AN ENGLISH-WELS�� PEONOENCING WCTIONAEY

|rBELrMlNAEY OBSERVAi'�ONS ON THE ELEMENTARY SOUNDS OF THE'ENGLISH , language, A copious vocabulary of the roots of ENGLISH

! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;WORDS, AND A LIST OP SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

{geiriadur cynaniaethol

I

I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;SEIS�NEG A CHYMEAE6

YKO HQHTD A

STLWADAU BHAGARWEINIOL AK SEINIAU EQWYDDOKOL YR lAITH SEISONEG, LLECHRES o�l GWREIDDEIRIA U, A GEIRFAnbsp;O ENWAU PRIODOL YSGBTTHTROL.

WILLIAM 8PUERELL

[P�MM�D ABOEAFFIAD.]

OAEBFYRDDIN: W. SPURRELL A�l FAB

MDOOCCV.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

Advantage has been taken of this edition to make considerable additions to the number of words, and tonbsp;make several modifications in pronunciation, in ordernbsp;to keep in touch with the changes that are constantlynbsp;taking place in the accepted usage. The new list ofnbsp;foreign words and phrases in common use will nonbsp;doubt he found of service.

^lt;^Tmarthmy January^ 1903.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�

Ik coinpilingr the Work now oflPered to the public, the principal object aimed � at has been to compress into the volume as much useful matter as the limitsnbsp;contemplated would admit of. The formation of a complete vocabulary ofnbsp;English words has not been attempted. Indeed, as every living language is in anbsp;state of transition, some of its words becoming obsolete, and new terms beingnbsp;constantly added, such a production if desirable would be impossible.

It would have been an easy task to extend the Work to double its present size, without in any material degree increasing its utility, by the insertion of largenbsp;classes of derivatives presenting no difficulty or irregularity in their orthography,nbsp;pronunciation, or translation. By the omission of such words, space has been leftnbsp;for the introduction of a great number of modem terms, and for a careful noticenbsp;of numerous anomalies in etymology and orthoepy, a feature which distinguishesnbsp;the present Work from those which have preceded it. The compiler has alsonbsp;availed himself of various typographical expedients which have enabled him tonbsp;comprise in 435 pages matter which would otherwise have occupied about 470.

In the preparation of this, the only English-Welsh Pronoxmcing Dictionary that has appeared, twenty-one dictionaries of authority have been constantlynbsp;referred to; and in eases of disputed pronunciation, a general but by no meansnbsp;a servile deference has been paid to the authority of Smart, whose elaborate andnbsp;comprehensive work is undoubtedly the best reflex of the customary pronunciationnbsp;of educated English speakers, the true criterion of correct English orthoepy.

Carmarihen^ August l^th, 1850.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The favourable reception given to the first edition of this Work has induced the compiler to issue a second, revised with much care and labour.

The system of condensation adopted in the former volume has been carried out to a much greater extent in that now before the reader, which, though lowernbsp;in price, and of a size more suitable for a manual, is much enlarged as regards itsnbsp;contents, and comprises, besides a copious list of Scripture Proper Names nownbsp;appended, several thousand useful additions interspersed through its pages.

Carmarthen^ Feh, 12thy 1861.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Tur interval which has elapsed since the publication of the second edition of this Work has afforded opportunities for the collection of numerous useful terms,nbsp;which have been inserted in their proper places throughout the volume. On anbsp;minute examination of its pages, it wiU be found that a very considerable numbernbsp;of both English and Welsh words have been added, for which space has beennbsp;found by a further resort to those technical contrivances which a practical acquaintance with the art of printing has suggested.

Carmarthen, July Is^, 1872.

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

OF THIS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

� 1. The elementary sounds of the English language are thirty-eight In Dumber.

� 2. The English alphabet used to represent these sounds contains only twenty .�Six letters, and exhibits the following imperfections:�

(1.) A great many English letters have more than one sound each; as, c in and cell; 8 in ao, w, sure, and measure.

Frequently different letters stand for the same sound; as, c in cat, Ic in q in quick,

(d. J Sometimes two letters represent a single sound; as, sh in shall^ th in thin �ud this, ng in sing.

. (4.) Sometimes two sounds are represented by a single letter; as, u in ivne^ x fox, j in jar,

tu.) Letters are often mute, that is, they are found in the written words, but *u the spoken: as, 6 in lamb, c in victuals, g in signup and I in psalm.nbsp;ch^^�^ Occasionally sounds are heard in words which, when written, have nonbsp;^facter to represent those sounds; as, g in stronger (strong^er).

^ s d. Hence, it will be convenient to employ in the following pages a few dis-ctive marks not found in the English alphabet, chinbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;following is a list of the English elementary sounds, with the

'�ucters which will be here used to represent them.

m other wort-----I- nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;particulars irom t�e arrangements adopted

*Dy of thp nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the subject, the writer being unable to acquiesce entirely in

systems hitherto propounded.

ELEMENTARY J^OUNDS

� 6. The sounds are here arranged in a natural order, beginning in each division with those sounds produced in the anterior part of the mouth, and ending with those formed most internally.

� 7, The sounds are usually divided into two classes: vowels and consonants.

. The first thirteen sounds in the list are vowels; the last twenty-three are consonants. The sounds r and h, however,are anomalous; h being an nnarticulated aspiration, and r an obscure sound partaking of the nature of both vowel andnbsp;consonant (� 23).

VOWELS.

� 8. The vowels¹ are clear open sounds of the voice alone. They are very irregularly represented in the established system of orthography. The following examples of the various letters and combinations employed for this purpose willnbsp;give an idea of the perplexity arising from this source:�

' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;� 9, There are two classes of vowels: open and stopped. Open vowels are

those which have a full uninterrupted sound. Stopped vowels are those the sound of which is interrupted or stopped by a succeeding consonant. Withnbsp;the exception of 5, which has no corresponding stopped sound in English, thenbsp;vowels may be arranged in pairs; thus:�

Open ... ^ cool... 5 more... 1 pique ... � there... a far ... o north... ii curve Stopped..Wcook ... -... i pick ... e then ... a fat ... onot ... u cut

� 10. Of these vowels 8 is the most open, and i the most confined; w partakes most of the labial character, and � most of the guttural; t requires the greatestnbsp;effort in pronouncing it, and � the least, the organs when in a state of rest

1

In the first edition of tliis ilietionary, the characters

a����w, a����w, 6, aiou were employed to represent the vowels where the following are now used�nbsp;a � i 6 � a e i 0 n w, 5, a � � �.

The present plan has the technical advantage of necessitating the use of fewer accented letters, and those used are available for other purposes. The lettersnbsp;a, e, i, o, u, too are used in it to represent their usual sounds, whue the dieeresis doesnbsp;not unnaturally suggest the complex nature of the diphthong which it marks {\ 15).

OF THE ENGLISH IJINGUAGE, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7

being in the position requirM for pronouncing it: hence � is not unfitly called the natural vowel.

� 11. The vowel � is net yly allied to w; but the passage at the lips is more confined in the latter, � '^nd i have a similar resemblance, the passage betweennbsp;the tongue and the palate being more contracted in pronouncing 1.

� 12. In pronouncing w and 5, the interior of the mouth is in just the same state as in pronouncing 8 and S, but the lips are brought closer together. Thenbsp;b�rench u and eux, which so much puzzle Englishmen, bear the same relation,nbsp;the former to I, and the latter to � or perhaps to u.

� 13. The stopped vowel a, as it is usually pronounced by Englishmen, is not the exact correllative of a, but rather of a peculiar pronunciation of the Welshnbsp;a heard in Montgomeryshire, and intermediate between � and a.

� 14. Orthoepists differ much in their opinions as to the vov;el sounds, and as to the relations of those sounds to each other. Their disagreement very frequentlynbsp;Msec from the fact that the sounds of the different pairs are often representednbsp;by different letters. Thus, the relationship between o and o, is often lost sightnbsp;of when they are respectively represented by aio and o, as in bawl and not; butnbsp;U is quickly recognized when both sounds are represented by the same letters,nbsp;in the words north and not, walnut and wallet, quarter and quality. Undernbsp;fhese circumstances an error of an opposite nattre is often committed. Reid,nbsp;instance, makes no distinction between the open vowel sounds represented bynbsp;� in the words quarter, squall, and walnut, and the stopped sounds representednbsp;by the same letter in quality, squat, and wallet, and in many other similar casesnbsp;which the distinction is marked by Smart, Walker, Knowles, Sheridan, Wor-oester, and other authorities. Craig pretty nearly coincides with him, but henbsp;distinguishes between the sound of a in squat and that of a in wattle, where nonbsp;difference exists. The sounds � and e, and i and i, are for the same reason liablenbsp;be improperly classified.

DIPHTHONGS.

� 15. When two vowels coalesce, and are sounded together in one syllable, the Combination is called a diphthong. There are six diphthongs (� 27), which willnbsp;do thus represented here:�a, i, 5, �, 8i, uw (� 8, note). Four of them are thenbsp;Barnes of four letters usually supposed to represent so many simple sounds.

. � 16. (1.) a is represented by a in mate, ai in pail, ei in eight, ay in pay, au Gauge, ea in great, ao in gaol, ey in survey. This diphthong is by Englishnbsp;orthoepists generally treated of as a simple sound. The distinction they makenbsp;otween stayer (one who stays) and stare (to gaze) is simply making onenbsp;C ^ord of two syllables and the other a word of one syllable. The sound 1,nbsp;owever, is heard in stayer as in stay, while it is not in words like stare, flare.nbsp;Ware, and other syllables ending in air and are. This diphthong is anbsp;ompound of a in mare, or e in there, and e in me, or 8, i, in the foregoing list,nbsp;anHnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;identical with a (�) in mare. The sound � is found cnly before K,

that position it is in pronouncing dictionaries confounded with the

.� 17. (2.) � is represented by imflne, etin height, te in hie,uy\r\ buy,eye in eye, b6 compounded of �, �, but it may be questionednbsp;cnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ti I are not its true components. For instance, the word pine seems

mpounded rather of pu in purse, and ine in mixchine, than of pa in path, we in machine.

