LEIPZIG

VERLAG VON S. HIRZEL 1909,

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' T /

IN CATH OATHARM

THE CIVIL WAR OF THE ROMANS

AN IRISH VERSION OF LUCAN’S PHARSALIA EDITED AND TRANSLATED

BY

WHITLEY STOKES

LEIPZIG

VERLAG VON S. HIEZEL 1909.

«i—

Preface.

Next to the Tain bo Cüalgne^ and the Acallam na 8e-norach'^, the Cath Catharda, the Civil War of the Romans, is the longest prose composition of the mediaeval Irish. It is anbsp;free adaptation of Books I—VII of Lucan’s Pharsalia, a poemnbsp;which seems to have been popular in Gaeldom, not because ofnbsp;its poetic merits®, but from its stirring accounts of battles,nbsp;onfalls, sieges, its reports of visions and speeches, and its vividnbsp;descriptions of magical processes for dispelling disease andnbsp;ascertaining the future. Even its less praiseworthy characteristics — its pedantic language, its unnatural similes — mustnbsp;have gratified the Irish literary taste, the debasement of whichnbsp;seems to have begun in the fourteenth, and grown in thenbsp;fifteenth and sixteenth centuries'^).

Though the Cath Catharda is an adaptation of the Pharsalia, the Irish adapter has not denied himself the pleasure of making sundry additions to his text. These fall under thenbsp;heads (1) of history, and (2) of folklore. Thus he starts withnbsp;a list of the six world-monarchies, doubtless suggested by the

Preface.

four in Daniel’s vision (Daniel II 19, 37 et seq.). The horrible death of Crassus is told, probably, out of Morus’ Epitome. Caesar’s invasion of Britain is related with additions from Beda,nbsp;Iltsi. Eccl. I, 2.

So far as I know there are eight manuscripts of In Cath Catharda, all, save one, imperfect. The present edition is basednbsp;on the following four:

H. The vellum fifteenth-century ms. in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, formerly marked H. 2. 7, now 1298.nbsp;Our text begins at p. 376, breaks off at p. 390, where therenbsp;is a gap, corresponding with 11. 741—1191 of the presentnbsp;edition; pp. 390—415 contain 11. 1192—2400, where a leaf isnbsp;lost; pp. 416—417 contain 11. 2491—2579, where the text endsnbsp;in this Ms.

S. The Stowe ms. D. IV. 2, in the library of the Boyal Irish Academy. It is headed: A(d)sit nobis sancti spiritusnbsp;gracia. amen. The text begins in p. 1, a leaf is lost afternbsp;p. 40 (11. 2805—3087), another leaf is lost after p. 42 (11.nbsp;3222—3344), and the text breaks off in p. 44 with the words:nbsp;ro teclamit cuigi clocha, = 1. 3429 of the present edition.nbsp;There is a bad description of this ms. in 0’Conor’s Bibliothecanbsp;Ms. Stowensis, vol. I, 280.

C. Another ms. in the library of the Eoyal Irish Academy, now marked C. VI. 2. This ms. is acephalous. It begins withnbsp;1. 2640 of the present edition, and ends with ro fagsat lïa auc-dair cetnu righpersannu, = L 6192. It is dated 1633.

F. The Franciscan ms. This complete copy is on paper, was written in 1616 and contains 139 folios, with twenty linesnbsp;in each page. The scribe is careful, though he often omitsnbsp;marks of length and marks of lenition and puts, after the fashionnbsp;of his century, cc for g, cch for gh, 35 (i. e. sed) for acht ornbsp;cht. There are headings from ff. 4quot;^ to 97’quot;.

Folios 4’'—are headed: Sloicced Cesafr an inis Breian (1. 148),

f. 5^— 8’’: Adbair in catha catharcfa (1. 205),

Preface.

f. 8^—11’'; Toccail denna Airimin (1. 382),

f. 11’'—17^: Toicestal slua7^ Cesair (I. 522),

f. 18’—24’; Derbhairrde an catha cathardha (1. 818),

f. 24^—25^: Betka Cait (1. 1085),

f. 26’—34’; Sloiccec? Gesair isind Ettaild (I. 1192),

f. 34’—48’; Toccail na Mais7d (1. 1625),

f. 48’—55’; Sloiccec? na hEspame (1. 2264),

f. 55’—61’; Martra muinteri Vuilt (1. 2595),

f. 62’—68’; Aidec^ Curio (1. 2860),

f. 69’—69’; Aided Aip (1. 3210),

f. 70’—73’; Eactra CesaiV (1. 3249),

f. 73’—82’; Aiderf Sceua (1. 3388),

f. 82’—84’; TuarMsccbail na Tesaife (1. 3770),

f. 84’—95’; Faistine an surachta. a hiffern (1. 3876),

f. 95’-—97’; Cath mór Muigi na Tesaili (1. 4312).

There are also in the Advocates’ Library Edinburgh fragments of a fifth copy, marked XLVI, and corresponding with 11. 2696—2756, 11. 2877—2937, 11. 3447 -3827. Of these fragments I have photographs, but so badly executed, that, exceptnbsp;in one place, I was afraid to use them for this edition.

Besides these five copies I have heard, from Mr. Walter J. Burton, of three in the library of the Royal Irish Academy;

24. P. 3. A volume containing 403 pages written in a good hand and dated, according to the colophon, December 11, 1698.nbsp;Begins; Ceitbre hiosdadha flaitheasa attarthasdair flaitheas 7nbsp;forlamus for chriochuibh 7 for cenedachuibh na cruinne domh-anda a los neirt 7 niadhachuis isin aimsir anall. Ends; na ronbsp;eirghiodh miosgais no miodhiithracht ina ccroidhibh eotorra féinnbsp;antan atchluinfidis a n-aithre 7 a mbrathrea do comhmarbadhnbsp;aroile a ccomhracaibh an catha sa. FINIS.

24. P. 17. A small quarto paper ms., of which the Cath Catharda occupies the last 215 pages. Begins thus in thenbsp;middle of a sentence (=1. 175 of the present edition); long-phort an oirir an chiiain an oidche sin, 7 a longa for a n-ang-coiribh 7 na fhiadhnaisi 7 ro faoidh a mharcsluagh do creachadnbsp;an tire 7 Laibian treabhann do Romhanchaib rempa. Ends in

4^

Vorwort.

the middle of a line (= 1. 6164): an sgéalsa 7 na ro eirgiodh miosga(is) ina ccroidhibh eton-a féin an-adchluin(tis) a mbraithrenbsp;do chomhmarbhadh aroile a com(raicib in catha so). FIN. Thenbsp;colophon states that the ms. has been written by Concobharnbsp;Magaodh(ugain) for the use of Gilla Padruicc ua Seibhlin.

D. I. 1. This is a portfolio of odds and ends, among which are two vellum leaves containing the end of the sectionnbsp;Martra Muinntire üilt and the commencement of Aided Curio.nbsp;The fragment begins thus; ina leithcircull natharda 0 iath 7 onbsp;muir dibh (= 1. 2756). It ends with; tanic Curio co n-uathadhnbsp;da thseanmuindtir leis do re . . . (= 1. 2876).

Besides these copies there is a set of glossed extracts in pp. 596'^—601 of H. 3. 18 (now marked 1326), a mass of miscellaneous fragments of various dates and sizes......

Hier ist dem unermiidhchen Gelehrten, dem grossen eng-lischen Celtologen Whitley Stokes die Feder aus der Hand gefallen. Nach kurzer Krankheit hat am 13. April dieses Jahresnbsp;ein sanfter Tod seinem inhaltsreichen Leben ein Ende gemacht.nbsp;Der Cath Catharda ist sein letztes Werk. Den Druck vonnbsp;Text und Ubersetzung hat er noch vollstandig selbst iiberwacht,nbsp;den Druck des Glossarial Index bis zum d. Von der Yorredenbsp;lagen nur die zwei hier gedruckten Bruchstücke vor, das erstenbsp;in Reinschrift, das zweite, das iiber die Handschriften unterrichtet,nbsp;nur in einem ersten Entwurfe. Er hatte gewiss in Absicht,nbsp;einiges noch wei ter auszufiihren, so zum Beispiel noch imnbsp;einzelnen auf das hinzuweisen, was der Cath Catharda annbsp;Folklore enthalt. Denn vom Inhalt der Texte zog ihn nament-lich das Volkstiimliche an. Auch fiir das wirklich Poëtischenbsp;hatte er Sinn, sein feiner literarischer Geschmack zeigt sichnbsp;auch hier wieder in der guten englischen Ubersetzung, in dernbsp;er so gliicklich die Genauigkeit mit der Lesbarkeit verbindet.nbsp;Hauptsachlich aber interessierte er sich fiir die sprachliche Seitenbsp;der Texte, fiir neue Wörter, fiir weitere Belege seltener Wörter,

Vorwort.

und jedes Wort sah er auf seine Etymologie hin an. Daher auch hier wieder im Index zahlreiche Vergleichungen, von denennbsp;er diesmal manche dem ersten Teile von Holger Pedersen’snbsp;Vergleichender Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen entnommennbsp;hat. Ich halte die meisten dieser neuen Etymologien fiir un-sicher, hahe mich aber nicht fiir befugt gehalten, sie zu streichen.

Hatte Whitley Stokes seine Vorrede vollenden können, so ¦wiirde er vor allem auch dem trefflichen Kenner der irischennbsp;Sprache und Literator Rev. Charles Plummer (Corpus Christinbsp;College, Oxford), der alle Druckbogen mitgelesen und ihmnbsp;manche wertvolle Bemerkung zur Verfügung gestellt hat, seinennbsp;Dank'’’'ausgesprochen haben.

Es ist hier nicht der Ort, einen Überblick über die ge-samte wissenschaftliche Tatigkeit des Verewigten zu geben. In kurzen Worten habe ich ihm schon ein Denkmal zu setzennbsp;versucht in der Festschrift, die ihm zum siebzigsten Geburtstagenbsp;am 28. Februar 1900 (Leipzig, O. Harrassowitz) dargebrachtnbsp;worden ist. Ich habe Whitley Stokes im Jahre 1871 in seinesnbsp;Vaters Hause in Dublin persönlich kennen gelernt. Seit demnbsp;hat die Freundschaft mit ihm zum Glücke meines Lebens gehort.

Was aber den Cath Catharda anlangt, so muss dieser fiir sich selbst reden. Nur das Eine sei noch bemerkt, dass sichnbsp;die Eigenart des irischen Geistes nirgends deutlicher hervorhebt,nbsp;als in der irischen Bearbeitung eines fremden Stoffes.

Leipzig, im Oktober 1909.

E. Windisch.

[H. 2. 7, p. 376]

Do Chogadh Smialta na Eomhanach, dia ngoireid Gaoidheil in Cath Cathardha.

Sé histudha flatha ro gabhwstar flaithws 7 forlamlms ar crichaibh 7 ar cennadb[ch]aibh na cruinne domhanta al-los neirtnbsp;7 niacbais isin aimsir anall .i. flaithws alaind na nAssardba, axaailnbsp;atbert in fiH:

6 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Righ na nAssardba ria each,

do ghabb in flaith^MS firgnatb. fer co cas cluiinh, co ceill ngle,

Assur mac Seimh maic Noé.

Ocus flaithiMS mor-uasal na Med. Ocus flaithiMS primhda 10 na Pers. Ocus Q.aithius cruthglan na Callacda. Ocus üaühiusnbsp;gargmor na nOréce. Ocms in senadh rigbdha Rómhanach innbsp;sesedh üaithius^.

Tosac^ 7 tinnscedal na bairdrigbi nAssardba cebé ni^ is as gabhar, ó Nin mac Béil maic Ploisc do clawnaibh Sem maicnbsp;15 Noé maic Lamhiach. IS leis sen ro camdaighedh in primhea-thair airderc .i. Babilóin. Adhbhul méd^ na ca^^rach sin, cethar-

^ Se histudha flatha a tarrasair flaithiits 7 forlamhits for crichafh 7 ceandadhchaibh na cruindi domhanda alles neirt 7 niachais isin aimsirnbsp;anall .i. popul ersaidhhhir na nAsardha, Meda 7 Persa, 7 gasradh gaisge-dhach Greg, 7 in senadh rigdha Rómhanach in ceathramadh. Stowe ms. (S.)

Ceithri hiostudha flaitiusa i tarrwstar AaitMus et forlamas for crio-caib et cendachaibh, na cruindi domandse illos neirt et niachuis isind aimsir anall, etc. Franciscan ms. (F.)

* cepinnus F. ® a met S.

Of the Civil War of the Eomans, which the Gaels call the Cath Catharda.

In former times, by dint of strength and heroism, six abodes of lordship gained dominion and supremacy over the countriesnbsp;and provinces of the mundane globe, to vrit, (first) the beautifulnbsp;dominion of the Assyrians, — as the poet said:

A king of the Assyrians before every one gained the truly constant dominion;nbsp;a man with wreathed hair, with clear sense,

Assur son of Shem, son of Noah.

And (secondly) the most noble dominion of the Medes. And (thirdly) the primary dominion of the Persians. And (fourthly)nbsp;the pure-formed dominion of the Chaldees. And (fifthly) the fierce-great dominion of the Greeks. And the royal Eoman senatenbsp;(was) the sixth dominion i.

Howbeit, the beginning and commencement of the high realm of the Assyrians are taken from Ninus, son of Belus,nbsp;son of Ploscus, of the clans of Shem, son of Noah, son of La-mech. By him was built the famous chief-city, even Babylon.nbsp;Vast was the size of that city: fouredged was its shape: a

* S. has: In former times etc. there were six abodes of lordship in which by dint of strength and heroism there remained dominion and supremacy etc. to wit, the opulent folk of the Assyrians, Medes and Persians,nbsp;and the valiant youths of the Greeks, and the fourth (sic) was the royalnbsp;Roman senate.

F. has: In former times etc. there were four abodes of lordship in which by dint etc. there remained etc.

1*

Cath Catharda. H. p. 376.

ochair^ a cuma, cét ndoras w-umaidhi^ fM^rre. LX mile ccmenn ina timthacmang. L cubat a tighe a muir. CC cubhat inanbsp;bairdi. Da line lanmora do tighibh ar mullach a müir: imri-20 adhaitis XX cetherriadh iter na da sreth sin re tigbe in müirnbsp;fós. IStudh flatha 7 indeoin forais 7 arws righ Nin maic Béilnbsp;7 righ na nAsardha uili® in cathair sin.

Nin mac Beil ce^ri na nAssardha 7 Tonus a rig^ dédhe-nach®. Sé XX 7 cét 7 mile fad a flaithiusa.

25 IX m\gt;\iadnamp; coicat ior dibb cétaibh fad flai^Msa na Med. Ochtwr ro gabh righi dibh. Arbait a cétvi 7 Astighages a rinbsp;dédhenach®.

Cir mac Dair, cétri Pers Aidu, mac sen ingine do Astighages. is é ro athn'gh athair a mdthar. is leis ro toghladh in soBabiloin, 7 ro horta a ri Ballastair, 7 ro tuaslaic do inac[aib]nbsp;Israel asin daire LXX i mBabiloin, corus-léicc uadh donbsp;lerwsalem co w-adhmih tempaiP Solman léo .i. V mili lestwrnbsp;d’ór 7 ceitAri cét lestwr n-airgit®.

Darius in ri dedhenach® o Persaibh, da ri dócc a righi 36 dibh. CC. XXX bhac^wa fot a flatha.

Cétn gasraidhe^® Grécc immorro Alaxander mac Pihp, ardri in domhain uili o Espain aniar co hlnnia^i sair, 7 o Ethe-oip andes co sleibhtibhi^ Rifi fotuaidh. Is leisin Alaxandernbsp;sin ro fdidhedh^® in cobhlach for in®^ muir tentidhi^® do fisnbsp;40 in mesraighthi^® deiscertaigh, uair nir’ folartnaigh®^ leis fis innbsp;mesraighthi tuaiscertaigh nama. Hi eind a da hliadan decc ronbsp;triall Alaxander insaighidh. Da^® bliac^ain XXX a oes^® intannbsp;ros-marbh neim isin Babiloin. Pilip immorro ri dédhenach®®nbsp;na nGrecc.

1

sic F. om. H. umaidhi S. ¹ sic D. om. H. ® sic S. déghenach H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® déghenach H.

’ sic S. tempall H. ® sic S. airgid H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° sic S. deghenach H.

gasraighe H. gasraidhi S. sic D. hEspain H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sleibh S.

ro fdidhi H. ro foidedh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;om. H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. tentighe H.

mesraighe H. mesraicchti F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;leor D.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tri D.

oesa H. seis S. ses uile F. déghenach H. dedhenach D. deidhinach F.

The Civil War of the Romans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5

hundred brazen doors upon it: sixty thousand paces in its circumference: fifty cubits the thickness of its wall: two hundred cubits the height thereof. There were two full-great lines ofnbsp;houses on the top of its wall: between those two ranges theynbsp;used to drive a score of four-horsed carriages such was thenbsp;thickness of the wall besides. That city was the abode of lord-ship, and the anvil of knowledge, and the dwelling-place of kingnbsp;Ninus, son of Belus, and king of all the Assyrians.

Ninus son of Belus (was) the first king of the Assyrians, and Tonus (?) their last king. Eleven hundred and six scorenbsp;(years) was the length of their dominion.

Two hundred and fifty-nine years was the length of the dominion of the Medes. Eight men assumed the kingship of them. Arbaces (was) their first king and Astyages their last king 2.

Now Cyrus son of Darius, the first king of the Persians, was the son of Astyages’ daughter. ’Tis he that dethroned hisnbsp;mother’s father. By him Babylon was sacked, and its king,nbsp;Belshazzar, was slain, and he freed the Children of Israel fromnbsp;the seventy years’ captivity in Babylon, and he let them go tonbsp;Jerusalem with the utensils of Solomon’s Temple, to wit, fivenbsp;thousand vessels of gold and four hundred vessels of silver®.

Darius (Codomannus) was the last king of the Persians. Twelve kings reigned over them. Two hundred and thirty yearsnbsp;was the length of their dominion.

The first king of the soldiers of Greece was Alexander son of Philip, overlord of the whole world from Spain in the west to Indianbsp;in the east, and from Ethiopia in the south to the Riphaeannbsp;mountains in the north. ’Tis by that Alexander the fleet wasnbsp;sent upon the fiery sea to discover the southern temperate zone;nbsp;for to know only the northern temperate zone did not sufficenbsp;him. At the end of his twelfth year Alexander proceeded tonbsp;invade (Greece). Two and thirty years was his age when poisonnbsp;killed him in Babylon. Now Philip was the last king of thenbsp;Greeks.

’ see Orosius II, G. and the Annals of Tigernach, Rev. Celt. XVI. 385. * Orosius I, 19.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ Ezra I, 11.

Cath Catharda. H. p. 376—377.

46 Tinnscedal in righAaithiusst. Eomhanta immorro ba saine modh leis 7 lasna hardflai#/wMsaibh romhaind, uair ni o[c] ard-righaibh tarrasair^ forlambMs na Eomha iter. Eo ordaighsetnbsp;airigh^ in tsenaidh® 7 lacht cemenn 7 gradb n-onorach acconbsp;do tobhach a cissa doibh a cinedhachaiö coimightbibb 7 donbsp;6oindsaighi for finibh fodhaltaibh¹ in domain do follamhnugMd 7nbsp;do stiuradh in righrechta gebe® tan budh [p. 377] adhlaic.

Decan iarttm slonnudh fir in ceime ba hisle® dona cemen-daibh sin. Taisech dec/inebhair eisséin; fer sein nó dighladh’ gach gaid 7 gach slad 7 gach sarugMt? dognithi isin cathair®nbsp;56 ar medhón.

Cenntuir uasin décan, taisecb céit an fer sin.

Trebhunn® uasin cenntiiir, taisech da chét“ no tri chét^^ eisséin.

Vicair uasin trebhunn^^^ fer sin no cowgbadh feidhm in eocomit intan téighedh in comit do agallaim in righ.

Comit uasin uicair, taisech aencatferach eisséin.

Taissech uasin comit, da cathraig déc^^ fae sen.

Patric uasin taissech, fer le^hlamha righ nó impir eisséin, 7 ba hé a modh, bretha 7 uirghill do dhenam tar éis in airdrighnbsp;66 intan ba hemhilt in ri'-^ féin.

Ei uasin patric, tri ciniudha a ferann.

Imper uasin nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;acht cena ni bith in céim sin ic

Eómanachaibh wocor’ gabh lüil Césair a los a lamha mar indeósMS^® in scél inar ndiaidh^^. In t-imper immorro, ardri innbsp;70 domain eisséin 1® uas chach 7 ni bid^® nech üasa.

Ba da gradh immorro, ceim Cowsail 7 ceim Dictatóir^®. IN consul immorro^^ aenbliaofain dó ina céim 7 a atharrac/i^^nbsp;i forcind na blia(7na arna gabhadh diumws na méd menman é

1

tarras H. tarrasar S. tarrwstar F. ® airicc H. airigh S. airig F. ® senaidh romhanaigh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¹ sic S. fi'nidhibh fodhultaibh H.

® secie S., F. ® buirisle F. ’ aited F. ” caibraicc E’. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ Trebond S.

fic/jet H. ” fichit H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;trebonn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;11. catbraigb S.

XII catraicc F. dd catAracb H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;n'gb H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ri H. rig F.

adfet S. atfet S’. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ndiagb H. ndieid F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;airdrigbe in domain

leis F. bid F. bidb S. bi H. Ba do gratthaib uaisle na Romanacfe dawo ceim comail 7 ceim dictatoracbt F. cetamus F. atbcbor F.

The Civil War of the Romans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7

The royal Roman dominion had a beginning in manner different from those of the high dominions aforesaid; for not atnbsp;all with overkings did Rome’s supremacy abide. But whenevernbsp;it was desirable, the chiefs of the senate, together with men ofnbsp;rank and honourable degrees, gave orders to levy their tributenbsp;for them from foreign races, and to invade the several tribesnbsp;of the world, to rule and to guide the royal Roman right.

Now Decanus was the appellation of the lowest of those ranks. He was chief of ten^; he was the man who used tonbsp;punish every theft and robbery and outrage that was committednbsp;amidst the City.

Centurio above the Decanus: chief of a hundred was that man.

Tribunus above the Centurio: chief of two hundred or three hundred was he.

Vicarius above the. Tribunus: that man used to assume the function of the Comes when the Comes would go to converse with the king.

Comes above the Vicarius: chief of one city was he.

Tóissech (‘chieftain’) above the Comes: twelve cities were subject to him.

Fatricius above the Tóissech; the righthand man of a King or Emperor; and this was his work, to pass judgmentsnbsp;and decrees instead of the overlord when the king himself wasnbsp;weary.

King above the Patricius: three tribes were his domain.

Emperor above the King. Howbeit the Romans had not that rank until Julius Caesar took it by dint of his hand, asnbsp;the tale hereafter will tell. The Emperor, now, was overlordnbsp;of the world above every one, and there was no one superiornbsp;to him.

There were, moreover, two grades, the rank of Consul and the rank of Dictator. Now the Consul had (only) one year innbsp;his rank, and at the end of the year he was changed lest he shouldnbsp;become proud or arrogant from the strength of his power and

‘ Isidor. Hisp. Origg. IX, 3131.

Cath Catharda. H. p. 377.

ar tenne a neirt 7 ar airdi a graidh^. Da tecmadh comadh 75soirbh dó in bk’adain sin ina comvUacht no ordnigbthe^nbsp;doridbisi® isin ceim cefna doreir in tsenaidh 7 airicc innbsp;popoil. Unónius^ Bruttos is é céina ro gabb in ceim sin lanbsp;Eombanchu^.

IN Dictatóir immorro, ciamadh maith saich® dogniedh, ni 80 hathraightbe asa ceim co cenn V mbKac?an, 7 da madh buidhechnbsp;cé.ch de intan® sin ni battraigthe® iter. ÖMrub eisséin ceim isnbsp;cadcbasaigbii® bói leóson cin co tarrwstair^^ ne^t impir’-® forro.

Ko scail tra 7 ro letbnaigb in rigbe Eomawta fó ceithri bairdibbi® in domain amblaid^^ sin, cor’ fas diumws 7 innócbailnbsp;ssinntibb siun féin de sin, cor’ ergedar debtha dermara 7 cocadhnbsp;catbordba iter araill d’aes na cemenn sin isna cenna[d]cbaiamp; anbsp;mbidis a secbnoin in domain imuicb 7 araill isin Eoim fein arnbsp;medbón ar méd a ndiumais 7 allos in neirt romoir roadbbbailnbsp;ro gabbsat for ciniudbaibb 7 for cinélaibb na cruinne.

90 Tarrwstar ngbflai^Ais na Eomban fri ré tri mblicnZan co'ecati® for dibb ce'faibbi® fon innws sin gen imper gen aenrigb^’’ forro,nbsp;acht \ncM na cemenn n-examaiZ sin ic^® stiuraf^ a^® üaitMssinbsp;occo^®. co wdernadb leosan fecbt n-aen ann tri cindiudb innbsp;tsenaidb 7 tria comairle in popoil, uair issi in dictatoirecA#nbsp;gséncéim ba buaisle 7 ba bonóraige^i bui occo.

Triar comard do bordnedb léo intan sin, 7 in doman uile do roind etMrm da tabairt ar ó,is nó ar éccin fó cis 7 fó cainnbsp;na Eombawac^. Ocus is aire ro ordaigbset triar isin ceim sin,nbsp;ar daigb cé bé dibb no ardadb anaigiö! in tsenaidb co mbeitb

The Civil War of the Romans.

the height of his rank. If it happened that during that year he prospered in his consulate he was re-appointed to the samenbsp;rank hy the will of the senate and the finding of the people.nbsp;Junius Brutus was the first to obtain that rank among thenbsp;Romans.

Now the Dictator, whether he did well or ill, was not changed from his rank till the end of five years. If thennbsp;every one was thankful for him, he was not changed at all.nbsp;Wherefore that rank is the most esteemed that they had, untilnbsp;an Emperor’s might rested upon them.

Thus then the Roman realm extended and spread out to the four airts of the world, so that pride and glory grewnbsp;thereout in the Romans, and vast quarrels and civil warfarenbsp;arose among some of those nobles in the provinces whereinnbsp;they dwelt outside throughout the world, and others in Romenbsp;itself in the midst, for the greatness of their pride, and becausenbsp;of the exceeding great power which they had acquired overnbsp;the nations and kindreds of the globe.

For the space of two-hundred-and-fifty-three years the royal dominion of the Romans remained in that wise, withoutnbsp;an Emperor, without a monarch over them, but the men ofnbsp;diverse ranks directing their government. Until once upon a time,nbsp;by decision of the senate and by advice of the people, (a Dictator) was made by them^, for the dictatorship is the one ranknbsp;they had that is noblest and most honorable.

Three persons equally high were then^ ordained by them, and the whole world was parted among them to be put by free-willnbsp;or perforce under the Romans’ tax and tribute. And this isnbsp;why they appointed three to that grade, because if one of themnbsp;should exalt himself against the senate the third man would

^ Rectius 252 years. Rome was founded B.C. 753; the first dictator was appointed B.0. 501.

^ Some omission in the text: the first triumvirate was appointed B. C. 60.

Gath Catharda. H. p. 377—378.

100 in tres fer ic sfdhi etarru 7 ardaigh na comaentaighidi's® a Mur im ardadh in agidh® na hathardha, uair nf gnath comannnbsp;comaentadliach la Mur iter.

IS iat immorro Mar frisar’ erbadh stmrat? in céime sin accoson annsin .i. Poimp Maighe 7 Marcws Crasws 7 luilnbsp;105 Césair. IN Césair sin, Ferius ainm a athar, 7 do Kutaltaibhnbsp;dó sen [p. 378] 7 do sfl IP maic Aeniusa® Troghianda dónbsp;Aidu arraind® a mathar, 7 is aire sin doberthea^ dictatoirec/i^nbsp;la Eomhawac^aibli® dó. Ocus is aire atberthea in t-ainm sinnbsp;is Césair fris, uair furbaidhe é®, 7 ro tescad brii a mdthavnbsp;iioic a tabbairt uaithe. Inunn Césair immorro isin^® berla Romh-dnacli 7 tesctha isin^^ Gaedheilg.

INghen righnaicihi roalaind icon Césair sin, lulia a hainm, isi sin robo banchéile^^ do Poimp M.aiglie .i. don tres dictatóirnbsp;ro hoirdnedh ann.

115 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;E.0 comroinnedh iarwm ciniudha in domain iter in Mar

sin. Ro erbad am iartardesscert in domain 0 Easpain anfar 7 ciniuda na hAiffrici uile do Poimp Maipe^®.

Ro hordaigbedhi^ iarwm do Césair idaxugud larthuir tuais-ceirt in^® domain [.i.] tire Gallia 7 indsi Bretan 7 lebartire 120 lethanfoda Locblann.

MarcMS Crasws, is dó doradadh forlambas na hAsia 7 airrthir in domain.

Docuatar iaram dréchta dermóra do rosluógh na Rómha 7 d’óccbaici na hEtaile léo docwm na crich 7 na cenél da cosnam.nbsp;125 MarcMS Crasws ro gab séin cinedha na bAissia^® sair, conbsp;rainic tir na Partecdha, 7 ro tobhaigh cis cecba cinidh ro gabh,nbsp;7 nir’ faem^^ crodh ele uatba acM ór uile, uair becc leis anbsp;mhuirigin imurchuir ar sluaighedh, 7 mór a tarbha iar toracli^ain

‘ sigh H. combeith in dias ele i sith S. comaentaighdis S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° sic S. an aigid H.

® sic S. féniitsa H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ sic S. arinn H.

® romanchu S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® sic F. S. om. H.

sic S tescad asin H. banseitig S. sic S. lï omits this sentence. S inserts reim, F reme.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ciniuda S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ni aemad S.

” egin S., eiccin F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

be at peace between and because the three of them would not agree in rising against the fatherland, for rare is accordantnbsp;union with a trio^.

Now these are three to whom was then entrusted the guidance of that grade, to wit, Pompey the Great and Marcusnbsp;Crassus and Julius Caesar. As to that Caesar, his father’snbsp;name was Ferius, and he was of the Rutulians. On his mother’snbsp;side he was of the race of Ilus son of the Trojan Aeneas, andnbsp;therefore it was that the dictatorship was conferred upon himnbsp;by the Romans. He was called by the name of Caesar, becausenbsp;he was a furhaide (‘excised’) and his mother’s womb was severednbsp;when he was taken from her. Now Caesar in the Romannbsp;language is tesctlia ‘severed’ in the Gaelic 2.

That Caesar had a queenly, very beautiful daughter named Julia. She became the wife of Pompey the Great, one of thenbsp;three dictators then appointed.

So the nations of the world were divided among that trio. The southwest of the world from Spain in the west, and thenbsp;tribes of the whole of Africa, were entrusted to Pompey the Great.

To Caesar was appointed the ruling of the northwest of the world, to wit, the land of Gallia and the isles of Britainnbsp;and the broad-long lands of Lochlann.

Marcus Crassus, to him was given the supremacy of Asia and the east of the world.

Then vast companies of the great army of Rome and of the youth of Italy went with them to the territories and thenbsp;kindreds to conquer them.

Marcus Crassus, he seized the tribes of Asia in the east, till he came to the country of the Parthians. And from everynbsp;tribe that he conquered he levied tribute, and he acceptednbsp;from them no other treasure but gold, for little he deemed thenbsp;burden of carrying it on a hosting, and great was its profit

* Phars. I. 85, 86. Tu causa malorum Facta tribus dominis communis Roma, nec unquam In turbam missi feralia foedera regni.

^ Caesar ‘a caeso matris utero dictus’, Plin. N. H. VII. 9. Isidor. Hispal. Origg. IX. 12.

Cath Catharda. H. p. 378.

dia tigh. O’tcualata»quot; na Partecda sin ro thinóilset a slóghu 130 co mbatar a n-énbaile. Focressa^ coinairle léo cinnMS dogendais^nbsp;frisna Romancbu®, inn gialfaidfs^ dóibh nö in frithtairisem® fnu.nbsp;ISed ro cinnset, anadh i n-airis® catha dóibh. Ro feradh Aidunbsp;cath crodba’ leA arnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;léo, cor’ taethsat® laéich lanimdha

etarro 7 cor’ srainedh forsna Romanchu fodheoidi®, gor’ cuiredh 136 a n-ar 7 cor’ facsat a mergedha la Partecdha.’

Ro gabad annsin Marciis CrasMS, 7 bicad il-lamhaibh é docum abamp;chta, na Partecdha, 7 ised ro cinnset a comairle,nbsp;a saith óir do tabairt dó, uair do bi co sanntach ic d iarraieZi^nbsp;ior fut in domain. Ro leghadh iarwm lan crocain criadbai¹nbsp;140 do tinnibh óir léo, 7 ro doirtedh é ina^^ linn leghtha i mbélnbsp;Marcws Crasus, co fuair bds fóchetóir ar Ioscméï a inde donbsp;linn fighthech in oir leghtha.

Poimp Maigke immorro ro gabh sén ciniudha larthair desceiVt in domain, ó Espain aniar, 7 ro facaibh da taisecfe ddnbsp;146 xauinïir i forlamhas na hBspaine, Petrin 7 Affrin a n-^'^anmannda.nbsp;Ro tinntó féin docum na Rómha iar^® mbreith buadha 7 cos-cair do chach aen^® cosa rainic.

Sluaigheadh Cesair [in] inis Bretand^^.

ISin tresbliada[i]n woïcat for DC^® ó cumdacis na Rómha 160 ic RomuiP®, 7 isin sesedmad hliadain ria ngein^o Oris^ ro ord-nedh Césair a ndictatóirec/it la Romanchu co lóghiónaibhnbsp;Idnimdaibh d’óccaih^^ ansergachaibh na hEtaile leisi n^Sgarbh-ferann na Gaillia 7 ti're lethanfoda Lochlann, uair is dentir lat

1

sic F. focreasa S. I’ócresadli H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ sic F. dodendais H. S.

“ sic S. Romdnacha H. Romana F. ¹ in giallad dodendais S. in giallad F. ® sicS. frithairisium H. fritMairisiomh F. ' sicS. imairis H. anairisinF.nbsp;’ sic S. F. om. H. ¹ etwrru S., etturra F. ® traethsat H. sic S.nbsp;for Rómhanacfi fó deoigF H. siriarraitih S. criadF S. crieta F.

sic S., F. na H. “ sic S., in H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. ar H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sicnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S.

om. H. ciniudh F. ” sic S. om. H. Sloicctó Cesair a n-inis Bretan F.

ISin tresbliadan .XX. for dlbb céfaibh H. ISin tres bliadam .IX.cat for .d. c.aibh S. ISan tres bliedain .XXXat. ar .dc. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S.

Romhall H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ngén H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;romhdwacfe H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;d’óccbaid H.

»» an H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

after he reached his home. When the Parthians heard that, they gathered their hosts, so that they were in one place.nbsp;Plans were made by them as to how they should act towards the Romans, whether they should submit to them ornbsp;resist them. This is what the Parthians decided, to wait andnbsp;meet them in battle. So then a bloody battle, side by side,nbsp;was dehvered by the Parthians, and full-many warriors fellnbsp;among them; but finally the Romans were defeated, and theirnbsp;slaughter was inflicted upon them, and they left their standardsnbsp;with the victors.

Then Marcus Crassus was captured, and he was brought by main force ^ to the assembly of the Parthians, and this is thenbsp;plan they determined on, to give him his bellyful of gold, fornbsp;he was seeking it greedily throughout the world. Then theynbsp;melted the full of an earthen pot of golden ingots, and theynbsp;spilled it as a molten fluid into his mouth, and he died at once,nbsp;his entrails being burnt by the boiUng fluid of the molten gold.

Pompey the Great, however, he obtained the tribes of the southwest of the world, from Spain in the west; and he leftnbsp;two leaders of his household in supremacy of Spain, Petreiusnbsp;and Afiranius were their names. He himself returned to Rome,nbsp;after gaining victory and triumph from everyone to whom henbsp;came.

Caesar’s Hosting in the Island of Britain.

In the six-hundred-and-ninety-third year from the building of Rome by Romulus, and in the sixtieth year before the birth of Christ, Caesar was appointed to the dictatorship bynbsp;the Romans, with full-many legions of the loveless youths ofnbsp;Italy, at the rough land of Gaul and of the broad-long countrynbsp;of Lochlann, for those are one country save for the inter-

^ literally, in hands: cf. Lat. per manus.

Cath Catharda. H. p. 378—379.

séin acht itertoidhechti srotha Réin roglain ic dluighi 7 ic issdeiliugud^ na da® ferann.

Ro gni sium^{1 2} catha móra isna tiribh sin, 7 tainic reimhe siar i cnch Morrian® 7 i n-inis® Bretan. Nocho’ rainic nertnbsp;na Romawosc/» remhe sin riam inis Bretan. Rainic Césair innbsp;glaic® mara fil ann, 7 ro cumdaighedh .Ixxx. long leis fornbsp;iöo[p. 379] a brü cor’ imcuiredb® in slógh indtibh tairis si'ar inbsp;caladbportaibh comfoicsibh crich Bretan 1®.

Nir’bo soréidh dóson in turnssin, uair tainic anbthine mór [andsin] a cobhlacb, cor’ baidedh urmór a long, co ro guinsetnbsp;lucht in ti're Aldu sochaidbi da miledhaibh traighthech^®, 7 ronbsp;lesmarbadh a marcsluagh uile acht becc. Tainic doinenn dermairnbsp;7 ainbtbine étualaing na gairbhsine gemreta faesin, 7 ro tinntónbsp;Césair a sluagbu^®, 7 ro léicc uadhai² a miledba da sostaibhnbsp;gembretaibh. Ro erb 7 ro aithin dóibh DC long luc/iimarnbsp;lanfairsing do denum occo comdis ellmai® in mara lat fó athgin^®nbsp;170 in erruigh archinn. Ro füirit sin uile da«o amaii aspert Césair.

Ro fuirigh-sium fri ré in gemridb i sleib Elpa^®, 7 tainic la tinnscetal na reithine errchaidhe co sochraidi moir leis ónbsp;chliainuin .i. Poimp Maighe, co tardadh a slogh leis isna .DC.nbsp;aibh longi® sin i n-inis Bretan®® doridisi®^.

175 Ro gabhféin longport i n-airiur®® in chuain in aidchi sin 7 a longa for accarsoiti ina fiadbnaisi®®, 7 ro faidh a marcslógh uadh donbsp;crechadh in tire, 7 Labion®^ trebbonn do Romhanaciiaibh rompo.nbsp;Tainic fogluasac/i^ doininde dermaire isin fairge isin aidche sin,nbsp;cor’ imir®® ina[n]bthine forlongaibb Césair co rotuilbrisit®® LX®^

1

' iter toighec/tt H. adartbaidhecht S. ² sic S. delocbad H. ® om. H.

2

siun H. ® sic S. moriam H., morien F. ® n-indsibh H. ’ nocba H. ® inngobail S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® gurtairmimorcburedh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i calad-port comacb

focraibb indsi Bretan S. a caladportaib comfocraib indsi Bretan F.

sic S. and F. tur H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;traictbeacba S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro thinto Cesair 7 a

slogb S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;om. H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. elma H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;thaitbi S., taite F.

om. H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S., a sliabb elpo H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;om. H.

sic S. a n-innsibb Bretan H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. dorise H. dorisi S.

in airutr H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;in fladbniMse H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Labiein S., Labien F.

muidb S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tuillbrissit S. tuilbrisit F,

2’ .XL S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

vention of the very pure river Rhine which divides and separates the two lands.

In those countries he fought great battles, and he came forward westward into the territory of the Morini and into thenbsp;island of Britain Never before had the might of the Romansnbsp;reached that island. Caesar came to the arm of the sea thatnbsp;is there, and on its brink eighty ships were built by him thatnbsp;he might convey the army in them over it westward into thenbsp;neighbouring harbours of the territory of Britain.

That expedition was not easy for him, for a great storm fell on his fleet, and most of his ships foundered. Moreovernbsp;the folk of the country slew a multitude of his foot-soldiers,nbsp;and almost all his cavalry was killed. A huge tempest andnbsp;the intolerable storm of the rough weather of winter camenbsp;thereunder, so Caesar turned his hosts and dismissed his soldiers to their winter-quarters. He trusted and enjoined themnbsp;to build six hundred wide, full-spacious vessels, so that theynbsp;might be ready for sea on the return of the following spring.nbsp;They were all made ready, as Caesar said.

During the season of winter he waited in the Alps, and at the beginning of the vernal serenity he came, having a greatnbsp;host from his son-in-law Pompey the Great; and his army wasnbsp;taken in those six hundred ships again to the island of Britain.

That night he himself pitched a camp on the shore of the haven, with his ships at anchor^ in front of him; and he sentnbsp;his cavalry to raid the country, with Labienus, a tribune ofnbsp;the Romans, at their head. On that night there came on thenbsp;sea the movement of a mighty tempest, and the storm strucknbsp;Caesar’s vessels, and sixty of them were shattered so that they

‘ see Caesar B. G. IV 21. ^ lit. on an anchorage.

Cath Catharda. H. p. 379.

180 long dibh doneoch nar’ fetudh d’athlesugitc? riam. Ro bris^ hxcht in tire for in marcslógh 7 dofaeth Labion^ léo.

Dorala do Césair féin arsin 7 do lucht innsi Bretan. Ro feradh cath crodha etarru, 7 ro srainedh for Bretnachaibh^ innbsp;cath, 7 ro cuiredh a^ n-ar ann, 7 ro dighail Cesair a muinii/rnbsp;i86uile forro don chur sin, 7 ro airg® in tir man cor sin reimhenbsp;co sruth Tanai® siar. Ro bui slógh mór do Bretnaibh for brua-chaibh'^ in tsrotha ica fritholumh, Cassobellanus® ainm in taisighnbsp;büi léo. Ro saithit® sretha móra do beraibh athgéra occo i n-imbelbordaib in tsrotha in conair ro bo menmarc^i léo na Ro-loomdwaclia do thec/ii^^. Atciter fóss bona^® araill dona beraibh sinnbsp;i^^ traigh samhraidh, 7 is remhitMr ré sliasait ferócclaich cechnbsp;bun dibh, 7 bruit luaidhe umpu fó domain in tsrotha.

IMpóis Césair ón ath ar tabhairt aithne dó foran innelB® büi ann, 7 tic tar ath ele bui for in sruth^®, 7 taifnes slüoghi^nbsp;196 Bretan uadh, 7 nir’ scar lamha dibh cor’ falaigh dideni® nanbsp;coilltedh iat fair.

Tucait [dawo] XL^® giall in aidhchi sin dó asin cathraigr dianadh ainm Trinouantum®®, 7 tancadwr lucAi( eólais esti sinnbsp;leis cor’ gabh cathrai^h in taisich diar’ bó ainm Cassobellaunus®^nbsp;200 iar nghaidh®® mair.

Ro gabh inis Bretan uile ’arsin, 7 ro sae esti hi tiribh Gallia.

Bui Césair ré ré V mbliaciaw ic traethadh 7 ic tenn-gabhail in tire sin iartharthuaisceirt in domain, 7 araisin batar cinedha dibh een naxugud frisin ré sin fóss.

205 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adhbhar in Catha Cathardha®® annso.

Marbh tra in righan lulia in^ew Césair, banséitigh Poiiwp Maighe i n-eemung na réi-si 7 na haimsire, 7 tuc banchéile

^ Eo brissit S. ® Labiein S. * Bretnaib S. * i H. ® innir S. “ Tamsim S., Tainsium F. ’ bruigib S. ® sic S. Cosabelauis H.nbsp;® sic. F. Ro sadhit S. Rosaigit H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S., a n-imillborduibh H.

menmacb H. toidecAi F. bera H. ** a H. forsinnell S. forsintsrutb S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;taifnig sluagbu S. “ dln S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;.xl. S.

.lx. H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. Trinaddntómur H. Teripuantum S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S.

Casabalabinus H. Casabellanas F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ngliadh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;catordha H.

