VAN HAMEL

212

E DONATIONE

A. G. van HAMEL

PROFESSORIS ORDINARII INnbsp;ACADEMIAnbsp;RHENO-TRAIECTINAnbsp;1923-1946

ELEMENTARY

L»essori$ in Gaelic

§esdiit{^, §timinm, md §on!itiiuqtwti.

WITH A

VOCABULARY AND KEY

BY L. MACBEAN.

FIFTH EIDITIOH

STIRLING :

ENEAS MACKAV, MURRAY PLACE. 1901.

PREFACE.

This, the fifth, edition of the Lessons in Gaelic has been prepared for the press at the request of the late Mr Johnnbsp;Noble, a man who, both as publisher and as writer, has donenbsp;much for Highland literature, and whose memory ought to benbsp;held in honour by his countryrren.

The author has taken the opportunity to revise and improve the Lessons. The instructions regarding pronunciation havenbsp;been extended and exercises added; the Article is no longernbsp;treated by itself, but along with the noun ; notes on aspiration,nbsp;euphony, and position of words have been introduced intonbsp;nearly all lessons ; a new chapter has been added on Prepositional Verbs, as well as Prepositional Pronouns; the extractsnbsp;in verse are reduced; and the Gaelic names of towns andnbsp;countries have been added to the vocabulary.

Kirkcaldy, March iSgj.

OOITTEITTS.

ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION NOUN—

Regular Form Special Formsnbsp;Gender of Nouns...

Nouns with Article

Adjective-

Attributive Numeral ...

PRONOUN ............

Verb-

Substantive

Regular Verb, ist Conjugation ...

2ND Conjugation ...

Irregular Verbs ...

preposition-

simple AND Compound Prepositions Prepositional Pronounsnbsp;Prepositional Verbsnbsp;ADVERBnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;......

conjunction interjectionnbsp;construction of sentences .........

READINGS—

Sean-Fhocail (Proverbs)

A’ Ghrian (The Sun)

PHRASES—Colloquial and Idiomatic ...

POETRY—Cead deireannach nam beann (Farewell to the Mountains)...

VOCABULARY ................

PROPER NAMES, etc...............

KEY TO RXERCISES............ «

GAELIC LESSONS.

I.—ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION,

The characters used in Scotch Gaelic are the following eighteen letters of the Roman alphabet:—b, C, d, 6, f,

g, b, i, 1, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u.

Vowels.

When marked with the diacritics called accents, the vowels are long, thus k è é 1 b Ó ii. The simple vowel sounds arenbsp;as follows:—

k, è,i as in English far. Examples cas, ckil.

S'! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'1 )gt;

b, ba, ba,, ,j

é, ei, éa ,, ,,

6,6a, öi „ ,,

k lO ,, ,,

i, io b, binbsp;Ó, óinbsp;o, oinbsp;it, uinbsp;a, ai

The digraphs in the above table practically represent simple vowel sijunds, the second vowels being very faintly heard.nbsp;Before the labials f, m and p, however, i is more distinctlynbsp;heard. Examples—caib, cnaip.

The single vowels are divided into two classes—the broad, a, O, a, and the small, e, i.

ao, which is a single vowel sound, is always long, like u in purr, pronounced long. Example—maor.

a and O, when followed by ll or nn, are usually pronounced m and ou. Examples—fann, fonn.

A

a, in an unaccented syllable, or before dh or gh, has the sound of u in but. Examples—coma, lagh.

e, in an unaccented syllable, is pronounced as in cover. Example—duine.

O, followed by b, g, m, p, or dh, is pronounced as in canto. Examples—gob, bog, crodh, lomadh.

In the diphthongs and triphthongs èa ; ek i eb, ebi; eó, eói; eo, eoi; ia, iai; iu, iiii; iu, iui; ua, uai, the first andnbsp;second vowels are heard.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Examples—-geadh, feè,rr, eblas,

febil; Eóghainn, Leómhann ; deoch, geoic; iar, fiaire; iiil, ciiiil; iuchair, tiuighe; uan, uaine. Before b, f, m and p the final i isnbsp;also heard. Examples—fuaim, uaip.nbsp;ek, éa, eó, and eói are rarely used.

Most vowels are somewhat nasal when in contact with m, mh, or n.

Consonants.

B is pronounced harder than in English. Example— obair.

C before a broad vowel hard, as in can ; before a small vowel as in came ; never soft like s; when final chk. Examplesnbsp;—cas, céum, ioc.

D with a broad vowel a little softer than in English, produced by placing the tongue near the tip in contact withnbsp;the teeth or between the teeth. Example—da.

D with a small vowel like j or dj in English. Example—dé.

.^as in English.

G always hard as in got or get; when final hard like k. Examples—gu, ge, bog.

H never appears in Gaelic except along with some other consonant or followed by a hyphen.

L with a broad vowel, like Ith in although. Example—Ian.

L preceded by a small vowel, or initial followed by a small vowel in the past tense of verbs, or in the word le andnbsp;its derivatives—hard as in English. Example—gil, lean, learn.

Z, initial with a small vowel, liquid—nearly as in mi//ion, formed by placing the surface of the tongue about the centrenbsp;to the roof of the mouth. Example—lion.

LI with broad vowel, thick like Ith. Example—call.

1,1 with small vowel, like / in million. Example—fill.

J/as in English, but more nasal. Example—cam.

JS/ as in English. Example—bkn.

N, initial followed by a small vowel (except in ms and the verb ni and past tense of verbs)—liquid, nearly as in pi«ion.nbsp;Example—neo,

Nn with a broad vowel formed by placing the tongue near the tip against the teeth. Example—Bann.

Nn with small vowel, nearly as in pinion. Example—Binn.

P as in English, but after am almost as soft as B. When final, it is more breathy—hp. Examples—Pill, am pill? Cnap.

R with a broad vowel, as in rod. Example—ro.

R with a small vowel, as in Anan. Example—ri.

S with a broad vowel, as in English. Example—Ski.

.S' with a small vowel (and in the word so) is equal to English sh.

T with a broad vowel, formed not with hard stiff tongue tip, but with a soft pressure of the tongue against the teeth.nbsp;Example—ta.

7’with a small vowel like ch in f/^ase. Example—tinn.

After an, c is softened to g, and t to d, as—an cu ; an té.

ASPIRATED CONSONANTS.

The consonants b, c, d,f, g, m, p, s, and t are sometimes modified by adding h. This gives a breathy effect callednbsp;a.spiration.

Bh like v in English.

Ch, guttural as in German, or in the Scotch word trachle.

Dh and gh with a broad vowel almost like gh in ugh, or ^in the German word Tag; with a small vowel equal to j.

Fh is silent, except in the words, fhuair, fhein, and fhathast, where the h is heard.

Mh like v, but more nasal.

Ph like ƒ

Sh and th like h. .

The consonants I, n, and r are never aspirated.

COMBINED CONSONANTS.

Chd sounds like chk. Example—reachd.

Rt with a broad vowel is like rst •, with a small vowel it sounds fsj. Examples—mart, beairt.

When I, n, or r is followed by b, g, m, or p, a vowel is

heard between the two consonants. Thus calg, is pronounced calag; calpa, calapa ; falbh, falabh ; searg, searag ; airm, airim.

EUPHONY.

Whgfi two vowels meet so that both cannot readily be pronounced, the less important is omitted, and an apostrophenbsp;marks its place, as—Do’n (for do an) duine, fö f/ie man.

Consonants preceded by a broad vowel o, ot u) must not be followed by a small vowel (e ox i) lt;y[ vice versa.

All Gaelic words are accented on the first syllable.

Exercise 1.

Pronounce the following words—

I.

Bas, bas.

Cat, earn.

Dath, dan.

Far, fag.

Gach, gann.

Lag, lamh.

Mac, mall.

Nach, naird.

Pailt, paig.

Raip, raichd.

Saic, sail.

Taigh, train.

s

I 1. - N o U N S.

There are, for Gaelic Nouns, two Genders, the Masculine and Feminine; two Numbers, the Singular for one object, andnbsp;the Plural for more than one object; and four Cases. Whennbsp;a noun is the subject of a sentence, it is in the Nonrinative;nbsp;when denoting possession, it is in the Genitive Case; whennbsp;preceded by a Preposition, the Dative is used; and when thenbsp;person or thing is addressed, it is put in the Vocative.

Masculine.

Masculine Nouns form their Genitive and Vocative Singular and Nominative Plural by inserting f before the finalnbsp;Consonant or Consonants, and their Vocative Plural by adding a. The Dative Plural is given by grammarians as endingnbsp;in ibh, but this form is almost obsolete.

Cat (m), a cat.

Singular.

Norn. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cat, a cat.

Gen. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cait, of a cat.

Dat. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cat, a cat.

Voc. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chait! O cat.

When, however, the last vowel place in the Singular, while the Nom.

a time-piece.

Plural.

Uaireadaire or ean. Uaireadair or ean.nbsp;Uaireadairean.nbsp;Uaireadaire.

Feminine.

Feminine Nouns insert i berore the last Consonant in the Genitive Singular and add e; in the Dative Singular they insertnbsp;i) and for the Nom. and Voc. Plural they add an. Example—nbsp;Brbg (f.), a shoe,nbsp;ting.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ Plur.

Nomin. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brbg.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brbgan.

Gen. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brbige.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bhrbg ornbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bhrbgan.

Dat. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brbig.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brbgan (brogaibh).

Voc, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bhrbg.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bhrbgan,

ï'eminlne Nouns which have i for their last vowel are declined in the same way, except, of course, that the i is not doubled. Example—

Tir (f.), a land.

Sing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Flur.

Norn. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tirean.

Gen. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tire.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thir ornbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;thirean.

Dat. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tirean

Voc. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thirean.

A is usually placed as a sign of the Vocative Case ; thus, a d/udne, O man. Sometimes, as in English, O is used as—Onbsp;bhean ! O woman !

Aspiration.

The letters which are capable of aspiration (that is taking the modifying addition of h) for the Vocative Singular, Vocative Plural, and Genitive Plural are b, c, d,f, g, m, /, 5 and t.

VOCABUL.ARV.

Agus, and. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ceann, m., a head.

Air, on. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cinn, heads.

Aite, m., a place. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cluas, f., an ear.

Bard, m.,a poet. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fall, f, a lace, thong.

Bean, f., a wife, wotnan. Teangaidh, f., a tongue.

Exercise 3.

Brogan. Teangaidh brcige. Ceann cait. Cinn chat. Bean duine. Air broig. Air cat. Air tir. Duine agus bean.nbsp;Aite baird. Teangaidh baird. O Bharda ! lal agus brog.nbsp;Brogan agus iallan. Cluas cait. Cluasan chat. lallan agusnbsp;teangaidhean bhrbg.

Exercise h-

Cats. Lands. Of a shoe. Of shoes. On a man. On a shoe. Of poets. Tongues of shoes. A lace of a shoe.nbsp;Laces of shoes. A place of cats. A poet’s ear. On land.nbsp;Head of land.

7

III.—NOUN—SPECIAL FORMS.

The following classes of Nouns are more or less irregular in their declensions :

1. —Polysj'llables usually have the Nominative and Genitive Plural alike, and form the Dative Plural from the Nom.nbsp;Plur., as—Coinneal, a candle-, Plur., coinnlean, candles-, Dat.nbsp;Plur., coinnlean (or coinnlibh.)

2. —Nouns in ea and io usually have the Gen. Sing, in i,nbsp;thus—Cearc f., a hen ; Gen., circe ; Dat., circ, amp;c. Ceann m.,nbsp;a head; cinn, amp;c. Exceptions—each, a horse, eich ; fearg,nbsp;anger, feirg.