�o' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;is considered a simple sound. It is represented by o in twie

-pi nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;oe in toe, ou in soul, ow in tow, eati in beau, ew in sew, oo in brooch,

alik nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ the verb owe are by Englishmen torrectly pronounced

of th* pronouncing these words, there certainly is a change in (.no position ^ 1�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ihat change if carefully examined will be found the sar.*� as

g j be required to pronounce � (or perhaps 8 1^) in succession. Of thfge ods the name sound of the English o is lormed. Writers on this subject

8 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

make no distinction between this diphthong and the vowel 5, which latter is the same as the long o in French and Welsh. The only difference they noticenbsp;between the words tnower^ sower, slower, and more, sore, store, is that theynbsp;make the first three to consist of two syllables; thus, mo-ur, so-vr^sto-itr; andnbsp;the last three of one syllable; thus, mor, sor, stor, or, what is the same thin^,nbsp;more, sore, store, with the final c silent, and the o long in each case. But itnbsp;seems undeniable that there is a diflerence besides that pointed out by their plannbsp;of pronunciation. The sound w certainly occurs in motcer, sower, slower, asnbsp;it does in mow, sow, stow; but it is not heard in more, sore, store. In othernbsp;words, the diphthong � exists in one case, and the long � in the other, o, likenbsp;$, occurs only before e.

� 19. (4.) The diphthong � is formed of i and w. It is represented by �in mwas, �W in mew, ue in sue, ui in suit, ieu in lieu, iew in view, eu iu therapeutic, eaunbsp;in beauty, ewe in ewe. The long or name sound of the letter u is undoubtedlynbsp;a diphthong when preceded by a consonant in the same syllabic. When, however, it commences a syllable, it is by some persons rraolved into iytr, by othersnbsp;into yVi�, who say an �mon, an unit, amp;c., or a union, a unit, amp;c., according tonbsp;the sound they give the letter in question.

� 20. (�.) The diphthong 6i is composed of 6 i. It is seldom, if ever, represented by any other letters than otVas in coin, and oy, as in boy. In lawyer, y is a consonant, and forms part of the second syllable, aw (6) Being pronounced innbsp;the first.

� 21. (6.) The diphthong fiw is represented by ow in cow, ou in bound. It is supposed to consist of a and w. in the case of the diphthong �, this isnbsp;questionable. The if heard at all, is so very imperfectly formed that it cannbsp;scarcely be distinguished from fi; � and w are here considered the elements ofnbsp;this diphthong.

� 22. The influence of accent on unaccented vowels and diphthongs is worthy of notice. Accent not only affects the syllable on which the stress is laid, butnbsp;by rendering that syllable more distinct, it necessarily occasions more or lessnbsp;obscurity in the unaccented syllables of the word. This will appear on comparing the vowels in the following words, in each of which the same vowelnbsp;occurs twice:�ajar (�-ftri), extend (eks-tend'), repeat (ri-pit'), hangmannbsp;(hang'man), tenets (ten'ets), feasibly (fj'zi-bli). This effect of the accent isnbsp;particularly observable in words having o unaccented, which in many casesnbsp;might be marked indifferently u or o; as in compel Often, too, the same wordnbsp;has u or 0 according as the word is used colloquially or otherwise. In thenbsp;pronunciation of Scripture proper names and in solemn discourse in general,nbsp;the unaccented vowels are sounded more distinctly. Diphthongs under thisnbsp;secondary influence of the accent are often compressed into simple sounds; as, ai,nbsp;into e in again, and � in combine into t in combination. The i in this last wordnbsp;�would by some orthoepists be marked i, but this arises from the error notnbsp;unfrequently fallen into of confounding an unaccented open vowel with its relativenbsp;stopped sound. A similar error is observable in such words as delicate, thenbsp;last syllable of which is sometimes marked ket. H following an accentednbsp;syllable is subject to the influence referred to; as Wrexham, Durham, in whichnbsp;h cannot be produced without an effort. Instances of the different opinionsnbsp;formed of sounds thus obscured occur in the words orange and villain, in thenbsp;former of which the a is pronounced i by Walker, e by Smart, and a bynbsp;Knowles; in the latter ai (equal to a) is pronounced i by Walker and Smart,nbsp;and e by Knowles. The c iu barrel is marked as i by Walker, Sheridan, andnbsp;Craig, and e by Smart and Reid. Some of the phonographers would in thenbsp;three words resolve the unaccented vowel into u. According to Latham, therenbsp;is a difi�erence in spelling only between the words pitied pitied: an opinionnbsp;of doubtful accuracy.

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

�k� OBSCUEE and �h\

� 23. These sounds are classed with the consonants. There is, however, an ambifTuity in their character which renders a separate notice of them desirable.

� 24. The sound h is a simple aspiration. It is essentially distinct from the vowels; but in uttering it, there does not appear to be any contact or contraction of the organs, which is a leading characteristic of the consonants. Thenbsp;seat of its formation is the glottis: perhaps it might be rightly designated anbsp;glottal consonant. It is uniformly represented by the same letter; but thenbsp;letter is sometimes found in the written word when the sound is not heard innbsp;the spoken; as in Aowr, honour^ honest; and it is often used with another letternbsp;to represent a sound quite distinct from h; as, th in this, gk in cough, ph innbsp;physic, sh in show.

� *25. The letter r has two distinctly different sounds in English. When beginning a syllable, its sound well serves to convey the ideas expressed by thenbsp;^ords rough, rigid, rugged, rude. When it is preceded by an open vowel innbsp;the same syllable, it has an obscure sound partaking largely of the nature of anbsp;Vowel, and it is by some speakers incorrectly pronounced like farther andnbsp;fo.ther, tor instance, being by such persons pronounced alike: a high authoritynbsp;has sanctioned this CTave impropriety. This sound, which may be termed Rnbsp;obscure, is represented by r in fur, rr in err, rrh in myrrh.

� 26. When b obscure is preceded by i or w, the sound of d is heard in connection w'ith R; fear, poor, being pronounced fiuR, pw�R. It is questionable, howerer, whether the 1i precedes the r, or whether both are sounded together.nbsp;When R is preceded by � and �, these sounds contrasting less with the u, the (Inbsp;*3 more obscured; and after % and 6, the ff is scarcely distinguishable, if heardnbsp;all; as in �an�,/or77l. The vowels t, 6, and u seem almost modified by r, asnbsp;�onie of the French vowels are by the nasal �. In words like payer, flayer,nbsp;and slower, the diphthongal sounds S and o, terminating respectively innbsp;* and w, are heard before �r, which constituting a separate syllable, thesenbsp;^ords are dissyllables: but in words like pair,flare, more, and store, havingnbsp;same final sound as those in the first-named aeries, the simple vowels � andnbsp;� are heard, and the words are monosyllables. Prayer, a supplication, is anbsp;J;ord of one syllable, and pronounced pr��R; prayer, one who prays, has thenbsp;^�phthongal a, and is pronounced pra �r, the fi being more distinct on accountnbsp;its being preceded by ��, (� 1). All the other vowels flow easily into b, ifnbsp;'Allowed by that sound; as in lord, far, curd. Indeed fi does not exist in English,nbsp;�Xcept as an element of the diphthong � in fine, and in cow, and when followednbsp;7 R, or united with it; for, as said before, the two sounds seem to be pro-o^nced together. In the word murmur, for instance, the tongue is kept curvednbsp;P^ards from first to last, before the m is pronounced, and after the sound hasnbsp;but in pronouncing or and ar, the vowels in which coalesce easily withnbsp;^ there is a sinking of the lower jaw, which brines the tongue a little farthernbsp;the palate, as will be observed in the first syllable of former and farmer,nbsp;j, hicu motion is not observable in murmur and tlie like. In the long syllablesnbsp;5 the R is continuous as well as the �,

Th It has been said (_� 15) that the number of English diplithongs is six. it ^�^�^tion requires qualification. If � and r are pronounced consecutively,nbsp;that in words like fear (fihr), poor (p�A^fir), mare (meur), store

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

followed by a vocal consonant, than when not followed by either; as in curse, cur, curve; hurt, her, heard,

� 29. When the letter r, preceded by a long vowel, ends a syllable and is followed by a vowel, both R and r are heard in the pronunciation; as hearing,nbsp;pronounced hi�R'ring.

� 30. Orthoepists are divided in their opinions of the sounds of certain vowels when preceding r in accented syllables. Walker rnarks the sound representednbsp;by the e in mermaid, i in virtue, and y in myrrh, as if it were identical with thatnbsp;of c in merry and met; and he distinguishes these sounds from that of u in murder,nbsp;hurt. It is generally acknowledged that e, i, and y in mermaid, virtue, myrrh,nbsp;are merely different ways of writing the same sound; but there is an obviousnbsp;distinction between that sound and that of e in merry and met. The difference,nbsp;however, between that of e in mermaid, and u in murder is not so clear, and it isnbsp;questioned by some authorities. In the words mermaid, dr, ferment, myrrh,nbsp;and the like, the tongue takes the ^sition requisite to mrm the r, while thenbsp;lips form m and f, as before noticed with respect to the word murmur 26); butnbsp;in ferry, merry, and the like, the tongue does not assume that position till theynbsp;and m are pronounced. The distinction, if any, between er and ur in mermaidnbsp;and murder, or between the words Jir and fur, is so slight that writers of thenbsp;best authority disregard it.

CONSONANTS.

amp; 31. Consonants are generally defined as �letters which cannot be sounded by themselves,� or � cannot be perfectly sounded without the help of a vowel.�nbsp;These definitions are founded in error; for all the consonants may be pronounced alono. The sounds p, b, t, d, c, and g indeed cannot be continuouslynbsp;pronounced, either with or without a vowel; because in forming these soundsnbsp;the passage of the breath is perfectly closed.^ Most, if not all, of tiie other consonants may be continuously pronounced without a vowel; of which fact anynbsp;person may convince himself, by pronouncing words ending in th, s, z, f, as innbsp;^nth, miss, size, stiff, and dwelling on the last sounds. A familiar instance ofnbsp;pronouncing a consonant alone is found in the action called hissing, which isnbsp;nothing more than a continuous pronunciation of the sound s. The word sizenbsp;in the above example may be supposed to terminate in a vowel; but vowels arenbsp;here spoken of as sounds, not as letters, and in this case e is mute.

� 32. It must also be remembered that the name of every one of the consonants contains a vowel; and a distinction must be made between things so differentnbsp;as the name and the thing named. The sound s, for instance, though called essnbsp;(es), has no ein it; but is merely the hissing sound which begins so and terminates vlt;,iss, and which is auite detached from a vowel in the words scribe andnbsp;acts. Not attending to this obvious distinction has been the cause of manynbsp;misconceptions with respect to the nature and power of consonants.