The Civil War of the Komans.

could never be repaired The folk of the country routed the cavalry, and Labienus fell at their hands.

Thereafter Caesar himself encountered the folk of the island of Britain. A bloody battle was fought between them;nbsp;the Britons were vanquished: their slaughter was inflicted uponnbsp;them; and Caesar on that occasion avenged all his people,nbsp;and ravaged the country before him up to the river Thamesnbsp;westward. There was a large army of Britons on the brinksnbsp;of that river, awaiting him. Cassivellaunus was the namenbsp;of their leader. Great rows of sharp spikes were planted bynbsp;him in the banks of the river on the path by which theynbsp;desired the Romans to come. Still are seen certain butt-endsnbsp;of those spikes on the strand in summer, and each of the buttsnbsp;is as thick as a warrior’s thigh, and (there are) wraps of leadnbsp;around them in the deep of the river.

Caesar turned from the ford when he knew of the preparation that was (made) there, and he crossed by another ford on the river, and hunted the host of Britons, and took notnbsp;(his) hands away from them until the shelter of the woods hidnbsp;them from him.

Then on that night forty hostages were brought to him out of the city called Trinovantum, and thereout came guides, sonbsp;that after a great contest he took the city of the chief namednbsp;Cassivellaunus.

Thereafter he conquered the whole of the island of Britain, and thence returned to the lands of Gaul.

For the space of five years Caesar was subduing and violently seizing that land of the northwest of the world. And yet there were certain tribes there who were not obedient to himnbsp;during that time.

The Cause of the Civil War here.

It came to pass at that time and season that the lady Julia, Caesar’s daughter and Pompey the Great’s wife, died,

* Orosius VI, 9 has Ex quibus quadraginta perierunt, caeterae cum magna difficultate reparatae sunt.

TriscUe Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 379—380.

ele da eisi .i. in ben ro biii la MarcMS Crasus intan bui i ferannws, [S. 380] Corndelia a hainm.

210 Tainic forcenn dictatoirecMa Césair arsin, uair ni bhiii necb isin ceim sin la RorahnwacAa acM co cenn V mbliadannbsp;mine bordaigthea on tsenadh dorise isin céim céifna. ISet? ronbsp;bo dir do Césair, immorro, toidhec/ii docum in t'senaidh E-ómba-naigh i forcenn na V mhliadan do comairliugMci a ceime dónbsp;2i6féin nó d’oirnnedb neich ele ind.

IArsin ni hedh dorighne siun iter, acht ó fuair sligii^ 7 asn^s^ gabhala na tire sin ir-raibi^; uair ro bo omhan leis nech d’oirdnedhnbsp;don tsbenadh da éissi da saighidh iat, 7 test'quot;® gabhala na Gallia donbsp;beith fair-sein arna gabhail dóson chena acht becc. Cowidh airenbsp;220 sin ro fuirigh siun re ré V mhliadan ele do riarugatZ na ciniudhnbsp;céina, dar cindiudh ón 7 dar sarugwii in tsenaidh 'Siomdnaig uile.

Fassaidh immorro tuüth mor 7 ficli adhbuG iter Poimp Maiglie 7 Tuil Cesair annsin. Aslaichidh arsin Poimp Maighe for in senadhnbsp;Koma'wacA afuacra occo 7 a cinniudh comadhbidhbw inrigbrechtanbsp;226 'Romhdnaigh dogrés Césair ar taidhecht dó an-aigici a cinniudh siiC.

Atracht*® arsin isin Eoim adbbar^ essaenta* 7 cath cathordha 7 cath 8 budh uilliu inas do cinniudh isin tsenadh aire sini®.nbsp;uair is é in cath cathordha cétamus, in cath da comhérigh eachnbsp;do innsaighidh araile do lucht na haencatlirach. Ba cathnbsp;230 cathordha iarain do fas don esaentaidhii sin 7 ba cath budhnbsp;uilliu indasi^, uair ni hedh amhain^®® atracA^adar lucA^ na haen-cathrach i comerghi^^ in catha sin, acht atrachtadar cidh in^®nbsp;t-aes cairdiusa 7 caradraidh^'®, co mbidh in mac i^®® n-aigidnbsp;ini* athar 7 in brathair ii'® n-aigic? araile.

236 Bata»' tra cuissi imdha 7 adhbair or’cennaighthi imordaigh in catha cathordha d’érghi^i isin Eoim 7 isin tsenadh intannbsp;sin. IN ce'faa adhbar dibh .i. an t-adhbar ó tairnither 7 ó

' asras F and S., H seems to have érus. ^ sic S. a raibhi H. ® Test I'., eest S., eest IT. * Asaidh in fich mor 7 imtnuth mmman annsin S. Assaidhnbsp;etc. F. “ a cinnti-sium S. a cinti siumh F. * Adractadar S. Atractatar F. ’ adbairnbsp;S. F. ® esaentad S. essaentae F. ® catha S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;indnas don cinniud sin an

tsenaigh S. inas don cinnetsin an tsenaii^ F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” nds arninnwsa II.

esaentaigh H. bad uilli indas ar ni namma S. comhérghidli 11. an H. cairdias 7 caradraigh H. aH. an H. oercennehaidhinbsp;S. ereennehaide F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;immordoigh S. immordoig F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dérghidh II.

The Civil War of the Romans.

and after her Pompey wedded another, to wit, the wife that Crassus had when he was in the country. Cornelia was hernbsp;name.

Thereafter came the end of Caesar’s dictatorship, for with the Romans no one remained in that grade for more than fivenbsp;years unless he was reappointed to the same grade by thenbsp;senate. Now this was necessary for Caesar, at the end of thenbsp;five years to go to the Roman senate to advise that the gradenbsp;(should be given) to himself, or that some one else should benbsp;appointed thereto.

Thereafter he did not do this at all, save when he found the way and the issue of conquering those lands wherein henbsp;was: for he was afraid that after him some one would benbsp;appointed by the senate to attack them, and that he shouldnbsp;have the credit of conquering Gaul after almost all of it hadnbsp;been conquered by Caesar. Wherefore Caesar delayed, for thenbsp;space of another five years, to reduce the same nations tonbsp;obedience, contrary to the decision, and in despite, of thenbsp;whole Roman senate.

Then great envy and a vast feud grew between Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar. Thereafter Pompey the Greatnbsp;persuades the Roman senate to proscribe Caesar, and to decidenbsp;that he was constantly guilty as regards the royal Roman law,nbsp;for contravening their decisions.

Thence arose in Rome matter of disunion, and a civil war, and a war that was greater than (that) from the decision innbsp;tlie senate. For this is civil war, in the first place, a war innbsp;which every one rises to attack another of the folk of the samenbsp;city; and it was a war that was greater than (that), for notnbsp;only did the folk of the same city arise to begin that war, butnbsp;even gossips and friends, so that son was against father, andnbsp;(one) brother against another.

Now there were many causes and reasons why the mishaps of civil war were fated to arise at that time innbsp;Rome and in the senate. The first of these causes, thenbsp;cause by which every mighty, powerful people on tlie globe

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 380—381.

trascurti^M»'^ cech popol nertmar cumacMach isin chruinne .i. dimMS 7 innocbail 7 in mét menman da Hnadh ar mét a neirinbsp;240 7 a flaithiMsa 7 ar imad a innmMsa, ar ni bidh modh ar saidhbrisnbsp;na B,omhdnac/^ intan sin ar imad a n-oir 7 a n-airgid 7 a n-edach n-examaiZ, 7 ar caeimhe^ a cumdach do tighibh tait-nemachaift 7 do cabrachaiè® cumdaighthibh 7 do griananaibhnbsp;solMsaibh*, do longaib 7 do libhernaibb, do cairptibh 7 donbsp;245 cetherriadhaibh, do cbuacbaibh 7 do cornnaibh 7 copanaibh 7nbsp;d’imadh® cechamaithmsaarchena, 7 ar mét forbaind a caithmhe®nbsp;bidh 7 lenna acco al-lo no i n-aidhchi'^. Uair ni raiblie® donbsp;Romdwac/iaibh uile aenduine lasar’ miadh a radh co mbeith donbsp;tuaith nech budh ferr inas féin, co n-ordnitis doerclawna léo inbsp;250 n-ardclawwaibh 7 i n-ardcémennaibh trénaibh'* dar cenn óir 7nbsp;innmhais, co na rabhadar rechta nó cimiti senaidh ar coir occo,nbsp;CO mbidh miscais mór 7 miduthrac^^ la cech oenduine isinnbsp;caftraigh d’araile, cor’ba toil doibh uile adhbar in catha“nbsp;[d’fas etarru féin 7 eter a tuisechu dawo, co tairsedh each dibnbsp;266 a miduthracht 7 a miinnithim for araili.]

Adhbar ele don cath cathordha, in flaithiws do comroind iter tri tigernaidibh, uair i cein marws usee ós talamh 7 aer^inbsp;ÓS usee, 7 i cén bés in t-ésca utmall irc^radhach 7 in griannbsp;glanruithnech forórdha [for a rrith] nemhcumsgaigthech nem-26otairismechi2 ic in ordugwdi^ lae 7 aidhchi, [p. 381] ni fuigh-bitheriquot;* comann comcuhaid nó aentu firtairisi iter luc^t comroindtinbsp;flaithiMsa 7 ferainn dogres arbith na ar doman riam naiarMm^®.

Adhbar ele don cath cathordha, Marcus Crasus do mar-bad 1®, uair amail tairmisces in sliabh diana[d] ainm Istmos

‘ turscairt^er S. ^ caithmi S. ^ caprachaibh S. ¦* solwstaib S. ® do crandocaib, d’imforcraib 7 d’imfurail S. ® do caitbmi S.

’ eter laitbib 7 aidbebibb S. ® gona raibbi S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° in tsenaigb S.

garobo tol doib uili eter saer 7 daer adbbar catba 7 immairec d’fas etarru fein 7 eter a tuiseebaibb dawo co tarrsed each dib a nvidutrachtnbsp;7 a miinniti»» for araili S. gur bo toil doibb eter saer 7 daer adbar catanbsp;7 imaircc do fas iter a tuseeba 7 etturra fein daao, co tairsedh cac dibnbsp;a midutbracht 7 a miinnitim for araile F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;aer S. aor H.

nimechtaigb H. forarrith nembcumscugbthi nemtairismeach S. for a ritb nemcumscaicbte nemtairismeeb F. ic insorcugud S. fuigbtliear S.nbsp;“ S. andF. omit the last eight words. F. adds; la popal na Pairtecoda.

The Civil War of the Romans.

is abated and cast down, to wit, pride and glory and high spirit filled them because of the greatness of their strengthnbsp;and their lordship and the abundance of their treasure: fornbsp;at that time the wealth of the Romans was immeasurable,nbsp;because of the abundance of their gold and silver and matchlessnbsp;garments, and the beauty of the ornaments of their resplendentnbsp;houses, and their covered canopies and their shining sellers,nbsp;their ships, their galleys, their chariots and their four-horsednbsp;carriages, their beakers and horns and cups and abundance ofnbsp;every other good thing, and because of the extravagance ofnbsp;their consumption of food and drink by day or at nightnbsp;For of all the Romans there was not one man who deemed itnbsp;honorable to say that any of the people was better than himself; so that for sake of gold and treasure base clans werenbsp;arranged among them into high clans and into high mightynbsp;grades; and neither the laws nor the decisions of the senatenbsp;were rightly with them, so that every one in the City had greatnbsp;hatred and ill-will for another; and they all desired that anbsp;cause of war should grow among themselves and also amongnbsp;their leaders, so that each of them might attain his illwillnbsp;and his evil design on another.

Another cause of the Civil War was the disparting of dominion among three lords; for so long as water remainsnbsp;above earth and air above water, and so long as the restless,nbsp;fading moon and the pure-radiant, golden sun are on theirnbsp;immoveable, unstaying course, ordering day and night, harmonious fellowship or loyal union will never be found in thenbsp;world or on earth among sharers of dominion before or after.

Another cause of the Civil War: the killing of Marcus Crassus, for, as the mountain named Isthmus forbids the trium-

^ Phars. I. 160—164: Namque est opes nimias mundo fortuna subacto Intiilit etc.

In Catli Catharda. H. p. 380—381.

265 comsiledh comramhachi tonntaibhsenach mara loin 7 mara Eicc^ cena lecon a cenn^ araile, is amhbaidh sin ro tairmisc*nbsp;MarcMS Grams in cen ro bo béo in t-anbbtben esaentadhacb®nbsp;atracht iter Poimp Maighe 7 luil Césair iartain.

Adhbar ele don oath catharAha, in airdrighan lulia ingen 270 Césair do écc, uair i cein no mairedb sen® ic Poimp in comle-paidh no thairmiscfedb comergbi^ a hatbar 7 a cede, [conjnachnbsp;lécfedh necb i® cenn a chéile dibb.

Adbbar ele don oath catharda'-^ in borrfad mor aicnidb 7 in innoccbail inmedbonach ro bui i^® craidbi cecbtarde in danbsp;276airdrig^^ .i. Poimp 7 Césair. Eo bui do méd do cinedbaibbnbsp;in domain ro clói^^ Poimp 7 do mét fuair do degbtoici^® conicenbsp;sini* nar’bo miadb leis necb isin doman do cudrumugud^® fns.nbsp;Césair imniorro, do bf do airdi a aicnidb sen nar’ miadb leisnbsp;fós necb isin doman do derrscnugwt^ de féin, co wach frith acmuingi®nbsp;28ocoisc a moraicnidh male^'^ acht tre eitergleo[d] catha nama^®.

Adbar ele don catb catharda fós in t-imfuirech .V. mbb’a-dan imMrcraid doróine Césair dar andeóin an tsenaidh 'Bicmanaigh i tiribbi® Gallia, cowid aire sin ro aentaigb in senadb uile achtnbsp;becc ma^o rigbadb Poimp 7 ma^® dic^wr Césair dogrés.

286 Cidb fil ann tra, 0 ro érgidar na cuissi sin 7 na badhbnir imdba in catba catbordba^^ isin Roim féin iter da primbtbai-sech in righrechta Romhanta ro mcscad 7 ro morbuaidbred innbsp;vi^?^aithius Id.omdnach. Ro dluigbedh 7 ro dianscailedb smacbt-chain tsidbamaiP^ na hairdrighi Etalta fo cetbarairdibb nanbsp;290cruinne, co wdermatZb fot crithaig don uile doman ó ta in faiG®nbsp;i twrcaibb grian cosin inadb i fuinenn, 7 6 crichaib in cresa

' Istinos comtil comroc S. latmos comtuile 7 comrac F. ® eig S. “ conna leic each i ceann araili dib S. * tairind S. ® eassaentad S.nbsp;® sic S. drehena nó dd maradh sén H. ’ comérghidh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® a H.

® ce'taa S. a H. ** airdrlg H. na da rigmilegh rathmara S. na da rigmiled sin F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cloidh H. else S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;degtoicti S. degtoice F.

om. H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. étdrumugwd H. cudram. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;eemuing H.

immaille S. im malle F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;eicin S., eiccin F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tir S.

mo S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;acht do eirgedar na causi imda sin in catha cétna S.

tsi'ghamail H. sidamail S. sic F. S. doman i fail H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

jjhaiit wave-displaying confluence of the Ionian Sea, and the sea of Aegeus, and lets them not (go) against each other,nbsp;so Marcus Crassus, as long as he was alive hindered the disuniting storm which afterwards arose between Pompey the Greatnbsp;and Julius Caesar^.

Another cause of the Civil War was the death of the high queen Julia, Caesar’s daughter. For so long as she remained with Pompey in wedlock she would hinder the uprising of her father and her husband, so that she would letnbsp;neither of them (go) against the other

Another cause of the Civil War: was the great swelling of spirit and the internal glorying which was in the heart of each ofnbsp;the two high kings, Pompey and Caesar. Such was the number of the nations of the world that Pompey had subdued, andnbsp;such was the amount of fortune that he had found till then,nbsp;that he did not deign that anyone in the world should equalnbsp;him. As to Caesar, such was the height of his spirit that henbsp;was humiliated that any one in the world should excel him;nbsp;and (there were) no means of checking his pride save only bynbsp;decision of battle^.

Still another cause of the Civil War was the great delay of five additional years which Caesar made in the lands ofnbsp;Gaul against the will of the Eoman senate. Wherefore almostnbsp;the whole senate was always united for crowning Pompey andnbsp;expelling Caesar.

Well, then, when those causes and many reasons of the Civil War arose in Rome itself between the two chiefnbsp;leaders of the royal Roman rule, the kingly Roman dominionnbsp;was confused and greatly perturbed. The peaceful sway ofnbsp;the Italian empire was severed and swiftly scattered throughoutnbsp;the four airts of the globe, and the whole world became anbsp;‘sod of trembling’ from the point near which the sun risesnbsp;to the place at which he sets, and from the borders of the

^ Phars. I. too—103.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 113—117.

3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 120-126.

In Cath Catharda. H. pp. 381, 382.

tentidhe^ andes co himellbordaibh in fuarda^ adhfuair oighreta fothuaidh^, cowach frith samaiZ na cosmailes in buaidherthanbsp;bithgairbh ro fogluais in senadh Romhciwach 7 cricha 7 cenelanbsp;296 in domain intan sin, acht in cumusc 7 in combuaidhrecZ innisitnbsp;eolaigh 7 [lucht] ughdairrais^ do beith for na duilih domantaibhnbsp;i forbha 7 i forcenn® in betha .i. intan tuit[f]it'’ na renna rogh-lana asa sostaibh 7 asa n-inadhaibh fein, 7 intan dianscail[f]es ’nbsp;ler adhbul adhuathinwr na n-uisci n-ingantach dar dreich innbsp;sootalmaw, 7 intan bés imtuaircnech® 7 imlesadh na ndul cotars-na etarro fein ic a taifnech 7 i ca trenscaradh® on caradradhnbsp;comcuhaid 7 on recht aicnidh a fuilit, co laifiter^® uile i ndeilbhnbsp;choitchinn cumus[c]daii na maisi aenda ecruta i mbatar fordus^®.

Ni ba samail Aïdu dadéine 7 da tinnesnaighi ro comérighi® sosanfadh aicenta 7 robhurta rodimais, fich 7 forluinne Poimp 7nbsp;Césair ar [marbadh Marcws Gr asms, acht amal no cuirtheai'¹]nbsp;shabh Istmos asan inadh^® ro gabh iter muir loin 7 muir Eic,nbsp;7 no scuchad ruadhbuinne robhurta i'’ 7 ilar tonn taebhuainenbsp;in mara cechtardha dochum araile fochértóir da éis.

310 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[H. p. 382] Maircc ti'r 7 tuath, mairg popul 7 senadh, mairg

n'gha 7 taisechu^^ iter ar’ érigh inni atracht annsin isin Póimh .i. in cath cathordha. Ba maircc do lucht na Kómha 7 nanbsp;hEtaile, uair dosfancadar^® uilc mora triana bithin, [air robnbsp;imda seancathair cadMsach gan atreib acco de S.] ar^® robnbsp;sisimdha tech een vauniir 7 mür ’arna müradh 7 ferond eennbsp;trebhadh 7 gart een buain. Ba mairg tra don ciniudh doenda®®nbsp;in cath céfea, ar ni bi®i dibh ciniudh ó nadi tangas hi foirithinnbsp;Poimp Maighe wo'®® lul Césair don cath cathordha. Ba maircc

1

tentighe H. ® an fuardha H. innuarda S. induarda F. ® fóthuaigh H. * lucht eoluis 7 ughdartais S. lacht eolais 7 auchtarais F. ® forciniud S.nbsp;® tuitfid S. tuitfit F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ dianscailfés S. dienscailfes F.

® antan bias imthuaircneach 7 imlessad S. intan bies imtuairccnecb F. in-tuaircnech 7 intimlesadb H. ® ica taifneach taitmech 7 ica trenscain-redh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;loefiter S. laefiter F. laifigbter II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cumusetha F.

fortws S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tinnesnaigh H. tinneasnaighi S. tinwesnai^ie F.

sic S. acht amal no dicuirte F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;inua S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;rabcorta S.

” taisech H. taiseachu S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. tainic H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;oem S.

dona ciniuduib in domuin S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bui S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. 7 H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

torrid zone in the south to the edges of the cold, icy frigid zone in the north, so that the like or semblance of the ever-rough disturbance which then moved the Eoman senate andnbsp;the districts and nations of the world was never found, savenbsp;the confusion and turmoil which sages and authors say thenbsp;mundane elements will suffer at the completion and end ofnbsp;the world — that is, when the pure stars shall fall from theirnbsp;stations and their proper places, and when a vast and awfulnbsp;sea of wondrous waters shall swiftly spread over the face ofnbsp;the earth, and when there will be a mutual crushing and collision of the contrary elements among themselves at being loosenednbsp;and severed from the harmonious friendship and from thenbsp;law of nature wherein they are: so that all will be cast intonbsp;the common confusion of the unique formless mass wherein theynbsp;were at first.

After the killing of Marcus Crassus there was nothing comparable to the vehemence and the hastiness with whichnbsp;there arose a storm of natime and a flood of great pride i thenbsp;fury and wrath of Pompey and Caesar, except the mountain ofnbsp;Isthmus were cast out of the place it held between the Ioniannbsp;and the Aegean seas, and immediately afterwards the strongnbsp;outburst of flood and the multitude of green-sided waves ofnbsp;either sea (rushed) towards the other.

Woe to the country and tribeland, woe to the people and senate, woe to the kings and chieftains among whom arosenbsp;that which then arose in Rome, to wit, the Civil War! Woenbsp;to the folk of Rome and Italy, for great evils came to themnbsp;thereby, since many an ancient honourable city they had withoutnbsp;habitation, and many a house without household, and rampartnbsp;razed, and land untilled, and cornfield unreaped i. Woe to thenbsp;human race was the same war, for there was no nation fromnbsp;which men came not to the civil strife to help either Pompeynbsp;the Great or Julius Caesar. Woe to the people who invited

* Phars. 1. 24—29: At nunc semirutis pendent quod moenia tectis Urbibus Italiae etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 382.

do popM? do chuir in cath, uair is fair ro srainedh 6. Ba maircc 320 do Césair a comt/mall, uair is trit tainic a bas^. Amliail nonbsp;fasadh''^{1 2} maith do cech enduiue dibh don coccadh is amhlaicinbsp;ro bui a saint 7 a lainne acco uile, co wach frith léo aenduinenbsp;no beith ic a tairmesc.

Na da nghmilid rathmara rotrena sin .i. Poimp Maighe 3257 lul Cesair, ro bui écutrumus® mór 7 derrscnugwd'i dermairnbsp;iter ord a flaithiusa 7 in dram ^ a n-aicenta 7 a n-aissi. Poimpnbsp;Maighe cétus, fer mormenmnach, adhbhultren, ardcAowaich,nbsp;sidhamai?, socomairlech'' é, co febhM.s tidhnacail, co «-airdi aicnidh.nbsp;Acht cena ba foras-laech^ intan® sin, 7 nir’ bo thualaing gnimradnbsp;ssomiled do frecra²’, acM a thairisi asa deghgnimradhaibh feiiPquot; ronbsp;frecair fecht n-ailP^. Ocms bui do fot a foistine 7 a deghtoici^'^nbsp;isin Róimh cowice sin cowar’bo [infejadbrna^® fri frestal cocaidhnbsp;na catha, achf^'^ a thairm 7 a clu mor ica irrdercugwd fo cechnbsp;popol. Ocus in senadh ic a adhrad/j ar a uaisle 7 ar a onoraighinbsp;335 léo, 7 ar febhws a tidhnacail, coMach a cosmailitts acht madhnbsp;eochrann darach dermhaire forsa ngnathaighidi's faidhbh aesa^^nbsp;madhma do tobhairt^'’ la gentibh^’ dia n-idhbairt dona déibhnbsp;i logh coscair, co mbeith in dair dermair sin amhlaid sinnbsp;ré ré cfan co crinann^® 7 co feodhaigheimi-® cen ruse, cennbsp;34oduille, cen croicénn, cen toradh^o, co mbeidis a premha arnbsp;fogluasac/ii fuithi. Indar-let co tuitfedh'^^ la fuasnadh na cét-gaeithi dotiefadh^^, 7 ciamad^® imdha crann dosach degh-dighaind do cech aird uimpi is 1 a hoenwr ro adhairthea lanbsp;each ar a uaisle 7 ar a onoraighe leo. Ba hamlafd sin donbsp;346 Poimp Maighe iccon tsenadh Eomhanach.

1

‘ sic S. F. ro fils cena H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ Araisin cena amaZ no asad S.

° écruinnis H. ecudrumus S. eccutruniMS F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;² derscuccMcZh F.

® imiriin H. inrum S. indram F. ° adbclosach sithamail soc/ionaich S. sidamail soconaig F. ’ foroglaecli S. foras occlaech F. ® antan H.

2

sic S. fregi-adh H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;isna deggnimaib S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;riam S. riemh F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

the war, for on them defeat was inflicted! Woe to Caesar his undertaking, for through it came his death! As if goodnbsp;would accrue to every one of them from the warfare, so hadnbsp;they all desire and rage for it, so that not one among themnbsp;was found to hinter it.

As to those two royal, gracious, mighty soldiers, Pompey the Great and Juhus Caesar, there was great inequality andnbsp;vast distinction between the order of their lordship and thenbsp;achievement (?) of their nature and their age. Pompey thenbsp;Great, in the first place, (had been) a man highspirited,nbsp;mighty, wealthy, pacific, giving good counsel, with excellencenbsp;of bounty, with loftiness of nature. Howbeit at that timenbsp;he was a sedate warrior and unfit to respond to a soldier’s deeds, but he rehed on his own valiant deeds to whichnbsp;he responded on another occasion. Such was the length of hisnbsp;rest and his goodly fortune in Rome till then that he was notnbsp;fit to act in the service of warfare or battle; but his renownnbsp;and his great fame made him conspicuous throughout everynbsp;people. The senate, too, venerated him for their opinion of his nobility and his honourableness, and for the excellence of his bounty;nbsp;so that there was nothing like him save the stem of a hugenbsp;oak whereon the spoils of the vanquished were usually hung bynbsp;heathens to offer them to the gods in guerdon of triumph, sonbsp;that that huge oak may remain thus for a long space of time, tillnbsp;it withers and decays, barkless, leafless, without rind or fruit,nbsp;till its roots beneath it were moving. You would think that itnbsp;would fall at the tumult of the first-coming wind; yet thoughnbsp;many a bushy, luxuriant tree be around it at every point, itnbsp;alone would be venerated by every one because of its nobilitynbsp;and honourableness. Thus it was with Pompey the Great andnbsp;the Roman senate^.

Phars. I. 129—143; Nec coiere pares: alter uergentibus annis etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. 382—383.

Tuaruscbail Césair innso.

Cesair immorro, fer ievgach forniata; caem, corpuri; nier-dana, mórnienmnach: diic, diumsach, durdoiligh, di'anaicentach: tenn, tren, tarcaisnech, talchair: andiud^, amnws, athghér®,nbsp;360 ansergacliquot;^, allata, aniarraidh®, airctech*’, airbhertach: nemli-[n]air^, nemmertnech, nemnech, naimdemail. Ri** for righdhacWnbsp;7 miXid ar gnimaibh® gaile 7 gaiscid, tuir catha ar calmadus,nbsp;amlms ar éscaidhecA^.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a ratha 7 a afssi dó intansin.

Ni tuille[d]i^ buidhe fria nech, ni cM fas b[ai] icc a irrdercus, 355 acht a nert a lamha 7 a cruas a cridhe. Nis-fanic^® riam ninbsp;budh nar leis acht nemclódh a bidhbad hi cath. Nir’ coicillnbsp;do caraid na do namaid, acht ó do érghedh^^ a ferg no métaighedhnbsp;7 nó tormaighedh a gnimradha gaile 7 gaiscid for cech lo.

Ni ardadh fris tren [H. p. 383] ar nach tisadhi®.

360 IS amhlaid ba loinni*^ les techt cech consav^’’ no cingfelt;^i® tre raon slogh 7 tré todhaiR® fola, cor’ bo hi a samhail, saigh-nen taithneamhach tentidhe®® tisadh^i a huacA^ar aeoir®® documnbsp;talm aw co mbresmaidm foghair trein®® tre imaltur na gaoithinbsp;glanfuaire 7 nell uretrom®^ aerdha®“ triasa tic co fordhorchai[d]nbsp;366Soillsi in lae lansolwfs don[a] puplaibh imeclach[a] ata comh-foicsi dó, CO wach frith[t]airis fris trén no tairmisced co llae andnbsp;ar daine®® ic toitim anuas 7 ar|n]aill ic tinntódh®^ suas dori[di]se,nbsp;ar teclaim 7 ar tinól a thenti esrainti®® lesin soighnen.

Ba hamhlafd sin do Césair dirfw, uair saighnén taitnemach 370 tenedh ar soillsi 7 ar sochraidhecht 7 ar mét nó frithardad each:nbsp;toidhecht®®in tsaighnén anuas docum talmaw .i. Césair do toidecA^

‘ atacaemhnacair osse S. ata caonmacair ose F. ^ andiuit S. aindiuit F. ® acheir S. aicher. * anserg S. ainseircc F. ® andiarraid S. F. ° airceach S.nbsp;aircctech F. ’ nemhndr S. ® Ri'gli H. ” gnimartaibh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a H. antan II.

natuilleadS. nisfainic F. nisfanic S. Nisfarnic II. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;acbf gwr erigh S.

acht CO n-eirsed F. darna tisad S. darna tiosadh F. laind S. bad lainn F. ” gacha conairi S. cowaireF. cinnfed H. cincefedhF. toghail H-tentighe H. taitnes F. ethoir F. trein 7 toirnighi S. tren 7nbsp;toirnige F. trése H. ** le uretroma H. 7 nell uredrum aerda in aeoirnbsp;S. 7 nell uretrom aerda inn aeoir F. colae and ar daini S. colla an»nbsp;ar daine F. colaidh ar dainibh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tinntogh H. tintud F. tindtud S.

** esraithe S. a teidted esraite leiss F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toigheebt H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

A Description of Caesar here.

Caesar, now, (was) a man angry, valourous, fair, bulky, madly-bold, high-spirited, very difficult, haughty, dour and grievous, vehement-natured, firm, strong, contemptuous, self-willed, unsimple, severe, keen, unloved, famous, wrathful, cunning (?),nbsp;eloquent (?), unashamed, indefatigable, venomous, hostile.

A king in kingship and a soldier in deeds of valour and bravery, a battle-tower in courage, a soldier in activity.nbsp;In the floodtide of his grace and his age was he then. Henbsp;used to fawn on no one. No empty fame was his celebrity,nbsp;but force of his hand and hardness of his heart. Nevernbsp;befell him aught that he deemed a shame, save the non-defeatnbsp;of his enemies in battlei. He spared neither friend nor foe;nbsp;but when his wrath would arise he would day by day greatennbsp;and increase his deeds of valour and bravery.

No strong one used to rise up against him whom he did not overcome.

Thus it was his pleasure to wend every way that he would go, through rout of armies and pouring of blood; sonbsp;that this was his semblance 2, a bright fiery thunderbolt comingnbsp;from the upper region of the air towards the earth, with thenbsp;crashing of a mighty noise through the centre of the pure-coldnbsp;wind, and an exceeding light aerial cloud through which itnbsp;comes, obscuring the splendour of the full-bright day, to thenbsp;terrified peoples who are in its neighbourhood, so that no onenbsp;opposes it strong enough to check it, wherefore it slaughtersnbsp;men as it falls down, and again as it returns upwards, afternbsp;collecting and gathering its fires scattered by the thunderbolt.

Thus then was it with Caesar, for a bright thunderbolt of fire in lustre and beauty and size was afflicting (?) everyone.nbsp;The coming of the thunderbolt from above towards earth, thatnbsp;is, Caesar coming out of the rooftree and the upper part of

^ Phars. i. 145: solusque pudor non uincere hello.

* Phars. i. 151—157: Qualiter expressum uentis per nubila ful-men etc.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 383.

a feic[i] 7 a huachter in domain .i. asin Eoim i tirib Gallia: Fordorc/iae soillsi in lae don tsaighnen .i. Qemir d’fortamlugtn^nbsp;for clu 7 for errdarcMS Poimp Maigifee. Ara mora ’co« tsaighnen

375 oc techt 7 ic tinntodhi, ara mora la Césair for luci^^ na Gallia ic \Gcht on Poim, ara mora for luci^^ na hEtaile ic tinntódhinbsp;a muigh na Tesaile. A thente esrainte^ do tinól [lasin saignen,nbsp;a sloigh 7 milet^ha loiscctecha®] do tinol la Cesafr asin Roimnbsp;7 a tiribh Gallia 7 a hinis Bretan docum in catha cathordha.

380 Cuisi^ 7 adhbuir in catha cathordha conicQ sin. In seel fein innister 'nar ndiadh festa®.

Toghail dénna Arimin annso sis.

[0]ro scaich® do Césair traethad^ 7 tenngabail tin Galha 7 lochta^Lochlann® 7 innsiBretanfri ré na .x. mbliacïaw adubra-38Bmar, imsae reme docum na hEtaile. Fuidhis'* léghaidhe’^® 7 luchtnbsp;slighedh^i uadh d’innsaighi in tsenaidh d’iarrmt? buadha forronbsp;7 d’iarrait? fuillidh cowsulacAifa uatha, uair ro scaich do^^ riar-uchudh na n-uile ciniudh ro erbadh fris. 0’tcuala in senadhi'*nbsp;Romhanach am sén dorónadh cinniudh senaidh occo, tre fwrailnbsp;390 7 tre aslach Poimp, conach léicciithea Césair maraon 7 a sloghnbsp;isin cathrai^ tri bithu, acht damad ail lais a buadhugMtï onnbsp;tsenadh no faicfedhi* a sloghu i sléibh Elpa 7 dodicsedhi® feinnbsp;docum na catArach.

O ro haisneded^® do Cesair sin ba derbh deimhin leis co-sob madh d’imbert bais fair no bethea aca dedhaiP^ fria slogh, 7 ro cinn aici féin nach rachadh don Roimh tri bithu cin lin catha uime.

Tainic iarum Césair ’na reim righ reimhe cor’ tairmceimnig sair cech ndi'rech^o dar senbennaibh snechtaidhi^i sléibhe uraird

^ tinntogli H. ^ easraithi S. ® sic F. lasannaig. a sloigh 7 milid loiscteacha S. * Causi S. cussi F. ® innisis nar ndi'agh festa 11. in seelnbsp;fen immorro sisana fodcsta coleio S. in seel fesni sisana fesfa coleice F.nbsp;® scaith H. scaich S. F. ’ sic S., F., truchta H. ** Lochlainni S. LocLand F.nbsp;® Fnighis H. 7 fuidis S. 7 foidis F. legaiti S. leccaiti F. “ slighidh H.nbsp;uair sochoisc H. an H. in senad 7 in popul S. no faebad S.nbsp;no tiefad S. no diccsedh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;haisnési H. haisneded S. F.

” deghail H. dedail S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dogres S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. tarchur ceimnigh H.

tarceimnigh S. gach ndiriuch S. snechtaighi 11. tar benduib bithfuara S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

the world, that is, out of Eome into the lands of Gaul. The darkening of daylight by the thunderbolt, that is, Caesar surpassing Pompey the Great in fame and distinction. The greatnbsp;slaughters (caused) by the thunderbolt in coming and turningnbsp;were the great slaughters (committed) by Caesar on the peoplenbsp;of Gaul when he came from Rome, the great slaughters on thenbsp;people of Italy when he turned on the plain of Thessaly. Itsnbsp;strown fires collected by the thunderbolt were his armies andnbsp;his fiery soldiers collected by Caesar out of Rome and the landsnbsp;of Gaul and the island of Britain, towards the Civil War.

So far the causes and reasons of the Civil War. The story itself is now related hereinafter.

The Sack of the Portress of Ariminum here below.

When Caesar had finished subduing and violently seizing the country of Gaul and the folk of Lochlann and of the islandnbsp;of Britain, for the space of the ten years that we have mentioned,nbsp;he turns forward to Italy. He sent legates and envoys to thenbsp;senate to ask them for a triumph, and to demand the extension of (his) consulate, for he had finished the reduction of allnbsp;the nations that had been committed to him. When the Roman senate heard that, through Pompey’s direction and persuasion, they passed a decree, that Caesar should never be allowed into the city together with his army; but that, if he desirednbsp;to have a triumph from the senate, he should leave his armiesnbsp;in the Alps and he himself come to the city.

When that was told to Caesar, he was sure and certain that they were separating him from his troops in order to killnbsp;him; and he resolved that he would never go to Rome withoutnbsp;an army around him.

Then came Caesar forward in his royal course, and marched right on eastward over the ancient, snowy peaks of the

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 383—384.

Elpa cosin uathadh sloigh tarrustair^ imaille fns .u. c,ét ar .d. mvaile, cor’ gabh sossadh 7 longp/iort for bru srotha^ Rubicon inbsp;coicrich a feraind féin 7 tiri na bEtaile.

Ro bui ac a tbur 7 ic a scrutain ina menmain annsin^ axnail dogenadh^ a[n] cocadh 7 dobéradh an® cath. Atcowdairccnbsp;Césair fis adamp;mhva. 7 aisling® ingnadh intan sin for bru innbsp;iostsrotha .i. adar-leis in Roim do toidhecht i^ ndeilbh mna danbsp;innsaigicZ, co cruth socarchain siredrocht [H. p. 384] tre cabur-dorcha na haidhchi forscathaighi furri. Foirc[s]i broin 7 toirrsinbsp;for a gnuis. Trillsi liatha lansochraidhi for scailiudh 7 fornbsp;esrethiudh® ima cenn cumdacA^a. Doiti tarrnoc^^a aicci ic^nbsp;4iofrestal in catha. Crithomhani® 7 imecla fwirri. Cned mor^i 7nbsp;accaine adhbul lóe.

Ro gabh for a^^ acallaim, idar leis, 7 itbert^® co forniata: Cia cowair tiaghar^'^ in remi® sea, a firu? ol si. Cia lethnbsp;berthai mo meirgi libh? Ma seitche dlighidhi® no senbés,nbsp;4i6anaidh [sunn] ic sruth Rubicon, uair ni dlegwr techt tairis conbsp;frestal mergedh no arm.

Ro driuch tra Césair co huathbasach imeclach adhbul 0 inn CO bonn, 7 ro cruadhaigh 7 ro chataighi^ a folt ’ma cennnbsp;ré mét na graine 7 in uathfais dos-fainic. Ro gabh ic edwr-420guidhe na ndei n-adhartha ’arsin im soirbheochadh a réimei®,nbsp;CO ndebhairt: aloib uilecumactóaigh, olse, a dée na Troghiandanbsp;in ciniudha Ule[c]ta2®, 7 a Romhaill righ-duiligh, 7 a tendtinbsp;bidhbe[o]da2i [ijna tempull Vestallda^*, co mbé for furtacA^nbsp;7 bur foirithin malle frim! A mnamail na cumacA^ach^s

^ tharrassair S. tarrwsair F. * sic S. F. mara H. ^ andsin S. * dodenadh H. dogenad F. ^ in S. a H. ® aislingi S. ’ toighecht a H.nbsp;® esriugud S. esredmd F. i S. F. *quot; crith oniain S. F. “ cnetta mora F.nbsp;** om. H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;isbeart S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tiagair in reim S. berair in reim F.

*** mosfechti dligead S. ma seichti dliccetZ F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ro driuch tra Cesair

CO huathbasach asa cotlad ar sin. Ro lin adhuath 7 imegla a uili ballu S. Ro diuctra Cesair co huathbasach asa codlad arsin. Ro lin adhuath 7nbsp;imeccla a uili balla F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro cruadaidh 7 rochadaidh H. ro cataig F.

im soirbhiugud arreimmi S. im soirtiuccMfZ a reime F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a dei

Troianna S. Troienda F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;luleata F. Uilecta S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bithbeo S.

bitbeoa F. *** iudalta S. Vestalta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cumachta S. F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

lofty Alps, with the few of the army that staid with him, 5500, till he halted and encamped on the bank of the rivernbsp;Kubicon, on the border of his own land and country of Italynbsp;He was there searching and scrutinizing in his mind hownbsp;he should carry on his warfare and deliver his battle. On thenbsp;bank of the river Caesar then saw a wonderful vision and anbsp;strange dream. It seemed to him that Rome came to him innbsp;guise of a woman with a fair and goodly, ever-bright form,nbsp;through the dark covert of the shadowy night above her. Annbsp;appearance of grief and sorrow was on her face. Grey, full-many tresses dishevelled and spread round her covered head:nbsp;arms all bare awaiting the battle: tremulous fear and dreadnbsp;were upon her: great sighing and vast lamentation she had.

It seemed to him that she began converse with him and said valourously: „On what path is this course going, ye men?“nbsp;quoth she. „Whither do ye bring my standards? If ye follownbsp;law or ancient custom, stay here at the river Rubicon, for itnbsp;is not meet to cross it with attendance of standards or arms^“nbsp;So Caesar fretted terribly, fearfully, hugely, from crownnbsp;to sole, and the hair round his head hardened and stiffened (?)nbsp;at the greatness of the horror and the terror which befell him.nbsp;He afterwards began to supphcate the adorable gods to prospernbsp;his course, and he said: „0 almighty Jove, 0 gods of thenbsp;Trojans of the Juhan race, and 0 Romulus royal-creative (?),nbsp;and O everliving fires of the Vestal temples, let your help andnbsp;succour be along with me. O rival of the all-golden powersnbsp;on earth!quot; saith he, that is, O Rome most noble, „mayst thou

* Phars. I. 183—185: lam gelidas Caesar cursu superauerat Alpes Ingentesque animo motus bellumque futurum Ceperat. Ut uentum estnbsp;parui Rubiconis ad undas, etc.

2 Phars. I. 186—192: Ingens uisa duci patriae trepidantis imago clara per obscuram uoltu maestissima noctem, etc.

Irische Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 384.

426 foj'ordha i talma^’w dic^w, ol se, .i. aRóimh rouasal, co ro cungna linn, ar ni dot aimles na dot ingreini tlaghar in turussa, achtnbsp;is dot saerac? ó na tigernaighibh diumsacha domfuilet iuirxi^.nbsp;Nach faici^ do mSHcl diles^ féin .i. Césair, ’ar nibreith coscairnbsp;dot naimdibb for ti'r 7 for muir. is é is cinntacb ann, intinbsp;43otriallMs ar scaradb .i. Poimp^.

Ó tairnic do Césair inn® edargbuidbe sin, ro lin robbarta® feirgi 7 lonnwis é trena tur 7 trena scrutan féin, 7 tainic conbsp;dian tinnesnacb [gona mileduib les^] do tecbt dar srutb Rubicon, Bmail is® déne tisadb in® leomban Affracdba docum anbsp;436nambat ’arna lonnngwd 7 ’arna iergagud tresin esargadb^® do-bert féin da erball fair, ar innisit na fisidi^i conacb erigbnbsp;luinde in leombain dogres conas fritbardann^^ necb ele no enbsp;féin, cowidb edb dogni iarwm intan atci a nambait 7 nacbnbsp;innsaigbi^® fair, esargudb^^ dermair don mill móradbbul bis for anbsp;440 erball do^® gabbail dar a forinna féin, co n-erigb a ferg trit-sin, 7 CO scuicb^® foc^éiióir docbum a nambat cen omun buillenbsp;no urcbuir fair^b

IS amlaid sin ro fas ferg 7 luinne Césair don tur 7 don imradbugMc^i® dorine^® féin, co tainic focbétóir do Üiecht darnbsp;446 srutb Rubicon cona, slógbaibb leis. IN [srutb] bi sin a toburnbsp;becc siles a bunadb, 7 is é is coicricb do luc^^ na Gallia 7 donbsp;catbaibb^® na bEtaile. Becc 7 mesMrdba é 7 urusa a tbocA^®inbsp;i n-aimsir samhxaidh. Badwr tri badbbwV métaigbtbi aigi intannbsp;sin rainic Césair CMigi .i. aimsir gembreta ann, 7 tres uatbaidbnbsp;46oar[ai] ais^^ ésci, aes ina gnatb tuile fleocbadb isén dogres. In

* S and F. omit acht... fuirri. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ Nach faici S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;F. Ni faici H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ dilsi S.

om. H. ® inn S. in F. an H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;®nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;robhurta H. ’nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. ® as F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® an H.

easargniigud S. essairgniuccwd F. '' innisit na fisidi S. inisid na fisigi H. conach ric a les Midhi in leomhain dogres 7 conas frithardhadh H.nbsp;gonach erigh a ferg na luindi in leomuin dogres conas fritartann S. arnbsp;innisit na Aside connach eirig luinne in leomiti'm conos fritardann fen nonbsp;nech aile e F. na hindsaigh S. na hinnsaig F. eassargnugud S.nbsp;essairccniuccitd F. for ind erball daS. for inn a erbaill doF. 4® 7 conbsp;souch S. F. co toddisoenn H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;g^n omhunnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;builli no urcuir S. gan

omon builli no urcair fair F. co nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toimdenn buillenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;no urchur fairnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;IT.