3. —Words in ia have their Gen. Sing., and Nom. Plur. innbsp;ei, as—Fiadh m., a deer; Gen., féidh; iasg m., a fish ; Gen.,nbsp;eisg, amp;c. Exceptions—Sgian, a knife ; sgine.

4. —Many Monosyllables in a and 0 have the Gen. in ui,nbsp;as—Bord m., a table ; Gen., buird; Fait m., hair ; Gen., fuilt.

5’—Some words in a and u form the Gen. by adding a instead of inserting i, as Gath m., a fight-, Gen., catha.

6. —Monosyllables in oi and ni often change oi or ui intonbsp;o m a for the Genitive, as—Fuil f., blood, Gen , fola or fala ;nbsp;feóil f., fiesh; Gen., feóla -, suil f., an eye; Gen siila; Nom.nbsp;Plur., suilean ; Gen. Plur., siil.

7. —Nouns in eud, eul, eun, eur, eus, and a few in a havenbsp;the Gen. Sing, in oi, as Bbul m., a mouth -, Gen., bebil 3 Dat.nbsp;beul 3 Voc., bhebil 3 Plur., bebil, amp;c.

8. —Many Nouns in / or le, n or ne, insert t in the Plural,nbsp;thus—Tuil f., a fiood; Plural, tuiltean 3 teine, m,, a fire ; Plural,nbsp;teintean 3 bade m , a town 3 Plur., bailtean.

9. —Nouns ending in chd, or Monosyllables in a Vowel,nbsp;are indeclinable in the Singular.

10. —Feminine Nouns in ail or air are usually Declinednbsp;thus:—

Nom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gen.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Plur.

Cathair, a chair. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cathrach.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cathraichean.

Dail, delay. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dalach.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dalaichean.

Lasair, a flame. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lasrach,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lasraighean.

8

II.—The following Nouns form their cases irregularly .

Nom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Oen.

Amhainn f., a 7-iver. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Aimhne.

Athair m., a father. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Athar.

Banais f., a wedding. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bainnse.

Bea.n f., a woman. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mna(Dat.

Brkthair m., a brother. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bramp;thar.

Cridhe m., a heart. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cridhe.

Cfi m., a, dog. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Coin.

Dia m., God. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dé.

Duine m., a man. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Duine.

Duthaich f., a country. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dtithoha.

Piacail f., a tooth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fiacla.

Gobhainn m., a smith. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Goibhne.

Lk, latha m., a day. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Latha.

Leabaidh f., a bed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leapa.

Leabhar m. and f., a booh. Leabhair. Mac m., a son.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mio.

Madainn f., a morning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Maidne.

Mkthair f., a mother. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;MJithar.

Obair f., a work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Oibre.

Piuthar f., a sister. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Peathar.

Uisge m., water. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TJisge.

Teine m., afire. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Teine.

Fxercise B.

Obair latha. Mac athar. Cridhe Dhé. Aithrichean agus mathraichean. Macan dhaoine. Air leapa. Cridhe febla.nbsp;Tirean agus bailtean. Uisge aimhne. Ceann feidh. Cinnnbsp;chearc. A mhic! Bean brathar. Piuthar mathar. Beannbsp;mic. Mnathan agus daoine.

Fxercise 6.

Cats’ teeth. A poet’s book. A river’s mouth. Dogs and cats. Sisters and brothers. Flames of fire. Men and women.nbsp;A father’s place. Works of God, A bed of a river, Fire andnbsp;water.

5'

IV.—THE GENDER OF NOUNS.

The following classes are usually Masculine ;—~

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns signifying males, z.z—Fear^ a man.

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Diminutives in an, as—Bdrdan, a small table.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Derivatives, for the most part agents, in ear, ach, ainnbsp;and iche, as saighdear, a soldier, Albannach, a Scotchman,nbsp;uaireadair, a timepiece, oihriche, a workman,

4 Derivatives, usually abstract Nouns, in as, as Maitheas goodness.

5. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns signifying the ^oung of animals, as—Laogh, a

calf.

6. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Names of native trees, as—Darach, oak.

7. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Common Nouns characterised by a broad Vowel, asnbsp;Börd, a table.

The following are for the most part Feminine:—

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns signifying females, ssci—Bean, a wife,

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Diminutives in ag, as—Craobhag, a little tree.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Derivatives in achd, aid, and e, as—Mórachd, greatness jnbsp;soillse, brightness.

4. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Names of countries, as—Albainn, Scotland.

5. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Names of musical instruments, as—Pioh, a pipe.

6. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Names of the heavenly bodies, as—A' ghrian, the sun.

7. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Common Nouns in a small Vowel, as—Tir, a land.

Nouns signifying Male agents are made Feminine by prefixing ban, as—Ban-righ, a queen.

When the sex of Nouns signifying animals is doubtful it may be specified by affixingmale, or boirionn, female,nbsp;as—Laogh boirionn, a she calf.

In the diminutive affixes an, can, ag, and eag, and the affix ach, the Vowels have the sound of a in fat.

10

Vocabulary.

Exercise 7.

Mórachd agus maithcas Dhé. Tha daoine maith air tir. Aig banais. Aig bainnsean. Oibriche mdr, Plobnbsp;na h-Alba. Tha a’ ghrian a deanamh soillse. Uisge aimhnenbsp;Ban-righ diithcha. Laoghan firionn. Laoigh agus coin.nbsp;Daoine na h-Alba. Ceann craobhaig. Craobhaignbsp;dharaich. Aig tir. Ann an aite. Anns an aite. Ceann fir.nbsp;Tha goibhnean a deanamh oibre. Le solus. l,e mnaoi.nbsp;Peathraichean maith. Tha a ghrian a tabhairt soluis. Blathsnbsp;teine. Fait cinn mna. Beul aimhne.

Exercise 8.

There are warmth and brightness in the sun. Little trees. A calfs head. In the country. Flames of fire. A woman’snbsp;eyes. A small table and a fire. In a fire. In the fire.nbsp;There is oak in Scotland. In the day. A soldier and a workman. A delay of a day. A sister’s son. A fire is givingnbsp;warmth. There is water in the river. A good man. Withnbsp;good light. In a place at a town. With a sister. A mother’snbsp;work.

II

V.—NOUNS WITH article.

The Gaelic Article is an, corresponding to English the.

The English Indefinite Article a or an has no equivalent in Gaelic ^ thus a man is in Gaelic simply duine.

Gaelic words which stand for their class have the Article, as—Tha an duine basmhor, Man is mortal.

The Article cannot precede Nouns in the Vocative Case.

When a Noun governs another in the Genitive, both cannot have the Article. Thus we say Solus an ieine not An solus an teine.—The light of the fire.

Masculine Nouns.

Singular. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Plural.

Nom. An cat, the cat. Na cait, the cats.

Gen. A’chdiii, of the cat. 'Han cat, of the cats.

Dat. A’ chat, the cat. Na cait, or cataibh, the cats.

Am and An.—Before Masculine Nouns which begin with h, f, in, ox p the Article for the Nominative Singular am ¦,nbsp;before other letters it is an. Examples—am bord, an duine,nbsp;am fuaim, an laogh.

Aspiration.—Masculine Nouns beginning with h, c,f, g, m, and p have these Consonants aspirated in the Genitive andnbsp;Dative Singular, when preceded by the Article, as Anns annbsp;fhalt, in the hair; aig a’ bhlaths, at the warmth.

Euphony.—Masculine Nouns in a Vowel have t between the Article and the Noun in the Nominative Singular, andnbsp;h in the Nominative and Dative Plural, as—An t-uisge.nbsp;water; air na h-uisgeachaibh, on the waters.

Feminine Nouns.

Singular. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Plural.

A’ chearc, the hen. Na cearcan, the hens.

Na circe, of the hen. Nan cearc, of the hens.

IS

Euphony. —Vcvü\x\mt Nouns beginning with s, followed by I, n, r, or a Vowel, insert t between the Article and the Nounnbsp;in the Nominative and Dative Singular, a?—An t-siril, the eye.nbsp;The s is not heard after t, and the t itselt is softened to thenbsp;sound of d.

Feminine Nouns in a Vowel insert h between the Article and the Noun in the Genitive Singular and the Nominativenbsp;and Dative Plural, as—Uisge na h-aimhne, the water of thenbsp;river-, Na h-aimhnichean, the rivers,.

Vocabulary.

Air son (with Genitive),/ör. Leabhar. m and i.,a hook.

Ceann m., a head, an end. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sebmar m., a room.

Gbta m,, a coat (plur. cbtaichean.) Sin, that.

Fuaim m.. a sound, noise. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;So (pronounced sho) this.

Fada, long. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sruth m., a stream.

Atharrachadh m., an alteration.

Nouns qualihed by sin and so require the A dele also, as —an dume sin, that man ; at bhean so, this woman.

Exercise 9.

Tha leabhraichean an duine air a’ bhbrd anns an t-sebmar. Tha solus an latha maith air son nan sul. Anns na h-oibribh.nbsp;Dia nan aithrichean. Cridhe na duthcha. Bha annbsp;t-uaireadair a’ deanamh fuaim. Tha na h uaireadairean annnbsp;an cbta an duine. Tha cbtaichean air na daoine anns a’nbsp;bhaile. Na h aimhnichean fada. Fuaim an t-sruth. Annbsp;leabhar. An leabhair. An sebmar. Na fuaimean. Air sonnbsp;nan sebmar. Air son na circe. Solus nan sul. A’ mhadainn.nbsp;Na maidne. Aimhnichean na duthcha. Fiacail coin. Fiaclannbsp;nan con. Fiaclan a’ choin. Bèul a’ choin. Obair an latha.nbsp;An t-athair agus am mac. Mic an duine sin.

Exercise 10.

The water of the rivers. The river. The river’s water. The dog’s teeth. The stream of water. The man’s coat.nbsp;The head of the bed. The sound of the river. In the eye.nbsp;The water of the river is good. On the waters. The dog wasnbsp;in the stream. The man was at the table with the books. Anbsp;dogs’ fight. The floods are making a noise. The man’s coatnbsp;is on the table. The alteration was good. The father’s heartnbsp;and the hearts of the sons, A stream of light. In the waters.nbsp;The end of the day,

13

VI.—ADJECTIVES.

Declension.

Adjectives are declined in the same manner as Nouns. Example of Adjective characterised by a broad Vowel:—

Exception i.—Polysyllables have the Plural like the Nominative Singular, as Cu bbidheach, a pretty dog; Plural,nbsp;coin bnbidheach, pretty dogs.

Exception 2.—A few dissyllables add the Vowel in the Plural, and suffer a contraction, as— Laogh reamhar, a fatnbsp;calf; laoigh xfamp;va'ms., fat calves.

Exception j.—Polysyllables do not add the Vowel to the Genitive Feminine, as Laidir, strong; blaths na lasrach-laidir,nbsp;the warmth of the strong flame.

Exception 4:—Adjectives ending in a Vowel or chd are usually indeclinable.

Comparison.

The First Comparison is formed by adding e to the Genitive Singular Masculine, as —Geal, white, Genitivenbsp;Singular Masculine, gil, Comparative, gile, whiter.

Some Adjectives have also a Second Comparative, formed from the First by changing final e into id^ as—saor,- cheap;

u

Saoire, cheaper ; saoirid, the cheaper. Thus—The man is good, tha an diiine maith. The man is better, tha an dtiine n%s fhearr.nbsp;The man is the better of this, ispheaird an duine sc.