� 33. It is strange to find Englishmen assert that a consonant cannot be pronounced without a vowel, when we find four, five, six, and even seven cousonants in the English language without an intervening vowel. Examples:��

darkened, r,

postscript, s, t, s, k, r nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cor^:s\^cio, r, k, s, k, r

6 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;large spray, r, d, zh, s, p, t dimpl'd cheek, m, p, 1, d, t, sh

7 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;trampl�d straw, m, p, 1, d, s, t, r

7 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sharpen'd spleen, k, p, n, d, s, p, 1

7 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;parch'd scroll, h. t, sh, t, s, k, r

7 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;jilcKd strawberries, I, t, sh, t, s, t,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;r

� 34. Not only can consonants be pronounced alone, they in many instances form distinct syllables in the English language, without the assistance of any

OF �;IE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

vowel. The e being mute in the last syllable of the words able, trijle, heaven, f'attles, that syllable is in these words destitute of a vowel. Chasm, schism,nbsp;rhythm, though usually considered monosyllables, are really dissyllables. Innbsp;prism, triple, lighten, m, 1, n, constitute separate syllables; whereas in prismatic,nbsp;triplet lightning, they are attached to the succeeding vowel. Compare brokennbsp;ice, brokert nice; settle and. set land, schism attic, schismatic.

� 35. As in the case with vowels, scarcely any of the consonants are uniformly represented by the same character. An idea of the irregularity of the Englishnbsp;system of orthography, in this respect, may be obtained from the followingnbsp;Illustrations:�

^und nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Represented by nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;jSoundnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Represented by

n in name, nn in inn sh in shall, ch in ch,aise, ti innbsp;motion, ssi in missuyn, ce innbsp;ocean, ci in social, si in mansion, s in sure, sci in conscience; in conjunction with t,nbsp;c in violoncello, t in nature, chnbsp;in charge; with k, xi innbsp;anxious

z in azure, s in measure, g in rouge, si in hosier, ssi in abscission, zi in brazier; in conjunction with d,y in jam, g innbsp;age ( See d )

I in law, ll in all r ill row, rh in rhyme, rr in.nbsp;hurry

in conjunction with w, hu in humid (yh^'mid)nbsp;y in yes, i in onionnbsp;c in can, k in kill, ck in lick, chnbsp;in stomach, qu in quay, que innbsp;pique; in conjunction with s, xnbsp;in box; in conjunction withnbsp;sh, X in anxious; with w, qnbsp;in quilt

g in gig, gg in rigged, gh in ghost; in conjunction with z, a; innbsp;exalt

ng in sing, n in ink

� 36. The consonants are capable of four distinct classifications:�

(!�) They may be classed according to the organs by which they are formed. Those in pronouncing which the lips are used are called labials.

Those formed by means of the action of the tongue are called iinguals,

� labials are capable of subdivision: into pure labials, p, b, wh, w, and m; dento-labials, faad V.

3^ nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cd^hoard, one consonant only ia heard; the p is silent,

�the nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;as manner and sinning, the vowel in the first syllable is stopped by

^ oasoQant that beg^ins the second syllable; two consonants are not pronounced, �^hiehnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a-ttributes the anomalous pronunciation of this word to the practice

Craiiar nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;prevailed of using u and v indifferently in the spelling of words, the

wons in the oorr�aption from lieutenant being Hevtenant, llvten'ant, livten'ant.

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

The Iinguals may be subdivided into dentals^ in forming; which the tongas touches or approaches the teeth; they are th and th ; dento-palatals, t, d, s, z,nbsp;sh, �h, and n; palatals, formed near the roof of the month, r, 1, yh, and y; andnbsp;gutturals, formed in the throat, k, g, and ng.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. u- n k �.tk

� (2.) They may he classed according to the channel through which the breath

ntt�ses in pronouncing them.

1 Those in pronouncing which the breath passes through the mouth are oral�s. They are p, b, t, d, k, g, wh, w, f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, zh, 1, r, yh, and y.

2. Those in pronouncing which the breath passes through the nose are nasals. They are m, n, and ng.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;....nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;.i.

( S.) They may be classed according to the manner of prononncing them.

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Those which are incapable of being pronounced continuously, the br^thnbsp;being stopped in its passage, may be called shut consonants. They are p, b, t,

2. � ThoM in pronouncing which the breath passes continnonsly may be callednbsp;open or continuous consonants. Most of them have more or less of a hissing ornbsp;buzzing sound. They are wh, w, f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, zh, 1, r, yh, y, m, n, and ng.

The open consonants are divisible into two sub-classes, central and lateral; that is those in which the oral pas.sage is divided by the interposition of thenbsp;tongue�or teeth, and those in which it is not so divided. The central are wh,nbsp;w s z sh zh, r, yh, yi the lateral are f, v, th, th, 1.

'(4.)'The consonants may again be classed into those which are formed with the vibration in the larynx, and those which are formed withont it; that is,nbsp;those in which the voice is heard, and those in which the breath is heard alone.nbsp;They may be ditinguished by the terms spirate. and vocal.

1. The spirate consonants are p, t, k, wh, f, th, s, sh, and yh.

2! The vocal consonants are b, d, g, w, v, th, z, zh, 1, r, y, m, n, and ng. k W The following table exhibits the fonr classifications at one view:�

or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

� 39. The sound zb never begins a purely English word, and never ends one Except in conjunction with d, as in age (adzh): ng also is never found at thenbsp;beginning of a syllable, which is the only situation the sound h occupies.

� 40. All the nasal consonants are vocal* and continuous. The breath passing through the nose, without the voice, would be either inaudible, or incapable ofnbsp;?ariation. In Welsh, however, they are followed by an aspiration; but they arenbsp;�ot altered in sound, the voice is not omitted as it is in converting th into th.nbsp;bib, nh, and ngh, used in Welsh, are really compounds of m, n, ng, r.nd h: thenbsp;combined sounds are nttered consecutively.

� 41. All the vocal oral consonants may be considered as compound, inasmuch ^ they consist of breath and voice. This is quite evident in th, z, zh, and v,nbsp;which the voice (in the throat) and the breath (in the mouth) are distinctlynbsp;cudible. In b, d, and g, in which the passage of the breath is stop^d, tlmnbsp;^oice may be continued for a short time, and heard as a murmur, which ceasesnbsp;J^hen the breath is allowed to pass. Grammarians who class s as a semi-vowelnbsp;lose sight or are not aware of the distinction between spirates and vocals.

� 42. The vocal consonants approach very nearly to vowels in character, which Coconuts for their being in some cases capable of forming syllables without thenbsp;of a vowel. As in other subjects which natnre presents for our investiga-^on, there is here an almost insensible gliding of one class into the other. Thenbsp;close which is the greatest departure from the open 6, is by many considerednbsp;^ontical with y. AgaSn w in wet is considered identical with ^ (oo in good),nbsp;both these consonants are more compressed than the vowels they so muchnbsp;^�semble, and both are found in words of one syllable followed by the soundsnbsp;^th which they are said to be identical, as in yeasty woody while it is generallynbsp;jjniitted that it is impossible to repeat the same sound consecutively in one andnbsp;same syllable. Besides this, w and y, like most of the other consonants, arenbsp;�cpable of being converted into their corresponding spirates, as in whety humidnbsp;^J'v-mid), which is a farther reason for classing them with the consonants.

� 43. It is strange that this fact has entirely escaped observation.f Walker �^ys, � xhe Saxons, as Dr. Lowth observes, placed the h before the w; as hwatsnbsp;this is certainly its true place: for, in the pronunciation of all words begin-with wh, we ought to breathe forcibly before we pronounce the Wy as if thenbsp;^opds were written hoo-at, hoo-iley amp;c.* It is surprising that while thus dis-the situation of the aspiration, he did not ooserve that the aspiration isnbsp;Cither before nor after the sound w, that neither w nor w exists in the soundnbsp;foil�nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;really a simple spirate sound, the voice not being heard till the

vowel is commenced._

Latham, indeed, asserts that ng, the only nasal sound he ooncedes to the is a vowel of a peculiar character, that is, a nasal vowel. The propriety ofnbsp;do� it a vowel depends of course on liie meaning attached to the word. Henbsp;to m however, assign any reason for this classification which would not applynbsp;n ^ does he show why m and n should be classed with his liquids, anunbsp;The three sounds unite with equal readiness with other consonants: somenbsp;are difficult; angp for instance; but this is not more so than amk.nbsp;the three belong to the same class and are nasals, is obvious; as the breathnbsp;Q^J�^i^ouncing eacly)asse8 through the nose, which is not the case with any of thenbsp;anvnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'Riis may be readily shown by continuing the pronunciation of

of h nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;three nasals after a full inspiration of the breath, when the next act

will be an inspiration; whereas attempting to continue any other that closes the oral passage, as b, d, g, results in an expiration, shewingnbsp;f dop f breath has not passed. His dictum that sh bears the same relation to s asnbsp;e}j ^ P. is equally arbitrary and erroneous, as will be seen by comparing theirnbsp;.f^wnstics exhibited in the table (} 87).

Dec^vf opinion of the simple nature of wh and yh was advanced by the writer, in 1849� in a letter in the AthencBum; and it appeared in a reply from anbsp;gt;0 hisnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;existence of these sounds had been asserted by Mr. Elllia.

*ef^i '�*1*^*�^* of Phonetics, a work the writer had not had an opportunity oi '^^ng to at the time of writing these introductory remarks.

14 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

� 44. There is an important affinity between the consonants, which ou^ht to be attended to. Spirate sounds g;eneraUy unite more easily with spirates, andnbsp;vocals more readily with vocals, than either do with one of the other class. Thisnbsp;is the case to so great an extent that a spirate is often in English convertednbsp;into a vocal when following a vocal consonant, and mc-t versa. The letter s, innbsp;the third person singular of verbs, and in the plural of nouns, is pronounced asnbsp;s or z, accordingly as it is preceded by a spirate or a vocal consonant; andnbsp;ed in verbs when the e is mute, is subject to the same law. The following arenbsp;examples:�

� 45. It matters not how the sound is represented, whether alone, as in k, c. ss, s, z, sh, or zh, or in combination with another sound, as in cA, 5', which are composeanbsp;of tsh, dzh. These compounds also show the operation of the same principlenbsp;in themselves as well as in their union with the terminations before mentioned:

X is another instance, which is pronounced ks in execute, gz in example; never kz or gs, in the English language at least.

