequoia sp.?................-................................ 158

Figs. 5, 6. Leaves of a three-leaved Piuus ?.......................................... 158

Figs. 7, 8. Macerated cones of Finns?............................................... 158

Fig. 9. Geinitzia formosa Heer?................................................... 158

Fig. 10. Branch and cone of a conifer.............................................. 158

Figs. 11-13. Ophioglossum granulatum Heer....................................... 158

Figs. 14-16. Czekanowskia capillaris Newb. n. sp................................... 1,58

Figs. 17,18. Seeds of Finns ?....................................................... 158

Fig. 19. Sequoia Eoichenbachi (Gein.) Heer?....................................... 158

X. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Figs. 1,1a. Thuya cretacea (Heer) Newb........................................... 100

Figs. 2-4. Widdringtonites subtilis Heer........................................... 160

Fig. 5. Thuyites Meriani Heer..................................................... 160

Fig. 6. Baiera incurvata Heer?.................................................... 160

Fig. 7. .Inniperus macilcnta Heer.................................................. 160

Fig. 8. Dammara borealis Heer.................................................... 160

Fig. 9. Dammara microlepis Heer (introduced for comparison)...................... 160

Fig. 10. Eucalyptus Geinitzi Heer (introduced for comparison)..................... 160

Figs. 11-21. Moriconia cyclotoxon Deb. amp; Ett...................................... 160

XI. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Figs. 1-17. Thiimfeldia Lesquereuxiaua Heer...................................... 162

XII. Pigs. 1-3 a. Frenelopsis gracilis Newb. n. sp........................................ 164

Figs. 4,5. Frenelopsis Hoheneggeri (Ett.) Schenk ?................................. 164

Figs. 6, 7. Microzamia gibba (Keuss) Corda........................................ 164

7

XXIX.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Palt;^e.

Figs. 37, 38, 46, 47. Celastrophyllniti Bi'ittoni.mum Hollickn. sp..................... 22i

Fig. 39. Leguminosites omplialobioifles Lesq...................................... 224

Fig. 40. Leguminosite.s ateneusis Heer............................................. 224

Figs. 41, 42. Celastropbyllum robnstum Newb. n. sp................................. 224

Figs, 43-45. Celastropliyilum spatulatum Newb. u. sp............................... 224

Fig. 48. Legiimiuosites coronilloiiles Heer.......................................... 224

Figs. 49, .50. Ca'Saipiiiia Cookiana Hollick H. sp..................................... 224

Figs. 31,52. Celastropbyllum minus Hollick n. sp................................... 224

Figs. 1-4. Banhiiiia crotaoea Newb...................................... 226

Figs. 1 �3. Bauhinia cretacea Newb.....................�........................... 228

Figs. 1-4. Fontaiuea graudilblia Newli. n. sp........................................ 230

Fig. 5. Haliserites Eeicbii Sterub. (introduced for comparison)..................... 230

Figs. 1-4. Cycadinocarpus circulari.s Newb. n. sp.........................;......... 232

Figs. 5-8. Acer amboyense Newb. n. sp............................................. 232

Figs. 9 -13. Tricarpellites striatus Newb. n. sp...................................... 232

Figs. 14,14a. Carpolitlius birsutus Newb.ii.sp...................................... 232

Figs. 15,16. Carpolitlius ovieformis Newb. n. sp..................................... 232

Figs. 17-21. Carpolitlius floribundus Newb. 11. sp.................................... 232

Fig. 22. Carpolitlius woodbridgensis Newb. u. sp.................................... 232

F^igs. 23-27. Staminate amentsf.................................................... 232

Figs. 28, 29. Calycites parvus Newb. n. sp........................................... 232

�'igs. 30-38. Tricalycites papyxaceus Newb. ii. sp.................................... 232

Figs. 39-41. Calycites diospyrifoimis Newb.ii.sp................................... 232

Fig. 42. Carpolithns pruiiiformis Newb. n. sp....................................... 232

Figs. 1-8. Cissites formosus Heer.................................................. 234

Figs. 1-19. Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer........................................ 236

Figs. 1-27. Celastropbyllum Newberryantim Hollick n. sp......,................... 238

Figs. 1-6. Meiiisperiuites borealis Heer?............................................ 240

Figs. 1-6. Liriodendron quercifolium Newb........................................ 242

Figs. 1-5. Liriodendron obloiigifolium Newb. ...................................... 244

Figs. 1-4, 7. Liriodendropsis simplex Newb........................................ 2'46

Figs. 5, 6. Sapotacites rctnsus Heer................................................ 246

Fig. 8. Liriodendropsis aiigustifolia Newb. n. sp.................................... 246

Figs. 1-3. Magnolia longipes Newli. n. sp........................................... 248

Figs. 1,2, 4, 6. Magnolia alternans Heer?........................................... 250

Figs. 3, 5. Magnolia lougifolia Newl). n. sp.......................................... 250

Figs. 1-4. Magnolia lougifolia Newb. n, sp.......................... 252

Figs. 1-4. Magnolia glauooides Newb. n.sp......................................... 254

Figs. 5-7. Magnolia woodbridgensis Plollick n. sp................................... 254

Figs. 1 -11. Magnolia auriculata Newb, n. sp........................................ 256

LETTER OE TRANSMITTAL

Department of the Interior,

United States Geological Survey,

Division of Paleontology, Washington, D. C., March 30, 1894.

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript and drawings of a monograph of the flora of the Amboy Clays, by Dr. J. S.nbsp;Newberry, edited by Dr. Arthur Hollick, and to request its publication.nbsp;Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Lester F. Ward,

Falcontologist.

The Director,

United State� Geological Survey.

11

EDITOR�S PREFACE.

In submitting the accompanying monograph upon the flora of the Amboy Clays the editor appreciates fully the delicate nature of his tasknbsp;and takes advantage of this opportunity to offer a few words of explanation,nbsp;in order that the credit due to the author may not suffer from any want ofnbsp;care on the part of the editor, and also to define the extent of the editor�snbsp;responsibility.

The monograph as a whole is the work of Dr. J. S. Newberry. It was almost completed in the autumn of 1890,�^ but shortly afterwardsnbsp;Dr. Newberry became unable, on account of failing health, to put thenbsp;finishing touches upon it, and nothing further was done in the matter untilnbsp;the spring of 1892, when it was turned over to me for completion. Duringnbsp;that interval the manuscript and plates had become disarranged and innbsp;part lost, and the type specimens had suffered from lack of proper care andnbsp;precaution in storing and handling. It was under such conditions that Inbsp;undertook the responsibility of final revision and preparation for publication, and it is hoped that they may serve as sufficient excuse for some ofnbsp;the apparent lapses which may be noticed.

Few alterations have been made in the original text, it having been thought better to retain Dr. Newberry�s conclusions, except where these hadnbsp;to be modified or omitted in the light of discoveries made or publicationsnbsp;issued subsequent to the time when he ceased active work. Wherever itnbsp;was found necessary to make additions or alterations the fact is indicatednbsp;over the editor�s initials in the form of a note. Numerous omissions it hasnbsp;been found impossible to fill out with the correct data. This is notably thenbsp;case in regard to exact localities for some of the specimens, the records of

� Fide letter to Prof. Lester F. Ward, September 12,1890.

13

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY OLAYS.

which are lost or missing. In a number of instances manuscript descrip-tious were found for which there were no corresponding figures on the plates. Wherever such figures could be supplied from the named materialnbsp;in the collection this was done, but in case of the slightest doubt as to thenbsp;identity the description was omitted entirely. Again, it was found thatnbsp;many of the figures were named but not described, and others were notnbsp;even named. In the first instance descriptions were supplied, and in thenbsp;second, wherever such a figure could be identified with its type specimennbsp;in the collection, the name attached to the specimen was adopted and anbsp;description added. In case no name or type specimen could be found fornbsp;a figure an effort was made to identify it with some previously describednbsp;species, and, failing in that, a description was written and an entirely newnbsp;name adopted. The responsibility of the editor in all such cases is indicated by his initials; Vmt in order to avoid any possible confusion in thenbsp;future the authority for the new name is given in each instance afternbsp;the name.

In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Lester F. Ward tV)r assistance in verifying references, for corrections in terminologynbsp;and nomenclature, and for bibliographic research, without which the completion of the work in its present shape would have been impossible.

After the foregoing was written Dr. Newberry died, and the present seems to be a proper time in which to give a brief review of his contributions to fossil botany. Accounts of his general scientific laboi's havenbsp;been so faithfully given elsewhere by many friends and former associates,nbsp;in various publications and in the i-ecords of scientific societies, that anbsp;repetition of them here would be su})erfluous. The editor will thereforenbsp;confine liimself solely to an account of Dr. Newberry�s activity in the linenbsp;of paleobotany.

EDITOK�S PliEEACE.

JOHX STRONG NEWBERRY, M. B., EL. D.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO FOSSIL BOTANY.

T)r. Newberry was bom in Windsor, Conn., December 22, 1822, and died in New Haven, Conn., December 7, 1892.

His earliest pnblislied scientific papers bear tlie date of 1851, and in 1853 tbe first of Ins contributions upon tlie subject of fossil botany wasnbsp;published. This bears the title �Fossil plants from the Ohio coal basin,�nbsp;and was published in the Annals of Science, Vol. 1, Nos. 8 and 9 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1853), pp. 95-97, 106-108. During the same year he readnbsp;papers before the American Association for the Advancement of Sciencenbsp;�On the structure and afiinities of certain fossil plants of the Carbonifei'ousnbsp;era� and �On the Carboniferous flora of Ohio, with descri])tions of fiftynbsp;new species of fossil plants.�

His next important investig�ations were in the fossil floras of the West, in connection with the Pacific Railroad report, in 1856; the Macomb exploring,nbsp;expedition, in 1859; the Ives expedition, in 1861; the Northwest Boundarynbsp;Commission, from 1859 to 1863; and the Raynolds expedition, from 1859nbsp;to 1860. After this followed numerous investigations in the later extinctnbsp;(Cretaceous and Tertiary) floras of North America, which finally resultednbsp;in the publication of �Notes on the later extinct floras of North America,nbsp;witli descriptions of some new species of fossil plants from the Cretaceousnbsp;and Tertiary strata,� in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Naturalnbsp;History, April, 1868. These descriptions were not accompanied by figures,nbsp;but the plates were subsequently prepared, and were issued in 1878 by thenbsp;United States Geological and Geogra^ihical Survey of the Territoriesnbsp;(F. V. Hajalen in charge), under tlie title �Illustrations of Cretaceous andnbsp;Tertiary Plants.� Dr. Newberry�s descriptions were not included, and thenbsp;names to the figures were supplied bj- Prof. Leo Lesquereux. Dr. Newberry would never acknowledge any responsibility for this work.

In 1873 the volumes of the Ohio Geological Survey were published, containing the results of Dr. Newbeny�s previous investigations in thenbsp;fossil flora of the Carboniferous formation in that State, and in 1878nbsp;the rich flora of tlie New Jersev Cretaceous clays attracted his attention,

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

which finally resulted in the ]')reparatiou of this monograph. During the progress of this investigation several contributions upon the subject werenbsp;presented before the Torrey Botanical Club of New York, which were published in the Bulletin of the club. Two of the most important of these werenbsp;�Description of a species of Bauhinia from the Cretaceous clays of Nev'nbsp;Jei�sey� and �The ancestors of the tulip tree,� published in 1886 and 1887,nbsp;respectively. His work upon the New Jersey Triassic fishes and plantsnbsp;appeared in 1888 as Vol. XIV of the Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, and the last of his works to reach the printer�s hands wasnbsp;�The flora of the Great Falls coal field, Montana,� published in the Americannbsp;Journal of Science in 1891.

Scattered through the volumes of this latter journal, the Transactions and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Bulletin of the Torreynbsp;Botanical Club, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Proceedingsnbsp;of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Contributions tonbsp;Knowledge, Science, Nature, and other less-known publications, may benbsp;found his other contributions. He also contributed the article on Fossilnbsp;Botany to the first edition of Johnson�s Universal Cyclopaedia in 1877, andnbsp;left behind him several works and many notes in manuscript, which thenbsp;editor hopes may some day be collected into proper shape for jniblication.

List of Papers anu Works by Dr. Newberry Eelating to Fossil Plants.

Fossil Plants from the Ohio Coal Basin. Annals of Science, Vol. I, Cleveland, 1853, pp. 95-97, 106-108.

New Fossil Plants from Ohio. Annals of Science, Vol. I, Cleveland, 1853, No. 1, pp. 116-117; No. 2, pp. 152-153; No. 3, xip. 104-105.

On the Structure and Affinities of Certain Fossil Plants of the Carboniferous Era. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. YIl, 1853, XJP- 157-102; Annals of Science,nbsp;Vol. 1, Cleveland, 1853, xip- 208-270.

On the Carboniferous Flora of Ohio, with Hescrixitions of Fifty New Species of Fossil Plants. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. VII, 1853, pp. 163-166.

On the Characteristics of the Carboniferous Flora of Ohio, with Descriptions of Fifty New Species of Fossil Plants. Annals of Science, Vol. I, Cleveland, 1853, i)p.nbsp;280-281.

New Siiecies of Fossil Plants. Annals of Science, Vol. II, Cleveland, 1854, pp. 2-3.

EDITOR�S PREFACE.

Reports of Explorations and Surveys * * * for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 18, Thirty-third Congress, second session), Vol. VT, Washington, 1857. Geological Report, Part II, Washington,nbsp;185G, pp. 1-68.

Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous of Kansas and Nebraska. (From a letter to Meek and Hayden.) [In] Meek and Hayden; On the so-called Triassic Rocks ofnbsp;Kansas and Nebraska. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XXVII, 1859, pp. 31-35. (Newberry, p. 33.)

Notes on the Ancient Vegetation of North America. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XXIX, 1860, pp. 208-218; Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, Vol. VI, Montreal,nbsp;1861, pp. 73-77.

Note in reply to Mr. Lesquereux (in a letter to the editors). Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XXX, 1860, pp. 273-275.

Geological Report, Paleontology. Report upon the Colorado River of the West, by Lieut. Joseph C. Ives; Part III, Geological Report. Washington, 1861.

Descriptions of the Fossil Plants Collected by Mr. George Gibbs, Geologist to the United States Northwest Boundary Commission under Mr. Archibald Campbell,nbsp;United States Commisioner. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, 1857-1863 (1862), pp,nbsp;506-524.

On the Age of the Coal Formation of China, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XLII,

1866, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;pp. 151-154.

Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Chinese Coal-bearing Rocks. Appendix No. 1, Pumpelly�s Geol. Researches in China, etc. Smithsonian Contributions, XV,

1867, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;pp. 119-123.

Notes on the Later Extinct Floras of North America, with Descriptions of Some New Species of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata. Ann. Lyc.nbsp;Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, New York, April, 1868, pp. 1-76.

Notes on the Later Extinct Floras of North America, with Descriptions of Some New Species of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata. Am. Jour.nbsp;Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XLVI, 1868, pp. 401-407.

Geological Report of the Exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, assistant, under the direction of Capt. (now Lieut. Col. andnbsp;Brevet Brig. Gen.) W. F. Raynolds, Corps of Engineers, 1859-1860. Washington,

1869. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Report on the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants, pp. 145-174.

Fossil Plants from the Miocene Tertiary of Oregon. Proc. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1st ser., 1870, p. 148.

On Red Sandstone, Containing Impressions of Leaves, Found in Excavating the Foundations for the Gas Office in Williamsburg. Proc. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1st ser.,

1870, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;pp. 149-150.

MON XXVI-2

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Eeport of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. I, Geology and Paleontology; Part I, Geology. Columbus, 1873. Chapters I-VII, pp. 1-222 (frequeut mention ofnbsp;fossil plants, with text hgnres).

Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Coal Mea'ures of Ohio. Eeport of the Geological Survey of Ohio; Vol. I, Geology and Paleontology, Part II, Paleontology,nbsp;Section III, pp. 357-385, PI. XLI-XLVIII, 1873.

Xotice of Coniferous Eemains in Lignite Beds near Keyport, X. J. Proc. N. Y. Lyc. Xat. Hist., 2d ser., 1873, pp. 9-10.

Notice of Angiospermous Leaves in Eed Shale at Lloyd�s Neck, Long Island. Proc. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., 1874, p. 127.

Oil the Lignites and Plant Beds of Western America. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. VII, 1874, pp. 399-404.

On the so-called Land Plants from the Lower Silurian of Ohio. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. VIII, 1874, pp. 110-113.

Geological Eeport Accompanying Eeport of the Exploring Expedition from Santa Fe, N. Mex., to the Junction of the Grand and Green Eivers of the Great Colorado ofnbsp;the West, in 1859, under Command of Caiit. J. N. Macomb, etc.. Engineer Department,nbsp;United States Army, Washington, 1870. Newberry, pp. 9-152, Pis. IV-VIII.

Fossil Botany. Johnson�s Universal Cyclopmdia, Vol. II, New York, 1877, pp. 231-236.

Illustrations of Creta(;eous and Tertiary Plants of the western Territories of the United States, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Territories. F. V. Hayden, U. S.nbsp;Geologist in Charge, Washington, 1878. J. S. Newberry and Leo Lesquereux. Platesnbsp;by Newberry, names by Lesquereux.

The Geological History of the North American Flora. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. VII, 1880, pp. 74-80.

American Cretaceous Flora. Nature, Vol. XXIV, Loudon, 1881, pp. 191-192. Brief Descriptions of Fossil Plants, Chiefly Tertiary, from Western North America.nbsp;Proc. Nat. Museum, Vol. V, Washington, 1882-1883 (1883), pp. 502-514.

Notes on Some Fossil Plants from Northern China. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XXVI, New Haven, 1883, pp. 123-127; Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., Vol. XTT,nbsp;London, 1883, pp. 172-177.

On a Series of Specimens of Silicifled W ood from the Yellowstone Eegion, exhibited by Mrs. E. A. Smith. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1883-1884 (1883), p. 6.

China, by Ferdinand Freiherrn von Eichthofen, Vol. IV, Berlin, 1883. Eeviewed in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XXVI, 1883, pp. 152-155.

Discussion of Dr. N. L. Britton�s �Observations on the Geology of the Vicinity of Golden, Colo.� Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. HI, 1883-1884 (1884), p. 77.

EDITOR�S PREFACE.

Some Peculiar Screw-like Casts from the Sandstones of the Chemung Group of New York aud Pennsylvania. (Abstract.) Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1883-1884 (1884), pp. 33-34.

De.scriptions of Some Peculiar Screw-like Fossils from the Chemung Rocks. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, No. 7, 1885, pp. 217-220, PI. XYIII.

Saporta�s Problematical Organisms of the Ancient Seas. Reviewed in Science, Vol. V, June 19, 1885, pp. 507-508.

On the Fossil Plants of the New Jersey Cretaceous. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol.

XII, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;November, 1885, p. 124.

On the American Trias. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1885-1886 (1885), pp. 18-19.

The Cretaceous Flora of North America. (Abstract.) Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1885-1886 (1880), pp. 133-137.

On the Flora of the Amboy Clays. (Abstract.) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol.

XIII, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1886, pp. 33-37.

Description of a Species of Bauhinia from the Cretaceous Clays of New Jersey Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIII, 1886, pp. 77-78, PI. LVI.

On the Cretaceous Flora of North America. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. XXXV, 1886, p. 216.

The Ancestors of the Tulip Tree. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIV, 1887, pp. 1-8. The Fauna and Flora of the Trias of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley.nbsp;Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. VI, 1886-1887 (1887), pp. 124-128.

Fossil Pishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley. Monographs U. S. Geol. Survey, Vol. XIV, Washington, 1888.

Triassic Plants from Honduras. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1888, pp. 113-115.

Rhietic Plants from Honduras. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XXXVI, 1888, pp. 342-351, PL VIII.

The Laramie Group: Its Geological Relations, Its Economic Importance, and Its Fauna and Flora. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. IX, 1889-1890 (1889), pp. 27-32.

Devonian Plants from Ohio. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, October, 1889, pp. 48-57, 104-105, Pis. IV-VI.

Remarks on Fossil Plants of the Puget Sound Region. In C. A. White: On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 51, 1889,nbsp;p. 51.

The Laramie Group. (Abstract.) Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. I, New York, 1890, pp. 524-527.

The Genus Sphenophyllum. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII, 1891, pp. 212-217, PI. XIX.

The Flora of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XLI, 1891, pp. 191-201, PI. XIV-

THE ELOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

List of Fossil Plants Named in Honor op Dr. Newberry.

Archceophyton Netvherryanum Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc.i., Yol. IV (1888), p. 124, PI. VII.

Dictyopliyton Newberryi Hall, loth Ann. Eept. Eegents Univ. N. Y. (1803), p. 87, PI. IV, figs. 1-3.

Pecopteris Newberryi Lesq., Geol. Survey 111., Vol. II (1866), p. 4:iS, = 8phenopteris Neicberryi Lesq., Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI (1854), p. 420,=Piplothmema Newberryi (Lesq.), Stur., Abli. K. K. Geol. Eeichsanst., Vol. VII (1877), p. 124.

Pseudopecopteris Newberryi Lesq., Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, p. 202, PI. XXXVII, tig. 1.

Odontopteris Newberryi Lesq., Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, p, 127.

Twniopteris Newberriana White and Fontaine, Eeqit. PP. 2d Geol. Survey of Pennsylvania (1880), p. 91, PI. XXXIV, figs. 1-8.

Goniopteris Newberriana White and Fontaine, Eept. PP. 2d Geol. Survey of Pennsv Ivania (1880), p. 84, PI. XXX, fig. 2.

Cardiocarpon Neicberryi Andrews, Geol. Survey of Ohio, Vol. II, Part II (1873), p. 425, PI. XLVI, fig. 2.

Gordaites Newberryi (Daws.) Knowlton, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XII (1890), p. 607, = Padoxylon Newberryi, Daws., Foss. PI. Dev. and Sil. Can., p. 14, PI. I, tigs. 7-9.

8alix Newberryana Hollick. (See this monograph, p. 68, PI. XIV, figs. 2-7.)

Platanus Newberryana Heer, Phyl. Cret. Neb., p. 16, PI. I, fig. 4.

Alyrica Newberryana Hollick. (See this monograph, p. 63, IT. XLII, tig. 5.)

Laurus Newberryana Hollick, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XXI (1894), p. 52, PI. 179, fig. 5.

Viburnum Newberrianum Ward, 6th Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. Survey (1885), p. 557, PI. LXIV, figs. 10-12; LXV, figs. 1-3. Also Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 37, p. 113,nbsp;PI. LVI, figs. 1-6.

Gelastropliyllum Newberryanum Hollick. (See this monograph, p. 101, PI. XLIX, figs. 1-27.)

Arthur Hollick,

Columbia College, New York.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

By J. S. Newbeeey.

IN^TRODUCTION.

The so-called Amboy Clays take th.eir name from Perth Amboy and South Amboy, places in New Jersey which are nearly in the center of annbsp;area dotted over with clay pits from which are taken potters� clay, fire clay,nbsp;paper clays, etc. These clays constitute an important item in the mineralnbsp;resources of the State. The formation which includes them is some 350nbsp;feet in thickness and forms the basal member of the Cretaceous group asnbsp;it is developed in the State of New Jersey. The upper- member of thenbsp;Cretaceous series consists chiefly of sands and greensand marls, the latternbsp;being largely used as fertilizers. These sands and marls contain abundantnbsp;marine fossils, many of which have been found in the Cretaceous rocks ofnbsp;the Old World, and they have been proved by the investigations of Morton,nbsp;Meek, Whitfield, and others to be the equivalents in geological age of thenbsp;White Chalk of England.

The Amboy Clays, to which our attention is now more particularly directed, outcrop in a belt extending diagonally across the State, formingnbsp;the east bank of the Delaware Kiver for a long distance above and belownbsp;Philadelphia, leaving the Delaware at Trenton and stretching across thenbsp;State at its narrowest point to Raritan Bay, and thence, passing overnbsp;the southern portion of Staten Island, where, as in the State of Newnbsp;Jersey, they are largely worked for economic purposes. They are thennbsp;interrupted by The Narrows and New York Harbor, as well as by thenbsp;crystalline rocks which occupy New York Island and underlie the northern

21

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

portion of Brooklyn and the adjacent shores of Hell Gate. Eastward of this the Amboy Clays are generally covered with drift, but they reappearnbsp;at Glen Cove, Sea Cliff, and various other points on the north shore ofnbsp;Long Island, where it has been deeply cut into by glacial action and isnbsp;now occupied by inlets from Long Island Sound. Possibly the wholenbsp;length of Long Island is underlain by the Amboy Clays, as characteristicnbsp;fossils have been found in the moraine on the extreme end of Mdntauknbsp;Point. Farther east, the clay series reappears on Marthas Vineyard andnbsp;forms part of the noted cliff of Gay Head. Again interrupted by thenbsp;waters of the ocean, it apparently reappears in the southern counties ofnbsp;Massachusetts, and it was described by Prof. Edward Hitchcock in thenbsp;reports of the geological survey of Massachusetts, though its geologicalnbsp;equivalents were not recognized.

The southern extension of the formation has not been definitely traced, but it apparently thins out southward, appearing as an insignificant elementnbsp;in the series in Cecil County, Md., where Professor Uhler has described itnbsp;as the bed of �alternate sands and clays� which there rests on the Potomacnbsp;and is overlain by the equivalents of the Cretaceous marl beds of Newnbsp;Jersey. South of this point it has not been recognized.

In New Jersey the Amboy Clay series is generally underlain by the Ttiassic red sandstones, which have been proved to be of the age ofnbsp;the Keuper or Upper Trias in Europe.

The Amboy Clays are for the most part an estuary deposit. This is indicated by the presence of brackish-water shells, Corbicula, Gnathodon,nbsp;etc., described by Prof. R. P. Whitfield in his report on the Brachiopodanbsp;and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of Newnbsp;Jersey, which forms Vol. I of the Report of the Geological Survey ofnbsp;that State, ^ made under the direction of Prof George H. Cook. Near thenbsp;top of the series, however, marine shells occur in the vicinity of Keyport,nbsp;N. J., such as Inoceramus, Pholadomya, etc., found in the greensandsnbsp;above.quot; This evidence shows that the New Jersey clays occupy a position

� This is apart of the edition of Vol. IX, Monographs of the U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, 1885, issued by the Geological Survey of New Jersey, with a separate title page of later date (1886).

* Since this was written the occurrence of a marine molluscan fauna associated with the characteristic flora of the Amhoy Clays, in drift material, has also been noted by me on Staten Island (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XI, pp. 96-104, February, 1892).�A. H.

INTRODUCTION.

lower than the European Chalk and higher than the upper member of the Trias. Such other evidence as can be gained in regard to their precisenbsp;geological age must be derived from their abundant plant remains, amongnbsp;which are a number of species that are common to the Dakota sandstonesnbsp;of the interior of the continent, to the Atane and Patoot beds of Greenland�known to be Upper Cretaceous�to the Cretaceous clays of Aachen,nbsp;Germany, and to the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia.

The relation of the Amboy Clays to the Potomac formation of Virginia is not easily demonstrated, as the line of junction has not been fully traced,nbsp;but we may say that the Potomac is the more ancient formation, and thatnbsp;probably a somewhat long interval of time separated the epoch of thenbsp;Potomac group from that of the Amboy Clays. This is indicated bynbsp;the almost entire distinctness of the floras of the two formations, whichnbsp;shows that a great change took place during that interval in the characternbsp;of the vegetation which clothed the eastern shore of North America.nbsp;Professor Fontaine has described, from the Potomac group of Virginia andnbsp;Maryland, 365 species of plants, of which not one is certainly found in thenbsp;Amboy Clays; and the difference in the character of the vegetation isnbsp;shown by the fact that in the long list furnished by Professor Fontainenbsp;there are but 75 angiosperms (about one-fifth of all), whereas in the Newnbsp;Jersey clays, throwing out fragmentary and doubtful remains, of 156nbsp;described species all but 10 are dicotyledonous plants.

The relation of the Amboy Clays to the Dakota group can be much more definitely determined, for the proportion between the angiospermsnbsp;and lower plants in the Dakota group is about the same as in the Amboynbsp;Clays, showing a similar stage of progress in the development of plant^nbsp;life. We have already obtained 12 species common to the two formations,nbsp;a number that will undoubtedly be considerably augmented with thenbsp;further exploitation of the Amboy flora. The Dakota group is known tonbsp;occupy about the middle of the Cretaceous system. Until recently it wasnbsp;supposed to be the basal member of that system as developed on the Northnbsp;American continent, and it was believed that until about the middle of the

�This was written previous to the publication of Lesquereux�s Flora of the Dakota Group, edited by F. H. Knowlton, and iny discoverie-s in the Cretaceous of Staten Island and Long Island. We arenbsp;now enabled to identify at least 40 species as common to the two formations.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Cretaceous period our coutinent had remained above the ocean level; but it has been shown recently that considerable areas of North America arenbsp;occupied by sediments deposited from the Cretaceous sea before the datenbsp;of the Dakota formation, and that on the northwestern coast, on Queennbsp;Charlotte Island, and in the Shasta group in California we have accumulations of sediment that took place before the Dakota sandstones. Mr. R. T.nbsp;Hill and Dr. C. A. White have demonstrated that a considerable portionnbsp;of the State of Texas is underlain by rocks that are the equivalent of thenbsp;Neocomian or Lower Cretaceous of the Old World. Very recently, too.nbsp;Sir William Dawson has found in the fresh-water coal-bearing deposits ofnbsp;western Canada fossil plants identical with some from the Koine group ornbsp;Lower Cretaceous of Greenland; and a much larger collection of fossilnbsp;plants obtained by the writer from the coal basin of the Falls of thenbsp;Missouri in Montana, collected by Mr. R. S. Williams, contains manynbsp;Kootaiiie or Lower Cretaceous plants, and, what is of still greater interest,nbsp;a number of species that have been described by Professor Fontaine fromnbsp;the Potomac group of Virginia. Thus the conclusions of Professor Fontaine as to the Wealden age of the Potomac are strikingly confirmed.nbsp;His arguments in favor of this view were that the Potomac flora was mostnbsp;like that of the Wealden of Europe, a few of the species being apparentlynbsp;identical, while it had nothing in common with any other flora known. Tonbsp;this I ventured to add the suggestion that it could hardly be Jurassic, asnbsp;claimed by some writers, since in no part of the world had angiospermnbsp;plants been found in the Jurassic, though in Europe the Jurassic rocksnbsp;had yielded great numbers of plants and the flora had been carefullynbsp;studied. Now the finding of species identical with those of the Potomacnbsp;in the Great Falls basin, and with them plants found in the Kootanie ofnbsp;Canada and the Koine deposits of Greenland, seems to place the questionnbsp;beyond doubt.

CHARACTERISTICS OP THE FLORA.