Adjectives which are contracted in the Plural retain their contracted form in the Comparative, as—Milis, sweet.^ Plural,nbsp;niilse. Comparative niilse, sweeter.

The following form their Comparative irregularly :—

2nd Comparative. Lughaid.nbsp;Duilead.

Teth, hot.

The expressednbsp;fhaide, anbsp;river.

Adjectives are intensified by prefixing the Particles glé, 10, skr, amp;c., as—Glé laidir, very strong-, ro mhaith, exceedinglynbsp;good. Ro also means too, as—Ro theth, very hot or too hot.nbsp;Adjectives preceded by these words are aspirated.

Position.

Adjectives follow their Nouns, as—Duine maith, a good

man.

Exception /.—When a quality is affirmed this rule does not hold, as—Is teth an lasair sin, hot is that flame.

Exception 2.-“Some Adjectives may precede and unite with their Nouns, as-“Sluagh mdr, a great coneonrse; nidrnbsp;shluagh, a multitude.

Exception 3.—A few Adjectives always precede their Nouns, as-quot;Dcagh obair, a t.ood work j drcch dhuine, a badnbsp;man; semn bhean, an old woman,

IS

Aspiration.

Adjectives which precede their Noun aspirate its initial Consonant, as—Droch dhuine, a had man.

Vocabulary.

Sluagh, sluaigh m., a people. A bheil? am, art, {si arel or Ach, butnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;is there 1 are there 1

Is, is or are. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A. who. that.

Na, than. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A dheanamh, to do, to malie.

A’s marks the Superlative Degree, —An duine a’s mo, the tallest man. Used also in comparing with the Verb “ is,”nbsp;as—Is e an duine so a’s mb, This man is the taller or tallest, or,nbsp;it is this man who is the tallest.

Ni’s (or na’s) is used w'hen a superior Degree is meant, as ¦—Duine ni’s mb, a taller man. Tna an duine ni’s mb, thenbsp;man is taller; bha an duine ni bu mhb, the man was talltr.

Comparison may also be exoressed by the Verb “is ” and “ na,” as—Is mb an duine na a’ bhean, the man is taller thannbsp;the woman.

Exercise 11.

Fear a’ chinn mhdir. A bheil an duthaich sin ni ’s fhearr na Albainn ? Is fheaird an duthaich an t-uisge. Bhanbsp;a’ bhean so gle thinn. Tha an amhainn so ni’s fhaide agusnbsp;ni’s leatha na na h-aimhnichean a’s mb a tha ann an Alba. Anbsp;bhraithre (Voc. Plur.) ionmhuinn, is treise duine maith nanbsp;duine mór. Sluagh nan cridheachan rtik. Ann annbsp;tuiltibh móra nan uisgeachan Didir,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;wJc

Exercise IS.

A taller tree and a stronger stream. The calf is the better of this. This country is great, that land is greater, butnbsp;Scotland is greatest. At that town is a broad stream. Thenbsp;deei are the worse of that. The work was too difficult. Thenbsp;workman was making a bad noise. The strongest and bestnbsp;man, and the mo.st beautiful {ds boidhche) and beloved woman,nbsp;Js the book large ?

lé'

V11.N U M E R A L S.

Cardinal Numerals.

The following are the Gaelic Cardinal Numerals joined with a Noun :—

These Numerals can be used without a Noun, as—A h-aon, one; a dhè., two , a tri three. They may also be preceded bynbsp;the Article—an aon, the one) na dhii, the two) na tii, thenbsp;three.

Nouns qualified by the Numerals dS,, fichead, céud, or mile take the Singular form,

Ordinal Numerals.

9 An naothamh duine,nbsp;An naoitheamh duine

10 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An deicheamh duine.

11 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An t aon duine déug

12 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An dara duine déug.

13 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An treas duine déug.

20 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Am ficheadamh duine,

21 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An t-aon duine air

fhichead,

The following Cardinal Numerals are used only for Persons;—¦

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dithis, tivo, or iwo persons,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Seachdnar,

3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Triiiir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ochdnar.

4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ceathrar.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;9nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Naolnear.

5 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cuignear.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;10nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Deichnear.

6 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sèathnar, seisear.

These may be used with the Genitive Plural of Nouns, as Ceathrar, persons ; ceathrar bhan four (of) zvometi.

Indefinite Numerals are Adjectives that express number in a general manner, as—lomadh, many a; gach, every. To thesenbsp;may be added móran, 7nany, and beagan, few, which are innbsp;reality Nouns, and govern the Genitive Plural of Nouns.

Uile, all, followed by a Noun, expressed or understood, is . preceded by the Article, as—Na h-uile, all, every one ¦, a’ h-uilenbsp;duine, every man-, na hm le dhaoine, all men.

Position.

Numeral Adjectives precede their Noun, as—Mile fear, a thousand men.

Except such Indefinite Numerals as gann, scarce, tearc, feiv, lionmhor, numerous, which follow their Noun, as—Sluaghnbsp;lionmhor, a nufnerous people. These, however, seldom accompany the Noun, being more often used as a predicate, as—Isnbsp;lionmhor luchd-oibre an uilc, many are the workers of evil.

i8

Aspiration. ...

“ Aon ” aspirates the initial Consonant of following Noun, except the Consonants d, t, and s, as—Aon bhean, one wife.

“Da” and “an ceud,” Consonants.

Vocabulary.

Bha, was, were; there was or were. Uair, -ean f., an hour, one Bliadhna, -chan f., a year,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;o'clock, A2i\x?L\r,twoo'clock,ir‘c,

Seomar, m., a room, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;lad, tluy.

Exercise IS.

Am bheil gach shathamh fear maith ? anns an tir sin. Fichead cat agus naoinbsp;tritheamh uair. Na daoine a tha anns na céud aitibh anns a'nbsp;bhaile. Is fhearr iomadh bean na na daoine a’s fhearr. Thanbsp;céud mile duine laidir, agus móran sluaigh anns a’ bhaile sin.nbsp;Air an treas la bha naoinear oibriche a’ deanamh na h aimhnenbsp;ni’s leatha. Aig céud sholus an latha. Tha aon leabhar déugnbsp;air fhichead air a bhord anns an t-sebmar sin. Tha e da uairnbsp;dheug. Tha daoine maith tearc anns na bailtibh so. Bhanbsp;piuthar an fhir so glé thinn aig sèa uairean. Tha an t-seannnbsp;bhean sin ceithir fichead bliadhna.

Exercise H.

Many people were in that place on the first day of the year. There are 365 days in the yeai. At the sixth hour. In thenbsp;twenty largest towns in the kingdom. In that little room therenbsp;are three beds, one table, five chairs, and many books. Eighteen hundred and ninety-seven. There are many rivers longernbsp;than that. Rivers are more numerous in that country. Treesnbsp;were scarce. There are a few trees in the town. Are therenbsp;two persons in the water? They are numerous. Towns arenbsp;few in that land.

t§

VIII-pronoun.

The Personal Pronouns are as follows

The additional se, sa, san or tie is added for emphasis.

The Plural Pronoun sibh, with its Possessive bhur, is applied to seniors and superiors, even when there is but onenbsp;person.

The Possessive Pronouns are these :—

When the emphatic se, sa, amp;^c., is used with these, it is affixed to the Noun, or to the Adjective if one follow thenbsp;Noun, as—Ar taigh-ne, our house-, mo thaigh mór-sa, mynbsp;large house. When there are more than one Adjective thenbsp;particle is affixed to the last.

‘ their ’ is used before words beginning with b, /, m,

For the sake of euphony the Possessive Pronoun a ‘ his ’ is suppressed before or after a Vowel, the omission beingnbsp;marked by an apostrophe, as—Taigh ’athar (for taigh a athar),nbsp;his father's house. When a ‘ her ' is followed by a Noun with anbsp;Vowel, h is interposed, as—Taigh a h-athar, her fathe-Ps house.nbsp;Mo and do lose the Vowel before a word beginning with anbsp;Vowel, and are changed to am and ad when preceded by thenbsp;Preposition “ann.” Ar and bhur take « before a Vowel, as-**nbsp;ar n-athair, our father.

ia

‘The word “ fein ” corresponds to the English se// or 07i)/i, as—Mi fein, myself-, mo bhean fein, my own wife.

The Relative Pronouns are—Nominative and Accusative, a, Dative, an, am, who, whom, ivhich, that; nach, ivho not, whichnbsp;not. The Relative na, that which, all that which, is usednbsp;without an antecedent Noun.

The Demonstrative Pronouns are—So, this-, sin, that-, sud, ud, yon. These all require the use of the Article, as—Amnbsp;fear so, this man ; an t-aile sud, yon place.

The Interrogative Pronouns are—CÓ ? who ? cia ? what I ciod ? what I When used not alone but with a noun thenbsp;article must precede the noun, as—Có an duine ? What man I

The Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns are thus combined :—•

E so, this man, this same.

E sin, that man or thing.

E sud, yon man or thing. lad so, these.nbsp;lad sin, those,

The Indefinite Pronouns are—Ge b’ e, tvhaiever, whoever' eile, other, amp;c.

Position.

The Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns take the place of the Noun, that is immediately following the Verb.

The Relative is placed after its Noun, and preceding its own Verb,

The Possessive and Interrogative Pronouns precede their Nouns as in English.

Aspiration,

Mo, do, and a {his', aspirate initial Consonants of Nouns following.

So, sit} and sud are never a; pirated.

Jt

Vocabulary.

Ole, uilc, ra., evil.

Taigh, tigh, e, ean, nl., a house aig an ta'gh, at home.

Ni, nithean, m., a thing.

Exercise 15.

Am bheil an dhuine sin ni’s miosa na thusa ? Bha mi fein agus mo bhean agus mac mo pheathar ann an taigh d’ atharnbsp;air an la sin. CÓ tha a’ deanamh an fhuaim sin ? Is enbsp;sin fear nach dean olc. An dhuine agus a chbta. Gachnbsp;duine a bha laidir. Ge b’ e bade. C'od an t-olc a tha ann adnbsp;chridhe ? Is iad sin (those arc) mo leabhraichean-sa. Bhanbsp;iadsan a bha anns an taigh tinn Is e sin an duine a tha ochdnbsp;bliadhna diag air fhichead ann an tigh mac brathar m’athar.

Co thusa ?—Is mise duine n’s fhearr na thu fein.

Ciod e so ?—Is e so ni gle dhuilich.

Exercise 16.

My eight sons were in the works on that day. Do this, and you (Sing.) will be the better of it. There were many oak treesnbsp;(trees of oak) in the place. I was at home myself at threenbsp;o’clock. The people of my country are better than your people.nbsp;You {Plur.) were in yon town ? The man’s own wife is ill.nbsp;We are very numerous in our town.

22

IX.—SUBSTANTIVE VERB.

The Substantive aud Auxiliary Verb bi, be, is conjugated as follows :—

Affirmative Mood.

Present Tense.

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tha or ta mi or taim, I am,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sin, we are.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tha thu, thou art, you are.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sibh, you are.

3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tha e or i, he, she, or it is.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;iad or taid, they are

Past Tense.

Bha mi, I was, amp;=c.

Future Tense.

Bithidh mi, I shall be Bithidh tu, thou shall be, cr'C. Interrogative Mood.

Present—Bheil, or beil mi ? am It amp;^c.

Past—Robh mi ? was It have I been 1 dr’r.

Future—Bi mi ? shall I be I amp;=c.

Subjunctive Mood.

Bhithinn, I iiwuld be.

Bhitheamaid, we would be.

Bhitheadh, bhiodh or tu, thou wouldst be, amp;c.

—Ma bhitheas, If I shall be, amp;•€.

Imperative Mood.