� 46. 0r. Latham goes so far as to say that it is impossible to pronounce combinations of spirate and vocal (or as he terms them, sharp and flat) sounds; but he does not appear to be aware that all consonants are either spirate ornbsp;vocal, and that r and 1, in particular, are vocal (flat) consonants, having corresponding spirate (sharp) coosonants, though not in the English language. Thesenbsp;vocal sounds (I and r) are in English often united to spirate sounds, as, /aise,nbsp;malt, true. In Welsh, on the contrary, the tendency is to join the spirate �nbsp;and t, and 1 and d, as in lollt, a \io\t,gaUt, a cWk.gwallt, \\B.\v,gu3ellt, straw,nbsp;gwylU, wild, hallt, salt, holU, a slit, moUt, a wether, swllt, a shilling; ffald, anbsp;fold, mold, a mould; but it would be absurd to argue from this that the vocalnbsp;1 and the spirate t cannot be united.

� 47. The difficulty is much less when a spirate consonant follows a vocal than when it precedes it; and less after some vocal consonants than after others.nbsp;Hence, It, rs, mt, ns, ngk, in salt, uerse, exempt, once, and ink, are easily pronounced; egs, ads, ebs, would be nearly as easy. Few Welshmen would find itnbsp;an insurmountable difficulty to pronounce stags with the g vocal and s spirate,nbsp;which is one of the combinations l)r. Latham considers it impossible to pronounce ; and in width, breadth^ such a combination as he describes actually doesnbsp;exist, according to all authorities ou the subject the writer has been able tonbsp;consult, though witth, bretth, would perhaps be easier.

� 48. The difficulty of combining consonants of opposite characters, and the impossibility of pronouncing the same consonant twice consecutively in the samenbsp;syllable, account for the different ways of pronouncing, and consequently ofnbsp;writing, some of the affixes of the English language. When a noun or verbnbsp;ends in any one of the sounds s, z, sh, and zh, the possessive termination's, thenbsp;plural termination es, and the termination es in the third person singular presentnbsp;tense of verbs, are pronounced iz. But when the primitive word ends in anynbsp;other consonant, there is no vowel in the affix; but the's or s is pronounced asnbsp;8 or z accordingly as the primitive word ends in a spirate or a vocal consonant;nbsp;unless, as is sometimes the case, the final consonant of the primitive word undergoes a change.

KEY TO THE PEOK�KCIATION,

1

Dr. Davies, in his learned grammar, published in 1621, notices the substitutioa of vgt;h for chw by the inhabitants of South Wales, in the pronunciation of suchnbsp;�words as cAw-rt.fr, a sister, chwertkitiy to laugh, cAwiM, sinister, amp;c., a local peculiarity'nbsp;which prevails at the present day¹

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.

The letters a, �, o, u, and j, representing compound sounds, are used for typo-^aphical conrenience. Bearing in mind that the first four stand for the nam* ^^nds of the letters, and j for dzh (its usual sound), no error can arise fromnbsp;^eir introduction.

At the commencement of a syllable, u is by some authorities pronounced y w, V others t ^ (� 19). The use of the adjective � or an before words begin-with this compound sound, is regulated by the opinion the speaker formsnbsp;its elements; as, a union (S /w'di-ud), or an union (an i^'ni-un). When �nbsp;preceded by h, the compound sound is resolvable into yh\V or hiw (�42).nbsp;^0 these cases � and hu are used in the Dictionary, and the determination ofnbsp;Sounds left to the reader�s discretion.

No mute or silent letter^ are used in marking the pronunciation. Thus,/ate, nte,/Kgt;j?e, tune, rougre, are marked fat, mit, s�t, pop, tun, r^^zh.

When r follows an open vowel in the same syllable, it represents the obscure, �ound R, described in � 25, � 26; as, f^rm=faRm.

Accented syllables spelt with er, tr, yr (as in the words mercy, jir^ myrtle\ marked ur in the pronunciation, are by Walker, Sheridan, Knowles, andnbsp;^thei^ pronounced er, like er in merry^ which is undoubtedly an error. Smartnbsp;^jkes a nice distinction between the sound in question and that of ur in /ur,nbsp;^hich ^delicacies of pronunciation,� he remarks, �even the more refined classesnbsp;p Society� disregard in common words. Worcester observes, that �there isnbsp;little or no difference* in the vowel sounds of � Aer,^r,/ur, myrrh' They arenbsp;treated as identical. (See � 30.)

^ apostrophe (�) used before r in the pronunciation, implies the presence of ^ ^ conjunction with r obscure, and indicates that the sound �R does not formnbsp;��parate syllable. Poor, p^��r, is equivalent to pw�r (� 26).

The acute accent (�), besides marking the accentuation, indicates the ternu-^^'on of a syllable.

The mark = used in the foregoing table, and in the head-lines of the Die-means, * equivalent to*

ERRORS COMMITTED BY WBI^HMEN.

Welshmen are apt to fall into the following errors in pronouncing English

Using S for 6; as, lord, north, �l, for lord, north, $1 (lord, north, all). Using a for o; as, kwal�i-tJ, wasp, for kwol'i-tl, wosp (quality, wasp).nbsp;Using � for a; as, let, plen, we, for lat, plan, wa (late, plane, way).

A Using � for �; as, not, r�z, sop, for not r�z, sop (note, rose, soap).

Confounding the sounds � and a; as, m�, sfir.vf, riz, for ma, s�r.va�, rSz '* survey, raise) -, or la for I'l (Ztc).

Omitting w before w or as, wnd, ^d, for wwnd, w^d (wound, wood). ' Omitting y before i or w; as, i�r, �th, for yi�r, ywth (year, youth).

^ Using r instead of r in such words as far, mar, mortar, y' Tutting emphasis on the consonant after a long vowel, instead of on thenbsp;Pronbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;generally dwelling longer on consonants than Englishmen do: thus

^:x?�^cin�^ntte, moching, nearly as an Englishman wouldfine night, mach hing^ u the emphasis on^ae and mock.

ow *i nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ habit of shortening open vowels, and lengthening stopped

IRUEGIJLARITIES IN ETYMOLOGY.

The irregular formation of plurals of nouns, comparatm and superlative degrees of adjectives, and past tenses and past participles of verbs, are markednbsp;between parentheses after primitive words in the Dictionary. When the regularnbsp;inflection is also used, the irregular form is printed in italics.

The regular formation are as follows:�

NOUNS.

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns ending in s, sh. cA, x, and o (not ib), takes es in the plural. (See � 43.)

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns ending in'y preceded by a consonant, change y into ies.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nouns with any other termination take s.

ADJECTIVES.

There are four regular formations of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives.

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By adding r and st to positives ending in e; as, white^ whiter^ whitest; free,

freer, freest.

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By omitting y and adding ier and iesst to positives ending in y preceded by

a consonant; as, dry^ drier., driest.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By doubling the final consonant of positives (of one syllable, or accented

on the last syllable) ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and adding er and est; as, hoi, hotter, hottest.

4. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By adding er and est in all other cases; as, black, blacker, bltxckest.

Regular or weak verbs are those the past tense and past participle of which end iu ed. All others are termed irregular or strong. For the principles regulating the pronunciation of some other inflections of regular verbs, see � 48 to � 51,

There are five conjugations of regular verbs distinguished by the termination of the infinitive mood. An example of each conjugation is given in the Tablenbsp;in which the verbs be, have, do, will, shall, can, and may, called auxiliaries*nbsp;from their being used with other verbs to convey ideas which cannot be otherwise expressed, are added on account of their frequent occurrence.

1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Verbs ending in e; as, love.

2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Verbs ending in a, ch, o, s, sh, x, z; as, vex.

3. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant; as, try.

4. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Verbs of one syllable, or accented on the last syllable, ending in a single

consonant, preceded by a single vowel; as, ft.

6. Verbs having any terminations other than those enumerated; as,/ear.

Be is the only verb that has the hypothetical mood. The past indicative of other verbs is used instead.

Be and have are used as auxiliaries in all their moods and tenses: he with the present and past participle, have with the past participle only.

Do. auxiliary, is used in the indicative and imperative moods, and will, shall, can, and may in the indicative only, with verbs in the infinitive.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;*

As principal verbs, will is regular, of the 5th conjugation, and do irregular, having done for its past participle.

ENGLISH-WELSH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY.

GEIRIADUR CYNANIAETHOL

SEISONEG A CHYMRAEG.

path, fat, ere, met, m^-rtnc, pin, 6rb, on, carve, cut, t^=too, twk=took; �re; late, Tine; no, m�te; she, zh=z azure; thin, THis; j=dzh.

Abortive, a.bor'tiv a, annhymmig, er-

thylog; anfibdiog

Abound, S.b�wnd' vi, cael gwala. tneddu digon; bod yn Iluosog, bod yn Ilawnnbsp;About, ^.biiwt'yjr, perthynol; ger Ilaw;nbsp;yng nghylch,o ddeutu; am; tua; ad,nbsp;yn ol, o amgyich. Eound about, am-gylch ogylch. To send round about,nbsp;cylcbanfon. To spit about, amboerinbsp;Above, S-.buv'pr, uwch, goruvch, uwchnbsp;law, uwch ben: ad, fry [gyfareddnbsp;Abracadabra, ab.ramp;.kd.dabTE n, cryd-Abrade, a.brad' vi, treulio ymaith,nbsp;rhasglionbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ rhasgUad

Abrasion, d.bra'zhunn, rhwbiad ymaith, Abreast, S,.brest' ad, ochr yn ochrnbsp;Abr^ge, St.brij' vt, taliyru, crynoinbsp;Abridgement, a.brij'ment n, talfyriadnbsp;Abroach, fi.brotsh' ad, ar ollyngiadnbsp;Abroad, amp;.br�d' ad, allan, ar led, arnbsp;daen; ar wasgar; oddi cartrefnbsp;Abrogate, ab'r�.gat vt, diddymu, dileunbsp;Abrogatiou, ab.ro.ga'shun n, diddymiadnbsp;Abrupt, ftb.rapt' a, disymmwth, byr-bwyll; serth; anamserol [sertheddnbsp;Abruptness, ab.rupt'nes n, byrbwylldra;nbsp;Abscess, aoses n, comwyd, dargodnbsp;Abscind, ab.8md' vt, rhwygo, tori ymaithnbsp;Abscission, ab.si zh'un n, rhwy giad ,tot\adnbsp;Abscond, ab.skond' vi, ymguddio, ym.nbsp;geiu, llechu, encilio