It is evident that it is yet too early finally to review and discuss the botanical character and relations of the flora of the Amboy Clays. I havenbsp;now before me as I write 156 species of plants that have been described;

CHAEAOTEEISTICS OP THE PLOEA.

and among the material that is suggestive rather than instructive�fragments and indications of other species not sufficiently well represented to be described in full�there are perhaps 30 other species, including seedsnbsp;and fruits, of which the connection with the plants that bore them is conjectural. Most of the species enumerated in this list are represented by anbsp;large number of individuals, and the degree of preservation of the specimens is such that it is very satisfactory mateidal for study as far as it goes;nbsp;but it is evident that only a beginning has been made in gathering thenbsp;fossil plants of the Amboy Clays, and probably for years to come considerable additions will be made annually to that flora, so that the presentnbsp;memoir can be properly regarded as only the commencement of a greatnbsp;work. The partial view of the subject here given will be recognized bynbsp;all those who are interested in it, and not too much weight will be given tonbsp;such portions of the memoir as consist in descriptions of unique specimensnbsp;or fragmentary material.

Some special difficulties have stood in the way of making collections of the plants of the Amboy Clays. These clays have come to be a mostnbsp;important element in the resources of the State, and they are the basisnbsp;of a great industry. The clay beds have been opened at a great number ofnbsp;points, and as the different layers are the products of changing physicalnbsp;conditions, and probably mark the lapse of considerable intervals of time,nbsp;it is not strange that many differences should be noticeable in the fossilnbsp;plants of the various beds.

The greater number of the fossil plants now described are from the middle bed in the series�the Woodbridge clay bed�while we have not anbsp;few of the plants characteristic of the lower or Raritan beds, opened atnbsp;Sayreville, and of the upijer or South Amboy beds. Not enough materialnbsp;has been obtained from the South Amboy and Sayreville beds, however, tonbsp;enable us to form a clear idea of the phases of vegetation prevalent at thenbsp;time when these different deposits were made. We have learned that therenbsp;is certainly considerable difference in the grouping of the plants in thenbsp;three beds, and it is also probable that there are species which are not onlynbsp;characteristic of but confined to each of the three great divisions of thenbsp;clay series.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

The Sayreville beds, if not the first opened, were those most largely worked in the early history of the clay industry, and our first collectionsnbsp;were made from this deposit. Dr. N. L. Britton, then my assistant in thenbsp;geological department of the School of Mines, took a special interest innbsp;the subject, and brought in from the banks of the Raritan River a largenbsp;amount of material which at first view was particularly attractive andnbsp;interesting. The fossil plants were represented by a considerable amountnbsp;of carbonaceous matter that was of a jet-black color, and this contrastednbsp;well with the dove-colored background of the damp clay, so that the leavesnbsp;as they were taken out resembled strong and handsome lithographs. Mr.nbsp;Arthur Hollick, a graduate of the School of Mines and a skillful draftsman,nbsp;was on hand at that time to make sketches of some of this material, and itnbsp;was fortunate that this was possible, because these beautiful plant impressions proved to be in many cases evanescent and temporary. The sheet ofnbsp;carbonaceous matter which covered the area of a leaf, having been hermetically sealed in the plastic clays, had lost little of its substance andnbsp;was a relatively thick slieet of lignite. This contained a large quantity ofnbsp;water, and when the specimen was dry the material shrank and season-cracked so that it could often be blown away with the breath, leaving onlynbsp;a faint impression that was nearly invisible. Efforts were made to preservenbsp;these specimens by various devices. They were varnished, coated withnbsp;gum, saturated with paraffin, with glycerin, with water glass, all withoutnbsp;success, and we had the mortification of repeating the experience of thenbsp;merchant whose story is told in the Arabian Nights, who, receiving whatnbsp;seemed beautiful new coins from a necromancer, found on going to hisnbsp;money drawer the next day that all his bright coins had resolved themselvesnbsp;into dried and withered leaves.

The same thing had happened before, for the leaf impressions in the Amboy Clays had early attracted the attention of Professor Cook, at thatnbsp;time the head of the Geological Survey of the State, and he had causednbsp;many of them to be collected. When my attention was drawn to the stib-ject and I went to New Brunswick to examine the material that had beennbsp;gathered into the cabinet of Rutgers College, I found that nearly all thenbsp;specimens had perished in the way I have described and were indeterminable.

CHAEACTEEISTICS OF THE FLOEA.

This experience caused us great disappointment, and I became nearly hopeless of being able to accumulate such representatives of the Amboynbsp;Clay�flora as would suffice for careful and deliberate study, and, what wasnbsp;of primary consequence, should remain as types and standards for futurenbsp;comparison. Nothing has contributed more to the confusion and uncertainty that has prevailed in the literature of natural history than the lossnbsp;of type specimens, and no solid and substantial progress could be made innbsp;the study of this flora if the material were to perish in the using.

The truth of this statement is abundantly proved by the uncertainties that hang over the first efforts to investigate this flora. The fossil plantsnbsp;collected by Professor Cook were submitted to Mr. Leo Lesquereux, ofnbsp;Columbus, Ohio, the eminent paleobotanist, and his report upon them isnbsp;given on page 27 of the Report on the Clay Deposits of New Jersey,nbsp;which forms one of the reports of the Geological Survey of the State,nbsp;issued in 1878. His report will be referred to in detail on another page.nbsp;It begins as follows: �^The specimens, very numerous, badly preserved,nbsp;from Sayreville and other localities, have, *nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;*nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;*nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* so far as they

are determinable, the characters of the flora of the Dakota group.� He attempted, however, to determine the species, and reports a list which Inbsp;shall give further on. The material submitted to him I had an opportunitynbsp;of examining, and, as before stated, found it to be practically worthless.

At this stage of our experience, and when we were much discouraged in our efforts to gather and study the remains of the clay flora. Dr. Brittonnbsp;fortunately discovered at South Amboy a layer of the clays in which thenbsp;leaf impressions carried very little carbonaceous matter�simply enough tonbsp;color the area of the leaf with a coffee-brown tint. These impressions wenbsp;found to be permanent, and since that time our efforts have been mainlynbsp;directed to the discovery of such layers in this and other clay pits and thenbsp;gathering of material of this kind. A similar layer was discovered by Mr.nbsp;I. H. Woolson at Woodbridge, and this has furnished perhaps three-fourthsnbsp;of all the specimens which are figured and described in this memoir. Fromnbsp;Sayreville we have as yet obtained no leaf impressions of this character,nbsp;and the treasure which there lies entombed is for the most part intact, andnbsp;we must discover some method by which the specimens from this locality

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

and from similar beds in other clay pits can be preserved before they can be satisfactorily studied.

The circumstances detailed above have limited the accumulation of material for examination, and it should also be said that the limited appropriations at the command of Professor Cook made it impossible for him tonbsp;pay for the thorough examination of all the hundreds of clay pits whichnbsp;have been opened in the clay belt. Thus it is that the studj^ of the Amboynbsp;Clay flora has progressed slowly and the greater part of the work is yetnbsp;to be done. As the clay pits in New Jersey are destined for hundreds ofnbsp;years to be an important source of wealth to the inhabitants of the State,nbsp;it is certain that the work of excavation will go on for a long time to come,nbsp;and should means be provided for making the necessary collections and for.nbsp;the publication of the results of their study, we may hope and expect thatnbsp;ultimately the Amboy Clay flora will be thoroughly investigated, and thenbsp;results of such investigation be one of the most important and interestingnbsp;contributions to the history of vegetation on the globe.

As the report of Mr. Lesquereux, referred to above, was the first contribution made to our knowledge of the Amboy Clay flora, it deservesnbsp;some further notice. The list of plants which he gives is as follows:

1. Petiifs clay harilc. near Washington, [South River],

Sterculia, undetennined species. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Proteoides daplmogenoides.

Rootlets of Equisetum. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Platanus Heerii Lesq.

Aiidroineda.

2. Sayre amp; Fisher�s clay hank, at Sayreville.

Ciunamomum Heerii Lesq.

3. J. K. Brick�s clay hank, Burts Greek.

Sassafras (Araliopsis). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Sequoia with thick leaves.

Seed of conifer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sequoia Reichenbachi.

Rootlets.

CHAEACTERISTIGS OF THE FLORA.

4, Mrs. Alienas clay pit, South Amhoy. Quercus, dentate leaves.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Andromeda.

(Dryopbyllum).

Sterculia, same as above.

Myrica, or Loniatia.

Salix protesefolia.

Ill looking over this list I find that only the following plants have been identified in our collections: Magnolia alternam, Proteoides daphnogenoides,nbsp;Salix protecefolia, Andromeda Parlatorii, Sequoia PeicJienbachi, and Olypto-strohus gracillimus Lesq., the last, as shown on another page, not being anbsp;Glyptostrobus. The concluding note of Mr. Lesquereux�s report is: �Thesenbsp;specimens are few and poor, and therefore the determinations are notnbsp;positively ascertained,� much of the uncertainty being due, as before mentioned, to the very bad condition of the material. A number of species arenbsp;mentioned in his list which we have never been able to recognize in any ofnbsp;our collections made from the New Jersey clays, though it is, of course,nbsp;possible that in a flora so rich as this they may be discovered hereafter.

To refer to certain plants in the list which we have specially sought without finding, we may mention Plantanus Heerii Lesq. and Sequoia conditanbsp;Lesq., both of which are plants of the Dakota group. �.S'. Smithsiananbsp;Heer� is undoubtedly intended for S. Smittiana from the Lower Cretaceousnbsp;(Kome) beds of Greenland, which occurs in the Kootanie group, and isnbsp;almost certainly not a member of the Amboy flora. The same may benbsp;said of S. subulata Heer and Magnolia Gapellinii, which are likely enough tonbsp;be found in the Amboy Clays, though we have not seen them. They arenbsp;very widely distributed and ought to be here. Cinnamomum Heerii Lesq.nbsp;is perhaps the species which we have called G. intermedium. In G. Heeriinbsp;the leaf is broader, less wedge-shaped, and more prominently three-nerved.nbsp;Sassafras is perhaps our species S. progenitor or S. acutilobum Lesq., both ofnbsp;which occur not rarely in these beds. Sequoia rigida Heer is not like anynbsp;species we have seen, and as it occurs lower in the series it is doubtful if itnbsp;has been found in New Jersey. Sequoia PeicJienhacM is a species of greatnbsp;vertical and lateral range, occurring on Vancouver Island, in the Laramienbsp;group of the West, in the Cretaceous beds of Greenland, both lower and

THE PLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

upper, and throughout the continent of Europe where the plants of the upper half of the Cretaceous system have been gathered.

BOTANICAB CHARACTER OF THE FLORA.

In the present memoir, including fruits and flowers, 156 species of plants are described. Of these, one is apparently a seaweed (^Chondritesnbsp;flexuosus'). Haiismannia and Czekanowskia are of uncertain botanical affinities, and Baiera, of which, as of the others mentioned, we have one species,nbsp;is probably a conifer. Leaving out these doubtful elements, we find thatnbsp;of ferns there are 8 species; of conifers, 17; of cycads, 5; and all thenbsp;others are dicotyledonous angiosperms. Of these, as has been alreadynbsp;mentioned, the botaiiical rank is high�as high, probably, as that of annbsp;indiscriminate selection from the same number of arborescent plants takennbsp;from the living flora of the State of New Jersey would be. Hereafter,nbsp;when more material shall have been gathered and this more carefully andnbsp;wisely studied, it is probable that some changes will be required in thenbsp;botanical balance of this flora; but it is evident that no discoveries hereafternbsp;to be made will greatly change its aspects. Changes will be made in thenbsp;genera enumerated, species will be united or broken up, and the addition ofnbsp;groups of plants from layers which have furnished us little or nothing willnbsp;doubtless color the result; but we can hardly imagine that the conclusionsnbsp;here announced will be greatly modified.

As we look over the subjoined list of plants it will be seen that among them there are no palms. This is in accordance with all the observationsnbsp;hitherto made elsewhere upon the flora of the Lower and Middle Cretaceous. Mr. Lesquereux has doubtfully announced the discovery of a palmnbsp;(Flabellariaf minima) in the Dakota group of the West (Cret. Flora, p. 56,nbsp;PI. XXX, fig. 12), but by reference to his figure and description it will benbsp;seen that no important conclusion can be based upon material so doubtful.nbsp;We may say, therefore, that up to the present time no remains of palmsnbsp;have certainly been found in the Middle and Lower Cretaceous rocks.nbsp;This is one of the many surprises we meet with in this connection, sincenbsp;palms are considerably lower in the botanical scale than the dicotyledonousnbsp;plants, the remains of which are here so abundant, and it may perhaps be

GEOUliAPHlCAL DiSTillB�TlON OF TUE FLORA.

explained by the supposition that no Middle Cretaceous rocks have been opened in districts where tropical or subtropical climatic conditions prevailed. This, however, is unsatisfactory, for the Lower Cretaceous rocksnbsp;have been opened in all quarters of the world and plants have been collected from them; and the Dakota flora gives evidence from all sourcesnbsp;that it is that of a warm temperate climate, and that the climate was in thenbsp;same localities afterwards warmer, since palms, which may be accepted asnbsp;an evidence of a warmer climate, are so abundant in the Laramie andnbsp;Tertiary beds.

From the conditions under which the Amboy Clays were deposited, that is, in estuaries of no great extent, surrounded by land covered with anbsp;dense vegetation, and from the nature of the deposits, largely fine claynbsp;which subsided in the quiet water, we should expect to find here thenbsp;remains of herbaceous plants as well as arborescent, and yet so far theynbsp;have been conspicuous by their absence.

Again, we should have anticipated the preservation of insects in large numbers�dragon flies, at least, which were so numerous in the Jurassicnbsp;age as to leave multitudes of representatives in the Solenhofen slates�andnbsp;yet, though we have searched for them most carefully, no definite remainsnbsp;of insects have yet been discovered. Flowers were there in abundance,nbsp;and why the insects have not left any proof of their existence is a mystery.nbsp;That insects existed in great numbers as early as this is proved by the factnbsp;that in the St. �tienne coal basin in central France, in rocks of the Carboniferous age, Mr. Charles Brongniart has obtained over 1,300 species ofnbsp;insects.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIOlSr OE THE FLORA.

In this installment of fossil plants from the Amboy Clays, out of 156 described species, about 50, or one-third of the whole number, are describednbsp;by Heer from the Cretaceous rocks of Greenland. In Velenovsky�s Floranbsp;der Bohmischen Kreideformation I find 6 that I regard as identical withnbsp;those that we have from New Jersey. In the Dakota group, out of 460nbsp;described species, there are at least 40 which seem to occur in the Amboynbsp;Clays; and I have identified 3 positively, and several others presumably.

THE PLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

of our New Jersey plants in the Cretaceous beds of Aachen. The flora of the Aachen clays has never been fully described. Debey and Ettings-hausen began to illustrate it, and published two parts of a proposednbsp;monograph. These included Thallophytes and ferns, but the conifers,nbsp;cycads, and angiosperms were left untouched; at least, though partiallynbsp;studied, they were not figured or described. To make the comparisonnbsp;which it was impossible to do through books, I at one time took occasionnbsp;to go to Aachen, and had the privilege of examining a very considerablenbsp;poi�tion of the collections made by Dr. Debey. I found that the formationnbsp;there resembles our Amboy Clays very much lithologically, and some ofnbsp;the strata are of economic importance and have been extensively worked.nbsp;Unfortunately, the spread of the town has covered most of the pits wherenbsp;excavations were made, and hereafter it will be impossible to enjoy thenbsp;opportunity possessed by Dr. Debey, who for twenty-five years was anbsp;practicing physician in Aaclien and had in his pay the men employed innbsp;the clay pits, so that the collections he made were very large. These havenbsp;since been made up into sets and sold.

In the few hours I spent in the examination of Dr. Debey�s plants it was impossible for me to make the systematic comparison with the Amboynbsp;flora that is desirable, but that will doubtless be made in time, when someone takes up the work begun by Dr. Debey and gives a full description ofnbsp;the plants he found. I was greatly interested to see the general correspondence in the character of the floras, and to identify with certainty suchnbsp;plants as Moriconia cyclotoxon, Gunninghamites elegans^ Asplenium Foersteri, etc.nbsp;The number of identical species will undoubtedly be largely augmented,nbsp;and there can be no mistake about the parallelism of the two formations.

Dr. Charles Hoi'ion, of Liege, has given a lucid explanation of the stnicture and relations of the Aachen beds in his Notice sur le Terrainnbsp;Cr�tac� de la Belgique (Bulletin de la Socidtd Grdologique de France,nbsp;S�rie, Vol. XVI, p. 635), and has shown that the formation of that regionnbsp;covers the upper half of the Cretaceous system, the upper member beingnbsp;the Maestricht beds, which is the summit of the system, while the beds atnbsp;Aachen, though all mechanical�clay, sands, etc.�range down to about itsnbsp;middle, or form the equivalent of the Upper Greensand of England.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP THE FLORA.

The mode of accumulation of the beds at Aachen seems to have been similar to that of the Amboy Clays and the Potomac group; that is, theynbsp;are local estuarine beds resting upon Paleozoic rocks and composed of thenbsp;wash of the neighboring land, in which were buried great numbers of leavesnbsp;and trunks of the trees which grew upon that land. The trunks are nownbsp;converted into lignite, and they are as conspicuous an element in the lithol-ogy of the group as in New Jersey. Dr. Debey supposed that his collectionnbsp;contained 300 to 400 species of angiosperm plants. This is perhaps annbsp;exaggeration, for he included in his list a great many doubtful fragments;nbsp;but when the floras of the Aachen beds and those of the clays of Newnbsp;Jersey shall be fully studied and illustrated it will undoubtedly be foundnbsp;that the botanical aspects are the same, and that there are perhaps as manynbsp;species identical in the two formations as in those of Gireenland and Newnbsp;Jersey. Hence, we may fairly infer that the collections of plants from thenbsp;New Jersey clays, the Dakota group, the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland, the Aachen series of Germany, and the plant-bearing Cretaceous rocksnbsp;of Bohemia fairly represent the vegetation of the world during the middlenbsp;and latter portions of the Cretaceous age.

MON XXVI-3

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

CRYPTOa^MI^.

THALLOPHYTA.

Order CHONDRITE.�.

Chondrites flexuosus Newb. n. sp.

PI. I, figs. 1, 4.

In various localities the Amboy Clays are found penetrated in every direction by vegetable fibers which are imperfectly shown in the figuresnbsp;now given. These specimens are evidently the remains of fresh-waternbsp;fucoids or sponges. They are apparently not the rootlets of aquatic plants,nbsp;because they are not found connected with any stems, and they shouldnbsp;apparently be classed with similar organisms which have in different formations been generally included in the genus Chondrites and have beennbsp;supposed to be Thallophytes. No detailed description of these specimensnbsp;is necessary, but they will be� recognized wherever found by the figures nownbsp;published.

In Debey and Ettingshausen�s Die Urweltlichen Thallophyten von Aachen,^ PI. II, figs. 6 and 8, similar organisms are represented, to whichnbsp;our specimens are closely allied. They differ, however, in the long andnbsp;flexuous tendnls, which are less distinctly connected with a parent stalk.

Localities: Sayreville, Woodbridge, etc.

� Deukscbrifteu d. Akad. Wiss.. Bd. XVI, Wien, 1859.

34

DESOElPTIO�f OF SPECIES.

BRYOPHYTA.

Order HEPATIC^.

Hausmannia rigida Newb. n. sp.

PI. I, figs. 2, 3, 5.

Frond large, bipinnate or tripinnate, flat; central line of pinnae and pinnules traversed by a strong continuous midrib, from which are given offnbsp;many fine, flexuous, branching veins. Margins entire, pinnae and pinnulesnbsp;mostly opposite, ^jimiules linear, subacute.

This interesting plant is not uncommon at South Amboy, and a single fragment of it has been found at Woodbridge. It is evident, however, thatnbsp;it belongs to the upper beds of the Amboy Clays, and was an inhabitant ofnbsp;the region around New York Harbor only in the last half of the Amboynbsp;epoch of the Middle Cretaceous period.

It closely resembles Hausmannia dichotoma of Hunker (Monographie der Norddeutschen Wealdenbildung, p. 12, PL V, fig. 1; PL VI, fig. 12),nbsp;but is far more exact and regular in the divisions of the frond, and theynbsp;are not dichotomous. In regard to the botanical affinities of this plant, ournbsp;specimens do not solve the problem. In my judgment, it is a fern ornbsp;hepatic, though no living fern comes very near to it.

From a resemblance which appeals rather to instinct than reason, I have been led to think it possible it was a higher kind of hepatic, a Mar-chantia, for example, lifted from its creeping condition into an independentnbsp;and erect plant, trained and disciplined into symmetry by the occult influence which has given such grace and exactness to the foliage of ferns,nbsp;lycopods, and some conifers.

Probably future collections will solve this problem, but until the fructification shall be found this will remain one of the most puzzlingnbsp;forms of extinct vegetation.

Among fossil plants Rachiopteris (formerly Schizopteris) seems to me to be most like Hausmannia, but no species of that genus shows anything like the regularity and symmetry of structure which are conspicuousnbsp;characters in the plant before us.

Localities: Woodbridge, South Amboy.

THE FLORA OP THE AMBOY CLAYiS.

PTEKIDOPHYTA.

Order FILICIN^.

Gleichenia Giesekiana Heer?.

PI. IV, fig. 12.

Gleichenia Giesekiana Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. I, p. 78, PI. XLIII, figs. 1 a, b, e, 2 a, 3 a, b; PI. XLIV, figs. 2, 2c, 3; Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 43, PI. Ill, figs. Id, 8; PI.nbsp;VII, fig. 1; Vol. VI, Abth. II, pp. G, 35, PI. II, figs. 9a, 9b; PI. XIII, figs. 4,4b.

AiBong the fragments of fronds of Gleichenia there are some which agree in all essential particulars with the species named above, but thenbsp;material is too fragmentary and imperfect to justify any positive assertionnbsp;of identity. The plant is much larger and stronger than that which Inbsp;have referred to G. Zippei, the pinnae having a length of 10quot;� to 12quot;� andnbsp;the pinnules being from 8�� to 12�� in length. Better specimens willnbsp;undoubtedly be obtained hereafter, and will permit a more satisfactorynbsp;comparison with described species. All we can now say with certaintynbsp;is that a relatively large species of Gleichenia was an element in the Cretaceous flora of the country surrounding the mouth of the Hudson, and innbsp;any catalogue of the plants constituting this flora this demands a place.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Gleichenia micromeea Heer?.

PI. Ill, fig. G.

Gleichenia micromera Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 55, PI. X, figs. 14, 15.

We have obtained a few fragments of a fern which is more like the species to which Heer gave the above name than any other, living or fossil.nbsp;The plant was very delicate, the fronds flexuous, the pinnae narrow, linear,nbsp;leaving the rachis at a right angle, the pinnules ovate or oblong, not morenbsp;than 2�� or 3�� in length.

The material before us is too imperfect to suffice for satisfactory comparison, and yet we have here traces of a very beautiful and distinctly marked plant which deserves recognition as one of the minor but morenbsp;attractive elements in the Amboy flora.

Locality: Sayreville.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Gleichenia Zippei Heer!.

PI III, fig. 5.

Gleichenia Zippei Heer, FI. Foss. xArct., Vol. I, p. 79, PI. XLIII, fig. 4; \ol. Ill, Part II, p. 44, PI. IV, figs. 1-5; PI. V, figs. 1-9; PI. VI, figs. 1-3; PI. VII, fig. 2.nbsp;Pecopteris Zippei Corda in Eeuss, Versteineruiigen d. Bobm. Ki�eidef., Abth. II, p. 95,nbsp;PI. XLIX, figs. 2, 3.

Gleichenia Rinhian'i Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. I, p. 80, PI. XLIII, fig. 6.

We have occasionally found fragments of the fronds of a Gleichenia which I have been unable to distinguish from that so fully illustrated innbsp;Heer�s Kreide Flora (FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, Part II), and to which henbsp;gives the above name. The plant was evidently a delicate one, and it isnbsp;much less perfectly preserved than the associated ferns which I havenbsp;referred to the genus Anemia. The fronds being much broken up, it isnbsp;impossible to say whether or not we have united under one name plantsnbsp;which belong to different species. It has been thought, however, that annbsp;error of synthesis would be less mischievous than one of analysis, and itnbsp;has seemed a fruitless labor to attempt to define species sharply where thenbsp;material is defective, and when it is certain that in future years the exploitation of the New Jersey clay beds will permit the accumulation of abundantnbsp;material, and that in better state of preservation.

Tlie genus Gleichenia was evidently widespread in the Cretaceous age, and there were many species of the genus in Europe and America. In thenbsp;flora of the Amboy Clays other ferns are more numerously represented, ifnbsp;we can judge by the collections already made. It is true, however, thatnbsp;the distribution of species is somewhat local in the clay beds, and a treasurynbsp;of specimens and perhaps species may at any time be discovered. Thenbsp;most abundant of the ferns which I have referred to Gleichenia is that whichnbsp;corresponds best with Heer�s description and illustrations of G. Zippei. Thenbsp;frond would seem to have been more open than most of those figured bynbsp;Heer, but this is proved by his illustrations to be a variable character. Thenbsp;fructification is present on some of the specimens found at Woodbridge,nbsp;and this has altogether the character of that figimed by Heer. The pin-

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

miles are set nearly at right angles to the rachis, are from to long, and when in fruit carry three or four sori on each side of the midrib.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Anemia stricta Newb. n. sp.

PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2.

Frond of large size, ternate, subdivisions ovate or lanceolate, pinnae lance-linear in outline, pinnules lanceolate, acute, decurrent, simple above,nbsp;below toothed and finely pinnatifid; nervation fine, each pinnule having atnbsp;base a central nerve which sends off, pinnately, straight, forked branchesnbsp;to the margins on all sides; fructification unknown.

Of this beautiful fern numerous specimens have been collected at Woodbridge, and from these a selection has been made for representationnbsp;on PI. Ill, of which the figures will serve for comparison with other livingnbsp;and fossil ferns. In general aspect and structure this plant closely resembles some species of Asplenium, and it might without impropriety be referrednbsp;to that genus, but in the absence of fructification no positive statement cannbsp;be made in reference to its generic relations. It evidently belongs to anbsp;group of fei-ns which was extensively developed in later Cretaceous times�nbsp;a group which includes the two plants described in this memoir under thenbsp;name of Asplenium Foersteri and A. Dicksonianum, as well as the widespreadnbsp;species of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary, A. stibcretacea. Doubtless,nbsp;at no distant day the fructification of these plants, as yet unknown, will benbsp;discovered in connection with these sterile fronds, and will set at rest thenbsp;discussion which has been excited in reference to their botanical relations.nbsp;So far as the vegetative organs are concerned, they might very well belongnbsp;either to Asplenium or Anemia, the divisions of the frond and the nervationnbsp;being very like those of the more dissected species of these genera. Thenbsp;Marquis Saporta has suggested that his Asplenium subcretaceum may be thenbsp;type of an extinct generic group allied to Todea, but this must remain anbsp;suggestion or conjecture until the fructification shall be discovered.

In looking through Heer�s illustrations of the Cretaceous flora of the Arctic regions we find a number of figures which may and probably donbsp;represent the plant before us. For example, in the Flora Fossilis Arctica,

DESCKIPTION OF SPECIES.

Vol. VI, Abth. II, PI. XLIV, fig. 2, is a fragment of a fern to which the name Dicksonia borealis is given. This specimen consists of pai�ts of fournbsp;contiguous pinnae, which afford a very imperfect view of tlie plant to whichnbsp;they belong. It is evident, however, that this was closely allied to the fernnbsp;now under consideration, the only perceptible difference being that thenbsp;pinnules of the Greenland plant are narrower and less acute. So also onnbsp;PL XXXIV of the same volume�a plate devoted to Aspiclium Oerstedi�nbsp;in tig. 8 is represented a small portion of the upper part of a fern frondnbsp;in whi�ih the pinnae are narrow, the pinnules closely set at a very acutenbsp;angle with the midrib, decuri'ent, entire-margined and acute, in all respectsnbsp;resembling some portions of the frond of Anemia stricta and almost certainlynbsp;different from Aspidium Oerstedi.

Though not rare at Woodbridge in certain layers of the clay, Anemia stricta has up to the present time been found nowhere else. No traces ofnbsp;fructification have yet been detected on any of the specimens. As maynbsp;be inferred from the figures, the sterile frond was ternate and the fruit wasnbsp;probably borne on a distinct stipe.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Asplenium Dicksonianum Heer.

PL I, figs. 0, 7; PI. II, figs. 1-8; PI. Ill, flg. 3.

Asplenium Dicksonianum Heer, PI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 31, PI. I, figs. 1-5;

Vol. VI, Abtli. II, p. 3, PL II, figs. 2,2b; p. 33, PL XXXII, figs. 1-8.

In the Kreide-Flora der Arctischen Zone (Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 31, PI. I), Prof. Oswald Heer describes a fern which I amnbsp;entirely unable to distinguish from one that occurs abundantly at Wood-bridge. We have now collected many hundred specimens of this fern, andnbsp;have learned that its fronds were of large size and differed much in thenbsp;details of the different parts. Selections have been made from this largenbsp;amount of material for the figures on Pis. I, II, III, and since all the different phases here presented are fossilized together and are connected bynbsp;intermediate forms, it is impossible to resist the conviction that they allnbsp;belong to one species. By reference to the numerous illustrations givennbsp;by Heer, a satisfactory comparison may be made with the figures now

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

published, and it will be seen that the closest correspondence exists in all particnlars between the Greenland and New Jersey specimens. Thenbsp;geological importance of this identification is apparent, and is quite independent of the yet undecided question of the botanical relations of thisnbsp;plant. Professor Schimper (Pal�ontologie V�g�tale, Tome I, p. 660) refersnbsp;this fern to Asplenium, like all those with which it is associated geologically and botanically, viz, Asplenium Brongniarti Deb. amp; Ett., A. Foersterinbsp;Deb. amp; Ett., A. cmnopteroides Deb. amp; Ett., and A. subcretacemi Sap. Professornbsp;Heer adopts this view, and in his Flora Arctica, Vol. Ill, he changes thenbsp;name of the fern under consideration from Sphenopteris to Asplenium.nbsp;This harmon}^ of opinion among the distinguished botanists whose namesnbsp;have been mentioned must carry with it great weight, but it is necessarynbsp;to say that it is based on the general similarity of form and nervation, andnbsp;that, the fructification of none of these ferns having been yet found, thenbsp;question of their generic relationship can not be said to be decided. Fromnbsp;the absence of fruit in all these plants, which he takes as evidence that thenbsp;fertile and sterile fronds were borne on distinct stipes, as well as fromnbsp;the resemblance of the vegetative organs, Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, in liisnbsp;Monograph of the British Eocene Flora, decides to refer Asplenium subcre-taceim Saporta to Anemia. This question is discussed at some length innbsp;my notes on the allied and associated species, Asplenium Foersteri, and itnbsp;need not be further pursued here.