4® imragud S. ’s doroinne S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gaib S. catib F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a theacht

isin tesbuidh 7 S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;arai aesa S. arai sesse F.

The Ci^il War of the Romans.

help us, for not to injure thee nor to persecute thee is this expedition set on foot, but to save thee from the haughty lordsnbsp;who are over thee^. Seest thou not thine own, own soldier,nbsp;Caesar, after triumphing over thine enemies on land and onnbsp;sea? He is the guilty one therein, he who tries to separatenbsp;us“, to wit, Pompey^.

When Caesar finished that supplication, a floodtide of anger and indignation fiUed him, through his own search and scrutiny, and he came vehemently and hastily with his soldiers tonbsp;cross the river Rubicon^; just as most vehemently the African lion would charge his foes, after being infuriated andnbsp;enraged by lashing himself with his own tail; for they whonbsp;know say that the lion’s wrath does not arise until he himself or some one else attacks (?) him. Wherefore this he dothnbsp;when he sees his foes approaching him, a vast lashing with thenbsp;huge tuft on his tail he puts over his own shoulders, sonbsp;that his wrath arises thereby, and he rushes at once towardsnbsp;his foes, without fear of blow or missile upon himh

Thus then Caesar’s wrath and rage arose from the searching and meditation which he made: so he came anon to cross thenbsp;river Rubicon with his armies. That river rises from a littlenbsp;dropping well, and is the boundary between the folk of Gaulnbsp;and the battalions of Italy. Small and moderate and easy isnbsp;its flow in time of summer. There were three causes for itsnbsp;increase when Caesar came to it, namely (first), it was thenbsp;wintry time, and (second) it was the third (night) as regardsnbsp;the moon’s age®, when abundant moisture is usual. The third

» literally ‘her’: cf. 1. 614.

2 Phars. I. 195-203.

^ Phars. I. 204: Inde moras soluit belli tumidumque per amnem Signa tulit propere.

* Phars. I. 205—212: sic ut squalentibus aruis Bestiferae Libyes uiso leo comminus hoste, etc.

® i. e. the third night after the change of the moon.

3*

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 384—385.

tres aclhbar dldu, a lan^ do snechta sleiblie Elpa do sibudb* ann la tinfedb na gaeitbi in airdes cecb ndlrecb, cor’ lin sen®nbsp;na tola tromtuile be, co rainicc dar bruacb srotba'*' Rubicon,nbsp;cor’ doirbb® a tbecbt la mét a tuile.

455 Ro coraigb Césair a marcslogb re® hucM in tsrotba sin on bruacb co ’raile^, 7 ro cbuir a® traigbtbecba re taobb, conbsp;rancadar imslan® dar in srutb cen raon^®, cen badbudb eichnbsp;[p. 385] na duine don tslógb ann don dula sin.

IC tabbairt a coissi” do Cesair i mbruacb alltoracb^^ in 460tsrotba, is ann sin asbert Césair; Facmaid andso^® ar sitb 7nbsp;ar caradradb re Incht na Rómba, ar sé. Cidb fil ann festanbsp;acht in toictbiu^^ do lenmain co toir iudicecA^ 7 etergleodb innbsp;catba moir etraind^^

Seolaidi® Césair in aidbcbi sin co nemlesc nembsadbaiP^, 466 ama? is déne doragbadb clocb a tailm no saigbet a fidbbaci®,nbsp;CO rue a dirim slóigb 7 socbraidi leis do togbaiF® dénna Ari-min, catbair I'sen bui 1 combfocMS do fo mamus Poimp 7 innbsp;tsenaidb Rombdwm’^^, co rancadwr na slóigb in baile la dobbur-soillsi^® na maitne muicbi arnambaracb.

Do bl tromnélgbal dorcba dubbclacb isin maidin i tus in lae sin. Bui do mét na ciacb co rancadar slóigb Césair co tainbsp;tostadbacb^i docum dénda Arimin, cor’ saidbset^^ a mergedbanbsp;for lar in baile 2®, 7 nlr’ airgbedar^^ lucht in margaidb lat^*'nbsp;Moco cualadar glaedb^® beccedbacb [n]a stoc slescbain slemb-476ainsolMs 7 na cornd comdirecb 7 na cuislenn catba, anal-fadbacb na n-ecb, setfedbacb na mile«Z, 7 scrédgaire na fagba^’nbsp;faebbracb firgér, 7 geóin in morslóigb ic gabbaiP® in margaidb.

^ araill S. * scailiudh S. scailmd F. “ coro sil side F. gur sil sin S. * dar bruachaib i sruth S. dar a bruiccib i srutb F. ® gwr bo hainces F.nbsp;gurbo inces F. ® ro S. ’ co araill S. ® na S. ® gur’ ranic imslan cowanbsp;slógb S. gan raen gan banw S. ceissi S. alltaracb S. om. H.

toictiu S. toicthin H. echtraind S. Tainic in adhaigh fuisin 7 Soaidb S. nembsdghail H. fidbecc S. da todail 7 d’indradh S.

dobhorsolMS S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;taetfeeneach S. taeithenach F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;saighset H.

saidsett F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;margaidb S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;na ro fairigbset S. nico airigbsett F.

lucbt in baili beds S. lucht in baile beos F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gleodb S.

glaed F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fogha S. foga F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;comgabuil S. comgabhail F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

cause was the abundance of the Alpine snow which dropt there with the forthright blast of the south-east wind, and it fillednbsp;the floods of heavy deluge, and came over the brink of thenbsp;river Rubicon, so that it was difficult to cross from the greatness of the spate h

Caesar arranged his cavalry against that river, from one brink to the other, and put the infantry beside them, so thatnbsp;on that occasion they (all) came safe through the stream, withoutnbsp;breaking (a rank) without drowning a horse or man of the army

When putting his foot on the further bank of the river, Caesar said: „Here we quit our peace and our friendship withnbsp;the folk of Rome! What is there now save to follow Fortune,nbsp;until the adjudication and decision of the great battle comenbsp;between us®?“

That night Caesar proceeds unslackly, unlazily, with the greatest swiftness that a stone woifld speed from a shng or annbsp;arrow from a bow; and he brought his numberless host andnbsp;anny to sack the fortress of Ariminum®, that town near to him,nbsp;which was under the sway of Pompey and the Roman senate.nbsp;On the morrow the troops reached the town in the twihght ofnbsp;early morning on the morrow.

There was a heavy dark cloud of black mist in the morning at the beginning of that day. So dense was the mist that Caesar’s troops came still and silently towards the fortress ofnbsp;Ariminum, and pitched their standards in the midst of the town.nbsp;The market-folk did not perceive them till they heard thenbsp;sonorous clang of the fair-sided, smooth-bright trumpets, of thenbsp;straight horns, and of the pipes of battle, the snorting of thenbsp;horses, the panting of the soldiers, the screaming of the keen,nbsp;edged javelins, and the confused noise of the great host seizingnbsp;the market-placeb

1 Phars. 1.213—219; Fonte cadit modico paruisque impellitur undis etc. - Phars. I. 220—222: Primus in oblicum sonipes opponitur, amnem, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sic fatus noctis tenebris rapit agmina ductor etc. Phars. 1. 228—231.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 232—238: lamque dies primes belli uisura tumultusnbsp;Exoritur, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 385—386,

Ro bnssedh comsanadh [popuil dénna Arimin desin. Tucad/t duscadh namhat 7 tidhuabairt echtrand [7 buaidredh ^ bidbad]nbsp;480 for ócaibh^ in bade annsin. Do érghedar annsin^ luc/^# gaisc«(?nbsp;an bailed docuin® a n-arm, 7 ro gabhacUi cloidhmhe inaelanbsp;inergecha^ 7 sleglia cenncroma crithanaclia, 7 scéith imellcn'nanbsp;arsaidhi’’, ar ni bui a rfachtaiiMS a les® occo fri ré ciana® arnbsp;tinne 7 ar trebhurdaingne na smac/^Aana [sida] boi occo^°.

485 Tancadwr for mur an bade ’arsin, 7 twcsat aitline for mergedhaibh na RomhdwacZi. Ba suaitlinigh a ndath sen 7nbsp;ba urMsa aitline forro, ar bui delbh aqudi in cech taebh inerginbsp;dibh^^. Ar tri haddbaraibh^s dobertbea in t-ordugwd sin fornbsp;mergedhaibb na Romdwacb. IN céfea fatb dibb, co tuicidbi^nbsp;490 each giirob do sd loib doibb, uair én coisreetba^^ do loib inn^®nbsp;aquil. In fatb ele didtj, co tuicidb cacb gwrob comfocMS innbsp;flaitbiz«s Jiomkdnach do ^aitliius na ndéi, ar aisi an aquil énnbsp;is airdi foluanibain for bitb. An tres fatb co tuicedb eachnbsp;tigermis na Romhdwacb do beith ós na buiKö dhainibb in do-496 main, amail ata tigeruMs na haqwdi for na huilibh ethaidibh,nbsp;0 ro aitbnighedartra na haqwili aithinte^® 7 na mergedhanbsp;Romhdwacha ic luc^^ dénna Arimin, 7 o ro tenesat^® Cesairnbsp;in[a] éo ard aighthidhi i medhón in tsloigh, ro bidbgsat fochéifoirnbsp;7 ro lin omhan 7 iinecla ic faicsin Césair. [Rogabsat icnbsp;500 uchbadhaigh 7 ac egaini moir co tai tastacb^® toitbenacb S.]nbsp;Uch^i, ar cech fer dibb ina memnain, mairg dana[d] fót duth-aigh in feronn so, mairg do^^ cumdaigh a chathraigh [in] alt

‘ sic S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ buaigredh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® ogbaid S. ocebaid F.

'* Adraohtadar (Atractatar F.) la sodain S. denna S. F. ® do etiud S, do eidiudb F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ arsaighi H. Rogabad e cum claidmi maela mergidi

7 a slegha croma crithcennaeba 7 a cathsciatha crincaidleacha 7 a lethar na sciatb ina bretaigh brisdi impo ar sine 7 ar arrsaidbec/ii S. Ro gab-sat emh a claidbe maela meirccide 7 a slega cromae crit-cenmai 7 anbsp;ccathscietai crinohaidhlecba 7 a letarsceitb etc. F. ® lessa- ® fri re ciannbsp;remisin S. smacht cana sidha bui acco S. “ Bad suaichinti iadseinnbsp;dano S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ba hurusa a n-aichni ar dealba agwili no bidis forro, S.

fathaibh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tuicced S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;coisecarta S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. in H.

taitnedar S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;aichinti S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tencad S. “ tostadhach S.

Och S. 22 ro S.

Tlie Civil War of the Romans.

The rest of the people of the fortress of Arimiimra was broken thereby. A ‘wakening of foes’, and an ‘attack by foreigners’, and a ‘disturbance by enemies’ ^ was then inflicted onnbsp;the warriors of the town. Then the braves of the place wentnbsp;to their weapons; and swords blunt and rusty, and spearsnbsp;crook-pointed, quivering, and ancient shields with decayed rims,nbsp;were taken, for they had not needed them for long spaces ofnbsp;time, because of the rigidity and strong firmness of the peacefulnbsp;disciplinary law to which they were subject 2.

Then they came on the rampart of the town and recognised the standards of the Romans. Well-known was their colour, and easy it was to recognise them, for the form of annbsp;eagle was on each side of the standard. For three reasonsnbsp;the Roman standards were arranged in that wise. The firstnbsp;cause was that every one might understand that the Romansnbsp;were of the race of Jove, for the eagle is a bird sacred to Jove.nbsp;The second cause was that every one might understand thatnbsp;the Roman dominion was near to the dominion of the gods,nbsp;since the eagle is the bird whose flight is highest on earth.nbsp;The third cause was that every one might understand that thenbsp;lordship of the Romans was over all the men of the world, asnbsp;the lordship of the eagle is over all the birds.

So when the people of the fortress of Ariminum recognised the well-known eagles and the Roman standards, and when they saw Caesar (standing) as a high, formidable yewtree amid thenbsp;army, they started at once, and fear and dread filled them atnbsp;beholding Caesar. They began to groan and to lament in stillness and silence. „Alas“, said every man of them in his mind,nbsp;„woe to him whose ‘proper sod’ is this land! woe to him that

^ Three proverbial phrases.

^ Phars. I. 239—243; Rupta quies populi, stratisque excita iuuentus Deripuit sacris adfixa penatibus arma, etc.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 385—386.

in inaidh-sea .i. i coicnch na hEtaile 7 tire Gallia, uair cidli sidh bes in cech inadh bidh cocadh ann*, 7 ni fólith nac^ ronbsp;snssuidigh in toicthi i n-airther no i ndescert in domhain [p. 386]nbsp;sinn^, uair cech longport 7 cech creich 7 cech sluoighedh ticfadhnbsp;do innredh na hEtaile bidh ocoinde a ce^gress, a.maU tancadwrnbsp;popuil brutlimwra na Cim[br]ecdha intan tancadttr^ i n-aghaidhnbsp;in tsenaidh 'RórahaTiaigh. Is 1' so slighi tainic^ Anibhel co slóghnbsp;610 na hAffraice malle fris do toghail na Rómha. [Is (i) in cetoanbsp;fos tancadar laechraidh na Lochlaindi d’innrad na Roma, S.]nbsp;Cidhtrac^^ acht cebe minca ro impodh in toici^ riamh ar innbsp;Róimh isi so slige cech sloigh 7 conair cech catha dia saighi[d].

Rob é sin tra imradhugw^ji 7 aCcaine^ incleithe cech aen-6i6duine foleith i ndinn Arimin®, 7 nir lamh nech dibh ac lais-iecht sin uadha ar ecla Césair, acht [siad ’na ndirmaibh 7 na mbuidhnibh co hutmall anfosaigh, co tostach toethenach,nbsp;fon samail sin], axaail bis ealtadha'^ anbosaidhi na n-en folu-aimnech ’ar mbéin na fiiardha iigemhreta fnu®.

620 Tainic lansoillsi in lai fae sin, 7 ro gabh Césair in bade ’arsin.

Tocastal slogh Cesafr®.

Dorócfeiadwr atinne adhanta feirgi 7 hicht aslaigh 7 urala in morcatha docum Césair annsin .i. ceithri trebhainn toghaidhi

’ gid sidh no cumsanad bes in uili poiplib na hEtaili bid cocad 7 bid fogluasacisf duinni S. ® Ni folith nacb and ron-suidhigh in toictiunbsp;i n-imeal airtearach no descertach no tuaiscertach in domuin resin ron-suidigheadh i sund. Cetcreach 7 ceflongport gacha sloigh eachtrainnnbsp;tic d’indriud na hEtaili dogres, is frinne bewas cetcumscugudb cogaid nanbsp;Gaillia. Atacowncammar popul brutb[a]cb na Cimbreta intan adractadar, S.nbsp;® forsa tainic S. * Cidh fil and tra acht ge pidh mewci ro impa in toictiu S.nbsp;® aicnedh H. Rob ed sin tur mewman 7 acainni, S. Robot sin fur menmannbsp;7 accaoinne F. ® i ndinn Airimin F. im dénna Arimin, H. ’ teladha H.nbsp;® acht siad ’na ndirmaibh 7 ’na mbuidhnibh co hutmall anbhosaigh co tastachnbsp;taethenach fon samail sen amail bid ealtada anboistineacba en foluaim-nech iar mbein na haduairi gemreta fria S. acht siet na n-armaibb 7nbsp;na mbuidnfb co hutmall anbsocb co tostach taethenach fon samail sin,nbsp;amal bit eltadba anbsacha na n-en foluaimnech ar mbeim na haduairenbsp;geimreta friu, F. ® sic S. om. H. Toichestal sloicch cesair F.

4.

The Civil War of the Romans.

built his city on the height (?) of this place, to wit, on the border of Italy and the land of Gaul; for though there he peace innbsp;every (other) place there is warfare here. It would have beennbsp;lucky had Fortune settled us in the east or in the south ofnbsp;the world: for every leaguer and every raid and every hostingnbsp;which w'ould come to harry Italy, its first attack is on us. Sonbsp;came the furious folks of the Cimbri, when they marchednbsp;against the Roman senate. This is the way that Hannibalnbsp;came, along with the army of Africa, to sack Rome. Thisnbsp;is the same (way) also that the warriors of Lochlann came tonbsp;haiTy Rome. What then, as often as Fortune has been turnednbsp;against Rome, this is the way of every host and the path ofnbsp;every battalion towards it^.

That was the reflexion and secret lamentation of every one apai-t in the fortress of Ariminum. For fear of Caesar, no onenbsp;durst let it be heard from him; but they were thus in theirnbsp;bands and multitudes, roaming and unsteady, even as arenbsp;irresolute flocks of fluttering birds after the wintry cold hasnbsp;smitten them 2.

Thereupon came the full light of the day®, and after that Caesar took the town.

The Muster of Caesar’s Armies.

Torches for kindling anger, and persuaders and enjoiners of the great battle, then came to Caesar, to wit, four choice

’ Phars. I. 244—257: Ut notao fulsere aquilae Romanaque signa, etc. * Phars. I. 258, 259: Gemitu sic quisque latenti. Non aiisus timu-isse palam, etc.

“ Noctis gelidas lux solverat umbras, Phars. I. 261.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 386.

626 do Rómlidwacfciibh .i. MarcMs Antonius 7 Puplius Oasius 7 Celius 7 Curio a n-anmann^. Ocus carait Césair archena, doneochnbsp;ro boi isin Roim dibb ’arna n-atbcbur 7 ’arna n-innarba donnbsp;tsenadb Rorabdwacb asin catAraigb a ra mbeitb ac congnum lanbsp;Césair 7 ic tacra tar a cenn isin cbuirt^ Romhanaigh. Ba ferr-630 di la* Césair innisin, uair nir’ nar* leis a ndingnedb d’ulc lanbsp;IvlcM^ na Rómba ’ar n-innarba a rauinien doibb.

IN cetZiramadb trebbonn tainic co Césair .i. Curio, fer suilbbir sanntacb essen, 7 fétbium firglicc®: [fer] ro bo tbennnbsp;gutb 7 gnimradb isin Roim cowice sin, ier da tuc Césair tidb-635naicci® móra oir 7 indmais tarcenn gabbala aigi 7 tacra tar anbsp;cbenn isin curia Rómbdwac/ï, con[id] airesin ro binnarbad asinnbsp;cattraigb bé [intansin co tanic docum Cesair S.]

O’tcownairc in Curio sin na snima batar^ i cridbe Césair rogabh fora acallaim im® nertadb in catba fair, 7 asbert®:

640 A Césair, ol se, in cén ro fetsum^^® gutb [leat] isin Roim doratsum, cer’b ole lasin senadb Rombdwac^, ro gabbsum acutnbsp;7 ro tainnisc[s]ium rigbi do Poimp, amail tainic dinn, in oiretnbsp;biii comMS 7 cmaachta, occaind isin Roim 7 ro bas^^ ic lenmainnbsp;firinne innte. INtan imniorro ro coiscit^^ ^r eicin reebta nanbsp;545firindi lasin senad, 7 ro aentaigbset uile la Poimp, ro faesumnenbsp;in Roim 7 dutbaigbi® ar n-atbar 7 ar senatbar^^ fortsa, uairnbsp;sailemaitne do coscursu dar n-ordugtid [i]nar n-inadbaibb féinnbsp;dorisei®. Déna calma iarttm, bar Curio, intan ata Poimp nem-fuirigbtbi, innsaigbedh bé’^® résiu tbinoiles a muiniir, [intan isnbsp;66ourlam 7 is fwritbi dit gacb maitb S.] uair is minic fasMS ircoitnbsp;d’esnadudb 7 d’imiuirecb na ndaP'' n-urluinb dogre's, amail

' sic S. inanmanna H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ oitria S., curia F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ do S.

¦* ar ni'r meabal leis a ningnead d’olcaibh fri lucht S. ar nir’ nair no mebal leis a ndingnadh d’olcaib fri lucht. ® 7 se dana degirlabraid S.nbsp;-erlabraid F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® fer da tidnaicead Cesair tuar[MSt]ala, S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ na

snima sin 7 na deitbiri dermara badar ic a n-imluadh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* 7 ic S.

® co ndebairt S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cotrancMmmar.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;H inserts no.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S.

coiscidh H. ro coisccit F. 7. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;duthaidh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ar n-aithri 7 ar

senaithri S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;doris F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;roichisiu cuigi.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ndal S. F.

d’esnadugh 7 d’imfuirech na ndul, H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

tribunes of the Romans, named Marcus Antonius and Publius (leg. Quintus?) Cassius, and Caelius and Curioand othernbsp;friends of Caesar’s, who had been in Rome after the Roman senatenbsp;had expelled them and banished them from the City becausenbsp;they had been helping Caesar and contending on his behalf innbsp;the Roman Curia. That was the better in Caesar’s opinion,nbsp;for he was not ashamed of the evil he would do to the folknbsp;of Rome after his followers had been banished by them.

The fourth tribune^ that came to Caesar, namely Curio^ was an eloquent, covetous man®; a truly cunning creditor (?) whosenbsp;word and deed were strong in Rome till then; one to whomnbsp;Caesar had given many presents of gold and wealth for supporting him and arguing on his behalf in the Roman Curia;nbsp;wherefore he was then banished from the City and came tonbsp;Caesar.

When Curio saw the troubles that were in Caesar’s heart, he began to converse with him, to strengthen him to battle;nbsp;and he said;

„0 Caesar“, quoth he, „so long as we were able, we gave our voice for thee in Rome, though this was displeasing to thenbsp;Roman senate; we took thy side and refused the realm tonbsp;Pompey, as far as we could, so long as we had power andnbsp;might in Rome, and men were following righteousness therein.nbsp;But when the laws of righteousness were checked by the senate,nbsp;and all united with Pompey, we quitted Rome and the land ofnbsp;our fathers and grandsires for thee, since we expect that thynbsp;victory will set us in our own places again Do bravely,nbsp;thenquot;, says Curio. „While Pompey is inadvertent, and sincenbsp;every good thing is ready and fitted for thee, attack him beforenbsp;he collects his people; for often groweth hurt from delaying andnbsp;procrastinating things always prepared; as hath been said ‘ready

^ Phars. I. 262—265, Ecce faces belli etc.

or One of the four tribunes.

“ Audax uenali comitatur Curio lingua, Phars. I. 269. * tua nos faciet uictoria ciues, Phars. I. 279.

asbreth ba émh tar anemi. Ocus araill anii dono, uair is dar^ cenn bloighi bicce don doman ro badhais fna ré na .x. mblia-dan ic gnim catha 7 ic fulang docracli® i ti'ribh Gallia isnbsp;sssmórmó is cora duit^ csAhugud calnaa tarcenn in tsloigh® ,i.nbsp;darcenn na üómlia, uair in la gébhwsa® in Roim is ann gébliMSnbsp;tu cennMs^ na cruinne uile. Atd^ kSbair sonairti acut aranbsp;ndénta [H. p. 387J duit comtMall catha fria Poimp Maighenbsp;7 frisin Roim, uair inni is gnath do denam do cech righ® acconbsp;in popul d[a]oirdnedli9 7 do buadhugwtZ il-log^® anbsp;coscair ni fuaraisiu sin, acht fomat caich friutsu chena arnbsp;t’febhws [is ed beras gach ni dib sin fort. S.]. IS infechtainnbsp;iter da leicter ar ais duit na ciniudha ro gabhais féin al-los donbsp;cloidhimhii. Ro cinn Poimp diidu nach bi'adh i comrainnnbsp;BGsflaithiMsa frit ni cumgii^ siu comhroind na cruinne do gabhailnbsp;uadhai3 acht tre etergleó[d] catha nama^^.

Ro gabh gre[i]m tra in gremcht sin 7 in laidhiudh^® dohert Curio fori® Césair, uair amail arduighes aicnedh eich i comhlingnbsp;retha is amhlatd sin ro métaiged mewma Césair la gresachtnbsp;670 Curio fah-ih

Ro saithiti^ a mergedha la Cesair annsin, 7 do fuacair

1 rniail asbreiti na hob eim nachit-tair aneim (do not reject ‘ready’, that ‘unready’ may not come to thee) S. amail asbert na hob eimhnbsp;nacit tair aneim F. amail asbert ba émh tar anem, H. ^ a H. ® docra S.nbsp;* is inmo commór is choru dit S. ® darcenn mloighi is mo S. tarcenn nanbsp;bloi^he as mo F. ® gebasa S. ’ ise la cetna i ngeba cendws S. ® rl H.nbsp;® d’onorugudh S. da onoruocwd F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;illd H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” illos do

cloighimh H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;** cuingi H. cumaisin F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;d’fogbail uadh S.

dfaccbdiZ uad F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mad ail dit immorro cotuici a bith agut

uili t’aemor 7 cuir in cath, S. Madh ail deit immorro cotnic a bith accat uili at aenor 7 cuir in cath F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;laighiudh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fri S.

” air amai'Z arduighter aicneadh 7 meduigter menma ind eich Bliussecda ina coimling t7-e nuall 7 tre gairib in lochta bis uimi do gach leith, cenbsp;beith ic brisiudh a uchtcrand remi a saint in retha, is amlaid sinnbsp;ro medaiged saint 7 ailges in catha i cridhi Cesair tre nertad intinbsp;Curio fair, gur’bo mi'an 7 gwj’bo laind leis fein reim in catha donbsp;tabairt, S.

saighedh H. saidit S., saithit F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

was over unready’! And another thing, then. For sake of a trifling portion of the world thou hast been for the space ofnbsp;ten years making war and enduring handship in the lands ofnbsp;Gaul, how much more is it meet for thee to fight valiantly fornbsp;sake of the army, that is, for sake of Rome! For on the daynbsp;that thou wilt capture Rome thou wilt capture the headshipnbsp;of the whole globe Thou hast strong reasons for going tonbsp;war with Pompey the Great and Rome; for thou hast notnbsp;received what they usually do for every general, that is, thenbsp;people to ordain him and to give him a triumph for his victory: but envy of every one against thee for thine excellence,nbsp;his is what brings on thee each of those things. ’Tis a marvelnbsp;if the nations whom thou hast conquered by dint of thy swordnbsp;are wilhngly left to thee. Pompey has determined not tonbsp;share dominion with thee and save only by decision of battlenbsp;canst thou take from him the share of the globe.“

That incitement and exhortation which Curio gave to Caesar succeeded; for as the heart of a horse in [the Elean]®nbsp;race grows high [through the clamour and shouts of thenbsp;people around him]®, so Caesar’s spirit was enhanced by Curio’snbsp;incitement^.

His standards were then pitched by Caesar, and he called

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 387.

do sluaghaibh idle estecht ré guth 7 ré innsce 7 fria er-labliradh

aes cumtha, bar eisiumb, do iuilngebbair mór d’étualang 676 i catbaibb 7 comblannaibb ic clodb ar cinedbaibb tuaisceirtnbsp;in3 betba malle frim fria ré na .x. rahliadan so. Mór d’fuacbtnbsp;ro fuilngebbair ó oigbredb^{1 2} nisei sléibbe Elpa, 7 taréis na cos-cur sin do cinnedb cen bbar lecon isin Eoimb co bratb 7 cennbsp;mo din d’fagbbaiZ damsa ar muir na ar tfr. Ale, da madnbsp;68oamblai(^ ti'saindsi don Eóim [ar clodb catba form 7, S.] arnbsp;fac[b]ail mo mergedb lam naimdiu® 7 me ac teicbedb® re luebtnbsp;na Gallia, créd dogéndais’ frim iter intan is ’ar mbreitb cos-cair damsa [as cacb ciniud S.] 7 ’ar n-imluadb don toietbinnbsp;as cecb sonmigbi i n-araile® itat ic triall ardaigb^ frim? Ticedbnbsp;686 ass Poimp inar ndocum 7 senoraigb in tsenaidbi® maraen frisnbsp;madb maitb leis a baitble a sidba^i 7 a sadbdileci^^ai^ fada. Isnbsp;derbb lem nach léiciubsa a rigbi na a llaitbius dó nf is sia cennbsp;a comroind fris. M ranic Poimp a ais triebtaigi intan doronad innbsp;cétbuadud la Eomanu dó. Ni derb leis, dar lem, in onoir sinnbsp;69otarraid oenfeebt do lecon uad dogrés cenco tic de imluad anbsp;flaitbiusa ar a arsaideebt intansa^®.

¦lt;4quot;

1

ro cowgrait 7 ro comgairit a buidhni leis co tangadar fon armgaiscecZ [ms. armgaiseci^f] ina dochum 7 gar’ suidseat uimi. 0 ro scaich [ms. nos-caich] iaram in geoln mor bui aco la tilcomrac na slogh atracht Ceso«rnbsp;im-medon na haireachta 7 ro tocaib a laim. ro forcongairt taéi forro donbsp;denum 7 esdecfef fris. 0 ro badar na sloigh uili 7 a n-airi fair ro gabnbsp;for a n-agallaim 7 ic nertad in catba forro, co wdebafrt: A aes cumthanbsp;am, ol se, 7 a aentadhehu tairisi, 7 a lucht comcloti gacha catha immaillenbsp;frim, is mor do duadh 7 do docair ro fodmubair gus anni'u im arradsa,nbsp;is mor do guasacTitaibh catha 7 comluinn ro taiscelsubair [S. 9] maille frimnbsp;anallana ic clodh ciniudh tuaiscefrt in domuin cowidh isin .x. bliadainnbsp;ruesat coscur dib 7 ro gabsait iat mor do for erti 7 do for fuil ro todaileadhnbsp;frisin re sin. Mor da bar muinntir ro marbad. Mor ngeimreadh fuarnbsp;oigi-eta ro tocaidsid i mbewnaib slebi Elpa. Innoslog [leg. Inn é so lóg]nbsp;ro dligsid dar eis na nd[o]cMr sin uile? Ro cinnead acco can for lecomsinbsp;don Roim co brath 7 gan mo din d’fagbail for muir no for tir S. ¹ a II.nbsp;* an H. ¹ oighredh II. ® le mo naimdib S. “ teithedh H. ’ dodéndais H.

2

sonmidhi imdraibhe H. » ardaid S. ardaipthe F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tsenaigh H.

sigha II. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sdgluiiloelrfa H. sadaili S. Is derb lim nach dogres

The Civil War of the Romans.

on all the hosts to listen to his voice and his speech and his eloquence.

„0 coinrades“, saith he, „for the space of ten years ye have endured much hardship in battles and conflicts, in vanquishing together with me the nations of the north of thenbsp;world. Much cold ye have endured from the ice of the waternbsp;of the Alps, and yet, after those victories, it was decided thatnbsp;you should never be let into Kome and that I should not findnbsp;shelter on sea or on land. Well, if I should come to Eomenbsp;after defeat in battle, after leaving my standards with my foesnbsp;and fleeing before the folk of Gaul, what would they do to menbsp;now when, after I have triumphed over every nation, andnbsp;moved fortunately from one felicity to another, they are proceeding to rise against me^? Let Pompey come forth towards us, if he pleases, along with the seniors of the senate,nbsp;after their peace and their long slothfulness. I am certainnbsp;that I will not leave him any longer his kingship and hisnbsp;dominion without sharing them with him. Pompey had notnbsp;attained his thirtieth year when the Romans gave him hisnbsp;first triumph. He is not sure, methinks, to relinquish thatnbsp;honour which he once obtained, though at present, because ofnbsp;his old age, he cannot exercise his dominion 2.

leicflgte?- a righe 7 a flaitiws doib gan comroind friu. Ni ranic Pomp a ais trichtaigi intan doronadh in cetbuadud la Romanu dó. Ni delb [leg.nbsp;derb] leis, dar leam, in onoir sin tarraid aenfec/it do [le]con uad dogre'snbsp;gen CO tic de imluad a flaithiwsa ara arsaidhecht intansa, S. As derbh liranbsp;cowach dogre's legfaiter a rigi 7 a flaftMus doib gan comrainn friu. Ninbsp;rainic Poimp a aes .xxx. it intan doronadh in cétbuaidh la Romana dó,nbsp;ni derbh leis, dar lem, in onoir tarraid aenfecfit do leiccen cen co ticcnbsp;de imluad a flathiusa ar a arsaidhec/it antansa F. Is derbh lem nachnbsp;léiciubsa a n'ghi na a flaithius dó ni is sia cen a comroind fris, 7 mell-faidh co mór é nóch dil anois 7 só ’na senoir acht miadhamhlacht a aissinbsp;trichtaighi do faghbhail uaimsea, H.

* Phars. I. 296—311: Conuocat armatos extemplo ad signa mani-plos, etc.

® Ille reget currus nondum patientibus annis? Ille semel raptos nunquam dimittet honores? Phars. I. 316, 317.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 387—388.

Cid dambmsa ac a acaine cacha ndernaii d’anrighe 7 do dfochsmacht frisin ré sin, uair is comliaithnidh do chacli uilenbsp;I'at. Missi didw ni fagh[abh]ar cin dam^ la luc7^^ iia Romlianbsp;5^5 acht cendedhaiP damsa ara^ forcowgur son^ ré mo mergedliaibhnbsp;coscrachaibh 7 frim sloghaibh®, 7 araidhe, masam cinntach sanbsp;[airi sen] nach lór duibh mo buaidh do baain'^ orwmsa amnbsp;aenur, 7 tabhurt^wr® luagh a saethair don tsiuagh® biii maillenbsp;fnm. Ordnet in tigerna bus toil doibh forro mas ar mo daighnbsp;600 se indarbtar iat.

IN abraidi® rimsa cena, a ócco, ol se, ca hinat foistine bias ic ar senórachaiamp;i® ar scur da ngaisced, 7 ca^^ sostanbsp;sadbaüe^^ i suidbfeti^ ar senmilid, ca^^ fuinn férmwra geltfuitnbsp;ar n-almha 7 ar n-innile 7 ar n-echradha, ca^® tir trebblaitAer^®nbsp;605 linn fesin, ca'^® rntir 7 ca^^ mórcattracha i ndinginter^’ leighesnbsp;ar laechraidi intan bas adhlaic [H. p. 388] dóibh intan n[on]ind-arbtar^® asin Eoim 7 asar nduchus^® féin, 7 doberar [i]aarnbsp;fiadhnaissi iat do miledhaibh Poimp?

Cidh ill and, a deghmuinter, ar se, acht ó nach damhthur^® 6iodligedh duinn, tóccbaidh for mergedha coscracha foraibh^i.nbsp;Pognat^^ for ngnimradha gaiscid daibh co mbenum in domunnbsp;uile don ti nach damh roind leithe duinn. Beid na dei icnbsp;congnum linn, uair ni d’argain na Eomha tiaghmaid, acht isnbsp;da saeradh 0 na tigernadhaibh diumsachaib filet 2® fitirri.

Aithesca Oesair conice sin.

Bui fodhord mor ’con tslogh uile fri ré cian ’arsin, uair cer’bdar feochrach^^ menmanna na railed sin, 7 cerbdar galach

i n-aicenta26, docuaidh^® baidhe mor 7 caer cowdailbhi, 7

foirb S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fogndth H. fognad F.

diumsacha filed H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ feoc/ira S.

cridhedba 7 gerbtar galacba a n-aicenta S.

The Civil War of the Romans,

Why should I be complaining of all the tyranny and misrule, he has wrought during that time, for they are known to every one. As for me, no fault is found with me by thenbsp;folk of Eome, save that I have not severed myself at theirnbsp;command from my victorious standards and from my troops.nbsp;Moreover, if I am guilty, is it not enough for them to deprivenbsp;me alone of my triumph, while giving the guerdon of theirnbsp;toil to the army that was along with me? Let the Romansnbsp;appoint the lord over them that they like, if it is on my accountnbsp;that my armies are expelled

„Can ye tell me, O warriors,“ quoth he, „what place of rest will be for our veterans after parting from their military service^; and in what easy stations will our old soldiers settle?nbsp;what grassy fields will our herds and flocks and horses graze?nbsp;what lands will be tilled by ourselves? within what walls andnbsp;great cities will our (invalid) heroes be healed when theynbsp;desire? since we are banished from Rome and from our ownnbsp;birthright, and these (rewards) are given, before our eyes, tonbsp;Pompey’s soldiers

„Howbeit, my good people,quot; quoth he, „since right is not granted to us, raise up your victorious standards! Let yournbsp;deeds of valour serve you, so that we may take the wholenbsp;world from him who refuses to part with half to us. The godsnbsp;will be helping us, for we march, not to destroy Rome, but tonbsp;free her from the haughty lords who are over her.quot;

So far the speeches of Caesar.

Great muttering there was then for a long time with all the army, for though the spirits of those soldiers were fierce,nbsp;and though their natures were valiant, great affection and

* Phars. I. 340—342: mihi si merces erepta laborum est, His saltern longi non cum duce praemia belli Reddantur; miles sub quolibet istenbsp;triumphet.

^ Pbars. I. 343—346: Conferet exanguis quo post bella senectus? etc. ® Phars. I. 347—351; Tollite iampridem uictricia, tollite signa etc.nbsp;Irische Texte, IV, 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;4

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 388.

gradh a n-athardha dhoibh, co mbui ac a tairmesc do ailgius 620 in catba catbordba, acht araidbi dos-fic^ fallscudb feirgi 7nbsp;ailgius imberta a n-iaraind tre imaltur na fergluinne 7 trénbsp;omban in rigb rogairg rodiumsaigb ro nert in catb form andis^.

IS annsin atracbt aonóclacb isin airiucbt, 7 ro faisnes® run menman 7 aicenta cecb enduine isin [tjslogb uile, Leliusnbsp;626ainm in óclaigb^, taisecb imgbona la Césair bé, 7 ni lambadbnbsp;necb do miiiniir Césair slegb no saiget do dibbructtt? i n-imairic aigb no i cléitb comluinn rembe. Tuc a agbaidb fornbsp;Césair 7 asbert:

A follamnaigb^ in n'gbrecbta 'Rórnhanaigh A. a Cesair, is 630 dir 7 is dligbedb duinn itrasta briat/ira firi do cbantain frit.nbsp;In fetair® iter cowidb adbbbul a acaine 7 cowidb mor a gerannbsp;i men[m]annaibb na miled-sa a fod atai’^ ic fulang tarcaisne ónbsp;lucht na Rómba. Inn® edb dobeir fortsa [sin] ar n-etairisinenbsp;acut? Nlr’ comtig duitsiu on cena, air i coin cotuicfet [leg.nbsp;636cotnicfat P.] ar ndoidi sonairtini foga do cassad a catb no anbsp;cliatbaigb ni fodbemasu® tarcasuP® neicb fort dogrés. Ni espacbnbsp;linne iter in flaitbiws Rombawac/i do discailiudb fódaigb nacbnbsp;beitb tarcaisne neicb fortsa. Not-lenfutsa in^^ slóg-sa cidb

bé cowair isin domun^® do dodbaing^^ no do sodbaing

640 treóraigb[fe] fat. Nf docra doibb sin [injna cecb conaiv rot lensat cosamu 1®.

Ro badb ambra inmbain diiinn da fétmais t’orcatu-sai^ do lenmain uvuail budb dutbracW linn, 7 cinnmit nacb budb com-catbordba iter duinn dogres, 7 nacb budb lucht aensfdbai® innbsp;uhlucht gitsa ngresfet do stuici® catba suin. Doberum ar mbriat/iranbsp;ffra i badbnaisi ar n-arm ngaiscitZ cidb i longaibb bronn ar

' dos fanic S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* om. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ ro aisneadh run a mennan

(sic) 7 a aicenta fein 7 ba he sin S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦* oclaidh H. oclaich S.

® follomnaighthi S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® sic S. An fetebhair H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ ataisiu S. F.

atat H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* sic S and F. IN H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot; sic S. nfr comdic duitsi on

chena, ar i cén nótfsadh dar ndoidibhne ni fuighidh do césadh i cath no a comlonn, 7 ni fogheonaidh II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tarcsiu S. tarcaisiu F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;na

be tarcaisi S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;an II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. isa domhan R.

doghaing II. soghaing H. cosaniugli H. ” tforcongtrausu S. tforcantMssai F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;aensigha H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. stuicit S. gnim H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

abundance of tenderness and love for their fatherland came to them, and was hindering them from demanding the civil war.nbsp;But natheless the burning of anger and the craving to wieldnbsp;their weapons, came to them by means (?) of the fury, andnbsp;through dread of the fierce, haughty general who had urgednbsp;them to battle

Then a single warrior arose in the assembly and declared tlie secret of the mind and spirit of every one in the wholenbsp;army. Laelius was his name, a first centurion of Caesar’s; andnbsp;none of Caesar’s people dared to cast a javelin or (shoot) annbsp;arrow before him in shock of battle or in hurdle (?) of conflict.nbsp;He looked at Caesar and said;

„0 supporter of the royal Roman right,quot; that is O Caesar, „at present it is meet and lawful for us to say true words to thee.nbsp;Knowest thou at all that in the minds of these soldiers, vast isnbsp;the lamentation and great is the complaint for the length of timenbsp;that thou art enduring the contempt of the people of Rome?nbsp;Is this what brings that upon thee, our disloyalty to thee?nbsp;That was not customary for thee, for so long as our stalwartnbsp;arms are able to whirl a javelin in battle or combat thounbsp;shalt never endure the contempt of anyone. Not idle do wenbsp;deem the destruction of the Roman dominion in order that nonbsp;one’s contempt be upon thee. This army will follow thee,nbsp;by whatever path in the world, difficult or easy, to which thounbsp;wilt guide it. Not harder is that for them than every pathnbsp;(whereon) they have hitherto followed thee.quot;

„It were great and dear to us if we could follow thy command as we should wish: and we resolve that the folk against whom thy battle-trumpets will urge us will never be fellow-citizens of ours, or at peace with us. In presence of ournbsp;weapons of war, we pledge our words that if thou bid us

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 388—389.

mbraithrech 7 ar n-aithrech, nó i n-innibhi ar mbancéile i n-am tuisniedha dóibh co forcongra^ foirnd clannadb na cloidhemhsa^, co wdingnimis fort een fuirecb een imresain.

650 Cidh fat delbha na ndei 7 a tempuill furala foirnd do loseMO! bidh lasair tenedh a n-iarmartaighi^, 7 cidh ann forcowgranbsp;[H. p. 389] oirnd ordiigud do longpuirt for brü Tibiri Tüscosit^e^nbsp;for lar na Rómha, bidh dana taleair dogénumne do longport®nbsp;and. Cech mur 7 ceeh móreathair atbéra do' toghail rinn, 7nbsp;655 in Eoim fein ina comairium, isat urlamha® ar ndoitine d’im-luadh a rethedh® toghla 7 d’esrainiudh^ a earrae estibh airednbsp;bes cloeh for eloich inntu.

Ro eomaentaighset na huile buidhne batar ann frisin aithese sin, ar ba hé run craidhe 7 toil menman eeeh óen duine dibhnbsp;660 a ndebhairt siu[m] fri Césair, 7 ro tógaibhset iarMm a lamhanbsp;uile i n-aen[f]abhuUii, 7 ro gellset uile'^ eomdis erlamha nanbsp;dóidi sin do gnim na n-imairee catha ba toil dó.