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bitheam or h on, let 7ne be.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bi or bi Ihusa, be or be thou.

3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bhitheadh or biodh e or i, let Mm, her, or it be.

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bitheamaid, let us be.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bithibh, be ye.

3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bitheadh or biodh iad, let them be.

Infinite Mood.

Present—A bhith or bhi, to be.

Past—Air bhith or bhi, after being, having been,

Future—Gu bhith or bhi, about to begt;

Bith, being,

23

The Interrogative Mood becoiaies Negative by prefixing the Negative Particles, thus—

Cha-n ’eil mi, 1 am not.

Nach ’eil mi ? am I not 1 Mur ’eil mi, if 1 am not.

The Emphatic Verb ‘ Is mi,’ I am or it is I, is used only in the Present and Past Tenses, and is thus conjugated

Affirmative Mood.

Present—Is mi, it is /, amp;-'C.

Past—Bu mhi, it was /,

Interrogative Mood.

Present—Am mi ? is it 11 An tu ? Is it thou i Past—Am bu mhi ? was it It am bu tu ? amp;^c.

Contrary to the general rule, ‘ is ’ is pronounced as iss, not ish.

Is and bu lose the Vowel when placed next to another Vowel, as—B’e (for bu e), it ivas he.

The Interrogative Particle ‘ Am ’ may be replaced by the Negative Particles, ni, cha, mur, or by co ? cia ? as—Cha mhi,nbsp;it is not I; co thusa ? who art thou ?

When the verb ‘ is ’ is used to affirm a quality, the Noun is preceded by the Article, as—Is truagh an duine e, he is anbsp;miserable man flit., miserable is the man he).

The following Adverbial Particles frequently accompany the Verb:—

Cha, not, mur, if not, nach, not, and ni, not, are used with the Interrogative Mood and the Past Subjunctive; nam, if, isnbsp;used with the Past Subjunctive ; nan, if, with the Past Interrogative ; na, 7iot, with the Imperative; and na, if, with thenbsp;Present and Past Affirmative and Future Subjunctive.

The Interrogative Particle ‘ am ’ is used with the Present and Future Interrogative and the Past Subjunctive; ‘an’ is usednbsp;with the Past Interrogative , as—Am bi mi 2 Shall I be I Annbsp;robh_mi 2 Was /?

24

Position,

The position of Verbs in Gaelic is before their rubjects, as—

tha mi, I am ; bhuail mi, I struck.

*

Aspiration,

Bu, svas ; a, to ; and do (sign of Past Tense) Aspirate following Consonant, as—Bu mhor e, he ivas great; a bhi, to be ; do bhuail, did strike.

Vocabulary.

Ag radh, saying.

Aite-corahnuidh m., a dwelling-place. Plural è,itean cbmhnuidh.

Righ, e, righre and-ean m„ a king.

Madainn f., a morning.

üan, uain m., a lamb.

ludhach, aich m., a Jew.

Co—ri, as—as.

Exercise 17.

Am bheil thu tinn ? Tha mise, nach 'eil thu fbin ? Cha’n ’eil mi gle thinn ach tha an duine eile so. Am mise a thanbsp;tinn 1 An robh sibh ag radh nach ’eil feoil uain co milis rinbsp;febil laoigh ? Cha robh, ach bha mi ag radh nach ’eil i ni’snbsp;milse. An tusa righ nan liidhach ? Ann an taigh m’ Athar-sanbsp;tha iomadh aite-cbmhnuidh. Dèan am maith agus na dèan annbsp;t-olc. An robh thu aig taigh do bhrathar air an la sin ? Conbsp;thusa a ta ag radh nan nithe sin ? Nan robh mi an sinnbsp;bhithinn ni’s miosa na tha mi. Am bi thusa an sin ? Amnbsp;bheil ise gu bhi aig an taigh air an la sin ? Mur ’eil t tusa gunbsp;bhi an sin cha bhi mise.

Exercise 18.

Is she not more beautiful than her sister ? It would be better. She was saying that there are not many things betternbsp;than that. Let them be here at nine o’clock in the morning.nbsp;He was doing greater things than these. Who are they 3 Is itnbsp;she who is making yon noise 1 Be thou doing good. Theynbsp;were saying that he would not be better than many others. Itnbsp;is 1 who was at your house. Shall I not be there 1

25

X.—REGULAR VERB.

First Conjugation.

Gaelic Verbs are divided into two conjugations, and the first consists of those which begin with a Consonant.

Example—‘ Buail,’ strike, smite, clap.

Active Voice,

Past Tense.

Affirm.—(Do) bhuail Inter.—{kn) do bhuail 1nbsp;f jst Per. Sing. Bhuailinn.

Suk. lt; 1st Per. Plur. Bhuaileamaid.

( Bhuaileadh tu, amp;c.

Singular. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Plural.

( I Buaileam. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Buaileamaid.

Imper.l 2 Buail. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Buailibh.

( 3 Bhuaileadh e or i. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Buaileadh iad.

{Bualadh, or A’ bualadh, striking.

A bhualadh, to strike.

Gu bualadh, about to strike.

Air bualadh, after striking, having struck.

Passive Voice.

Past Tense. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Future Tense.

Affirm.—(Do) bhuaileadh. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Buailear.

Inter.—(An) do bhuaileadh .? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;CAm) buailearnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gt;

Subj.—Bhuailteadh. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ma bhuailear.

Imp.—Buailtear,

Ttrfin ƒ Buailte, struck.

^ ' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;( Bhi buailte, to be struck.

The conjugation of state or condition is formed by supplying the various parts of the Verb to be to the Present Infinitive ornbsp;Participle, as—

Tha mi a’ bualadh, I am striking.

Bha mi buailte, / was struck.

Bithidh mi a’ bualadh, I shall be striking.

20

The Perfect or Complete Tenses are formed with the Past Participle, as—

Tha mi air bualadh, / have struck.

Bithidh mi air bualadh, / will have struck.

The Passive Voice of this last form requires the Possessive Pronoun of the subject, as—

Nam bithinn air mo bhualadh, if I should have been struck.

An robh iad air am bualadh ? had they been struck I

When the subject of the sentence is spoken of as acting, the Active Voice of the Verb is used; where the subject isnbsp;acted upon, the Passive Voice is employed, as—Bhuail mi,nbsp;I struck-, Bhuaileadh mi, I was stricken.

Verbs that begin with I, n, or r do not insert h for the Past Tense. Initial I and n followed by a small Vowel have in thenbsp;Past Tense the sound of English I and n, as—Lean (pronouncednbsp;lyen), follow ; Past Tense, lean (pron, len), did follow ; nighnbsp;Ipron. nyee), wash-, Past Tense, nigh (pron. nee), did wash.nbsp;Initial r, with either broad or small Vowel, has in the Pastnbsp;Tense a weak sound, as in fiery. Example—ruith (rrui), run;nbsp;Past Tense, ruith (rui), did run.

Moods.

The Affirmative Mood is used in simple affirmation, as— Bha mi a' bualadh, I was striking.

The Interrogative Mood expresses a question, as—An do bhuail thu ? did you strike ? or negation, as—Cha do bhuailnbsp;thu, you did not strike. It is also used with the Adverbialnbsp;Particles specified in Lesson IX.; with the Adverbs gu, that,nbsp;ged, although; and Relative Pronouns governed bynbsp;Prepositions, as—Gu ’n robh thu, that you were-, anns amnbsp;beil mi, in which I am; aig am bi e, at which he shall be.

The Subjunctive Mood is rendered in the Past Tense by the English I would, amp;c. The Future is used only after ma^nbsp;if, o, o’n since, and the Relative Pronoun ‘ a,’ as—An duine (a)nbsp;bhuaileas, the man who will strike.

2t

The Imperative intimates a desire or command, aS

Buaileam, me strike.

The Active Infinitive or Participle is properly a Noun, and as such governs the Genitive Case of other Nouns, and is itselfnbsp;governed in the Genitive, as—A’ bualadh na leapa {not^ a’nbsp;bualadh an leabaidh), striking the bed; urlar bualaidh (a floornbsp;of threshing), a timshingfloor.

The Passive Infinitive is an Adjective.

Vocabulary.

Exercise 10.

Cha ’n fhtiur tliusa na e fein. Bhuail an droch dhuine sin an laogh beag. Is fearr deagh ainm na móran beartais. Na biodhnbsp;ole ann ad cridhe. Bhuaileadh sinn le iomadh buille. CÓnbsp;tha a’ bualadh aig an dorus ? Bhuail na tuiltean air an taigh,nbsp;agus thuit e, agus bu mbór tuiteam an taigh sin. Bha e air anbsp;bhualadh airson dhaoine. Ma bhitheas mi air mo bhualadh,nbsp;buailtear leis an duine mhaith mi. Tuitidh an droch dhuinenbsp;ann an iomadh ole ach cumaidh Dia a shluagh féin. Manbsp;bhitheas tu a’ deanamh maith bithidh maitheas ann ad thaighnbsp;agus soillse ann ad aite cbmhnuidh. An taigh anns an robh e.nbsp;Am buille leis an do bhuaileadh sinn.

Exercise 20.

Was he not struck in the head by (AA)that man ? These men were saying that they were not the better of you. There is nonbsp;light in the dwelling-places of the workers of evil, but the lightnbsp;of God is on the head of the good man. Smite them, and letnbsp;their city fall. If he were struck as I was, he would havenbsp;fallen. What good is there in that ?nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;( IVhat the good 7vhich is

in that?) And there fell thirty thousand people in one day.

XL—REGULAR VERB.

Second Conjugation.

The Second Conjugation consists of Verbs that begin with a Vowel, or ƒ followed by a Vowel, and differs from the Firstnbsp;only in some initial changes.

Example, “ Fill,”/ö/if.

Active Voice.

Pad Tense.

Affirm.—Dh' thill.

Inter.—D’ fhill t (Dh’ fnillinn.

Sudj.} Dh’ fhilleamid.

I^Dh’ fhilleadh tu, amp;c.

Singular,

I I Filleam.

Jmper.l 2 Fill.

( 3 Filleadh e or i. ƒ Filleadh, a’ filleadh, folding.

Infin. -j A dh’ fhilleadh, to fold.

I Gu filleadh, about to fold., amp;c.

Passive Mood.

Affirm—Dh’ fhilleadh. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fillear.

Inter.—D’ fhilleadh ? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fillear ?

Subj.—Dh’ fhillteadh. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dh’ fhillcar.

Imper.—Filltear.

Infin.—Fillte.

Note.—Verbs having their last Vowel broad, omit the^ from the termination, and where the termination begins with i theynbsp;insert an a before it, thus 61, drink, has Past Subjunctive dh’nbsp;olainn ; Future Subj.—Dh’ bias. See Lesson I.—Euphony.

Before a Vowel a' becomes ag, as, ag 61, drinking.

In the Second Conjugation do, dh’, or d’ is always used in the Past Tense, except after ni, mur, nach, gu, an, am, na,nbsp;or nam The Verb is never aspirated after any of thesenbsp;Particles

29

Special Rules.

t. Some Verbs are contracted in the Infinitive, Subjunctive, Imperative, and Future Affirmative Moods, as—Innis, tell,nbsp;Infin. innse, or innseadh; seachain, avoid, Infin. seachnadh.

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some have the Infinitive like the Root, as—01, drinh,nbsp;Infin., 61. Such are—Fas, grow, become ; snamh, swim ; ruith,nbsp;run.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many Verbs in air add t for the Infinitive, as—Tabhair,nbsp;give, tabhairt.

4. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some Monosyllables add sinn or tinn, as—Creid, believe,nbsp;creidsinn; bean, touch, beantuinn.

5. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A few add ail, as—Fag leave, fagail.

Auxiliaries.

Besides the Verb to be, dean, do, and rach, go. are used as Auxiliary Verbs, as—Nach dean thu bhualadh ? ry///_gt;’lt;?« notnbsp;(do his striking) strike him ? rach a dh’ 61, go to drink.

Impersonal Verbs.

Verbs which do not regularly admit of a Passive Voice are employed in the 3rd Pers. Sing. Passive, with an active signification, and without an expressed Nominative, as—Cha n’nbsp;fhasar ole gu h-obainn, (one) does not become wicked all of anbsp;sudden ; thair ag innse dhomh, they tell me.

The Passive Voice is sometimes used in poetry, or for the sake of effect, as an Active Verb of the Present Tense withoutnbsp;a Nominative, as—Tuitear sios chum an lar, down (he) fell tonbsp;the ground.

Question and Answer.

Questions must be answered with the same Tense and Mood of the Verb. The Noun or Pronoun is never used in replyingnbsp;except for emphasis, as—Am beil thu an so? Tha, Are younbsp;here I (I) am.

3Ó

Vocabulary.

Exercise SI.

Nach boidheach a chraobh sin ? Tha an duine maith mar chraoibh a ta a’ fas aig taobh aimhne. Olaidh na craobhannbsp;de uisge an t-sruith agus bithidh iad ait; buailidh iad amnbsp;basan agus molaidh iad Dia. Is usadh snamh an aghaidh annbsp;uisge na leis an t-sruth. Tabhair dhomh uisge gu 61. Dh’ inns-eadh dhomh gu’m bu tusa Righ Israel. Is tolgh learn Dianbsp;airson gu ’n tabhair e dhomh an ni a bhitheas maith dhomh.nbsp;Shnamh am beathach air falbh. Tha Dia ag radh, A mhic,nbsp;tabhair dhomhsa do chridhe.

Exercise SS.

Let the calves drink the water. Is water not good for calves ? It was told to me that many beasts drink (are drinking) the water of this river, and that they are not the betternbsp;of it. ' Yjn old man was saying that his own three lambsnbsp;became ill with the water. Let us fold our coats, and let usnbsp;leave them here. Avoid (the) evil, and (the) evil will avoidnbsp;you. Will you not believe what (the thing which) I tell you ?nbsp;It would be better to fall in the battle than to run away. Thatnbsp;man avoids me much. Who is God that I should believe himnbsp;God is Cis e Dia) the father of all (nan uile.)

XII IRREGULAR VERBS

I. “Rach,”\gw.

Pad.

Affirm.—Chaidh, went.

Inter.—Deachaidh ? did do ?

( Rachainn, I would go.

Sulj. lt; Rachamaid, we would go. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Théid, will go.

( Rachadh tu, amp;c., thou wouldst, amp;gt;€.

Imper.—'R.a.cha.m, let me go. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Injin.—PioX.

2. “ Abair,” say.

Active Voice.

Affirm.—Thubhairt, dubhairt, said. Their, ivill say.

Inter.—Dubhairt ? said I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Abair ? ivill say I

j, , • ƒ Theirinn, abairinn, I would say. Their, will say. .

[ Theireadh, abaireadh tu, amp;c., would say. jmper.—Abaiream, amp;c., let me say,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Injin.—Radh, saying.

Passive Voice.

Affirm.—Dubraidh, was said. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theirear, will benbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;said.

Inter.—Dubhradh 1 was said I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Abairear ? will be said I

Imper.—Abairtear, let be said. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theirear, will be said.

Subj.—Theirteadh, abairteadh, would be said.

3. “ Tabhair, thoir,” give, take.

Active Voice.

Affirm.—Thug. gave. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bheir, will give..

Inter.—D’ thug ? Did give ? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Toir ? tabhair ? will give ?

„ (Bheirinn, / would give, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;„u • -n ¦

{Toirinn tabhairinn, amp;c. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S^ve.

Imper. —Thoiream or tabhaiream, amp;c., let me give, dr*;:.

Injin.—Toirt, tabhairt, giving.

32

Passive Voice.

Affirm.—Thugadh, was given. Inter.—D’ thugadh ? was given 1nbsp;„ , ƒ Bheirteadh, would be given.nbsp;‘^quot;'^-^¦iTugteadh.

Imper.—Thugar, let be given.

4. “ Thig,” come.

Affirm.—Thainig, ca7ne. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thig, svill come.

Inter.—D’ thainig 1 did come ? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tig 1 will come I

Subj.—T'Mgm.w, I would corner nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hh\g, will co?7te.

Imper.—Thigeam, amp;c., let me come.

Tulin /Tighinn, coming. ^”-^^-\Teachd.

5. “ Faic,” see.

Active Voice.

Affirm.—Chunnaic, saw. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chi, ivill see.

Inter.—Faca t did see 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Faic I ivill see ?

„ , • f Chithinn, / would see.

“^^^y-lFacinn.

Imper.—Faiceam, amp;c., let me see.

Passive Voice.

Affirm.—Chunncadh, was seen.

Inter.—-Facadh ? was seen I „ ,. rChiteadh, would be seen.

‘^“^-^¦{Faicteadh.

Imper.—P'aicear, let be seen.

Affirm.—Fhuair, got.

Inter.—D’fhuair ? did get I „ (Gheibhinn, I would get.nbsp;•^^^-^•iFaighinn.

Imper.—Faigheam, Let me get.

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Passive

Affirm.—Fhuaradh, 7vas got. Inter.—D'fhuaradh ? was got ?nbsp;onbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;f Gheibhteadh, would be got.

•^“quot;'•iFaighteadh.

Imper.—Faightear, let be got.

7. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ Dean,” make, do, has Infin. deanamh ; Future Affirm,nbsp;and Subj. ni; the Past Affirm, rinn, and the past Inter, d’ rinn ?nbsp;The Future Affirm, and Subj. Passive is nithear. The othernbsp;parts regular.

8. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“Beir,” bear, has Infin. beirsinn or breith, the Pastnbsp;Affirm, rug, and Inter, d’ rug ?

9. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ Cluinn,” hear, has the Infin. cluinntinn, the Pastnbsp;Affirm, chuala, and Inter, cuala ?

10. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ Ruig,” reach, has Infin. ruigsinn or ruigheachd, thenbsp;Past Affirm, rainig, and Inter, d’ rainig. It has no Passivenbsp;Voice.

Some of the Verbs have two foims of the Subjunctive Past, The first corresponds to 1 would—and the second is used afternbsp;the Particles mur, cha, an, amp;c. Example :—Chithinn, / wouldnbsp;see ; nam faicinn, if I should see.

Defective Verbs.

” Arsa,” or “ Orsa,’’ said, quoth; “ Tiugainn ’’ (Singular) “ tiugainnibh ” (Plural), come along, and “ theab,” had almost,nbsp;are wanting in all the other parts.

Vocabulary.

Gu, to.

Neach (indecl.) m., a person. Sam bith, any.

Urram, im m., honour,

R

34

Exercise SS. . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;,

Rachainn gu aite sam bith a chluinntinn an duinC' sin Bhualadh raise airson an ni a rinn neach eile. Aranbsp;faca tu ara beathach mór rearahar ud a tha aig an taighnbsp;so ? Na abair ni sara bith an aghaidh an righ. Thoir dorahnbsp;do larah. Thainig e gu a dhuthaich fein ach cha d’thug a shluaghnbsp;fein urram dha. Fhuaradh moran de na beathaichean aig t^obhnbsp;eilè na h-airahne.

Exercise S4.

Let him give, (to) me the thing which I gave him. If I should say anything I would say as you said. I am goingnbsp;away, and you will not see me until I come in the glory of mynbsp;Father. A glorious thing shall be told of (mu) the city of burnbsp;God. And he said, let me fall into the (ann an) hands of God^nbsp;and let me not fall into the hands of men. He was seen goingnbsp;away and leaving the place.

'3S

XIII.—PREPOSITION.

Simple Prepositions

Are single words placed before Nouns and clauses of a sentence to express relation. The following require the Dativenbsp;Case of Nouns

The following require the Nominative :—

Gu, gun, and mar govern the Norn. Case with the Article, ¦but the Dative when the Article is not employed.

Before the Article or the Relative Pronouns a, am, an, the Propositions ann, a, gu, le, and ri take the addition of f. Innbsp;any other position “ ann is followed by “ an.”

Ann, without a following Noun, is taken to mta.n in existence, •as—Am beil thu ann ? are you herel are you alive 1

¦' Motion' is expressed by a or do before the proper name of a place. If the Noun begins with a Consonant it is aspirated; if anbsp;Vowel dh is prefixed, a;—Dol a Bhreatainn, going to Britain ;nbsp;t'ghinn a dh’ Alba, coming to Scotland-, dol do’n Fhraing, ^0-ing to France. “ Ann a” is co-.-.trr.cted ’na, into the, as—Dol ’nanbsp;bhaile, going into the town.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦

¦ jAig is used to express possession, as—Tha taigh aig mo tnhac, my son has a house.

Air Is represented in English by various Prepositions, as— Air ainm, by name ; air eigin, with difficulty ; air %g3.\h,for thenbsp;sake ; cha ’n eil air, there is nothing for. With Verbs of givingnbsp;and getting it is Englished Jor, as—Thug mi air, I gave for.nbsp;Gabh air, beat; gabh ort, pretend, feign, assume ; Beir air, seize ;nbsp;tilg air, accuse of.

Compound Prepositions

Are usually made up of two or more words, and govern the Genitive Case. Such are ;—

Am measg, among, in the An aghaidh, against, in the face midst (of).nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(of).

An lathair, in presence (of). Re, during, in the time (of).

Air son, for the sake (of) ; because (of).

When used with Pronouns these equire Possessive Pronouns, as—air mo shon, for my sake.

Aspiration.

De, fo, mu, o or bho, roimh and troimh, aspirate the first Consonant of following Noun.

Gun aspirates consonants, except d, t and Gun chrioch, without end; gun toiseach, without beginning.

Exercise:

Air sgath na duthcha. Is math an duine e seach mise’ Dh’fhalbh iad leis an laogh Tha thu a dol an aghaidh d.nbsp;athar. Am bheil iad anri ar measg ? Tha bbrd agad an sin.nbsp;Cha’n eil air na nithe sin ach an deanamh.

Exercise 36.

He came during the day. He went for thè sake of honour. Did you hear yon noise over the river ? Did you give muchnbsp;for that dog ? The town is between the rivers. He was gotnbsp;with difficulty.

37

XIV.—PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS.

These are formtd by combining the Simple Prepositions with the Personal Pronouns, as—Agam, for “ aig-mi,” with me-,nbsp;agad, for “ aig-tu,” with thee; aige, with him-, aice, with her, amp;c.

Aige (m.), aice (/.) Aca.

Air, oirre.

Orra.

Ann, innte.

Annta.

As, aisde.

Asda.

Deth, dith,

Diubh.

Da, di.

Daibh or doibh. Eatorra.

Fodha, fuidhpe. Fodhpa.

Fl-uige, h uice, H-uca.

Leis, leatha.

Leo.

Uime, uimpe. Umpa.

Uaith, uaipe.

Uapa.

Ris, rithe.

Riu.

Roimhe, roimpe. Rompa.

Thairte J Tharta.

Vocabulary.

Cliu m., fame, praise.

Gaolach, lovely, dear.

Lathail, daily.

Leannan m. amp; f., a sweetheart, An diugh, to day.

'38

Exercise 27.