As in A. Foersteri, the fronds of this fern were evidently somewhat thick and coriaceous; the surface is polished, and the nervation is generallynbsp;obscure; the stipes are fluted, a central ridge being bordered by a more ornbsp;less distinct furrow on either side. From this ridge a nerve passes throughnbsp;the center of each pinna, and this midrib gives rise to a slender nerve fibernbsp;which traverses each pinnule to the apex. In a few specimens it maynbsp;also be seen that delicate side nerves ai�e given off by the midrib of eachnbsp;pinnule.

Locality: Woodbridge.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Asplenium Foeesteei Deb. amp; Ett?

PI. IV, figs. 1-11.

Anplenium Foersteri Debey and Etting.sha usen, Die Urweltliclien Acrobryen (Denkschr.

Wien. Akad., Vol. XVII, p. 193), p. 13, PI. II, figs. 4-7, 11.

A number of fragments of a fern have been found which in some respects closely approaches that described by Debey and Ettingshausennbsp;under the above name (loc. cit.), although the specimens which they -figurenbsp;are too few and imperfect to render the identification certain. Heer hasnbsp;also described in his Flora Arctica, Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 93, PI. XXVI, fig. 1,nbsp;a similar if not identical fern from the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Greenland,nbsp;but his material was also fragmentary and entirely inadequate for satisfactorynbsp;description or comparison.

Debey and Ettingshausen refer their plant with confidence to Asple-nium and compare it with the living species Aspleniwn Adiantum-nigrmn and A. furcatwn; but while the general aspect and mode of division of thenbsp;small portions of the frond which they obtained correspond well with somenbsp;species of Asplenium, the fructification, which alone would be decisive of thisnbsp;question, has not yet been found.

Heer and Saporta compare the specimens from Aachen and Greenland with the fern described by Saporta in his Flore de S�zanne under the namenbsp;Asplenium suhcretaceum, a plant of very Avide distribution in the Uppernbsp;Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of Europe and America. There is certainlynbsp;a marked resemblance between them, so that it may be fairly inferred thatnbsp;they belong to the same genus, but they are specifically distinct. Thenbsp;Marquis Saporta�s plant is evidently larger and coarser in texture, Avithnbsp;stronger nervation and more acute pinnules. Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, innbsp;his monograph of the British Eocene Flora, now in' course of publicationnbsp;by the Palseontographical Society, has referred Asplenium suheretaceum to �nbsp;the genus .A-uemia, arguing that the absence of all traces of fructificationnbsp;among the great number of specimens of this fern found in Europe andnbsp;America may be accepted as eAudence that the sterile and fertile frondsnbsp;Avere separated. This question, hoAvever, Avill be decided rather by time

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY �LAY�.

and observation than by discussion. When we know more of this group of ferns, so characteristic of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene periods, wenbsp;shall be better able to determine their botanical relations.

By comparison of the figures given on PI. IV it will be seen that our specimens differ considerably from those figured by Debey and Ettings-hausen. In our specimens the lower pinnae are widely separated, opposite,nbsp;strongly decurrent, and unsymmetrical, the nerve which traverses each onenbsp;23assing near to the upper border. Toward the extremity of the pinnae,nbsp;however, the pinnules are closer, and they finally coalesce and pass firstnbsp;into notched and then into simple lobes closely resembling those figured innbsp;the Kreide von Aachen, PI. II, figs. 4, 5. I have therefore been inclinednbsp;to suppose that if we could compare complete fronds we should find thenbsp;American and European plants to be identical. It will be noticed, however,nbsp;that the specimens now figured show some marked peculiarities not visiblenbsp;in those found in Europe, especially the want of symmetry in the lowernbsp;pinnules of the pinnae.

The texture of our plant was apparently coriaceous, the nervation fine and generally visible. In one or two specimens we can trace fine nervenbsp;branches given off from the main nerve of each pinnule, but they arenbsp;delicate and apparently widely separated.

On comparing the fern under consideration with living plants, I find the strongest resemblance with Microlepia cystopterokles Presl. (Ettings-hausen, Farnkrauter der Jetztwelt, p. 209, PI. CXLIII, fig. 2; PI. CXLIV,nbsp;fig. 4). This is a peculiar fern and the resemblance to our plant is quitenbsp;striking. It would be unwise, however, to attach much importance to thisnbsp;resemblance of the fronds and nervation unless it were confirmed by similarity in the fructification.

Localities: Woodbridge, South Amboy.

Phegopteris Grothiana Heerl PL III, flg. 4.

Phegopteris Grothiana Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, p. 3, PL XLVIII, figs. 12, 13.

Fragments of a fern closely allied to, if not identical with, Heer�s species occur rarely in the clays at Cutler Bank, Woodbridge. The specimens obtained are, however, too poor to afford any satisfactory comparison.

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

This fern is without doubt a species of the same genus as that figured and described by Heer (Flora Arctica, Vol. VII, PL XLVIII, figs. 12, 13).nbsp;Whether that be a Phegopteris or not is not certain, but from the largenbsp;number of plants common to the New Jersey and Greenland floras we maynbsp;strongly suspect that the species is the same. Further collections willnbsp;doubtless solve the question.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Ophioglossum granulatum Heer.

PI. IX, flgs. 11-13.

Ophioglossum granulatum Heer, PI. Foss. Arct., Yol. YII, p. 8, PI. LVII, figs. 8, 9.

Professor Heer has described and figured a peculiar fossil which he regards as the fertile stipe of a fern and compares with the fertile frond ofnbsp;Ophioglossum vulgatum. Of this organism numerous examples have beennbsp;found in the Amboy Clays, two of which are now figured. There can benbsp;no mistake about the identity of the plant, but as to its true character therenbsp;may be great differences of opinion. Most of the specimens show at thenbsp;base of an ament-like fruit spike one or more slender linear leaves ornbsp;bracts, which evidently spring from the same stem. These leaves arenbsp;sometimes as long as the fruit spike or longer, and to me they seem likenbsp;the male ament of a conifer rather than the fruit of a fern. The granulesnbsp;with which the axis of the fruit spike is invested are arranged spirally aboutnbsp;it, and so far as has been observed there is nothing by which it can benbsp;decided whether they are sporangia or pollen case's. Doubtless more willnbsp;be learned about these singular objects, but they are interesting as beingnbsp;the fruit of some of the plants which are common to the Amboy Claysnbsp;and the Cretaceous beds of Atane, Greenland.

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

FH^NEROG^MIY^.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Order CYCADACE.ffi.

PODOZAMITES ANGUSTIPOLIUS (Eichw.) Schimp.^

PI. XIII, figs. 1-4.

Podozamites angustifolius Eicll^y.) Scbimp. Schimper, Paleontologie V�g�tale, Vol. II, p. 160.

Zamites angustifolius Bicliwald, Lethfea Eossica, Vol. II, p. 39, PI. II, lig. 7.

Leaves long lanceolate, from 5�� to 15*�� in length by to 12�� in width, base narrowed to the short petiole, summit pointed; nervation fine,nbsp;parallel.

In general appearance these leaves are not unlike some of the many forms of P. lanceolatus, but are usually longer, narrower, and more flexuousnbsp;in outline. Taken by themselves they might easily be mistaken for somenbsp;of the leaves of Fontaine�s Nageiopsis longifoUa from the Potomac group,nbsp;but the nerves are much finer and more crowded than in that plant.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Podozamites marginatus Heer!.

PI. XIII, figs. 5, 6.

Podozamites marginatus Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abtli. II, ii. 43, PI. XVI, fig. 10.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^

Leaves 18*�� to 20*�� long by about 3*�� in width, lanceolate, obtusely pointed at the summit, narrowed to a thickened base.

This would seem to be the plant figured and described by Heer (loc. cit.) and obtained from the Upjier Cretaceous rocks of Atane, Greenland,nbsp;although the marginal border, on which he lays stress and from which henbsp;derives its name, is not visible. Unfortunately, the two specimens we havenbsp;are very imperfect, and we must await the discovery of other material beforenbsp;we can satisfactorily make the comparison. We may at least say that the

* This species appears in Dr. Newberry�s manuscript as P. angustifolius, n. sp., a specific designation wbich manifestly can not stand under the rules of priority. As it agrees in all essential particulars with P. angustifolius (Eichw.) Schimp., I have so designated it.�A. H.

DESOEIPTIOiil OF SPECIES.

species, if not identical, are exceedingly alike, and that the differences specified are not sufficient to separate them.

Locality: Woodbridge.

PODOZAMITBS ACUMINATUS Hollick n. Sp.

PL XIII, fig. 7.

The only specimen we have of this plant is too imperfect for a satisfactory description. It is a leaf of a species of Podozamites which had as characteristic features widely separated, open nervation and extremelynbsp;long-drawn point. This will serve to distinguish it from any of the leavesnbsp;of Podozamites with which it is associated and any other yet described.

Locality: Woodbridge.

XoTBS.�1. In Dr. Newberry�s manuscript this species was named Podozamites acutifolius. As Professor Fontaine had already used this specific name for a speciesnbsp;from the Potomac formation, it was necessary to change it, and it was thought thatnbsp;acuniinatus would describe the leading character nearly as well.

2. In Dr. Newberry�s jjaper on the Flora of the Amboy Clays, in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club for March, 1886 (Fol. XIII, p. 35), the author says thatnbsp;Podozamites tenuinervis Heer probably occurs in the flora, but I have failed to findnbsp;any indication that he definitely identified any specimen with that species.�A. H.

Microzamia gibba (Reuss) Corda.

PI. XII, figs. 6, 7.

Microzamia gibba (Reuss) Corda, in Reuss, Verstein. d. B�hm. Kreidef., Abth. II, p. 85, PI. XLYI, figs. 1-10.

Comtes gibbus Reuss, Geognostische Skizzen, p. 169.

We have found quite a large number of slender fruit spikes, twenty or more, sometimes as much as 15'�'' in length by about 2'�� in diameter, composed of a central axis thickly set with capsules, of which the ends give anbsp;tessellated appearance to the surface when sufficiently well preserved tonbsp;show it. These apparently represent the fruit spikes that were describednbsp;with the above name by Corda, in Reuss (loc. cit.), and more fully noticednbsp;by Velenovsky in Die Gymnospermeu der B�hm. Kreideformation, p. 6, PI.nbsp;HI, figs. 5-16; PI. IV, fig. 6; PI. V, fig. 8.

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

The number of these fruit spikes found in the Amboy Clays indicates that a cycad grew in the region where they were deposited in greaternbsp;abundance than would be inferred from the comparatively small number ofnbsp;cycadaceous leaves we have found: but further explorations would probablynbsp;bring to light more of the foliage.

These fossils form another connecting link between the flora of the Amboy Clays and that of the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia, so wellnbsp;illustrated by Velenovsky.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Cycadinocarpus cieculaeis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, �gs. 1-4.

Discoid seeds of a cycadaceous plant, from 6�*quot; to 12�� in diameter, nearly circular in outline, though sometimes slightly heart-shaped, withnbsp;a slight emargination at the point of attachment on one side; within thenbsp;larger outline is a smaller circle which mai'ks the seed itself, which is round,nbsp;smooth, and flat, with a slight projection at the point of emargination andnbsp;where a neck or stem penetrated the sarcocarp for attachment.

These fruits closely resemble some species of Cardiocarpus in the Coal Measures, such as C. orbicularis, C. annulatus, etc., which I have describednbsp;in the Palaeontology of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 374, PI. XLIII, figs. 8, 10.

We have collected j^erhaps fifty of these fruits, but as yet have not been able to connect them with any of the other plants found.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Order CONIFER/E.

Dammara BOEEALis Heer.

P]. X, %. 8.

Dammara borealis Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 54, PI. XXXVII, fig. 5.

In his Flora Fossilis Arctica (loc. cit.) Professor Heer describes and figures the scales of a cone of a conifer which very much resemble those oiDammara australis, and yet there are some reasons for doubting the accuracy of his reference. It may also be said that the fruit scales which he calls Eucalyptusnbsp;Geinitzi (ibid., p. 93, PI. XLV, figs. 4-9; PI. XLVI, fig. 12d) are without

DESOlilPTIOK OF SPECIES.

doubt generically the same. They have very little resemblance to any of the fruits of Eucalyptus, however, which are urn-like, with a conical cover.nbsp;On the contrary, the fruits figured by Heer under the name of Eucalyptusnbsp;are plainly scales, and are parts of an imbricated cone. I say this withnbsp;confidence, because it has happened that in the Amboy Clays we havenbsp;found numbers of them sometimes associated together, oftener scattered andnbsp;showing both faces. A peculiarity of these scales is that they are stripednbsp;longitudinally by clefts which are filled with an amber-like substance. Thisnbsp;structure is plainly seen in those figured by Professor Heer on PI. XLV.nbsp;Similar scales are described in an article by Mr. David White on the fossilnbsp;plants from Gay Head. (American Journal of Science, 3d series, Vol.nbsp;XXXIX, p. 98, PI. 11, figs. 9, 10.)

The considerations which have led me to doubt whether these cone scales are those of Dammara are that we have found no Dammara-likenbsp;leaves associated with them, whereas in one locality in New Jersey theynbsp;occur in great numbers mingled with and sometimes apparently attachednbsp;to the branchlets of an extremely delicate conifer much like Heer�s Jimi-perus macilenta (FI. Foss. Arct, Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 47, PI. XXXV, figs. 10,nbsp;11), but the leaves are more appressed. Almost no other plant except thisnbsp;conifer is found with the cone scales, and it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they belong together. Another reason for doubting whether thesenbsp;are the scales of a species of Dammara is that in some of them traces ofnbsp;two seeds are apparently visible, while in Dammara there is but one seednbsp;under each scale.

On our plate (fig. 9) is a representation of Dammara microlepis Heer, taken from his work, PI. XL, fig. 5, and also (fig. 10) one of Eucalyptusnbsp;GeiniUi Heer, from the same volume, PI. XLV, fig. 5, for purposes ofnbsp;comparison.

PiNUS sp.?

PI. IX, figs. 5-8,17,18.

Not infrequently fascicles of leaves, which seem to be those of a pine, have been found at South Amboy and elsewhere. They are in threes,nbsp;8�� to 10'quot;� long, and very slender. No cones have been found with themnbsp;which could certainly be attributed to the genus Pinus, but some which

THE PLOKA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

are considerably macerated and decayed, like figs. 7 and 8 on the same plate, may perhaps have been pine cones, or they may have belonged tonbsp;some other conifer. Futui�e collections will doubtless solve this problem.nbsp;Fragmentary winged seeds, apparently referable to Finns, are representednbsp;by figs. 17 and 18.

CuNNINGHAMITES ELEGANS (Corda) Eudl.

PI. V, figs. 1-7.

Gunninghamites elegans (Corda) Eiidliclier, Synopsis Coniferarum, p. 270. Gunninghamia elegmis Corda, in Keuss, Versteiu. B�hm. Kreidef., Abth. II, p. 93,nbsp;PI. XLIX, figs. 29-31.

Numerous and well-marked specimens of this widespread species were obtained by Rev. S. Lockwood from the iron concretions in the uppernbsp;Amboy Clays. Some of these are figured on PI. V. Fig. 1 represents anbsp;branch with branchlets in which the leaves, diverging in all directions,nbsp;have been largely broken away, but the scaled aspect of the immediatenbsp;surface is well shown. The leaves are from 2*^� to in length, with anbsp;single keel; the scales or leaf impressions about in length, ovoid ornbsp;rhomboidal, pointed, and keeled. Figs. 2 and 3 represent terminal branch-lets with long divergent leaves, while fig. 5 represents branches with shortnbsp;and closely appressed leaves, a diversity of foliage seen in many conifers.

The large specimen figured by Heer (Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, PI. LIII, fig. 1) is much like the long-leafed branches now represented.nbsp;The shorter form of foliage he does not seem to have met with, or has notnbsp;identified with this plant, but our specimens represented by figs. 1-6nbsp;are all from the same concretions and are so related that there can be nonbsp;doubt that they belong to the same tree. Fig. 4 represents what may be anbsp;fruit-bearing twig, but it is too indistinct to be certainly identified as such.

Cunninghamites elegans seems to have been extensively diffused in the latter half of the Cretaceous age. It was first described from Moletein innbsp;Moravia and from Mseno in Bohemia. Subsequently Hosius and Von dernbsp;Marck found it in the chalk of Westphalia. Heer obtained it from thenbsp;Atane beds of Greenland, and now we have it from tlie Amboy Clays ofnbsp;New Jersey.

Localitg: Near Keyport.

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

Sequoia heterophylla Vel.

PI. yi, flgs. 1-13.

Sequoia heterophylla Velenovsk^, Gi-ymuospermen d. B�hm. Kreidef., p. 22, PI. XII, flg. 12; PI. XIII, flgs. 2-4, 6-9.

One of the most common conifers of the Amboy Clays seems to be identical with the one that has been described by Velenovsky as Sequoianbsp;heterophylla, found in the Upper Cretaceous of Bohemia and described innbsp;Die Gymnospermen der B�hmischen Kreideformation (loc. cit.) A numbernbsp;of figures are given of it, and it may be noticed that they show distinctlynbsp;the conspicuous feature of the plant, and that which has given it its name,nbsp;viz, the two forms of foliage, often on the same twig; toward the base thenbsp;leaves very short, appressed, almost scale-like; higher up, leaves muchnbsp;longer and dichotomously expanded.

Note.�Figs. 4, 4a, PI. IX, represent cones of a Sequoia, according to Dr. Newberry�s labels on the corresponding specimens, but he did not indicate the species to which he supposed them to belong.�A. H.

Sequoia Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer?.

PI. IX, flg. 19.

SequoiaReich�nhachi (Gein.) Heer?, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. I, p. 83, PI. XLIII, flgs. Id, 2b, 5a, d, dd, 8, 8b.

Araucarites Reichenbachi Geinitz, Charakteristik d. Schichten u. Petref. d. Sachsischen Kreidegebirges, p. 98, PI. XXIV, flg. 4.

A few branches of a Sequoia with short and divergent leaves resembling those of Sequoia Reichenbachi, but more slender and delicate, are contained in our collections. I have thought it probable that they represent this world-wide species, but more material will be required before thatnbsp;question can be decided.

Locality: Woodbridge.

MON XXVI-4

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Sequoia gracillima (Lesq.) Kewb.

PI. IX, figs. 1, 2, 3,

Olyptostrobus gracillinius Lesq., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, Vol. XLVI, p. 92.

In the American Journal of Science (loc. cit.) and in liis Cretaceous Flora, p. 52, Mr. Lesquereux has described a slender-branched conifer fromnbsp;the Dakota group near Sioux City, which he referred to the genus Glypto-strobus �on account of the form and mode of division of its branches, ofnbsp;the scale-like leaves without nerves, and of the form and position of thenbsp;male catkins.� At the latter date, however (Cretaceous Flora, p. 53), henbsp;was disposed to identify this plant with Frenelites Beichii, described bynbsp;Ettingshausen in his Cretaceous Flora of Niederschoena. There is littlenbsp;doubt, however, that both references were erroneous, as the foliage is morenbsp;like that of Sequoia than Glyptostrobus, and cones which I have from thenbsp;same localities that furnished Lesquereux�s specimens are distinctly thosenbsp;of Sequoia and very different from those of any species of Glyptostrobusnbsp;known.

The specific name gracillimus, given by Lesquereux, was well deserved, since the branches are extremely slender and the only form of foliage seennbsp;is short and appressed. Beautiful cones of the same species occur in thenbsp;Amboy Clays near Keyport, and a complete one of this kind may be seennbsp;on PI. IX, fig. 1. They are cylindrical, 5*�^ or more in length by ornbsp;more in breadth. Immature ones are depicted in figs. 2 and 3 of the samenbsp;plate.

Apparently the same plant is described and figured by Heer in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, p. 16, PI. LI, fig. 13. The form of thenbsp;cone is similar to that of the genus Geinitzia, but the foliage is widelynbsp;different, and as the leaves and fruits are associated in my specimen, therenbsp;can be no doubt that our plant is not a Geinitzia.

Professor Heer also figures, on PI. LI, a slab containing branchlets and leaves of a conifer which closely resembles the one under consideration,nbsp;and on the same specimen a cone is represented which has the cylindricalnbsp;elongate form of ours; so 1 can not doubt that this plant, which he callsnbsp;Sequoia macroleqns, is the same as that previously described by Lesquereuxnbsp;as Glyptostrobus gracillimus.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

These specimens are interesting as showing another plant common to the Dakota of the West, the Amboy Clays of New Jersey, and the Patootnbsp;and Atane beds of Grreenland.

That Mr. Lesqrierenx�s Griyptostrobus is not identical with Frenelites Beichii will be seen by referring to PI. VIII, which is occupied by thisnbsp;species under the name Widdringtonites Beichii (Ett.) Heer. It is rathernbsp;abundant in the Amboy Clays, and occurs in Greenland and in the Cretaceous beds of Aachen and Niederschoena. The terminal branches arenbsp;covered with minute appressed or divergent, acute, rigid leaves, but thenbsp;larger and lower branches are generally denuded of foliage, and are articulated at frequent intervals in a way altogether foreign to Glyptostrobus.

Locality: Near Keyport.

Geinitzia FORMOSA Heerl PI. IX, fig. 9.

Geinitzia formosa Heer, Kreideflora von Quedlinburg, p. 6, PI. I, fig. 9; PI. II, figs. 1-6.

The single specimen here identified with the above species was found at Woodbridge. The specimen is named as above by Dr. Newberry, butnbsp;no description accompanied it.�A. H.

Brachyphyllum crassum Lesq.^

PI. VII, figs. 1-7.

Brachyphyllum crassum Lesq., FI. Dak. Group, p. 32, PI. II, fig. 5.

Thuites crassus Lesq., Cret. and Tert. FL, j). 32.

Trees of medium or large size, branches pinnately divided, covered with relatively large, rhomboidal, striated, scale-like leaves, spirally arranged.nbsp;Fruit a cylindrical cone 15�� to 20�� in length by about 4�� in diameter,nbsp;covered with spatulate, overlapping scales.

In certain clay beds at South Amboy and elsewhere one of the most common plants is a scaled conifer, which, judging from the twigs and foliage, no one would hesitate to include in the genus Brachyphyllum. The

�Dr. Newberry�s manuscript name for this species is B. macrocarpum, n. sp. It is evidently identical with B. crassum Lesq., as figured in Flor. Dak. Group, PI. II, fig. 5.�A. H.

THE ELOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

scale-like leaves which cover the branches are arranged in double spirals, are square or rhomboidal, to in diameter, with the upper pointnbsp;most prominent, and from this strong, sharp ridges radiate over the surface.nbsp;Frequently there is a short keel beginning at the upper angle and runningnbsp;a little way down the surface. Good examples of this foliage may be seennbsp;in the Marquis Saporta�s figures of B. Papareli Sap. and B. Moreammimnbsp;Brongn. (Pal�ontologie Frangaise, Flore Jurassique, Vol. Ill, Pis. XXXIIInbsp;and XXXVIII), but with this typical foliage of Brachyphyllum occur conesnbsp;which are so different from those which have been ascribed to Brachyphyllum as to make us doubtful of the reference of our plant to that genus, ornbsp;of the apparent connection between the cones and the branches. Unfortunately, none of the specimens establish beyond all doubt the connectionnbsp;between the cones and the branches, but some of the cones are borne onnbsp;pedicels which are marked with scales essentially like those of the branchesnbsp;under consideration. When the specimens were first exhumed the scalingnbsp;of the cone stems was well defined, and was such that I did not hesitate tonbsp;connect the twigs bearing the rhomboidal scales with the cones, but containing so much woody matter that the lignite of which the cones and twigsnbsp;are composed has cracked and broken away to such a degree that it can notnbsp;now be asserted from the specimens. New material must be sought andnbsp;treated with a better preservative than that which we have to demonstratenbsp;to all eyes that this, the most common conifer at South Amboy, bore thisnbsp;most common cone. The cone represented on PI. VII, fig. 3, was quitenbsp;entire when found, but has since suffered much by the cracking up of thenbsp;lignite composing it. It was once covered with a series of scoop-shaped ornbsp;spatulate scales, of which some specimens, fairly well preserved, are seennbsp;near the summit, and the outlines of others on the sides. In a general waynbsp;the cone resembles that of some species of pine, but its mode of gi�owthnbsp;was different, as will be seen by an examination of the immature cones represented in figs. 4 and 6. It is certainly not the cone of a pine tree, andnbsp;my conviction amounts almost to a certainty that it was borne on branchesnbsp;like those represented in figs. 1 and ,5.

Some comparisons of these cones with others that have been described from rocks of about the age of the Amboy Clays will be interesting and

DESCEIPTIOif OF SPECIES.

instructive. Etting-shausen has described in his Kreideflora von Nieder-

lt;5

schoena two cones which may not be different from ours. Of these those represented on PL I, figs. 4-6, may be compared with our fig. 6 on PI. VII,nbsp;and are perhaps immature, while fig. 9 of the same plate, which was callednbsp;Cunninghamites oxycedrus by Sternberg, is very much like our larger cones,nbsp;and yet it is not known that a Brachyphyllum similar to that found in thenbsp;Amboy Clays occurs in the Niederschoena beds. Another cone not unlikenbsp;this is figured and described by Lesquereux in his Ci�etaceous Flora, p. 114,nbsp;PI. XXIV, fig. 1, with the name Ptenostrohus nebmscensis. Mr. Lesquereuxnbsp;does not attempt to connect this cone with any other plant, but points outnbsp;its resemblance to Cunninghamites oxycedrus. Finally, I would call attention to the striking resemblance between the scale-leafed conifer now figurednbsp;and that which Velenovsky calls Echinostrohus squamosus (Glymnospermennbsp;der B�hmischen Kreideformation, p. 16, PI. VI, figs. 3, 6, 7, 8).

Locality: South Amboy.

Thuya ceetacea (Heer) Newb.

PI. X, figs. 1, la.

Ubocedrus eretacea Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Yol. VI, Abth. II, p. 49, PI. XXIX, figs. 1, 2;

PI. XLIII, tig. Id.

Professor Heer (loc. cit.) has carefully figured and described what is apparently the plant of which we have found numerous twigs in the Amboynbsp;Clays and of which I have given a figure as indicated above, yet he considers the plant a species of Libocedrus, while to my mind it is muchnbsp;nearer to Thuya. In our living Libocedrus, as well as our fossil ones, thenbsp;joints of the twigs, or rather the appressed leaves which cover the woodynbsp;axis, are much longer and wider above, having a club-shaped outline;nbsp;whereas in Thuya the four rows of appressed leaves, forming a joint ornbsp;whorl, are of nearly equal height and breadth, so that the twigs are strapshaped, the sides nearly parallel, just as in the fossil before us. I cannbsp;detect no differences, however, between the specimens from New Jerseynbsp;and Greenland.

Locality: South Amboy.

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Thuyites Meriani Heer.

PI. X, flg. 5.

Thuyites Meriani Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 73, PI. XVI, figs. 17,18.

This species is represented by a single specimen, identified as above by Dr. Newberry, but not accompanied by any description or indication ofnbsp;locality.�A. H.

JuNiPEEus MACiLENTA Heer.

PI. X, flg. 7.

Juniperus macilenta Heer, PL Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 47, PI. XXXV, flgs.

10, 10b, 11.

At Keaseby�s clay pit, on the Raritan River, near Perth Amboy, a conifer occurs in great abundance which closely resembles that describednbsp;by Heer (loc. cit.) and called by him Juniperus macilenta. The branchletsnbsp;are apparently more regularly and gracefully expanded, with a pinnatenbsp;arrangement that indicates that they spread on the same plane, like those ofnbsp;Thuya, and the leaves are somewhat shorter and more appressed than thosenbsp;represented in Heer�s figures. Still, the resemblance is striking, and it hasnbsp;seemed to me probable that the species is the same. This is further indicatednbsp;by the fact that thickly scattered among the twigs there are cone scales andnbsp;cones, though the latter are very badly preserved. The cone scales are evidently identical with those described by Heer under the name of Dammaranbsp;microlepis (FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 55, PI. XL, fig. 5), and probably with those described by him as Dammara horealis (op. cit., p. 54, PI.nbsp;XXXVII, fig. 5). These scales terminate below in a comparatively longnbsp;and narrow neck for attachment, expanding above to form an elliptical disk,nbsp;the summit of which consists of a crescentic, smooth band, terminatingnbsp;above in a point. This was evidently the exposed portion of the scale.nbsp;Below the summit the scales are thickened, striated, and longitudinallynbsp;cracked, the cracks being filled with amber. In a few instances the scalesnbsp;are grouped together, and in one or two cases they compose cones, nownbsp;much decayed, and yet showing that the form was ovoid and that thenbsp;number of scales must have been twenty or more.

DESCEIP�IO�f OP SPECIES.

The great number of these scales mingled with the branches of the conifer in question indicates very strongly that we have here the fruit ofnbsp;the tree. If so, it is evident that this was not a Dammara, and equallynbsp;evident that it was not a Jnniperus. The form of the cones and the conenbsp;scales is sufficiently like that of Dammara, but the foliage is as far as possible removed from it. The Dammara-like scales have been found in anbsp;number of the clay pits of New Jersey, and branches have been collectednbsp;at Cutler�s bank, in Woodbridge; so that it is apparent that the tree was ofnbsp;frequent occurrence in the forests that surrounded the estuaries in whichnbsp;the Amboy Clays accumulated, and we may therefore hope that in thenbsp;future material will be obtained that will enable us to reconstruct this treenbsp;and determine with accuracy its botanical relations.

Localities: Keaseby�s clay pit, Woodbridge.

Note.�Dammara borealis Heer, from South Amboy, and D. microlepis Heer, as figured by Heer, are shown on PI. X, figs. 8, 9, of this monograph, but no specimens ofnbsp;the scales mentioned by Dr. Newberry as occurring with the branches of J. maoilentanbsp;were found in any of the collections.�A. H.

Moeiconia cyclotoxon Deb. amp; Ett.

PI. X, figs. 11-21.

Moriconia cyclotoxon Debey amp; Ettingshausen, Urweltl. Acrobryen d. Kreidegeb. v.

Aachen (Denkschr. Wien. Akad., Vol. XVII, p. 239), p^j. 59, 64, PI. VII, figs.

23-27.