Ni ba suaill inni fris. Ba samaRa nuall 7 séselbhe na slógh sin i eomhaentugwtZi® .i. feibh tisadh anf[th]ine'^ étualaingnbsp;666 na garbhgaéithe gemreta a'® tir na Tragia^® dosonnradlhi' conbsp;feradh a sianmuirnd 7 a sMoghruchwei re cennaibh cnoc 7nbsp;tulach, 7 ré fedhaibh 7 re fidhnemhedhaibh sléibhe Ois, coronbsp;lad snim'® tenn timaircthech i mbarr uacA^air na fidhbuidhenbsp;foltgairbhi, co w-esairged 7 co srained^® ilar a craebh n-dosachnbsp;670 ndeghdhighainn 7 a ngég lübach lanlebwr a nglaccaibh araile,nbsp;co n-éracht foghur^® firgarbh 7 bresmaidm borb brathamaiZ isinnbsp;aer^i tré imalltur na fidhbuidhe ie sirtoirnem^a sis, ie toitim^s

’ innibh S. a n-inne H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;no forcanta S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ claidebsa S.

* iartaige F. iartaige S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° tMsceta S. iartuaiscert F.

“ crichadh na longport S. dodenumne do longport H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ da S.

® ullma S. ellma F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ dimluagh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do eisrediudh

S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i n-aenaball S. anaenfaball F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;co cindti S.

co cinnte F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i comaentaidh la Cesair S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;anfad

Tragda F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;intsainriudnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S.

guro lad gatsnim S goroladh gadsnim F. conessairccenn 7 co sraoinenn F.nbsp;fodbur H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;slis tairnem F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

plant these swords in the breasts of our brothers and our fathers, or in the entrails of our wives at the time of childbednbsp;we would do it for thee, without delay or contest.^

„Even though it be the images of the gods and their temples that thou biddest us to burn, their remains will be anbsp;blaze of fire; and though thou order us to set thy camp on thenbsp;brink of the Tuscan Tiber in the midst of Rome, we will makenbsp;thy camp there boldly and strongly. Every rampart and everynbsp;great city which thou tellest us to destroy, yea includingnbsp;even Rome itself, our arms are ready to impel battering ramsnbsp;against them, and to scatter their rocks so long as one stonenbsp;in them shall rest upon another^.quot;

To that speech, all the cohorts that were there assented; for what Laelius said to Caesar was the heart’s secret and thenbsp;mind’s desire of every one of them. Then they all lifted theirnbsp;hands simultaneously, and pledged themselves that those armsnbsp;were ready to achieve the assaults of war that Caesar desired 3.

Not trifling did that seem to him. The uproar and tumult of those armies in assenting was likened, to wit, as the wrathfulnbsp;blast of the rough wintry wind would come from the land ofnbsp;Thrace especially, and give forth its sonorous clamour and itsnbsp;prolonged sounding to the peaks of the hills and heights, thenbsp;woods and sacred groves of Mount Ossa, so that it put anbsp;strong compressing twist on the top of the rough-haired woods,nbsp;and many of their bushy, plentiful branches, and their bending,nbsp;lengthy boughs it beat and turned in the grasp of others;nbsp;and a rough noise and a rude destructive crashing arose innbsp;the air through the midst of the trees bending down, falling.

‘ Phars. I. 376—367: Pectore si fratris gladium iuguloque parentis Condere me iubeas plenaeque in uiscera partu Coniugis, inuita peragamnbsp;tamen omnia dextra.

“ Phars. I. 379—386: Si spoliare deos ignemque inmittere templis, etc.

^ Phars. I. 386—388: His cunctae simul adsensere cohortes Elatas-que alte, quaecumque ad bella uocaret, Promisero manus.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 389—390.

7 ic trénérgi^ na n-ait ce^na dorise la fogliluasac/«^ na gaeithe dos-fic fon samaiZ sin.

676 O’tcow[n]airc Césair na mórslumgh^ do tairbhir[t] co mór ré hailgius in catha ro teclamait 7 ro tinolit cuigi focfeétóir anbsp;uileslogh 7 sochraide na beith fuirech na foscuchadh fair cennbsp;Yochtsan na E-oma cen no beith in cowach ic coMgnum leis.nbsp;Tangadwr cuigisiun iar^m annsin slóigh 7 socraidi na tire ’canbsp;Gsombai gabliail fna ré na .x. hliadan remhe sin, 7 a milidh féinnbsp;A\du batar co banbhail esrainti i tiribh Gallia 7 isin Lochlainnnbsp;7 i n-inis Bretan ic riarachadh a popail 7 ic tabhach a cissanbsp;7 ic coimet a smacbta righdha do Cesair*.

Do tocestul slóigh Césair as cecb crich 7 as cech cennadhach 685 isin doman cowice in inadh i* mbui Césair 5.

Tancadar and aittrebthaidi® in tin im snith Lemhaind 7 a mbiii do miledhaibh Césair ic forbais forro'^ docum in catha.

Tancadar ann aAüiamp;hfhaidi in tiri im smth Voghis 7 a mbui do mfledaibh Cesair ic forbhais forro'^ dochum in catha.nbsp;690 Tancadwr ann popul na Euitenta 7 a mbi do milecZaihnbsp;Césair® ic forbhais doc^MW in catha.

Tancadar ann attrebi/iaidf in tiri im sruth Vari 7 a mbi do milec?aibh Césair ic forbhais dochum in catha.

TancacZar ann sAxebthaidi in tiri im sruth Atax®.

695 TancacZar ann airebthaidi puirt Moneti^®.

Tsmcadar ann sAxebfhaidi traga canntabartaigh mara Toirrian^i.

‘ trénérgidh H.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mewmanna in mor sluaigh sin S.

® sic S. dogrés H.

¦* an H.

® Tooastol slogh Cesair S.

“ aittrebhai H.

’ foraiwd H.

® i cesair H.

• nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;acaax H.

rectius Moneci = Monoeci Phars. I. 408. Toirriatn H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

and rising up strongly again in the same place with the movement of tlie wind which comes to them in that wiseh

When Caesar saw the mighty hosts given up utterly to the demand of battle, all his army and force were gatherednbsp;and collected at once, so that nothing might delay or postpone him ill reaching Eome while Fortune was helping him.nbsp;So then came to him the hosts and armies of the countriesnbsp;which he had been conquering during the last ten years, andnbsp;his own soldiers who were greatly scattered in the lands ofnbsp;Gaul and in Lochlann and in the island of Britain, subduingnbsp;their people, and levying their tribute, and pi'eserving for Caesar their regal discipline

Of the Mustering of Caesar’s Army out of every country and every province in the world as far as thenbsp;place in which he was®.

Came there to the battle the dwellers of the land about the river Lemanus, and such of Caesar’s soldiers as were be-lenguering them.

Came there to the battle the dwellers of the land about the river Vogesus, and such of Caesar’s soldiers as were beleaguering them.

Came there to the battle the people of the Buteni, and such of Caesar’s soldiers as were beleaguering (them).

Came there to the battle the dwellers of the land about the river Varus, and such of Caesar’s soldiers as were beleaguering (them).

Came there the dwellers of the land about the river Atax.

Came there the dwellers of the harbour of Monoecus.

Came there the dwellers of the dangerous coast of the Tyrrhene sea.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 388—391: It tantus ad aethera clamor, Quantus, piniferaenbsp;boreas cum Thracius Ossae Rupibus incubuit, curuato robore pressae J’itnbsp;sonus aut rursus redeuntis in aethera siluae.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 392—395: Caesar, ut acceptum tarn prono milite heliumnbsp;Fataque ferre uidet, ne quo languore moretur Fortunam, etc.

“ P'ounded on Phars. I. 396—465.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 390.

Taxicadar ann atrehtJiaidi Nemetis^.

Taiicadar ann atrebthaidi in tiri im sruth Satir^ 7 a mbi 700 do muinfeV Cesair^.

Tancadar ann airebthaidi in tire Taruelli^.

Haacadar ann atrehthaidi in tiri im sruth Bitis.

Tancadar ann airebthaidiTainm.^ 7 in tiri im sruthSec[a]na.

Tanccw^ar ann® popul na Setonda'*'.

705 Tancadar ann popul na Leucdha.

Tanccn^ar ann popul cathrach Belga 7 a mbi do miledaib Cesair ic forbhais docum in catha.

Tancadar ann popzd na Nerueta®.

[Tancadar popw? na Vangeta, S.].

710 Tancadar ann popul na Vatabecda®.

Tancadar ann airebthaidi sin sruth Cinga.

Tancadar ann airebthaidi in tiri bade i comruic[et] sruth Bodain 7 sruth Arimin [leg. Arar] ac dul isin^® muir moir, [7]nbsp;a mbui do mAedaib Césair ag forbais docum in catha.

715 Tancadar ann popw? na nGébhenda.

Tancadar ann popwZ na Treuerda^h

Tawcadar ann popw? na LigMrdha.

Tancadar ann popwZ na Teotonecdha. [is acu sen no idpraitis fola daini i tempol loib 7 Mercuir 7 Mairt S.jnbsp;720 Tancadar ann popilt;? dianadh ainm Bardi^'^, popM? iat sennbsp;langnathaighitis^® filidhecht 7 duana molta do dénam. Is assinnbsp;iderar baird 7 bairdne^^ isin Scotic, 7 a mbi do miledaibnbsp;Césair ic forbhais docum in catha.

Tancadar ann popul na drui[d]ecdai®, popal iat sén 726 da fognaitis fesa 7 faistine 7 no gnathaigtis taiscéladi® for

‘ Nemtis H. ® rectius Atir = Atari Phars. I. 420. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ H. has

here: acco sen no idhpraidfs fola daine i tempull loib no Mhairc [leg. Mhairt], which belongs to Teotonecdha infra 1. 718.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* sic S. tarmelli F.

tarlic H. ® papisi H. pairisi S. ° ann at H. ’ rectius Santonda? Santomna F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® neruatecda H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° sic S. F. nuatbega H.

sic S. F. sa H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. Trenuerda H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bardni H.

Bairdi S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;langndthaidhitis H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ bairbne II.

nan druighechta S. na ndrueta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;no gnaitigdis taiscelad S.

no gnathafgitis taiscelaif F. da fognaid fesa 7 faistine 7 taiscéla H.

The Civil War of the Romans,

Came there the dwellers of Nemetis.

Came there the dwellers of the land about the river Aturus, and what there was of Caesar’s people.

Came there the dwellers of the land of the Tarbelli.

Came nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;therenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;thenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dwmllersnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;of the land about the river Bitis.

Came nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;therenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;thenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dwellersnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;of Paris and the land about the

river Sequana.

Came there the people of the Santones.

Came there the people of the Leuci.

Came there to the battle the people of the city Belgae, and all Caesar’s soldiers that were besieging (it).

Came there the people of the Nervii.

Came the people of the Vangiones.

Came there the people of the Batavi.

Came nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;therenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;thenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dwellersnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;round the river Cinga.

Came nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;therenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the battlenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the dwellers of the land wherein

the river Rodanus and the river Arar meet in flowing to the great sea, and all the soldiers of Caesar who were besiegingnbsp;(them).

Came there the people of the Gebennae.

Came there the people of the Treviri.

Came there the people of the Ligures.

Came there the people of the Teutones^: by them men’s bloods used to be offered in the temple of Jove (Taranis) andnbsp;Mercury (Teutates) and Mars (Hesus).

Came there to the battle the people named Bardi — those that used completely to make poetry and songs of praise^.

— nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;hence is said haird ‘bards’ and hairdne ‘bardism’ in Scotic

— nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;and all the soldiers of Caesar who were besieging (them).

Came there the people of the Druids — that people whom science and soothsaying used to serve to find out (the future)

1 a mistake for Teutates (Phars. I. 445), a deity said to correspond with Mercury.

* Phars. I. 447—449; Vos quoque, qui fortes animas belloque peremptas Laudibus in longum uates dimittitis aeuum Plurima securi fudistis car-mina, bardi.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 390 bis S. p. Ha.

réthaibh rend 7 rétlann, 7 is ed atbertis^ trena fesaibb demb-nacdaibb anmanna in locbta ba marbb isin mesraigbtbiseaquot;'* do® breitb tresin tendtigi^ fodes 7 a® tabairt i corpaibb ele isinnbsp;mesraigbtbi^ descertacb®. Druide^ anmanna na popw? sin, 7nbsp;730 Druis ainm a catAracb. Is assen atberar drui 7 draidbecbt®nbsp;isin Scotic.

Tancadar ann popul na Caecdba.

[Tancadar ann] SLiitehtTiaidi [catbracb] Remais® na rigb, 7 atrebthaidi in tiri im srutb Réin, 7 a mbi do mUedaih Césairnbsp;736 ic iorhais f[or]ra.

Anmanna na cricb 7 na cinel asa tancMS d’foritbiii Oesair, 7 asar’ tinoilit cuigi a milid fein^® bator annsen co banbbailnbsp;esrainti isin Roim 7 i ti'ribb Galba 7 i n-inis Bretan 7 isinnbsp;Locblamw ic riarugMcZ a popwZ 7 oc tobbacb a cissa 7 anbsp;740smacbta rigb®.

S. p. 11».

O darocbtadar na sloigb imda sin co mbadar [iljlongport Cesair, 7 0 tanic danatws 7 ledmige® comtrialla in catba inanbsp;mewmain tre tairisniugud a nirt 7 a calmatMis na slogb ro-746 imda daroctadar ina ndocumii, ro tindscan foc/iétoir i cend setanbsp;7 imdeacta^® iar sligbtibb na bEdaile docum na Roma, gur’nbsp;bo Ian inn EdaiD® uile in aidbcbi sin da clu 7 da scelaibb,nbsp;gMro Imsat a sloigb 7 a Bochaidi^^ na cattracba 7 na caisteoilnbsp;badar comfoicsi doib isinn EdaiD®.

760 Ro doilbit sceoil bregi^® imda secbnon in tiri ’arsin al-lws Cesair, acbt ceana ger’bdar goacba^'' na baisneisi ro eirgbidar

^ sic F. atberdis S., aderdfs H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;» sic S. mesraigbe H.

® de H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* téde H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® 1' H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® tuaiscertaigh H.

’’ sic S. Draighe H. Drueta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;”nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;drafgbecAi H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;®nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kemis S.

Remhis F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;*'* sic S. asar tinóiledh amuigb conice sin 7 na miledha

fein H. assar’ tinoilit cuicce a milid fen conicce sin F.

inadocom F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;imtecZrfai F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;an Etaili F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;socraidi S.

Eattailli F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;vreicci F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. gradhacba S.

a Here there is a lacuna in H., which has been supplied from S. p. 11» 11— p. 17 \nbsp;t) letmige F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

from the courses of stars and constellations; and this is what they would say through the diaholical sciences, that the soulsnbsp;of those that died in this (northern) temperate zone were takennbsp;southward through the torrid zone, and placed in other bodiesnbsp;in the southern temperate zone^. Druids the names of thosenbsp;folks, and Druis the name of their city. Hence is said druinbsp;‘druid’ and druidecht ‘druidism’ in Scotic (Irish).

There came the people of the Cauci^.

There came the inhabitants of the city of Kheims of the kings, and the dwellers of the land about the river B-hine, andnbsp;all the soldiers of Caesar who were besieging them.

[So far] the names of the territories and the nations whence men came to help Caesar, and whence were gathered to himnbsp;his own soldiers who were there greatly scattered in Borne,nbsp;and in the lands of Gaul, and in the island of Britain, and innbsp;Lochlann, controUing their peoples and levying their tributenbsp;and (maintaining) their royal discipline.

When those numerous hosts arrived and were in Caesar’s camp, and when boldness and appetite for proceeding tonbsp;battle came into their spirit through confidence in the strengthnbsp;and the valour of the numerous hosts that reached them, henbsp;began at once to march forward to Borne along the roads ofnbsp;Italy, so that on that night the whole country was filled withnbsp;his fame and the tales about him, and his hosts and his multitudes filled the Italian cities and towns that were near them^.

Many false rumours were then forged on account of Caesar. Howbeit, though the accounts were mendacious, real fears and terrors

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cf. Phars. I. 450—457: Et uo8 barbaricos ritus moremque sinistrumnbsp;Sacrorum, druidae positis repetistis ab armis, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 463: Et uos crinigeros bellis arcere Caycos Oppositinbsp;petitis Romam, etc.

® Phars. I. 466—468: Caesar, ut inmensae conlecto robore uires Audendi maiora fidem fecere, per omnem Spargitur Italiam uicinaquenbsp;moenia couplet.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 11»—11'gt;.

omuin 7 imegla fira a cridib 7 im-mewmannaib in popuil Eomanat'^ trena mbithin. Ba brec^ inn aisneis no bid for im-decWaibh Cesair acco, air adberad fear dib sosad 7 longp/ior^nbsp;756 do gabail do i comfogits feda Meuania. Atberad fear ailinbsp;longp^or^ do gabail [dó] i commur [srotha Nair 7, F.] srothanbsp;Tibir. Atberad fear aile: ni hinann meass is coir for Cesairnbsp;intansa etfr, for se, 7 intan boi isin Roim iecht eli, air mó^nbsp;7 miletu, feochru 7 firdoilgi, dermairi 7 dimsaighi intansa énbsp;760ar clodb lochta in iarthair dó®, 7 dawo filet immaille ins uilinbsp;sloigh 7 sochaidi na crich 7 na cennadach^ 0 ta amp;mfh Reinnbsp;CO Sliabh Ealpa. Atbered fear ele dibh dilsi fogla 7 airgninbsp;cat/irach na hEdaili 7 tempola dea do tabairt do donanbsp;hectrandaib 7 dona cinudaib comaidhchibh ® badar immaille fris.nbsp;765 Cid fil ann tra acht gach for dib no aisnedeadh scelanbsp;Cesair d’araili dobored fen fuillead friu, 7 na tMscai[r]nti nonbsp;doilbtis fein no bid a n-omhan 7 a n-imegla forro amail badnbsp;neach ele no beith ica® n-aisneis doib. Ocus ni namma ronbsp;fogluais in bidgad sin 7 in t-adnath daescMrslogh [S. p. IP] nanbsp;770 cat/wach, acht ro fogluais cidh iter in Cwria RomawacA fein,nbsp;gM ro facsat sruithi 7 seanatoraigh na cat/irach a n-istudanbsp;flatha 7 [a] sosta sadaili la homun Cesair, gwr’bo aenmaidhmnbsp;teichidh doib i n-aenfec/i^ asin Roim amach, iter occ 7 sen'^.

Ocus ro aithnedar lucht in tsenaidh cinti 7 coraighthi in 775catha dona consolaibh Romaw, ic fagbail in baili doib.

Ro boi d’imarcraidh egla forro cowna fededar ceta inada inilli no indsechtais no ceta inada essinnilli no faicfidis, achtnbsp;ro gabsat in conair ro greiss tiudfuabairt an techidh 7 innbsp;tindenais iad, co tancadar ’na sreith dluith degfoda asin

^ brecftf F.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;moo F.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;iartair dó F. inn airtir do S.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cccndadacb F. cinedach S.

® comaigtib F.

“ ica F.

’ sic F. For amach iter occ 7 sen S. has only yr.

The Civil War of the Romans.

arose because of them in the hearts and minds of the Eoman people. False was the account which they had of Caesar’snbsp;proceedings; for one of them would say that he had seizednbsp;a position and camp near the wood of Mevania. Anothernbsp;would say that he had encamped at the meeting of the riversnbsp;Nar and Tiber. Another would say; „it is not right to holdnbsp;the same opinion of Caesar now as whf i he had been atnbsp;another time in Rome. For greater and more soldierly, fiercernbsp;and harder, vaster and haughtier is he now after defeating thenbsp;people of the west. Moreover there are with him all the hostsnbsp;and multitudes of the territories and the provinces, from thenbsp;river Rhine to the Alpsh“ Another of them would say thatnbsp;the right to plunder and destroy the cities of Italy and thenbsp;temples of the gods had been given by him to outlanders andnbsp;to the neighbouring tribes who were along with him 2.

Howbeit, every man of them who told another tidings of Caesar would himself add to them; and the fear and dreadnbsp;of the inventions which they themselves used to frame oppressednbsp;them as if they were related by some one else. And thatnbsp;startling and terror moved not only the rabble of the City,nbsp;but even the Roman Curia itself, so that for dread of Caesarnbsp;the Fathers and Senators of the City left their places of lord-ship and their seats of ease, and they, both old and young,nbsp;simultaneously brake forth in flight from Rome.

And the Senators entrusted the decisions and arrangements of the warfare to the Roman consuls, as they left the City to them.

So excessive was their fear that they knew not what places to seek as safe, or what places to leave as unsafe. Butnbsp;they took the path to which the onset of the flight and hastenbsp;impelled them, and they came forth from the City as a dense

' Phars, I. 4G9—484: Vana quoquo ad ueros accessit fama timo-res, etc.

Phars. I. 484—486: Sic quisqiie pauendo Dat iiires famae etc.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. Ill»—12».

780 cat/iraigh immach, co mbenad gach dirim sloigh 7 sochaide dib re araili.

Neach no biadh^ ic a forcsi intan sin, ni gebad delb eli dib acht feib no be^is tigi 7 cumhtaighi na cat/jrach ic raen 7nbsp;ic rotuitim i n-aeriuair, no feib no bedis adanta^ tened trichem-785 ruaidhi ic uliloscud in baili da n-eis, re met in deinmni’* 7 innbsp;dasachta bui forro ic deirgi na cat/irach amail bad hi aen-saileachtu slanti no beth doib facbail na Roma. Ni bui samailnbsp;na seseilbi sin ackt amail tisad buaidred na gaethi descertaiginbsp;dar in Affraic andes^ co fogluaiseand libraini lebargorma** innbsp;79omara mortonnaigh, co mbristi seolc^rainn sithfota araili longanbsp;dib la casanfadh in mormara, guro nertad for in stiurwsmannnbsp;7 for lucht na lungu archena snamh* for tonnaibh in mara asin^nbsp;luing amach, co mhedis uili for acombtidhudh® 7 in long slannbsp;dhanéis^. IS amlaid sin ro facaib Poimp 7 in senadh in Roimnbsp;795 la tiudfuabairt Cesair.

Gid for techadh in catha dacuadar is cuigi ro techad [ann], Nir’ bo ailsedach tra ro teceadh andsin, air ce no bethnbsp;in bean ic togairm a ceih ann, no in mac ac togairm a*’nbsp;athar, m in t-athair ic togairm a maic, ni airisfed neach frinbsp;800 araili dibh. Sochaidhi dib dia mba descin dedenach a ndescinnbsp;for in Roim andsin, uair ni tancadar for cula doris docum nanbsp;Roma. Is follws for suidhichfthjibh^ na Roma^® cowad docra 7nbsp;cowad doidngiii congbail in cadwsa inas fogbail in ratha. Mornbsp;ni do cenelchi don lucht ro facaibh in cat/iraigh [S. p. 12»] ro fa-806 cad annsin. Mor do ciniudaib^^ in domhain dorochtadar in catt-raigh sin ’arna clodh la lucht na cat^rach fein. Ro bo righdanbsp;a met na cat/irach ro dilsigseat na Romanaigh in la sin, ar dianbsp;comtiassad in ciniud daenda in aenfaball da saigidh no taillli-tisi® uili i n-aenfec/j^ for larmedon na Roma.

» adunta S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;» sic F. anneas S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;» buinne leuurgorm F.

* ascnam F. acsnamh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® isin S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;» nocombadhadh F. na-

combadhudh S. ’ dhanes S., where it comes after for at the beginning of 1. 796.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ an S. » suidicchtip F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;romma S. sic F.

doingni S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cinniudaibh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;taillsitis S. and F.

i deimnni F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

and lengthy rank, so that every troop of the host and multitude jostled against another

Any one then looking at them would have imagined that the houses and buildings of the City were breaking up and fallingnbsp;at the same time, or that kindlings of swiftly-speeding fire werenbsp;making a holocaust of the town after them, so great wasnbsp;their hurry and frenzy in quitting the City, as if their one expectation of safety was in deserting B,ome. There was nothingnbsp;to compare to that tumult save when the disturbance of thenbsp;southern wind comes northward over Africa and tosses thenbsp;long blue galleys of the billowy sea, so that the tall masts ofnbsp;one of them are broken by the whirling storm of the ocean, andnbsp;it urged the helmsman and the rest of the ship’s company tonbsp;swim out of the vessel over the sea-waves, so that all arenbsp;drowned, while the vessel is safe behind themThus then,nbsp;at Caesar’s approach, Pompey and the senate left Rome.

Although they went fleeing from the battle, it was to battle that they fled. It was not delayingly that one flednbsp;there, for though wife were calling her husband, or son werenbsp;calling his father, or father calling his son, no one would staynbsp;for another. Many of them there were who looked for thenbsp;last time on Rome then, for to Rome they never came again.nbsp;It is manifest from the inhabitants of Rome that it is hardernbsp;and more difficult to preserve honour that to obtain prosperity.nbsp;A great part of the kindred of the folk that quitted the City wasnbsp;left there. Many of the nations of the world came to that Citynbsp;after their defeat by the folk of the City itself. Regal was thenbsp;size of the City which the Romans forfeited on that day, for ifnbsp;the human race had come together to it in one journey therenbsp;would have been room for all of them at the same time in thenbsp;middle of Rome^.

1 Phars. I. 486—492: Nec solum uolgus inani Peroussum terrore pauot, etc.

^ Phars. I. 493—504: credas aut tecta nefandas Corripiiisse faces, etc. “ Phars. I. 503—514: sic urhe relicta In helium fugitur etc.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 12».

810 Ba follus a n-anadh fein ior na Romanchaib in la sin, uair na muir deroili no gnaithigtis^ do denum i^ timchell anbsp;longp^öf^ i crichaib eacbtrand no andais co nernsniinacA® inanbsp;medbon, 7 a mbidbaidb do gacb le^b^ umpu^ Ni ro ansatnbsp;\mmorro cidb fri re n-aeinaidcbi ar rigbmiiraibb rodaingnibbnbsp;816 na Romma, acht ro facsat i n-aenla® i la clois[t]eacbt Cesairnbsp;amain. Acht ata ni cbeana, ni ba nar do cacb in tecbeadbnbsp;tindeasnacb sin do denum 7 fear amail Poimp do tecbead'^ and,

Dearbairdi in Catba Oatbarda.

ISin e[c]mung na rea sin 7 na baimsire sin ro faillsigbit 820 dona Romdnchaib faistineada® 7 remtirc[b]anta na n-olc ronbsp;badar arcind doib, air ro linadb in neam uasu 7 in talambnbsp;futbu 7 in muir do gacb aird umpu do tai[d]bbsibb ingnaitigbibb®,nbsp;ingantaibb 7 do derbairdibb [dermaraib, P.] ic tairngire 7 icnbsp;taircedul in Catba Catbarda do gnim acco.

826 It e inso na bairdi aitcbesa doib .i.

Ro artraigset isna baidbcbibb sin acco renna anaicbinti na ro artraigset in nim remi sin riam, 7 nar’ artraigb barsa-maiP® re met 7 re n-imat 7 re n-urgrain.

Atcowncadar^i dawo clar gorm glainidi na firmaminti neamda 830 do bit[b] ’na baencort[b]air lassar 7 tened os a cind.

Atcowncadar araili rind^^ ann co ruitbnibb roedrocbtaibb 7 CO trillsib tendtidib for esrediudb ass, in retlu mongacb insin,nbsp;7 ni ro artraigb sen riam acht la cumscugudb flaitiwsa, nanbsp;clodb catba, no la bas airdrigb. Ro tircbanait^® in triar sinnbsp;836 don cur-sa isin Roimb, air ro cumscaigbead Poimp re Cesairnbsp;asa flaitbiMS, 7 ro srainead catb mor maigi na Tesaila fornbsp;Poimp beos. Is triana acais in catba sin fuair Poimp bas 7nbsp;fuair cidb Cesair ara cind^^.

‘ na gnaitigdis S. no gnatha^tais F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ a S.

“ sic F. nemniamach S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦* aird F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® impa F.

® a n-aenló F. in aen la ila S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ teiced F. techtead S.

® faistenaighti F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® ingnaithchiö F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;baramail F.

’’ ata conncattwr F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;raind S. rinn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Doraithni S.

’¦* arcinn F.

It was obvious on that day that the Eomans should remain, for when in foreign regions they used to make petty rampartsnbsp;round their camps, they used to stay amid them without anxiety, though their foes were around them on every side. Yetnbsp;the Romans stayed not for the space of a single night behindnbsp;the mighty, royal ramparts of Rome, but they left it in onenbsp;day merely on hearing of Caesar. Howbeit, it was no shamenbsp;to make that hasty flight, when such a man as Pompey fleflinbsp;there.

The Sure Signs of the Civil War.

On the occurrence of that season and time prophecies and forecasts of the evils that were ahead of them were shewn tonbsp;the Romans; for the heaven above them, and the earth belownbsp;them, and the sea at every airt around them were filled withnbsp;strange and wondrous portents, and with vast sure signs,nbsp;foretelling and predicting the Civil War that would be foughtnbsp;by them.

These are the signs that were seen by the Romans:

In those nights there appeared unknown stars that had never before appeared in the sky, and their hke in size andnbsp;number and horror had never come in sights.

Then they beheld the blue, crystalline plain of the heavenly firmament as a fringe of flame and fire above their heads.

They beheld a certain star there, with brightest rays and fiery tresses spreading from it: that is the Comet; and never hasnbsp;it appeared save at the shaking of a dominion, or defeat in battle,nbsp;or death of an overking. Those three things were then foretold in Rome, for Pompey was shaken out of his dominion bynbsp;Caesar, and the great battle on the plain of Thessaly was alsonbsp;lost by Pompey; and through the occasion of that battle Pompey died, and even Caesar after a time.

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pompeio fugiente timent, Phars. I. 522.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 522—583: Turn ne qua futuri Spes saltern trepidas mentesnbsp;leuet addita fati Peioris manifesta fides, superique minaces Prodigiis terrasnbsp;inplerunt, aethera, pontum, etc.

Irlsche Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5

In Cath Catharda. S. p. 12a—121).

Atcowdcadar athaiuni tenntidi 7 loc[h]arna lasamnacha 7 sioilbrectad^ dealb n-ecsamhail na saignen taitnemach^ [S. p. 12'’]nbsp;sechiión in aeoir as gach aird. Doraitni® ann aensaighneii dibnbsp;ro dercsaigh^ de uilibh tenntib nimbi aircbeana ar met 7nbsp;sol'Mstacbt 7 dene. Ro gab sen asin tuaiscirt atuaidb® documnbsp;na Roma. Ro tecluim 7 ro tinoil ina buili teinti aerda leisnbsp;845 gwro bloscastar im ceand na Capitoli® rigda 7 tempuill loibnbsp;isin[d] Roim. Isec? ro tircanadb tritsin: Cesair do tidecW anbsp;tuaisciurt in dombain do gabail na Roma.

Ro artraigbset ann na retlanda aidbcbidbi im-midi medon-laeb Atceas ircra eisci acco i lansoilsi na .xu.

860 Atcowncadar fordorcad for ruitbnib solwstaib na greni i certmedon lae, 7 ba met na dorcadad® i sein gonar’ sailseatnbsp;la gona lansoillsi do taitbneamb® tre bitbu doib.

Ro[s]ceastar'® sliabb n-Etbna'' srua[i]m tened tricbemruaid isin tslis ba comnesa do tir''^ na bEdaili, gu ro lae ar daini 7nbsp;södcethra, ann. Ro artraigb ann dawo fordatb fuilidbp] for saeb-cori mara Terrein'® fri beadb lae go n-aidbcbi.

Ro scailead 7 ro fodladb'^ i ndib blogaibb lassar [in] tenead'® bitbbi no bit[b] i teampull Uesta na bande'®. Is ednbsp;ro tircanad tritsin, in flaitbiws ^omdnach do roind i ndoquot; etivnbsp;seoPoimp 7 Cesair.

Ro erig critb mor 7 fogluasac/i^ fircalma i fotbaibb 7 i slutraigib in talman, gwro fas talamcumscugudb'® trenadbul de,nbsp;7 ba be met in tala»wcumscug#^« sin, gMr croitbestair sbabbnbsp;n-Elpa uadb ina mbui da moibb sena sneacbtaidi im-madman-SGsdaib a'® sliabb 7 i [n]g]accaibb a tulacb, guro tuitseat i'® n-aenfecbt de for fiadmaigbibb^® 7 for fanglenntaibb na tiri banbsp;comneasu dó.

^ ilbrec/tfrad F. ^ taithnemach S. taitnemach F. ¦’ Doraithni S. Doraitne F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* derrscaigli F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1 atuaigh S. atuaid F.

® sic F. capitolws S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ immid medonlae F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* in dorcad F.

“ taitnem F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ros cestar S'.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ iiEtna F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do dotir S.

Tarrien F. turreim S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fogladh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;in tonedh PI

baindei F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'' andó S. inde F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;talambqmhscuccMd P\

i S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fiadmugbibh S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

They beheld fiery torches and blazing lamps and the diversity of various forms of luminous lightnings throughout the air from every point. One of these lightnings shone there, whichnbsp;surpassed all other fires of heaven in size and splendour andnbsp;swiftness. Out of the north it came southwards to Rome. Itnbsp;gathered and collected all the other aerial fires, so that theynbsp;crashed around the head of the royal Capitol and the temple ofnbsp;Jove in Rome. Thereby this was foretold, that Caesar wasnbsp;coming from the north of the world to capture Rome.

The nocturnal stars appeared in the midst of midday. The eclipse of the moon was seen by them in the full lightnbsp;of the fifteenth (day).

At the very middle of the day they beheld darkness upon the splendid rays of the sun; and so great was that darknessnbsp;that they did not expect day with its full brightness even tonbsp;shine to them.

Mount Etna vomited a river of red-rushing fire on the side nearest to the land of Italy i, so that it inflicted slaughternbsp;on men and cattle. Then for the space of a day and a nightnbsp;the hue of blood appeared on the whirlpools of the Tyrrhene sea.

The flame of the eternal fii-e, which used to be in the temple of the goddess Vesta, was scattered and divided intonbsp;two fragments. This is what was foretold thereby, that thenbsp;Roman dominion should be parted in twain between Pompeynbsp;and Caesar.

A great trembling and strong commotion arose in the foundations and in the bases of the earth, so that a vast earthquake grew from it; and such was the greatness of that earthquake that the Alps shook off all the ancient snowy heaps innbsp;the clefts of their mountains and in the forks of their hills, sonbsp;that they (the avalanches) all fell thence simultaneously onnbsp;the wild plains and on the sloping glens of the country thatnbsp;was nearest thereto.

Phars. I. 545—547; Ora ferox Siculae taxauit Mulciber Aetnae etc.

5*

'V''

In Cath Catharda. S. p. 12'gt;—13».

Ro erig commbogad ainbtini dermairi dona fnth samail nó cosmuilliMS riam i cnsluch mara TMrreini, guro lfn[sat]air2nbsp;870 ruadbhuindi robarta 7 barruactar a tonn tulgorm taebedrucht^nbsp;clethi na da n-ardsliabh filet impi do gacb^ leith .i. sliabhnbsp;Cailp isinn Edail 7 sliabh nAthlaind® i cnchaibh Aiffraici.

Atci'tis® dealba 7 imaigni na ndéi adhartha^ ic cai 7 ic derfadhaigh and. Atcitis® tolada mora alluis ac siliud a sle-875saibh 7 a fraiglitibb gacha tighi isin Roimh, ic fiugrad in mor-saethair no foidémtais® ’artain.

Tainic airmc/^rith^ mor i n-uilibh templaibh [S. p. 13’‘] na ndéa“ isin Roim, conna^^ roibi slegh^^ nó claideZ» no caithsciathnbsp;for alcuing intib nach drocair^® fri lar talman.

880 Atcitis na hethaidi aidhcbidi acco [ic foluamam, F.] i soilsi in lae seachnon na cattrach .i. in écthach^^ 7 inn iatlu 7 innbsp;bubo^''. Ticdis ois 7 allta ecendsa na ndittreb comfogws conbsp;ndentais leptba^® 7 cubacla doib for larmedon na Roma gacbnbsp;n-aidbchi. No feartais coin 7 cuanarta 7 meic tire na hEtailinbsp;88Bualla mora sechnon na catferach gacb n-oidhchi. No labraidis^^nbsp;na ceitAri tre glor ndaenda acco, uair innister isna sdairib intannbsp;bui araili 'Romdnach ic gresacbt a ogdaim 7 a eri arba fair,nbsp;ro labair^s in t-ogdam fris co ndebairt: Cid tai dom trengres-acht, a oglaich? ol se, uair is taescu^^{1 2} atbelat^® na Romawaipnbsp;SDoinnas domelat ina fil d’arbannaibh acco^^.

Ro twsmit geni torotliarda^^ imda isin Roim intan sin, co met cuirp, co n-ilar lam 7 cos 7 cend, co linadh oman 7nbsp;imegla a maittri fein ica teancaisin.

1

linsat F.

^ da cech F.

® Adcithis S.

2

® foidentais S. fodemdaois F. ndei F.

F. inserts no saiccet. innectacb F.nbsp;bothu F.nbsp;labrastar F.

““ sic F. aibelat S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

There arose a movement of a huge storm, the like or semblance of which had never been found in the bosom of thenbsp;Tyrrhene sea, so that the strong burst of the floodtide and thenbsp;summit of its blue-browed, bright-sided billows filled the topsnbsp;of the high mountains that are about it on each side, to wit.nbsp;Mount Calpe in Italy (leg. Spain), and Mount Atlas in thenbsp;countries of Alrica.

The forms and images of the adored gods were seen wailing and shedding tears. Great floods of sweat were seennbsp;flowing out of the sides and walls of every house in Eome,nbsp;figuring (thereby) the great trouble which they would afterwardsnbsp;endure.

There came a great trembling of arms in all the temples of the gods in Rome, so that there was neither spear nornbsp;sword nor battle-shield on rack therein that did not fall againstnbsp;the floor of earth.

The nocturnal birds were seen flying in the light of day throughout the City, namely the écthach and the bat and thenbsp;horned owl. Deer and the savage wild beasts of the neighbouring deserts used to come every night and make lairs andnbsp;sleeping-places in the midst of Eome. The dogs and houndsnbsp;and wolves of Italy used to utter great howls throughout thenbsp;City every night. The cattle used to speak with a humannbsp;voice h for it is told in the histories that when a certain Romannbsp;was urging his ox with its load of corn upon it, the ox spakenbsp;to him and said: „Why art thou driving me on, thou youth?nbsp;for the Romans will perish sooner than they consume all thenbsp;corn they have (already) 2.“

Many monstrous births were at that time brought forth in Rome, with (unnatural) bulk of body, and number of handsnbsp;and feet and heads, so that fear and horror filled their ownnbsp;mothers on seeing them 3.

‘ Phars. I. 561: Turn pecudum faciles humana ad murmura linguae. ® Probably from some scholiast on Lucan.

“ Phars. I. 562, 563: Monstrosique hominum partus numeroque mo-doque Membrorum, matremque suus conterruit infans.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 13»—

Atcluintea comtuaircnech na cnamh im-medon na comrar 895 i n-uilibh adnaictib na cat/irach gach n-oidhchi. Atcluintis all-gotha aighthidi 7 ardgairmneach aduathniar i fedhaib 7 i fid-nemedaib na hEdaili, 7 ni faicte cuic[h] dognit[h]i jnsen.

Atcite na foiscti 7 na fantaisi [7] na hallcailli ifernaidi i n-imtacmung na Roma gach n-aidchi, gw ro facsat lucht nanbsp;ooomargad 7 aitrebaidi imectraca in baili a treha 7 a tegdasa^nbsp;re huathbas 7 re cridenbas na taidhbsi® donarfas doibh.

Atcithea in badb catha^ gach n-aidhchi^, 7 a haithin[n]i giuis for derglassad ina léimh 7 a trillsi natharda nemidi icnbsp;dresechtaigh immo cend® ic aslach in catha for na Romanchaibh.nbsp;906 Atcluintea isin aidhchi acco fogMrnuall na stocc, tulgubanbsp;na sgiath, fidren na’ foga, glonnbemneach na claideb, geoin nanbsp;cath ic coinruc, 7 ni faicthea cid dognidh* inni sin.

Atcluinte acco allcailli Sill ic taircetal in catha [catharda].

Atco«ncadar araili aeghairi® badar i mbruigibh srotha sioAniein inti Mairr ic togbail cind asan^® adnacul. Is ed ronbsp;tircanad tritsin, samaiRi in catha catharda ro gniead etir Mairrnbsp;7 Sill do gnim doridisi ic Homanchaib.

Ro gabsat sagairt na ndea 7 na mbandéa ic uchbadaigh 7 ic golgairi sechnon na cattrach 7 ic edarguidhi na ndea icnbsp;915 iarraidh edrumaighthi na plaighi[sin] forro. Is ed no raidheadhnbsp;[S. p. 13^'] gach fer isin Roim; atathar i[c] comallad faistini [Si-bill banfatha^® innossa dona Romanchaibh, ar iatt, ar is edh ronbsp;tircan’^ F.j Sibill banfaith, discailiud in flaithiasaRoma'waijf ar trill.

Ro as aduath mar 7 imegla isin Roim la taidbsin na 920nderbairdi sin inti, 7 focres comairli ic lucht-na cathrach

1 cid dognidh P.

® a ndegduine F.

“ taidbhsin F.

¦* S repeats badbcatha.

® lae F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® dresactaig ima cenn F.

’ figrenna S. fidren F.

® dognigh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° aedhairi S. aegaire F.

acc toccbaiZ a chinn asa F.

” indaamail F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;raigheadh S. raidedh F.

banfata F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;** tircanadb F., but the -adh may be man. rec.

The Civil War of the Romans.

The beating together of the bones amid the coffins in all the burial-places of the City is heard every night. Loud awfulnbsp;voices and terrible cries were heard in the woods and sacrednbsp;groves of Italy, and whoso used to cause that was unseen.

The shades 1 and the phantoms and the ghosts of hell were seen every night around Rome, so that the market-folknbsp;and the foreign inhabitants of the town left their abodes andnbsp;their houses from horror and terror at the appearances thatnbsp;were revealed to them.

The Badb of battle (Erinnys) was seen every night, with her torch of pine red-flaming in her hand, and her snaky,nbsp;poisonous tresses rattling around her head, urging the Romans to battled

In the night they heard the trumpets resounding, the clashing of the shields, the whistling of the javelins, the smiting of the swords, the clamour of the battalions coming together:nbsp;and no one saw what was causing that.

The ghost (manes) of Sulla was heard by them, prophesying the Civil War.

Certain shepherds who were on the marches of the river Anio saw Marius raising (his) head out of the sepulchre.nbsp;Thereby it was foretold that the like of the civil war whichnbsp;had been waged between Marius and Sulla would be wroughtnbsp;again by the Romans.

The priests of the gods and the goddesses began to lament and wail throughout the City, and to entreat the gods, askingnbsp;for the lightening of that plague upon them. This is whatnbsp;every man in Rome was saying: „Now is the fulfilment of thenbsp;prophecy of the prophetess Sibyl to the Romansquot;; for this isnbsp;what she foretold, the destruction of the Roman dominion afternbsp;a time.

Great dread and terror grew in Rome at the appearance of those prodigies therein, and by the folk of the City counsel

‘ uenientes comminus umbrae, Phars. I. 570.

* Phars. I. 572—574: Ingens urbem cingebat Erinys Excutiens pro-nam flagranti uertice pinum Stridentisque comas.

In Cath Catharda. S. p. ISi».

cidh dogentais^ do sin. Is ed ro cindset iarum, lucW fessa 7 eolais do tocuiriud cucu a tir TMScia^, ar ba gnath lucht ceirdinbsp;draidecfe^a do bith inti sein, 7 ba bes do Komanu® da«o faithinbsp;in tiri sein do tocairiud ina n-docum in gach am no to-926maithead egendail forro.