Co dh’ innseas do d’ athair nach beo thu ? Cha do thuit e gun chliu anns a chath. Na abairear ni sam bitb an aghaidh nanbsp;ban righ. Nach b’ fhearr duit so a .bhi agad ? Ciod, arsanbsp;Ronan, a chi thu mu Chulmina, mo leannan gaolach ? Tabhairnbsp;dhuinn an diugh ar n-aran lathail. Biodh a lamh chU fp m’nbsp;cheann. Agus chunnaic Dia an solus, gu’n robh e maith.nbsp;Cum dörus do bheoil arin an tigh Dhé. Tha thu ann annbsp;lathair Righ nan righ. Chuala mi uaith-san gu’m beil mac nanbsp;ban-righ ann an tir chein.

Exercise 28.

Let her give (to) him everything she has. Any person may (will) see the good-he did to the people of the place. Allnbsp;these things have I given you, but w'hat have you done, for mynbsp;sake ? I saw him going to the town at five o’clock. I toldnbsp;you, but you would not believe me. Among all this people isnbsp;there not one who will tell me this ? We have the light of thenbsp;sun during the day. Shall not his praise be heard for this ?nbsp;He would say no evil thing. •nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;.

39.

XV,—PREPOSITIONAL VERBS.

Many Gaelic Verbs are made up of Prepositions, with the Auxiliary Verb io he, combined with adjectives and nouns, as—

Is fhearr learn (it is better with me), I prefer.

Tha agam (there is with me), I have.

Tha duil againn (expectation is with us), 2ve suppose.

Tha suil agam (an eye is with me), 1 expect.

Tha agam air (I have on him), he otues me.

Is beag orm (little on [with] me is), I don't care for.

Cha ’n eil agam air (I have not On), I don't care for.

Is toigh learn (dear with me is), I like or love, amp;c.

Is aithne dhomh (known to me is) dhomh, 1 kncnv.

Is annsa learn (dearer with me is), I prefer.

Is coma learn (indifferent with me is), / care not.

. Is coir dhomh (right is for me), I ought. . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;, . .

Is cruaidh dhomh, rV is hard for me.

Is cuimhne learn (remembrance is with me), I remember.

Is dual domh, it is natural to me.

Is duilich learn (sad with me is), / regret.

Is fhèarr dhomh, it is better for me.

Is léir dhomh (visible to me is), / see.

Is math learn [gu’n] (good with me is), I am glad (that).

Is math dhomh, it is good for me.

Is miann learn (it is a desire with me), / volsh, desire.

Is mithich dhomh, it is time for me.

Is tniagh learn, I pity.

Is urrainn ddmh, I can.

Is ceannach air (it is buying it), it’s dearly bought.

These may be conjugated with the Parts of the Verbs to be and the several Prepositional Pronouns,

40

The same idioms can be used with nouns in place of pronouns, as—Is aithne do na daoine, The men know,

Sometimes other simple verbs are used as—

Cicd a dh’ eirich duit ? What has befallen you ƒ Thig e dhomh, it will become me.

See also top of page j6.

Ann (contracted ’n), with a Possessive Pronoun, is used with Neuter Verbs to give the idea of state or continuance, as—Thanbsp;mi ’n am shuidhe, / am \in my'\ sitting; tha thu ’n ad bhoile,nbsp;you are \in your'] mad [ness]; tha e’ na righ, he is [in his, i.e., is a]nbsp;King.

Exercise 2g.

An leir duit? Cha toigh leis idir e. Cha bu dual do’n bheathach sin a bhi boidheach. Ma’s miann leat lach airnbsp;falbh. Cha b’ urrainn di ni sam bith fhaicinn. Tha morannbsp;beartais aig na fir sin. Is coma leinn ciod a bhitheas ann. Thanbsp;moran aig an fhear sin orm.

¦ • ' ' • , . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Exercise 30.

I love that. We. expect to come. I have many books. It is hard for me to believe that. He had a dog. I told younbsp;that I did not care for it. He knows what he is saying. Is itnbsp;not time for us to go away 1 The people cannot see thenbsp;place. I don’t care for that man.

4*

XVI—ADVERB.

The following are some of the Adverbs most in use

Aspiration.

Gle, ro, mar, and ma aspirate first consonant of following word. Cha aspirates all aspirable consonants except d, t, and s.

For the sake of euphony an n is placed between cha and a verb beginning with a vowel orf, as cha’n eil, cha’n fhaigh.

CONJUNCTION.

^ Conjunctions are words used to connect words or clauses. The most common are—

Ach, but.

Agus, is, ’s, and. Co—ri, as—as.nbsp;Ged, although.nbsp;Gu, gu’r, that.nbsp;Ma, if.

Co and ri are used for comparison, as—Tha aon cho maith ri aon eile, one is as good as another. In other cases co takesnbsp;M a co-relative agus, as—Bi cho maith agus so a dheanamh,nbsp;Qt (fs good as do this,

42

INTERJECTION.

Among the more common Interjections are :—

Feuch ! behold! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Och ! och ! alas !

take care ! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sian leat (Sing.) \

Mo naire ! fie for shame ! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sièn leibh (PI.) ƒ

Mo thruaighe ! woe is me 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ubh ! ubh ! dear me !

Vocabulary.

Amhairc (Infin. Amharc), look,^ gaze.

As eugmhais (Comp. Prep.) ivithout.

Beath, a, an f, life.

Ebin, John.

Eirich, eiridh, v. rise.

Focal, il, foclan m., a word.

Gairdeachas, is, m., rejoicing, joy.

Maille ri (Prep.), with, along with.

Oidhche, ean and eachan, f., a night.

Tighearna m., a lord.

TÜS, toiseach, ich f., a beginning.

Exercise ji.

Anns an toiseach bha am Focal, agus bha am Focal maille ri Dia, agus b’ e am Focal Dia. Bha e so air tus niaille ri Dia.nbsp;Rinneadh na h-uile nithe leis; agus as ’eugmhais cha d’nbsp;rinneadh aon ni a rinneadh. Ann-san bha beatha agus b’ i anbsp;bheatha solus dhaoine. Uime-san thubhairt Ebin, Feuch Uannbsp;Dé ! Tha suilean an Tighearna anns gach aite ag amharC airnbsp;na droch dhaoine agus air na deadh dhaoine. Mar so theirnbsp;thu ris, Na dean gmrdeachas an aghaidh an duine mhaith ; gednbsp;thuiteadh e éiiidh e a rithis. Chunnaic mi ni an dé nach fhacanbsp;mi riamh roimh, agus nach fhaic mi rithis am feasd.

Exercise 32.

The lord of the country saw our brother, and praised him greatly. The word of God is good, giving joy to His people,nbsp;and making their hearts glad ; He will not keep any good thingnbsp;from them who believe on His name. Alas ! that I should seenbsp;the day. On this side and on that side of (de). the river wasnbsp;growing the tree of life. Rise and come away for the day isnbsp;short. Let us do our work now, during the day, for the nightnbsp;will come before our work is done.

43

XVII.—CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES.

The following passage from the Ossianic poem of “ Gaol nan-daoine ” illustrates the order of words in Gaelic sentences —

O chladach Chrbna thagh mi clach.

From the peebly beach of Chrona chose I a stone.

Measg fonna le neart nam bard;

Amid the tunes with strength of the bards ;

Fuil nkimhde Fhionnaghail fo nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;smachd.

The blood of the foes of Fingal under subjection.

An cóineach dubh-ghlas nan aid.

(In) the moss dark green of the streams

Fo sud shuidhich nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mi onbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;chéile,

Beneath yon set nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I fromnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;each other

Tri copana o sgéith nan daimh,

Three bosses from the shields of the strangers

Nuair luidheadh mu seach is dh’éireadh,

While would subside alternately and would rise

Fonn oidhche o Ulainn an aigh.

A strain of night from Ullin of good fortune.

Chuir Toscar a sgian fo ’n uir,

Put Toscar his knife under the ground.

Is murla dubh ghqrm stailinn chruaidh,

And a mail dark blue nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;steelnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;hard.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;•

Thogadh mu ’n chloich aird an smhr Was raised about the stone high the earth

A ghairm gu cliii bliadhna nan luadh,

To call to fame the year of the praises

“ A nighean chóinich .sruth nan cArn,

0 daughter of the moss of the stream of the hills

Thu ’g éiridh an aird ann am choir,; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦

Thou rising nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;up in my presence

A chlach o chladach a tha thall 0 stone from stony beach which is over (yonder)

Nuair chaillear siol Shealma nan torr ;

When is lost the seed of Selma of the hills

44

Labhair sa ri laigse nan daoine.

Speak thou to the weakness of (the) men

Air ’aghaidh, ’s an oidhche, fo sprochd.

On (his) face in the night under gloom

Luidhidh dubhailteadh bochd tha triall;

Shall lie a benighted one poor (who) is journeying

Do chóineach a caoineadh gun lochd,

Thy moss nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;moaningnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;without sleep

A tilleadh mu ’rosg nam bliadhna.

Bringing back about his eyelids the years

Eiridh comhraig threun fa choir—

There shall arise a strife mighty before him

Righrean gorm-sgiathach a tearnadh gu cath,

Kings blue shielded descending to battle

Lan ghealach a dubhadh fo ’n scorr.

Full moon nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;darkening under the peak

Air raona nan seod’s nam Hath

On the field of the brave and of the nobles

Brisidh e o ’aisling chiar;

Will break he from (his) vision dreary

Druididh madainn air triall na h-oidhche,

Will advance morning on the path of the night

Chithear uaighe nan triath air sliabh,

Will be seen the tombs of the chiefs on the mountain.

Treuna gasda nan gniomh ’an soillse.

Brave (men) heroic of the deeds in light

Labhraidh e mu chloich an raon,

Will speak he about the stone of the field

Agus freagraidh an aois r’ a iarraidh ;

And will reply the age(d man) to his demands

“ So an liath-chlach thog Oisean nach nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;faoin

This (is) the grey stone (which) raised Ossiau who (was) not weak

Skr cheannard mu ’n d’aom nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bliadhna.”

A true chief nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;about whom have descended the years.

4S

XVIII.—PROSE READING.

Sean-Fhocail.

An ni nach cluinn thu ’n diugh cha’n innis thu am maireach. Cha ’n eil air (Lesson XIII.—Air) a bhiadh mhaith achnbsp;fheuchainn.

Is fada bu choir dol a dh’ amharc fear nach fhaigheadh bean.

’S dana cu air btrach fein.

Cha tig ubh mór a nead an dreathain-duinn.

Biodh iadsan a bruidhinn, ’s bithidh na h-uibhean againne. Cuid an amadain am beul a phbca.

Na h-aimhnichean a traoghadh’s na caochanan ag at.

Cha tig an cota glas cho maith do na h-uile fear.

Is uaisle toll na tuthag ach’s fhearr tuthag na toll.

Suidhe iosal a ni garadh uasal.

Is fearr an teine beag a gharas na an teine mbr a loisgeas tu. Dean do gharadh far an d’ rinn thu d’ fhuarachadh.

A chlach nach tig ad rathad cha chuir i ceann a mhebir diot. ’S fearr a bhi cinnteach na bhi caillteach.

Feumaidh burn a bhi far am bathar an gamhuinn.

Mar thubhairt Uilleam Seadhaire, ge b’e aird as an tig a ghaoth tuath, bithidh i luar daonnan.

Cha ’n eil tuil air nach tig traoghadh.

Am fear nach cuir ri fuachd cha bhuain ri teas.

’S treise tuath na tighearn.

’S e deireadh gach coinnimh sgaoileadh.

Cha tig as a phoit ach an toit a chaidh innte.

Ceann mór air duine glic's ceann circ air amadan.