This, the most beautiful of conifers, was first described by Debey and Ettingshausen in Die Urweltlichen Acrobryen von Aachen (loc. cit.),nbsp;among �Plantce incertce sedis filicihus affines,quot; but as their specimens werenbsp;very imperfectly preserved and the general outline of the leaf-bearingnbsp;twigs is much like that of some ferns, it is not surprising that they werenbsp;mistaken as to its affinities. Subsequently Professor Heer met with itnbsp;among the fossil plants brought from Greenland and described it (Floranbsp;Fossilis Arctica, Vol. Ill, Part II, p. 97, PL XXVI, fig. 18) as Pecopterisnbsp;kudlisetensis. Afterwards better specimens were brought to him fromnbsp;Greenland which revealed the true character of the plant, and these henbsp;describes and figures (op. cit., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 49, PI. XXXIII, figs. 1-9)

THE ELOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

with the proper name. To make his identification sure he corresponded with Dr. Debey and received from him drawings which distinctly showednbsp;the twigs to be covered with closely pressed semicircular leaves. Thesenbsp;convinced Heer of their coniferous character, but Dr. Debey refused tonbsp;accept this conclusion. The numerous specimens figured by Professornbsp;Pleer would seem, however, to leave no doubt upon this subject, and thenbsp;many and beautiful specimens we have obtained from the Amboy Clays,nbsp;some of which are now figured, fully confirm Heer�s views.^

No fruit has yet been found with the remains of Moriconia, but this want will doubtless be supplied from the New Jersey clays and will permit its relationship with other conifers to be determined. Judging fromnbsp;the foliage alone. Professor Heer is inclined to place Moriconia among thenbsp;Cupressinese and near to Libocedrus.

When in Aachen in 1888 I had an opportunity of examining some of the specimens of Moriconia collected by Dr. Debey, and a few of themnbsp;showed the outlines of the appressed leaves, but most of the specimensnbsp;were very imperfectly preserved, the outlines of the twigs, colored brown,nbsp;being all that remained of the plant. I was anxious to identify this conifer with that found in the Amboy Clays, for the ample illustration given ofnbsp;the species by Heer left no doubt that it is common to the Amboy Claysnbsp;and the Atane group of Grreenland, and this was the first of the somewhatnbsp;long list of species common to Aachen, Greenland, and New Jersey whichnbsp;enabled me to fix with great certainty the geological horizon of the Amboynbsp;Clays.

Locality: South Amboy.

� It is somewhat remarkable that Professor Heer, after figuring carefully and accurately a number of specimens of Moriconia which fully show the peculiar foliage on the plate cited above, shouldnbsp;have figured on PI. LIV (op. oit., Vol. VII) a much larger branch of a conifer and called it Moriconia,nbsp;when it is apparent that it is a Brachyphyllum. Instead of being semicircular the leaves are rhom-boldal, and it is also probable that the species is the same with Brachyphyllum crasaum, p. 51, PI.nbsp;VII, of this monograph.�A. H.

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

WlDDRINGTONITES SUBTILIS Heer.

PI. X, flgs. 2-4.

Widdringtonites subtilis Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. III, Part II, p. 101, PI. XXVIII, flgs. 1, Ib; Vol. VI, Abtli. II, p. 51, PI. VII, flgs. 13,14.

We have collected a large number of specimens of a pecnliar and graceful conifer which is fairly represented in the figures given. Figs. 2nbsp;and 3 are from South Amboy; fig. 4, from Cutler�s clay pit at Woodbridge.nbsp;The branches of this conifer are numerous and slender and are completelynbsp;invested by appressed, scale-like leaves. They closely resemble the plantnbsp;described and figured by Heer (Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. H, p. 51,nbsp;PI. VH, fig. 13; PI. XXVIII, fig. 4). On one of the specimens from Sonthnbsp;Amboy is a small cone, a centimeter or more in diameter, of which thenbsp;structure is not plainly visible. This is apparently connected with thenbsp;branches with which it is in contact, but that is not absolutely proven.nbsp;More material will be needed before anything definite can be said in regardnbsp;to the botanical relations of this plant, but as it is locally so abundant,nbsp;there is little doubt that its fruit will ultimately be obtained in such a statenbsp;of preservation as to permit of its analysis.

The number of specimens obtained by Professor Heer is small, but they give very good views of the foliage, which is precisely that of thenbsp;plant before us.

Localities : Woodbridge. South Amboy.

WiDDRiNGTONiTES Reichii (Ett.) Heer.

PI. VIII, flgs. 1-5.

Widdringtonites Beichii (Ett.) Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 51. PI.

XXVIII, fig. 5; Vol. VII, p. 13, PI. LII, flgs. 4, 5.

Frenelites Beichii Ett., Kreideflora von Xiederschoena, p. 246, PI. I, flgs. lOa-lOc.

This is one of the most common conifers in the Amboy Clays, where slabs a foot square are obtainable, covered with the delicate tracery of itsnbsp;slender branches. Figs. 2 and 3 are portions of such slabs. They werenbsp;drawn with some care when first obtained, but the wood being replaced bynbsp;lignite that contained much water, thus shrinking and cracking, it has been

THE FLOKA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

found almost impossible to preserve them. Professor Heer considers this 2)lant equivalent to that described by Lesquereux (Cretaceous Flora, p. 52,nbsp;PI. I, figs. 8, 11-1 If) under the name of Ghjxdostrohus gracillimus, but thenbsp;correctness of this reference I am inclined to doubt, as we find none ofnbsp;the characteristic cones of Glyptostrobus gracillimus with the branches andnbsp;twigs of Widdringtonites. But we do find, as described elsewhere, cylindrical cones, 5quot;� or more in length, associated with the twigs of a somewhatnbsp;different plant, which, if twigs and cones go together, is a Sequoia. Thenbsp;cones and fruit of that plant are figured on PI. IX, figs. 1-3, and we regardnbsp;them as more closely allied to Heer�s Sequoia fastigiata, as illustrated in hisnbsp;Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, PI. LI, fig. 12. In this figui�e a cone isnbsp;represented which is referred by Heer to his Geinitzia liyperhorea; but justnbsp;such a cone we find associated with the branches of Glyptostrobus gracillimusnbsp;(which is certainly not a Glyptostrobus) in both the Dakota sandstonesnbsp;and the Amboy Clays, and no certain evidence of the presence of Geinitzianbsp;has been found in either.

Hereafter, when more specimens of Widdringtonites ReicMi shall be collected and better means of preserving them be discovered, we may hopenbsp;from the abundance of the plant to obtain all desired information as to itsnbsp;structure and relations.

In fig. 3 on PI. VIH it will be seen that two minute cones are borne on the end of one of the twigs. These are probably very young fertilenbsp;cones, but they may be immature pollen-bearing organs.

Localities; South Amboy, Woodbridge, Sayreville.

Frenelopsis Hoheneggeri (Ett.) Schenk 1 PI. XII, figs. 4, 5.

Frenelopsis Hoheneggeri (Ett.) Sclieiik,DiePossilen Plianzeuder Wernsdorfer Schichten in den Xordkarpathen. Palaeontographica, Vol. XIX, Heft I, p. 13, PI. IV,nbsp;flg-s. 5-7; PI. V, flgs. 1, 2; PI. VI, figs. 1-6; PI. VII, fig. 1.

Thtiites Hoheneggeri Ettingshausen, Beitrag zur Flora der Wealdenperiode. Abhandl. d. k. k. geol. Eeichsanstalt, Vol. I, Abth. Ill, Xo. 2, p. 20, PI. I, flgs. 6, 7.

Among the fragmentary remains figured, but not described, are two specimens from Woodbridge, labeled as above by Dr. Newberry.�A. H.

DESORIPTIO�J OF SPECIES.

Frenelopsis gracilis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XII, �gs. l-3a.

Branches numerous, long, slender, simple or remotely forked, set at distant intervals with small scale-like leaves spirally arranged.

I have referred this interesting plant to Frenelopsis with some hesitation, but it seems nearer to the living genus Frenela and its fossil ally Frenelopsis than to any other conifer with which it has been compared.nbsp;The tree, when living, with its numerous slender, cylindrical branches,nbsp;of which the leaves were invisible, must have had the general aspect ofnbsp;the broom, the tamarisk, Canotia holoccmtha, and most of all of the Ephedras.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Coniferae of Uncertain Affinities.

Thinnfeldia Lesquereuxiana Heer.

PI. XI, figs. 1-17.

Thinnfeldia Lesquereuxiana Heer, El, Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 37, PI. XLIY, figs. 9,10; PI. XL VI, figs. 1-11, 12a, b.

In the Cretaceous Flora (p. 54, PL I, fig. 12) Mr. Lesquereux describes an �oval, oblong leaf, tapering from below the middle to a short, thicknbsp;petiole, abruptly rounded, and undulate above.� This he called Pliyllo-claclus siibintegrifolius. It was obtained from the Dakota sandstone nearnbsp;Decatur, Nebr., and in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Greenland leavesnbsp;were found in considerable numbers which are apparently identical withnbsp;this. They have been so considered by Professor Heer, who has figurednbsp;and described them (FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 37, PI. XLVI, figs.nbsp;1-11), and has given them the name of Thinnfeldia Lesquereuxiana, decidingnbsp;that they can not be conifers, as supposed by Lesquereux. Now we havenbsp;to report the discovery in the Amboy Clays of some hundreds of leavesnbsp;which are apparently identical with those from Greenland, and presumablynbsp;so with those from Nebraska.^ A number of these are figured on PI. XI,

* In the Flora of the Dakota Group, PI. II, figs. 1, 2, 3, leaves are figured under the name Fhyllo-cladus siibintegrifolius Lesq. which are considered by Dr. Knowlton to he identical with Thinnfeldia Lesquereuxiana Heer. As the true relationships of the plant are yet problematic, it has seemed tonbsp;he the wiser course to allow the name adopted by Dr. Newberry to stand for the specimens found innbsp;the Amboy Clays, which may eventually be determined to be distinct from those of the Dakotanbsp;group.�A. H.'

THE ELOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

and out of this large number I have endeavored to select such as most fairly represent the prevailing characters. It will be seen that they differnbsp;very considerably in form, some being linear, some lanceolate, and othersnbsp;spatulate or long ovate. Sometimes, though rarely, the margins are entire;nbsp;more generally they are undulate, and sometimes acutely toothed. So innbsp;their nervation they are variable, sometimes a midrib traversing the entirenbsp;length of the leaf, while in other cases it vanishes about the middle. A fewnbsp;branches have been found with the leaves still attached. These show thatnbsp;the twigs were tenninated by three leaves or leaflets spi'inging from a common base, while below this there may be one or several pairs placednbsp;opposite.

The principal interest connected with this plant is its occui'rence in Greenland and New Jersey, and it has a value, therefore, quite independentnbsp;of its botanical relations. Whether it should be referred to the genusnbsp;Thinnfeldia is doubtful, and even if it should belong there its botanicalnbsp;relations would not yet be ascertained. The genus was described bynbsp;Ettingshausen, who considered it as nearly related to Phyllocladus, whilenbsp;Schenk considers it a cycad, and Schimper and Saporta regard it as a fern.nbsp;No fruit or flowers have been found in connection with the Amboy leaves,nbsp;but the aspect which they present is not quite that of any known ferns.nbsp;The nervation is fine, regular, parallel, the side branches diverging fromnbsp;the midrib and generally running straight to the margins, but sometimes,nbsp;as in fig. 16, passing to the upper end.

Baiera incurvata Heer?.

PI. X, fig. 6.

Baiera ineurvata Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Yol. VI, AbtF. II, p. 45, PI. XIII, fig. 6.

In his Flora Fossilis Arctica (loc. cit.) Professor Heer describes and illustrates a species of Baiera with which w� might readily identify thenbsp;plant now figured, except that the curvature of the summit of the frond isnbsp;not distinctly marked in that. This, however, seems to me more likely tonbsp;be an accidental character, the result of violence, as among all the speciesnbsp;of Baiera no other exhibits a tendency to such a flexure of the frond. As

DESCKIPTION OF SPECIES.

we have but a single specimen of our plant, and the one described by Heer seems to have been unique, satisfactory comparison can not yet be made.nbsp;The resemblances are such, however, between the Greenland plant and ournbsp;own that it has seemed better to consider them identical until such time asnbsp;differences shall be discovered.

Locality: Woodbridge.

CzEKANOWSKIA CAPILLARIS Newb. n. Sp.

PI. IX, figs. 14, 15, 16.

With some hesitation I have referred to this genus a considerable number of specimens that have been taken from the Amboy Clays. Theynbsp;consist of bundles or masses of linear or capillary leaves, to 10�� innbsp;length, which are for the most part single, but sometimes dichotomouslynbsp;forked. They exhibit no structure, but apparently spring from a commonnbsp;root or origin, and have the aspect of the bundles of leaves which havenbsp;been described by Heer under the name of GzekanowsMa dichotoma (FI.nbsp;Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 14, PL II, fig. 12b; PI. Ill, fig. 1). Asnbsp;forming a distinct element in the Amboy Clay flora, it seems to me propernbsp;that they should be mentioned, that hereafter they may receive such attention as may determine their botanical relations. The leaves are thin andnbsp;if matted and confused together might be taken for a Confervites, but theynbsp;are straight or gently curved, single, and parallel, and have nothing of thenbsp;filamentous, irregular character of the fibers of Conferva.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Coniferae. Miscellaneous Notes.

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Dr. Newberry�s Later Extinct Floras (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol.nbsp;IX, 1868, p. 9), the name Cupressites Cookii occurs, credited to New Jersey.nbsp;I do not find, however, that he elsewhere mentions this species, nor have Inbsp;been able to discover any specimen so labeled in the collection.

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On PI. IX, fig. 10, of this monograph, may be seen a branch of anbsp;conifer with a cone attached. I could find no manuscript relating to it,nbsp;the specimen had no label attached, and no satisfactory comparison couldnbsp;be made with any described species. Its affinities appear to be with the

THE PLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Abietinese, but beyond this I have not felt justified in proceeding, and have decided to admit it without further comment.�A. H.

ANGIOSPERM^.

DICOTYLEDONE.^E.

Order JUGLANDACE.�.

JUGLANS AECTICA Heel�?.

� PI. XX, fig. 2.

Juglans arctioa Heer, PI. Poss. Arot., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 71, PI. XL, flg. 2; PI. XLI, fig. 4c; PI. XLII, figs. 1, 2a, b, 3; PI. XLIII, fig. 3.

Among the fossil leaves collected, a single one, almost complete and beautifully preserved, seems to be different from anything else in the collection. I have given a figure of it and refer it provisionally to the above-named species. This will be found represented in a number of figures innbsp;Heer�s Flora Fossilis Arctica (loc. cit.). These figures differ considerablynbsp;among themselves, the first one especially representing the base of a muchnbsp;broader and more rigid leaf than the others; but Professor Heer doubtlessnbsp;had other material which guided him in his union of these specimens as onenbsp;species. The figures given on PL XLII are very much more like our plant,nbsp;and fig. 1, although imperfect at the summit, is nearly its counterpart.nbsp;With this are the aments and a nut which seem to justify fully the referencenbsp;of the leaves to Juglans.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Order MYRICACE.�.

Myrica emaeginata Heer?.

PI. XLI, figs. 10,11.

Myrica emarginata Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 66,,P1. XLI, fig. 2; PI. XLVI, fig. 12e.

Although our specimens have not the exact obovate outline of Heer�s species, as represented in Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VI, Abth. II, PLnbsp;XLI, fig. 2, the comparison seems to be sufficiently close to warrant anbsp;provisional reference to it. No indication of name or locality accompaniednbsp;these figures or their con'esponding specimens.�A. H.

DESCEIPTIOK OF SPECIES.

Myrica parv�la Heer.

PI. XIX, flg. 6.

Myrica {Comptonia) parvwla Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, p. 20, PI. LV, figs. 1-3.

One complete leaf is the only specimen of the species contained in our collections. It resembles very closely, though exceeding somewhat in size,nbsp;the leaves which are figured and described by Heer in his Flora Fossilisnbsp;Arctica, Vol. VII, p. 20, PI. LV, figs. 1-3, and it evidently belongs to anbsp;closely allied species of the same genus, if not to this one. Professor Heernbsp;describes on p. 77 of the same volume, and figures on PL LXXI, fig. 12, anbsp;fragment of a leaf to which he gives the name of Myrica (^Comptoma) par-vifolia. This is so similar to the last described that it is difficult to see whynbsp;they should be separated. So fig. 9 on the same plate, named Myricanbsp;borealis, may very well have been a leaf from the same tree.

Locality: Sayreville.

Myrica Newberryana Hollick, n. sp.^

PI. XLII, fig. 5.

Leaf about in length by 1�� or more wide, summit blunt-pointed, base unknown, margins undulate; nervation rather clear, but fine, midribnbsp;strong, side branches given off at a large angle, curving u^Jward andnbsp;inosculating near the margin.

Only two or three fragments of this species have been obtained, but, though allied in appearance to M. fenestrata, it differs from that in thenbsp;fineness, curvature, and divisions of the lateral nerves.

Locality: South Amboy.

Myrica fenestrata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 32.

Leaf lanceolate, blunt-pointed, 4�� long by 1�� wide, margins undulate; nervation strong, lateral nerves given off from the midrib nearly at a

1 Dr. Newberry�s manuscript name for this species was Myrica undulata, but as Schimper has transferred the Dryandroides undulata of Heer to the genus Myrica, the names become identical. Nonbsp;species of this genus having been hitherto named for Dr. Newberry, this one may be so designated.�

A. H.

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

right angle and passing directly to or near the margin, thus dividing all the area of the leaf into quadrangular spaces.

Only one specimen of this peculiar little leaf has been found. It presents the general aspect of Myrica, but is distinct from any other speciesnbsp;with which it has been compared. The specimen figured is defective, andnbsp;may be but an imperfect representation of the species. It is, however,nbsp;different from any other in the collection, and therefore it deserves to benbsp;mentioned.

Locality: Sayreville.

Myrica cinnamomifolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXII, figs. 9-14.

Leaves long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, sometimes panduri-form, abruptly narrowed to a point at base and summit, margins deeply lobed, lobes one, two, or three on a side, rounded, obtuse; nervation finenbsp;and regular, midrib straight, well-defined from base to summit; from this,nbsp;at or near the base of the leaf, spring two strong lateral nerves which reachnbsp;to or beyond the middle of the leaf or terminate in the lower main lobes;nbsp;from the middle upward, secondary nerves are given off, which terminatenbsp;in the lobes of the lateral margins and connect with each other by manynbsp;inosculating branches.

Of these peculiar leaves quite a number are contained in the collection, but none is absolutely complete. Where nothing but the basal portion of the leaf is preserved, almost anyone would refer it to Cinnamomum, butnbsp;all the cinnamons known have entire leaves, and yet there is an air aboutnbsp;the plant that makes it difficult to believe that there is not some relationshipnbsp;between them. Some of the Myricas are not unlike these, and I wouldnbsp;especially call attention to the resemblance between Myrica parvula Heernbsp;(FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. V'll, p. 20, PL LV, figs. 1-3) and the leaf referred tonbsp;this species and represented in this monograph on PL XIX, fig. 6; yetnbsp;the two basilar side nerves so characteristic of Cinnamomum are not, tonbsp;my knowledge, found in any species of Myrica, and hence the referencenbsp;to that genus is made with great mental reservation and is strictly provisional. In fig. 9 of PL XXII simply the base of the leaf is figured, and

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

here the resemblance to Cimiamomum will strike any observer; fig. 12 represents the panduriform variety of the leaf, while fig. 11 shows a summit� the most complete of any found.

Localities: Woodbridge, South Amboy.

Myeica acuta Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 35.

Leaf about 3�' long by 1*quot;� wide, lanceolate, acute, sharply and irregularly denticulate in the upper part of the margin, lower part entire; secondaries leaving the midrib at a wide angle, bending upward sharply near the margin, anastomosing and connecting by cross veining.

This species is represented only by the upper two-thirds of a single leaf, so that the characters of the lower part have not been determined

No indication of locality or probable botanical affinities accompanied the figure or specimen.�A. H.

Myeica eaeitanensis Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 34.

Leaf about 32�� long by 12�� or 13�� wide, broadest in middle and tapering acutely to both ends, margins dentate in upper half of leaf, entirenbsp;below; nervation obscure, sparse, and thin.

Dr. Newberry left no indication as to his ideas concerning its probable relationship or any information as to the exact locality where it was found.�A. H.

Order SALICACEi�.

PopuLus? APicuLATA Newb. n. sp.

PI. XV, figs. 3, 4.

Leaves round-ovoid or ovate; 8to 12 � in length by 6 ^ or 7 �'� in breadth, pointed or acuminate at summit, rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at base, petioled, margins entire; nervation delicate, midrib slender,nbsp;slightly flexuous, lateral branches about six on a side, gently curved upwardnbsp;and uniting in a festoon near the margin.

These leaves have been placed in Populus with much hesitation. They are not three-nerved, as are most leaves of that genus, and the ner-MON XXVI-5

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

vation is more flowing and simple, less contorted and tangled, than in any species of the genus Populus known to me. They closely resemble, however, those leaves found in the Upper Cretaceous of Greenland which havenbsp;been called by Professor Heer P. hyperhorea and P. Berggreni (FI. Foss.nbsp;Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, pp. 63, 64), and since no generic relationship thatnbsp;is more plausible suggests itself, perhaps it is well enough to leave themnbsp;there for the time being.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Salix PEOTE.EPOLIA Lesq.

PI. XVIII, figs. 3, 4.

Salix protecefolia Lesq., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, Vol. XLVI, p. 94; Oret. FL, p. 60, PI. V, figs. 1-4.

In the figures cited above are represented two slabs of clay upon the surface of which are spread out twigs and leaves of a willow which I havenbsp;been unable to distinguish from Salix protemfolia Lesq. (Cret. FL, p. 60,nbsp;PL V, figs. 1-4), and yet, as the nervation is too imperfectly representednbsp;in both the impressions in the Dakota group and those from the Amboynbsp;Clays, it is impossible to insist upon the identification. It is manifest,nbsp;however, that this species difiFers from Salix memhranacea from the samenbsp;beds in having the base wedge-shaped instead of rounded. Further comparisons will be necessary before the relations of these leaves to the genusnbsp;Salix and to the species with which they have been compared can be satisfactorily determined.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Salix membranacea Newb.

PI. XXIX, fig. 12.

Salix memhranacea Xewb., Later Extinct Floras, p. 19; Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants, PI. II, figs. 8, 8a.^

Leaves petioled, smooth and thin, lanceolate, long-pointed, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, near which they are produced, margins

gt; The reference is to the plates of an unpublished work. Twenty-six of these' jilates were, indeed, published in 1878, under the title Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants, the figures havingnbsp;been independently identified by Professor Lesquereux. Dr. Newberry, however, did not accept allnbsp;these identifications. For example, on the above-lt;pu)ted PI. II, figs. 5-8 were referred to this species,nbsp;while Dr. Newberry refers figs. 5-7 to S. cuneata (see bibliography, p. 18).�A. H.

DESOEI1gt;TION OF SPECIES.

entire; medial nerve slender, often curved; secondary nerves remote, very regularly and uniformly arched from their bases, terminatiirg� in or producednbsp;along the margins until they anastomose; tertiary nerves given off at rightnbsp;angles, forming a uniform network of which the areoles ai-e polygonal,nbsp;often quadrate.

This is a well-marked leaf of what I had supposed to be a species of Salix. Without more material this can not be proven, but tlie form audnbsp;nervation harmonize well with that of many species of the genus. Likenbsp;the leaves of many of the willows, these are frequently unsymmetrical, onenbsp;side being most developed and the midrib curved. The leaf is broadestnbsp;next the base, and is thence narrowed to a long and acute point.

Localities: Sayreville, Woodbridge.

Salix inu�qualis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XVI, figs. 1, 4, 6; PI. XVII, ttgs. 2-7.

Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed, generally broadest near base, sometimes in the middle, to 12�� in length by to 5� wide, long-petioled to sessile, margins entire; midrib slender, generally flexuous, always ornbsp;mostly eccentric, dividing the blade longitudinally into two unequal parts;nbsp;secondary nerves slender, often invisible, curved upward aud apparentlynbsp;connecting near the margins.

A large number of specimens of the leaves of this plant are contained in the collection. On PI. XVII are given six figures illustrating the predominant forms. The eccentric position of the midrib is perhaps their mostnbsp;striking character, and this has thrown a little doubt upon the propriety ofnbsp;their reference to Salix and has suggested Sapindus, but the flexuous formnbsp;of the leaves is much more like the willows than like Sapindus, in which thenbsp;leaves are pinnately arranged, with a certain rigidity of structure. Hence,nbsp;until further light is thrown upon the plant, I have thought it better tonbsp;leave it iii the genus Salix.

Locality: Woodbridge.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Salix Newberry ana Hollick n. sp.^

PL XIY, figs. 2-7.

Leaves 10� to 15� in lengtli by 1� to 3� in width, lanceolate in outline, elongated at summit, wedge-shaped at base, petioled; finely and sharply serrate; nervation fine, invisible on the upper surface, sharply definednbsp;in the impression of the lower; medial nerve straight and strong; lateralnbsp;nerves given off at an angle of about 45�, numerous, inosculating at theirnbsp;summits; intervals between them filled with a polygonal and relativelynbsp;coarse network.

These leaves ai�e refei�red to Salix with doubt, although they possess the outline, nervation, and margins of some of the willows of the presentnbsp;day. The general appearance is somewhat like that of Celastrophyllumnbsp;angustifolmm, described in this monograph, but in that species the margin isnbsp;crenulate, while here it is finely and sharply denticulate. Professor Heernbsp;enumerates a number of species of Salix from Greenland, but they are fromnbsp;the Tertiary and none from the Cretaceous beds.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville, South Amboy.

Salix sp.!

PI. XLII, �gs. 6-8.

Leaf ovate-lanceolate in outline, 3� long by 1� or more broad, entire, tapering to a point above, rounded below, short petioled; nervation obscure.

These leaves have the general appearance of Salix Rceana Heer, as figured in Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VH, PI. LXIX, fig. 2, but the nervation in our specimens is too indistinct for definite comparison. Theynbsp;also closely resemble Salix Hayei Lesq., although considerably smaller, asnbsp;figured at PI. HI, fig. 7, in the Flora of the Dakota Group. The affinity ofnbsp;this latter species with S. Rceana is noted by Professor Lesquereux, and Inbsp;have thought it .probable that all three species may have to be ultimately

'Dr. Newberry, in his manuscript, called this species Salix denticulata, a name which is preoccupied by a Miocene species of Switzerland described by Heer. It was therefore decided to name the Amboy species after Dr. Newberry.�A. H.

DESGEIPTION OF SPECIES.

united under one specific name. Hence it has seemed the wisest course to leave .this specific name for future determination, when more and betternbsp;material may assist us in arriving at a definite conclusion.

The exact locality I have not been able to ascertain.�A. H.

Order FAGACEiE.

Queecus Johnstrupi Heer!.

PI. XIX, fig. 7.

Quercus Johnstrupi Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, p. 24, PL LVI, figs. 7-10,11,11b, 12a.

This is a somewhat obscure impression of the summit or upper half of a notched leaf which, when complete, must have been very like some of thenbsp;specimens of the species to which it is provisionally referred, and which isnbsp;figured and described in Heer�s Flora Fossilis Arctica (loc. cit.). Withoutnbsp;more material it will be impossible to assert the identity of the New Jerseynbsp;and Greenland plants, but they present no differences which would justifynbsp;us in separating them.

Locality: Sayreville.

Order ULMACE^E.

Planeea Knowltoniana Hollick n. sp.^

PL XLII, figs. 1-4.

Leaves 2.5�� to 5�� in length by 1�� to 2�� in breadth, ovate, pointed; margins coarsely serrate; nervation distinct, midi�ib flexuous, lateral nervesnbsp;numerous, simple, parallel, given off at an acute angle and terminating innbsp;the serrations of the edges.

Of this little leaf quite a number of specimens are contained in the collection, but none in a very good state of preservation. They are quitenbsp;elm-like in character, and closely resemble some of the species of Planeranbsp;that have been described from the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks.

Locality: Woodbriflge.

' Named for Dr. F. H. Knowlton ou information from Prof. Lester P. Ward that the name P. antiqua, which Dr. Newberry had given to this leaf, was preoccupied.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Order MORACE.�.

Ficus Woolsoni Newb. n. sp.

PI. XX, fig. 3; PI. XXIII, tigs. l-(i.

Leaves ovate or lieart-sliaped, 8*�� or 10�� broad, 10�� to 12�� in length; summit pointed, base emarginate, rounded or slightly wedge-shaped; margins entire; essentially three-nerved, the middle nerve being the strongest,nbsp;the basal lateral nerves reaching above the middle and giving off a seriesnbsp;of branches which inosculate near the margins.

The form and nervation of these leaves are very like those of Ficus latifolia of the Laramie group, and they apparently represent a group ofnbsp;species of the genus Ficus which had great development in Cretaceousnbsp;times, being represented in the Laramie by F. speciosissima Ward, F. plani-costata Lesq., and F. latifolia Newb., and by F. tilicefolialleer and F. sordidanbsp;Lesq. in the Tertiary. The species is dedicated to Mr. I. H. Woolson, ofnbsp;the Columbia College School of Mines, who collected this, with many ofnbsp;the other fossil plants described in this volume.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville.

Ficus ovata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXIV,

Leaves ovate, 8�� to 12�� in length by 4�� to 5�� in width, petioled, rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at base, long-pointed above, marginsnbsp;entire; nervation that of F. Woolsoni, F. speciosissima, etc., that is, the leavesnbsp;are three-nerved, the midrib being the strongest, the lateral nerves reachingnbsp;above the middle of the leaf and giving off parallel secondary branches,nbsp;which inosculate in a festoon near the margin, the space between the midrib and lateral nerves, as well as between the secondary branches, beingnbsp;filled with elongated areoles formed by generally simple branches Avhichnbsp;span the interval.

This species is evidently closely allied to F. Woolsoni, from which it differs chiefly in its ovate and long-pointed outline.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Fig. 1 represents a large leaf, nearly entire; fig. 2, a specimen below the middle size; fig. 3, a portion of the base, to show the petiole and thenbsp;blade decurrent on it.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Ficu-s MYRicoiDES Hollick n. sp.

PI. XXXII, tig. 18; PI. XLI, figs. 8, 9.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate in outline, apparently about 10�� long by a little more than 2�� broad, blunt-tipped, entire; midrib straight, secondaries all of equal rank, straight, regular, parallel, and numerous, forming annbsp;angle of about 45� or greater with the midrib, connected by fine cross-veining near the margins, where they fonn polygonal areoles.

I have decided with some hesitation to unite under this name the figures above indicated, although the imperfect base of fig. 9 and the absencenbsp;of a tip in fig. 18 I'ender accurate comparison impossible.

No name or indication of locality accompanied either of the figures or their corresponding specimens.�A. H.

Order PROTEACEiE.

Persoonia Lesquereuxii Knowlton.

PI. XLII, fig. 16.

Persoonia Lesquereuxii Kn., FI. Dak. Gr., p. 89, PI. XX, figs. 10-12.

This is apparently a small leaf of the above species. Its identity with Persoonia is apparent, and it so closely resembles the species quoted that Inbsp;have not thought it advisable to separate them.

No memorandum of either name or locality accompanied the figure or the specimen.�A. H.

Persooxia spatulata Holhck n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 14.

Leaf about 35�� long by 11�� or 12��Avide at broadest part, obovate-spatulate in outline, rounded at the apex and tapering into a long, narrow

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

base, margin entire; nervation fine, lower nerves forming an acute angle with the midrib, upper ones more obtuse.