Absence, ab'sens ft, absennoldeb, absen Absent, ab'sent o, absennol; ar goll*nbsp;anystyriol, disylwnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;*

Absent, ab.sent' vt, asswyno, absennoli Absentee, ab.sen.tf n, ymabsennwrnbsp;absennolwr, anghywladnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[edig

Absinthiated, ab.sm'thi.a.ted a, chwerw-Absist, ab.sist' vi, peidio Absolute, ab's�.l�t a, cwbl, hollol; di-ammodol; hanfodol; annibynolnbsp;Absolutness, ab's�.l�t.nes n, diderfyn.

oldeb, tra-awdurdod, arbenigrwydd Absolution, ab.stU�'shun n, gollyngij^d.

niaddeuant nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;t^^^^iddeuoi

Absolutory, ab.sol'u.tur.i n, rhyddhaol Absolve, ab.zoV vt^ rhyddhau. goUwng jnbsp;nmddeunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[g^rthuu

Absonant, ab'so.nant a, anghysson Absorb, ab.sorb' vt, llyncu, sugno, sychunbsp;Absorbent, ab.sbr'bent n, sugnyddnbsp;sychydd: a, sugnol, sychol, llyncolnbsp;Absorption, ab.s�rp'shun n, 1'lynciad,nbsp;sugniadnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ynigadw

Abstain, ab.stan' vi, ymattal; dirwestu* Abstemious, ab.sti'mi.us a, cymmedcol,nbsp;sobr, ymattalgar

Accent, ak'sent n, acen, pwyslais ar sill Accent, ak.sent' vt, acenunbsp;Accentuate, ak sen'tsh�.St vt, acenu;nbsp;dynodi acen gair [eniad; acenyddiae�inbsp;Accentuation, ak.sen.tsh�.a'shun n, ac-Accept, ak.sept' vt, derbyu (yn gym-meradwy)

Acceptable, akjsep'ta.bl a, derbyniol, cymmeradwy. croesawus, boddlawnnbsp;Acceptance, ak.sep'tans n, derbyniad;

tanysgrifeniad; ysgrlfenrwym Acceptation, ak.sep.ta'shun n, cymmer-iad; yr ystyr y cymmerir gair ynddonbsp;Acceptilation, ak.sep.ti.la'shun n, ma-ddeuant o ddyled neb dderbyn ariannbsp;Access, ak.ses'n, dyfodfa,nesdd, agosiadnbsp;Accessible, ak.ses'�.bl a. hygyrchjnbsp;mwynaidd, hawdd nesu atonbsp;Accession, ak.sesh'un n, dyfodiad; y-chwanegiad

Accessory, ak'ses.nr.i o, cynnorthwyol, cyfranogol: n, cyfranogwr. cefnogwrnbsp;Accidence, ak'sl.dens n, mabddysg,nbsp;rbaglith, gramadeg

Accident, ak'si.dent n, dygwyddiad, damwain; priodolder anhanfodolnbsp;Accidental, ak.si.den'tal a, damweiniolnbsp;Accipient, ak.sip'yent n, derbyniwrnbsp;Accite, ak.s�l' vt, gwysio, dylynunbsp;Acclaim, a.klam', Acclamation, ak.Iamp;-ma'sbun n, bloedd, banllefj moliant,nbsp;gorfoledd, uchelglodnbsp;Acclamatory, a.klam'S.tur.1 a, banllefol;

gorfoleddol nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[rhiw, gorifyny

Acclivity, a.kliv'i.tl n, esgyniaa. gallt, Accloy,a.kl6i't7jgorlenwi,llarUjdiwallunbsp;Accoil. a.k�il' vi, ymdrafferthu, ft'rystio,nbsp;flwdanu; ymwthionbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[addas

Accommcdable, a.kom'�.dS.bl a, cyf-Accommodate, a.kom'�.dat vt. divalluj cymhwyso: o, addas, cyfaddasnbsp;Accommodation, a .kom.�.da'shun n, cyf-addasiad, cymhwysiad; diwalliad;nbsp;cyinmod; llettynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cydfyDediad

Accompaniment, a.kum'pa.n�.ment n, Accompany, a.kum'pa.n� vt, cydym-deitbio; hebrwngnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cyfranogwr

Accomplice, a.kom'nlis n, cyfrinacbwr, AccoD'nlish, a.kom^plish vt, cytlawnu,nbsp;cwblnau, gorphen, perffeithionbsp;Accomplished, a.kom plisht a, perffeith-lawn; doniog, dawnwych; dillynaiddnbsp;Accomplishment, a.kom'pH8b.meDt n,nbsp;cwblhUd, cyflawniad; addumnbsp;S

4

late; line, n*d, miite; she, zh=z azure; thin, this; j=d2h. ADI

Acquisitive, a.kwiz'i.tiv a, ennilledig Acquit, a.kwit' ri, rhyddhau, cyfiawn-liau, gollwng. To acquit of blame,nbsp;difeio

Acquitment, a.kwit'ment, Acquittal, a.kwit'al n, rhyduhad, dieuogiadnbsp;Acquittance, a.kwit'ans n, rhyddhSd;nbsp;ysgrifen rhyddhad, addefiad o daled-igaeth

Acre, a'kur n, erw, cyfar Acreage, a'kur.aj n, mesnr, maintiolinbsp;Acrid, ak'rid a, sur, chwerw, llymsurnbsp;Acrimonious, ak.ri.m�d'ni.us a, sarig,nbsp;sariglym, chwerwedignbsp;Acrimony, akTi.mun.i n, surni, llymder,nbsp;tester; sarigrwydd [archwaeth surnbsp;Acritude. ak'ri.t�d, Acrity, ak'ri.ti n,nbsp;Acroamatic, ak.ro.a.raat'ik a, gor-ddysgeidiol

Across, a.kros' ad, yn groes, ar draws Acrostic, S.kros'tik n, penenwadnbsp;Act, akt V. gweithio, gweithredu; chwar-eu: n, gweithred, gorchwyl; deddf.nbsp;A great act, gorchest. A noble act.nbsp;rhagorgamp. A wicked act, cyflafan.nbsp;To act vainly, gwageddunbsp;Actinolite, ak.tin'�.l�t n, rheiddfaeunbsp;Action, ak'shun n, gweithred; cwyn,nbsp;cynghaws, hawl, dadl; brwydr, cadnbsp;Actionable, ak'shun.a.bl a, cospadwy;

holadwy, dadleuadwy Active, ak'tiv a, bywiog, gweithgar,nbsp;esgud, heinif; sionc; gweithredolnbsp;Activen^s, ak'tiv.nes. Activity, ak.tiv'-t.ti n, hywiogrwydd, sionceddnbsp;Actor, ak'turn, gweithredwr ;chwar�yddnbsp;Actress, ak'tres n, chwareyddes [diaunbsp;Actual, ak't8hti.al a, gweithredol, gwir,nbsp;Actuary, ak'tshii.ur.l n, ysgrifenyddnbsp;Actuate, �k'tsh�.at vt^cynhyrfu, cyffroi:nbsp;a, cynhyrfiedig

Acuate, ak'ii.at vt, blaenllymu, golymu Acuity, S.k�'i.ti n, llymder [blaedllymnbsp;Aculeate, ak.ii'li.at a, pigog, colynol.nbsp;Acumen, E.k�'men n, llymdra; craffder,nbsp;synwyr, cyfrwysdranbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[pigfeinio

Acuminate, a.kii'mi.nat vt, blaenllymu, Acute, S.k�t'a, llym; synwyrol, deallus;nbsp;cywrain. Acute accent, acen feinlais,nbsp;acen ddyrehafedig (')

Acuteness, ^..k�t'nes n, llymder; syn-wyroldel), craffder

Ad-, Ac-, Af-, Ag-, Al-, An-, Ap-, Ar-, As-, At-, px, wrth, at, inbsp;Adage, ad'aj n, diareb, direb, gwirairnbsp;Adagio, a.da'gi.� n, gair am amser arafnbsp;Adamant,ad'a.mantKjd�emwnt,adamant

6

ore: late: line, no. m�te; she, zh=z azure; thin, THis; j=dzh. AFF

ore; lat�, line, no, miite; she, zh=z azure; thin. Tins; j=dzh. ALE

Aggress, a.gres' vi, dechreu cynhen, ymosod, cynhenu

Aggression, a.gresh'nn n, ymosodiad, dechreuad cynhennbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[y gynhen

Aggressor, a.gres'urre, ymosodydd, cwd Aggvievance, a.gri'vans n, gofid, gor-mes, alaethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[poeni

Aggrieve, a.griv' vt, blino, gormesu, Aggronp, a.grwp' vi, crynoi, cydgasglunbsp;Aghast, a.gast' a, syn, dychrynedignbsp;Agile, aj'il a, ystwyth, esgud, heinif,nbsp;sioncnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[twythder, bywiogrwydd

Agility, a.jiri.ti, Agileness, aj'ihnes n, ys-Agio, aj'i.o n, y gwahaniaeth mewn cyfnewidwriaeth arian tramornbsp;Agist, a.jist' vi, cymmeryd anifeiliaid inbsp;bori; casgln arian

Agistage, �Ljis'taj, Agistment, a.jist'-ment n, tir porta nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[dadleu

Agitate, aj'i.tat vt. cynhyrfu, aflonyddu; Agitation, aj.i.tashun n, cynhyrfiad;

afionyddwch, cyiihwrf [aflonyddwr Agitator, aj'i.ta.tur n. cynhyrfwr,nbsp;Aglet, agOet n, pwyntel, olpainbsp;Agminal, ag'mi.iial a, byddinolnbsp;Agnail, ag'nai n, com; ewinor, ewin-wasgnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[tad

Agnation, ag.na shun n, carenydd o du Agnition, ag.nish'un n, cydnabyddiaethnbsp;Agnize, ag.n�z' vt, cydnafiod, addefnbsp;Agnomination, ag.nom.i.na shun n, cyf-atebiad geiriau

Ago, S.go ad, cyn hyn, yn ol [awyddus Agog, a.gog' ad, yn chwannog, ynnbsp;Agonize, ag'�.n�z vi, dirboeninbsp;Agonistes, ag.o.niz'tiz n, ymdrechwr:nbsp;cleddyfwr

Agony, ag'�.ni n, gloes, ing; ymdrech Agrarian, amp;.gr�yi.an a, arddwriaethol.

maesyddaidd, tirol, gwledig [cyfateb Agree, ^.gri' vi, cytuno, headycbu;nbsp;Agreeable, a.gri'a.bl a, cyfatebol;

boddus; cysson [rwydd; hyfrydwch Agreeableness, ^.gri'a.bl.nes n, addas-Agreement, �.grfment n, cytundeb;

cyfatebiad, cyssondeb Agrestic, �.gres'tic o, gwledig; taiogaiddnbsp;Agricultural, ag.ri.kurtshii.rai a,nbsp;maethyddolnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[yddiaeth

Agriculture, ag'r�.kul.tsh�r n, amaeth -Agriculturist, ag.r�.kul'tsh�.rist n, 11a-farwr, amaethydd, ffermwr Aground. S..gr�^nd' ad, ar lawr, ar dirnbsp;Ague, a'g� n, y cryd, y deirthion.