Tucait intan sin dano faithi^ Twsceta cucu, co mbadar isin Roim. Atbertsat na Romawa^gf riu ara fiastais doib trenanbsp;fessaib draidec^^a ceta moruilc ro tircansat na derbairdi der-mara ro artraigset acco. Radar da primfaith derscaigtbechanbsp;93olasna fathaib, Aruns 7 KgulMS a n-anmann. Is e ro bo uaislenbsp;7 rob urrunta® dib, 7 ro bo sine arai n-aisi, Aruws. Luca ainmnbsp;a baile duthaigh®. Radar tri hernaili do IX n-earnailibh nanbsp;draidec^^a leis, ar is iad IX n-ernaili na draidec/iiJa [annso, P.] .i.nbsp;a ceathair dib i comidec/i# na ceittri ndul ndomunda .i. teneadhnbsp;935 7 talam, usee 7 aeoir. An cmced email taiscelad for ruithnibnbsp;saignean: in sesed email taiscelad for innib anmanda i tenntib:nbsp;in sechtiaamp;d iamp;i^celad [for] folu[a]main én, in ochtmad taisceladnbsp;for gothaibh én, in nomad taiscelad for ret[h]aib rend 7 retlann.nbsp;IS iad tri hernaih badar la hAruns dib sin .i. tadscelad fornbsp;940 cumscaigthibh saignen 7 for foluamain en 7 for innibh an-manna.

ISeci ro raidh in fear sin frisna Romawc^M intan sin, tor teneadh'^ tric[h]eimraaidhi 7 breo tulcha do denum acco, 7 inanbsp;twsmit® do genib toratharduib isin Roim d’uililoscud isin tenidhnbsp;945 sin. Ro forcowgart forro dawo Iwstred 7 imtocell® a catt-rach do denum, delba 7 imagni na ndei do tabairt ina tim-cell leó.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do dentais S.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tracia S., TMSccia F.

® la Komana F.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;don afaithi S. dawo fatha P'.nbsp;® urramanta F.

® duithce F.

’ teneadh S,

“ 7 in ro tuismed F.

® lusstred 7 imtoicell F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

was taken as to what they should do. This, then, is what they decided, to invite men of knowledge and wisdom to (come to)nbsp;them out of the Tuscan country; for men skilled in art magicnbsp;were common there, and the Romans were accustomed to invite the prophets of that country whensoever a perilous passnbsp;used to threaten themh

So Tuscan soothsayers were then fetched, so that they were in Rome. The Romans bade them declare through theirnbsp;augural sciences what great evils were foretold by the awful prodigies that had appeared. With the soothsayers werenbsp;two famous chief prophets, named Aruns and Kgulus. Ofnbsp;these Aruns was the nohler and bolder, and as to age henbsp;was the elder. Luca was the name of his dwellingplace^.nbsp;Three of the nine kinds of augury he possessed; for therenbsp;are nine kinds of augury, four of them in connexion withnbsp;the four mundane elements, to wit, fire and earth, water andnbsp;air. The fifth kind was ascertainment by the flashings ofnbsp;lightnings; the sixth, by the entrails of animals in fires; thenbsp;seventh, by the flight of birds®; the eighth, by the voices ofnbsp;birds; the ninth, by the courses of the stars and constellations.nbsp;Of those the three that Aruns possessed were ascertainmentnbsp;by the movements of lightnings, by the flight of birds, andnbsp;by entrails of animals.

This is what that man then told the Romans: to build a tower of red-rushing fire and a hill-flame, and to burn up innbsp;that fire all the monstrous births that were brought forth innbsp;Rome. He also ordered them to make a lustration and cir-cumambulation of their City, and to carry round it the figuresnbsp;and images of the gods^.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 13lgt;—14“.

Tancadar iarum uile aitrebaidi na Roma ’na iidrongaib 7 ’na ndirmaib ina timcell co sagartaib 7 go mbansagartaib nanbsp;yóondea 7 na mbandea immaille Mu.

Coin badar lucht na Roma ic imtocell a cathrach fon sainail sin, ro theclaim Aruns ina fuair do tiruarsnibh saigwewnbsp;seachnon in baili, 7 ro can ce[t]lai 7 tincetla druad iorxo, 7nbsp;ros-infolaig ^ i fudomuin in talman ’arsin.

955 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[S. p. 14“] Tugad araiH tarb torachta ^ tiugformnach ina docum ^

dia idpairt dona deib. Dorinnscam^ dam Aruns iarum teachta na hidparta do gnim Msin tarb .i. fin do dail i® tollaib a cluasnbsp;7 edir a da adhairc 7 i fidisibh^ a srona. Ro imbir fair dawonbsp;each ada aili ba dir do imbirt for tarb idparta. Ro gab innbsp;960tarb for imresain moir M timtiribh na hidparta ’arsin, 7 nir’nbsp;degardi leosMm esen. Ro marb Aruns® fein in tarb iarwm.nbsp;Ni dat® srotha fola fordergi, amal is gnath do tepersin a lieirs-cibh^® urtesethaibh ro snigset^i asa crechtaibh, acht lin[n]tinbsp;dubfola duaibsighi co faircsi nearaglaini 7 nemidec/i^a moirinbsp;966 forro. Ro gab aduath mor in faith ic tencaisin na n-ilgnéanbsp;doraitnii® innibh in tairb, ar inneoch nar’btar banglasa dibnbsp;robtar dubglasa, 7 ba miairdi leissium sin uili.

Ro scail 7 ro fodail inni in tairb i ndib bloghaibhi®. Ro taisealb in cetblo[i]gh dibh do Pomp 7 don tseanudh 7 innbsp;97ombloighi^ n-aill do CesaA gona miledhuibh. Ba mactad mornbsp;leis ind abairt^® dorigm'set na bloga sin na n-inni, ar ni dern-sat inni riam rompo abairt^® bad nemadhu indas, ar in randnbsp;ro taiselbad do Pomp dib ro gab for serg 7 digbail, for era-pad 7 for feodugMd, ro thruin^’, ro traig [7] ro thairind frinbsp;975 talwcifw, gonar’ artraigh brigh no calmatws inti. Rann Cesair

' ro cacain cetla P. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® ros imfolai^ F.

“ toracht F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦* ndocom F.

“ Dorinscain F. doris S. ® a S. i F. ’ fitisib F. figisibh S. ® sic F. iarwm S., with punctum delens under Lnbsp;dath S. dat F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;hairscib F.

sic F. Rosgniset S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;na n-ilgnea sin doraitne F. na n-

ilgnéi doraindni S. with punctum delens over second n. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mblogaib F.

bloigh S. mbloig F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F. in idpairt S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic F.

idpairt S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” thriun F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

So then all the inhabitants of Rome came around, in their bands and crowds, with the priests and priestesses of thenbsp;gods and the goddesses along with them.

While the folk of Rome were circumambulating their city in that wise, Aruns collected all the relics of the lightningnbsp;that he found throughout the town, and he sang chants andnbsp;wizards’ spells over them, and hid them afterwards in thenbsp;depth of the earth

A certain rounded, thick-shouldered bull was brought to him to be sacrificed to the gods. Then Aruns began to perform on the bull the dues of sacrifice, to wit, pouring winenbsp;into the holes of his ears, and between his horns, and into hisnbsp;nostrils. Then he practised on him every other due that wasnbsp;meet to practise on a sacrificial bull. The bull then began tonbsp;struggle violently against the sacrificial attendants, and thatnbsp;they deemed an evil sign. So Aruns himself slew the bull.nbsp;No streams of crimson blood, such as usually spurt forth fromnbsp;the freshly severed necks, dropt out of the wounds, but poolsnbsp;of black darksome blood, with the look of impurity and greatnbsp;virulence upon them. Great horror seized the augur whennbsp;he beheld the many symptoms which appeared on the entrailsnbsp;of the bull, for those that were not pale green were darknbsp;green; and he deemed all that an evil token.

He disparted and divided the bull’s entrails into two portions. The first portion he assigned to Pompey and the senate: the other portion to Caesar and his soldiery. Greatly did henbsp;marvel at the manner in which those portions of the entrailsnbsp;behaved, for never before had entrails behaved more unduly.nbsp;For the part which had been assigned to Pompey began tonbsp;shrivel and dwindle, to shrink and to wither: it grew poornbsp;and empty; it sank down against the earth, so that neithernbsp;strength nor stoutness appeared therein. But (as to) Caesar’s

‘ Phars. I. 605—608: Duraque illi effusam longis anfractibus urbem Oircumeunt, Arruns disperses fulminis ignes Colligit, et terrae maestonbsp;cum murmure condit.

In Cath. Catliarda. S. p. 14»—14'gt;.

immorro, ros-lm borrfad 7 in[d]ocbail 1, ro fas 7 ro inforbair, ro att 7 ro inboilg, go ndernai aenmoil trein tomaithmighinbsp;dona huilib badar inti.

0 ro thenc^ Aruns® na hairdi aichtidi sin 7 na taircetla^ 98omoruilc badar a coimidecht na hidparta, dorinnscan nuall 7nbsp;nemeli mor do denMm frisna deib co ndebairt: A den® firennachanbsp;fororda, for se, is infechtain masa ada no masa dir damsa nanbsp;nithi tircantai do aisneis dona poplibh rom-tochuirseat® inanbsp;ndocum. Air cid duitsiu, a loib, ro airdergiussa ^ in idpairt-senbsp;986 do denMm dodeachadar na demna iffernaidi gu ro linsat innedanbsp;tairb na hidparta.

[S. p. Id'*] IS mor in imecla fil forni de sin, go na 1am-mait aisneis na n-olc tircantar® duind, acht forir chéna bidat mo® na huilc innas amal ata in ecla forni. Nir’ bo^® sirsannbsp;99ochena nach brec gacha canamii uili, 7 nach airdi doilbthi ronbsp;facaibh Tages faith for innibh na n-anmanda^®.

IN Tages isin dawo, da mbeith neach no iarfaighead, is e ro aircestar in ealadhain draidec^ifa. Ni bui athair m mathairnbsp;occa, acht a focbail beo fo fotaibh in arathair chena.

996 Taischelta Aruinsi® TMSceta conici sin 7 a tircanta tre innibh anmanna^^.

IN primhfaith eli immorro bui leo .i. FigulMS, i tucsin dala na ndei 7 derritiMsa nimi ro bui sen, 7 a fric[h]nMm [7] inbsp;feghadh na firmaiminti 7 ir-ret[h]aibh rend 7 retlann, go nanbsp;1000 frith i tiribh Egipti riam, neach bad coimeolach fris i su[d]igh-thibh nimi. Is inti sen bad^^ h'a lucht na healadan sin, fobithinnbsp;ar is glaini 7 is nemnellaigh[i] in firmaimint doib inas donbsp;lucht in talmaw arcena.

‘ tomaitig F. tommaithtigh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® tencastwr F.

® arm S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* taircetal S. taircetla F.

® dea firennacha S. deu firena F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ -tocairseat S.

’ airdergeasa F. airtergisa S.

® tircadar S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” bidit mo am F.

ni bo F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;canam F. canaim S.

** nanmann F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Aruisin S. Aruns F.

*¦* cidh inti sen. bad S. IS inntiside bad F. neimellnaipthi F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

part, pride and glory filled it: it grew and increased: it swelled and extended, so that all the things that were therein ^ becamenbsp;one mighty threatening heap.

When Aruns saw those fearful signs and the forecasts of great evil that accompanied the sacrifice, he began to wail andnbsp;complain to the gods, and he said: „0 righteous, all-goldennbsp;gods“, quoth he, „hardly is it meet or right for me to declarenbsp;the prophesied things to the folks that have invited me tonbsp;them. For though unto thee, 0 Jove, I proposed to make thisnbsp;sacrifice, the infernal demons came and filled the entrails ofnbsp;the sacrificial bull.

„Great is the dread that we suffer therefrom, so that we dare not set forth the evils that have been foretold to us;nbsp;but alas! the evils will be greater than our fear. It werenbsp;good news that what we all say is false, and that the signsnbsp;which the prophet Tages left on the entrails of animals arenbsp;deceptive

That Tages, then, if anyone should ask, was he who invented the science of augury. He had neither father nor mother, but was found alive under the sods of the plough 3.

So far the prognostications of Aruns the Tuscan, and his forecasts by means of the entrails of animals.

The other chief prophet whom they had, to wit, Figulus, was (skilled) in understanding the decrees of the gods and thenbsp;secret things of heaven, in diligently gazing at the firmament,nbsp;and in the courses of the stars and constellations, so thatnbsp;never in the lands of Egypt was there found one equally wisenbsp;in the arrangements of heaven’Tis in Egypt the men of thatnbsp;science were most numerous, because the firmament is clearernbsp;and less cloudy to them than to the folk of the rest of the earth.

‘ Phars. I. 608—629; sacris tunc admouetaris Electa ceruicemarem, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 630—637: His ubi concepit magnorum fata malorum Excla-Vix fas, superi, quaecumque monetis, Prodere me populis, etc.

“ Phars. I. 636—637: Ovid, Metamorph. XV. 558: Cic. Div. II. 23.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. I. 640; quern non stellarum Aegyptia Memphis aequaretnbsp;numerisque mouentibus astra.

I'

In Oath Catliarda. S. p. 14igt;—15».

Ro cliuaidh in ier sin im-munighin a feasa fathachda 1006 Ro gab ic tenccaisin na firmaiminti sirglaini solwsta 7 rennnbsp;ruthenda [in] nimi blaith brecnellaigh uasu da gacb aird ceinnbsp;CO nos-dercai amaZ ba lor leis. Used asbert frisna Romdnchu:nbsp;Fil nechtar da neche^ forsna coraigthibhsea atcimsea, ol senbsp;.i. ata seachran mor for cumscugudh firmaiminti 7 na rendnbsp;1010 osin tir-sea seach gach tir, go na filet ar taiscelta-ui ar coirnbsp;inti, no masa® tre imaltwr na Faithi tic in morbrectbadbnbsp;adcimsea, is apaigh^ 7 is urlam ac na deibh dith 7 dilceannnbsp;7 delarugMd in ciniudha daenna do denum i traiti®. Na deinbsp;adhartha fris, [for se F.] cia ret tresa tic in morplaigh-sea iter .i.nbsp;1015in talamcumscugud® dognitter and .i. inn e in talumh oslaicfesnbsp;a inni do slugudh catArach 7 caistiall in[n] uili domhuin conanbsp;n-attrebtaidib leo, no inn i tromdlai^ derfadhach na dilinninbsp;ferfas for dreich in talmaw dori[di]si do uili-badhudh® claindinbsp;Adbaim, no in ba faelscud saigwew tenntidi 7 brot[h]a aeoir doraganbsp;1020do^ forloscud in [S. p. 15»] domhuin, wo' inn e in talam trom-foideach diultfas a fas 7 a ith 7 a inforbairt, co na leicfeai“nbsp;a toirthi trit, go n-aibelat na^^- huili daini la gortai.

Ni fedarsa cia hernail plaighi bias and, no cia teidm tresa tic, acht cena rofedar co mba scur saegail sochaidhi innbsp;io25plaigh [isin F.].

Fil gne n-aill dawo forsn[a] taisceltaibh-sea .i. dia mbad i [n]AqMair uscidi no beth rind sadal Saduirnn intansa ro badnbsp;digal dilinni doberta^^ do dilcenn in domuin. Dia mbad inbsp;Leomhuin lasamhnach no beith in grian intansa is bruth aeoirnbsp;1030 7 forloiscti no^® adannfad in domun. Acht cen[a] dar^^ lem ninbsp;hole dibhsin fil ann etir, acht is e rind Mairt morcathaigh filnbsp;i Scoirp and, 7 na renda da tiefad cosc.a brot[h]a sen .i. rindnbsp;^ fataceda P. athatachda S.

* Fil aochtax do da nechi F. Fil nechtar da neach ni S.

^ mas F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¦* abaid F.

^ i ttraiti F. aturithi S.

® talamcumscitcAad F. -madugud S.

’ tromdluith F. * -baghudh S. -haiudh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° da S. d F.

leicefe F. leaefea S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ina F.

do breta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;na S. no F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;indar F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

arrangements that I see: the motion of the firmament and the stars from this land past every land is greatly astray, so thatnbsp;our prognostications are not rightly therein. Or if it be through thenbsp;medium of the Fates comes the great diversity which I see,nbsp;the gods are ripe and ready to cause quickly the perishingnbsp;and destruction and depopulation of the human race. Thenbsp;adored gods know,quot; saith he, „the means by which this greatnbsp;calamity will come, namely, is it an earthquake that is causednbsp;there? i. e. whether it is the earth that will open its bowels tonbsp;swallow up the cities and castles of the whole world, together withnbsp;their inhabitants? Or whether it is the heavy-dense tearsheddingnbsp;of the Flood, which will again pour upon the face of the earthnbsp;to drown the children of Adam? Or whether it will be thenbsp;scorching of fiery lightnings and heat of air that will come tonbsp;burn up the world? Or whether it will the heavy-sodded earthnbsp;that will refuse her growth and her corn and her increase,nbsp;and not let her fruits through, so that all the human racenbsp;will perish by famine i?“

„I know not what kind of plague will be there, or what disease through which it comes. But this I know, that thatnbsp;plague will be the stopping of the life of a multitude.

„Now there is another kind of these observations, namely: if the easy planet of Saturn were at this time in watery Aquarius the punishment of a flood would be inflicted to destroynbsp;the world. If the Sun should be at this time in flamy Leo, thenbsp;glow of the air and the burning would set the world on fire.nbsp;Howbeit meseems that it is not evil from them that is there;nbsp;but it is the star of Mars, the great battler, that is in Scorpio, and of the stars which would be able to restrain his

' Phars. I. 642—647; ‘Aut hie errat’, ait, ‘nulla cum lege per aeuum Mundus, etc.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 15^—

loib no Uenir no Mercuir, ni fil rind dib i comfogMS dó etir, liair ata loib i fuiniud itrathsa 7 Uenir i conafocMS g/eine fonbsp;losothalam, 7 ni tainic Mercuir i twrcbail gu sé, gw ro Hn bruthnbsp;nemi Mairt in aeoir uili, fobith rind aile nf fil i comfocMS donbsp;acht rind Orioin claideabhthaircetaigh nama, 7 cidh esen isnbsp;fuillead n-Mrbada thirchanai fos.

IS mairg ni^, ol se, ic a filet na renna-sa taircetul isna lorosuidigthibh® i tat .i. confad catha, coimergi curad, faelscudhnbsp;imberta arm i lamhaib laech, comtulcadh miledh mear mor-mewmnach 7 la[th] gaili, scwr sida 7 caincomhraic, comhtocbailnbsp;cogaid etar cardiu, tochastal tuath^ n-eachtrand, robarta ferginbsp;righ rogarg rodimsach ir-rae catha 7 imairic®, falbaighi colannnbsp;lotósaerclann fo cossaib con 7 cuanart®.

Cid da^ mbiusa ’ga® cleith, ar se, ar doragha fo deoidh inni tircantar and .i. in cath cathartZa. Atragat moruilc isinnbsp;Eoim trena bithin sen, ar biaidh gach tren al-los® a nirt 7 anbsp;calmatais inti. Ni coimetfaitheri® dligheadh no firinne innte occo^hnbsp;1050 Molfait/ier don mac marbad [a] athar 7 don athair^^ marbadnbsp;an maiG ann. Tathaeirfither^® immorro do gach aen cocelas donbsp;cairdes no do caratrad isin aimsir sin. Mor mbliacZai^^¹ biasnbsp;in Eoim amZaitZ sin .i. woco tair tigernws aenrigh fnirri, [S. p. 15’’]nbsp;7 dar lim ni ferr son^® la Eomhanu inna[s] in cath catharda.nbsp;1056 Taircetla na ndruadh Twsceta conigi sin.

Ba lór tra do uraiU® omain 7 imegla for lucht na Eoma i tarfas do tircantaibh in catha conigi sin, acht tainic doibnbsp;adbar’^’' uathbais nar’bo luga innas sin, air ro inaitcestar’¹

1

tircauMs F. thirchanta S., but the second t is imperfectly erased. ^ nith S. Is mar inni F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° suigidthibh S.

“ imaircc F.

’ da F.

» illMS F.

sic F. firinni inti acco S. tairfiter S. tataeirfilAer F.

ni forsron S.

” adbar F. adbair S.

ar rosinaitcestar F. inaithcestar S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

fervour, the star of Jupiter or Venus or Mercury, not one is near him, for Jupiter is now setting, and Venus is near thenbsp;Sun, under the earth, and Mercury has not hitherto risen; sonbsp;that the virulent glow of Mars has filled all the air, becausenbsp;no other star is near him, save only the star of swordgirtnbsp;Orion; and even that is an increase of the injury that he stillnbsp;foretells

„A woeful thingquot;, quoth he, „these stars are foretelling in the stations which they occupy, to wit, madness of battle, risingnbsp;of heroes, ardour of wielding weapons in warriors’ hands,nbsp;concussion of furious, high-spirited soldiers and champions,nbsp;cessation of peace and good-will, raising up warfare betweennbsp;friends, mustering of foreign tribes, flood-tide of anger of fiercenbsp;and haughty kings in a field of battle and conflict, ramparts ofnbsp;bodies of nobles under the feet of wolves and dogs.

„Why am I concealing it?quot; quoth he; „for what is foretold there will come at last, to wit, the Civil War. Great evils will arise in Rome because of that, for in it every onenbsp;will be strong by dint of his might and his valour. Neithernbsp;law nor justice will be preserved therein by them. The killingnbsp;of his father will be praised by the son: the killing of his sonnbsp;by the father. Whoever then spares (another) from gossiprednbsp;or friendship will be blamed. For many years it will be thusnbsp;in Rome, until the lordship of one king shall come over it;nbsp;and meseems that the Romans do not prefer that to the Civilnbsp;AVar2.“

So far the predictions of the Tuscan augurs.

The presages of the war that till then had appeared were enough to impose fear and dread on the Romans. But therenbsp;came to them a cause of terror which was not less than that:

’ Phars. I. 651—663: Summo si frigida caelo Stella nocens nigros Saturni accenderet ignis, etc.

* Phars. I. 670—672: Cum domino pax ista uenit. Due, Roma, ma-lorum Continuam seriem clademque in tempora multa Extrahe ciuili tantum iam libera hello.

Irische To-xte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;6

In Cath Catharda. S. p. ISi».

spirut deamnata^ i n-araili sruthmathair soicheneoiP isin Roim, 1060 conas-tuc¹ for dobur 7 for dasacht. Ro gab iarwm in dasach-tach sin for¹ taircetal na n-olc cetna dona ^omdnckaib, Ronbsp;innis 7 ro aisneidh doib uili aircetla in catha catharda 0 ttisnbsp;CO deredh, 7 is wAaid ro aisneid 7 hi^ ag imacallaim frisinnbsp;spirut ndeani[n]ata i fiadnuisi loc[h]ta na Roma uili.

1065 Ba follws dona ^omdnchaih ferg 7 luindi na ndea [n]adart[b]a do bith friu fein® intan sin, air doradsat na huili duili domundanbsp;comart[h]a foillsi^ 7 tircanta demni in catha camp;Aiarda [doib],

O ro comgabsat uili grith® ina mewmannaibh cowid ic taircetal ar ndermair® 7 raen madmann catha ro badar nanbsp;i070hairdi aduatliinara sin [donarfas doib, E.] ros-lecset fri¹® bron 7nbsp;dubha [7 torsi, F.] etir saer 7 daer. Ro [dijcuirseat² a n-uaislenbsp;7 a n-ard[f]laithi a citmtaighi rigda 7 a n-erreda onorda dib¹®.nbsp;Ros-eitseat uile 0 eirreadaibh¹® dereoilibh i comart[h]a duba² 7nbsp;toirsi. Badar co tai tait[h]enach ic dicelt¹® in broin sin 7 anbsp;i076galar inmedonach i¹® cridi gach aen duini dibh¹^, 7 arai ni ronbsp;cwirset osaird beos, w\al bit muindtora na righ n-onorach intannbsp;tiagait a tigernai bas ic duba infoilgidi for tus airet ro fetar¹®nbsp;dic[h]lid¹® in sceoil.

Ro cuadar^® a mna 7 a maithreacha, a milidh 7 a lucht 1080 gaiscicZ, a sruithi 7 a senorafgh i^¹ templaibh na ndea 7 nanbsp;mbanndéa. Ro scailset a fultu intib 7 ro tuaircset a n-ochtanbsp;da ndornaibh. Ro gabsat ac dubha 7 ic derfadaigh, ic com-geran 7 ic comacaiiii annsin i fiadhnaisi delbh 7 altori^^ nanbsp;ndea adarta.

1

demnacda F. ^ sruit maihair coimcineoil F. ^ contartuiceadh F. ¦¹ icc F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® .i. airm, 7 ac77al. aceta. ISamlaid ro taispenad inn

innramsin, 7 si, F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;° fercc na ndei n-adartha do heit cucu fein F.

’ faillsighthi F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;² 0 ro gabsat uili da»o F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® ndermar F.

Ro gabsat for F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;diouirsit F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ro dicuirsit a n-uasail 7

\neht a cceimenn cadusach a crutaigti ricch 7 a n-erreda fororda dib F. Rosn-etset uile iet i n-etaigiamp; F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;² broin F.

iccleit F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” each oenfir uaidip F.

ro fettad F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dicleitb F.

Rocotar F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;senorai^ihi a S. senatoraig i F.

2

delba 7 altoiri F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

For a demoniacal spirit entered a certain noble matron in Rome, and reduced her to darkness and frenzy. So that madwomannbsp;began to foretell the same evils to the Romans. She relatednbsp;and declared to them, from first to last, all the prophecies ofnbsp;tlie Civil War. Thus she made her declaration, conversingnbsp;with the demoniacal spirit in presence of all the folk of Roine^.

It was clear to the Romans that the wrath and rage of the adored gods were then against them 2, for all the mundanenbsp;elements gave them manifest signs and sui’e presages of thenbsp;Civil War.

When all of them had conceived in their minds the knowledge that the awTul prodigies which had appeared tonbsp;them were foretelling vast slaughters and battle - breaches,nbsp;both freeman and serf yielded themselves to grief and gloomnbsp;and sorrow. Their nobles and their high lords cast off theirnbsp;royal ornaments and their honoured robes. They all cladnbsp;themselves in wretched garments in token of mourning andnbsp;sorrow. They were still and silent, concealing that grief whilenbsp;his inward trouble was in the heart of every one, and nevertheless as yet they did not display it. Just as the households ofnbsp;honorable kings, when their lords go to death, are at first innbsp;hidden grief, so long as concealment of the tidings is possible®.

Their wives and their mothers, their soldiers and their champions, their elders and their old men entered the templesnbsp;of the gods and goddesses. Therein they loosed their hair, andnbsp;beat their breasts with their hands. They began sorrowing andnbsp;weeping, wailing together and lamenting in the presence of thenbsp;images and altars of the adored godsh

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pliars. I. 673—695; Terruerant satis haec pauidam praesagianbsp;plebem, etc.

^ Phar.s. II. 1—4: lamqiie irao patuore deum, maiiifestaque belli Signa dedit mimdna, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pbars. II. 16—24 et seq.: Ergo ubi concipiunt, quantis sit cladi-bus orbi, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pbars. II. 30—33: Ilae lacrimis sparsere deos, etc.

6*

1085

In Cath Catharda. S. p. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;—16».

Bet[h]u Cait annso sis.

Bai aenfer isin cathraigh fornar’ laessat na cumscaigthi mora sin, Brutus a ainm, consol togaidi da 'Komdnchaih é, iernbsp;galach mormenmnach, [S. p. 16^] 7 ni tairuead a aicnedhi gidnbsp;mor d’ulc fogabad, ni metaigead a mewmain dono cid mornbsp;1090 maithwsa no tidnaiceo?^ in toictiu dó. Tanic in for sin ic abar-dorc[h]a derid na baidhchi co teach brathar a mathar® .i. conbsp;teach Cait, da fis 7 da comair[]]i fris cia hairimbirt dogentais^nbsp;i frestal in catba .i. in la Poimp atreistis docum in catha, nonbsp;in la Cesair, fa inn Mrnaidi dogentais'^ co fes^ais cia dib for-1095 bad raen, air gib e dib bad coscrach ro bad laind leis a sidh*’-sum d’fogbaiP, ar ni ro badar do Bomanaibh da cowsul badnbsp;comtig® da cudrumugbudh friu.

IS 1® immorro comairli ba toil don ti sin .i. BrutMS, gan ergi doib re neacb etir^ acht urnaidi co fesrtais cia de na danbsp;iiootMseclP® bad coscrach ann, air ba nemada leis be[i]th i fur innbsp;catha i muirfeadii in mac a athair, nó in t-athair a mac, nonbsp;in brathair araih, 7 dawo nir’ miadh leis coimaentui^ lasinnbsp;lucht mibesach [ut P.] badar ic trialP® in cogaidh cathardanbsp;ardaigh a n-anfaladh do dighail, ar niptar seitrigh a ndigaltanbsp;1105 i n-aimsir sidha nó caincomruic.

Doriacht iarwm Brutas guro[s-i]mluaidh in comairli sin i fiadhnuisi Cait. IS amlafd! bui Cait intan rainic-sium inanbsp;docum, CO dubhach dobronach neamsadail neamcodultach ’canbsp;thuri^ 7 ’ca scrutan cindus no bedis coraighthi na cat/jrach 7nbsp;iiiourtriallai® in popuil 7 in tsenaidh 'Romdnaig i frestal ind^®nbsp;etualaing moir bui ic tomait[h]im forro. IS ed so fi-ecra dobertnbsp;for in aitheasc ro raidh Brutws fris:

• aichned S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ sic F. no ticnaicead S.

® bratar a malar S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* cie airmbert dogendais F. da-

dentais S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® dogendais F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® sigh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ d’fogbaii F.

® coimdid aiccenta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® acht cena as i comoirli do bert

Brutits, can eirghi doib dia freslal etir, F.

cia dona taoisechaib F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;'nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ i murfet F. imifwread S.

coMgnam F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;coimhtriall F.

’¦* thsur S. tur F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;urtriall F.

sic F. an S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

The Life of Cato here below.

There was one man in the City whom those great commotions did not affect, Brutus^ by name, a choice consul of the Komans, a man brave and highspirited, whose heart wouldnbsp;not sink though he should receive much evil. He upliftednbsp;not his mind though Fortune should give him much wealth.nbsp;That man came in the dusk of the end of the night to thenbsp;house of his mother’s brother, that is, to Cato’s housed, tonbsp;know and to take counsel with him as to what proceeding theynbsp;should take in waiting on the battle, that is, should they gonbsp;to the battle with Pompey or with Caesar? Or should theynbsp;wait until they knew which of the leaders would be routed? Fornbsp;whichever of them was victorious would be eager to get peacenbsp;with Brutus and Cato, for of the Romans there were not twonbsp;consuls who could often be equalled to them.

This is the counsel that was approved by him, to wit, Brutus, not to go with either, but to wait till they knew whichnbsp;of the two leaders would be victorious. For he would deemnbsp;it wrong to be preparing for a battle in which a son would killnbsp;his father, or a father his son, or one brother another. And alsonbsp;he did not deign to unite with that immoral folk who werenbsp;going to the Civil War in order to avenge their (private) wrongs (?),nbsp;for they were not strong (enough) to avenge them in time ofnbsp;peace or goodwill.

So Brutus came and discussed that counsel in Cato’s presence. Thus was Cato when he came to him, gloomy, sad,nbsp;uneasy, sleepless, searching and scrutinizing how should be thenbsp;arrangements of the City and the proceedings of the peoplenbsp;and of the Roman senate in prospect of the great injury whichnbsp;was threatening them. This is the answer which he gave tonbsp;the speech that Brutus made to him:

’ Pliars. II. 234—235: At non magnanimi percussit pectora Bruti Terror etc.

* Phars. II. 236—238: sed nocte sopora, Parrliasis obliques Helice cum uerteret axes. Atria cognati pulsat non ampla Catonis.

In Gath Catharda. S. p. 16»—16'gt;.

IS fir, tra, ol se, cowid nemhadha^ nior do neoch comtriall in catha catharda. AM ceana cuich^ folilsad® gan omhunnbsp;1115 fair a nert 7 a lamha da* fordingi dia tencad reiina nimi 7 innbsp;fiVmaimint fein ic tairneamh 7 ic toitim for tounclar in^ tal-man ina fiadnaisi. Ni mo ro faelwsa® tuitim na Romha donbsp;tencaisin gan cungnum le. Ro bad dermair in dimbaidhi damsanbsp;bitb am aenur' i n-uaingiMS® 7 ciniuda® ectrand in domhainnbsp;112U d'fogluasacht lasin comtocbadl-sea dorala isin Roim. Ni bednbsp;sin bias and etir cena, aM dobersa m’feidm*® catha in conairnbsp;dobera in seanadb uile .i. la Poimp, air is é nac[h] tainic inbsp;n-aigid na Roma smail [S. p. 16''] tanic Gesair; 7 araill elenbsp;ann dawo, da mbém [mjaraen ic congnum la Poimp, ni donbsp;1125 fein taisealbabas in coscwr boras, aM bid duinni, 7 bid lugai-di a dimmMS-sum sin ’ar ngabail rigid doridhise**.

Ait[h]esc Gait annsin.

Ro aentaigb Brutes iantm frisin aithesc sin bratbar'^ a mathar. A dracht borrfad a aicnidb, 7 ro fas diaillsigudb innbsp;1130 catha catharda. ina mewmain, cona bui da Romdnaiamp; aenduininbsp;lasar’ lainni gnim in catha catharda innas.

A mbadar and iarwm trath etarscart[b]a dorcatais*® derid na baidhchi re bansoillsi tossaigh in lai, co cualadar beim bas-craind fri dorws in lis acco. ISed bui annsin bean bui la Gaitnbsp;1136 ina ocbaid fec7lt;^ n-aill, Marcia a hainm, 7 ro tessim in beannbsp;sin tri maccu** do Gait fri ré teora vdhliadna. Dorala arailinbsp;ferchara dosum isin Roim, Hortensiws a ainm: ni tasmiteanbsp;claim do sein etir. Ba doilig mor la Gait sin, 7 ised doroniiquot;;nbsp;dobert a mnai fein do tesmead clainni do, ar ba combrit i.nbsp;1140 Ro tesim iarwin in bean tri macu do fri teora hliadna. Tanicnbsp;Hortensias ’arsin co targaid*’ in mnai cetna do Gait do tesmeadnbsp;fuillid claindi do. Natbó, ol Gait*®, fil do met ni’onora-sa isin

The Civil War of the Romans.

„’Tis true, indeedquot;, quoth he, „that it is wrong in the extreme for any one to proceed to Civil War. Still who could endure without fear to abate (his) strength and hands if he sawnbsp;the stars of heaven and the firmament itself rushing down andnbsp;falling before him on the swarded surface of the earth? Nonbsp;more shall I endure to see the fall of Rome without helpingnbsp;her. Great would be the pity if I were to be alone in solitude, when the stranger nations of the world are astir at thisnbsp;uprising that has happened in Rome. It shall not be so, butnbsp;I will give my war-service in the way that the whole senatenbsp;will give it, namely, with Pompey; for he has not come againstnbsp;Rome as Caesar has done. And another thing then: if we arenbsp;together helping Pompey, not to himself will he ascribe thenbsp;victory that he will gain, but it will be to us, and his pridenbsp;will be the less after grasping the kingship again.quot;

There is Cato’s speech.

So Brutus agreed with that speech of his mother’s brother. The pride of his spirit arose, and the pressing on of the Civilnbsp;War grew in his mind, so that there was none of the Romansnbsp;with whom the waging of the Civil War was more desirable.

Now when they were there, when the darkness of the end of the night is divided from the pale light of the beginning ofnbsp;day, they heard a blow of the knocker on the door of thenbsp;house ’Tis there was the wife whom Cato had in his youthnbsp;once upon a time. Marcia was her name, and in the space ofnbsp;three years she had borne three sons to Cato. He happenednbsp;to have a certain male friend in Rome, named Hortensius.nbsp;No children were borne to him. That was a great grief to Cato,nbsp;so he did this: he gave his own wife to Hortensius to bear children to him, she being prolific. So in three years the womannbsp;bore him three sons. Thereafter Hortensius came and offerednbsp;the same woman to Cato that she might bear more childrennbsp;to him. „Nayquot;, said Cato, „so great is my honour in Rome

1 riiars. II. 326: Interea Phoebo gelidas pellente tenebras Pulsatae Bonuere fores etc.

In Cath Catharda. S. p. 1G1lt;—17a,

Eoim cowdat clanda’^ dam ind ocbad Jiomdnach uile, 7 air is twssu ric a lés claind bid in bean leat airet bas toil duit.

H46 Marb ^ovtensius i cind [rea iersin, F.]. O ro scaigh la Marcia teachta a adnacail 7 [a] cepoc cainteach, tainic conbsp;dérach dobronach co teach Gait intan cowecmaing in imagallaimnbsp;intansa, 7 mac a sethar .i. Brutas [Ro gab F.] ic agallaimnbsp;Gait 7 ic a iarraidh fair al-legon ica frestal 7 ica fntalamnbsp;1150 amal gach cumail bui aca^, air atbert-si na dechaidh a hairinbsp;re commamdacht uad, acM ro bad lor le do maith uadbnbsp;intan ro scribabtha® a hainm i n-airenuch a hadnacail co mbadnbsp;commam Gait atbertha fria.

Atbert dawo nach ic iarraidh soera no sadaile ro bui, air 1166 is re hucht catha 7 re coimeirgi cogaid moir dodeachaidh, acMnbsp;dowo bith^ ica frestal-sum, 7 ica fritalamh gach cowair rosn-imluaidfed in toictiu h-e airimbirt in cat[h]a moir. Atbertnbsp;dawo nar’bo nar dosum a b[e]ith-si ina farradh ig a coimide-acht, [S. p. 17^] cid for longais no beth, 7 Gornelia a bansetighnbsp;1160 i farradh in[d] airdrigh Poimp.

Ro cloed merama Gait trisin edarguidhi sin, 7 ro cetaigh do Marcia comaitreib fris. Nir’bo adbclossach forbannach da-ronnadh in caingean sin Gait 7 Marcia. Ni'r’ sirit cuir nonbsp;liadhain leo acM Brutws a aenwr. M ro iarfaigit faithi nonbsp;ii66fisidi uaithibh, a,mal is gnath i mbainsibh. Ni ro hingabad®nbsp;geis leo, 7 ni ro hadradh ada. hli bui cwmtach baindsidhi fornbsp;fir no for mnai dibh, [ar bai F.] forcsi broin for in mnai ’arnbsp;n-éc® a celi! IN fear dawo ni laghu doraitni bron’’ fair, airnbsp;on cetuair ro fairigh® imluad 7 comtocbail in cogaidh moir ninbsp;1170 ros-foilc 7 ni ros-fotliraic, ni dernai glanadh a gnwsi no tonachnbsp;^ clann F.

^ ocoo F.

“ scribtha F. scribawbtha S.

'* acht a bith F.

® himgabad F. hingabad S.

” n-ecc F. neach S.

’ dorait inbron S. doraithne bron F. “ roairi^r F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

that all the Roman youth are children of mine; and since it is thou that needs children, let the woman be with thee asnbsp;long as thou wishest.“

Some time afterwards Hortensius died. When Hortensia had performed his burial rites and his wailing lamentations shenbsp;came tearfully and sadly to Cato’s house just when the colloquy occurred between him and his sister’s son Brutus. Shenbsp;began speaking to Cato and entreating him to let her wait onnbsp;him and serve him like any of his handmaids. For she saidnbsp;that she came not with a mind to wedlock: for her it wouldnbsp;be enough of good from him when her name should be inscribed on the forefront of her tomb, and that (there) she shouldnbsp;be styled Cato’s wife^.

She said that she was not asking for quiet or ease, for she came with a view to battle and the uprise of great warfare,nbsp;but (only) to be waiting on him and serving him wherevernbsp;Fortune would cast him in preparing for the great battle. Shenbsp;also said that he should not be ashamed of her being in hisnbsp;company, even in exile, since Pompey’s consort Cornelia wasnbsp;in company of that high-king^.

By that entreaty Cato’s mind was influenced®, and he gave leave to Marcia to dwell along with him. Withoutnbsp;pomp or superstitious rite was that arrangement made betweennbsp;Cato and Marcia. Save Brutus only, neither sureties nor witnesses were sought by them. Neither soothsayers nor sagesnbsp;were asked, as is customary at weddings. No tabu was avoided by them, and no luck was venerated. No wedding ornamentnbsp;was on the man or the woman, for there was a (lasting) looknbsp;of sorrow on her face after her husband’s death. No less didnbsp;grief appear on Cato, for from the first hour that he perceivednbsp;the stirring up and uprising of the great warfare, he nevernbsp;washed or bathed, he never cleansed his face or laved his

^ Phars. II. 343—344; liceat tiimulo scripsisse; ‘Catonis Marcia’.

^ Phars. II. 348—349: Cur tuta in pace relinquor Et sit ciuili pro-pior Cornelia hello?

^ Phars. II. 350 etc.: Ilae flexere uirum uoces etc.

a lamh, acM bui co taidhiuir toirrseach ’ca tbur 7 ’ca scrutan cinnas no saerfadh in cat/»raigh do lamhaibh [a] bidbbadb, air ninbsp;r’airimniiri neach in cogad sin riam, acht ar grad no ar mis-cais ne[i]ch eli acht Cait a aenwr. Mad eisein^ immorro, is donbsp;ii76saerad na cattrach, 7 do din na hatharda, 7 do coigill in cin-iuda daenna uili ro imluaidh in cogad, air ni bai isin bitb i^nbsp;comaimsir fris aenfer bad togaidiu bestatu innas.

Ba da besaibb am, each ni fa fibred^ laim da forba 7 da 5 cur co forcend. ISec? no bidh a uili snim 7 detbitiunbsp;iisoinditen® na hatharda. Ba derb 7 ba deimin leis nach ar anbsp;daigh’ fein doradad isin domun é, acht ar daigh gach neichnbsp;cotniefad do lesugtoi and®. Ni teicheadh a comairbirt bithnbsp;dar® teachta tre bithu. Ba lor leis do biudh inni no scaradhnbsp;fri accurMS. Ba lor leis do educh^'’ din a ball ar fuacht 7 arnbsp;1186 nochta 11. Ba lor leis do tighib a din ar doinind 7 ar ainfinii^.nbsp;Ba da besaibh caw commamdacht fria setig acht i^® n-aimsirnbsp;coimperta namma^h Ba hat[h]air 7 ba ceili don catZiraigh énbsp;cein ro mair inti. Ni bui isin Roiin aenduini nach^® fuair anbsp;soludh. Bui ic adradh^® lirindi 7 ic fregra gnim socraid airetnbsp;1190 ro bo beo. ni ro mill a tol freettr a deg[g]nim uimi.

Scelachi^ Cait 7 luchta na Roma cowigi sin.

Sloiged Césair isin Etail annso sis^®.

H. p. 390.

[INJtan immorro do batar na hairm[b]ertai® sin isin Roim 1195 dodechaidh‘^0 Poimp cona dirmadhaibh sluaigh^^ 7 sochaidhe leisnbsp;a clithardiamraibh tiri Campan, cor’ gabh sosadh 7 longport

* eiside F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® a S.

® a F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® indliidean S. innditin F.

* om. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® tar F.

noebtai F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ainbbtini F.

namna S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;na F.

quot; sceamp; F.

Sloicced Cesair isin Ettaili F. Sluaigeadb Cesair isin Edail andso S. Toohestul sluaigh Poimp annso sis, H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;hairimbirta S. hairmberta F.

dodechaigb H. dodechaibh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sluaigh H. slogh S. sloig F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

hands But he was mournfully and sadly searching and pondering how he should save the City from the hands of its enemies. For never did anyone save Cato alone think of that warnbsp;except for love or hate of some one else. As to Cato, it wasnbsp;to free the City, and to protect the fatherland, and to sparenbsp;the whole human race, that he stirred up the war. For in hisnbsp;time there was not in the world one man whose character wasnbsp;choicer than his.