I have not seen another specimen exactly comparable to this, either in our collection or in any from other localities, and it is with some hesitationnbsp;that I have placed it in the above genus.

No locality is given, and no indication appears as to Dr. Newberry�s ideas in regard to its probable botanical relations.�A. H.

Proteoides daphnogenoides Heer.

PI. XYII, figs. 8, 9; PI. XXXII, figs. 11, 13, 14; PI. XXXIII, fig. 3; PI. XLI, fig. 15.

Proteoides daphnogenoides Heer, Phyllites Cr�tac�es du Xebraska, Xouv. Mein. Soc.

Helv. Sci. Xat., Vol. XXII, Xo. 1,1867, p. 17, PI. IV, figs. 9, 10.

Leaves lanceolate, 15'�� to 25�� long by to wide, more or less abruptly narrowed to the base, gradually tapering upward to a long, acute,nbsp;generally flexuous point; margins entire, surface smooth; medial nerve wellnbsp;marked toward base and thread-like at summit, lateral nerves slender, leaving the midrib at an acute angle, connected in a flowing festoon near thenbsp;border; tertiary nerves forming many rounded or subqnadrate areoles.

The leaves represented by the figures now given and many other specimens in our collections seem to be identical with those described bynbsp;Heer in his Phyllites Cr�tac�es du Nebraska (p. 17, PI. IV, figs. 9, 10) andnbsp;figured and described more in detail by Mr. Lesquereux in his Cretaceousnbsp;Flora, p. 85, PI. XV, figs. 1, 2. Such leaves are not at all uncommon in thenbsp;Dakota group of the interior of the continent, and while the finer detailsnbsp;of nervation are generally Avanting, so far as observable they correspond,nbsp;to Avhat we find in a rather common group of leaves in the Amboy Clays.nbsp;The figures now given will serve for a comparison with those published bynbsp;Heer and the still better ones given by Mr. Lesquereux. These leavesnbsp;afford another point of identity betiveen the flora of the Amboy Clays andnbsp;that of the Dakota group at the West, still further strengthening the conclusion drawn from the other identical species that the geological level of thenbsp;two formations is nearly the same.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville, etc.

DESCRIPTIOi^ OF SPECIES.

Order MAGNOLIACE.�.

Magnolia Lacoeana Lesq.^

PI. XV, flgs. 1, 2.

Leaves round-ovoid, 15�� long by 10�� wide, blunt-pointed at summit, slightly wedge-shaped at base; nervation regular and characteristic of thenbsp;genus, midrib slightly flexuous, lateral nerves almost uniformly spaced,nbsp;simple until they approach the margins, when they connect in a regular andnbsp;graceful festoon.

We have too little material which we can consider as representing this species to insist upon its definition or classification. The two specimensnbsp;represented in the figures now given are from the same locality and presumably represent the same species; but if so, we have no other representativesnbsp;of that species, and if not, the two leaves belong to two species of whichnbsp;we have no other traces in the collection. Though in a somewhat differentnbsp;state of preservation, they agree Avell enough as regards their form andnbsp;nervation, and it has seemed to me better to consider one the summitnbsp;and the other the base of a leaf of a species of Magnolia which differs fromnbsp;any other in the collection by being much broader and rounder. In formnbsp;and in nervation it strikingly resembles some leaves we might select ofnbsp;Magnolia acuminata.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Magnolia alteenans Heerf.

PI. LV, figs. 1, 2, 4, 0.

Magnolia alternans Heer, Phyllites Or�tac�es du Nebraska, p. 20, PI. Ill, figs. ,2-4; PI. lY, figs. 1, 2.

I have with some hesitation considered the plant represented in the figures now given as identical with Heer�s species from the Dakota groupnbsp;of Nebraska, the chief difference being that in M. alternans the leaf isnbsp;wedge-shaped at the base, while in our species from the Amboy Clays

�The original manuscript name by whicb Dr. Newberry designated this species is Magnolia lati-folia, n. sp. It is, however, manifestly identical with M. Lacoeana Lesq. (FI. Dak. Gr., p. 201, PL LX, fig. 1.)�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

the base is sometimes rounded and sometimes wedge-shaped. I doubt if the latter character can be insisted upon as a characteristic feature of M. alter-nans. In other respects the leaves are essentially identical. The middlenbsp;nerve is strong and persistent, lateral nerves fine, generally alternating andnbsp;forming a continuous and marked festoon parallel with the margin.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Magnolia glaucoides Newb. n. sp.

PI. LVII, figs. 1-4.

Leaves elliptical, 10� to 12� in length by 4� to 5� in width, long petioled, rounded at summit, slightly wedge-.shaped at base, margins entire;nbsp;nervation delicate or sunk in tlie integument of the leaf, midrib strong,nbsp;lateral nerves numerous, fine, leaving the midrib at an acute angle, unitingnbsp;to form a festoon near the margin.

It would be difficult for anyone to discover any mai'ked difference between these leaves and those of the common Magnolia virgin,iana L.nbsp;(M. glauca). The petiole is pei'haps longer, but this is a variable characternbsp;in the living species, and yet we should hardly be warranted in considering this as identical with the common plant of our Atlantic States.nbsp;Possibly in the future the fruit and foliage may be found so fully represented that it may be possible to establish the identity; at present it seemsnbsp;better to indicate by the specific name the close resemblance between them.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Magnolia woodbridgensis Hollick n. sp.^

PI. XXXVI, fig. 11; PI. LVII, figs. 5-7.

Leaves 12� to 18� in length by 5� to 8� in greatest breadth, long-ovate in outline, broadest near base, rounded below, blunt-pointed at summit, margins entire; nervation delicate.

These leaves have somewhat the form of those of M. longifolia, but are much smaller, more wedge-shaped, broadest near the base, rapidly drawnnbsp;into a narrow but obtuse summit.

*Iu Dr. Newberry's manuscript this species is named Magnolia cuneata, but as he had already given that name to a fossil plant from the Cretaceous of Orcas Island (Geol. Rept. of the Explorationnbsp;of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers, 1869, p. 163), it became necessary to change it, and it wasnbsp;accordingly named for the locality at which it was collected.�A. H.

DESGEIPTION OP SPECIES.

The texture of the leaf would seem to have been thiu, as the margins are genei'ally somewhat warped and the surface undulate, as though yieldingnbsp;readily to local pressure.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Magnolia aueiculata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLI, fig. 13; PI. LVIII, figs. 1-11.

Leaves ovate, 8�� to 12� long, petioled, acute or blunt-pointed, base rounded, more often auriculate, margins entire; nervation that of the Magnolias, viz, lateral nerves given off at a large angle, widely separated,nbsp;inosculating at the ends to form a festoon parallel with the margin.

I have included these leaves in the genus Magnolia with much hesitation. They are sharply defined, beautifully preserved, and exhibit some features unlike any others in the collection�that is, the base is generallynbsp;somewhat truncated or eared, as in figs. 1, 4, 6, and 11 of PI. LVIII, andnbsp;sometimes the auriculation is peculiarly complete and exact, as in fig. 1,nbsp;where the ears are symmetrical and helicoid. It is quite possible thatnbsp;ultimately facts will be brought to light which will require the reference ofnbsp;these leaves to a new genus, but since the nervation is similar to that prevailing among the Magnolias, and there is developed among them a markednbsp;tendency toward the auriculation of the base of the leaf, as is seen in M.nbsp;Fraseri and M. macrophylla, it has seemed to me that our plant could notnbsp;be far removed from this group. In studying these leaves, Aristolochia,nbsp;Polygonum, and Madura have suggested themselves. In Aristolochia wenbsp;generally find a deeply cordate leaf which is sometimes almost auriculate,nbsp;but the nervation is always different from that before us. In Polygonumnbsp;it is common to find auriculate and hastate leaves, but the plant is herbaceous, with thin and delicate leaves, and with a nervation different from thatnbsp;under consideration. In Madura the form, consistence, and nervation ofnbsp;the leaves are much like these, but there is apparently no tendency to thenbsp;formation of the hastate or auriculate base. Hence the weight of probability seems to be in favor of Magnolia, and for the present we leave itnbsp;there. In consistence the leaves seem to have had smooth surfaces and tonbsp;have been rather thick.

Locality: Woodbridge.

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Magnolia, longipes Newb. n. sp.

PI. LIV, figs. 1-3.

Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, obtuse at summit, very long petioled; nervation open, midrib very strong, lateral nerves relatively remote and delicate, uniting above to form a festoon of largenbsp;meshes parallel with the border.

The most striking feature in these leaves is the length of the petiole, which sometimes reaches 12� or 13�, whereas in M. glaucoides and M.nbsp;longifolia it does not exceed 5� in length. Another distinguishing featurenbsp;is the loose and open character of the secondary nervation.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Magnolia longifolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. LY, figs. 3, 5; PI. LYI, figs. 1-4.

Leaves oblong or long-ovoid, 30� or more in length by 10� in width at the broadest part, petioled, base narrowed or rounded, summit subacute ornbsp;obtuse; nervation characteristic of the genus, midrib strong, lateral nervesnbsp;nearly uniform in strength, running parallel toward the margin, therenbsp;uniting in a festoon or rather large loops. Between the principal lateralnbsp;nerves issue shorter secondary nerves which branch at the summit and arenbsp;lost among the areoles of the tertiary nervation.

I include in this species a group of quite large Magnolia leaves, of which a fair idea can be obtained from the figures now given. These leavesnbsp;are so large that we have never succeeded in taking out one of them entire;nbsp;yet in fig. 1 on PL LVI we have what is approximately the full form of thenbsp;leaf The summit belonged to a different leaf from the base, but the portion represented corresponds very nearly to that which was broken away.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Genus Lieiodendeon Linnaeus.

The genus Liriodendrou, as all botanists know, is represented in the living flora by a single species, �the tulip tree,� which is confined tonbsp;eastern America, and a doubtful variety, from eastern Asia, L. tuUpiferanbsp;cJiinense. It is a magnificent tree�on the whole, the finest in our forests. Its

DESCRIPTIOif OF SPECIES.

cylindrical trank, sometimes 10 feet in diameter, carries it beyond all its associates in size, while the beauty of its glossy lyre-shaped leaves andnbsp;tulip-like flowers is surpassed only by that of the flowers and foliage of itsnbsp;first cousin. Magnolia grandiflora. That a plant so splendid should standnbsp;quite alone in the vegetation of the present day excited the wonder of thenbsp;earlier botanists, but the Sassafras, the sweet gum, and the great Sequoiasnbsp;of the far West afford similar examples of isolation, and the latter are stillnbsp;more striking illustrations of solitary grandeur.

Before the study of fossil plants threw its light upon the history of our living flora such cases admitted of no satisfactory explanation, but we nownbsp;know that all the trees enumerated above, with our magnolias, button-ball,nbsp;and deciduous cypress, are relics of the golden age of North Americannbsp;vegetation; of a time when a genial climate prevailed all the way to thenbsp;Arctic Sea, and when a well-watered and fertile soil supported forests innbsp;which our now lonely giants lived surrounded by brothers, cousins, andnbsp;more distant relatives as gigantic as themselves, and all combined to formnbsp;the greatest forest growth the world has ever seen. But this glorious summer, which continued perhaps a million of years, and created or fosterednbsp;all the noblest forms of forest life that have come down to us, and manynbsp;perhaps nobler that have perished, was followed by a winter of corresponding severity and duration�the Ice age�in which snows and glaciersnbsp;spread from Grreenland and Alaska southward until two-thirds of the continent was under snow and ice. All the region north of New York andnbsp;Cincinnati was then changed from a paradise to a howling wilderness,nbsp;where not a trace remained of the luxuriant vegetation that before coverednbsp;the surface, or of the varied fauna that was associated with it, except wherenbsp;leaves, tranks, and bones, relics of earlier generations, were buried in rocknbsp;or soil too deep to be reached by the grinding glacier or the burrowingnbsp;torrent. These relics we have disinterred on Greenland, Disco Island, onnbsp;the McKenzie River, and in Alaska, as well as at many places farthernbsp;south, as in the country bordering the Columbia, or the Missouri, and innbsp;New Jersey and Virginia. Seven quarto volumes filled with descriptionsnbsp;and plates of fossil plants constitute the contribution that Prof Oswaldnbsp;Heer has made in his Flora Fossilis Arctica to our knowledge of the vegetation that covered the circumpolar lands before the Ice age, and an equal

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

mass of material has been gathered by Lesquereux, Ward, Fontaine, and the writer, as a preparation for the work of illustrating the wonderfullynbsp;rich Cretaceous and Tertiary flora of North America. Although but anbsp;beginning has yet been made, already the remains of at least a thousandnbsp;distinct species of arborescent plants have been brought to light. Thenbsp;botanical relations of many, perhaps most of these, are yet to be accurately determined, but the general character of the vegetation whichnbsp;covered our continent in the later geological ages has certainly beennbsp;ascertained, and much light has been thrown on the derivation andnbsp;history of our present flora.

With the facts before us we are fully warranted in making the statement that our augiosperin flora began its existence on this continent in early Cretaceous times; that even then its present aspects were distinctlynbsp;developed, and subsequent changes have been rather of degree than ofnbsp;kind. In the banishment of our Tertiary flora from the great area itnbsp;once occupied, and its restriction to the narrow S23ace at the south intonbsp;which it was forced, many of its finest elements were destroyed; andnbsp;when, with an amelioration of climate, the exiles returned to that portionnbsp;of their former home again opened to them, they came as a handful rejjre-senting a host, ]3erhaps as solitary s^iecies, remnants of generic groups thatnbsp;had mostly perished by the way.

Among these survivors the Sequoias stand first in magnitude and interest, and their story has been admirably told by Dr Gray in hisnbsp;Sequoia and its History. Gingko and Platanus have been described bynbsp;Prof Lester F. Ward in several memoirs. The Liriodendron, the Magnolias,nbsp;the Liquidambar, the Cypress, and the Sassafas will also, I ho)3e, havenbsp;their biographers, and to aid in the task of one of these I new give somenbsp;of the facts which have come to my knowledge in regard to the-history ofnbsp;our lyre-leaved tulip tree.

At least two sjjecies of Liriodendron are indicated by leaves found in the Amboy Clays�Middle Cretaceous�of New Jersey, and others havenbsp;been obtained from the Dakota grotqo, from the Upper Cretaceous stratanbsp;of Greenland, and the Laramie of the West. Though differing considerablynbsp;among themselves in size and form, all these have the deep sinus of the

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

upper extremity so cliaracteristic of the genus, and the nervation is also essentially the same. Hence we must conclude that the genus Lirioden-dron, now represented by a single species, was in the Ci'etaceous age muchnbsp;more largely developed, having many species, and those scattered througii-out many lands. In the Tertiary age the genus continued to exist, but thenbsp;species seem to have been reduced to one, which is hardly to be distinguished from that now living. In many parts of Europe leaves of thenbsp;tulip tree have been found, and it extended as far south as Italy. Itsnbsp;presence there was first made known by Unger in his Synopsis (p. 232)nbsp;and in his Glenera et Species (p. 443), where he describes it under thenbsp;name of Liriodendron Procaccinii. Later it was mentioned by Massalongonbsp;(Studii FI. Foss. Senigalh, p. 311) and Heer (Urwelt der Schweiz, p. 332),nbsp;and it is enumerated and figured among the fossil plants of Iceland by Heernbsp;in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. I, p. 151, PI. XXVI, fig. 7b; PI. XXVII,nbsp;figs. 5-8; and from the Tertiary of Greenland, Vol. VII, p. 121, PI.nbsp;LXXXIII. �Leaves of similar form are described and figured in Heer�snbsp;Flora Tertiaria Helvetise, Vol. Ill, p. 29, PI. CVIH, fig. 6, with the namenbsp;of Liriodendron helveticum Fisch.; also Ettingshausen, in his Flora v. Bilin.,nbsp;Part III, p. 9, PI. XLI, fig. 10, describes a fragment which he names L.nbsp;Haueri. All these are, however, so much like the living species that it isnbsp;impossible to distinguish them, and they should probably be united with it.nbsp;We here have a striking illustration of the wide distribution of a speciesnbsp;which has retained its characters both of fruit and leaf quite unchangednbsp;throughout long migrations and an enormous lapse of time.

In Europe the tulip tree, like many of its American associates, seems to have been destroyed by the cold of the Ice age, the Mediterraneannbsp;cutting off its retreat; but in America it migrated southward over thenbsp;southern extension of the continent, and returned northward again, withnbsp;the amelioration of the climate.

Of the species of Liriodendron found in the Dakota group of Kansas, the leaves of one, L. primmvum Newb. (Later Extinct Floras of Northnbsp;America, etc., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, p. 12), are much likenbsp;those of the living species, but considerably smaller. Another species {L.nbsp;Meekii Heer) has small, fiddle-shaped leaves. Professor Heer considers this

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

identical with L. primcevum^ but the form is quite difierent, and no connecting links have been found. Professor Heer also unites with L. Meekii some ovate emarginate leaves from the Dakota and Greenland strata, to which henbsp;formerly gave the names Pliyllites ohcordatus and Leguminosites Marcouanus;nbsp;but it is by no means certain that they were borne by the same tree tliatnbsp;carried the leaves called Liriodendron Meekii. Indeed, the probabilities arenbsp;against it, since no intermediate forms have been found, and none of thenbsp;panduriform leaves of L. Meekii have been obtained from Greenland, wherenbsp;obovate, entire, or emarginate leaves similar to those given the above namesnbsp;do occur, and also many of the emarginate, oblong-ovoid, or lanceolatenbsp;leaves which I have called Liriodendropsis simplex.

Several additional species of Liriodendron are enumerated by Mr. Lesq-uereux among the fossil plants of the Dakota group, viz: L. gigantemn Lesq., L. intermedmm Lesq. (Cret. FL, ]gt;. 93, PI. XX, fig. 5; PI. XXII, fig. 2), L.nbsp;acuminatum Lesq., L. cruciforme Lesq., L. semi-alatum Lesq., L. pinnatijidumnbsp;Lesq. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. AHI, No. 6, p. 227). As only the firstnbsp;two are figured, and these from fragments, and the others very brieflynbsp;described, I am unable to make any satisfactory use of this importantnbsp;material in tracing the life history of the genus.

I have^ elsewhere reported as a remarkable fact that among all the great collections of Laramie and Eocene plants made in Washington, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the country bordering the upper Missouri, notnbsp;a single leaf of Liriodendron had yet been ideirtified. Since then a fragmentary specimen has been described from the Laramie strata. Point ofnbsp;Rocks, Wyo., by Prof. Lester F. Ward (Bull. 37, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 102,nbsp;PI. XLVIII, fig. 2), and during the summer of 1889 numerous leaves of anbsp;marked species of this genus were obtained by Mr. R. C. Hills from thenbsp;Lower Laramie at Walsenberg, Colo.^ Thus another link in the chain hasnbsp;been supplied.

HoTE.�At tlie time when the above was written the Flora of the Dakota Group, as edited by Dr. Knowlton from Professor Lesquereux�s manuscript, had not beennbsp;published, and Dr. Eewberry uever saw the still further development of this genusnbsp;as there depicted.�H.

Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIV, p. 8.

^L. alatum Xewb., Hollick in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vo*l. XXI, p.I67, PI. CCXX.�A. H.

DESORIPTI�if OP SPECIES.

Liriodendron quercipolium Newb.

PI. LI, ligs. 1-6.

Liriodendron quercifolimn Newberry, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIV, January, 1887, p. 6, PI. LXII, flg. 1.

or slightly cordate, summit deeply emarginate, sides bearing each three or four pointed, sometimes spatulate lobes, separated by narrow sinuses whichnbsp;reach nearly to the midrib; nervation regular, midrib straight or curved,nbsp;terminating at the bottom of, the sinus of the summit, strong side branchesnbsp;traversing each lobe and terminating in the point between these morenbsp;delicate, generally simple branchlets.

The general form of these leaves is considerably like that of some of the oaks, Quercus alba, Q. nigra, etc., a character which has suggestednbsp;the name. The strong terminal emargination and the nervation suffice,nbsp;however, at once to separate them from Quercus and bring them intonbsp;Liriodendron. As will be seen by the figures now given, there is considerable diversity in these leaves, some having broader lobes and shallowernbsp;sinuses, approaching the form of those of L. ohlongifolium, with which theynbsp;are associated in the Amboy Clays. As a whole, they show a variationnbsp;from the leaves of the living species in an opposite direction from those ofnbsp;L. ohlongifolium, the latter being more simple in outline, oblong in form,nbsp;with small points or lobes on the sides, whereas these are much morenbsp;deeply lobed.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Liriodendron oblongifolium Newb.

PI. LII, figs. 1-0.

Liriodendron ohlongifolium Newberry, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIV, January, 1887^ p. 5, PI. LXI, lig. 1.

Leaves 15�� to 20�� in length by 10�� to 12�� in breadth, oblong in outline, long petioled, base rounded, square, or slightly cordate, summitnbsp;deeply emarginate, sides bearing three or more obtuse or acute points, separated by shallow sinuses; nervation distinct, moderately strong, midrib

MON XXVI-6

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

straight, terminating in the bottom of the sinus of tlie upper extremitj^, lateral nerves nearly straight, parallel, forming two series, the stronger onesnbsp;separated by intervals from 6�� to 12�� broad, branching and inosculatingnbsp;at their extremities, and forming a series of loops near the margin; betweennbsp;these are shorter and more delicate nerve-branches, which are usuallynbsp;simple and equally divide the interspaces.

Unfortunately, but few of these leaves have been found, and none of them are quite i^erfect. Together, however, they are sufficient to determinenbsp;the general form and nervation. Their resemblance to the leaves of thenbsp;living species, L. tulipifera, is striking, bat the form is more oblong. Innbsp;the living species the lobes of the margin are quite variable; generally thenbsp;basal pair are much developed, and above these a deep sinus on each sidenbsp;leads up to the terminal points. Not infrequently, however, we find twonbsp;and sometimes three points on a side, and a much nearer approach to thenbsp;form of the leaves befoi'e us. The leaves of the living species are, however, always shorter, and relatively broader, yet the resemblance on thenbsp;whole is so close that it is impossible to avoid the conclusion that we havenbsp;in these Cretaceous leaves relics of the progenitor of the living species,nbsp;with all the more important characters of form and nervation alreadynbsp;distinctly specialized.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Genus Liriodendropsis Newberry gen. nov.

Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, petiolate, base wedge-shaped or rounded, summits broadly emarginate, margins entire, sometimes undulatenbsp;or slightly constricted to almost fiddle-shaped; nervation crowded and fine,nbsp;but distinct, midrib slender, generally flexuous, terminating in the bottomnbsp;of the apical sinus; secondary nerves leaving midrib at a large angle,nbsp;uniting in festoons near the margins; tei'tiary nervation distinct, filling thenbsp;space between the secondary nerve-branches with a rather fine network;nbsp;meshes elongated-near the midrib, rounded or polygonal near the margins.

I have thought it best to distinguish by a new generic name a group of leaves which are numerous in the Amboy Clays and the Atane beds ofnbsp;Greenland. They have been hitheiio included in the genus Liriodendron

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

by Professor Heer and myself, but while they are evidently related to the tulip tree, their simple ovate or lanceolate form, relatively small size, andnbsp;strongly marked, reticulated nervation separate them into a group bynbsp;themselves possessing characters which seem to have more than a specificnbsp;value.

Liriodendropsis simplex Newb.

PI. XIX, figs. 2, 3; PI. LIII, figs. 1-4, 7.

Liriodendron simplex Newberry, in part. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club., Vol. XIV, 1887, p. G, PI. LXII, figs. 2, 3.

Leaves to 10�� in length, long petioled, ovate-lanceolate in outline, sometimes undulate to slightly fiddle-shaped or constricted, from 3�� to 6��nbsp;in width at the broadest part, summit emarginate, wedge-shaped; nervationnbsp;fine but distinct, midrib strong, terminating abruptly in the sinus of thenbsp;summit, lateral branches forming two sets, the first and larger being separated by intervals of about 6��, branching near their extremities, andnbsp;anastomosing to form a coarse network along the border; the spacesnbsp;between these divided unequally by one or several smaller, shorter, andnbsp;generally simple nerve-branches which run parallel with the large ones,nbsp;sometimes connecting with the exterior network; all the spaces betweennbsp;the lateral nerves occupied by a relatively coarse reticulation.

Although so different from the leaves described under the names of Liriodendron oblongifolium and L. quercifolium, these have in common withnbsp;them the peculiar angular emargination so characteristic of the genus, andnbsp;essentially the same nervation. Tlie more elongate and lanceolate formnbsp;represented on PL LIII, figs. 3, 4, occurs in considerable numbers, andnbsp;apparently represents a distinct species, but others are broader and morenbsp;ovate or irregular in outline, like those represented on PI. XIX, figs. 2, 3;nbsp;PL LIII, figs. 1, 2, 7.

Professor Heer, in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VI, Abth. II, PL XXII, has represented a number of leaves which apparently belong to thenbsp;same species with those now under consideration. All these he regards asnbsp;varieties of L. Meekii, first described by him from the Dakota sandstones,nbsp;but it seems to me that they do not represent either of the two forms

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

from the Dakota group, neither of which lias yet been found in Grreenland. Hence, until more matei�ial shall show the simple, ovate, or lanceolatenbsp;forms to be connected by insensible gradations with others, I must regardnbsp;them as specifically distinct.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Liriodendropsis angustipolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. LIII, fig. 8.

Liriodendron simplex Newberry, in part. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIV, 1887, p. 6, PI. LXII, fig. 1.

Among the elongated leaves that have been credited to Liriodendropsis a large number occur in the collection which are well represented by fig. 8.nbsp;They may be surmised to be but varieties of Liriodendropsis simplex^ butnbsp;the outline is so different, so narrow and elongated, that it has seemed to menbsp;improbable that they belonged to the same tree. For the present at least,nbsp;therefore, I have thought it best to consider them representatives of a distinct species. In some places the clay is literally packed with,them, presenting essentially the same outlines, and there can be no doubt that if anbsp;new variety it was a permanent variety and such as deserves to be designated by a distinct name.

Order MENISPERMACE.�.

Menispermites borealis Heerl PI. L, figs. 1-6.

Menispermites boreahs Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 91, PI. XXXIX, fig. 2.

Many fragments of leaves have been found which I have been inclined to refer to this species. Unfortunately, Professor Heer�s description wasnbsp;founded upon a single fragment of a large leaf, which failed to give to himnbsp;a clear idea of its outline and structure. It was, however, apparentlynbsp;unsymmetrical, and, so far as we can judge from so little material, mustnbsp;have been similar in outline and nervation to the leaves figured on PI. L.nbsp;These are triangular in outline, with the midrib much nearer one side thannbsp;the other, as thongh one-half of a large cordate leaf had been developed at

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

the expense of the other side. Professor Heer�s leaf would seem to have been very much of the same character; so provisionally I unite them.nbsp;Fig. 3 gives nearly the entire outline of the leaf It will be seen to havenbsp;somewhat the shape of Menispermites obtusiloba Lescp (Cret. FL, p. 94, PLnbsp;XXV, fig. 1; PI. XXVI, fig. 3), with which Heer compares his plant; butnbsp;our leaves are smaller, are more decidedly unsymmetrical, and have entirenbsp;margins. Supposing Heer�s figure to represent a normal leaf of his species,nbsp;those we find in New Jersey are too closely allied to it to permit us, without more material, to separate them.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Menispermites Wardianus Hollick n. sp.

PI. XXIX, figs. 9, 11.

Leaves about S�� long by 4� broad at widest part, unsymmetrical in shape, the midrib being nearer to the concave side, strongly tri])le-nerved,nbsp;and with a subsidiary nerve near the convex margin, giving the appearance of unequal quadruple nervation; margins entire,quot; apex pointed, basenbsp;cuneate.

In placing these specimens under the above genus I have followed Dr. Newberry�s probable disposition of them as indicated by his comparison ofnbsp;other similar unsymmetrical leaves with this genus. (See PI. L of thisnbsp;monograph.)

The specific name is given in honor of Prof Lester F. Ward, of the United States Geological Survey.

Exact locality not recorded.�A. H.

Order LAURACE.�.

I.1AURUS PLUTONiA Heer.

PI. XVI, figs. 10,11.

Lauruspiutonia Heer, PI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 75, PI. XIX, figs. Id, 2, 3,4; PI. XX, figs. 3a, 4-6; PI. XXIV, fig. Ob; PL XXVIII, figs. 10, 11; PI. XLII,nbsp;ftg. 4b; Vol. VII, p. 30, PI. LVIII, fig, 2; PI. LXII, fig. la.

The numerous figures given by Professor Heer of his species are so fragmentary that they leave much to desire in reference to the form

THE FLORA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

and nervation of the leaves. Among our Amboy Clay fossils there are, however, a number of lanceolate leaves which resemble so closely thosenbsp;figured by Heer as to lead me to refer them to his species. As a genei�alnbsp;rule onr leaves are broader in proportion to their length, but this is thenbsp;only perceptible difference.

Laurophyluum minus Newb. n. gp.

PI. XVI, figs. 7-9.

Leaves elongate, obtuse at summit, wedge-shaped at base; midrib very strong, lateral nervation invisible, indicating a thick and coriaceous leafnbsp;In general form and consistence these leaves approach those whichnbsp;have been described under this generic name, and which are so common innbsp;the Dakota sandstone. For the present I have thought best to associatenbsp;them, although tlie generic affinities are yet doubtful.

Laurophyllum angustifoltum Newb. n. sp.

PI. XVII, lig-s. 10, 11.

Leaves 12�� to 1.5�� in length by 2�� wide, long lanceolate, widest above, summit subacute, base wedge-shaped, short petioled, margins entire,nbsp;straight, pronounced; secondary nervation delicate, often invisible; generalnbsp;surface smooth.

We have in our collections a group of very symmetrical, lance-linear leaves, of which the smooth surface, the coriaceous texture, the symmetricalnbsp;outline, and strong midrib are features which ally them to Laurophyllum.nbsp;I therefore provisionally place them in that genus, giving them a specificnbsp;name indicating their naiTowness.

Among the leaves figured by Heer in his Flora Fossilis Arctica some of those which he has called Myrica longa (Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 65, PI.nbsp;XXIX, figs. 15-17; Vol. VII, p. 21, etc.) I�esemble in form those undernbsp;consideration, but others are much broader and must belong to a differentnbsp;species from ours.

Locality: Woodbridge.

DESOEIPTION OF SPECIES.

Laueophyll�m lanceolat�m Newb. n. sp.

PI. XVII, flgs. 1, 12.

Leaves lanceolate, 10�� to 15�� in length by 2�� to 3�� in width, short petioled, margins entire, summit narrowed to an obtuse or rounded point,nbsp;base wedge-shaped; medial nerve strong, lateral nerves fine, subequal,nbsp;arched upward, and connecting near the margin; surfaces smooth, consistence apparently coriaceous.