Agi

An.

Allaudable, a.lo'da.bl a, camnoladwy, gwiwglod, clodwiw

Alay, a.la' vt, tymmeru; cymmysgu; llinaru: n, adwyn, cymmysgedig agnbsp;un mwy gwerthfawr [deniad, llithiadnbsp;Allectation, al.ek.ta�shun, n, hudiad,nbsp;Allegation, al.t.ga shun n, haeriad; dadlnbsp;Allege, a.lej' vt, honi, haeru, gwirionbsp;Allegeable, a.lej'a.bl a, traethadwynbsp;Allegiance, a.li'ji.ans n, ffyddlondeb i�rnbsp;llywodraethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[dammegol

Allegorical, al.i.gor'hkal a, arallegol, Allegory, aVi.gor.t n, aralleg, cyftelyb-Allegro, al.fgro a, yn fywiog Haethnbsp;Alleluja, al.i.lti'y^ n, moliant i Dauwnbsp;Alleviate, a.lt'vi.at vi, ysgafnhau, es-mwytho, esmwythau, llinarunbsp;Alleviation, a.li'vLa'shun n, ysgafnhSdnbsp;Alley, al'i n, rhodfa; heol gul, heolannbsp;Allhallowtide, bl.haV�.t�d ra, calan gauafnbsp;Alliance,a.I�'an8ra,cyfathrach,cynghrairnbsp;Alliciency, a.lish'en.st n, attyniad, Bwynnbsp;Allied, a.l�d' a, cyfathrachol, cynghreir-jol, cyfunedig

Alligation, al.i.g^'shan n, cydglymiad Alhgate, ari.gfit vt, cydglymu [afancnbsp;Alligator, al'i.ga.tur n, crocodil, addanc,nbsp;Allision, a.lizh'un n, cyd-daro, cyttaronbsp;Alliteration, a.lit.u.ra'shun n, cydlyth-yreniadnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cyd-ddodiad

Allocation, al.o.ka'shun n, gosodiad. Allocution, al.o.kii'shun �, cyfarchiad inbsp;arallnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[rhydd

Allodial, a.lo'di.al a, breninol, annibynol, Allodium, a.lo'di.um n, rhydd-feddiantnbsp;Allonge, a.lunj' ra, gwth neu gais ag arfnbsp;Allot, a.lot' vt, gosod, penodi, eyfranunbsp;Allotment, a.lot'ment ra, cyfrau, dawg,nbsp;darn o dirnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ftwng

Allow, a.lu�^'vf, caniatau; goddef, gos-Allowable, a.luvVa.bl a, goddefol, can-iataol, goddefadwy

Allowance, a.luw'ans n, goddefiad; dogn Alloy, a.lot' n, adwyn o is werth yn gym*nbsp;mysgedig ag aur, arian, amp;c., er eunbsp;caledu; vt, cymmysgu meteloeddnbsp;Allnbescency, al.u.bes'en.si ra, parod-

rwydd...... [ifelybu

Allude, a.l�d' vi, cyfeirio, awgrymu, cy-Alluminate, a.lumi.nat vt, addurno, gwyebunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[liiwydd

Alluminor. a.l��mi.n�r n, paentiwr, Allure, a.lii�r' vt, hudo, denu, llithionbsp;Allurement, a.Ul�r'ment ra, hudoliaethnbsp;Allusion, a.lii'zhun ra, eyfeitiad; aw-grym

lAllusive, a.lU'siv a, cyffelybol; cyfeirio) 10

Amity, am'i.ti n, cariad, cyfeillach

Ammonia, a.mo'ni.a n, math o wrthsur Ammonium, a.m�'ni.�m n, math o ad-wynnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[rhyfel

Ammunition, am.u.nisb'un �, ariwy Amnesty, am'nes.ti n, deddf ebargofiadnbsp;troseddau

Amomum, ^.m�'mum �, math^o firwyth Among, a.mung', Amongst, ^.mungat'nbsp;pr, ym mhlith, ym mysg, rhwngnbsp;Amorist, am'�.rist n, cariad-fabnbsp;Amorous, am'o.rus a, careugar; anlladnbsp;Amort, ^.mort' a, digalon, trwm, pruddnbsp;Amount, ^.mu^nt' n, cyfanswm, swm:

vt, cyrhaedd, cynnyddu [nwyfwaitb Amour, S,.mwV n, anlladwaith, sercb,nbsp;Amove, S.. rawv'ut, symmud; diswyddonbsp;Amphi-, Amph-jja;, yn arwyddonbsp;Amphibious, am.fib'yus a, deu-elfenog,nbsp;cyntehn

Amphibology, am.R.boVo.jt �, mwys-iaith. mwysair nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ieithol

Amphibolous, am.tib'o.lus a, mwys-Amphisbasna, am.fis.bi'nH n, auwibou Amphiscii, am.fish'yi n, trigolion y cyichnbsp;poethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[reudy, chwareufa

Amphitheatre, am.fi.thi'At�r n, chwa-Arophora, am'fo.r^ �, math o ddiodlestr Ample, am'pl o, helaeth. mawr, eang;

cydawn nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[llawnder, digonedd

Ampleness, am'pl.nes n, helacthder. Ampliation, am.pli.a'shun, Amplification. am.plif.i.ka'shun n, helaethiadnbsp;Amplify, am'pli.f� vt, chwanegu, eangu,nbsp;taenu,lledunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[eangder

Amplilnde, am'pli.tud n, helaethrwydd, Amputate, am^pii.tat vt, tori aelod,nbsp;amdorinbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[jad

Amputation, am.pU.ta'shun n, amdor-Amulet, am'U.let n, swyn-gvfaredd Amuse, a.miiz'v^, dif'yru; hudfoddionbsp;Amusement, a.muz'ment n, difyrwch,nbsp;digrifwchnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[boddhaus

Amusive, k.mu'siv a, difyrol, hyfryd, Aroygdalate, a.inig'da.iat a, almonaiddnbsp;An, an a.�A

ADabapti8t,an.a.bap'tiatn,ail-fedyddiwr Anacamptic, an.a.kamp'tik a, adiamol,nbsp;adlewyrchiol

Anacathartic, an.a.k^.th^r'tik n, medd-yginiaeth gyfogol

Anachorete, an.ak'o.ret, Anachorite, an-ak'b.r�t n, meudwy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[arfrudiaeth

Anachronism, an.ak'ro.nizm n, cam-Anaclastics, an.a.klas'tiks n, pelldrem-iaeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[d'iU Anacreon

Anacreontic, an.ak.ri.on'tik a, yu ol 12

5re; lat�; line, no, mute; she, zh:=z azure; tlnn, Tuis; j=dzh. ANI

Ancillary, an'sil.ur.l a, gwasanaethol Ankle, ang'kl a, tier, migwrnnbsp;And, and c, a, acnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[eglur

Andante, an.dan'ti ad, yn gymmedrol ac Andiron, aii'd�.�rn n, hrigwn, gobednbsp;Androgynal, an.droj'i.nal a, deury.violnbsp;Anecdote, an'ek.dot n, hanesyn, cliwedlnbsp;Anemography, an.i.mog'ramp;.fi n, gwyni-graffiad

Anemone, a.nem'o.ni n, llysiau�r gwynt Anemoscope, a.nem'�.6k�p n, gwynt-fesurydd

Anent, a.nent' ad, gyferbyn, ar gyfer Aneurism, an'ii.rizmn,eangiad,rhedwelynbsp;Anew, a.nii' ad, oV newydd, eilwaithnbsp;Anfractuous, an.frak'tsh�.us a, troedig,nbsp;d3rrys

Angel, an'jel n, angel; cenad; ansawd hardd; hen ddarnoarian gwerth 10s,nbsp;Angelic, an.jel'ik, Angelical, aa.jel'�.kalnbsp;a, angylaiddnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cerdd

Augelot, an'ji.lot n, math o offeryn Anger, ang'gur n, dig, digter, gwg, Uid;

vt, digio, llidio, anfoddloni Angiography, an.j�.og'rS.t� �,darluniadnbsp;o lestri y corff

Angle, ang'gl n, ongl, congl, cornel;

genwair: v�. genweirio, pysgota Anglicise, ang'gli.s�zTJi, Seisnigo, troi i�rnbsp;Seisoneg

Angliscism, ang'gli.sizm n, Seisnigaeth Angober, ang'g�.o�r n, math o berannbsp;Angry, ang'gri a, dig, llidiog, digllawn.