Is miosa an t-eagal na ’n cogadh.

.Bhi fadadh teine fo loch,

Bhi tiormachadh cloich an cuan,

Comhairle thoirt air mnaoi bhuirb,

Mar bhuille bird air iarunn fuar.

Is sleanihainn stairsneach an taigh mhbir.

’S ceannach air an ubh an gloc.

La air mhisge’s la air uisge.

Am fear a gheibh ainm na moch-eiridh faodaidh e cadal gu nieadhon latha.

4é

XIX.—PROSE READING.

A Ghrian.

Tha a ghrian do’n t-saoghal nadurrach, mar a ta spiorad na beatha do mhac an duine. Is e a teas a tha toirt fas donbsp;luighibh na macharach; agus nuair a sgaoileas i caoimhneil-eachd na maidne mu’n cuairt di, bithidh gach creutairnbsp;beathail le a lathaireachd—suilbhir agus aighearach le anbsp;tiodhlacaibh. Le a teas èiridh miltean de chuileagaibhnbsp;sgiathach gu beatha. Clisgidh na h-edin as an codal, agusnbsp;dbirtidh iad a mach an ceileirean sunndadh ann an co-sheirmnbsp;chiiiil nuair a mhothaicheas iad a blaths. Le meilich bheir nanbsp;treudan buidheachas airson teachd na maidne ciiiine, agusnbsp;innsidh am buar le’n ard-gheumnaich an taingeileachd.nbsp;Aithrisidh na gleanntan an cebl ceudna, agus freagraidh nanbsp;cnuic dom fhonn. Bheir teas na gréine air gach luigh thanbsp;air aghaidh na talmhainn fas gu h-iirar agus gorm, cbmhd-aichidh e na craobhan le duilleach, a mhachair le arbharnbsp;agus meas, na sléibhtean le buar agus treudaibh, agus cridhenbsp;an duine le g^irdeachas agus taingeileachd. A réir cunntaisnbsp;nam feallasanach agus daoine foghluimte tha a ghrian deichnbsp;ceud mile uair ni’s mb na an talamh, agus ceithir fichead’s anbsp;deich muilliona de mhlltibh air astar uaith. Nuair tha inbsp;fada gu deas tha an la goirid, agus an aimsir fuar againn’s annbsp;eilean so ; ach an uair tha i pilltinn gu tuath tha ar 1^ a fksnbsp;fada, agus tha bliiths an t-samhraidh ag ath-iirachadh gachnbsp;luigh mhaoth a shearg, agus gach craobh a Ibm, gaothnbsp;rebtaidh a gheamhraidh. Smuainichidh sluagh neo-fhogh-luimte gu bheil a ghrian ag éiridh ’s an aird an ear agus anbsp;dol fodha ’s an aird an iar, do bhrigh nach eil iad a tuigsinnnbsp;gu bheil an talamh a tionndadh mu’n cuairt, no a cur carnbsp;dheth air a roth aon uair ’s na ceithir uairibh fichead, agusnbsp;le so a nochdadh na grbine do shiiilean an duine mar gu’mnbsp;biodh i ag éiridh ’s an aird an ear agus a luidhe’s an aird annbsp;jar gach uair a ta an talamh a cur car dheth air an dbigh so.

47

XX.—PHRASES—Colloquial and Idiomatic.

Co tha ’n so ?

Tha raise, do charaid.

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;O ! an tusa th’ ann ?

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’Smi. Co a shaoil leat a bh’ann ?

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;' Cha robh fios agam.

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cia mar tba tbu, mata ?

: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ii~ Tha raise gu gasdaj gu’n robh

math agad.A a, !

i nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cia mar tha tbu cumail ?

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bheil an^ t-slaint’ ac’ aig an

: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;taigh ?

Cha’n eil dad a cur orra.

Bheil tbu falbh, mar tha 1 Bithidh e cho math.

C-arson nach fhuirich thu ?

Tha cabhag orm.

Greas ort air t-a^, mata. Beannachd leat.;jnbsp;Sian leat.

Bheil fios agad cia mend uair a ta e?

Tha e leth uair an deigh da uair. An e so an rathad 1nbsp;Cha ’n e, ’s e so e.

Trothad a nail an so.

Coma leam.

Leigibh le mo chu. larr air bhi sanihach.

Leigibh as e.

I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Falbh a luidhe.

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bi sgiobalt- clis.

Cuir dhiot—umad.

Tha e cuir an t-sneachda.

Nach ’éil thu tighinn a staigh ? Ma’s e do thoil e.

Bheil a bhean aig an taigh.

Tha mi ’n duil gu bheil.

! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Failt oirbh, a Dhoniichaidh.

Failt oirbhse ! bheil sibh beo fhathast 1nbsp;Tha, fhathast.

Am faigh mi deoqh uat ?

48

49

POETRY.

CEAD DEIREANNACH NAM BEANN.

Bha mi’n dé’m Beinn dorain,

’S na coir cha robh mi aineolach,

Chunna’ mi na gleanntan

’S na beanntaichean a b’aithne dhomh ;

B’e sin an sealladh éibhinn

Bhi ’g imeachd air na sléibhtibh,

’Nuair bhiodh a’ ghrian ag éiridh,

’S a bhiodh na féidh a langanaich.

'S aobhach a ghreidh uallach,

Nuair ghluaiseadh iad gu farumach,

’S na h-eildean air an fhuaran,

Bu chuannar na laoigh bhallagh ann ;

Na maoislichean’s na ruadh-bhuic,

Na coilich dhubha’s ruadha ’S e ’n ceol bu bhinne chualas

’Nuair chluinnt' am fuaim’s a chamhanaich.

Ged tha mo cheann air liathadh,

’S mo chiabhagan air tanachadh,

’S trie a leig mi mial-chu

Ri fear fiadhaich, ceann-ardach,

Ged bu toigh learn riamh iad,

’S ged fhaicinn air an t-sliabh iad,

Cha teid mi nis g’an iarraidh 0’n chain mi trian na h-analach.

Mo shoraidh leis na frithean,

0’s mlorbhailteach na beannaibh iad,

Le biolair uaine’s fior-uisg,

Deoch uasal, riomhach, cheanalta ;

Na blaran a tha priseil,

’S na fksaichean tha lionmhor,

0’s ait’ a leig mi dhiom iad,

Gu braht, uio mhile beannachd leo !

Sö

VOCABULARY.

The changes in the termination for the Gen. Singular and Nominative Plural of Nouns; for the Comp. Degree ofnbsp;Adjectives' and for the Indicative Future and Infinitive ofnbsp;Verbs are indicated. Words already given are not repeatednbsp;here.

Ach, conj., but; int., tuts / alas /

Ag, sign of verbal participle.

Aghaidb, plural—ean, /., a face.

Aicheadh, future — idh, infin.

aicheadb, v., deny.

Aidbireach, ad/., mirthful.

Aid-ich,— icbidh,— eachadh, v., confess.

Aillidh, adj., beauteous.

Aimsir, geo. aimsire, plur,—ean, ƒ., time season.

Aineol-ach, aicb, adf, ignorant.

Aineol-as, ais, m., ignorance.

Ainm-ich,—icbidb,—eacbadh,v,, name.

Ainmig, adv., seldom ; adj., rare.

Air, prep., on ; thig air, v., befall.

Air ais, adv., backwards.

Air feadh, comp, prep., among, through.

Air adv., at first.

A'ird, m., a point of the compass.

A'irde, ean, f., height; an kird, adv. (With motion), up.

A'ireamb, an,/., number.

A'ireamb, idh, v., number.

Amhuil, adv., as.

A mach, adv., out; a mach as, prep, out of.

Anail, analach, ean, breath, rest.

Anam, an, m., a soul, spirit,

Anam-och, uich, adf, late.

An, as a prefix, means not.

An déigh, prep., after,

51

52

si

54

SS

57

KEY TO EXERCISES.

III.

Shoes. A tongue of a shoe. A cat’s head. Cats’ heads. A man’s wife. On a shoe. On a cat. On land. A man and anbsp;woman. A poet’s place. A poet’s tongue. 0 poets! A lacenbsp;and a shoe. Shoes and laces. A cat’s ear. Cats’ ears. Lacesnbsp;and tongues of shoes.

IV.

Cait. Tirean. Bróig. Bhróg. Air duine. Air brhig. Bhiird. Teangaidhean bhrhg. lall bi'hige. lallan bhrèg. Aitenbsp;chat. Cluas b^rd. Air tir. Ceann tire.

A day’s work. A father’s son. God’s heart. Fathers and mothers. Sons of men. On a bed. A heart of flesh. Lands andnbsp;towns. Water of a river. A deer’s head. Hens’ heads. 0 son!nbsp;A brother’s wife. A mother’s sister. A sou’s wife. Womennbsp;and men.

VI.

Fiaclan chat. Leabhar bhird. Beul aimhne. Coin agus cait. Peathraichean agus brhithrean. Lasraiohean teine. Daoine agusnbsp;mnathan. Aite athar. Oibre Dhé. Leabaidh aimhne. Teine agusnbsp;uisge.

'vn.

God’s greatness and goodness. Good men are on land. At a wedding. At weddings. Tall workmen. Scotland’s pipe. Thenbsp;sun is making warmth. Water of a river. A country’s queen.nbsp;Male calves. Calves and dogs. Men of Scotland. A little quot;tree’snbsp;head. Of a little oak tree. At land. In a place. In the place.nbsp;A man’s head. Smiths are doing work. With light. With a wife.nbsp;Good sisters. The Bun is rivin-' light. Warmth of a fire. Hairnbsp;of a woman’s head. A river’s mouth.

vni.

Tha blaths agus soillse anus a’ ghrian. Craobhagan. Ceann laoigh. Anns an duthaich. Lasraiohean teine. Suilean mna. Bórdan agusnbsp;teine. Ann an teine. Anns an teine. Tha darach ann an Alba.nbsp;Anns an latha. Saighdear agus oibriche. Dkil latha. Mac peathar.nbsp;Tha teine a tabhairt bliiths. Tha uisge anns an amhainn. Duinenbsp;maith., Le solus maith. Ann an iiite aig baile. Le peathar. Obairnbsp;mkthar.

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IX.

The books of the man are on the table in the room. The light of the day is good for the eyea In the works. The God of thenbsp;fathers. The heart of the country. The time-piece was making anbsp;noise. The watches are in the man’s coat. Coats are on the mennbsp;iin the town. The lontr rivers. The noise of the stream. Of thenbsp;book. xue book. The sounds. For the chamber». For the hen.nbsp;The light of the eyes. The morning. Of the morning. The riversnbsp;of the country. A dog’s tooth. The teeth of the dogs. The teethnbsp;of the cog. Tlie mouth of the dog. The work of the day. Thenbsp;father and the son. The sons of that man.

X.

Ilisge nan amhaimi. Anarahainn. Uisge na h-aimhne. Fiaclan a’choin. An sruth uisge. Chta an daine. Ceann na leapa. Fuaimnbsp;na h-aimhne. Anns an t-suil, Tha uisge na h-aimhne maith. Airnbsp;na h-uisgeachaibh. Bha an cu ailns an t-sruth. Bha an duine aig a’nbsp;bhórd leis na leabhraiohean. Gath chon. Tha na tniltean a deanamhnbsp;fuaim. Tha cóta an duiiie air a' bhórd. Bha an t-atharrachadh maith.nbsp;Cridhe an athar agus cridheachan nam mac. Sruth soluis. Anns nanbsp;h-uisgeachhaibh, Ceann an latha.

XI.