Leaves similar to those represented in the figures cited are quite common in the New Jersey clays. They may be recognized by their smooth, shining surface, the neiwation for the most part lost in the parenchyma, thenbsp;strong midrib, the short but robust petiole, and the narrowed but obtusenbsp;apex. In geuei'al character they agree well with the somewhat larger leavesnbsp;common in the Dakota sandstones, to which Mr. Lesquereux has given thenbsp;name of Laurophyllum reticulatmn, and which are rather inadequately represented in his Cretaceous Flora, p. 76, PI. XV, figs. 4, 5. The leaves werenbsp;evidently thick and leathery; hence the details of the secondary and tertiary nervation are rarely seen. Until the fruit is found in connection withnbsp;these leaves, or at least until the nervation is well known, any attempt tonbsp;determine their botanical relations must be unsatisfactory, but an indescribable something about them impresses the observer with the conviction thatnbsp;they belong to the laurel family.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Sassafras acutilobum Lesq.

PI. XXV, figs. 1-10; PI. XXVI, flgs. 2-6.

Sassafras acutilobum Lesq., Cret. PI., p. 79, PI. XIV, flgs. 1, 2.

One of the most common of the. trilobed, sassafras-like leaves of the Amboy Clays offers no character by which I can distinguish it from S.nbsp;acutilobum of the Dakota sandstones of Nebraska. A number of figuresnbsp;are now given illustrating the variations in size and outline, but nearly allnbsp;these forms could be duplicated at the West. Velenovsky has found whatnbsp;seems to be this same species in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Bohemianbsp;(Flora der B�hm. Kreidef., Part III, p. 2, PI. II, fig. 1).

Locality: Woodbridge.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Sassafkas peogenitok Newb. ii. sp.

PI. XXYII, figs. 1-3.

Leaves trilobed, to 20�� long, lobes pointed or obtuse, central lobe somewliat spatulate, base somewliat wedge-shaped; nervation and outlinenbsp;that of normal leaves of S. sassafras (L.) Karst.

Among the trilobed leaves which form so striking a feature in the Cretaceous flora there are several that have so strong a resemblance to ournbsp;living Sassafras that they have been provisionally referred to that genus.nbsp;S. cretaceum Newb. of the Dakota group has been generally accepted as anbsp;Sassafras, while some authors, noting the tendency of these sassafras-likenbsp;leaves to run into those more like the living palmate-leaved Aralias, havenbsp;suggested that all should be placed in a provisional genus, Araliopsis. It isnbsp;doubtless wise to avoid hasty generalization or positive assertion in regardnbsp;to the botanical relations of plants which have left us only their foliarynbsp;appendages, in better or worse state of preservation. There can be littlenbsp;doubt, however, that in the present case the assumption that we have herenbsp;the remains of a species of Sassafras very closely allied to the living one isnbsp;well founded. A glance at the outlines and nervation of the three flguresnbsp;which have been cited will show so close a resemblance to the living Sassafras as to make a generic separation of these two plants unwarranted.nbsp;When it is remembered that our common Sassafras stands alone in ournbsp;flora, it is evident that its history reaches far back into the past, and, as innbsp;the case of the tulip tree and sweet gum, we must look for its kindrednbsp;in the remains of the forests of the Tertiaiy and Upper Cretaceous periods.nbsp;Doubtless we shall sooner or later find the fruit connected with the leaves,nbsp;and thus have all our doubts put at rest.

Locality; Woodbridge.

Sassafras hastatum Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXVII, figs. 4-6; PI. XXVIII, figs. 1, 2; PI. XL, fig. 4.

Leaves trilobed, lobes conical, entire, middle one largest, laterai lobes nearly horizontal, giving a hastate outline to the leaf.

Very considerable diversity is seen in the forms of the leaves which I have united in this species, and perhaps they should be separated into two

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

or more groups. The normal form of the hastate leaf is seen in PI. XXVII, fig. 6; PI. XXVIII, figs. 1, 2; but occurring with these are forms like figs.nbsp;4 and 5, PI. XXVII, in which the lateral lobes are turned up and there isnbsp;a near approach to the form of S. ])rogenitor. There is, however, so wide anbsp;difference between the prevailing forms of these halberd-shaped leaves andnbsp;others with which they are associated that it seems necessary to regardnbsp;them as forming a distinct s])ecies.

Locality; Woodbridge.

CiNNAMOMUM INTERMEDIUM Newb. 11. sp.

PI. XXIX, figs. 1-8, 10.

Leaves symmetrically lance-oval or lentiform, petioled, 10�� to 12�

length and 3�� to 4�� in width, blunt-pointed at summit, narrowed to tlie base; nervation strong, lateral nerves'springing from the midrib either atnbsp;the base or a little above and reaching almost to the summit, giving� offnbsp;lateral branches from the base up, which unite to form a festoon parallelnbsp;with the edge. On the inside the branches from the midrib are delicatenbsp;and inconspicuous until above the middle; three or four alternate pairs arenbsp;then given off, which converge in a festoon to the summit.

The leaves of this species of Cinnamomum are intermediate in character between those of G. mississippiense, C. Heerii, and C. affine, all of Lesque-reux, which have the base broad and rounded, and C. sezannense Wat. andnbsp;C. Sclteuchzeri Heer. They have more the form of C. ellffisokiemn Sap. etnbsp;Mar., Revision de la Flore Heersienne de Gelinden, p. 61, PL IX, figs. 7-9,nbsp;but are larger, generally more wedge-shaped at the base, are longer petioled, and in cases have the lateral nerves brought much nearer the point.nbsp;If, however, they had been found in the same country and beds of thenbsp;same age, I should feel compelled to consider them as but forms of that

Woodbridge, Sayreville.

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Order ROSACE.iE.

Prunus I acutifolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. XIV, fig. 1.

Leaf ovate, acute at summit, slightly wedge-shaped at base, margiiis serrate; nervation unknown; dimensions, about 4'=� long by 2�quot;' to 3�� wide.

The name given above is applied to a unique and imperfect leaf, and one which presents all the ordinary characters of Prunus, and yet it is farnbsp;from being conclusive evidence of the presence of this genus in the Amboynbsp;flora. Doubtless other leaves of the kind will be hereafter found which willnbsp;throw some light upon the question of its botanical relations.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Order LEGUMINOS.�.

Hymen^a dakotana Lesq.

PI. XLI, fig. 14. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�

Hyniemea dakotana Lesquereux, FI. Dak. Gr., p. 145, PI. LV, figs. 2, 3; PI. LVI, figs.

1, 2; PI. LXII, fig. 2.

This species is represented by the single specimen as above indicated. I am unable to separate it from the species described and figured undernbsp;this name by Lesquereux in Flora of the Dakota Group, p. 145, PI. LV,nbsp;figs. 2, 3.

Dr. NewbeiTy left no memorandum of any description concerning this specimen �A. H.

Dalbergia apiculata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLII, figs. 17-19.

Leaves 2�'quot; to 5�� in length, quite urisymmetrical, narrowed to the base, which is sessile or short petioled, expanded and rounded above, with anbsp;peculiar point at the siimmit.

Among the numerous smaller leaves contained in the collection there are a few which have the general character attributed to Dalbergia by Heer.nbsp;These are represented on PI. XLII, figs. 17, 18, and perhaps 19. As they

DESOEIPTION OP SPECIES.

are quite distinct from any other leaves in the collection, I have thought best to designate them by the above name.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Bauhinia cretacea Newb.

PL XLIII, figs. 1-4; PL XLIV, figs. 1-3.

Bauhinia cretacea Newberry, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XIII, New York, May, 1886, p. 77, PL LVI, fig. 5.

Leaves large, from 10�� to 18�� in diameter, general outline circular, deeply two-lobed, sinus reaching below the middle, margin entire, basenbsp;rounded, lobes oblong or broadly spatulate; nervation strong, radiate ornbsp;bilateral, midrib slender, from 1�� to 4�� in length, running to bottom ofnbsp;medial sinus, there forking equally, each slender branch running parallelnbsp;with the margin of the sinus; lateral nerves strong, usually two, rarelynbsp;one on each side, springing from a common base, the interior lateral nervenbsp;strongest, forking several times and giving off fine branches, which inosculate to form a graceful festoon near the upper margin; the exteidor lateralnbsp;nerves throwing off numerous branches which anastomose in loops near thenbsp;margin, producing a camptodrome nervation. In those which have but anbsp;single lateral nerve the lobes are narrower, and each is covered with thenbsp;ramifications of the branches, which spring chiefly from the onter side ofnbsp;the single main nerve.

The form and nervation of these leaves are so precisely tliose of some of the Bauhinias of the present flora that there can be no reasonable doubtnbsp;that we here have the remains of a well-marked species of this genus,nbsp;which grew near the mouth of the Hudson Ifiver in the middle of thenbsp;Cretaceons age, and was the associate of the Magnolias, tulip trees, Aralias,nbsp;etc., which composed the angiosperm forest of eastern North America. Innbsp;size some of these leaves exceed those of any living Bauhinia, and thenbsp;outline and nervation indicate that the genus was as perfectly defined andnbsp;highly specialized in the Cretaceous age as now.

Tl le living Bauhinias inhabit the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds, India, Mauritius, Surinam, Cuba, Mexico, etc.nbsp;The genus is closely related to Cercis, and most of the species have a

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

similar habit. In a few the leaves are orbicular or slig-htly emarginate, but they are generally bilobed, the sinus reaching the middle of the leaf,nbsp;sometimes extending to the base, as is the case with the only speciesnbsp;inhabiting the United States, B. lunarioides Gray of Texas and Mexico.

In most of the East India species the nervation is more crowded than in the fossil leaves before us, each nerve having three and sometimes fournbsp;lateral nerves, the medial nerve, however, being quite the same. In severalnbsp;oriental species, and all those of the New World, the nervation is simplernbsp;and especially like that of the fossil. In the Texan species the leaves arenbsp;generally divided to the base, and the medial nerve is therefore obsolete;nbsp;the lateral nervation is, however, precisely that of our fossil. As the depthnbsp;of the sinus is a variable character, differing greatly in the leaves of thenbsp;same tree, it is quite possible that Bauhinia lunarioides is only a dwarfednbsp;and slightly modified descendant of the Cretaceous species.

Prof. Oswald Heer, in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, p. 45, PI. LX, fig. 4a, describes and figures, under the name Dipliyllites menibranaceus,nbsp;a bilobed leaf which in general form is much like those I have callednbsp;Bauhinia cretacea, but the nervation as given by Heer is quite different.nbsp;The leaf is divided to within an inch of the base, and a slender nerve,nbsp;which would be the midrib in an ovate or lanceolate leaf, reaches nearlynbsp;to the sinus, there forking symmetrically, the branches running near thenbsp;'margins of the sinus on either side. So far we have the nervation ofnbsp;Bauhinia, but in Heer�s Diphyllites the lobes of the leaf are traversed bynbsp;a number of lateral nerves that spring from the base. Only one specimennbsp;seems to have been seen, but I strongly suspect that when others shall benbsp;obtained in a better state of preservation the nervation will be found to benbsp;different from that figured by Heer, and that his bilobed leaf will provenbsp;to be generically if not specifically identical with those which we have innbsp;the Amboy Clays.

Velenovsky has described, in the Flora der B�hmischen Kreideforma-tion, Part IV, Vol. V, p. 12, a bilobed leaf which is almost certainly a species of Bauhinia. The specimen figured by Veleuovsk;^, like Heer�snbsp;Diphyllites, seems to be as yet unique, and it is also evidently malformed.nbsp;One of the lobes is nearly complete, and in form and nervation practically

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

identical with that of some species of Bauhinia, e. g., B. tomentosa^ now living in India. The other lobe is not much more than half as long, isnbsp;truncated, and in all probability abnormal. When other specimens arenbsp;found I shall be surprised if they are not symmetrical and so much likenbsp;the leaves of Bauhinia that it will be impossible to separate them from thisnbsp;genus. It will, however, prove to be, if generically identical with ournbsp;bilobed Amboy leaves, specifically different, for the sinus extends almost tonbsp;the base of the leaf Some of the living species of Bauhinia are almostnbsp;completely divided in the same way, and this is the case with Bauhinianbsp;lunarioides, as has been mentioned.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Bauhinia? gigantea Newb. n. sp.

PJ. XX, �g. 1.

Leaves large, a single lobe or leaflet, 20� long by 7� or 8'�

unsymmetrically spatulate in outline, inner margin nearly straight and entire, outer margin strongly arched and undulate; nervation distinct, consisting of one strong primary nerve springing from the inner margin at thenbsp;base, gradually diverging from this until it becomes central in the roundednbsp;summit; lateral nerves spring from this as follows; one of medium strengthnbsp;at the base which follows for a time parallel with, finally approaching, thenbsp;outer margin, and having a length of perhaps 5�; above this a strong lateral nerve is given off 2quot;� or 3*�� above the base; this arches gently upwardnbsp;and reaches the outer margin considerably above the middle of the leaf;nbsp;still higher smaller lateral nerves are given off to supply those portions ofnbsp;the leaf which lie on both sides of the primary nerve.

Unfortunately, but two specimens of this interesting leaf have yet been found, only one of which is complete. This is conspicuously unsym-metrical and was probably one of a pair which combined to form a leafnbsp;not unlike those of Bauhinia cretacea, but much more deeply cut. It is notnbsp;certain, indeed, that the lobes were not separated quite to the base, as innbsp;the living' Bauhinia lunarioides. The nervation is nearest that of Bauhinianbsp;cretacea, but shows this marked difference, that the principal nerve is much

THE PL�EA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

nearer the inner margin. It is also much like that of some species of Hymenma, and it is quite possible that future discoveries will show that itnbsp;should be referred to that genus. One species of Hymensea (H. primigenianbsp;Sap.) has been found in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Europe and is therenbsp;associated with Aralias and Hederas, as are our Bauhinias from the Amboynbsp;Clays, so that it is probable the genus was represented in the forests of Newnbsp;Jersey during the Cretaceous age.

Locality: Woodbridge.

CjiSALPINIA COOKIANA Hollick 11. Sp.

PI. XLII, figs. 49, 50.

Leaves orbicular in outline, entire, 12�quot;quot; or 14�� long by 5�� broad; midrib slender, secondaries few, forming a large angle with the midribnbsp;and anastomosing in wide loops.

I have not been able to determine satisfactorily the affinities of these small, delicate leaves, and have placed them with some hesitation in thenbsp;above genus. They appear to be leaflets belonging to some compoundnbsp;leaf, such as we find in many of the Leguminosse.

The specific name is given in honor of the late Prof. George Id-Cook, State geologist of New Jersey.

No indication of the exact locality where they were found or any speculations as to their probable botanical relations were left by Dr.nbsp;Newberrv.�A. H.

Genus Fontainea Newberry gen. nov.

Shrubby or arborescent plants with opposite or alternate leaves, below unsymmetrically lanceolate, above forming one or two pairs which arenbsp;united in a common petiole that is unsymmetrically winged by the decurrent blade of each leaf Apparently related to Hymensea, to the extinctnbsp;genus Sapindopsis described by Fontaine from the Potomac group ofnbsp;Virginia, and perhaps to Aralia e\eyans Vel. (Fl. der B�hm. Kreidef, Partnbsp;III, p. 13, PI IV, fig. 1.)

In Sternberg�s Flora der Vorwelt, Vol. II, p. 34, PI. XXIV, fig. 7, are given a description and figure of a plant from the greensand at Schoena,

DESOElP�l�ivquot; OF SPECIES.

near Freiberg, Saxony. This was discovered by Reich and described in manuscript under the name Fucoides dichotomus. For this name Sternbergnbsp;substituted Haliserites Beichii, because, as he thought, it had so muchnbsp;affinity with Haliseris polypodoides Ag., a well-known alga {Fucus memhra-naceus Stackh.).

On PL XLV, fig. 5, is given a copy of Sternberg�s figure, and it will be necessary only to compare this with the other figures on the plate, evennbsp;hastily, to detect a resemblance that can scarcely mean anything else thannbsp;generic identity. Reich�s plant is much smaller than ours and undoubtedlynbsp;belongs to a different species, and yet, as far as we can judge from thenbsp;imperfect material before us, their botanical affinities bring them withinnbsp;generic limits. It is impossible that our plant should be a seaweed, andnbsp;hence I have ventured to give it a new generic name, since that chosen bynbsp;Sternberg, if retained, would perpetuate a misconception.

In Professor Fontaine�s monograph of the Flora of the Potomac Formation he describes several species of a genus which he calls Sapindopsis (see Pis. CLIV and CLV). All the species are peculiar and, it seems to me, havenbsp;little in common with Bapindus; but what he calls Sapindopsis variabilisnbsp;(PI. CLIV, figs. 2-4; PI. CLV, figs. 2-5) is in some respects so like thenbsp;jfiant before us that I am inclined to regard them as botanically related.nbsp;With more material we may establish a closer union between the plant nownbsp;under consideration and Fontaine�s Sapindopsis, but I do not now feel justified in uniting them. I have concluded, therefore, to designate the plantnbsp;figured by Sternberg and that which we have recently discovered in thenbsp;Amboy Clays by a new generic name; and supposing the type may benbsp;brought into intimate relationship with Fontaine�s Sapindo})sis, I venture tonbsp;dedicate the new genus to him as a slight tribute of esteem for one whonbsp;has proved himself among the most important contributors to the sciencenbsp;of fossil botany.

The foliage of the plant figured by Sternberg is considered by him as a �dichotomous, bipinnate frond, almost pedate,� and a not dissimilar structure is visible in the leaf or leaves of Velenovsky�s Aralia elegans, but it isnbsp;difficult to see how such a structure could prevail in the strong and woodynbsp;plant which is the type of the genus nnder discussion; and yet 1 can not

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

but feel that all these plants are closely related, and that their nearest living allies are Hymenasa and liauhinia.

NoTii.�In connection witli the discussion concerning the probable botanical affinities of Fontainea, I have concluded to append the following, kindly coinnnmicated to me by Prof. Lester F. Ward.�A. H.

�In discussing the genus Fontainea Dr. Newberry mentions Sternberg�s ligure of Haliserites Beichii and reproduces it on PI. XLV, fig. 5. This figure is much smallernbsp;than any of the forms of Fontainea, but in Bronu�s Lethma Geognostica, PI. XXVIII,nbsp;fig. 1, is represented a form much more like those of the Amboy Clays and nearly asnbsp;large, this figure being only half the natural size. Broun regarded it as a Chiropteris,nbsp;but Schimper (Pal. V�g., p. 185) says that this plant more nearly resembles Halyme-nites, although on p. 178 of tlie same volume he refers it to Delesseria. I am inclinednbsp;to believe that the form figured by Broun, at least, is a dicotyledon.�

Fontainea grandifolia Newb. ii. sp.

PI. XLV, figs. 1-4.

Leaves in part simple, unsymnietrical, lanceolate, petioled, partly in pairs united on a common petiole, winged by the decurrent blades;nbsp;nervation fine, pinnate, apparently camptodrome.

I have here represented all we have yet found of this remarkable and interesting plant. It will be seen that the specimens drawn are bntnbsp;fragments, and 3^et they reveal enough of the foliage to show that it isnbsp;highly specialized and apparently distinct geneidcally from any hithertonbsp;described. In each of the figures given we have represented the base of anbsp;pair of leaves which spring from a common petiole, and of which the outside web descends to form a broad wing to that petiole. Apparently lowernbsp;down on the branches which bear these double leaves are single ones whichnbsp;are nnsymmetrically lanceolate in form, as shown in fig. 4, and it is possiblenbsp;that these leaves also formed pairs like the upper ones, but rnoi'e distinctly-separated.

In the ])receding generic descri})tion all has been said in regard to the botanical relations of this })lant warranted by our present knowledge.nbsp;Doubtless in the future more material will permit more positive statementsnbsp;on this subject.

Locality: Woodbridge.

UESOKIPTION OF SPECIES.

CoLUTEA PRiMORDiALis Heer.

PI. XIX, iigs. 4, 5.

Colutea primordialis Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abtli. II, p. 99, PI. XXVII, tigs. 7-11; PI. XLIII, figs. 7, 8.

In the figures now given are represented two leaves of a species of Colutea which, though presenting some minor differences, are so like Heer�snbsp;species that I have not felt justified in considering them as distinct species.nbsp;Locality: Woodbridge.

Leguminosites omphalobioides Lesq.

PI. XLII, tig. 39.

Leguminosites omphalobioides Lesquereiix, Fl. Dak. Or., p. 149, PI. XXXVIII, fig. 4.

I am unable to separate our specimen from the species described and figured under the above nam'e by Lesquereux.

No memorandum of any kind by Dr. Newberry was found in connection with our figure or specimen.�A. H.

Leguminosites atanensis Heer.

PI. XLII, tig. 40.

Leguminosites atanensis Heer, PI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, Abth. II, i). 119, PI. XXXIV, fig. 0.

Tiiis species is represented by the one specimen here indicated, of the identity of which there can be but little doubt, the only difference beingnbsp;that Heer�s figure represents a specimen somewhat larger than ours.

Dr. Newberry left no memorandum whatever in connection with the figure or specimen.�A. H.

Leguminosites coronilloides Heer.

PI. XLII, fig. 48.

Leguminosites coronilloides Heer, PI. Foss. Arct., Vol. Ill, p. 119, PI. XXXIV, fig. 14.

This somewhat imperfect leaf appears to be so nearly like Heer�s species that I have decided to consider them as identical.

MON XXVI-

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

I have no memoranda which would guide me in knowing what Dr. Newberry�s impressions were regarding- the specimen, nor is any localitynbsp;indicated.�A. H.

Order AQUIFOLIACE^E.

Ilex'? elongata Newb. u. sp.

PI. xvm, figs. 1, 5.

Leaf lanceolate, 10� long by 3� wide, margins set with remote spiny teeth.

Only two specimens of this plant have yet been obtained, and they are in an imperfect state of preservation. They show enough, however,nbsp;to prove that they are distinct from any other leaf in the collection, andnbsp;are remarkable for the series of spiny teeth with which the margins arenbsp;defended. In this respect they closely resemble several species of Ilex,nbsp;and we may assign them a provisional place in that genus.

Locality: Sayreville.

Ilex? ovata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XVIII, fig. 2.

Leaves small, lanceolate in outline, blunt-pointed above, narrowed below, margins set with numerous small and large subacute teeth.

We have but a single leaf of this species in the collection. It is, however, distinct from any others and therefore deserves enumeration.nbsp;Its reference to the genus Ilex is only provisional, and its true botanicalnbsp;relations,can be determined only by the discovery of more material.

Locality: Sayreville.

Order CELASTRACE./E.

Celastrus arctica Heer.

PI. XIII, figs. 8-18.

Celastrus arctica Heer, El. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, j). 40, PI. LXI, figs. 5d, 5e.

Professor Heer in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, PI. LXI, tig 5d, represents a small lanceolate leaf with remotely toothed margins, whichnbsp;he compares with the Tertiary Celastrus JEttinyshauseni and calls Celastrus

DESCEIPTIO�T OP SPECIES.

arctica. Of leaves which are plainly identical with this we find many in the upper layers of the Amboy Clays. On PI. XIII a sufficient number ofnbsp;these are represented to show the ])revailing- forms and the details of thenbsp;nervation. They are generally much larger than the specimen figured bynbsp;Ileer, and the plant which bore them would seem to have been much morenbsp;common in New Jersey than in Grreeuland. Ettingshausen, who firstnbsp;described the Tertiary species referred to, called it C. aciiminatus (Tei't.nbsp;FI. von Haring, p. 71, PI. XXIV, fig. 16), but this name had been anticipated and it was therefore changed by Heer. That species, though evidentlynbsp;distinct, is much like the one before us, and they both resemble so closelynbsp;some living species of Celastrus now growing in Australia and the Eastnbsp;Indies (C. ranmlosus, for example)^ that it is highly probable that Heer isnbsp;right in referring them to the genus Celastrus. The oval leaves now figured and named Celastrophyllum are, however, quite as closely allied innbsp;form, nervation, and margins with the living species of Celastrus, such asnbsp;C. scandens, and it would be equally proper to refer these to that genus.nbsp;Doubtless the fruit will some time decide the question, and it is probablenbsp;that they will prove the broad and rounded leaves, rather than the narrownbsp;ones, to belong to Celastrus, so that it would have been perhaps wiser tonbsp;place them all provisionally in the genus Celastrophyllum.

Locality: South Amboy.

Celastrochyllum crenatum Heer.

PI. XLVIII, tigs. 1-19.

Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer, Ft. Foss. Arct., Vot. VII, p. 41, PI. LXII, tig. 21.

Leaves ovate or elliptical, to 8�� in length b}^ 1'^� to 5�� in breadth; summit rounded, rarely pointed, not infrequently slightly emargi-nate, with a prominent scallop in the center; base wedge-shaped; marginsnbsp;closely crenulate or crenulate-dentate, except near the base, where theynbsp;are entire.

With some hesitation I have adopted for these leaves the name given by Professor Heer to one which he has figured and described (loc .cit.) from

iThe name Celastrus ramiilosus occurs in Ettingshausen�s Blattskelette, p. 153, PI. LVIII, fig. 6; PI. LXIII, fig. 8; but I have been unable to find it listed in any Avork on Australian or East Indiannbsp;lioras to which I have access.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

the Patoot beds of the Upper Cretaceous in Greenland. Unfortunately, he has given but a single figure, and that represents a leaf more pointed thannbsp;is often seen in the group with which I have compared it, and of whichnbsp;numerous figures are now given. In size, form, and nervation Professornbsp;Heer�s leaf is more like those of the smaller and more abundant speciesnbsp;which I have described in this monograph under the name of Celastrophyllumnbsp;clenticulatmi C. Newberryanum Hollick; see below], but in that speciesnbsp;the margin is always denticnlate, if not spinulate. As will be seen fromnbsp;the figures now given, our leaves are generally much larger and morenbsp;coarsely crenulate than that from Greeidand, but some may be found innbsp;the collection which approacli it so closely in all important characters thatnbsp;I do not feel justified in considering them distinct.

Localities: South Amboy, Sayreville.

Celastrophyllum cretaceum Lesq.

PI. XLIl, flg. 13.

Celastro^yhyllum cretaceum Lesquerenx, FI. Dak. Gr., j). 173, PI. XXXYIII, figs. 12-14.

The single leaf here represented appears to be so closely allied to the species figured by Lesquerenx in his Floi'a of the Dakota Group,nbsp;PL XXXVIII, fig. 14, that it seems needless to separate them, although it maynbsp;be noticed that our specimen is somewhat more obovate or spatulate in outline. The differences between Lesquereux�s figs. 12 and 14, however, arenbsp;far greater than are those between his fig. 12 and our specimen, and undernbsp;the circumstance it does not seem advisable that they should be separated.

Exact locality not known.�A. H.

Celastrophyllum angustifolium Newb. n. sp.^

PI. XIV, figs. 8-17.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed above and more or less wedge-shaped below, 6�� to 15quot;'� in length by about 1.5quot;� to 2.5quot;� in width; nervation fine andnbsp;delicate, very numerous lateral nerves springing from the midrib, simple at

'This species is mauifestly very close to C. decurrens Lesq. (FI. Dak. Gr., p. 172, PI. XXXVI, fig. 1), but differs slightly in the orenate rather than serrate dentation and the somewhat more polygonalnbsp;areolation. I am inclined to think that more complete material from the West m.iy prove them tonbsp;he identical.�A. H.

DESCKir�IOX OF SPECIES.

base, but brandling above and forming an intricate network along the margins, which are finely and uniformly crenate-dentate.

In his Kreideflora voii Niederschoena (pp. 257, 260, PL III, figs. 1, 3, 9, and 11) Ettingshausen describes some lanceolate leaves with serratednbsp;borders, which he calls respectively Bryandroides Zenlieri and Celastro^liyllwnnbsp;lanceolatum-, and Velenovsky, in Die Flora der B�hmischen Kreideforma-tion (Part II, p. 13 [38], PI. Ill, figs. 1-9), describes a series of similarnbsp;leaves, all of which he regards as of the same species, and calls themnbsp;Myrica Zenkeri. So also he claims Celastrophylhim ensifolium Lesq. (Cret.nbsp;FL, pp. 108, 109, PI. XXI) and Heer�s Broteoides ilicokles (Kreidefloranbsp;von Quedliiiburg, p. 13, PL III, figs. 7, 8) as only forms of Myrica Zenkeri.nbsp;Doubtless the leaves which we now figure and name CelastropliyUum angus-tifolmm would be thought by him also to belong to the same species; butnbsp;there is one distinguishing mark which separates them, and that is that allnbsp;of our leaves are beautifully creiiate, while those described by Ettings-liausen and Veleuovsk� are dentate, and so I am led to believe that,nbsp;though perhaps geuerically identical�but rather as Celastrophyllum thannbsp;Myrica�specifically our leaves are distinct. The relationship of thesenbsp;leaves to the still more common ones by which they are accompanied,nbsp;C. grandifolium, is intimate and interesting. There can hardly be a doubtnbsp;that they are members of the same genus, and that genus, it seems to me, isnbsp;C elastr ophy 11 um.

Locality: Woodbridge. .

Celastrophyllum Newberkyanum Hollick n. sp.^

PI. XLIX, �gs. 1-27.

Leaves small, 2.5�� to 6��� long by 1��� to 2.5�� wide, generally ovate, often obovate, in outline, somewhat narrowed and wedge-shaped at thenbsp;base; margins usually set with sharp, appressed, spiny denticles, butnbsp;sometimes entire; summit generally acute, sometimes apiculate, but notnbsp;infrequently evenly rounded; nervation distinct, camptodrome, and verynbsp;closely resembling that of Celastrus scandens L.

1 The original manuscript name by Dr. Newberry is C. denticulatum n. sp., but this name was ])re-viously used by Professor Fontaine in his Potomac or Younger Mesozoic .Flora, p. 306 (1889). This specihc name is therefore preoccupied, and in its place I have associated Dr. Newberry�s name withnbsp;the species.�A. H.

THE FLORA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Ill size, g�eiieral form, and nervation these leaves, of which we have compared some hundreds, are closely allied to that figured by Heer (FI.nbsp;Foss. Arct, Vol. VII, p. 41, PI. LXII, fig. 21), but differ from that in havingnbsp;the margins sharply denticulate instead of crenate. There can be no doubtnbsp;that they belong to the same genus, however, and to a closely allied species,nbsp;and both are as much like the leaves of Celastnis scandens as they are likenbsp;each other.

This is one of the most common leaves found at South Amboy, and a sufficient number have been drawn to give a good idea of their generalnbsp;characters. It will be necessary to have the fruit before any positive statement can be made in regard to their generic relations, but the form, margins,nbsp;and nervation are so entirely like those of the leaves of some species ofnbsp;Celastnis that they will probably be brought very near to, if not unitednbsp;with that genus.