To be angry, digio nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cystudd

Anguish,ang'g wish n, ing, gloes, dirboen, Angular, ang'g�.lhr, Angulous, angf-gii.lus a, onglog, conglognbsp;Angulated, ang'gu.lk.ted a, ongledignbsp;August, ang.gust' a, cul, cyfyngnbsp;Angustation, ang.gus.ta'shun n, culni,nbsp;cyfvngdernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[diffyg anadi

Anhelation, an.hi.la'bhun n, dyheuad, Anhelose, an'hi.los a, allan o anadinbsp;Aniented, an'yen-ted a, diddymiedignbsp;Anility, d.nin.tl n, gwracheiddrwydd;nbsp;ail fabandod

Animadversion, an.i.mad.v�r'shun n, sylwad, ystyriaeth, beirniadaeth; cer-yddnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ol, sylwiadol

Animadversi ve, an.t.mad .vWsi v a, barn-Animadvert, an.l.mad.v�rt' vt, barnu, sylwi; ce-ryddu, beionbsp;Animal, an't.mal n, anifail, mil, milyn:

a, eneidiol, bywiol, nwvfol Animalcule, an.t.malTctil n, milyn an-wcledig i�r llygadnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[malcule

Animalcula, an.i.markii.lt np,�AnU

13

Anticlimax, an.ti.ki�'maks a, gradd-ddisgyniad

AnticoDTulsive, an.ti.kon.vursiv a gwrthddirgrynol

Anticor, an'ti.kor n, clwyfyr ysgyfaint Antidotal, an'ti.do.tal a,gwrthwenwynolnbsp;Antidote, an'ti.d�t n, meddyginiaethnbsp;rhag gwenwyn, amp;c.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ynol

Antifebrile, an.ti.feb'ril a, gwrthdwym-Antilogy, an.til'�.ji n, gwrthddywed-iad mewn awdwr [gwrthdeyrniol Antimonarchical, an.ti.mo.nar'ki.hal a,nbsp;Antimony, an'ti.mun.i n, math o adwynnbsp;Antinomian, an.ti.no'mi.an n, anti-nomiad, gwrthddeddfiadnbsp;Antinomy. an'ti.nom.i n, gwrthddywed-iad rhwng dwy ddeddfnbsp;Antipathy, an.tip'a.thi ?i, gwrthnaws;

casineb nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[gwrth-heintiol

Antipestilential, an.ti.pes.ti.len'shal a, Antiphone, an.tif o.ni n, atebgerdd, ateb-gannbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[gwrthair

Antiphrasis, an.tifra.sis n, gwrtheiriad, Antipodes.an.tip'o.dizn.gwrthdraedwyrnbsp;Antipope, an'ti.pop n, gwrthbabyddnbsp;Antiquarian.an.ti.kwe�r'i.an,Antiquary,nbsp;an'ti.kw�T.in,hynafiaethydd [ddymunbsp;Antiquate, an'ti.kwat vt, heneiddio; di-Antique, an.tik' a, henaidd, oedranus,nbsp;ben, hynod: n, henbeth, gorhenynnbsp;henwaith

Antiquity, an.tikVi.ti w, hynafiaeth, yr amsergynt. Antiquities, hynafiaeth-au, hynafionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cyhydedd

Antiscii, an.tish'y�n, trigolion dau du y Antiscorbutic, an.ti.skor.h�'tik a, danbsp;rhag y llwg, neu glefri�r mornbsp;Antiseptic, an.ti.sep'tik n, gwrthfraenolnbsp;Antispasmodic, an.ti.spaz.mod'ik a,nbsp;gwrthwrystaidd

Antisplenetic, an.ti.splen'i.tik o, da rhag y dduegwstnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[cerdd

Antistrophe, an.tis'tr�.f� n, ail bennill Antistrumatic, an.ti.str^.mat'ik a, danbsp;rhag y manwynau, gwrthfanwynnbsp;Antithesis, an.tith'i.sis {p antitheses,nbsp;an.tith'i.siz) n, cyferbyniaethnbsp;Antitrinitarian, an.ti.trin.i.t�r'i.an n,nbsp;gwrthdrindodiad: a, gwrthdrindodaiddnbsp;Antitype, an'ti.tip n, gwrthlun, gwrth-gysgodnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[y fresh losg

Antivenereal, an.ti.vi.niVi.al n, da rhag Antler, ant'lur np, cangen o gyrn y carwnbsp;Antoeci, an.ti's� n, gwrthdrigolionnbsp;Antonomasia,an.t�.n�.ma'zhi.an,gwrth-enwad

Antre, an'tur n, ogof, Uoches, �fau

15

Apologist, S..poro,jist n, diheurydd, am-ddiffynydd; esgusodwr nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I

Apologize, ^i.por�.j�z vi, amddiffyn, di-hearo,- esgusodi

Apologue, ap'�.log n. chwedl, moeswers Apology, a.por�.ji n, diffyniad, esgusawdnbsp;Apomecometry, ap.�.mt.kom'i.tri n, pell-fesuriaeth [tynu ymaith lysnafeddnbsp;ApopbJegmatic, ap.�.fleg.mat'ik a, jnnbsp;Apoplithegm, ap'�.them �, doethair, di-arebnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[lys mud

Apoplectic, a.p�.plek'tik a, o natur par-Apoplexy, ap'�.plek.si n, parlys mud Apostacy, a.pos'tA.si n, gwrtbgiJiad.

gwrthgwymp nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[gwymp'wr

Apostate,A.pos'tatn,gwrthgiliwr,gwrth-Apostatize, A.pos'tA.t�z vi, gwrthgi�o Aposteme, ap'os.t�m n, math o gornwydnbsp;neu grawQzadnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ [casglu

Apostemate, a.pos'tl.mat vt, crawnu. Apostle, a.pos') n, apostol, cenadnbsp;Apostleship, d.pos'i.ship n, apostoliaethnbsp;Apostolic, a.pos.tol'ik a, apostolaiddnbsp;Apostrophe, A.pos'tr�.fi n, sillgolJ (�)nbsp;Apothecary, A.poth'i.kurd n, cyffer�wrnbsp;Apothegm, ap'�.them n, dcethair, diarebnbsp;Apotheosis, ap.�.thf�.sis n. dwyfgys-segriad

Apozein, ap'�.zem n, trwyth, isgell, diod Appal,a.pol'�t, dychrynUjdigaloni.synunbsp;Appalment, a.pol'ment n, arsvryd, braw,nbsp;dyddelwad

Apparatus, apA.ra'tua (^p apparatus) n, ofier, arlwynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[engaf

Appanage, ap'a.na] n, tir i�r plant ieu-Apparel, a.par'el n, dillad, gwisgiad, trwsiad: vt, dilladu, Irwsio. addurnonbsp;Apparent, a.p�r'ent a, ymddangosiadol;nbsp;amlwg, eglur

Apparition, ap.A.rish'un n, drychiolaeth;

ysbryd; ellyll nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[wr

Apparitor, a.par'l.t�r n, rhingyll, gwys-Appay, A.pa' vt, talu, gollwng ymaith Appeach, a.pltsh' vt, cyboddo, acbwyn,nbsp;ceryddunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ailfam: ri, appelio

Appeal, A.pil' n, appeliad, cais am Ap^ar, a.pi�r'tJ�, ymddangos; bod ynnbsp;debyg, dyfod i�r goiwgnbsp;.Appearance, a.pfr'ans n, ymddangosiad,nbsp;goiwg, dull, rhith, agwedd, tebygol-laeth; cyrchfa

Appease, a.p�z' vtj gostegu, dystewi, dybuddonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[dystewiad

Appeasement, a-plz'ment n, diddigiad, A^ipellant, a.pel'ant n, appeliwr; beidd-iwrnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[iV erbyn

Appellate, a.pel'at n, y neb yr appelir

16

�re; late. lYne, n�, in�te; she, zhsrz ^z�re; thin, thIs; j=(izh. ARD

17

Armillary, S/mil-urj a, breichrwyoi Arminian, ar.min'yan n, Arminiadnbsp;Arminianism, kr.min'yan.izm n, Armin-iaethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[dewr-arfog

Armipotent, Sr.mip'o.tent a, rhyfeigryf, Armistice, ar'mi.stis n, byr gynghrair,nbsp;arf-attaliad

Armlet, armlet n, breichled [bonedd Armoria), Sr.m�Vi.al a,perthynol i arfaunbsp;Armory, Sr'inurl �, arfdy; pais arfaunbsp;Armour, ar'm�r n, arfogaeth, rhyfelwisg.

Armour-bearer, yswain, cludydd arfau Armourer, Sr'mur.�r n, arfwr, gof arfaunbsp;Army, Sr'mi w, Hu, byddin, cadlunbsp;Aromatic, ar.�.inat'ik a, peraroglaiddnbsp;Aromatics, ar.�.mat'iks n, peraroglaanbsp;Aromatize, a.r�'mS.t�z vt, peraroglinbsp;Arose, S.r�z' pL�Arise [tu, o ddeutunbsp;Around, S.r�wnd' ad, o amgyleh, o bobnbsp;jArouse, a.r�wz' vt, deffroi, dihuno;

cyffroi nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[hwnt

Aroynt, ^.rbint' ad, ffwrdd, ymaith, Arquebus, ^rkwi.bus n, llawddryllnbsp;hendduHjog, gwn Ilaw [enau cocoanbsp;Arrack, ar'ak n, gwirod a wneir o�rnbsp;Arraign, a.ran' vt, cyhuddo o flaeunbsp;brawdle; galw i gyfrifnbsp;Arraignment, a.ran'ment n, cyhuddiadnbsp;Arrange, a.ranj'trefnu, rhesu,rhestrunbsp;Arrangement, ^.ranj�ment n, trefniadnbsp;Arrant, ar'ant a, hysbys, hynod; cywil-yddus, gwarthus; cam *

Arras, ar'as n, teisban, eurlen Array, a.ra' n, gwisg, trwsiad; trefii:

vi, addurno; trefnu; byddino Arread, Arreed, a.rid' vC, cyfarwyddo,nbsp;Arrear, a.riV n, olddyled [cynghorinbsp;Arrest, a.rest' vt, dal, dal yu gaveharor;

attal: n, dalfa; attaliad Arret, a.ret' n, deddf, barn; vt, penodinbsp;Arriere, a.ri�V w, rlian olaf byddinnbsp;Arrival, a-rtval n, dyfodiad; tiriadnbsp;Arrive, a.r�v vi, dyfod, cyrhaedd; tirionbsp;Arrode, a.rbd' vt, cnoi, difanbsp;Arrogance, ar��.gans n, balchder, trahlnbsp;hunangaisnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[haus

Arrogant, ar o.gant a, uchelfrydig, tra-Arrogate, ar'�.gat vt, rhyfyp, ymhoui; Arrosion, a.r�'zhun n, cuoad fhunanunbsp;Arrow, ar o n. saethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fdwfr

Arsefoot, arsY^t n, math o aderyu y Arsenal, ^risen.al n, arfdy, ystordynbsp;arfaunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[wenwyn cryf

Arsenic, Urisl.nik n, aur bibau: math o Art, amp;rt n, celf, celfyddyd; crefft; cyw-Teinrwydd,medrusrwydd; medr; cyf-rwysdra; manylwaith

18

ore; late, line, no, miite; she, zh=z azfire; thin, Tiris; jrsdzh.