One of his customs was to complete and bring to an end every thing to which he put his hand. All his anxiety andnbsp;care used to be to safeguard the fatherland. Sure and certain was he that it was not for his own sake he had beennbsp;sent into the world, but for the sake of every one whom henbsp;could benefit therein. His enjoyment never went beyond whatnbsp;was meet. What would deprive him of hunger was food enoughnbsp;for him. Enough of clothing was the protection of his limbsnbsp;from cold and nakedness. Of houses it was enough to protectnbsp;him from foul weather and storm. One of his customs wasnbsp;not to have connexion with his wife save only at the seasonnbsp;of conception. So long as he remained in the City he was itsnbsp;father and husband 3. There was no one in Koine who didnbsp;not profit by him. While he lived he was reverencing righteousness and answering beautiful deeds. His desire never marrednbsp;the response of his good wmrks.

So far the tidings of Cato and the folk of Rome.

Caesar’s Hosting into Italy here below.

Now when those preparations were (made) in Rome Pom-pey came with his crowds of army and multitude into the sheltering recesses of Campania®, and took up his station and

* Phars. II. 374—376: Ut primum tolli feralia uiderat arma Intonsos rigidam in frontem desoendere canos Passus erat maestamque genis in-crescere barbam.

2 Phars. II. 383—388; Nec sibi, sed toti genitum se credere mundo, etc. ® Phars. II. 392: Interea ti-epido descendens agmine Magnus Moenianbsp;Dardauii tenuit Campana coloni.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 390—391.

a muraibh na cattrach dianadh ainm Capua. Cathair sin ro cumdaighedh isin Etail le hócclachi do muinntir Aeneasanbsp;Anacis, Capis^ a ainm, 7 ro taitin^ co mor fria Poimp in t-inadhnbsp;1200 sin, 7 ba maith [leis] beith ic frestal catha ann, uair ba dain-gen 7 ba dithoghlaidhe é. Sliabh Apeinnin^ ara cula, sliabhnbsp;is airdi 7 is accairbhi^ do sleibhtibh in [H. p. 391] domain.nbsp;Cuan mara Torrian® don leith tess^ don tsliabh [sin], 7 cuannbsp;mara Adriatecda® don leith atuaidh®, 7 inis and for muir inanbsp;1206 hircomhair fothuaidh, 7 inis Pisse ina hircomair fódhes.

Ocus srotha imdha ic siledh^® as isin muir cechtar do da taebh^i .i. sruth Medhuir 7 sruth Crustumium^^ ^ sruth Sapisnbsp;7 sruth Isauir 7 sruth Sena 7 sruth Aufid^® 7 sruth Eridainnbsp;ac tebirsin asin [tjslis tuaiscertach de. IS iat so na srothanbsp;i2ioteb[irsinn]iti^ asin [tjslis descertach de: sruth Tibhir 7 sruthnbsp;Putuba 7 sruth Yultuirn^® 7 sruth Sairni® 7 sruth Liris 7 sruthnbsp;Sileii'i’ a comfocws Salerna^®, 7 sruth Macra i^® comfocMS catfe-rach Luna, 7 intan rosoichter ar mullach in®® tsleibhe sinnbsp;atcither bruighi na Gallia uile as, 7 dar le®i nech is fae this®®nbsp;i2i5atait®® benda sleibhe Elpa, 7 m raibhe fos isin doman sliabhnbsp;ba®^ faide inas, ar ro gabh ar Uis 0 Etail co hinnsi®® Sicil fornbsp;muir Torrian, co tainic ruadhbuinne in mara cechtardha tarsinnbsp;mbloigh®® medhonaigh de [co fil isin Etail indiu®' indarm cennnbsp;de F.]. Sliabh Apennin a ainm, 7 in cenn n-aill i n-inis Sicil®*,nbsp;1220 7 sliabh P[e]loir a ainm. Ocus ba hinnill le Poimp beith anbsp;comhfocraibh in tsleibhe sin, ac estec/*^®® re scelaib Césair 7nbsp;ic furnaidhi®® in catha.

^ ro CMmtacht isin nEdail la hoglaecli S. F. ® Capisa H. ® thaithne S. taitne F. ‘‘ Api'min H. Peinin F. apein nin S. ® in sliabh on is airdiu 7nbsp;is accairbiu S. Torrein S. F. ’ anneas S. andes F. ® Agriatecdae F. Aba-tocda H. ® atuaigh PI. siliudh S. isin muir cec/iiarda do cec/iiar a danbsp;taebh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cruscium H. crustuim S. Crustuin F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. aufit F.

anfuit H. *¦* tepiniwMst S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;uulturt H. uultuirn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sarin H.

sairn S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;siler H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;silerna S. salferna H. salerna F.

a H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;an H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;atar la S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;annis S. anis F.

bit S. bad S. 2® Mnis S. F. mbloidh H. 27 anniu S. 2“ sliabh Apemin ainm in ceinn ele inis Sicil H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;jmesdec/ii S.

imestecfei F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fwr S. fur F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

camp within the ramparts of the town called Capua. That was a city founded in Italy by a warrior of the people of Aeneasnbsp;son of Anchises, named Capys^; and that place was greatlynbsp;to Pompey’s mind, and it seemed good to him to await battlenbsp;there, for it was strong and impregnable. The Apennine mountain-range was behind it, a mountain-range the highest andnbsp;roughest of the ranges of the world. There is a haven of thenbsp;Tyrrhene Sea on the southern side of that range, and a havennbsp;of the Adriatic on the north. Northward is an island (Ancona)nbsp;in the sea opposite it, and southward opposite it is the islandnbsp;of Pisa 2.

And on each of its sides are many rivers pouring out of it into the sea, to wit, the river Metaurus and the river Crus-tumium, and the Sapis, the Isaurus, the Sena and the Aufidus,nbsp;and the river Eridanus, pouring out of its northern flank. Thenbsp;rivers pouring out of its southern flank are the Tiber, the Ru-tuba, the Vulturnus, the Sarnus, the Liris, the Siler nearnbsp;Salernum, the Macra near the city of Luna^. And when onenbsp;reaches the summit of that mountain-range the fields of the wholenbsp;of Gaul are seen, and anyone would suppose that the peaksnbsp;of the Alps are down below it. And there was not in thenbsp;world a mountain-range longer than it: for it extended at first fromnbsp;Italy to the island of Sicily in the Tyrrhene sea, until thenbsp;strong burst of the sea on either hand broke through its intervening portion “t, so that now one of the two ends of it is in Italy,nbsp;called the Apennine, and the other end is in the island ofnbsp;Sicily, called Mount Pelorus®. It seemed safe to Pompey tonbsp;be in the neighbourhood of that range, hearing news ofnbsp;Caesar and awaiting the battle.

^ Verg. Aeneid x. 145.

2 Phars. II. 401. etc.: Hinc Tyrrhena uado frangentes aequora Pisae, mine Dalmaticis obnoxia fluctibus Ancon.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pbars. II. 427.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ovid, Metamorph. xv. 290.

Phars. II. 438: Bxtremi colies Siculo cessere Peloro.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 391.

Césair immorro ro Im bruth 7 ailgius imertai na n-arm a mewmain 7 a aicnedh, 7 nir’bo failidh leis ama? fuair crichanbsp;122611a hEtaile re[a] aghaidh^ cen acfuiwg® tsloigh^ iiinti® dó donbsp;frestal catha^{1 2}' ar techt da righaibb 7 da taisec[h]aibh esti^ arnbsp;a ingabhail¹-siumh fe'in, ar roba® lainde leis accaidi^® do gabhailnbsp;al-los a lamha 7 tré todbaiCi fola inas tre sidhi^ 7 tré caen-comrac, 7 ro bo^® ferr leis doirsi 7 muir a cat/ïrach do brisedhnbsp;12307 ¹10 dianscaile[d] nas a leccan ar ais iniitu^b

Luc^^ cat/trach 7 caislen^® na hEtaile, cér’bó cinnti léo’ 7 cer’bo deimhin gebhdais fria Césair intan doracharfi^ inanbsp;ndóchum, [araiS.] ro gabhsat acc daingniugMt^ a mur 7 a[c] coru-gud a taibhledh 7 ic frestal in catha^¹, 7 ni fedadur ca comairlenbsp;1235 dogentais ar do bf^® do mét gradba Poimp occo co narb ailnbsp;léo nech ele do righadh acM sé, ó doratsat briat^air^i Ms, 7nbsp;biii do méd écla^^ Césair orra^® nar[o] lamhsat cen a riarugMt^.nbsp;Ocus ni bui a samhail a.cht comtogbail in mormara intan tec-mMS in gaeth andes^^ dia saighidh, co mbui aghaidh^® a hanbh-1240 thine 7 dirim 2® a tonn uile ar aen-cowair lesin ngoeith [sin], conbsp;tecaim in gaeth anair docum in mara ceina, co mberend^^ in an-fine ina coimidec^ii féin 7 imbolgadh^® na ce'iigaeithi isna tonnaibhnbsp;fós [arai]29.] Ba h-smYAaid sin do hxcht na hEtaile, ar ro batarnbsp;leithriata®® uile M Poimp ar tus [cein] co tainic Césair, [7] cianbsp;i245 tainic sin®i, ba hé a nduthrac7i^-sum [fos] cungnum Ié Poimp.nbsp;INtan iarwm doriacA^ Césair larmedhón na hEtaile conbsp;n-ilar a tsloigh 7 a sochaide, cech uile ier ro ordaigh®^ Poimp

1

imberta S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ aghaigh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ acmuing S. acmaincc F.

* om. S. F. ® intibh S, indtibb F. ® dia frestal im cath S. F. ’ estib S. eistib F. ® imgabail F. ° robad S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;accaidi in

tiri S. accaide in tire F. acairdi H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;” toghail H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sith H.

2

Eo bod S. F. do brud 7 do discaileadh innas a legon arais intib S. do brug etc. F. caistiall S. F. nach S. doriacht S. doroised F.

i frestal in tsloigh S. F. sic F. dodendals H. dodentais S. air bui S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;robertsat breithir S. F. do mét imegla S. forro S.

anes gac/i ndireach S. andes each ndireeft F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;aged F. aigeadh S.

dirrim S. dirram F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mbeir S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;inbolgadh S. inbolccad F.

beos ar ai F. fos arai S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;leitreta S. F-nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dodeachaidh aide S.

do dechaidside F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ordaidh H. nach fer ro oirdni S. ro ordni, F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

As to Caesar, fury and eagerness to wield weapons filled his mind and his spirit; and he was sorry to find the provincesnbsp;of Italy before him without the power of an army in them tonbsp;give battle, their lords and leaders having gone from them tonbsp;avoid himself. For it pleased him more to capture husbandmen by dint of his hand and by bloodshed than by peacenbsp;and goodwill. And he preferred to break down and shatternbsp;the gates and ramparts of their cities than to be let willinglynbsp;into them^.

The folk of the cities and towns of Italy, though they were determined, and though it was certain that they would notnbsp;resist Caesar when he would come to them, yet they began tonbsp;strengthen their ramparts, and arrange their floorings, and givenbsp;the battle2. And they knew not what counsel to follow, for sonbsp;great was their love for Pompey that they wished none butnbsp;he to be enthroned, since they had given their word to him,nbsp;and such was their dread of Caesar that they did not dare tonbsp;disobey him. There was nothing to be likened to them savenbsp;the rising of the great sea when the wind from the southnbsp;meets with it, and the van of its storm and the multitudenbsp;of all its waves are on the same path as that wind; andnbsp;(then) the wind from the east comes to the same sea, andnbsp;brings along with it the storm and the swelling in the wavesnbsp;(caused) by the former wind^. ’Twas thus with the people ofnbsp;Italy; for they were all at first on the side of Pompey, so longnbsp;as Caesar came not, and though he came, still their wish wasnbsp;to help Pompey.

Now when Caesar reached the centre of Italy with the crowd of his army and his multitude, every one whom Pom-

* Phars. II. 443— 445: Non tam portas intrare patentis Quam fre-gisse iunat, etc.

® Phars. II. 447—452: Tunc urbes Latii dubiae uarioque fauore Ancipites, etc.

® Phars. II. 454—4fi0: ut cum mare possidet auster Flatibus borri-sonis, etc.

In Cath Catharda. II. p. 392.

a righi 7 a toisighecht [7] a cennws cattrach 7 caislen isinn Etail^ ro fagsat lat 7 ro teichset^ fo clithardiamraibh in tirinbsp;1260 ar omhun 7 ar ime[c]la^ Césair. Oeus ba dibb sin Libon tui-sech na iiEutruscda 7 TermMS taisech na n-tJmbreta 7 Sillnbsp;mac Sill 7 Varus^ ó dind Auximon® 7 Lentulus a cathraig nanbsp;liEsculi 7 Scip” a catbraig Lucerie’.

Dorala ann entaisech na dechaidh isin comblosc teichidh® 1265 sin Ié each .i. Dómit taisech cat^rach Corpin, 7 ni raibh isinnbsp;Etail cathair biidh daingne na budh doilghe do toghail inas*' .i.nbsp;sruth mor re^® toebh 7 droichet tairis fa comairii na catferachnbsp;imach. INtan itcoi2[n]aircc Dómit sluóghu Cesair ina ndrongaibhnbsp;7 ina ndirmadhaibh ic asenam ina dóchum tar magbrugaibhnanbsp;i2GohEtaile [7] ro tencastair gristaitnem na n-arm n-aichtidii^ n-urnocht ós cennaibh in tsloigh re lainnrighi 7 re saighnenaighnbsp;na gréine glanruithnighii® ic taitnemh seoch imellbordaibh innbsp;talman ro teclaim 7 ro thinóil sluoghu na catfei-ach leis donbsp;scannrad 7 do scailedh in droichiti®, 7 do gabhail na habhonnnbsp;i266fnsna hechtranim [iartain S.], uair robo coscar adhbul leis danbsp;fuirghedhi® se Césair [cidh, S.] re hedh énlae.

Intan iarwm ro thenc Cesair in comtriall sin ina aghaidh is ed atbert: IS mor in docenélaighi do[g]niat lucht in tirenbsp;rinn, ar sé: ni lór léo a cat/iracha 7 a caisléin do gabhailnbsp;i27ofrind no co fileat ic tairmisc na sligeadh coitcindi umunn^®.

OcMS ro faidh^i a marcachu^^ roime iarsin do tarrac/i^ain in droichit cen discailedh 7 ro faidh^i a traighthechu^® inanbsp;[njdeghaidh umail is déne do fétadar^'^. Ro laesat na marcaigh®®

’ isin ti'r S. ^ docuaidh II. ro faosat a sosta 7 a n-inada 7 roteichseat S. ’ S. and F. omit 7 ar imecla. * narus II. ® sic S. 7 luchimoin II.nbsp;^ scisa H. ' lucerne H. lucinae F. * sic F. comhluasc teithedh II. combloscnbsp;tecaidh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ bad dithfoglilaighi inna-sein S. ditoglaidlie inaiside F.

fria S. fri F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;for ircomair S. F. ndirmaibb S. ndirmaibh F.

madbbrudaibh H. magbruighibh S. magbrugibb F. na gaéithe 7 na n-arm 11. re laindrigh 7 re saigbneanradb S. om. S. friu S.nbsp;an muigi friu F. droicliet II. dia forgeadh S. dise bfraiged F. sic S.nbsp;For frind .... umunn II. has only: na slighedh coitcinne rinn. ro faigh H.nbsp;marcaeba H. -u S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;traigbeeba H.traigbtecba F., traigbeebu S.

am. is deniu cotraebtadar S. cotrancatar F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. marcaidb H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

pey had appointed to the kingship and leadership and headship of the cities and towns in Italy left them and fled to the secret shelters of the country for fear and dread of Caesar. Ofnbsp;those was Liho the leader of the Etruscans, and Thermus thenbsp;leader of the Umbrians, and Sulla son of Sulla, and Varusnbsp;from the fort of Auximum, and Lentulus from the city of As-culum, and Scipio from the city of Luceriah

There chanced to be one leader who went not with every one in that crash of flight, namely, Domitius captain of thenbsp;city Corfinium; and there was not in Italy a city that wasnbsp;stronger or harder to sack than it, with a great river besidenbsp;it, crossed by a bridge out opposite the city. When Domitiusnbsp;beheld Caesar’s armies in their troops and multitudes marchingnbsp;towards him over the fields of Italy, and saw the burning brilliance of the terrible, naked weapons above the heads of thenbsp;host with the gleaming and lightnings of the pure-rayed sun a-shining past the edges of the earth, he mustered and gatherednbsp;the forces of the city to break up and loosen the bridge, andnbsp;then to hold the river against the outlanders. For he deemednbsp;it a great victory if he should delay Caesar (even) for thenbsp;space of a single day 2.

When Caesar saw that proceeding against him, he said: „Great is the cowardice that the folk of the country shew towards us! They do not deem it enough to hold their townsnbsp;and fortresses against us: they are also stopping up the commonnbsp;roads against us.“

Then he sent forward his horsemen to seize the bridge and save it from destruction, and after them he sent his foot-soldiei’s with all the speed they could. The horsemen gave

* Phars. 11. 462—473: Gens Etrusca fuga trepidi nudata Libonis etc. uictoria nobis Hie primum stans Caesar erit, Phars. II. 489—490.

Irische Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7

a n-aradhnai da n-echaibh oc dianascnam in mhuighi, 7 ni 1276 btii a samai? acht scmail iis,ad casairn[e]acb 72 slogb sme tar-sin magb^ re déne 7 re tennesnaigb[i], 7 re dins 7 re forle^bnbsp;ro cingset^ docum in droicbit^.

INtan iarwHi rancadar bord*' in tsrotba, ro laiset^ frais fui-ligb® fi'rgarbb do slegbaibb slemna sliptba slisgera 7 do saigbdibb 1280 a fidbbacaibb® rompu tar in srutb anunn, co[r’] tuitset i^** cennaibbnbsp;7 i^® catbbbarraibb, i corpaib 7 i^** catbsciatbaibb, i n-ocbtaibbnbsp;7 i n-urbruinnibb a nambat, feibb is dliiite ro taitset^i braen-gbal fertbana forro, 7 batar and co torrac^^ Césair i^^ cenn innbsp;droicbit cucu, 7 nir’ ansat^® ris eter ó doriacbt, acht ro teicbi^nbsp;i285 Dóinit cona mnintir cor’ dunsat doirsi a cattracb da n-eis.

Tainic Césair cona. slogbaibb tar in srutb anunn 7 ro gabbsat^® for togbail na cattracb focbétóir. Intan [iarwin S.]nbsp;rangadwr \ucht na togbla cusna muraibb medbonacba itciat^'' nanbsp;doirsi ic a n-oslucM«^i® 7 sloigb in bbaile ina mbuidbnibb inanbsp;i29ondócbum, 7 a tigerna féin Dómit il-laimi® léo do Cesair, air isnbsp;é [H. p. 393] ro aslaigb forro fritbbert ris 7 comergi^® ina agbaidb.nbsp;Deisidb^i iariim Dómit i tiadbnaisi Cesair, 7 ba ferr leis basnbsp;d’imbert air inas^^ heith ina betbaidb, 7 is ed bui oc iarraidnbsp;a marbbtba ar in rigb^®. Nato, ar Cesair, acht beir buidbenbsp;1295 do betba(d] frimsa don cur-sa. Erigb im[s]lan amail tangais^'^,nbsp;bess budb móide bas tairisi Ié cacb misi dot lecon-sa slan.nbsp;Cidb edb bas lainn letatbgn[i]ombugM(^/i25 catbaim cenn-saaris^®,nbsp;is toD’ damsa a denam duit. Dobiursa ino^® breitbir firinnenbsp;fris, madb twsa bws tren, nacb cuinnéocbsa coinain in logbaidb^®nbsp;1300 so fort aris®®.

^ na haradhna S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® feibh thisadh casarnach na sluagh sini S.

“ madh H. *• sic S. ro cingsed P. ro cindset H. ® drochait S. ® bruach S. F. ’ laesat S. laset F. ** fras fuileach S. frais fuiliph F. ® fidbeccaibh S.nbsp;a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;innas is dluithi no thaethsat S. taetsadh F. teibset H.

a H. ni ro hanadh F. S. ** ro teith H. ro teic F. do teach S. innund S. innunn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro gab S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;medonachaibh atciat S.

medoncaib at ciet F. n-earfoslugud S. n-ersloccMd F. il-lamaib F. comergi catha S. coimeirge cata F. comergidh H. sic S. Deisid H. disigli H.nbsp;d’fagbail innas S. *“** rf H. for in righ S. *¦* dodeachadais S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;athgnoth S. P.

doris S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toil H. Dar mo S-nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;loghtha S. ““ dogres S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

rein to their horses as they sped across the plain^; and there was nothing saye the lightning-flash and the snowflake overnbsp;the plain to compare with the speed and haste, the closenessnbsp;and extent, with which they raced towards the bridge.

Now when they reached the brink of the river they cast a sanguinary, truly-rough shower of smooth, polished, sharpsided darts and of arrows out of bows forward forth over thenbsp;river, so that they fell on the heads and the helmets, on thenbsp;bodies and the battle-shields, on the breasts and chests of theirnbsp;enemies as closely as the raindrops of a shower would fall uponnbsp;them The horsemen were there until Caesar came to themnbsp;at the head of the bridge. When he reached them they madenbsp;no delay; but Domitius fled with his people, and they closednbsp;the gates of their city behind them.

Caesar with his troops crossed the river and at once began to destroy the city. Now when the destroyers came to thenbsp;middle ramparts, they see the gates being opened, and thenbsp;troops of the town in their bands going towards them, andnbsp;having their own lord Domitius a captive for Caesar®. For henbsp;it was that had persuaded them to resist Caesar and to risenbsp;against him. Then Domitius sat down in Caesar’s presence: henbsp;preferred to be put to death rather than to remain alive; andnbsp;he was asking the general to kill him. „Nay“, quoth Caesar,nbsp;„but on this occasion giv me thanks for thy life: go unhurtnbsp;as thou earnest. Surely every one will be the more loyal fromnbsp;my letting thee go safe. Even if it pleases thee to renew battlenbsp;against me, I am willing that thou shouldst do so. I givenbsp;my word of truth, that, if thou be the stronger, I will notnbsp;ask thee for the equi- valent of this pardon^.quot;

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 393.

E,o legead^ Domit asa laim^ iarsin, 7 do gabh Césair in cathair, 7 ro bi inti in aidhchi sin.

Poimp M.aighe, immorro, ni fidir sin Domit do gabhail, 7 isec? ba menmarc acco, foirithin sluoigh [do cur F.] ina dochumnbsp;1306 ’arnamarach, 7 ro gabh immorro ior acallaim 7 for nertadhnbsp;a slóigh docum in catha in aidhci sin®, 7 isolt;^ ro raidh riu, ronbsp;bo coir doibh calma do dénam ina n-atharda^ féin fri Frang-mih 7 fri Lochloswwaib ® 7 frisin mbrédaigh sloigh echtrannnbsp;taiTMstair® i farrad Césair. Ocus itbert fos cor’ corn doibhsiumnbsp;isiomaith do dénam inas do muinntir Cesair, ar is iat bui fornbsp;fmnn[i], 7 in lucht ele for goe, 7 [dawo S.] rob ferr a tigernanbsp;ina Césair, 7 is mo do cAonach fuair cowicce sin. Ocus ronbsp;raidh fos nar’bo adhbar médaighthi mewman do Césair innbsp;senadh do facbhail na Pomha leis, ar ni har a omhan-samnbsp;1316 ro facsat hi, acM ar gradh a tigerna fein, 7 ba lainn léo anbsp;lenmhain cé bé cowair dodechosd rompu, ar ba maith a co-main forra ac tidhluciw^ sed 7 mhain doibh7 didu nir’nbsp;facaibh isin doman cinedh na tuc fo canachws® oda crichanbsp;in fuardha atuaidh co cat/iraigh Siene® fodes. Is inti sidhenbsp;1320 nach cuir in grian nach foscadh cuirp fotuaidh na fodhes,nbsp;acM a taispénad ós cleithi na cattrachi®. Ocus ro raidh didunbsp;nar’ facaibh adhbar catha [do Césair, do ciniudhaib in domuinnbsp;acht mini dernad cath S.] fri Romhanach^^ féin, sanal do-róine^^ intan sin.

1325 Ro gab Poimp oc gresac^C^ a mMiwteri fon samla sin. Na sloigh immorro, ni tucsat nach ngair da forgelD^ a ndébh-airt, 7 ni ro metaigh^® nech dibh leisin aithesc^® ro raidh, 7

^ sic S. leicced F. om. H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ al-lamhaibh S. F. “ rogabh

Cesair i catbair Coirpfn in aidbcbi sin, S. * a cosnum anatbarda S. ic cosnam anatarda F. ® locblannacaibb S loclandaib F. ® tar-rassair S. tarmsair F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ for féin . . . dóibh S. bas: ar febas a

comaine forro do ratbaibb 7 do tuarastlaibb. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® fo cis doibb S.

® sic F. sicne S. Sine H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;intan dos-feoaim os cletbi na catAracb, S.

romancai S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;daroigbnl S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gresesec^i H. greaacM F.

gressacbt S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ni tucsat taibbredb na forgoll maitb H. ni tuccsai nacb

ngair do forggell a n-epert F. ni tucsat nacb ngair da forgeall, S. médaidb H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ni ro metaig necb dib a niewmu leisin aitiiisc, F.

Domitius was then loosed from his bonds^ and Caesar took the city, and stayed therein that night.

Now Pompey the Great knew not that Domitius was captured 2, and this was his desire, to send the succour of an army to him on the morrow. And on that night Pompey began tonbsp;address and to hearten his army to the battle, and this he saidnbsp;to them, that it were right for them to do valiantly in theirnbsp;own fatherland against Franks and Lochlanners and againstnbsp;the broken army of outlanders which stood in Caesar’s company. He said, moreover, that it was fitter for them to donbsp;well than for Caesar’s people, for they (Pompey’s forces) stoodnbsp;for truth, while the others stood for falsehood; and, moreover,nbsp;their lord was better than Caesar, and thitherto he had foundnbsp;more success. He said, also, that the senate’s having withnbsp;him left Rome was no reason for Caesar uplifting his spirit.nbsp;It was not for fear of him that they had quitted it, but fornbsp;love of their own lord; and they were fain to follow himnbsp;whithersoever he came before them, for good was his exchangenbsp;with them in giving them (for their service) jewels and treasures.nbsp;Furthermore, he had never left in the world a nation withoutnbsp;making it tributary, from the borders of the frigid zone in thenbsp;north to the city of Syene in the south®. (Therein the sunnbsp;casts no shadow of a body to the north or to the south, butnbsp;appears vertically above the city.) And he also said that ofnbsp;the nations of the world he had left Caesar no material ofnbsp;battle, unless he should wage war with the Roman folk itself,nbsp;as he did at that time.

In that wise Pompey began to hearten his people. How-beit the troops gave no shout to bear witness to what he said; he uplifted none of them by the speech he had made; and

1 Phars. II. 516; Fatur: et astrictis laxari uincula palmis Imperat. ® Phars. II. 526 et seq.; Nescius interea capti duels arma parabatnbsp;Magnus.

“ Phars. II. 586—587; calida medius mihi cognitus axis Aegypto, at-que umbras numquam flectente Syene, to which the sun was vertical at the time of the summer solstice.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 393— 394.

ni ro gellsat ris maith na saith do dénam^, ar ro Im omhan 7 imecla Césair iat ré scélaib do cloister^# [nama S],

1330 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0 ro airigh^ iarwin Poimp a n-imecla [mor] sin for a slóghaibh

ro ath[ar]raigh® longp/ior# 7 tainig roime tar bruighibh na[n] Apulda cosin cattraigb dianadh ainm Brundusium^. Catbairnbsp;1 sein ro cumdaighedh® la Teis mac Eig maic Neptuin®, arnbsp;taidhec/i^ dó ó inis Creit ’ar marbad in Minaduir^ inti. Ocmsnbsp;1335 is ann ro boi in catbair sin i n-imiul® tuaiscertacb na bEtailenbsp;.i. rinn ger fil asind® Etaile imach^® for in muir n-Atriatecda,nbsp;7 da benn cumga^^ do tbir isin rinn sin bimacb fos, 7 cowg-bat bloigb^^ moir don muir etarru. Sliabh cairrcidhe acarbb^®nbsp;do cecb leith dibb: inis clochach aimréidb ina n-ircombairiquot;* for-1310 sin muir airm i comraicit a cinn docum araile. Slighe^® cumangnbsp;do longaibh etir in dana bernuidb sin^® 7 in innsi i crislacb innbsp;mara moir imacb.

Ro gab Poimp sosadb 7 longp^ort icon cat^raigb sin 7 a longa fora n-ancairib’^’’ isin cuan ina fiadbnaisi, 7 is i comairlenbsp;is-isdoróine annsin, I'n mac ro bo sine da cloind .i. Poimp Séx[tus] 7nbsp;maitb[i] a m^mtori do cbur [uad S.] i n-airt[h]iur in domain donbsp;tbinól a sloigb 7 a socbraid ina docum do frestal [in] catha. Ocusnbsp;tacad iarwm a mac da saigbidh, 7 ro raidh fris: Dó duit, a mate,nbsp;ar sé, 7 tinóil mo sloi'gh im doebum, 7^8 tabbair let na poipliu^®nbsp;1360 attrebhait im srutb nEofrait 7 im sruth Nil, 7 tabair let nanbsp;Cileeda 7 luc^^ na hEgbepti, 7 tabbair let poipliu^^ na Point!nbsp;7 na hArmeni 7 tabbair let tuatha sléibbe Rifi^® 7 lucM nanbsp;Sceitia, 7 ca dii da n-airemb, ar sé^i, acM roithid^^ ,Jo saigb-tbin ceeba popail isin oirrttwr da rucMS buaidb 7 coscar 7 ar anbsp;1366 fuil smacht mo n'ghi, 7 tair[s]et23 uile let um docum.

^ ni ro geallsat fris nach maith do denwm dó, S. ® airidh H. airi^h F. fai-righ S. ® atharraigh S. athraig F. * Burndusium H. co catbair idem 7 branais brunduisS.co catair brandaisF. ®cumdacAi S.cumtactF. ® F.adds: itcrEtail 7nbsp;Greicc. ’minotuirS.F. ® imiul F. imul S. a n-imell H. ® sic F. rinn gufil asinnS.nbsp;asanH. '“amacbH. **dabeinn cammaS. bloidbH.bloghS.bloigF. **cairr-gidbe agarbb H. ina n-urcomair F. ina comair S. ina bircombair H, sli-gliidbll. *®eidirnabernaibbsinS.eternabendaiv sinF. ‘‘'angairibbH. ^**.i.S.nbsp;'®sicS.poipliH. ^“RipbS. ^‘Cidb tu da n-airem ni is siriu,ol se,F. Cid tuda n-airim ni isiriu S. roiebi docom gacb popuil S. sic S. toircedail H. tinoilit F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

they made him no promise to do well or illi. For fear and dread of Caesar filled them only from hearing the talesnbsp;about him.

Now when Pompey perceived that great fear on his hosts, he shifted camp, and marched forward over the fields of the Apuliansnbsp;to the city named Brundusium 2. That city was built by Theseus,nbsp;son of Aegeus, son of Neptune, when he came from the island ofnbsp;Crete after killing the Minotaur therein. And there that city was,nbsp;on the northern coast of Italy, to wit, a sharp promontory that extends out of Italy into the Adriatic sea, and on the outer side ofnbsp;that promontory are two narro whorns of land which betweennbsp;them shut in a great portion of the sea. A craggy, ruggednbsp;mountain on each side of them, a stony, rough island oppositenbsp;them on the sea, where their ends meet each other. A narrownbsp;road for ships between those two horns and the island out innbsp;the bosom of the main-sea.

At that city Pompey established a station and camp, with his ships at anchor in the harbour before him. This is the plan thatnbsp;he then formed, to send away Pompeius Sextus, the eldest malenbsp;of his children, together with nobles of his household, into thenbsp;east of the world to gather towards him their host and theirnbsp;army, to await the battle. Then his son was fetched to him, andnbsp;he said to the youth: „Go, my son, and gather my troops towards me, and bring the peoples that dwell about the rivernbsp;Euphrates and the river Nile. And bring the Cilicians and thenbsp;folk of Egypt. Bring the peoples of Pontus and Armenia.nbsp;Bring the tribes of the Ehipaean mountain-range and the folknbsp;of Scythia. Why reckon them?“ saith he; „but go to everynbsp;people in the east from whom I gained victory and triumph,nbsp;and on whom is the discipline of my reign; and let them allnbsp;come with thee towards me^.^

* Phars. II. 596, 597: Verba ducis nullo partes clamore secuntur, etc. ® Phars. II. 609 et seq.: Brundusii tutas concedit Magnus in arces, etc.nbsp;® Phars. II. 628—648: Ergo ubi nulla tides rebus post terga relic-tis, etc.

In Gath Cathai’da. H. p. 394.

Tucaid a mhair 7 a umgli dawo^ da saighidli, 7 atbert friu: Dó d[u]ibh, ar se, co hinisEper [7] 1 crich^tö Greg 7 Maci-donda 7 tinoilid a slógliu 7 a socraidi libb im dail-si cein^nbsp;bem a sidh 7 a n-uainges fria ré in gemhridh, ar dar liumsa®nbsp;1360 ni bfa'i Cesair a comt/triall cogaidh aris co haimsir tsamrmc? 7nbsp;sosini.

Ocus doronsat iarwin in drong® [sin] amail ro förcowgra[dh] forra. E,o scóilset 7 ro taithmhigliset a longa cromcenna co-cuasta on traigh, 7 ro gabhsat for a set mor muiridhe® dochumnbsp;1366 na crich 7 na cennadhach co[sa]r’ faeidit iat.

Cesair immorro, ro gabli sin cricha 7 catliracha 7 cais-lein^ na hEtaile roiine cech cowair rainic¹, 7 rob urlum leis gabbail na Komha acM co roised da saighidh, 7 ro bo®nbsp;lór do coniich 7 do coscMr la^® cech righ ele isin doman sin.nbsp;1370 [Mad] Cesair immorro, nir [bo] coscwr leis ni da ngebha^i danbsp;mbeith fordail na^® frithbert frisi®.

IS aire sin iarMm tainic foc/ietóir for lorg 7 for slic/iC® Poimp da dichur asin[d] Etail, ar cia tharrMstairi¹ in tir uilenbsp;ina urrlaimi® intan-so ba cradh craidhe leis Poimp do beitbnbsp;1376 a n-imell do himlibh na sa traigh da traghannaibh^®. Ocusnbsp;nir’bó ail leis esrais^’ eludha d’iaghbail da longaibh docum innbsp;mara moir asin^® cuan cumang i rabadar, cowidh hi comairlenbsp;forsa tarrlai®, clocha 7 cairrgi na sliabh comfog«s do tarmim-chur^® leis, 7 a cur uile isin mbraighit cumaing bui eiter in cuannbsp;1380 7 in fairrgi mo[i]r, ar na faghbaidis longa Poimp cai na conair

1

a urrighdha H. a airrigh dawo S. a airrig F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2 ^ cen H.

coin S., F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ air atar lessium S. ar indar leisium F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¹ ni

toigebad Cesair cogad fris co ham samhraidh 7 sosini S. tsoinmhighe H. Bosiniu F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ in drem sin S. an drem-sin F. ® mor gaibtheach

muiridhe S. muii-ighe H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ caisteoil S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;•¹ immatainic F. S.

® Robad S. Robadh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;la S. F. leis H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;² da ngnifead S.

da ngnifeth F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i® fordail dó frithbert arisi fris, S. ï\nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;foil-

liucht S. fuilliuctu F. “ air ro gabwstair S. 0 tarrusair F. 1® urla-mws S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do beit a n-imull [imiul F.] traga da traghaibh yr. S.

1’ slighi no asrws S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. F. isin H.

2

fora tarrastair aigi S. for a tarrwsair occo F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tarimmarcur S.

tairimttrcwr F.

The Civil War of tha Romans.

His officers and liis commanders were then brought to him, and he said to them; „Go“, saith he, „to the island of Epirusnbsp;and into the countries of the Greeks and the Macedonians, andnbsp;gather their armies and their hosts to me while I am in peacenbsp;and at leisure for the winter-time for methinks that Caesar willnbsp;not attempt warfare again until the season of summer andnbsp;fine weather.“

Then that troop did as they were ordered^. They unmoored and loosed their crook-headed hollow vessels from the strand, and they set out on their great sea-road towards thenbsp;countries and provinces to which they had been sent.

Now Caesar captured the countries and cities and fortahces of Italy on every path by which he came, and he was readynbsp;to take Rome as soon as he reached it. That would be wealthnbsp;and triumph enough in the opinion of every other king innbsp;the world. However as to Caesar, he deemed no deed of hisnbsp;a triumph if he were delayed or resisted®.

Therefore, then, he came at once on the track and trace of Pompey, to expel him from Italy; for though at this timenbsp;the whole country remained in his power he had torment ofnbsp;heart that Pompey should be on a border of its borders ornbsp;on a strand of its strands. And he liked not that Pompeynbsp;should get an outlet of escape for his ships to the main-seanbsp;from the narrow haven in which they were. Wherefore thisnbsp;is the plan which he hit upon: to transport the stones andnbsp;crags of the neighbouring mountains, and to cast them all intonbsp;the narrow neck between the haven and the main-sea, so thatnbsp;Pompey’s ships might not win way or path of escape to the

’ Phars. II. 647—648; nouaa acquirite uires Dum paci dat tempus hiemps.

* Phars. II. 648—649: Sic fatur, et omnes lussa gerunt, soluuntque caiias a littore puppes.

quot; Phars. II. 657: Nil actum crodens, cum quid superesset agendum.

In Cath Catliarda. H. p. 394—395.

éludha docum in mara. Ocus ba dimhain ditharbha[ch i] in saethar sin cena^, uair mar nach faicenn nech cleithe na uru-achtur sleibhe Erix^ na sleibhe Gauir da sluicti i fudomainnbsp;mara loin no mara Bicc, is a,mh\aid sin nach facthus 7 nach¹nbsp;1385 frith tarbha cloiche no cairrgi® dibh dar’ laeiset mMwter Cesairnbsp;isin inuir iarna mbathadh uile® i fddomhain 7 i fi'richtur innnbsp;aigeoin^ adhbhuil firdomain ir’ cuirit¹ fad.

0’tcowdairc Cesair in morsaethar sin do dul do'¹ dimhain, is i comairle doroine, eocraind dermara na fidhbadh¹® badar com-1300 nesa do do teclaim leis, 7 a cengal 7 a comacumal da ceile,nbsp;CO wderna droichet 7 cliatha dermhara dibh 7 rathanna romoranbsp;tarsin [cuan] cefaa, co ticdis na catha coirighthi ina reimim²nbsp;imtecA^a cen [an]adh cen tairisium on bruach co araile¹^ de.nbsp;Doroine fós tiira trebhardaingne 7 airdgnima¹® caelaigh 7 taibh-i396ledha imgona ós na rathannaibh sin fós ic frestal imairic²nbsp;imdibhraici¹^ dibh re¹® foirnibh na long. Ocus ni bui samhailnbsp;dona hurtriallaibh sin acht in corugitd dorónadh la² Xerxes¹®,nbsp;la¹'¹ righ in domain ó na hAsardaibh fec^C® n-aill.

Da ni nemgnathacha^® dorónta^¹ leis[s]in .i. a longa ic irooseóladh for tir 7 a inarcslogh oc imihechP^ for muir. Ocus isnbsp;amlaid dorónadh na neithe 7 na gnimha mora^® sin leis .i.nbsp;feoin 7 luthi uretroma do innell fó na longaibh co rabhadwr arnbsp;fut^¹ sleibhe Athoin®®, 7 dorónadh clardroichet comfuaighti fornbsp;sin muir [leis], óda inis Seston®® i crichaib^¹ Eorpa co hinisnbsp;liosAbido®® a n-airiur na hAsia, co mbitis a marcslógh ic imrumnbsp;in mara forsin droichet sin. Ba hamlaid sin iart«m bui innbsp;droichet dorónadh® la Césair intan sin.

1

ditarbach S. edtarvach. F. ¹ in saetbar mor sin S. “ Enix H. ¹ For uair ... nach S. has only: air ni, F. ar ni. ® cairthi F. ® For iarna mbathadh uile S.nbsp;has acht a sughud 7 a slugadh bathadh uile, and F. has acht a sluccwd badwdnbsp;7 a sugwd. ’ sic S. in oigen H. ind occen F. ® sic S. F. ar cuairt H. quot; for S. P.

2

caillteadh S. ccaillted F. ” sic F. na reim H. S. araill S. F. sic S. adhgnfmha H. ardgnima F. ² i frestal imairci 7 S. i fresta? an diu-vraicctiuF. ^“friS.F. ic, acS. acc,agF. sicF.SerxesS.SéxsesH. i®fech-tMS S. neamgnaithighi S.'_nemgnaithohi F. daxonadhS.doronadhF. ^^im-rim S. daronta na morgnima S. go mbadar for seolad for fat S. fud F. sicnbsp;S.F.AntoinH. sic S. Feston H. ^’crichS.F. 2» sicS. AbedoH. ¹®rogniadhS.

The Civil War of the Romans.

sea^. However that labour was vain and profitless; for as no one sees the top or summit of Mount Eryx or Mount Gaurusnbsp;if it be swallowed in the depth of the Ionian or Aegean sea:nbsp;thus then no profit by these stones or crags which Caesar’snbsp;people had cast into the sea was seen or found after they hadnbsp;all been sunk in the depth and very bottom of the vast, profound ocean into which they were thrown^.

When Caesar saw that great labour go to naught, he made this plan: the huge yewtrees of the nearest forests to be collectednbsp;by him and tied and bound to each other, so that he mightnbsp;build of them a bridge and great hurdles and vast rafts acrossnbsp;the same haven®, and so that the serried battalions might marchnbsp;in their course, without stop or stay, from one brink to thenbsp;other. He also built over those rafts sure and strong turrets, andnbsp;high parapets of wickerwork, and galleries for wounding, to awaitnbsp;the conflict of mutual casting with the crews of the vessels.nbsp;Never was there the like of those proceedings save the arrangement that had once been made by the Assyrians with Xerxesnbsp;the king of the wmrld'’’.

Two unusual things were done by him, namely, his ships sailing on land and his cavalry marching on sea. And thusnbsp;those things and those great deeds were achieved, to wit, wainsnbsp;and light barrows (?) were fastened under the ships till theynbsp;were all through Mount Athos, and a bridge of planks tied together was made by him on the sea, from the island Sestosnbsp;in the country of Europe to the island Abydos on the coast ofnbsp;Asia, so that his cavalry were passing the sea on that bridge.nbsp;Like that was the bridge which was then built by Caesar.

‘ Phars. II. 660—662; nec rursus aperto Vult hostes errarefreto, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. II. 663—668: Cedit in inmensum cassus labor; omnia pon-tus Haurit saxa uorax, etc.

® Phars. II. 669—671: Ergo ubi nulla uado tenuit sua pondera moles, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. II. 672—679: Talis fama canit tumidum super aequoranbsp;Persen Constrauisse uias, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 395.

Ó thairnic^ immorro in saethar sin leis ro faéi in aidhchi sin for bru in cuain. Poiinp immorro, o’tcowdaic* side in cuannbsp;1410 do gabhail fair, ro gabh co snimach toirrsech ic a scrutain inanbsp;mewmain cinnMS doberadh^ a longa 7 a slogbu leis asin cuannbsp;CMmang i rabhadwr*. [IS i iarwin coniairli ro cind S.] .i. nanbsp;longa budh eolchu 7 budh daingne acco®, 7 is mo do gnatliaighi-dis [muir] do chur a tus tsligedh® roime docum in droichit, 7nbsp;1416 CÓ iidernadis^ slighidb dóibh féin 7 dona longaibh ele trit cennbsp;airiugud, cen forcliiinsin* do rauiniir Césair.