Although plentiful at South Amboy and Sayreville, not a single leaf of this species has been found at Woodbridge. The South Amboy bedsnbsp;are very near the top of the clay series, and those of Woodbridge near thenbsp;bottom. Hence this plant formed a conspicuous element in the later phasenbsp;of the Cretaceous vegetation in New Jersey.

Localities: South Amboy, Sayreville.

Celasteophyllum undulatum Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXVIII, figs. 1-3.

Leaves oblong or ovoid, 10�� to 15�� in length by 4�� to 8�� in width, narrowed to base, obtuse or blunt-pointed at summit, margins undulate ornbsp;coarsely crenate; nervation consisting of a strong midrib, giving off atnbsp;a large angle frequent secondary nerves which run simply or branched tonbsp;the margin; generally they unite in a festoon which follows the outlinenbsp;of the undulations.

This large species resembles Celastropliyllmi crenatum Heer, in the character of its marginal ornamentation, but the leaves are much longernbsp;and larger and more oblong. They differ, too, markedly from the leavesnbsp;of C. grandifolium, which are lanceolate and have margins that are finelynbsp;denticulate or undulate.

DESCEIPTI�N OF SPECIES.

From C. enslfolium Lesq. (Cret. FL, p. 108, PI. XXI, figs. 2, 3) these leaves differ in being generally broader and more ovate, and especially innbsp;the coarse crenulation of the margins, in contrast with the comparativelynbsp;fine denticulation of the borders in C. ensifolimn.

Velenovsky intimates that the latter species is identical with his 3�yrica Zenkeri, but a comparison of specimens would show him that they arenbsp;evidently different.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville.

Celastrophyllum spatulatum Xewb. n. sp.

PL XLII, �gs. 43-45.

Leaves 4�quot; long by 1.5�' wide at broadest part, spatulate in outline; midrib slightly curved, giving the leaves an nnsymmetrical appearance;nbsp;margin dentate above, entire below, tapering into a narrow base; secondaries leaving the midrib at an acute angle, curving upward, anastomosingnbsp;and uniting by fine cross-veining.

The above �lame, without any description or other memoranda, was given to these specimens by Dr. Newberry, but no locality wasnbsp;indicated.�A. H.

Celastrophyllum robustum Newb. n. sp.

P]. XLII, �gs. 41, 43.

'rins may perhaps be an extreme form of C. spatulatum Newb., from which it differs mainly in the much broader upper part. No memorandanbsp;were left by Dr. Newberry, but the specimens were plainly labeled withnbsp;the name here adopted, and it was his evident intention to maintain themnbsp;as a distinct species.^�A. H.

'Figs. 24 aud 2.5 on PI. XLII were apparently introduced by Dr. Newberry for coini)arison with other leaves on this plate. They evidently represent living species in the Celastraceie, and I havenbsp;endeavored to compare them .with 2Iy(jiuda iniegrifolia Lam. and other species of the order, butnbsp;without entirely satisfactory results. I am satisfied, however, that they are not meant to representnbsp;any of the fossil species from the Amboy Clays. They may be compared with this species.�A. H.

THE EL�EA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Celastrophyllum grandifolium Newb. ii. sp.

PI. XIX, fig. 8; PI. XXI, �gs. 1-4.

Leaves large, 15�� to 25'�� long, petiolate, lanceolate in outline, rounded or subacute at sumuiit, rounded or rarely wedge-shaped at base; marginsnbsp;above the base undulate or closely serrate, entire near the base; nervationnbsp;regular, midrib strong, secondary nerves numerous, emerging at an angle

of 45�, anastomosing and forming- a network near the

nerve branches leaving the secondary nerves generally at a right angle, dividing the intervening spaces into a coarse quadrangular reticulation.

The normal appearance of these leaves is well shown on PL XXI, but of the large number Avhich have been collected some are rounded atnbsp;base and summit, and the margins are almost entire, being slightly undulate in some parts. Such leaves resemble those of some species of Juglans,nbsp;and one of these is shown on PL XIX, fig. 8, but they shade into thenbsp;normal form in such a way that they can not be separated.

These leaves are much like those described by I^esquereux under the name of Celastrophyllum ensifolium (Cret FL, p. 108, PL XXI, figs. 2, 3),nbsp;which were found in the Dakota group of Kansas, and it is quite possiblenbsp;they are specifically identical; but they are represented as being more coriaceous in texture, having a much stronger nervation, and a base abruptlvnbsp;narrowed, with a concave curve; the summit truncated or �broadly deltoid-pointed.� If these characters should be found to be constant in the Kansasnbsp;leaves they would plainly separate the species, for in those under consideration the summit is always gradually narrowed and broadly or narrowlynbsp;rounded; the texture also seems to have been much lighter.

Among the foreign Cretaceous species of Celastrophyllum, this may be compared with C. lanceolatum Ett. (Kreideflora von Xiederschoena, p.nbsp;260, PL III, fig. 9). But the single figure given by Ettingshauseu showsnbsp;the margins to be set with coarse, acute serrations, such as are only verynbsp;exceptionally seen on the inai�gins of our leaves. Tn other respects thenbsp;resemblance is close, and with more material we may find that the speciesnbsp;should be united.

Heer, in his Flora I'ossilis Arctica (Vol. VII, p. 40, PL LXIV, fig. 9a; PL LXV, figs. 7, 8), gives figures of three imperfect leaves which he refers to

DESORIPTIOX OF SPECIES.

C. lanceolatmn. These show only the basal portions, and are scarcely sufficient for accurate determination. Two of these have the margins coarsely serrate; in the third they are represented as entire. Under the circumstances we are scarcely justified in considering our leaves specificallynbsp;identical with either Heer�s or Ettiugshausen�s, but they are very closelynbsp;allied. Another leaf figiu�ed by Heer (op. cit, PI. LXV, fig. 6) he callsnbsp;Celastropliyllum serratum Sap. et Mar., but in this the long wedge-shapednbsp;base is coarsely serrated nearly to the petiole, a character which we havenbsp;never found in our leaves. Saporta and Marion obtained the leaves uponnbsp;which the description was based from the Upper Cretaceous strata at Gelin-den, and it is an interesting fact that leaves so closely allied, if not identical,nbsp;occur in strata approximately of the same age at these so widely separatednbsp;localities.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;,

Celastrophyllum minus Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, figs. 51, 52.

Leaves broadly spatulate in outline, 12��� or 13'��� long by 8�� broad, entire or somewhat undulate-crenate near the apex, narrowed to the base;nbsp;nervation obscure or obsolete.

These are the smallest leaves which I have referred to this genus. The absence of nervation makes it almost impossible to know where to look fornbsp;their affinities, but the spatulate outline and crenate margin give a generalnbsp;impression of the genus.

No memoranda in regard to name or locality were found in connection with them.�A. H.

Celastrophyllum Brittonianum Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, tigs. 37, 38, 46, 47.

Leaves lanceolate or slightly lanceolate-spatulate in outline, finely denticulate above, entire below, tapering to the petiole; secondary nervation fine, but clearly defined, anastomosed in irregular loops, and connectednbsp;by numerous reticulations.

The several leaves included under this name differ from C. spatulatum chiefly in having a nearly symmetrical lanceolate outline and finer dentation. That they are generically related there can be but little question,

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

aud it may be that tliey and C. robustum Newb. should all be considered as varieties of one species. It was, however, the evident intention of Dr.nbsp;Newberry to keep them separated, and hence they are so retained.

Dr. Newberry left no memoranda in connection with these specimens, and I have named the species in honor of Dr. N. L. Britton, of Columbianbsp;College.-A. H.

Order ACERACE.lt;E.

Acer amboyense Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, figs. 0-8.

Leaves unknown; samarse 15�� to 25�� in length and 8�quot;' to 10quot;quot;quot; in width; the wing is broad, rounded, membranous, aud veined.

These seeds of a species of maple are quite unmistakable, and a number of them have been found in the Amboy Clays; but up to the present time we have no leaves that in any way correspond to those of Acer ornbsp;Negundo. The samarse are about the form and size of those of the rednbsp;maple {Acer rubruni), but the wing is rather broader.

We find in the collection a few samarse which are different from the usual form. One of these is represented by fig. 5, in which the wing isnbsp;nearly straight. This, I have fancied, might very well be the winged seednbsp;of a pine, the presence of which geiius in the Amboy floi�a is proven bynbsp;fascicles of leaves.

Localities: Woodbridge, South Amboy.

Order RHAMNACE^.

Hhamnites minor Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 30.

Leaf small, about 19��� or 20�� long by 22�� or 23quot;'� broad at middle, slightly decurrent at the wedge-shaped base, rounded at ajiex; ner\ ationnbsp;fine, camptodrome, lower secondailes leaving tlie midrib at an acute angle,nbsp;upper ones less so.

It is not unlike R. apiculatus Lesq. (FI. Dak. Gr., p. 171, PI. XXXVII, figs. 8-13), but is considerably smaller and is not mucronate.

Dr. Newberry left no indication of name or locality in connection with either figure or specimen.�A. H.

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

Paliurus ovalis Dn.

PI. XXIII, �gs. 8, 9.

Paliurus ovalis Dawson, Mesozoic Floras of Rocky Mountain Region. Trans. Roy, Soc. Canada, Yol. Ill, sec. 4, 1885, p. 14, PI. lY, �gs. 4, 8.

The leaves iioav figured are rather smaller than, but otherwise indistinguishable from, those figured by Sir William Dawson, which he collected at Mill Creek, Canada, from about the middle of the Cretaceous seriesnbsp;Lesquereux describes a somewhat similar leaf, P. memhranaceus, fromnbsp;the Dakota gi-oup (Cret. FL, p. 108, PI. XX. fig. 6), but it differs manifestly in this, that tiie lateral nerves are relatively finer and do not reachnbsp;to or near to the summit, as they do in the leaves figured by Dawsonnbsp;and myself There is little doubt in my mind that bur leaves should benbsp;set off in a new genus, as they are almost equally three-nerved, and thenbsp;lateral nerves are drawn in to join the midrib at the summit, as in Smilax.nbsp;Sir William Dawson suggests that there are scarcely any good charactersnbsp;by which these leaves can be distinguished from those of Ceanothus, butnbsp;while this is true of the Cretaceous and Tertiary species, such as P. memhranaceus Lesq., from the Dakota group, P. ovoideus Heer, from the Tertiarynbsp;of CEniugen, and of a part of the leaves described by Heer under the namenbsp;of P. Colombi, the leaves now under consideration�those described by Sirnbsp;William Dawson (loc. cit.) and that figured by Heer (FI. Foss. Arct, Vol.nbsp;VH, PI. LXIX, fig.�9), with entire margins, ovate elliptical outlines, andnbsp;three nerves which come together at the summit�present characters sonbsp;unlike those of the serrated or crenulated leaves called Paliurus that theynbsp;should be placed in a distinct genus.

Order VITACE^.

CissiTES FOEMOsus Heer.

PI. XLYII, figs. 1-8.

Cissites formosus Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Yol. YI, Abth. II, p. 85, PI. XXI, figs. 5-8.

Quite a number of leaves are here represented which I have referred to the above species. Unfortunately, most of the specimens are in a badnbsp;state of preservation, owing to the fact that at the locality where they were

THE PLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

found the leaves are all coated with a thick sheet of lignite, which, containing much water, cracked and fell to pieces on exposure. When first obtained the leaves were perfect and beautiful, but before they could benbsp;drawn they had suffered irreparable harm. Possibly more than one speciesnbsp;is represented in these figures, as those I�epresented by figs. 1, 4, and 5nbsp;seem to have been trilobed, while in the others the lobes were subdividednbsp;so that they might be called five-lobed. Doubtless in the future morenbsp;perfect specimens will be obtained, which will permit a more thoroughnbsp;comparison amniig themselves and with the Grreenland plant. It seemsnbsp;to me, however, that we can not doubt that among these lobed leavesnbsp;from the Amboy Clays we have a number that are identical with thosenbsp;found in the Atane beds of Greenland.

Among the leaves figured on PL XLVII those repi�esented by figs. 1, 3, and 6 are from beds in which the coating of the leaf was thin, amountingnbsp;in some cases to a mere coffee-colored stain. Tliese have been perfectlynbsp;preserved, and in beds where the leaf impressions are of this character othersnbsp;no doubt will be found in the future that will pr�sent the complete outlinesnbsp;and the range of variation of these leaves. Those shown at figs. 4, 5, 7,nbsp;and 8 are, however, from the clays where the sheet of carbonaceous matternbsp;over the leaf impi�essious was less oxidized and thicker, and which failed tonbsp;be preserved by any method adopted. Colodion, glue, mucilage, paraffin,nbsp;water glass, all were ineffectually tried. Possibly a solution of shellac innbsp;alcohol, in which the leaf impressions had been dipped or sprayed, wouldnbsp;have been more successful. We have here an illustration of the greatnbsp;difficulty which has attended the collection and study of the fossil plants ofnbsp;the New Jersey clays.

Localities: Sayreville. South Amboy, Woodbridge.

CiSSITES CRISPUS Vel.l PI. XLII, ttgs. 20-23.

Gissites crispiis Veleiiovsky, PI. Bohni. Kreklef., Part lY, p. 12, P]. IV, ttg. 6.

We have figured here a number of small leaves with deeply toothed or incised margins. Among all fossil plants which have come under mynbsp;observation that figured and described by Velenovsky with the above name

DESCEIPTIOX OP SPECIES,

comes nearest to tliese, and while without much more material it will be impossible to assert the identity of our leaves with those found in thenbsp;Upper Cretaceous of Bohemia, still the I�esemblauce is so close that itnbsp;seems extremely probable that they are related, if not identical.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Order TILIACE/E.

Tili^phyllum dubium Newb. n. sp.

PI. XV, flg. 5.

Leaf 9� wide by 10�� long, ovate, cordate, pointed at the summit, margins uniformly and strongly dentate; nervation delicate, but wellnbsp;defined; midrib slightly arched upward, two basal nerves strong, throwingnbsp;off branches to the margin on either side, above these the side branchesnbsp;and branchlets terminate in the margins, but near the summit are apparently camptodrome.

But a single leaf of this species is contained in the collection. It is in a rather bad state of preservation, but is very distinct from any othernbsp;plant yet found in the Amboy Clays, and therefore deserves notice. Bynbsp;the general plan of its nervation, by its dentate margin, and by its wantnbsp;of symmetry it resembles some leaves of our basswood, such as cordd benbsp;collected in almost any forest. The texture of the leaf would seem to havenbsp;been thin and the surface not polished. Doubtless collections made in thenbsp;future at the locality where this specimen was found will yield material fornbsp;a more complete description.

Locality: Fish House.

Order PASSIFLORACEiE.

Passiplora antiqua Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXIH, flg. 7.

Leaves medium size, petiolate, margins entire, two-lobed, lobes widely divergent, rounded at summit; primary nerves, three, all diverging fromnbsp;the base of the leaf, the central one running directly to the bottom of thenbsp;broad sinus, the others passing from the base to the point of the lobes, in

THE FLOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

which they are lateral below, central above; secondary nerves very fine, alternate branches given olF from each of the primary nerves, but lostnbsp;before reaching the margin.

The leaves of this species are smaller than those of Bauhinia cretacea, with which they are associated, and may be distinguished at a glance bynbsp;the different nervation and the very much broader sinus, the lobes beingnbsp;diverg-ent at an angle of 45�.

Locality: Very rare at Woodbridge.

Order MYRTACE^.

Eucalyptus GIeinitzi Heer.

PI. XXXII, figs. 2,12,15,1G.'

Lucalyptus Geinitzi Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. YI, Abtli. II, p. 93, PI. XLVI, tigs.

12c, 13.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed above and below, lO�� to 15�� long by 15�� to 25�� wide, margins entire; nervation open and flexuous, lateralnbsp;nerves numerous, arched upward, connecting above to form a festoonnbsp;parallel with the margin, united by tertiary branches which divide thenbsp;spaces between them into square or oblong areoles.

A considerable number of leaves answering to the description given above occur in the Amboy Clays, and so nearly coincide with those figurednbsp;by Heer under the name of Eucalyptus Geinitzi that I have been compellednbsp;to consider them the same. The plan of nervation is essentially the samenbsp;as that of the other leaves I have grouped in the same genus, but thenbsp;nervation is more open and the leaves are broader and larger.

One of the supposed fruits of this species as figured by Heer is represented on PI. X, fig. 10, of this monograph. (See supra, p. 46.)

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville, etc.

' I doubt very mucb that fig. 16 represents a specimen of this species, or even genus. It is unquestionably so included, however, iu Dr. Newberry�s manuscript.�A. H.

DESCEIPTIOI^ OF SPECIES.

Eucalyptus? attenuata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XVI, figs. 2, 3, 5.

Leaf 10� to 15� in length, narrowed or rounded at the hase, pointed or attenuated at the suniniit, margin entire; nervation strongly reticulate.

Numerous leaves of this species occur, generally in an imperfect state of preservation. The nervation, however, is nearest that of Eucalyptus, or at least of the leaves so designated hy Heer from the Ataiie heds ofnbsp;Greenland.

More material will he required hefore the generic atSnities can he positively asserted.

Locality: South Amhoy.

Eucalyptus? angustifolia Newh. n. sp.

PI. XXXII, figs. 1, 0, 7.

Leaves long linear, pointed above, attenuated or rounded below, from 10� to 15�� long, 8quot;� to 12��� wide, margins entire; nervation rathernbsp;crowded, midrib slender, side branches numerous, leaving the midrib at annbsp;acute angle and forming a festoon close along the margin.

ddiese leaves apparently belong to the same genus as those that have been called Eucalyptus by Heer in his Eloi'a Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VI,nbsp;Abth. II, pp. 93, 94, PI. XLVI, figs. 12-14. The general form of the leaf isnbsp;similar, and the jieculiar nervation�that is, numerous lateral nerves unitingnbsp;to form a continuous festoon closely parallel v ith the margin�is essentiallynbsp;that of Eucalyptus. Professor Heer feels strengthened in his reference ofnbsp;leaves having this nervation to Eucalyptus by finding in company withnbsp;them Avhat he regards as the fruit of Eucalyptus; but in my judgment thenbsp;examples he gives of this fruit (op. cit., loc. cit., and PI. XLV) are rathernbsp;detached scales of the cone of some conifer, and probably genericallynbsp;identical with the cone scales which he has called IJammara borealis (op.nbsp;cit., pp. 54, 55, PI. XXXA^II, tig. 5). The fruit of Eucalyptus is a pyxisnbsp;or urn, circular in section, and with a lid; but in the large number ofnbsp;specimens of organisms which I have found in the Amboy Clays and

THE ELOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

have considered identical with Heer�s so-called Damrnara I liave looked in vain for any evidences of a separation between the summit and base, andnbsp;have regarded them as the exposed and buried portions of cone scales.nbsp;(See supra, pp. 54-55.)

Tlie leaves now under consideration differ from those I have cousidei�ed as identical with Heer�s Eucalyptus Geinitzi in this, that they are muclinbsp;longer and narrower and more attenuated at base and summit.

Locality: South Ambov.

Note.�For representatives of fruit of Dammam microlepis Heer and Eucalyptus Geinitzi Heer, from El. Foss. Arct., see PI. X, tigs. 9, 10, of this monograph.�A. H.

Eucalyptus? nervosa Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXII, tigs. 3, 4, 5, 8.

Leaves long-linear, rounded or subacute at summit, narrowed and wedge-shaped at base, 15*'� in length by 1� in width, margins entire; nervation strong, crowded, midrib continuous from base to summit, lateralnbsp;nerves very numerous, generally parallel and uniting to form a continuousnbsp;nerve-thread near to and parallel Avith the margin.

The general aspect of these leaves is peculiar. The style of nervation is similar to that of all the elongated, lanceolate, or linear leaves which Inbsp;have grou})ed provisionally in the genus Eucalyptus, but in this speciesnbsp;the nervation is much more crowded, and the union of the summits of thenbsp;lateral nerves forms a more straight and continuous nerve-thread.

Locality: South Amboy.

Eucalyptus? paryteolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXII, tigs. 9, 10.

Leaves small, about 5'�� to G�quot;� in length by 12�� to 15�� wide in the ]niddle, strictly lanceolate in form, pointed above and below, margins entire;nbsp;nervation rather delicate and open, lateral nerves moi'e or less numerousnbsp;united in a festoon somewhat removed from the margin.

The leaves described above may be but one of the varieties of E. Geinitzi, but they are so decidedly lanceolate in outline, so much broadernbsp;in proportion to their length, and so much smaller, that I have felt con-

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

strained to consider them distinct. The characters of the form and nervation exhibited by these leaves are well shown in the figures nownbsp;given.

Locality: South Amboy.

Order ARALIACE.�.

Hedera peimordiaeis Sap.

PI. XIX, ftgs. 1, 9; PL XXXVII, figs. 1-7.

Hedera primordialis Saporta, Le Monde des Plantes, p. 200, fig. 29.

Normal leaves kidney-shaped or cordate, with a deep sinus at the base, to 15� in diameter, long petioled, margins entire, sometimes waved;nbsp;nervation radiate, from five to seven nerves springing from a commonnbsp;point at the base of the leaf, diverging toward the margin, branchingnbsp;above, inosculating and forming a network of large meshes which arenbsp;filled with areoles of various sizes and dimensions.

Leaves which I can not distinguish by any constant characters from Hedera primordialis of Saporta are rather common at Woodbridge. Anbsp;number of figures on PI. XXXVII are given to show the variation in formnbsp;and for the purpose of identifying a characteristic plant of the formation, and one which possesses the additional interest of being common tonbsp;the Amboy Clays, the Atane beds of Greenland, and the Cenomanian ofnbsp;Bohemia. It will be seen that there is considerable diversity in the sizenbsp;and form of the leaves, but the predominant and normal character is shownnbsp;by figs. 1, 2, 4, and 6 of PI. XXXVII.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Hedera obliqua Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXVII, fig. 8; PI. XXXVIII, fig. 5.

Leaves large, 10� to 15� in length and 8� or 10� in width, unsym-metrical, elliptical in outline, margins somewhat waved; nervation radiate from the top of the petiole, which is an inch or more in length; that onenbsp;of the nerve branches strongest which passes to the portion of the marginnbsp;most remote from the base; the other branches, three or four in number,

MON XXVI-8

THE FLOKA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

inosculate with this and with one another to form an irregular and open network.

These leaves have much in common with the much more numerous ones that are associated witli them and which 1 have considered as identical with Saporta�s Heeler a primor dialis, and it may prove that they arenbsp;but phases of the same foliage. It will be seen, however, that the leavesnbsp;of H. primordiulis are symmetrically heartshaped, with more or less deepnbsp;sinuses, and with a inidiib and corresponding branches radiating from thenbsp;base on either side. In the leaves now under consideration, however,nbsp;tlie want of symmetry is most mai�ked. The leaves attain a larger size,nbsp;are not cordate, and are gerrerally transversely or obliquely elliptical,nbsp;though sometimes nearly round. Of H. primordiedis we have thirty or fortynbsp;fairly well preserved leaves; of H. ohliqua, only three or four, so thatnbsp;it would seem that this species or variety was much less common thannbsp;the other.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Aralia Wellingtoniana Lesq.^

PI. XXVI, fig. 1.

Aralia WelUngtoniana Lesquereux, FI. Dak. Gr., p. 131, PI. XXI, tig. 1; PI. XXII, figs. 2, 3.

Leaves medium size, 15�� long by 12�� or 13�� broad, petiolate, symmetrically three-lobed, lobes lanceolate, acute, sharply but remotely serrate, basal margin entire; base long wedge-shaped; nervation strong, primarynbsp;nerves three, which meet before reaching the point of the base, secondarynbsp;nerves diverging at an angle of about 45�, parallel, gently curved, terminating in the teeth of the border.

This very elegant leaf resembles those of A. Saportana Lesq. of the Dakota group as far as regards the shape of the lobes and their denticulated edges, but it may be at once distinguished from that species by itsnbsp;having only three lobes instead of five. Aralia decurrens Vel. (Die Flora

� Dr. Newberry�s original manuscript name for this species is A. concinna, n. sp. It is, however, manifestly identical with the three-lohetl form of A, WelUngtoniana Lesq. as described .and figurednbsp;in the Flora of the Dakota Group.�A. H.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

der Boliiu. Kreidef, Vol. IV, Part III, p. 11, PL IV, figs. 5-7) is somewhat like A. Wellingtonkma hi its three-lobed and denticulate margins, but innbsp;Velenovsky�s species the lobes are relatively longer and narrower, thenbsp;denticulation is coarser, and the sinuses extend to the base of tlie leaf.

From the other sjiecies of Aralia udth which this is associated in the Amboy Clays this differs in having the margins of the lobes denticulate,nbsp;since they all have entire margins. A similar trilobate species of Aralianbsp;(A. Looziana Sap. et Mar.) occurs in the Paleocene beds of Gelinden, butnbsp;the leaves are smaller, less deeply cut, and the denticulation is coarser.

A trilobate Aralia {A. formosa Heer) also occurs in the Upper Cretaceous strata of Moletein, and Lesquereux figures (Cret. and Tert. FL, p. 60, PI. XI, figs. 3, 4) what he considers leaves of the same species fromnbsp;the Dakota sandstones of Morrison, Colo., but these differ from thosenbsp;now before us in the mucli coarser dentation of the margins. It may evennbsp;be said that in the Colorado species the margins are creuate, being setnbsp;with closely approximated obtuse teeth or scallops, while in the leaves ofnbsp;A. Wellingtoniana the margins of the lobes�not the base�are set withnbsp;remote, acute, awn-like teeth, as in A. macro])hjlla of the Green Ilivernbsp;Tertiary.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Aralia quinquepartita Lesq.

PI. XL, ttgs. 1, 2.

Aralia quinquepartita Lesquereux, Cret. FL, i). 90, PI. XV, fig. 6.

Two specimens contained in our collections, those now figured, I have been unable to distinguish from Lesquereux�s species from the Dakotanbsp;group mentioned above. They also approach near to A. Bavniana Heernbsp;(FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 84, PI. XXXVHI, figs. 1, 2), but havenbsp;the central lobe much narrower. Perhaps more material will bring outnbsp;differences between our plant and that described by Lesquereux, but thisnbsp;seems improbable. Doubtless this should be added to the considerablenbsp;number of species of fossil plants common to the Amboy Clays and thenbsp;Dakota sandstones.

Locality: IVoodbridge.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Aralia GR�NLANDICA Heer.

PI. xxvm, fig. 4.

Aralia gr�nlandica Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. YI, Abtli. II, ii. 84, PI. XXXVIII, fig. 3; PI. XXXIX, fig. 1; PI. XLVI, figs. 16, 17.

Among� the great number of ti'ilobate leaves which we have collected from the Amboy Clays there is one variety which has considerable resemblance to that named by Heer A. gr�nlandica (loc. cit.). In these leaves thenbsp;lobes are subequal, the lateral nerves leaving the midrib at an angle of aboutnbsp;4.5�. The leaf now figured is smaller and the lobes narrower than thosenbsp;represented by Heer; and in one of his figures, on the under side of thenbsp;lateral lobes, there is a small sublobe; so that Professor Heer�s figures,nbsp;which he has included under one name, differ more among themselves thannbsp;they do from this, which I have supposed might be our representative of thenbsp;species. It will be seen by looking over the figures of the different leavesnbsp;of Aralia given in this monograph that there were evidently a number ofnbsp;species in the Amboy flora, and also that, like the leaves of most trees,nbsp;there was considerable variation within the limits of a single species; sonbsp;that it is possible all the figures credited to A. gr�nlandica by Professornbsp;Heer may represent one species; but it seems to me more probable that thenbsp;broad, entire lobed leaf represented on PI. XXXVIII, fig. 3, of the Floranbsp;Fossilis Arctica, should be regarded as distinct from that i-epresented on PI.nbsp;XXXIX, fig. 1. It is certain also that the fragmentary leaves representednbsp;in figs. 16, 17, on PI. XLVI, do not belong to the same species, fig. 16 beingnbsp;perhaps identical with the type of A.-gr�nlandica, while the second was anbsp;maiiy-lobed leaf and probably belonged to Heer�s species, A. Bavniananbsp;(op. cit, p. 84, PI. XXXVIH, figs. 1, 2).

Locality: Woodbridge.

Aralia Formosa Heer!.

PI. XXII, fig. 8.

Aralia formosa Heer, Kreidefiora von Moletefn, p. 18, PL VIII, fig. 3.

A single and very imperfect specimen of what seems to have been a trilobed Aralia Avith undulate margins has been found. The lobes of thenbsp;leaf must have been longer, more acute, and less strongly crenulate onnbsp;the margins than the type of Professor Heer�s description in his Kreidefiora

DESCEIPTION OP SPECIES.

voa Moletein; but Veleuovsky, iu bis Flora der B�bmiscben Kreideforma-tion, Part I, Pis. VI and VU, gives figures of several specimens of wbat be calls Aralia formosa, in wbicb tbe sinuses are deeper, tbe lobes narrower,nbsp;and tbe marginal teetb smaller than in tbe type, in these respects approacb-ing very closely to our specimen; bence, since tliat is different from anynbsp;otber yet obtained from tbe New Jersey clays and approaches so closely tonbsp;Velenovsky�s figures, I venture to call it provisionally by tbe same name.

Locality: South Amboy.

Aralia palmata Newb. n. sj).

PL XXXIX, figs. 6, 7; PI. XL, lig. 3.

Leaves palmate, five-lobed, lobes short, the upper three much larger, than tbe lower, margins entire; secondary nervation either delicate or sunknbsp;in tbe parenchyma of the leaf, often invisible.

In general aspect this species somewhat resembles Aralia Whitneyi Lesq. (Flora Auriferous Gravels, p. 20, PI. V, fig. 1), but tbe leaf is smaller,nbsp;tbe number of the marginal lobes is less, and in that species they are acute.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Aralia patens Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXVIII, fig. 3.

Leaves petioled, 18�� to 20�� in lateral diameter, palmately tbree-lobed, lobes subequal, lance-linear iu outline, subacute, lateral lobes broadlynbsp;divergent, with deep sinuses between them and tbe middle lobe, marginsnbsp;entire.

Tbe above description is based on the leaf figured and what seems to be a lateral lobe of another of still larger size. Both may be but forms ofnbsp;A. gronlandica Heer, but tbe divergence of tbe lateral lobes is much greaternbsp;and the sinuses are much deeper than in any of tbe man)�' leaves I havenbsp;supposed to represent Heer�s species in our collections.

The angle of divergence of tbe lateral lobes is about as great as in Sassafras Jiastatiim, but in that species tbe lateral lobes are shorter andnbsp;broader, being triangular in outline.

Locality: Woodbridge.

THE FL�EA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Aealia polymorpha Newb. n. sp.

PL XXXIX, figs. l-f).

Leaves extremely variable in form, tlmee- to five-lobed, frequently unsymmetrical, tlie middle and larger lobe turned to one side, marginsnbsp;entire; nervation delicate, often invisible; lobes obtuse; petiole sliort ornbsp;wanting.