Ash, ash n, onen, on, onwydden. Ground ash, onen y ddaiar. Mountain ash,nbsp;cerddinen, cerdinen

Ashame, a.sham' vt, cywilyddio. He is ashamed, mae cywilydd arnonbsp;Ashen, ash'n n, onenaidd, o onennbsp;Ashes, ash'iz lludw, ulw, ulwynnbsp;Ashlar, ash'lur n, careg nadd arw o�rnbsp;gloddfanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ar Ian

Ashore, S.sho�r' ad, ar dir, ar y traeth, Ashwednesday, ash.wenz'dS �, Dyddnbsp;Mercher Lludw, Mercher y Lludwnbsp;Ashy, ash'i a, o liw yr onen, llwydwynnbsp;Aside, S^si'd'ac?, o�r neilldu, o'rnaill ochr,nbsp;ar osgo; ar wahan; heibionbsp;Asinary, as'i.nur.i, Asinine, as'i.n�n a,nbsp;asynaidd; hurt

Ask, ask v, gofyn, holi; deisyf, ceisio Askance, as.kS.ns', Askant, as.kant' ad^nbsp;yn llygad-draws, yn gamnbsp;Askew, as.k�' ad, ar osgo, yn ^yrgamnbsp;Aslant, i.slant' ad, ar ogwydd, ar ystlysnbsp;Asleep, l.slip' ad, yng nghwsg, yn cysgunbsp;Aslope, S,.sl�p' ad, ar lechwedd, ar wyr,nbsp;ar leddf, ar osgonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[yr asp

Asp, asp. Aspic, as'nik �, math o sarff. Asp, asp n, aethwyddennbsp;Aspect, as'pekt a, ymddangosiad, golyg-iad; edrychiad; tremnbsp;Aspectable, as.pek'ta.bl a, gweladwynbsp;Aspen, as'pen n, aethnen, aethwyddennbsp;Asper, as'p�r n, bath Tyrcaidd gwerthnbsp;flyrlling: a, garw

Asperate, as'pur.at vt, garwhau: a, garw Asperity, as.per'i.ti n,gerwindeb, sarig-rwydd, llymdernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[diofalwch

Aspemation, as.pur.nU'shun n, dirmyg; Asperse, as.pdrs' vt, taenellu; gwarad-wyddo, gwarthruddonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[friad

I Aspersion, as.pur'shun n. taenelliad; di-' Asphaltic, as.fartik a, glydiog, pygaidd Asphaitum, as.fal'tum n, math o bygnbsp;Aspirant, as.piVant n, un uchelfrydignbsp;Aspirate, as'pi.rat vt, seinio yn arw-gryf,nbsp;seinio ag anadl gref: n, llythyrennbsp;arw-sainnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ anadl-gy naniad

Aspiration, as.pi.ra'shun n, gorawydd, Aspire, as.p�r' vi, ucbelgeisio; ymgeisionbsp;Asquint, E.skwint' ad, yn llygad-drawsnbsp;Ass, as n, aeyn, haw; asen, hawfsnbsp;Assail, a.sal' vt, ymosod ar, rhuthro ar,nbsp;taro, bwrwnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[adwy

Assailable, a.sa'lamp;.bl a,rhuthradwy.cur� Assailant, a.sa'lant n, ymosodwr, taraw-Assart, a.sdrt' vt, chwynu coed [yddnbsp;Assassin, a.sas'in n, dirgel-lofruddnbsp;Assassinate,a.sas'i.natv/.cudd-Joiruddionbsp;19

20

�re; late: l�nc, n�, m�te; she, zh=z az�rc; thin, thIs; j=f]zh. AUF

Attend, a.tend' v, gweii�; gofalu, gwran-do, ystyried; canlyn, heilio Attendance, a.ten'dans n, gweiniad,nbsp;gwasanaeth, gweinyddiaethnbsp;Attendant, a.ten'dant n, cydymaith,nbsp;gwas, gweinydd; a, dilynol,cydfynedolnbsp;Attention, a.ten'shun n, clust-ymwran-dawiad, sylw; ystyriaeth; dyfalwchnbsp;Attentive, a.ten'tiv a, gwrandawgar;

ystyriol, gwyliadwrus, astud Attentiveness, a.ten'tiv.nes n, gwran-dawiad, dyfalwch, astudrwyddnbsp;Attenuate, a.ten'�.at a, teneu: vt, ten-euo; Ileihaunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[Ileihdd

Attenuation, a.ten.�.a'sbun n, teneuadj Attest, a.test' vt, tystio, gwirionbsp;Attestation, a.tes.ta shun n, tystiolaethnbsp;Attic, at'ik a, hardd, dillyn: n, uwch-ystafell, nenlof�l

Attire, a.tiVn, gwisg, dillad ,* cyrn carw;

vt, gwisgo, trwsladu, addurno [safiad Attitude, at'i.t�d n, ystum, agwedd,nbsp;Attinge, a.tinj' v, cyffwrdd yn ysgafnnbsp;Attolient, a.tol'ent a, dyrchafadwynbsp;Attorney, a.t�r'ni n, dirprwywr^ cyf-reitbiwr, canllaw; vt, dirprwyo thudonbsp;Attract, a.trakt' vt, attynu, denu, liithio,nbsp;Attraction, a.trak'shun n, attyniadnbsp;Attractive, a.trak'tiv a, denol, hudolaiddnbsp;Attrahent, at'r^.bent a, tyniadol, attynolnbsp;Attributable, a.trib'�.ta.bla, cyfrifadwynbsp;Attribute, at'ri.b�t n, priodoledd, priod-oliaethnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[ar, cyfrif i

Attribute, a.trib'�t vt, priodoli, gosod Attribution, at.ri.bu'shun n, priodoliadnbsp;Attributive, a.trib'�.tiv a, a briodolanbsp;Attrition, a.trish'un n, treuliad, rh wbiad,nbsp;rhathi^; tristweh am bechodnbsp;Attune, a.t�n' vt, hwylio, cyweirionbsp;Auburn, 6'bdm a, gwineu [cynnyddolnbsp;Auctifical, 6k.tif i.kal, Auctive, ok^tiv a,nbsp;Auction, �k'shun n, arwerthiad, gwerth-iad i�r cynnygiwr uchaf [arwerthwrnbsp;Auctioneer, ok.shun.i�r' n, arwerthydd,nbsp;Aucupation, o.k�.pa'shun n, daliad adarnbsp;Audacious, o.da'shus a, digywilydd,nbsp;haerllug, hyf, rhyfygus, eofn, anturusnbsp;Audacity, d.das'i.t� n, eondra, hyfdranbsp;Audible, 6'di.bl a, hyglyw,eglur; clyw-edig; soniarus, crotli, uchelnbsp;Audience, 6'di.ens n, gwrandawyr;

cynnulleidfa; clywedigaeth: gosteg Audit, 6'dit vt, chwilioa phrofi cyfrifon:

n, prawf cyfrifon, holiad tystion Auditor, �'d�.tur n, gwrandawr; golyg�nbsp;wr cyfrifon �nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[nuileitfa

j Auditory, �'di.tur.i n, gwrandawle, cyn-21

Src: late; line, n�, m�te; sh�, zh=z azure; thin, this; j=(lzh. BAS

Barrenness, bar'en.es n, anffrwythlon-deb, hysprwydd, diifrwythder Barricade, bar.i.kad' n, argae, attalgae,nbsp;argae-waitli, amgaer: vt, argaunbsp;Banier, bar'i.�r �. attalta, terfyn, cyfRn,nbsp;rhwystrnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[nghawsydd

Barrister, bar'is.t�r n, dadleuwr, cj-Barrow, bar'o n, berfa, carthglwyd; crug, gwyddgrug. Barrow-hog,mochyn dysbadd

Barshot, b3,r'shot n, bwled ddeuben Barter, bar't�r v, cyfnewidio: n, newid-Barton, bir'tun n, tai allanol [wriaethnbsp;Barytes, bS.r�'tiz w, daiar dromnbsp;Basalt. ba.s61t' n, math o faen mynornbsp;Base, bas a, brwnt; gwrthun; gwael,nbsp;dirmygus; isel; gau,flugiol; cymmysg:nbsp;n, sylfaen, gosail; sylwedd: bonnbsp;Baseborn, bas'born a. basdarddaiddnbsp;Baseless, bas'les �, disylfaen, disailnbsp;Baseness, biis'nes �, gwaelder, diffeith-der; bryntni; lledryw, basdarddiaethnbsp;Bases, ba'siz np.�Basisnbsp;Bashaw, ba.sho' n, rhaglaw ym mysg ynbsp;Tyrciaidnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[gwylaidd

Bashful, bash'fM a, cywilyddgar, yswil, Bashfulness, bash'f^l.nes n, cywilydd-dra, gwladeidd-dra

Basil, baz'il n, j breninlys; osgo-fiu otferyn; llecir o groen Honbsp;Basilic, ba.zil'ik a, yn perthyn i wyth�ennbsp;yr afunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[esgobdy

Basilica, b�.zil'ik.S. n, gwyth�en yr afu; Basilicon, ba.zil'ik.un n, math o elinbsp;Basilisk, baz'i.lisk n, sarfFgribog; mathnbsp;o fagnelnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[crwnlyn

Basin, ba'sn n. cawg; prydfan, nawfle, Basis, b�'sis (bases) �, sail; gwaelodnbsp;Bask, bask v, bronheulo, yinheulonbsp;Basket, bas'ket n, cawell, basged, mwys�nbsp;Basket-maker, basgedwrnbsp;Bass, bas n, islais, isalawnbsp;Bass, bas �, math o bysgod; matnbsp;Basset, bas'et n, math o chwareu cardiaunbsp;Bassoon, ba.swn' n, math o offeryn cerddnbsp;Bassrelief, bas.ri.Iif n, goysgythriadnbsp;Bassviol, bas.v�'ul n, crwtli yr isalawnbsp;Bastard, bas't�rd n, basdardd, plentynnbsp;gordderch: o, basdarddoi, lledrywiolnbsp;Bastardize, bas't�r.d�z vt^ basdarddionbsp;Bastardy, bas'tur.di n, bastarddiaethnbsp;Baste, bast vt, iro; brasbwytho; ffonodio-Bastile, bas.til' w, carchar yn Paris gyntnbsp;Bastinade, bas.ti.nad', Bastinado, bas-ti.na'd� vi, ffonodio gwadnau y traed;nbsp;dwys guronbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[glawdd