0 ro scailedh in droichet®, tainic deredb aidhchi fae sin, 7 sAxtxcht Poimp 7 ro iorcongaiv ar a rauintir imtecA# 7 a longanbsp;do teltoghi® leo asin cuan, co tai tostadhach taethenach, 7 cennbsp;i420seinni stuic 7 cen gair^^ coniairc, 7 cen duine do labradh rénbsp;céle co ristis ’sa muir moir^^.

Tancadur iarwm docum na long, 7 ger[b]mór a saethar ic impódh^® a n-angcairedhi'‘, [7 ic tocbail a seolcrand, S.], 7 ic tar-raing a téd a[c] cur^® a lestwr ó tir, ni clos guth na gair^® nanbsp;1426 gresac/i^ uatha. Ocus ro gabh Poimp ic edarguidhe^^ na ndéinbsp;n-adartha cur’ léiccedh^® dó an Etail do facbhail ó nar’ leiccedhnbsp;dó beith innti. Ocus atracM ascaP® mór 7 fodhord dermair isinnbsp;muir iarsin, co clos fona crichrtïó comfoicsibh slisbualad®® 7 com-tttairgnech na tonn tulgorm re slesaibb 7 re hoc/t^aibh 7 renbsp;1430 bruinnibh long luchtmur 7 libharn lebhargorm na loingsi lan-moire ic ascnam in mara.

Tancadar lucM cat7«racli Brunnuis iarum 7 drechta móra®^

‘ ro scaicli S. F. * otconnairc side S. F. “ no beradh S. * i mbadar S. ® ba heolca 7 ba hadma aigi S. ° H inserts a cur. ’ na lonccai ba heolcsenbsp;7 ba hadtna occo, 7 as mo rognataicchset muir a cur i Utts slicced remenbsp;docum an droicit, F. na longu ba heolca 7 ba hadma aigi 7 is mo ronbsp;gnaithigseat rniiir i tws sligeadh remi dacum in droicet, 7 co ndernsat S.nbsp;condernatais F. ® forcloisteacht S. F. ° no co scailed an droicet F. elodh S.nbsp;eludhF. '*gairmS. F. gan duine dib do labairt re’raili no co roistisnbsp;in muir mor S. gan nech dib do labrai fri araile noco roistis in muirnbsp;mor F. “ impógh H. sliprad S. F. a n-acairedh S. ic urachrad S.nbsp;icc uracradh F. gairm S. F. ” attach S. atach F. gitro lecthi S.nbsp;goro leiccti F. escal S. esccal F. sefs bualad H. lucht cathrach 7nbsp;bruigeadh 7 trebaireada S. lucht cat/irach 7 brucchead an tiri 7 trebairedha F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

Now when Caesar finished that labour he rested that night on the brink of the haven. Pompey, however, seeing that thenbsp;haven was taken from him, began sadly and mournfully tonbsp;ponder in his mind how he should fetch his ships and hisnbsp;troops out of the narrow harbom wherein they were. This isnbsp;the plan that he formed, the most knowing i and the strongestnbsp;ships that he had, and those that were most used to the sea,nbsp;to be put at the head of the line to the bridge, so that theynbsp;should make a road for themselves and for the other shipsnbsp;through it, without being perceived or heard by Caesar’s people.

When the bridge was broken up 2, then came the end of night; and Pompey arose and ordered his people to depart andnbsp;his ships to steal out with them from the haven in stillnessnbsp;and silence, without sound of trumpet, or cry of signal, ornbsp;one speaking to another, until they should reach the main-sea.

So they came to the ships; and though great was the labour in heaving their anchors, and raising their masts, andnbsp;hauling the ropes while putting their vessels from land, not anbsp;voice nor a cry nor an incitement was heard from them®. Andnbsp;Pompey began to entreat the adored gods that he should benbsp;allowed to leave Italy since he was not allowed to stay therein.nbsp;And then a great storm and vast murmuring arose in the sea,nbsp;so tliat men heard throughout the neighbouring districts thenbsp;side-beating and crashing of the blue-fronted waves against thenbsp;sides and breasts and bows of the well-manned vessels and longnbsp;gray galleys of the full-great fleet pi'oceeding to sea^.

Then at that uproar the city-folk of Brundusium, together

* i. e. the ships that best knew the way {edlach), the quality of the commander being transferred to the ship.

5 Phars. II. 680—685: Pompeius tellure noua conpressa profundi Ora uidens, curis animum mordacibus angit etc.

^ Phars. II. 687—698: Ut tempora tandem Furtiuae placuere fugae, ne littora clamor Nauticus exagitet etc.

‘ Phars. 11. 701—703: nam murmure uasto Inpulsum rostris sonuit mare, fluctuat unda Totque carinarum permixtis aequora sulcis.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 395—39G.

do mfledhaibh Cesair faru docum in^ tragha lesin ngeoin sin. Ocus itcowdcadar [H. p. 396] a cobhlach uatba himacb, 7 tancadarnbsp;1435 ar tir laim riu co rancadwr braigbid cumaing in cuain, 7 intan ^nbsp;tancadar na longa a comfocws do tir ac in braigbid sin®, ronbsp;sinset^ muinter Césair conana iarnaidbi uatba forsin loingis^,nbsp;CO ro fastadair® da luing dibb, 7 ro marbbsat focbeïofr foirennnbsp;na long sin^, 7 ro tairngit na longa fein léo for tir. Ocus do-i44odecbaicZ dobbursoillsi® na maidne muicbe faesin, 7 ba mor innbsp;failti le Césair a tarla dó annsin .i. forderga[d] for muiniirnbsp;Poimp i[n] céiiecht imarainic atturru, 7 ba mor a atbméla® leisnbsp;a tecbt cen fis dó asin cumang i rabbadar.

0 dorala coir na gaeitbe doc^wm in cobblaigr sin Poimp 1446 do ascnadar na barca bronnfairsinga i^® craescrislacb in maranbsp;moir, 7 ro gabsat luc7*^ na loingsi for tencaisin na baibbeisinbsp;eocbarguirme 7 in riiadbbuinne robburta 7 cnoctbonn citbanf-[tbinjecb^i mara loin do cecb aird umpu, acM Poimp a aenar,nbsp;uair mad e side nir’ toirnd^^ a rose ic fégbadb na bEtaile airetnbsp;1450 co facaidbi® cnoc da cnocaibb no sliab da sleibbtibb.

O ro folcbaifi^ ardslébei® na bEtaile forsin airdri[g], atro-ebair a suantoirrtbim codluta il-liptingi® a luinge fair. Tarfas fis imeclacbi’ uatbfasacb dó annsin ina codlad .i. in ardrigbannbsp;ro bo marbb uadba féin .i. lulia ingen Césair, do ergbi^® asanbsp;1466badbnucul ina fiadbnaisi adar-leis, 7 ised asbert fris: A grian-brogbaibb ifirn tanac-sa dot agallaim-siu, ar^® si, 7 do faisnésnbsp;seel duit.

Innis iarum, ar Poimp.

Is etromugad plan Ié fuiP® i n-iMnn uile, ar si, in catb 1460 cuiri-siu^i 7 Cesair, ar comroinnfit iaram in drem ro so^^ uaibb-

The Civil War of the Romans.

with great companies of Caesar’s soldiery, came to the shore, and saw that the fleet had escaped them. They ran alongside of themnbsp;on the land till they reached the narrow neck of the harbournbsp;and there, when the ships came near the land at that neck, Caesar’s people stretched grappling-irons upon the fleet, detainednbsp;two ships, straightway killed their crews, and dragged the shipsnbsp;themselves on shoreThen came the twilight of early mor-ning3, and great was Caesar’s joy at what had happened tonbsp;him there, the shaming of Pompey’s people at his first encounternbsp;with them. But he deemed it a great disgrace that they hadnbsp;gone without his knowledge from the strait in which they were.

When a fair wind came to that fleet of Pompey, the wide-breasted barques passed into the bosom of the main sea,nbsp;and the crews of the fleet began to look at the blue-rimmednbsp;abyss, and the bursting of the floodtide, and the hilly shower-stormy waves of the Ionian sea, on every point around them,nbsp;— save only Pompey, for, as to him, his eye never ceased fromnbsp;gazing at Italy, so long as he saw a hill of its hills or anbsp;mountain of its mountains^.

When the high mountains of Italy were hidden from the general, a slumberous trance of sleep fell upon him in thenbsp;poop of his vessel. Then appeared to him in his sleep a verynbsp;fearful, awful vision, namely, the queen whom he had lost bynbsp;death, Julia, Caesar’s daughter, rose up, as seemed to him, outnbsp;of her tomb in his presence, and said; „From the sunny fieldsnbsp;of the underworld have I come to speak with thee and tonbsp;tell thee tidings®.quot;

„Say on thenquot;, says Pompey.

„The battle which thou and Caesar fightquot;, she saith, „lightens the torments of all that are in hell, for the crowd

In Cath Oatharda. H. p. 396.

si i n-ifrmw uile a piana ré fail ann^ Atathur ac cur^ long 7 lestur a purt imurchuir® srotha Stix .i. ic Caron^ i frestalnbsp;in catha cetna®, ar lu' rainic a haencath riam dé, fis® comlm anbsp;ria uaibhsi don chur sa. Ba mor amh do cowach-sa, a Poimp,nbsp;1465 ar si, a cen fa^ banceile misi duit, 7 roprap® tucais mnai elenbsp;im® lepaidh-si. Is fo lemsa sin^® cena, doigh ó cuirfitherii innbsp;cath[sa] doragha-sa dum saighidh - se 7 bemait cen deghailnbsp;dogres ’érsin.

La sodhain diusces^® Poimp asa codkd, 7 ba hadhuéth mór“ 1470leis ini® fis itcowdaici®. Araisin doroine brigh mbeic di, 7 ninbsp;ro thairmisc ime in comtriall bui roimhe ina mewmain. Ocusnbsp;tainic fordorcha na haidhchi 7 diredh lai faesinii, 7 ro gabhsatnbsp;cnatwrbarca in cobhlaigfii® cuan 7 caladhport i crichaih naGregi.nbsp;Cesair immorro, o ro folaigfii® in muinchinn muiridhi innbsp;i475cobhlach air, 7 ó tarrMstair^® a aenur isin Etaipi, ro gabh acnbsp;geran 7 ac acaine inoir ar a doilgi®^ leis can slan^® a mewmannbsp;do tharractóain for a naimdibli. Araisin ro leicc reithine^i inanbsp;aicned, 7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bui ac a tur 7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ac a scrudan canbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;hacfaingnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;loin no

gébbadh^® nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dona sloghaibbnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;imdha batar faris®®. Ocusnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ronbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;faidh

i480uadha tiiisecb da tüisechaiö, 7 Curio [a] ainm, 7 léghión do miledaibhnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;faris d’iarraidnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;loin sair co hinisnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sicipi,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tainic

fein fa cosmailes sidha 7 caincomraic docum na Bomba remhe, 7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a dirmadha^®nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sloigh 7 socraidenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;co deaitlinbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nem-

snimach ina favradh, cen frestal airm^® na mergedh®®, 7 cen i486airmeirt debtba na imairic acco. Ocus ba homhan imecla®inbsp;‘ conraindfit uili risin slogh roso uaibsi cucu, S. comrainnfiter anbsp;piena uili etc. F. “ i iur S. ic fur F. “ ic portimorcurtliid S. * Stig innbsp;iffiVn .i. i[o] Caron S. Stic inn ifrinn .i. ic Caron F. 7 icé, Cardn 11. ® barnbsp;muinnteri S. ® inandocum S. F. ’ airet roba S. robbam F. * roprap idir S.nbsp;® sic S. F. uin H. on S. F. ” cuirflder S. taighidhse H.nbsp;“ diuctrais S. diuchtrais F. duisces 11. ba haduathmur S. -mor F. an H.nbsp;atconnaircS. caburdorcha derigh in lae fuisin S. -ind laei faisin^.nbsp;sic F. cnadwrbarca S. tra turbdrca in cobhlaidb H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;falaigh S.

tarrastair S. tarrusair F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;isind Ettaili F. isinn Edail S. doil-

gidh II. doilge F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gan Ian F. “ re raetine S. re raetine F.

cindas fogebad lón S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ina farradh S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;co binis Sairnd

7 CO hinis Siccil S. . . Sairnd . . F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dirma S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;arm S. F.

mergeadh leo S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ba bomnacb imecal S. Ba homnach imecclac F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

coming from you will share tlieir torments with those that are there. Ships and vessels are a-launching on the ferry of thenbsp;river Styx, that is by Charon, awaiting the same battle; fornbsp;never before has there come from a single battle as many asnbsp;will come from you on this occasion. Great in truth was thynbsp;prosperity, O Pompey, so long as I was thy consort, and toonbsp;quickly thou broughtest another wife into my bed. Yet am Inbsp;glad of that, for when this battle shall be fought, thou wiltnbsp;come to me, and after that we shall always be without partingnbsp;Thereat Pompey awoke from his sleep, and a great horrornbsp;to him was the vision he had seen. Howbeit he had but littlenbsp;regard for it, and it did not interfere with the future proceedingnbsp;that was in his mind. Then came the darkness of the nightnbsp;and the end of day, and the cnatiir-haxqnamp;^ of the fleet tooknbsp;haven and harbour in the districts of Greece I

As to Caesar, when the sea-surface had hidden the fleet from him, and when he stood alone in Italy, he began tonbsp;complain and lament greatly because of his distress in notnbsp;having taken full vengeance on his enemies. However he letnbsp;calm into his nature, and was seeking and considering by whatnbsp;means he should obtain provisions for the numerous forces alongnbsp;with him. So he despatched one of his captains, named Curio,nbsp;with a legion of soldiers, to the island of Sicily, to seek for provisions ^ in the east. He himself came forward to Rome under thenbsp;aspect of peace and goodwill, with his multitudes of hostnbsp;and army, lazily, undistressed, without waiting attendance ofnbsp;weapon or standard, and without preparing for strife or contest. And in fear and dread were the folk of the towns and

gt; Phars. III. 14—34: uidi ipsa tenentis Eumenidas quaterent quas uestris lampadas armis; Praeparat innumoras puppis Acherontis adustinbsp;Portitor, etc.

2 Phars. HI. 36—45; Ille, dei quamuis cladem manesque niinentur.

® Phars. III. 59.¦ Bellum Civile i. 30. S and F have „to the island of Sardinia and to the island of Sicily.quot; But Valerius was sent to Sardinia, Curio to Sicily.

Iriscbo Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 397.

batar \ucht cat/irach 7 caislén^ na hEtaile ic k fethemh, 7 nir’bo lainne leisium cena a ngi-adh aicce^ inó.s a fuath 7 in4snbsp;a Oman orra® amlaicZ sin.

IS 1 [so] sligero cinn^ Césair don Rohn, do cathraigh® Ang-1490 suri® 7 seoch in fidh mór i’ mbiii tempull Déain® i^ frithsét na sligliecZ® forsa tiaghar o Roim co hAlba Longa. Ocus ro gabhnbsp;iarsin ic fechsini® na Rómlia uadbaii do mullach cairrgi moirenbsp;bui ÓS cinn na cat/wach. Ba lainn^^ le Césair annsin, ar ninbsp;facai® [som] In fria ré .x. mbliadan roime. IS ole ro faesatnbsp;1496 do maithi tu, a Romhi^, ar se Césair; ca cathair isin domannbsp;budh coir do cosnam intan na tibirthi cath icat cosnam-su.nbsp;Bennac/i^ for na déibhi® foderai® nach iat do bidhbaici bunaidhnbsp;tancadwr dot cosnam frisin \\xcM ro facaibh tu^’ amhlaicZ sin.nbsp;Maitha ndernaidh in toice^® frit, do muinier féin CMgut dé n-eis.nbsp;1600 Tainic Cesair isin cat/iraigh ’arsin, 7 ro gabh omhun mornbsp;luc7i^ na Romha roimbe, uair dar léo dogénadh^® cecli ole ronbsp;iéiiad'^^ innti, 7 dar^i léo is tre smüitcéo di'adli 7 tre corrthairnbsp;lasrach no laefedli®^ in cat/iraigh uile. Ocus ni hedb sin do-roine-sium cena, acht ba nairidhi^® leis na®^ Ié lucht na Rómhanbsp;1606fein in bidgad^® ecla ro lm®® fat i fiadhnaisi na cinedli®^ n-echtrann batar maille fris.

Ro gabh Cesair fein in®® la sin cecli ceim cadliusacli 7 gach gradb anórach bui isin Roimh uile, óta®® ceim dictatoracTi^anbsp;co deochain 7 ó deochain co decan®®, ar docuadar®i luc/^^ na

gt; caistial S. caistiall F. ® a grad accu sum S. a gradh occu sumh F. * fortu S. forta F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ do cing S. do cince F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® cathraidh H.

cathair S. catair F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ Anxur S. auxum F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ a mbi H.

i mbui S. F. “ Deani S. Dean F. ® cowairi S. conaire F. descain S. decsain F. ” uad S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;laindi S. lainn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;iacaidh H. facca

sum S. faca som F. “ Iloim S. F. ” deu S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;foatcra S.

” rot-facaib S. rot acaib F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toictiu S. F. dodénadh H. dogenad F.

dadenadh S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do tuiefead do denum S. cotniefedh do denam F.

atar S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cuirfead S. cuiried F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nairi F. S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;innas S. F.

sic S. bidhgadb F. bicc H. *** greis S. greiss F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ciniudb S.

cined F. “ an H. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ódé, H. ota S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ceim dicatatoir

co decan S. ceim dictatoir co decan F. ro cotur F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

fortresses of Italy a-watching him. Still their love was not more pleasing to him than their hatred and than their dread of himnbsp;in that wise^.

This is the road hy which Caesar marched to Rome, by tlie city of Anxur, and past tlie great wood in which was anbsp;temple of Diana in the return of the road hy which one goesnbsp;from Rome to Alba Longa. And then he began to gaze atnbsp;Rome from the top of a great crag which was above the city.nbsp;There it was pleasant to Caesar, for he had not seen it fornbsp;the space of ten years ^ „Badly have thy nobles deserted thee,nbsp;0 Rome!quot; quoth Caesar: „what city in the world would it benbsp;right to contend for, since battle was not given in contending fornbsp;thee? Blessing on tlie gods that it is not thy ancestral foesnbsp;that have come to contend for thee with those that have deserted thee in that wise! Good is what Fortune has done tonbsp;thee, thine own people (coming) to thee after tliem^!quot;

Then Caesar entered the city, and great fear seized the people of Rome before him, for they supposed that henbsp;would do therein all the evil in his power; and they believednbsp;that by murky mist of smoke and hy fiinge of flame he wouldnbsp;lay the whole city low. Yet this he did not do, for morenbsp;shameful to him than to the people of Rome tliemselves wasnbsp;tiie startling of fear that filled them in the presence of thenbsp;foreign nations who were along with him.

On that day Caesar himself assumed every worshipful rank and every honourable gi’ade that was in the whole of Rome,nbsp;from the rank of the dictatorship to the minister, and from thenbsp;minister to the decanus^; for the holders of all those ranks

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 397—398.

moceimenn sin uile le Poimp, 7 mr’ ordaigh-siumi nech ele a ceim di'bh sin acht sé féin. Ooms tainicc iarsin docum indnbsp;innimthighi^ a raibhi® innmzfs na 'Rómhdnach,, 7 ro hoslaice^^nbsp;leis hé, 7 doradadh a uile innmhwsa as tar sarugwd Metill,nbsp;trebhonn* do E.omhó,nchaibh. Oeus ba hadhbul a mét a tucaci leónbsp;1516 as annsin. Mór mhliadan [remi] ro bas ic a tinól, mór donbsp;chuachaibh 7 [do] cornaibh 7 do copanaibli incad^ as, mor donbsp;cloidhmibh 7 do cathbharraiamp;A tucad as, [mor do slegliaibli neminbsp;7 do sciathaibh scellbolgachaibh S.], mor do tinnidhibli óirnbsp;deirg 7 d’airge^ 7 d’finndruine doradadh as, mor do cristall 7nbsp;1520 do cnadhumha 7 do legaibh lóghmMra doradadh as.

Cidh fil ann tra acht doradad asin innimthigh® in’' la sin le Césair aneoch® d’innmMS dobertsat na Rómhanaig ó Anibhalnbsp;AfPracdha® 7 ó Pilip Gregach 7 ó Pirr ó ri[g] na Eperdha, 7 ónbsp;Medhaibh 7 ó Persaibh, 7 ópoplaibh na hAisia^® 7 ó inisiiCréit7nbsp;1625 a hinis Cipeir Ocus dorat Cesair in t-innmtis sin uile i rathaibhnbsp;righ 7 i tidlaicibh^® 7 tuarwstolaibhi® 7 a lón slighedhi'f da amhsaibhnbsp;7 da miledaibh [H. p. 398] 7 do maithibh [a sluaigh aircena, S.].

Tóchestul sluaigh Poimp annso si's^®.

[IN n-airet tra bui Cesair ic gleod na caingean sin isin 1630 Roim ro teclammait 7 ro tinoilit S.] a sloigh 7 a sochraidinbsp;catha docum Poimp as cech crich 7 as cech cat/iraigh 7 asnbsp;cech cennadhaigh^® isin doman forsa tarrMstair a chain 7 anbsp;smacht 7 a forcowgra 7 a vecht righ. Sochaide tra tainic isinnbsp;tinól sin docum in ardn'gh .i. Poimp.

* ni ro ordni-sium F. S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* in tinimthighi H. ind innimtigi S.

ind innimhthighi F. * i mbui S. imbai F. a raibhi H. * meteill trebaind maith S. ® doratta S. dorata F. “ asin nimtig S. asin in-nimtigh F. asin tinimthigh H. ’ an H. “ inneoch S. F. ” Annibalnbsp;Affricda S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8. inserts; 7 o lucht in airtir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a hinis S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8.

inserts-. 7 a hinnsibh mara Terrein uili. ISedf tucad d’ór 7 d’airgeat as in ingnais séd 7 cumdach .i. u. tomais irichsX ar cét ar .iiii. milih d’or, 7nbsp;. 1. mili ar . d. cccc. da toimsib airglt, 7 . xii. ungi in gach tomtts dib sin S.nbsp;Do bert Cesair in indmus S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’¦* rattaibh H.

tidhnaictib S. tighlaicibh H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tuarastlaib S. tuarwstlaib F.

sluaghaidh do righaibh 7 do taiseacuibh, S. illon sluagaid da rigaib 7 da tusechaih F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Misplaced in H. p. 390.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cennadhaidh H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

had gone with Pompey, and Caesar appointed no one but himself to any of them. And then he came to the Treasury ^ wherein was the wealth of the Romans; and it was opened bynbsp;him, and all the treasures were given out of it, in despite ofnbsp;Metellus, a tribune of the Romans^{1 2}. And vast was the amountnbsp;that was then taken out. Por many years had it been accumulating: many beakers and horns and cups were taken thence:nbsp;many swords and helmets and venomous spears and bucklersnbsp;belonging to shieldhurghs; many ingots of red gold and silvernbsp;and electron were taken out: much crystal and brass and precious stones.

Howbeit, on tliat day there was brought by Caesar out of the Treasury all the wealth that the Romans had obtained fromnbsp;Hannibal the African, and from Philip the Greek, and fromnbsp;Pyrrhus the king of Epirus, from the Medes and the Persiansnbsp;and the peoples of Asia, and from the islands of Crete andnbsp;Cyprus². And Caesar gave all that wealth in kingly bountiesnbsp;and in guerdons and wages and travelling-money to his satellites and his soldiers and the other good men of his army.

The Mustering of Pompey’s army here below.

While Caesar was deciding those matters in Rome, Pompey’s armies and warlike multitudes were mustered and gathered unto him from every country and city and province in the worldnbsp;which had come under his law and discipline and his orders and hisnbsp;royal rule. A multitude, then, came in that gathering to thenbsp;high-king, even Pompey

1

gt; the ‘Saturnia templa’ of Lucan, Phars. III. 115.

¦2 Phars. III. 114: Pugnaxque Metellus, Ut uidet ingenti Saturnia templa reuelli Mole, etc.

® Phars. III. 154—168: Tunc rupes Tarpeia sonat magnoque reclusas Testatur stridore fores; tunc conditus imo Eruitur templo multis nonnbsp;tactus ab annis Romani census populi, etc.

2

Here follows a prose abridgment of Phars. HI. 171—283.

In Cath Catharda. II. p. 398.

1536 Tancadar aim cinedha^ na Gre'igi bui ’na corafocas iochétoir. Tancadar aim atrebthaidi^ Phocis® 7 Ampisia^.

Tancadar ann attrebthaidi^ Cirra® 7 Nisse, da cat/iraigb Sleibhi Parnais.

Tancadar ann dneda tfri Boetie.

1640 Tancadar ann aitrebthaidi srotha Cepeis 7 srotha Dirce’'. Tanc'adar amp;nn daeda'- innsi Pise*.

Tancadar ann na ci«eda ?Axéb(iit im siath Ailp®. Tancadar ann cineda na nA[r]cadecdha 7 na Tracindai®.nbsp;Tancadar ann cineda na Tresportecdha 7 na Driopecdae.nbsp;1545 [Tancadar ann axiramp;hthaidi cathrach Sealla S.].

Tancadar [ann] milidh toghaidlie na hAthaene^^.

Tancadar ann fairui long a cat/iraigh Salamina a crich Eghipte.

Tancadar amp;nn cineda cetachai* indsi Créit.

1560 Tancadar ann a,trehthaidi innsi Cortlnna.

Tancadar aw» atrebthaidi cathrach Oricon.

Tancadar ann cineda na n-Atamdha 7 na nGnceldaih Tancadar aww cineda indsi Colcisi^®.

Tancadar aww atrehtJiaidi srotha Absirt 7 srotha Pen^®. 1565 Tancadar aww na Tesalda 7 na Hemonda.

Tancadar ann dneda Polloe^^ 7 Conoe.

Tancadar aww alxebthaidi srotha St[r]imoin 7 srotha Peucen. Tancadar aww dneda na hldaile^* 7 na hArispe.nbsp;Tancadar ann dneda sléihhe Pithane 7 srotha Mairs.nbsp;Tancadar aww cineda srotha Pactolóin 7 srotha Herin 1®nbsp;gainem ordha uile fogahhur isin tsruth sin.

Tancadar a»» cineda na Frigia 7 tiri na Troe.

Tancadar ann cineda na Siria 7 srotha Oroint^®.

1 cinedhaigh H. * atrebaidh II. ® Pocais S. Poccais F. Priocis II. ¦* Ampisaei S. Ampissae F. ® attbaidh H. ° Cairo H. Cirra S. F.nbsp;’’ bruigibh Cepesi H. ” Pisaei S. Pissae F. ® Ailph S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dracdha IL

Tracda S. TracchcZa F. ** hAthaini S. bAtaine F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fairni long

a catair S. foirenn a catAraigh H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ceZacba S. cétaacba H. ceutacha F.

na liAtamda [hAthanida F.] 7 na bEncellda S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Coilcis S. Colcis F.

Péin S. Pein F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pholoe S. Poloe F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bldaili S. bEtdile II.

** Eirm. S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;““ Arci'nt H.

The Civil War of the Koraans.

The nations of Greece, which was near him, came at once.

Came there the inhabitants of Phocis and Amphissa.

Caine there the inhabitants of Cirrha and Nysa, two cities of Mount Parnassus.

Came there the kindreds of the land of Boeotia.

Came there the dwellers by the river Cephisus and the river Jdirce.

Came there the inhabitants of the isle of Pisae.

Came there the kindreds that dwell about the river Alpheus.

Came there the nations of the Arcadians and the Tra-chynians.

Came there the nations of the Thesproti and the Dryopes.

Came there the inhabitants of the town of Sellae.

Came there the choice soldiers of Athens.

Came there crews of ships from the city of Salamis in the district of Egypt.

Came there the hundredfold kindreds of the isle of Crete.

Came tliere the inhabitants of the island Gortyna.

There came the inhabitants of the city Oricon.

There came the kindreds of the Athamanes and the En-cheliaus.

There came the kindreds of the island of Colchis.

There came the inhabitants of the river Absyrtis and the river Peneus.

There came the Thessalians and the Haemonians.

There came the kindreds of Pholoe and Cone.

There came the inhabitants of the river Strymon and the river Peuce.

There came the kindreds of Idalia and Arisbe.

There came the kindi’eds of Mount Pitane and the river Marsyas.

There came the kindreds of the river Pactolus and the river Hermus, and all golden is the sand that is got in that river.

There came the nations of Phrygia and of the land of Troy.

There came the nations of Syria and the river Orontes.

In Catli Catliarda. H. p. 398.

Tancac^ar min sArehthaidi cattrach Minnos^ 7 catJirach 1665 Damuisc.

Tmicadar min sAxeithaidi indsi Gaza^ 7 indsi Idim®.

Tamcadar min na Tirecda^ 7 sAxeUhaidi cat/irach Sidoin.

Twacadar ann aivehthaidi Penicie, 7 is accu sidhe ro hairicit® litn artMS.

1570 'Taacadar aim airehtdiaidi cathrach Tairs® 7 sleibhe Tauir.

Tancadar ann [cineda] na liAntuaighe’ 7 cathrach Ege.

Tancadar ann na Silécdha.

TanmtZa»- ann cineda airtAeracha in domuin uile.

Tancadar ann atrebthaidi na hinnia 7 srotha Gaing®.

1575 Tancadar ann popoil na mBraghmanda®. Is iat sin tia-gliaiti® da ndeoin féin isna tentibh da loscwd in uair tic^^ senordhac7d cucu.

Tancadar ann atrebthaidi na Capodoci 7 na hArméin [e].

Tancadar ann cineda callidi*^ na Coatrecdha^®.

1580 ’Tancadar ann popail tiri Arabie. Ba machtnugwd mor leo sin foscaigthe^^ na crann do ch«r fo thuaid^® don grein daighnbsp;is fodhes cuires acco-sami®.

Tancadar ann na hOirestecdha 7 na Carmanda. Ata da faide fodhes i[t]at-sen na faicet acht blogh^’ becc don tsechtar-1685 re[t] tre bithu^®.

Tancadar ann na liEtiobghai® 7 atrebthaidi in tiri asa teb[r]enn*® sruth nEoffraic 7 sruth^i Tigir a hentobar.

Ni tancadar tra na Parteedha isin tinol sin, uair nir’ miadh leo cungnam la Rómdnac/ia'^^, 0 ro marbhsat in tresnbsp;i590taisech is ferr do hiisin Roim .i. Marews CrasMS.

Tancadar ann popitd na Sceithia 7 na Laedemoni^h

‘ Minos S. minos F. leg. Ninos. * Gara S. Gaza F. Gacha H. ® Idim S. F. Giron II. ¦* sic S. Tireoda F. drechta H. “ aircit F,nbsp;hairighit H. airgit S. “ sic S. F. Tairis H. ’’ Antuaighi S. hAntuaiginbsp;F. liAntuaithe II. “ sic S. Gainn II. ® ndragraanda S. ndraghmanda F.nbsp;ndracmataH. *“ teghdhis S. intan ticeadh S. ** cineda caillidi F.nbsp;atrebthaidi callidi 7 H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S. omits this sentence. '* foiseti I. S.

thuaigli H. air fodés is gnath a cur ina tir-sium S. brig S. F. blodh H. sectar re caidhchi S. seacldar re caidhche F. ** hEtiopec-da S. hEitiopeceda F. *quot; teprinn S. F. innsi H ** Romanu S.nbsp;Romancoip I. is fearr bui S. as ferr bai F. ** sic S. F. Léoidi H.

There came tlie inhabitants of the city of Ninus (Niniveh) and of the city Damascus.

There came the inhabitants of the island of Gaza and the island of Edom.

There came the Tyrians and the inhabitants of the city of Sidon.

There came the inhabitants^ of Phoenicia; ’tis by them that letters were first invented.

There came the inhabitants of the city of Tarsus and the mountain-range of Taurus.

There came the kindreds of Antioch and of the city of Aegae.

There came the Cilicians.

There came the eastern nations of the whole world.

There came the inhabitants of India and the river Ganges.

There came the peoples of the Brahmans. ’Tis they that go voluntarily into the fires, to be burnt alive when old agenbsp;comes to them.

There came the inhabitants of Cappadocia and Armenia.

There came the sylvan races ^ of the Coatrae.

There came the peoples of the land of Arabia. They marvel much that the shadows of the trees fall northward from the sun, since witli them it casts (the shadows) southward.

There came the Oretae and the Caramanians. So far are they to the south that they never see more than a small partnbsp;of the Great Bear.

There came the Ethiopians, and the inhabitants of the land out of which from one spring fiow the rivers Euphratesnbsp;and Tigris.

The Parthians came not to that gathering, for they deigned not to help the Romans, since they had killed one of the three best captains in Rome, namely, Marcus Crassus.

There came the peoples of Scythia and the Lacedaemonians^.

* Aethcra tangentes siluas liquere Coatrae, Phars. III. 241'. Verg. Georg II 124.

* The Irish writer has maile two peoples out of the Lacedaemonian Heniochi.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 398—399.

T^amp;wcadar ann cinecia na nircandai 7 na nEniocecdha* 7 na Sarmata.

[H. p. 399] TancoscZar aim ‘Arébtlmidi sléibhe Ki'fi® 7 atre/j-imthaidi srotha Tanais i coic/ich Eorpa 7 Aissia.

Tamp;ncadar mn lucht innsi na Colach 7 utrebthakU srotlia Alls.

[TancafZar ann na ciueda aitrebaZ ic na Gaetlaighib Meo-tonda S.].

TancacZar ann na ciueda aivcbat i conifocraibh coloman 1600 Al[e]xandair [moir S.] i n-iinell airtherach^ in domain.

[Haucadar ann na Sidonda 7 cineda Arimasbe S.j.

ïancadösr ann ciueda na nAiret® 7 na Marsagetecdha.

Tancadar ann ciueda na nG[e]lonna® on fuarda atuaidh.

Tancadar ann uile cinedhaigh nanAffracdha [0 poplibh na 1606 Mwreta iar n-iarthwr S.] co crichaibh na liEghipte iar n-airthiur.

Cidh fil ann tra acht cidh [mor] do slóghaibh ro tinóiledGa Cir mac Dair oc ri[g] na Pers do gabhail in domain leo, no icnbsp;Xerxes® oc ri[g] na nAsardha, no ic Aghmemnón mor macnbsp;Adir, ic ri[g] Grég, oc \amp;cht do togbail Trae, no ac cech ri[g]nbsp;1610 ele icar’ tinóiledh [inorsluag riam, ni ro tinoilead S.] in com-li'n sin do cinedhaibh in domain Ié rigli ele dibh, 7 ni frithnbsp;ic sen no ic senchai[d] na ic columliain criadh na a liubhur annal-ta'* in comhlin sin do cinedhaibh 7 do n'ghaib do timorcon d’enri[g]nbsp;ac frestal encatha riam, 7 ni raibhi i n-enlongp/«ort isin domhannbsp;1616 riam in brechtardeliugwdi® ro bui isin longpAort sin Poimp do sainenbsp;gloir 7 gotha7 gnhnhaii.do saini gnathaighi^® 7 bés 7 berla, do sainenbsp;ergna 7 aigenta^® 7 inntlec/da, do saine cuma 7 céme 7 comairciiquot;^ 7nbsp;do saine airm 7 erraidh 7 ecoisc, do saine athurrdha 7 crich 7 cenel.

Ba mor in toice^^ do Poimp in t-imad slóigh diairmithi 1620 sin d’faghbhail i cenn catha leis, 7 nir’bo lugha in toice^® do

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;n-Irtanda H. S. n-Iranda F. ® nEniocda S. nBnioceoedha H.

nEnoceta F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* Kip S. EipF F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;‘ i n-imiul airteach S.

® Areta S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;' na Gelonta S. F.

’ tinoilit S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* sic S. F. Séxsés H.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;annddlta H. annalta S. F. brectliardheliughudh S. breacter-

deiliuccad F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ gnimraidh S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;** gnathnighte F.

” aicnidh S. aiccnidh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;comairc S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toictiu S. F,

” toicti S. F.

The Civil War of the Romans

There came the nations of the Hyrcanians and the He-niochi and the Sarmatians.

There came the inhabitants of the Rhi^jaean mountain-range, and the inhabitants of the river Tanais on the boundary of Europe and Asia.

There came the inhabitants of the island of Colchis and the inhabitants of the river Halys.

There came the nations who dwell at the Maeotic marshes.

There came tlie nations who dwell near the pillars of Alexander the Great on the eastern edge of the world h

There came the nations of the Arii and the Massagetae.

There came the nat’ons of the Geloni from the northern frigid zone.

There came all the nations of the Africans, from the peoples of the Moors in the west to the borders of Egypt in the east.

Howbeit, though many hosts were gathered by Cyrus son of Darius, the king of the Persians, to conquer the world, ornbsp;by Xerxes the king of the Assyrians, or by Agamemnon thenbsp;Great, son of Atreus, the king of the Greeks, when he wentnbsp;to sack Troy, or by any other king by whom a mighty hostnbsp;was gathei-ed, never had there been collected that number ofnbsp;the nations of the world by any o her king^. And never wasnbsp;there found with an old man or an historian, or on a columnnbsp;of clay, or in a book of annals, that number of nations andnbsp;kings controlled by one king awaiting one battle. And nevernbsp;in one camp had there been the medley of distinctions that wasnbsp;in that camp of Pompey, with difference of speech and voicenbsp;and deed, difference of usages and customs and languages,nbsp;difference of knowledge and nature and intellect, difference ofnbsp;form and gait and battle-cry, difference of arms and dress andnbsp;habit, difference of fatherland and country and race.

Great was the fortune of Pompey in getting that innumerable host to go with him to battle. And not less was

^ The twelve huge altars erected by Alexander on the western bank of the Hyphasis (Satlej).nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ Phars. III. 284—289: Non, cum

Memnoniis deducens agmina regnis Cyrus, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 399—400.

Césair a faghbhail uile i n-éninadh for lar énmuighi na Tesaile da clodh 7 do breith coscair dibh uile i n-éuló inas budh ecinnbsp;dul do saighidh cecha cinedhaigh di'bh ina crich iidilis fein.nbsp;Tochestali sloigh Poimp conice sin.

Toghail cat^rach na Masilecdha annso sis.

0 ro siacht^. tra la Césair gleo[d] cecha lesa budh adh-laic^ dó isin Koimh a,mail fa lor leis, tuc a dirma sloigh'‘ leis asin catAraigh immach^ do tairmceimniugwc? tar senbennaibhnbsp;sneachtaidhibh® Sleibhe Elpa siar docum na liEspaine cech-1630ndiruch. IS é adhbar imma^ ndechaic? in réira sin; da urrigh®nbsp;do mufwtir Poimp badar ina hurrlamhws^, 7 drechta dérmaranbsp;d’óccaibh na RómhdwflcAi^{1 2} ina faiTadh: [Petrin 7 Aiffrin a n-anmann, S.], 7 is ed ba^i menmarc leissium a ndichor asinnbsp;Espain uile muna^^ gialldais dó.

1636 Cech^® cathair 7 cech caislén seoch a ticedh ar fut na hEtaile nó idhnaictis dosum geill 7 eteri^^ ar a omhan 7 ar anbsp;imecla, no co rainic cattraigh na Masilecdha i forbha 7 i n-imelP^ i[n] tiri. Do Grégaibh do bunadh [lucht] na cat/irachnbsp;sin, Poicis^³’ ainm a cathrach cén do batar^^ isin Gréic, 7 ronbsp;i640toghladh in cathair sin forra, 7 dodechatar^² isin Etóil iarsin,nbsp;co ro cumdaighedh 1® cathair leo inti a n-imelD® in tire for urnbsp;in mara, Masiha [a hainm, S.].

Ro bui snaidm caradraidh atarru 7 Poimp [H. p. 400] cona tréiccfedh nech a chéile^^ dibh airet nó mairdis. Maith tra ronbsp;i645 cowgbudh uatha sum 22 in caradradh sin, uair cia rainic Césair

1

sisana S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® scaich S. F.

2

slogh 7 sochaide S.

3

° sic S. snechtaighi H snecidaidib F. quot; arrigh S. .i. da airrigh F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

Caesar’s fortune to find them all in one place amid the single plain of Thessaly, so as to destroy and triumph over themnbsp;all in one day, rather than to have to march to each of thesenbsp;nations in its own country^.

So far the mustering of Pompey’s army.

The Sack of the city of the Massilians here below.

Now when Caesar had attained such decision of every advantage he desired in Pome as satisfied his mind, henbsp;brought his countless army out of the City to march across thenbsp;snowy ancient peaks of the Alps westward forthright to Spain 2.nbsp;This is the cause of his taking that course. Two viceroysnbsp;(legates) of Pompey’s people, named Petreius and Afranius, werenbsp;in possession of it, with vast troops of Roman warriors alongnbsp;with them, and this was Caesar’s desire, to expel them fromnbsp;the whole of Spain, unless they would submit to him.

Every town and every fortress by which he came throughout Italy used to give him pledges and hostages, through fear and dread of him, until he reached the city of the Massiliansnbsp;at the end and edge of the land. Of the Greeks by origin werenbsp;the folk of that city. Phocis was the name of their city sonbsp;long as they were in Greece, and that city was sacked, andnbsp;then they came into Italy, and therein a city was built by themnbsp;on the edge of the land on the brink of the sea. Massilianbsp;was its name.

There was a ‘knot of friendship’ between them and Pom-pey, that neither of them would forsake the other so long as they existed. Well was that friendship maintained by them;nbsp;for, though Caesar with his armies came to them, they clave

* A paraphrase of Acciperet felix ne non semel omnia Caesar, Vin-cendiim pariter Pharsalia praestitit orbem, Phars. III. 296—297.

- Phars. in. 298, 299; Ille uhi deseruit trepidantis moenia Romae, Agmine nubiferam rapto supereuolat Alpem.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 400.

cona sloghaibli ina ndócum ni ro lensat do micomhull na [do] cedludh a ceneoili Grecdha, 7 ni moidi ro impodar ar^ Poimp.

IS 1 comairle doronsat [iarum,] techta do chur uatlia® do-cum Cesair, 7 gesca pailme do breitli cuigi i comartba sidba^, 1660 da iis in fetfaidis® tré ceilg na tré caencombradb® brutb a feirginbsp;7 a aiceiita do toirnem 7 a n-étlódb cen giall’ dó.

Tancadwr tra na tecbta sin co wdesedar for incbaibb Césair, 7 is ed ro raidbset ris: A Césair, ar siat, is ed fogébb-tbar* inbbur lebbraibb airis[sen] 7 annalta® fein lucht na 1655 cat/iracb so do coméirgbii® libb docwni cecba cinedba eireocbwsiinbsp;inbbor n-agbaidb isin doinban; 7 is ed sin ro inaidbsemi^nbsp;duinn cosaniui®, 7 ni congnamb libb ac denam cocaidb in-medbonaigb atraibbi^ féin.

Ar t’firinni riutsai®, na fwrail tré écin orainnei® inm nar[o] i660gnatbaigbebbairi'' diiinn cosaniui®, uair ata do lór slóigb acutnbsp;inar n-écmais-ne, 7 nocba n-inann indtinn^'’ ata ocoinde [im]-mon catb catbarda 7 ac cinedbaibh [aili] in domain uile. [Ninbsp;bu sirsan on cena, S. F.], uair damadb inand duttracbt duinnnbsp;ni cuirfitbe'-*® dogres in catb catbordba.

1665 IS i so ar toisc-ne^^ cucut, masa sidb'-** no caencomrac is toil let do dbenam, facaibb do slóigb ina longp/iort annso, 7nbsp;tair féin linne^® co wdernter do frestal 7 do fritbólum acoinne^‘;nbsp;7 intan doragba^^ Poimp ticfa cbucaind fon innMS cétua^^, 7 léiccnbsp;in cattraigb ina bistudb coitcbenn atraibb^’ fon sambla sin.