The man of the large head. Is that country better than Scotland? The country is the better of the water. The woman was very ill. Thisnbsp;river is longer and broader than the largest rivers that are in Scotland.nbsp;Beloved brethren, a good man is. stronger than a great man. Thenbsp;people of evil hearts. In the great floods of strong waters. •

xn.

Craobh ni’s motha agus sruth ni’s treise. Is fhehird an laogh so. Tha an duthaich so mór, tha an duthaich sin ni’s motha, ach is i Albainnnbsp;a’s motha. Aig a’ bbaile sin tha sruth leathau. Is misd na feidh sin.nbsp;Bha an obair ro dhuilich. Bha an t-oibriche a deanamh droch fhuaim.nbsp;An duime a’s laidire agus a’s fhekri' agus a bhean a’s boidhche agus a’snbsp;ionmhuinne. A bheil an leabhar mór ?

XIII.

Is every sixth man good? There are many Scotsmen in that land. Twenty cats and nineteen dogs. At the third hour.nbsp;The men who are in the first places in the town. Manynbsp;a woman is better than the best men (men who are best).nbsp;A hundred thousand strong men and many (much) people arenbsp;in that town. On the third day nine workmen were making thenbsp;river broader. At the first light of the day. Tliere are 31 booksnbsp;on the table in that room. It is twelve o’clock. Good men are rarenbsp;(few) in these towns. This man’s sister was very ill at six o’clock.nbsp;That old wornan is eighty years.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ '

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XIV.

Bha moral! sluaigli aims an ^ite sin air ceud la ni bliadlina. Tha tri clieud tri ticliead agiis cuig laithean aims a bhliadhiia. Aig annbsp;t-sèatlianili iiair. Aims an fhicliead baiie a’s mö aims an riogliachd.nbsp;Aims an t-seómrr bbeag sin tlia tri leapaiclieai!, aon bhörd, cuignbsp;catliraiclieaii agus inóran leabhraicliwau. Oolid ceud deugceithir ticheadnbsp;agiis a seackd deug. Tha morau aimlmiclieaii ni’s fliaide na sin. Thanbsp;aimhiiichean ui’s lionmhoire aims an diithaieh sin. Bha craobhan tearc.nbsp;Tha beagan chraobh aims a lihaile. Ain bliei) dithis aims an uisge ?nbsp;Tha iad lioimihoir. Tha bailtean tearc aims an tir sin.

xy.

Is that man worse than you? I (myself) and my wife and my sister’s son were in your father’s house on that day. Who is makingnbsp;that noioe? That is a man who will not do' evil. The man andnbsp;ills coat. Every man who was strong. Whatever town. Whatnbsp;evil is in thine heart? Tliose are my books. Those wdio were innbsp;the house were ill. That is the man who was thirty-eight yearsnbsp;in the house of my father’s brother’s son. Who art thou? I amnbsp;a better man than thyself. What is this? This is a very difficultnbsp;thing.

xyi.

Blia ra’ oclidnar mhac anus na li-oibribh air an la sin. Dean so agus is fbeiird tlm e. Bha inoran chraoblian daraic'.i amis an aite. Bha minbsp;fein aig an taigh aig tri naireaii. Tha sluaigh mo dhuthjha-sa ni’snbsp;fhearr na bhur sluagli-sa. Bha sibli aims a bliaile sud. Tha beau annbsp;duine fein tinn. Tha sinn gle honnihoir ann ar baiie ne.

XVII.

Are you ill? I am; are you (yourself) not? I am not very ill, but this other man is. Is it I who am ill? Were you saying thatnbsp;the flesh of a lamb is not as sweet as the flesh of a calf? I wasnbsp;not, but I was saying that it is not sweeter. Art thou the Kingnbsp;of the Jews? In my Father’s house there are many dwelling places.nbsp;Do (the) good and do not (the) evil. Were you at your brother’snbsp;house on that day? Who art thou who sayest (art saying) those things ?nbsp;If I had been there I would be worse than I am. Will you be there?nbsp;Is she to be at home on that day ? If you are i ot to Be there Inbsp;will not be.

XVIII,

Naoh ’eil ise ni’s buidhche na a piuthar ? Bhiodh e ni s fhearr. Bha i ag radii nach 'eil móran nithe ni’s fhearr na sin. Biodh iad an sonbsp;aig naoi uairean aims a mhadainn. Bha e deanamh nithe a’s inó nanbsp;iad so. Co iad ? An i.se a tha deanamh an fhuaim ud ? Bi thusa a’nbsp;deanamh maith. ¦ Bha iad ag radh nach bitheadh e ni’s fhearr na raóraijnbsp;file. Is niise a bha aig do thaigh. K aoh bi mise an siu ?

6o

XIX.

You are not better than liimself. That wicked man strack the little calf. A good name is better than much wealth. Letnbsp;there be no evil in thy heart. We were struck with many a blow.nbsp;Who is knocking at the door. The floods smote on the house,nbsp;and it fell, and great was the fall of that house. He was smittennbsp;for men. If I shall be smitten, let me be smitten by the good man.nbsp;Tlie wicked man shall fall into many an evil, but God shall keepnbsp;his own people. If thou wilt do (be doing) good, goodness shallnbsp;be in thy house, and brightness in thy dwelling-place. The housenbsp;in which he was. The blow with which we were struck.

XX.

Nach do bhuaileadh amis a cheann e leis an duine sin ? Bha na fir so ag radh nach b’ f'heaird iad thusa Cha ’n 'eil solus ami aiiaitibh-cimilmiiidh luchd-oibre aii iiilc, ach tha solus Dhé air ceaiiii an duine.nbsp;iiihaith. Buailibh iad agus tiiiteadh am baile. Xam Idodli e air anbsp;bhiialadh mar a bha mise, thiiiteadh e. Ciod am inaitli a tlia ami an sin ?nbsp;Agus thiiit deich mile air fliichead sluaigh ami an aon la. Cha bhi solusnbsp;iia greiiie an sin.

XXI.

Is not that tree beautiful? (or, is not that a beautiful tree?). The good man is as a tree which grows by (at) the side of a river.nbsp;The trees will drink of the water of the stream, and they will be glad ;nbsp;they will clap their hands (palms) and (they will) praise God. Itnbsp;is easier to swim against the water than with the stream. Give menbsp;water to drink. It was told me that thou wert the king of Israel.nbsp;I love God because he will give me that which will be good for me.nbsp;The beast swam away. God says—Son, give me thine heart.

XXII.

Oladh iia laoigh an t-uisge. Nach ’eil iiisge maith airson laogh ? Dh’iiinseadh donilisa gii’ra bheil moran beatliaiclieaii ag ol de uisge nanbsp;h-aimliiie so, agus nach flieaird iad e. Bha an seann duine ud ag radhnbsp;gu’ii d’fliks a thri uaiii feiii tinii leis an uisge. Fillearaaid ar cótaicheaii,nbsp;agus fkgamaid iad an so. Seacliain an t-olo, agus seachnaidh an t-olcnbsp;tliiisa. Nach oreid thu a ni a ta mi ag innseadhduit ? B’fhearr tuiteamnbsp;anna a chatli na riiith air faibh. Tlia an duine sin 'g am slieaoliiiadh glenbsp;niliór. Co e Dia gu n oreidinu e ? Is e Dia athair nan uile.

XXIII.

1 would go to any place to hear that man. I was struck for that which another person has done. Have y'ou seen yon big fat beastnbsp;which is at this house? Do not say anything against the king.nbsp;Give me vour hand. He came to his own country, but his ownnbsp;people did not givA- him honour. Many of the beaste were foifncinbsp;at tfie otaer side of the river.

6i

XXIV.

Thugadli e domlisa an ui a thug mi dha. Nan abairinn ui Sara bith theirinn mar thubhairt thusa. Tha raise a dol air falbh agus cha’nnbsp;fhaio sibh -ui gu ’s au tig mi ann au glóir ra’ Athar. Innsear ui glóir-mhoir mu chathair ar Dé-ne. Agus thubhairt e, ïuiteam ann an limhannbsp;Dhé, agus na tuiteam ann an liimhan dhaoine. Chunncadh e a’ falbhnbsp;agus a’ ihgail an ai te,

XXV.

For the sake of the country. He is a good man compared with me. They went away with the calf. You are going against yournbsp;father. Are they among us? You have a table there. There isnbsp;nothing for these things but to do them.

XXVI.

Thainig e ré an latha. Chaidh e air sgath nrraim. An cuala tu am fuaim ud thar an aimhne ? An d’ thug thu moran air a chu sin ?nbsp;Tha am baile eadar na h-aimhnichean. Fhuaradh e air eigin.

XXVII.

Who shalt tell thy father that thou art not alive? He fell not without fame in the battle. Let not anything be said against thenbsp;Queen. Would it not be better for you to have this? What, saidnbsp;Ronan, do you see about Culmina, my lovely sweetheart? Give usnbsp;to-day our daily bread. Let his left hand be under my head.nbsp;And God saw the light that it was good. Keep the door of thynbsp;mouth in the house of God. Thou art in the presence of the Kingnbsp;of Kings. I heard from him that the Queen’s son is in a distant land.

XXVIII.

Thoireadh i dha gach ni a tha aiee. Chi ueach sara bith am raaith a linn e do shlnagh an Mte. Na nithe so uile thug mi duit, ach ciod anbsp;rinn thusa air mo shon-sa ? Chunuaio mi e a dol do’n bhaile aig ouignbsp;uairean. Dh' innis mi duit ash oha chreideadh tu mi. Am measg annbsp;t-sluaigh so uile naoh ’eil a h-aoii a dh’ innseas so dhorah ? Tha solus nanbsp;greine againn re an latha. Naoh cluiunear a chliu airson so ? Cha ’nnbsp;abaireadh e ni ole sara bith.

XXIX.

Can you see? He does not like him at all. It was not natural for that beast to be beautiful. If you desire, go away. She wasnbsp;not able to see anything. 'Those men have much wealth. We donbsp;not care what may be. I owe that man much.

62

XXX.

Is toigh leam sin. Tlia duil againn tighinn. Tha moran leabhraioliean agam. Is cruaidh leam sin a chreidsinn. Bha cu aige.nbsp;Dll innis mi dhuit gu’n robh mi coma dha. Is aitbne dha ciod a tha enbsp;ag radii. Nach mithich dlminii falbh ? Cha leir do’n t-sluagh an t-aitenbsp;Is beag orm an duiiie sin.

XXXI.

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. This same was at the beginning with God.nbsp;All thinrs were made by Him, and without Him there was not lt; uenbsp;thing made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was thenbsp;light of men. Concerning him, John said—Behold the Lamb of God!nbsp;The eyes of the Lord are in every place, gazing on the bad men andnbsp;on the good men. Thus shalt thou say to him — Kejoice not (makenbsp;not rejoicing) against the good man; though he fall he shall rise again.nbsp;I saw -rcjterday a thing -^’ch I never saw before, and which I shallnbsp;never (not ever) see again.

XXXH.

Cluinnaic tighearna na dhtbcha ar brkthair agus mhol se e gu mór Tha focal De maith, tabhairt gMrdeachas d’a shluagh, agus a deanamh annbsp;cridheachan ait; cha chum e ni maith air bith uapa-san a ta creidsinn airnbsp;’ainm. Mo thruaighe, gu’m faicinn-sa an Ik I Air an taobh so agusnbsp;air an taobh sin de ’n amhainn, bhacraobhna beatha a fks. Eirichagusnbsp;tiugaiiin air falbh, oir tha an la goirid. Deanamaid ar ii-obair a nis renbsp;an latha, oir thig an oidhche mu'm bi ar n-obair deaiita.