By reference to the figures now given it Avill be seen that this is a protean species, fig. 2 being quite symmetrical, having the outline of sonbsp;many Aralias; that is, primarily three-lobed, but with a subordinate basalnbsp;lobe on either side. Figs. 1 and 3 represent the distorted form to whichnbsp;allusion has been made in the description. Figs. 4 and 5 represent smallnbsp;and abnormal forms which may or may not represent this species.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Aralia rotundiloba Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXVIII, fig. 5; PI. XXXVI, fig. 9.

Leaves five-lobed, 10�� wide by 7�� or 8� high; lobes all rounded and comparatively short; margins entire; nervation delicate, camptodrome.

Only two specimens of the leaf of this plant have been obtained. The most striking peculiarity is the rounded outline of each of the lobes. Inbsp;have seen some specimens of lAqiiidambar integrifolmm Lesq. in whicli thenbsp;lobes are obtuse and somewhat rounded, giving the leaf very much thenbsp;aspect of those before us. More material will be necessary, however, beforenbsp;the identitv of the two forms can be asserted.

%j

Locality: Woodbridge.

Chondrophyllum obovatum Newb. n, sp.

PI. XLII, figs. 26, 27.

Leaves obovate to orbicular, 15�'� to 25�� in length by 10�� to 20�� wide, margins entire, base more or less wedge-shaped, summit roundednbsp;and sometimes emarginate; nervation conspicuous and yet delicate, consisting of a midrib which vanishes near the summit of the leaf and gives offnbsp;branches that unite to form festoons relatively remote from the margins,

DESCEIPTIO^r OF SPECIES.

while Jill tlie intervals between the secondary nerves and between the festoon and the margin are tilled in with large polygonal areoles.

These leaves resemble those described by Professor Heer (Fi. Foss. Arct, Vol. Ill, Part II, pp. 114-115, PI. XXXII, figs. 11-13). In outlinenbsp;they seem intermediate between the two forms which he calls Chondrophyl-lum NordensJci�ldi and C. orhiculatum, the outline being somewhat more likenbsp;the former, the nervation like the latter. I have therefore thought it betternbsp;to give to our leaves a distinct name.

The genus Chondrophyllum is ill defined, and more material will be needed before anything definite can be said in regard to its limitations or itsnbsp;relations to living plants. Professor Heer puts the species referred to abovenbsp;into the family of the Ampelidem, states that fruits which he considersnbsp;those of the Panax were found with them, and suggests that they belongednbsp;to this genus or some related araliaceous plant.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Chondrophyuluji eeticulatum Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLI, flg's. (i, 7.

Leaves orbicular (!) in outline, abi�uptly narrowed at the base, entire; midrib and secondaries fine, about equal in thickness, all gradually losingnbsp;themselves in the parenchyma of the leaf or merging into the delicatenbsp;reticulated nervation of the blade.

The two imperfect specimens represented are apparently referable to this geuiis and have much in common with C. orhiculatum Heer. Thenbsp;imperfect upper part of both of our specimens leaves us in doubt as tonbsp;the exact character of the apex, which may have been einargiuate.

No memorandum in regard to either name or locality accompanied either the specimens or the figures.�A. H.

Order CORNACEiE.

CORNOPHYLLUM VETUSTUM Newb. 11. Sp.

PI. XIX, fig. 10.

LeaY�es elliptical, or long by about 4*�quot;' wide, points subacute, base slightly wedge-shaped, short petioled, margins entire; nervation delicate, midrib straight, lateral nerves opposite or alternate, about seven pairs,

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

parallel, strongly arclied upward, especially toward tlie summit, Avliere they connect in a simple festoon.

The form and structure of these leaves is altogether that of Cornus, yet the neiwation is more delicate than is known in that genus. The lateralnbsp;nerves running out parallel, strongly arched upward, curving near thenbsp;margins to connect with those above, and drawn in at the summit, precisely as in many species of Cornus, tempt us to include it in that genus;nbsp;but a certain want of rigidity and exactness in the nervation suggests thatnbsp;the relationship should be indicated rather than asserted. This is a rarenbsp;form in our collections, and more material will be needed for its exactnbsp;classification.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Order ERICACE.�.

Andromeda Parlatorii Heer.

PI. XXXI, tigs. 1-7; PI. XXXIII, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.

A7idromeda Parlatorii Heer, Phyllites Or�tac�es du Xebraska, p. 18, PI. I, fig. 5. Prunus (?) Parlato7-ii Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sei., 2d ser., Vol. XLVI (1868), p. 102.

One of the most common leaxms found in the New Jersey clays is indistinguishable from that described by Heer (oj). cit.) from the Dakotanbsp;of Nebraska, and as it is so characteristic a plant of the formation and onenbsp;found at nearly every locality opened, I liaAm felt justified in giving anbsp;number of figures of it. There seems to be little evidence that this reallynbsp;represents the genus Andromeda, but aside from its botanical relations thenbsp;plant is an important one as showing the relation between the Amboy Claysnbsp;and the Dakota group of the West.

Andromeda la'J'ifolia Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXIII, figs. 6-10; PI. XXXIV, tigs. 6-11; PI. XXXVI, lig. 10.

Leaves varying greatly in size and shape; to 20*�� in length by 1.5*�� to 7*�� in width, lanceolate or spatulate in outline, generally acute,nbsp;sometimes rounded at summit, wedge-shaped below; nervation strong andnbsp;simple, midrib very strong, lateral branches relatively few, slender, and

DESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

flexuous, leaving the midrib at an acute angle and inosculating to foi�in an open festoon near the margin; substance of the leaf coriaceous; surfacesnbsp;smooth.

.With the leaves of A. Parlatorii occur others which are larger, broader, and less regular in outline. They have the same leathery consistence,nbsp;which frequently results in the peeling off and breaking away of the residual substance of the leaf.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville, etc.

Andromeda flexuosa Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXIV, figs. 1-5.

Leaves linear or lanceolate, 6'^� to 12�� in length by l.���quot; to 3�� wide, pointed above, wedge-shaped below, margins entire; nervation relativelynbsp;strong and simple, midrib flexuous, giving off at the salient curves sidenbsp;branches which are arched upward and inosculate very near the margin;nbsp;tertiary nervation mostly consisting of simple, sometimes forked nerveletsnbsp;which connect the secondary branches dividing the interval into oblongnbsp;areoles.

The general aspect of these leaves is similar to that of those which I have noted as A. Parlatorii and A. latifolia, and while their relation to thenbsp;living genus, the name of which was given them by Heer, is doubtful, theynbsp;seem to be inseparably connected together and form a group which is anbsp;marked feature of the flora of the Amboy Clays. As in the other species,nbsp;the leaves of A. flexuosa were thick and leathery, though to a less degree.nbsp;Its most marked feature is the flexuous course of the midrib.

Localities: Woodbridge, Sayreville, etc.

Andromeda Nov^-CAiSARE^E Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, flgs. 9-12, 28-31.

Leaves lanceolate in outline, about equally acuminate at both ends, ontire, tapering to the petiole; secondaries more or less obscure, numerous,nbsp;leaving the midrib at an acute angle, subparallel, gradually nearing eachnbsp;other at their extremities, where they are connected by fine cross-veining.

These leaves have somewhat the appearance of small specimens of

THE FLOEA OP THE AMBOY CLAYS.

A. Ifaffiana Heer, and are not unlike tlie .specimen described and figui�ed by Professor Lesquereux (FI. Dak. Gi'., p. 118, PI. LII, fig. 5) under thenbsp;name A. linifolia- but our specimens are not so long-acuminate, and are toonbsp;broad in proportion to tlieir lengtli, more nearly resembling A. Snoivii _Lesq.nbsp;(FI. Dak. Gr., p. 117, PI. XVII, fig. 16), but apparently sufficiently distinctnbsp;to be regarded as a separate species.

Locality not known.�A. H.

Order MYRSINACE^.

Myrsine borealis Heer.

PI. XXIV, figs. 4-6.

Myrsine borealis Heer, El. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abtli. II, p. 81, P). XXIV, figs. 7b, 8;

PI. XXVII, fig. lb; PL XLIV, fig. oa; PI. XLVI, figs. 19, 20.

Among tlie most common leaves in the Amboy Clays at all the localities where plants are found there is one which is small, sharply defined, oval or oblong in outline, 2.5'^� to 4�' in length, and of thick and leatherynbsp;consistence. The nervation is generally lost in the pai�enchyma of the leaf,nbsp;but where seen it corresponds with the plant figured by Heer, which alsonbsp;seems to have been common in the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland.

Myrsine elongata Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXII, figs. 1-3.

Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, petioled, tapering to a wedge-shaped base, about 6.5�� to 7�� long, including the petiole, by 2�� wide at broadestnbsp;part; nervation that of Myrsine.

No desci�iption accom2:)anied these figures, but the above name appears upon the specimen labels in Dr. Newberry�s handwriting.

Locality; South Amboy.�A. H.

Myrsine oblongata Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, fig. 15.

A single leaf with oblong outline and entire margin, 25�� long by 12�� or 13�� wide, blunt at both ends, is placed under the above name

UESCEIPTION OF SPECIES.

No memorandum iii regard to locality or supposed botanical relationship was found in connection with either the figure or the specimen.�A. H.

Order SAPOTACE.�.

Sapotacites retusus Heer.

PI. LIII, figs. 5, (i.

Sapotacites retustis Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, p. 33, PI. LXI, fig. 10.

In the Amboy Clays, as in the Atane beds in Greenland, numerous emarginate leaves are found which correspond to several of those figurednbsp;by Heer in his Flora Fossilis Arctica as either forms of Liriodendron Meeldinbsp;(Vol. VI, Abth. II, PI. XXII) or regarded by him as species of Cohitea,nbsp;Sapotacites, or Leguminosites. Among others is a long-ovate leaf, of whichnbsp;a figure is now given, that corresponds closely with the one figured by Heernbsp;as Sapotacites retusus. In some cases the emarginatiou is much deepernbsp;than in others, and such leaves would probably be i-eferred by Heer to hisnbsp;Liriodendron Meekii, but we have reason to believe that this leaf is notnbsp;a Lii�iodendron. We have several species of that genus represented in thenbsp;Amboy Clays, some of which have been already described in the Bulletinnbsp;of the Toi�rey Botanical Club; and while one of these, which I havenbsp;included among the varieties of Liriodendropsis simplex, has the long-ovoidnbsp;and lanceolate form of the leaves under consideration, it always has thenbsp;margination angular and the lateral points acute.

I should also say that the forms figured on Heer�s PI. XXIII of Vol. VI, formerly described by him as Leguminosites Marcouanus and Sapotacitesnbsp;ohcordatus, but later considered by him as forms of Liriodendron Meekii,nbsp;have not been found in the Amboy Clays, and so far as known at presentnbsp;they are confined to the Dakota sandstones of the West, and they should not,nbsp;in my judgment, be regarded as varieties of any species of Liriodendron.

Locality: Woodbridge.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Order EBENACE.�.

Diospykos prim^va Heer.

PL XXX, figs. 1-5.

Diospyros primcBva Heer, Pliyll. Or�t. du Xeb., p. 19, PL I, figs. 6, 7.

A number of leaves liave been found which so closely resemble those described by Heer, first in the Phyllites Cr�tac�es du Nebraska, andnbsp;afterwards in Vols. VI and VII of the Flora Fossilis Arctica, that I amnbsp;compelled to consider them the same. The foi'in is ovoid, elliptical, thenbsp;base wedge-shaped, the summit obtuse or subacute, the margins entire,nbsp;the nervation very distinct and open, the midrid strong, the lateral branchesnbsp;forming a coarse festoon parallel with the margins, and all the includednbsp;areas filled with polygonal and relatively large areoles. This prominencenbsp;of the tertiary nervation is a marked feature of these leaves, as it is ofnbsp;those obtained by Heer from the Upper Cretaceous of Greenland, as willnbsp;be seen in Vol. VII, PL LXI, fig. 5b.

Locality: South Amboy.

Order ASCLEPIADACE�.

Acekates

PL XXXII, fig. 17; PL XLI, figs. 4, 5.

In regard to the specimen figured on PI. XXXII, fig. 17, there can be little doubt that it belongs to the genus Acerates. A. arctica Heer isnbsp;described and figured in Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 82, PI.nbsp;XXX, figs. 19, 20, bnt our specimens seem to compai�e better with A. longipesnbsp;as described and figured in Contributions h la Flore Fossile du Portugal,nbsp;p]). 31-32, PI. XXIV, figs, lb, Ic, 3a, 4, 5, 6, etc.

The specimens repi�esented on PI. XLI, figs. 4, 5, while probably the same, are destitute of any visible veining, and hence could be assignednbsp;only provisionally to the same species. It would therefore seem safernbsp;to place all three specimens under the same generic name, leaving thenbsp;specific status to be determined in the future in the light of more and betternbsp;material.

Locality: South Amboy.�A. H.

DBSCEIPTJON OF SPECIES.

Order CAPRIFOLIACE.�.

Viburnum integeifolium Newb. n. sp.^

PI. XLI, tig. 1.

Leaves circular or nearly so, somewhat longer than broad, 7�� or 8�� in diameter, margins entire; nervation strong, regular, craspedodrome.

One imperfect leaf of this plant is contained in tlie collection. The general structure of the leaf is that of Viburnum, and, exce})t that the margins are entire, it fairly represents one of the larger and orbicular leavesnbsp;of Vihurnwm lantanoides. The base is probably heart-shaped, but both summit and base in the specimen are defective. With so little material, ofnbsp;course the reference to Viburnum is entirely problematical, but this deservesnbsp;to be enumerated as another of the extinct species of dicotyledonous leavesnbsp;in the Amboy flora.

Locality: AVoodbridge.

GENERA AND SPECIES OP UNCERTAIN AEPINITIES. pALiEANTHUs (Williamsonia) pboblematicus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXV, tigs. 1-9.

Flowers, when fully expanded, discoid, or 8�� in diameter, composed of twenty or more narrow, strap-like floral envelopes set around tlie edge of a discoid receptacle, which is conical in form, flat above, pointednbsp;below, where it is continuous with the stem.

These remarkable objects have produced the greatest surprise, perhaps, which has been met with in the disinterment of the representatives we havenbsp;collected of the flora of the Amboy Clays. Their general aspect is altogether that of a helianthoid flower; so much so that when drawings ofnbsp;them were sent to Dr. Gray, the leading authority on the Composite, henbsp;did not hesitate to say that they were composite flowers. Indeed, it wouldnbsp;be impossible to reproduce in a fossil state, at least embedded in clay, anything more perfectly representative, in general and detail, of a composite

* The identity of this specimen with the genus Viburnum appears to be exceedingly doubtful, and yet there can be no doubt of Dr. Newberry�s views in the matter; hence the original name remainsnbsp;unaltered.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

flower with twenty or more ray-florets. It is evident, however, that the material composing these florets of the ray was more substantial and persistent than that of most helianthoid flowers, but it is well known that manynbsp;of the Composite, like Gnaphalium, Heliochrysum, etc., have tlie ray-florets scarious or woody, and large flowers of the latter genus buried up innbsp;mud and then baked would present practically the same aspect and exhibitnbsp;apparently the same structure as these.

But it is well known that the Compositae are among the most specialized and, as we say, the highest, of the flowering plants, and it would require some modification of the generally prevalent ideas of the progressnbsp;of plant life on the globe to suppose that plants as highly organized asnbsp;any at the present time were not only present but abundant in the floranbsp;that dates back to the middle of the Cretaceous age. And yet our exploration of the Cretaceous flora has been full of surprises like this. Thatnbsp;the forests of North America at the date of the deposition of the Dakotanbsp;sandstones and the Amboy Clays were largely composed of trees which innbsp;size, beauty, and botanical rank would compare favorably with the constituents of our forests at the present day is indisputable. Magnolias andnbsp;Liriodendrons, the ornaments of our present forests, were there in abundance and apparently in their greatest development, because they werenbsp;represented by a larger number of species than are found living at thenbsp;present time. The Liriodendrons were not only more numerous but morenbsp;varied and specialized, and it is evident that they were then in the goldennbsp;age of their existence. So the Sassafras, the sweet gum, and the Aralias,nbsp;and all tlie other conspicuous elements in this flora are of relatively highnbsp;botanical rank. Hence, in such a flora, flowers of the Compositae wouldnbsp;not be out of place, and we should not hesitate to accept the obvious inference that these were such if it were not that a group of flower-like organs�nbsp;I mean the flowers called Williamsonia�had been found in the Mesozoicnbsp;rocks, possibly as low as the Trias, which are not without resemblancenbsp;to, and perhaps not without botanical affinity with, these, and which havenbsp;been proved to be the florescence of cycads. The flowers of Williamsonianbsp;have given rise to much discussion and have been regarded by botanistsnbsp;as re})resentative of very different botanical groups. For example. Professor

DESCKIPTIOX OF SPECIES.

Williamson^ considered the first discovered species as the flower of Zamia gigas, an opinion concurred in by Carrnthers,^ who named the genus; Heernbsp;considered Williamsonia as a parasite allied to Rafflesia, while Saporta considered the plant which bore these flowers as monocotyledoiious and alliednbsp;to Pandanus.�

V

There is, however, this marked difference between Palmanthus and any of the species of Williamsonia known, such as W. gigas Carr., W.nbsp;Leckenhgi Natli., W. Blanfordi Feistm., W. virginiensis Font, that thesenbsp;all consist of a series of floral envelopes of a tenacious and permanentnbsp;character, surrounding an internal, urn-like, pear-shaped, or cylindricalnbsp;spadix, the whole florescence sessile or short-peduncled; whereas in Palm-anthus the ray-florets surr�und a tessellated disk, closely resembling thenbsp;achenia-bearing receptacle of composite flowers, and are surrounded by anbsp;scaled involucre and supported by a well-defined stem.

Williamsonia Smockii Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXVI, tigs. 1-8.

The flower cup-shaped or cylindrical, open above, with a simple margin, which is generally expanded slightly, sometimes contracted; below it rests upon a conical receptacle which reaches evenly downward, butnbsp;narrows to a comparatively slender stem.

The dimensions vary considerably, from 2.5�' to more than 3� in breadth, and from 2.5*quot;� to nearly 4� in height. The base of the flowernbsp;and the stem seem to be covered with scales or bi*acts. Perhaps fifty ofnbsp;these flowers have been found in the Amboy Claj^s, and yet nowhere hasnbsp;any connection with any other plant been detected. There is great similarity between these flowers and those which I have called Palmanthns,nbsp;but in the latter the flower consists of a large number of distinct and separable scarious spiral envelopes, which are sometimes radiately expanded,

�Williamson: Linn. Trans. Vol. XXVI, p. 663-674, Pis. LII, LIII.

-Carrutliers: Linn. Trans. Vol. XXVI, pp. 680, 691.

�The following further references may he found of assistance in this connection :

Phillips: Geol. Yorksh., 3d ed., pp. 224, 225, PI. XXIV.

Feistmantel: Flora of Kach (Palicontologia Indica), p. 52, PI. XII, figs. 5-7.

Nathorst: Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens F�rhandliugar, 1880, p. 33; 1888, ji. 359.

Fontaine: Potomac Flora, p. 273, PI. CXXXIII, figs. 5-7; PI. CLXV, fig. 5.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

sometimes contracted to form an ontline not nnlike tlie flowers under con-sidei'ation. Tliese, liowever, seem to consist of a continuous sheet of what, to have been preserved, must have been coriaceous material. This isnbsp;striated longitudinally and is divided into distinct organs. Tlie receptaclenbsp;upon which each form of flower rests is essentially the same. It is a cone,nbsp;of which the point below connects with the stem and the flattened basenbsp;formed the floor of the flower. The resemblance of our fossils to thosenbsp;which have been called by Heer Williamsonia cretacea is so close that therenbsp;can be no doubt of their generic identity. Professor Heer�s fossils arenbsp;described in Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VI, j). 59, and figured on Pis. XIInbsp;and XIII. The form of the flower cup in Professor Heer�s species is ranchnbsp;the same as that of ours, except that it is more swollen, less cylindrical andnbsp;regular, and at the same time has a crenulated margin and is striated longitudinally, as though composed of compacted petals, while in our fossil thenbsp;surface is essentially smooth. The pedicel, however, of Professor Heer�snbsp;species is very different from ours; it is no broader at the top, but contractsnbsp;much less rapidly, and descends to a thick, fleshy, scaled stem.

Professor Heer discusses at considerable length the relations of his fossils, recognizing their resemblance to several species of Williamsonianbsp;that have been described, and indicating their connection by taking thenbsp;generic name; yet he does not accept the conclusion of Professor Williamsonnbsp;and others that it is the florescence of a cycad, but accepts the suggestionnbsp;of Dr. Xathorst that it should be regarded rather as a parasite belonging tonbsp;the order Balanophorem. But the recent discovery by Dr. Xathorst of anbsp;species of Williamsonia on the same stem with the leaves of Anomozamitesnbsp;places the subject in a new light and will probably compel us to return tonbsp;the original suggestion of Williamson.

Protophyllum obovatum Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXXVIII, fig. 4.

Leaf oval in outline, 10*�quot; to 12'�quot; in length by 7'�quot; or 8'�� broad, contracted at the base, the blade surrounding the petiole in a margin about 12mm innbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;margins entire; nerves delicate, pinnately arranged above,

radiate at base, camptodrome.

DESORIPTIOlSr OP SPECIES.

Only one specimen of this interesting plant lias yet been found iii the Amboy Clays. It differs from the species described by Lesquereux fromnbsp;the Dakota group of the West {Protophyllum Sternbergii, F. multinerve, P.nbsp;rugosum, etc.) in the simplicity of its outlines�as all the other species havenbsp;undulate or dentate margins�and in its obovate form. The character ofnbsp;the base is, however, such as distinctly to bring it within the genus, and itnbsp;indicates that this feature, so striking in the flora of the Dakota, was notnbsp;wanting on the eastern shore of the continent during the deposition of thenbsp;Amboy Clays.

The relations of Protophyllum to the flora of the present day have never been satisfactorily determined, but I would suggest that the leavesnbsp;of some species of Coccoloba are very closely allied, both in form andnbsp;structure, to those of Protophyllum.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Dewalquea GR�NLANDICA Heer?.

PI. XLI, figs. 2, 3, 12.

Dewalquea gr�nlandica Heer, FI. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth. II, p. 87, PI. XXIX, figs, 18, 19; PL XLII, figs. 5, 6; PI. XLIV, fig. 11; Vol. VII, p. 37, PI. LXII,nbsp;figs. 5, 6.

By comparison of our specimens with the figures represented by Heer in Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. VII, PI. LXII, figs. 5, 6, under the abovenbsp;name, there seems to be but little doubt that the two are identical and thatnbsp;we are warranted in provisionally referring them to the same species.

No indication was given by Dr. Newberry as to his ideas concerning the probable affinities of these leaves, nor was there any memorandum innbsp;regard to locality.�A. H.

.Dewalquea teifoliata Newb. n. sp.^

PI. XXII, figs. 4-7.

Leaves in threes, springing from the same base, lance-linear, wedge-shaped at base, margins entire, summits unknown.

^ The two-leaved form shown at fig. 7 was not named by Dr. Newberry, although grouped with the other figures. I am unable to determine whether he intended to regard it as a distinct species,nbsp;and have included it provisionally with the others.�A. H.

MON XXVI-9

THE ELOEA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Several of these trifoliate groups are contained in the collection, but none in which the entire form of the leaflets is shown. This material isnbsp;too meager to determine with accuracy their generic relations, but no othernbsp;has suggested itself than that with Dewalquea, a genus so frequentlynbsp;represented in rocks of Upper Cretaceous age.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Phyllites orbicularis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXIV, figs. 7, 8.

Leaves nearly orbicular, short petioled, about 4*�quot; in diameter, slightly emarginate at the summit and wedge-shaped at the base, margins entire;nbsp;nervation fine, but distinct, regular; midrib slightly arched, side branchesnbsp;nearly equally spaced, simple below, connecting in a festoon above.

Only two specimens of this leaf are contained in tlie collection, and they present no characters by which they can be confidently referred tonbsp;their botanical position. They are not unlike some of the forms of Populusnbsp;hyperborea of Heer, but in my judgment they do not belong to the genus Populus. Hereafter more material will doubtless permit the generic relationsnbsp;to be satisfactorily determined.

Locality: Sayreville.

Phyllites ellipticus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXIV, fig. 9.

Leaf elliptical or long-ovoid, rounded at base, obtuse at summit, margins entire, slightly undulate; nervation fine, midrib somewhat curved,nbsp;side branches delicate, set with considerable regularity, parallel, curvednbsp;upward.

Only a single specimen of this species has been obtained from the Amboy Clays, and this does not suffice to determine its botanical relations.nbsp;It is, however, distinct from any other leaf contained in the collection, andnbsp;so it seems proper to call attention to it.

Locality: Woodbridge.

DESCEIPTION OP SPECIES.

Phyllites undulatus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XXIV, flg. 10.

Leaf nearly circular, about 6�� in diameter; margins broadly undulate; nervation distinct, but delicate, midrib thin and flexuous, side branches remote, curved upward, and connecting in a festoon along the margin.

Only a single incomplete specimen of this leaf has been collected, and this is shown in the above figure. The general aspect is that of a leaf ofnbsp;Hamamelis, but the nervation is different, inasmuch as it is camptodrome,nbsp;while in Hamamelis it is craspedodrome. We must wait for the collectionnbsp;of more material before attempting to determine its botanical affinities.

Locality: Woodbridge.

Phyllites obscura Hollick n. sp.

PI. XLII, flg. 33.

This single leaf appears like a distorted or abnormal specimen. Inasmuch as Dr. Newberry left no indication of his ideas regarding it, and no memorandum of locality or collector, I have thought it best to designate itnbsp;by the above name.�A. H.

Calycites parvus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, flgs. 28, 29.

Small calyx-like organisms, with (normally) five blunt sepals arranged

around a circular disk or center.

in diameter.

The name here adopted is that given by Dr. Newberry on the labels attached to the specimens. No manuscript relating to them was found, andnbsp;I am unable to state whether or not he had formed any opinion in regardnbsp;to their probable botanical affinities.

Locality : Woodbridge.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Calycites diospyriformis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, figs. 39-41.

Organism aboirt 12�� in diameter, calyx-like, consisting of a center, around and connected with which are five blunt or slightly pointed lobes.nbsp;It resembles somewhat the dried calyx of Diospyros, for which reason 1nbsp;presume the above name was adopted by Dr. Newberry. No memorandanbsp;concerning the specimens Were found except the labels which were attachednbsp;to them.

Locality : Woodbridge.�A. H.

Tricalycites papyraceus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, tigs. 30-38.

Organism consisting of a very small nucleus to which is attached a deeply triple-lobed or winged appendage; lobes broadly linear, obovatenbsp;or hregularly ovate, blunt, delicately veined or striated longitudinally.

The substance of the lobes is well preserved, and may be removed from the surface of the clay like thin tissue paper. The lobes vary innbsp;size, but the middle one is apparently always the longest, varying fromnbsp;12�� to 25�� in length and from 6�� to 10�� in width. The name herenbsp;adopted is the one which Dr. Newberry gave to the specimens, without anynbsp;accompanying description.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

Tricarpellites striatus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, figs. 9-13.

Among the most abundant fruits collected in the Woodbridge clays are those to which Dr. Newberry gave the above name. They are nut-like innbsp;appearance, irregularly ovoid in shape, inclosed in a longitudinally striatednbsp;husk or shell, 25�� to 40�� long and 20�� or more wide, terminated with anbsp;sharp apex, rounded at the base, striated laterally, and normally grouped innbsp;threes at the summit of a stem.

DESCEIPTlOISr OF SPECIES.

No indication of their probable botanical affinities was given by Dr. Newberry, and it seems best to leave them, without comment, under thenbsp;name with which he labeled them.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

Carpolithus woodbridgensis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLYI, fig, 22.

A few subellipsoidal longitudinally striated fruits, or 10�� long by gram Qj. p^Q^d, woro fouiid, to whicli the above name was attached bynbsp;Dr. Newberry. Their probable botanical affinities were not indicated.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

Carpolithus pruniformis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLYI, fig. 42.

Somewhat irregular in shape, ovoid, pointed at both ends, striated longitudinally, single, or connected at their ends in pairs, 15�� or 16��nbsp;long by 6�� or 8�� wide.

These organisms are more or less abundant in the Woodbridge clays. They were named as above by Dr. Newberry, but without any indicationnbsp;of his opinion as to their botanical affinities.�A. H.

Carpolithus floribundus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLYI, tigs. 17-21.

These organisms are apparently small seed pods, somewhat longer

apex surrounded by sharp teeth. The opening is often closed, in which event the pod merely appears to have an acute apex, due to the coalescing of the sharp teeth. They occur singly or in pairs (fig. 18) on slendernbsp;branches, and one specimen (fig. 19) shows an apparently dichotomousnbsp;arrangement of the branches.

The name adopted is the one by which Dr. Newberry designated the specimens from which the drawings were made. No indication of probablenbsp;botanical affinities was given.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

THE FLORA OF THE AMBOY CLAYS.

Carpolithus ova:formis Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLYI, figs. 15, 16.

Ovate or, when young (?), slightly obovate in outline, 12�� to 20�� long by 6�� to 10�� broad; apex pointed; base rounded. Apparently anbsp;several-chambered pod or capsule.

The name was given by Dr. Newberry without any description or discussion of probable botanical affinities.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

Carpolithus hirsutus Newb. n. sp.

PI. XLVI, figs. 14, 14a.

Obovate in outline, about l���-long by 6�� broad at widest part, apparently consisting of two carpels, surrounded by a fringe of hair or bristles.

The above name is the one attached to the specimens by Dr. Newberry, without any accompanying memoranda.

Locality: Woodbridge.�A. H.

Staminate aments!

PI. XLVI, figs. 23-27.

Among the most common objects collected in the clays at certain places are fruiting spikes or aments whose botanical affinities we have notnbsp;as yet determined. They vary from short, clos.e, bud-like spikes, as shownnbsp;in figs. 23, 25, to a more elongated, ament-like structure, as shown in figs.nbsp;24, 26, 27.

Dr. Newberry labeled the specimens �Staminate aments,� without describing them in any way. Under the circumstances, I have thoughtnbsp;it best to include them without further comment.

Locality: South Amboy.�A. H.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION

List of species, showing distribution in New Jersey.

135

THE ELOEA OE THE AMBOY CLAYS.

List of species, showing distribution in New Jersey.

67

68 68nbsp;69

69

70

70

71 71

71

72

73

73

74

74

75

76 76nbsp;81nbsp;81

83

84

84

85

85

86 86nbsp;87

87

88 88

89

90 90

90

91

93

94

96

97 97nbsp;97

97

98 98

98

99 100nbsp;100nbsp;101nbsp;102nbsp;103

103

104

105

105

106 106nbsp;107

TABLE OF DISTEIBUTION.

List of species, showing distribution in New Jersey.