’ ciniudh S. cinedha F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* ro impaisetar for S. ni moiti ro

impaiaet F. ’ uaitib S. uadibh F. * i comarda sida S. a comurtba sigbdha II. * dws in caeinhsitis S. dws in caemsatais F. “ cain-gaedilg S. caingaidilcc F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ aethlod don c7mr-sin gan giallad S. F.

® fogebtar S. fogebter F. rogebbthur 11. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® anddlta H. annalta S. F. docom

eirghidh H. docum ergi S. do coimeirgi F. ** atreiased S. atreiaaet F. ** ro muinsium S. ro muinaiom F. ” guaandiu S. ** ettraib F.nbsp;edruib S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fritaiu S. friotau F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;foi'n S. forinn F.

gnathaighainm S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gitsindiu S. CMsindiu i F. cosam'ugh H.

innitim S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gnifeadh S. gnifitbe F. cuirfidhti H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;toiac

bunaidb it docum S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;algh H. sigb S. sith F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tairr

fein iain catiwaigh S. -* inti S. innti F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;doradha H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ticfa

ciigut ciniudh cetna S. tioefa cuccainn on mud cettna F. doibh S. daib F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

not to the fickleness or the nonperformance of their Greek kindred; and not the more did they turn to Pompeyh

This was the plan they then formed: to send to Caesar messengers bearing branches of palm in sign of peace, to findnbsp;out whether they could, by guile or by fair speaking 2, abate thenbsp;fury of his wrath and his spirit, and escape without giving himnbsp;hostages.

So those messengers came and sat down before Caesar, and this they said to him: „0 Caesar, it will be found in yournbsp;own books of history and annals that the folk of tliis city takenbsp;part with you against every (foreign) nation in the world thatnbsp;shall rise against you. That is what we have hitherto boastednbsp;of, but not to help you to make internal war amongst yourselves.quot;

„For sake of thy righteousness, do not enjoin us by force (to do) what you have not hitherto been accustomed tonbsp;enjoin: for without us thou hast troops enough; and we havenbsp;not the same mind about civil war as have the other nationsnbsp;of the whole world. That indeed wei’e not fortunate (for thee),nbsp;for if we all had the same desire, never would the civil warnbsp;be waged.

„This is our errand to thee: if thou desire to make peace and good-will, leave thy troops in their camp, and do thou thyself come with us that we may attend thee and minister tonbsp;thee. And when Pompey shall arrive he will come to us innbsp;like manner. And leave the city in that wise as a commonnbsp;dwelling-place between you.

* Phai's. III. 300—303: Cumque alii famae populi terrore pauerent, Phocais in dubiis ausa est seruare iuuentus Non Graia leuitate fidemnbsp;signataque iura Et causas, non fata, sequi.

® S. and F. have ‘by fair Gaelic’.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 400 — 401,

1670 Mas é airrdercug7((Z fil[l]et tocht a crichaib Espaine, nl hardaigh daine mar sinne is cwbaidh duit do sloighedh do tair-mesch Ni hór na hairge^ na hinnmtis ata acoinne annso, 7nbsp;ni soraidh duinn féin imairic [catha] do gnini. Ocus is misti®nbsp;donti leis a® ragham i* cenn catha, uair budh air bMS raen danbsp;i675mbeinne maille Ms, 7 ni fuil niaith isin domhan acoind achtnbsp;comull caradraidh® amain®.

Arae sin, raaseci is cinnti letsa ar ngabhail-ne ar ecin, 7 dul for ar muraibh, 7 doirsi ar cattrach do brisedh, is nem-poindighi’ deit a® Mali, uair cia do loiscthi^ ar tighi fo»*ainde,nbsp;1680 7 cia ro soisedh^® dun beithii ic sugud na criadh 7 ic ol ar folanbsp;féin Ié tart 7 Ié hitai[d], 7 ic tomhailt ar cloinde 7 ar mban-céile Ié gorta, is tuscu^^ ro faemomais-ne sin^® inas do ticfa-mais tar in mbreithir doratsum^* re Poimp, 7 dobennais giallai®nbsp;ar écin duit.

1685 Ocus ro érigb ruithengris adhbul 7 ruamnadhi® [romór] a ngnüis 7 a u-aiglt;d Césair d’fiucbudh na feirgi firgairbhi [H.p.401] atracbtnbsp;iua mhenmain don aithesc^’' sin ro raidhset na Masilecda fris^*.

IS ed isbert iarttm; Is diiiiain dona deóradhaibh Grecdha, ar sé, inni dobeir bré[i]c umpo, ar cia beith tinndeithnes orMmsai®nbsp;i69odocum na hEspaine ni huatha sumh rachad^o no co togblur^inbsp;a cathair forra. IS coir daibhsi [chena], a degmMmter, ar sénbsp;Césair ré sloghaibh, deghmenma do denamh don turchairthenbsp;catha so dorat for conach féin ar sligit? dibh^s. Uair amailnbsp;tostas 7 taethmaighes^® a haenur in gaeth gailbbecb^quot;* monanbsp;looöfaghbba^s frithtbairisem^® fria, 7 amctii- téid bruth na tente

’ Masa egean duit dul isin Espain ni fo daigh daini mar sin inbad conitigh duit da sloighedh do tairmesc S. Masa cinnti occwt dul issin Espainnbsp;ni fo daicch daine mar sinne badh coimtidh deit do sloicced do tairmiusc F.nbsp;* mesti S. meste F. *lasaS. ¦* a H. ® caradraigh H. S. ® nama S. nammd F.nbsp;’ nempoiad S. “arS. ° ce no loisetis S. loisetiuF. ce na sosed S. ce nonbsp;sossadh F. ” co bith S. sic S. tusca H. taseou F. foidenmais isin uili S.nbsp;no fodemmais F. dabertsum S. sic S. gialla H. ruadhmnadh II. ruamnanbsp;romor S. aithiusc S. sic S. Masliceedha sin H. '“tinnenitsformsaS.nbsp;so ragthar S. ragar F. toglaitAer S. F. don turcairti sin cathasa dobertnbsp;in toictiu daibh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;F. and S. omit 7 taethmaighes, which should bo

taetlienaighes. gailbtech F. gailbteach S. fadhbhu H. fogba S. fogbu F. ““ ni frithtairises S. ni frithtairisis F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tentedh II. tenti S. tente F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

„If it be thy purpose to pass into the countries of Spain, it is not on account of persons like us that thou shouldst interrupt thy hosting. We have here neither gold nor silver nornbsp;wealth, and it is not easy to ourselves to carry on war. Itnbsp;is the worse for him with whom we shall go to battle, for henbsp;will be defeated if we are together with him, and we have nonbsp;wealth in the world save only fulfilment of friendship.

„However, if thou art determined to capture us perforce, and to scale our ramparts i, and to break the gates of ournbsp;city, the proceeding will be unprofitable to thee; for though ournbsp;houses be burnt, and though it should befall us, from droughtnbsp;and thirst, to be sucking at the clay and drinking our own blood,nbsp;and from hunger, to be devouring our children and our wives,nbsp;we would accept that rather than contravene the word we gavenbsp;to Pompey, and deliver hostages perforce to thee^.“

Then a vast flaming heat and a great reddening mounted up in Caesar’s face and countenance, from the boiling of thenbsp;rugged wrath that arose in his mind from that answer whichnbsp;the Massihans made to him.

This then he said; „Vain for the Greek exiles is the matter that deceives them; for though I am in haste to Spain,nbsp;not from them will I go until I sack their city. ’Tis rightnbsp;for you, my gallant followersquot;, says Caesar to his troops, „tonbsp;rejoice at this godsend of war that your own success has cast uponnbsp;your road. For as the tempestuous wind when alone becomes stillnbsp;and silent unless it meet resistance, and as the glow of great

1 si claudere muros Obsidione paras, Phars. III. 342.

^ Pbars. III. 307—365; Semper in externis populo communia uestro Massiliam bellis testatur fata tulisse, etc.

Irische Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;9

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 401.

romór ar cdl mina faghbhuidi m cnaighicP nó loiscid®, is fon samla^, sin cena téid gal [7] gaisced na laech 7 na lath ngaile®nbsp;ré® lar mina faghbhuid’ naimdiu nó bidhbhadhu® do fnth[t]-airisiumb friu i ré catba nó imairic.

1700 E,o bo® éidigb damsa, ar sé, inni aderaid^® rium do dénam, mo slóigh d’facbhail 7 techt am aenur^i ina catbraigh, 7 inni ara taitnbsp;inggabbail is ed dogebhait^^ .i. cath. Dobertsa^® mo breithir[righ] frisnbsp;na dedbelum don cwr-sa com[b]a derbb 7 com[b]a demliin léo nachnbsp;fuil i n-énaimsir [f ]riumsa ri na taisecb is ferr cowach catba ina mé 1®.nbsp;1706 Tancadar na techta [da tigh S.] lesin athesc sin. Césairnbsp;immorro roimpó^® side a slóghu don tsét sliged ar arabhadttr, 7 donbsp;taet^^ cumi® catbrach naMasilecdha’^®. Cidh iat son didit, nir’sornnbsp;ombnach imeclach, 7 nir’sam cennais cairdemhail, 7 nir’som minnbsp;mttmterdha in imbeirt^® dorónsa^ ic frestul na slógh. Nir’bó trestalnbsp;1710 carat for carait, nó mawteri for tigerna sin, acht frestal namhatnbsp;for nambait 7 bidbbad for bidhbadaibb in frestal 7 in frithólum^^nbsp;dobertsat forra. Ko dünait 7 ro dlüthdaingnighit^^ doirsi na catb-rach leó do sonnaibh 7 do sabb[th]aibb, do genntibh 7 do glas-aibb 7 do thédaibh 7 réfedhaibh 7 re slabradhaibh 2®, cowa raibhenbsp;1715 isin miir uile inadb bndh daingne na budb dithogblaidhi^'* inas^®.nbsp;Eo linaid acco a n-istudha^® debhtha 7 a tuir trebhurdaingnenbsp;do laighnibh letbanglasapbh] 7 do sleghaibb slinngeraibb^^ 7 donbsp;saighdibb^® tinna forórdha 7 do corranaibb aithibh iarnaidhibhnbsp;7 do clochdfb tulamais^® 7 do chairrgibb*® cenngarbha.

1720 Atracht a nglaslaith 7 a n-aes óccbbaidh ’na ndrongaibb 7 ’na ndtrmadhaibh®! for taibhledhaibb®^ an bbaile, co wdernsat

‘ fogbat S. fagbat F. cnaieat S. cnaied F. “ loisceat S. leisced F. •* samail S. ® gal 7 gaisced na laechraidhi S. ® 1'ri S. fria F. ’ fogbat S. F.nbsp;fadhbhuid H. ® bidbadaF. “KobadS. F. ro raidseat S. F. ‘‘m’aenorF.nbsp;inni foratat imgabail isin fogebatS. IN ni for a tat imgabail assedh fogebatF.nbsp;Dobertsse F. mo breitbir rigli ris na dedelum S. dedbelum F. degbeo-lum II. innu S. F. impódb H. ” imsae S. F. docum S. Maisili S.nbsp;Maisile F. airimmirt S. F. 21 fritbailim F. ** -igbidb H. dlutbdain gnit S.nbsp;dlutbdainccnigit F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do slabradaibb 7 slaobrdna S. slacbrannaibh F.

-aigbi H. inna bi S. innaiti F. an-iudwsa S. F. a bistudba II. slind-dergaibh S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;saigbdbibb H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tailci tulaimnais S. tailci tulammais F.

cairrghibb H. ndirmaib F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;teidbledbaibb H. taibledb S. taidbled F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

fires retreats unless they get something to gnaw or burn, eveu so the valorous spirit of warriors and champions goes tonbsp;the ground unless they find enemies or foes to resist them onnbsp;a field of battle or conflict

„Hateful to me“, he says, „is what they tell me to do, to leave my troops and go alone into their city. What they comenbsp;to avoid is that which they shall get, namely, war. I havenbsp;pledged my princely word that on this occasion we shall notnbsp;part until they are sure and certain that in my time there is nonbsp;prince or chieftain more successful in battle than I.“

With that answer the envoys went home. Caesar, however, diverted his troops from the course on which they were, and came to the city of the Massilians. As to them, then, thenbsp;preparation which they made awaiting the troops was neithernbsp;timid nor fearful, neither gentle nor friendly, neither tender nornbsp;courteous. That was not the attendance of a friend on anbsp;friend, or of a household on a master, but the attendance ofnbsp;an enemy on an enemy and of a foe on a foe, the attendancenbsp;and ministry which they bestowed upon them. The gates of thenbsp;city were closed and firmly strengthened with beams and bars,nbsp;with wedges and locks, with ropes and cords and chains, sonbsp;that in the whole wall there was no place that was strongernbsp;or more impregnable than those gates. They filled their fighting-places and their strong firm towers with broad blue lances,nbsp;and sharp-sided spears, and fair, gilded arrows, and sharp, ironnbsp;sickles, and firont-attacking stones, and rough-headed rocks.

The striplings and the youths went up in their crowds and multitudes on the galleries of the town, and they made

* Ventus ut amittit uires, nisi I'obore densae Occummt siluae, spatio diffusus inani, Utque perit magnus nullis obstantibus ignis, Sicnbsp;hostes mihi desse nocet, damnumque putamus Armorum, nisi qui uincinbsp;potuere, rebellant, Phars. III. 362—366.

9*

132

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 401—402.

fal catha 7 coroin* dluith dithoghlaidhii dibh, uillind fna uillind 7 dóid tVia doid 7 gualaind fna gualaind [imjmortimcellnbsp;in miiir. Ocus ro tocbad scellbolg do sciatbaib órcobhra[d]cbaibbnbsp;i72öaille iorrsL co mbenadh bile in sceith fna araile dibh ina n-imtachmung, cor’ba lór d’aibhnes a thaidb[bred] ^ intan sin beithnbsp;ac a fécbain re baengile in mhuir [H. p. 402] aelta iar n-icbtur®nbsp;7 Ié hilbrectradh ndatb n-examaii na cathsciath cumdac/iia iarnbsp;medbon^, 7 le ruidhedb^ gnuissi na railed 7 le taidligb® nanbsp;i730cathbarr ós biledhaibh’ na sciath iar n-uacbtiir.

0’tcondai[r]c Césair iat fón n-innell* sin, [is ed] doróine, sosadh 7 longp^ort do gabbail i tulaigh^* aird dobi^® i comfocMSnbsp;don^i bade, 7 fosudhraagh^^ comlan m[a]mullacb uile, 7 tulachnbsp;ele ba coraard riasin issin leith ba nesa^^ dóibh don cat/iraigh.nbsp;1736 Ocus is ed ba menraarc le Cesair, comlinadh criadb 7 fót donbsp;tabhairt iter in da tulai^r sin co roistis a sloigh leis isin catt-raigh tar[a] mdraibh anund^b Arai m hedb sin doroine, acht ónbsp;tairnic [leis] ordugwd a longp/iwirt, 7 ó ro toccbaid a pupla^^nbsp;dorónadh botha leis na slógbaibh dorónta clais dermair leisnbsp;moi n-imthachmungi® na cat/iracb don leith ó tir [dij cor’ gabh innbsp;clais sin ó imelC’ an longpAwirt co caladb^® in mara sis,nbsp;leiccedh^® tobair 7 fuarana®» 7 srotha firuisci in muighi uilenbsp;isin clasaigh^’^ [sin] leis, co snigdis^^ [uile] seoch in cat/traigh isinnbsp;muir CO wa fagh[bai]dis lucht na catArach dil a tarta no a n-i745ita[d] d’uisci, 7 cidh teicbedh^^ do thisadh fiitha cona fédfadis^^nbsp;\Mcht conair ele acht a cenn in longp/iMirt. Ocms dorónta danbsp;duncladh dimóra leis ré da taebh na clasacb^s on longport conbsp;muir. Ocus ro tócbuid tuir 7 cnuic debbtha aige do cria[i]dh

’ com imdliiith dithogUaighi H. d’abinnias a taidbred S. d’aib-nes a taibi'e«?h F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® iar n-inichtwr S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* iar n-inmedhon S.

® solasruidhiudh S. ruighedh H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* taighligb H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’’ bilib S. F.

® for in indiull S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® sic S. a tulaidh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bin S.

in S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fosadhmadh H. fosugmagh S. fossadhmagh F.

ooimnessii S. coimhnessa F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;inunn S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro tocbait a puipli

7 ro gnit a mbotha lasna slogbu S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i timcell S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;immull S.

imiul F. bord S. F. ro leigit S. uarana S. F. clasaidh H. snaimdis H. snightis S. snigtis F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;teithedh H. teceadh S.

caemsitis S. coemsatais F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;la taebh ima classach S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

of themselves a walP of battle and a dense impregnable circle, elbow to elbow, forearm to forearm, shoulder to shoulder in thenbsp;circuit of the rampart. And a shieldburgh of gold-bossed beautiful bucklers was lifted up on them, so that the edge of onenbsp;shield struck another in its circumference, so that it was enoughnbsp;of delight to be gazing at them then, to be looking at thenbsp;limewhite wall at the bottom, and at the manifold various colours of the ornamented battle-shields in the middle, and, alongnbsp;the top, at the ruddiness of the faces of the soldiers, andnbsp;the gleaming of the helmets above the edges of the shields.

When Caesar beheld them thus arrayed, he did this; he established a station and camp on a high hill that was near thenbsp;town and had on its top a roomy camping-ground. There was another hill equally high on the side nearest to the city. This wasnbsp;Caesar’s desire, to fill up with clay and sods (the space) between thosenbsp;two hills, so that his troops might pass with him into thenbsp;city across its walls 2. However, that he did not do, but whennbsp;he had finished arranging his camp, and when his tents werenbsp;pitched and huts were built by the troops, he made a vastnbsp;fosse round the city on the land side, so that that fosse extended from the edge of the camp down to the seaport. Thenbsp;wells and springs and streams of fresh water of the wholenbsp;plain were (then) let by him into that fosse, so that they allnbsp;flowed past the city into the sea, and the citizens did not getnbsp;enough water to quench their thirst or their drought. Evennbsp;though they should attempt to flee, they could not go anynbsp;other way but against the camp. Caesar made two fortified dykesnbsp;along the two sides of the fosse from the camp to the sea, andnbsp;he raised towers and fighting-mounds of clay and sods over the

’ Phai's. III. 373—374; tunc moenia clausa Conspicit et densa iuue-num uallata corona.

* Pliars. in. 375—380: Hand procul a muris tumulus surgentis in altum Telluris paruum diffuso uertice campum Explicat, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 402—403.

7 d’fódaibh ós airenach na cladh sin co mbidi's na sloigh ic i760gHadli 7 ic imdibhrucMÉ? di'bh ior lucM^ na cattrach.

Cinco dernadais na Masilecdha do maith riamh acht saethur a commor sin d’furailemh ar muintir Césair ba^ lór do tóc-bhaiP a clii 7 a n-oirdercais [co bruinni mbrata, S.], uair ninbsp;raibhe imfuirech ic luc^^ encaUrach isin Etail uile im gialladhnbsp;1766 do Césair acht occo a n-aenur*.

IS 1 airmeirt* ar a tarla® Cesair, luthech® catha do dénam aigi do discailedh na mur 7 do dul ar in cat/iraigli^ ass. E.os-faidlC iarttm a slóghu fóna fedhaibb 7 fona cailltibh badar i^nbsp;comfoicsi^® dóibh do buain adhbair na luthighi^^ catha [sin] donbsp;i7Gocaelach 7 do clarach^^ 7 do sonnaibh [7 do sabtaibh S.] 7 donbsp;sailghibh. Ocus ro trascradhi^ na caillti léo, 7 rocuir[it] a n-eo-crainn dermara for lar, 7 ro tarrngid 7 ro tairbhirid for righ-thibh laech 7 for guaillibh miledh 7 a nertaibli damh 7 assan^^nbsp;docum in longp^mVt.

1766 Ocus nir’bó lór Ié Césair fós a twcsat^^ léo, 7 tarreistair^® fidhnenihedh dlüith dorcha i farrad^' in longpAiiirt ina fiadh-naisi, 7 ni lainliadh nech a tadhalE®, na crann da crandaiblinbsp;do buaini®, fabithin ba fidhnemhedli coisrectha^» dona déiblinbsp;adhurtha o thws in domain hé, 7 ba hadhbhul a adhuath 7 anbsp;i770 urgrain. Dath fola doendai for cech n-aen crann ann. Ninbsp;lamhadh én na hethaid^^ a aidi^^ na adhbha do dénam i^snbsp;mbarr crainn da crannaibh^i. Ni loiscetZ tene iat, 7 ni tras-cradh gaeth. Draigi 7 nathracha 7 ainmidhi [H. p. 403]nbsp;neime^® in cech aird 7 in cech airchind de.

‘ ic imairech dib fri lucht S. ® Cid conderntais do maith riam lucht in haili acht saethar mar sin d’urail for Cesair ro bad lor d’urail S.nbsp;* air ni fuair-sium frithbert marsin isin Etail uili riam S. *¦ airimirt S.nbsp;airimmert F. ' daroni S. do roini F. ® luitheach S. lüththech II. luitech F.nbsp;’ for in mbaili S. ® Rofaid S. Rofaidh F. ® a H. bad coimnessu S.

in luithigh S. in lutaigh F. na luthtighi H. *- claradh S. Ro trascrait S. Ro trascraitt F. each 7 ógdhamh 7 assan S. innerblib dam 7 assan ï'.nbsp;a nertadh damh 7 assan H. doradsat S. doratsat F. tarrassair S.nbsp;tarrusairF. ” fogws S. comfoccws F. taghall H. tadhall ind S. adallnbsp;inn F. tescadh S. coiseacartha S. ooisercta F. etaid S. eatliaitF.nbsp;’**aitiF. *“aH. imbarraibh acrand S.F. “ anmanna nemidhi S. neimidhiF,

The Civil War of the Romans.

forefront of those dykes, so that from them the troops might be battling and casting missiles on the folk of the cityi.

Even if the Massilians had never done any good thing save compelling Caesar’s forces to labour so great, this wasnbsp;enough to raise their renown and honour to the edge of Doom;nbsp;for in all Italy the folk of not a single city, save the Massilians alone, delayed in submitting to Caesar

This is the project which Caesar formed, to build him a siege-tower to breach the walls and from it to overcome the city. So he sent his troops to the woods and forests that were near themnbsp;to cut the material of that siege-tower, wattling and boards,nbsp;stakes, beams and joists. They felled the forests, and theirnbsp;vast yewtrees were put on the ground and dragged and delivered to the camp¹ on the forearms of warriors, and on thenbsp;shoulders of soldiers, and by the strengths of oxen and asses.

And yet Caesar did not deem what they brought enough. A dense, dark sacred grove stood before him beside the camp;nbsp;and no one dared to visit it or to fell one of its trees, becausenbsp;it was a sacred grove, consecrated to the adored gods fromnbsp;the beginning of the world. The horror and loathsomenessnbsp;of it were very great. On every single tree therein was thenbsp;colour of human blood. No bird nor winged thing durst makenbsp;its nest or dwelling in the top of one of its trees. No firenbsp;used to burn them, nor wind lay them low. Dragons andnbsp;serpents and venomous beasts (were) at every point and at everynbsp;end of it.^

1

Phars. III. 381—387: Tunc res inmenso placuit statura labore Aggere diuersos uasto committere colles, etc.

2 Phars. III. 388—392: lam satis hoc Graiae memorandum contigit urhi, etc.

“ Phars. III. 394—398: Tunc omnia late Procumbunt nemora, etc. ¦¹ Phars. III. 399—425: Lucus erat longo nunquam uiolatus abnbsp;aeuo, etc.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 403.

1775 Ro forcowgair Césair for a mMmtfr in fidhneimedh sin do buain, uair ba gar focws dóibh é, acht een a nir’ lamhsat nanbsp;slóigh dul da buain \ fa ddighin do sailsat^ cech béim doberadh*nbsp;cech fer di'bh docum in crainn com[b]ad [i]na \gt;a]laih fein donbsp;tecémhadh^.

1780 O’tcowdai[r]c Césair a n-ecla^ mór sin for a slough, ro gabh féin tuaigh® móir ina laimh, 7 ro gabh for esargain nanbsp;ndarach ba hairdi leis itco«dai[r]c isin fidhnemhedh sin, 7 ni'nbsp;ro scar ria co ro chuir^ ina loighi for® lar, 7 atbert iarsin:nbsp;Scuchaidh fón caill, a óccu, ar sé: leice^ [aithber] na dei form sanbsp;i786 minab toil léo a buain®.

La sodhain atrachtadar uile Ié forcowgra in ardrigh, 7 ni decbaii^ omhan na ndéi^® chena di'bh, acht ba mó ecla Cesairnbsp;forra, 7 is lugha ro lamhsat fuirech^^ a breithre, 7 ro cüiredhnbsp;léo in fidhnemhedh do lathair^® fochéfeir. Ba hé dlüs 7 tighinbsp;1790 ro tuitset na crainn co tairisedh in crann i n-airdi ’arna buainnbsp;da bun ar dlüs 7 ar imad na crann ele do cech aird futhai®.

Ba maitlB^ leis nai'* Maisileedha in gnim sin do denam Ié Césair, uair dar^® léo no aithfidis na dei acétóiri^ ar Césairnbsp;denam in gnima sin, acht ni raibhi a snim sin [fairsium], achtnbsp;1795 co roisedhi® leis in ni fó dard^® laimh do denam.

Ro tinóiledh^® ina docum féin^i 7 ócedaim 7 assain'-® na crich comfocMS, co ro cumscai^thi^® in lüithech catha sin ónnbsp;longp/iort docum na caftrach, ar ni ro cuimgedh a dénam®'* inbsp;comfocMS don cat/iraigh.

1600 Ó thairnic leis teclaim 7 tinól na n-adhbar sin uile, tacad propretóir^® da muinïir ’na docum, Decius Briitus^® a ainm, 7

' teascad do S. tesccadh do F. * daig ro saoilset F. ® no fwrmebad S. F. * no tairnfead S. F. “ in imecla S. in imeccla F.nbsp;“ biail S. F. tuaidh H. ’ gurws cuir S. ni roscuir lam di go ros cuir F.nbsp;“ fri S., for F. ® scuchaidh fon caillidh festa, a ogu, ol se, 7 leic[id]nbsp;aithber na ndea formsa in ni [leg. mani] toil doib S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ndea S. F.

quot; tirtuasacht (sic) S. urtuasacljt F. darcenn S. dar cend F. ’na farrad S. “ laind S. lainn F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;lasna S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;atar S. indar F.

itraiti S. F. ” roacht S. roissed F. tarat S. F. tinoilit S. F.

assana S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;go mbad fortu no cumscaighthi S.

pretoir S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tetius Briitüs H. Decins Brutns F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

Caesar ordered his people to cut down that sacred grove, for it was very near to them. Howbeit the troops durst not go tonbsp;cut it down, since they expected that every blow that each ofnbsp;them would give to the tree would alight on his own limbs

When Caesar saw that great fear on his troops, he himself grasped a large axe and began to fell the oak which he deemed the highest he saw in that grove, and he desistednbsp;not till he cast it lying on the ground, and then he said: „Getnbsp;ye gone to the grove, my lads; let the gods (take) vengeancenbsp;on me if the felling thereof displeases them.“

Thereat they all arose at the high-king’s orders; and yet the fear of the gods did not leave them, but greater was theirnbsp;fear of Caesar, and less did they dare to delay his word Thenbsp;grove was laid low by them at once. Such was the closenessnbsp;and density with which the trees tumbled, that, after beingnbsp;felled from its butt, a tree would remain aloft owing to thenbsp;closeness and abundance of the other trees at every point beneath its

That nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Caesarnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;had done that deednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;seemed good to the

Massilians, for they deemed that the gods nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;would at once avenge

the nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;doingnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;of thatnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;deedquot;'. But not fornbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;that was his trouble,

but only that what he had taken in hand should succeed.

The nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;wagonsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;and oxen and assesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;of the neighbouring

districts were gathered unto him® that the siege-tower might be moved from the camp to the city, for it was not possiblenbsp;to build it near the town.

When Caesar had finished collecting and gathering all those materials, a propraetor of his people, Decius Brutus® by name,

' Phars. III. 420—431; Hanc iubet inmisso siluam procumbere ferro, etc.

^ ‘to listen to his word’ (i. e. his reproaches), S. F.

^ Phars. HI. 437—445: Tunc paruit omnis Imperiis ... propulsaque robore denso Sustinuit se silua cadens.

¦* Phars. III. 446—447: muris sed clausa iuuentus Exultat.

® Phars. III. 450—452: quaesita per agros Plaustra ferunt, etc.

“ rectius Caius Trebonius? Brutus, as we shall see, was in command of the squadron of ships.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 403—404.

ro muin 7 ro tecaisc dó Simail dogenadh^ in luithech catha, 7 ro forcowgair^ fair-sem ic imsuidi® na cat/irach [7 in da milednbsp;7 tri catha dec .i. .x. cét ar .xx. cét in cech cath] 7 ceithrinbsp;isosléghióin do slóghaibh imaille fns^, 7 cen dedhail® ria noco nanbsp;facbadh® cloch ar cloich inti. Oeus téit’’ féin ré toisc 7 re turwsnbsp;a crichaib na hEspaine cowa slogbaibb leis, ar nir’ miadh leisnbsp;\acht aencatferach isin domhan do toirmesc a sluaigid ime.

Ocus doronadb iarMm in luithech catha sin do cumdach 1810 ac BrütMS, zmail ro ordaigh Cesair, 7¹ ro timairgid a roibhinbsp;do rothaibh 7 do fenaibh acco a n-éninadh, 7 ro coraighidnbsp;claraigh® 7 sailghi 7 eoc^rainn dermara ina srethaibh comardanbsp;forra anuas, 7 ro cumdaigedi® duma [dijinor do c/maidh 7 donbsp;fódaibhii forra sin fós, 7 gnimh claraigh 7 caelaigA do cech lethnbsp;1816 imme na ro scailedh 7 na ro scan[d]radh ni ó céile dhe^^.nbsp;Senistn' imdha 7 doirsi debbtha^² fair. Inadh infoilighthii^ annnbsp;fein ina medhón dona hasanaibh 7 dona hoccdamaibh no beitisnbsp;ic fogluasacA^ na fén 7 na luthighi'^® catha battir fae, 7 donanbsp;iniledaibh no betis [H. p. 404] aca ngressecM. Ocus ro cumdaigbset^''nbsp;1820 fós da thor trebhurdaingne dsin^¹ dumha móir sin d’foidibh donbsp;imscainniri^ estib tarcenn in lucMa nó bétis far n-ichtur^o ann.

0’tcondaic iarMm BrutMS ar tairsin^i in tsaethair sin ro Ifnadb 7 ro heagra[dh] é do glere laech 7 d’occaibb fon arm-gaisced, 7 ro binnledh^^ a hassain 7 a boccdaim do tarraingnbsp;1825 [7 d’fogluassacbt S.] [n]a fén 7 na liithigbe^^ bator fóe, 7 twcaid^¹nbsp;luc^if a ngresec/i^a [i]na farrad, 7 ro greissit uile iarMm i n-énsist^® 7 i n-én[f]abball

1

dodénadh H. dogenta S. ¹ roforcoMgart S. F. ® imsuidi S. imsuide F. comliéd H. ¹ friu H. fris S. F. ‘ deghail H. dedaif S. F.nbsp;® fdcbaidh H. faccbadh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’ imsao S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® iorcongart Cesair

fair .i. S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® Ro coraigit claraidh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro cumdacht S. Ro

cumtacht F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;² d’foidib S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;o’raili dibb S. oraile dib F.

2

senistri 7 doirsi imdha debhtha H. ² infolgidi S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;luithi S.

luiti F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;om. S. ” ro cumtaigit S. ro cumdaigit F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;asin H.

osin S. ósin F. do debaidh 7 d’imesargain S. d’imesorccain F. itrich-tur S. 0 tairnic iarwm forbtiughudh S. foirbtiuccMtZ F. ro Ifnadh H. ro hinlit S. Ro binnledh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;luitheach S. luiti F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do breta F.

Do bretheaS. indoenfec/jf F. inaenfechtS. in-aenabullS. indoenfaballF.

The Givil War of the Romans.

was brought to him, and he instructed Brutus how to build the siege-tower, and ordered him, together with four legions ofnbsp;troops to beleaguer the city^, and not to separate from itnbsp;until no stone was left on another therein. And Caesar himself marches busily and speedily with his troops into the districts of Spain 2. For he did not deign that the folk of anbsp;single city in the world should interrupt his hosting.

Then Brutus caused that siege-tower to be built, as Caesar had ordered, and all the wheels and wagons were collected into one place; and upon them from above boards and Tjeams and huge yewtrees were arranged in rows equally high.nbsp;And a vast mound of clay and sods was also built upon them,nbsp;with a work of boards and wattling on every side around it,nbsp;so that no part of it might separate or scatter from another.nbsp;Many windows and portholes (were) on it. A concealed placenbsp;in the midst of it for the asses and the oxen which were movingnbsp;the wagons and the engines beneath it, and for the soldiersnbsp;who were urging them on. Above that great mound they builtnbsp;two strong towers of sods, from which to skirmish on behalfnbsp;of the people who were along the lower part-’.

Now when Brutus saw the completion of that work, it was filled and arranged with chosen heroes and warriors undernbsp;arms. His asses and oxen were yoked to drag and to movenbsp;the wagons and the engines which were beneath it, and men tonbsp;drive them were brought beside them, and then, at one timenbsp;and with one movement, they were all urged on.

‘ I onait the Irish words in brackets, which are not in S or F, and seem to be an ignorant gloss on ceithri leighioin.

2 Phars. III. 453—455: Dux tamen inpatiens haesuri ad moenia Martis Versus ad Hispanas acies extremaque mundi lussit bella geri.

’ Phars. III. 455—458: Stellatis axibus agger Erigitur, geminasque aequantis moenia turris Accipit.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 404.

La sodhain tra doberar^ fogluasacfe^ ffrcalma 7 urrach all-raarda^ eciallaidhe, 7 borbtharruing brathamm? forsin luitbigh iaÊtha leo oda imellbord in longp/jwirt co [comjfocws müir® nanbsp;cat/irach.

0’tcowdcatar na Masilecdha intsama^7 tulcha dermaire ic faelsnam tarsin faithche^ da saighidh, 7 o’tcualadar^ ruam-ghail® na roth 7 dresernach’ na cliath 7 toranngair® na clarnbsp;1835 oc a cmascugud, [7] fotferom na fén ica foghluasac/»^, 7 allgothanbsp;na n-anradh, 7 flescbemnech® na slat 7 na n-echlasc i lé-mhaibh

na laech ic a ndianbrostugMd 7 oc gresecW laigbiudh ndam 7 na n-ech 7 na n-assan, 7 o’tcualator didit sétfedhaighi^nbsp;7 analf[ad]aigh na n-anmann[a] n-inndlighthech 7 comtuarcaini®nbsp;1840 a cos fria fosadhclar^^ na faithcbe icc ascnam ina ndóchum, ronbsp;gabh cnth [7] omhun 7 iniecla iat. Indar^^-leo fa talawicums-cugud coitchenn tainici® i^^ fotaib 7 i^’ fidhisibhi® in talmawnbsp;uile. Ba mamp;chtnugud 7 ba Yirngnad moi’i® leo cen inwr^® nanbsp;catferacb do trascairt^^ co lar leis.

1845 Doriacfe^ \mmorro in luithecli catba sin i cenn na faitbche^^ 7 ni r[o] gabhadh ris nocor’ suidigedh^^ [é] slis re slis ré inüraibb innbsp;bbaile. [Bui damarcraidh airdi ann seach na mwruibh S.], conbsp;m[b]a sis nó thuitidis na bairni os cinn®^ in lochta no bidis arnbsp;ua^® hinadhaibh ba hairdi na céile ar taibhliudh in baile^®.nbsp;1850 Ro cathaigh[set] tra inuinter Cesair 7 na Masilecdha co ferdhanbsp;sétrech iarsin, acht cena ba sonairti dibrucudh^^ inuinteri nanbsp;Masilecdha^® inas dibhrucwöfA^s y^^xuinteri Cesair, ar badwr for-tainhlaigthi 7 ba cobhsaidhi^® na hinadha debhtha i rabhadar,nbsp;7 óidu bater a trelmha diubhraicthi urlumha occo d’imarcraidhnbsp;18.56 fós®®. IN lethgóe no laitea asin trelamh dibh sin dom[d] sligii^nbsp;dó fén tresin cathcléith arm®i no bidh ar inchaibh mMmtiri

^ ataagar S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;* sic S. urruccallniMriZa F. uracill inarda H.

^ mur S. muil' F. * faichti F. ® sic S. otcowdcatar H. ® ruam-gail S. F. rumghal H. '' dreseachtaigh S. dressactac F. * torngail S. torngcM'Z F. ° flesci)emnigh S. fleisccbeimnech F. *quot; -brostud S.nbsp;” laigiugh H. laidedh F. laigbiudh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;setfedach 7 analfadach F.

” comtuairgnigh S. comtuairccueo F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ fossud lar S. fosadlar F.

Atar S, F. dódechaid S. dodecaitZ F. ” a H. i S. fitisib F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

With that they gave the siege-tower a valiant shove, and a savage, frantic haul, and a fierce, destructive drag from thenbsp;edge of the camp to the neighbourhood of the wall of the city.

The Massilians beheld the semblance of a huge hill moving to them over the green; .and when they heard the rumblingnbsp;of the wheels, and the creaking of the hurdles and the thunderousnbsp;clash of the boards a-shaking, and the noise of the wagons a-moving,nbsp;and the shouts of the champions, and the smiting -of the rodsnbsp;and horsewhips in the hands of the warriors vehemently inciting and urging and exhorting the oxen and the horses and thenbsp;asses; when, too, they heard the snorting and panting of thenbsp;irrational animals, and the smiting of their hoofs against the surface of the plain as they approached, tremulous fear and terrornbsp;seized them. They supposed that an universal earthquake hadnbsp;come into the sods and paths of the whole earth. Marvellingnbsp;and great wonder they had that the ramparts of the city werenbsp;not laid low thereby.

However, that siege-tower came to the end of the green, and it was not stopt until it was set, side by side, against thenbsp;walls of the town. So much higher was it than the ramparts thatnbsp;the darts fell down on the men who were on the higher placesnbsp;on the gallery of the town. So then Caesar’s people andnbsp;the Massilians fought manfully, strongly. Howbeit, more powerful was the hurling of the Massilian forces than that of Caesar’s followers; for stronger and firmer were the fighting-placesnbsp;in which the former were, and moreover they had in additionnbsp;their bahstas ready. The half-javelin that was hurled from onenbsp;of these balistas used to make a path for itself through thenbsp;battle-hurdle of weapons that was in front of Caesar’s followers.

Ba ingnath 7 ba mactadh mor S. inwra F. muir S. toitim S. tuitim F. ddrsin faichti S. darsin faithci F. sic F. suigigiedh H.nbsp;suighighedh S. ** na hairm as i ceanduibh S. na barma ass i ccennaib F.nbsp;forsna S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ba hairdiu i taibhleadh [taidblib F.] na catferach S.

dibhergaidb H. dibraicti S. diubraicti F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;badar sonairti dibraicti

na Masilecda inat dibraicti S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;badar fothamlu 7 badar cobsaidhiu S.

d’imforcraid acco beus, S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;n-airm S. n-arm F.

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 404—405.

Cesair. Nó inairedh a iiert urcliuir aim ar tolladh dheissi no tn'r dibh. In clocli no in carracc tulainais no laitea asin tre-luin dibh sin do muiredh tnar no ceattrar roimpii feibh tisadlinbsp;I860 carracc dérmhair do niullach mórshybhe donith cuarcuiuaisc iternbsp;feoil 7 cnaim do cech corp cusa^ rqisedh^.

O’tcowdcatar'i nminter Cesair na fres[t]laidis hxcht na cat/t-rach a ndiubhrucMiZ®, dochuatar a ruadhbolganaibh a slegh remMr rodirech 7 i n-urdornaib*’ a cloidbem’', 7 ro scuchsctt inbsp;1866 coinfocMS doibb. IS ainhlaidh* tanca^ar, 7 coróin dluith® danbsp;sciathaibh ina timchell, 7 cathcliath da ngaeibh ós a cennaibh,nbsp;7 each dib og diden araile, 7 inni occa mbiadh in sciath icnbsp;diden in neichi^ oc na bidhi'^. Docuatar for dimain trelmhanbsp;dibraietbi loehta, na catArach^® aim sin, [H. p. 4051 ar ni beii-1870 dais na hurchuir re inMiwtir Cesair iter, acht is taraneisii'^ donbsp;tuitidis ara n-inifoicsiis do lucA^ na debhtha

Ro scuirset [na Maisileedai] iarwm da trelmaib dibraicthi, 7 ro gabhsat for frestal a namhat do clochffliamp; tulamais 7 donbsp;laighiiibh leamp;anghlasa 7 da ndoidibh 7 da righthibh féin. Achtnbsp;1876 cena ba brigh bhecc^® le muiniir Cesair sin, ar ro scarsatnbsp;nerta na treluinh [fjresna hurchuraibh, 7 ro scenndis na clochanbsp;7 na hairm do cennattaibli na luirech 7 do tulaibh na sciathnbsp;7 do ciraibh na cathbharr 7 do taibhledhaibh in luithighi^'nbsp;catha 7 dona cathcliathaib^® slegh, feibh ro^'* scenndis cethanbsp;1880 cloichsnecA#a do gnimaibh cloch no do CMmdaighibh claraigh^o.

Doratsat araill do muiniir Cesair cliatha caelaigh mora ÓS a cennaibh 7 scratha^^ fót tairsibh anechtair, 7 ro gabhsatnbsp;for toghail in miiir do réithibh toghla 7 do sleghaibh iarnaidhibh.

‘ no sraineadh gach tren rempi S. ® cuma H. gusa F. ^ do gach ni gMsa teacmadh S. * Itcondcatar H. Oteonneadar S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® na frestlaitis

indibraicti lucht na catlirach S. na frestlatais a ndiubraicthi lucht na cathrach F. ® sic F. a nddrdorndaib H. 7 innurdornaib S. ’ cloighem H.nbsp;® amhlaigh H. amlaidh F. * coraigh H. coróin dluith S. F. each cliath F.nbsp;gach cliath S. neith H, edeh ac din araili. i. in fear sceith ac din in firnbsp;icnach bith S. acena bidh F. 1* trelma dibraicthi na Masileeda S. 1* sicnbsp;F. tarandeisi H. daraneisi S. ** foicsi S. faicsi F. sofuluing S. sofulaincc F.nbsp;taibledhuibh in luithigh S. na luirech H. an lutaig F. 1® cathsciathaibh H.

no S. ®“ claradh S. claraidh F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

For the force with which it was hurled did not cease after passing through two or three of them. The stone or the front-attacking crag that was cast out of that engine used to kill threenbsp;or four before it, just as a vast rock from the summit of a greatnbsp;mountain would make a perverse mingling, both flesh and bone,nbsp;of every body to which it would comei.

When Caesar’s people saw that the folk of the city did not abide their casting, they resorted to the strong centres ofnbsp;their thick straight spears, and to the hard hilts of their swords,nbsp;and moved near the Massilians. Thus they came, with a densenbsp;circle of shields around them, and a battle-hurdle of theirnbsp;spears above- their heads, and each of them guarding another,nbsp;that is, he who had a shield protecting him who had no shield.nbsp;The balistas of the citizens then became useless, for their missilesnbsp;did not strike Caesar’s people at all, but used to fall behindnbsp;their backs because of their nearness to the combatants^.

So the Massihans left off (working) their balistas, and took to waiting on their enemies with front-attacking stones and broad-blue lances, and their own fists and forearms. Yet it was notnbsp;easy for Caesar’s people, for at the hurlings the powers of theirnbsp;engines departed, and the stones and the weapons burst forthnbsp;on the hoods of the corslets and the bosses of the shields, andnbsp;the crests of the helmets, and the galleries of the siege-tower,nbsp;and the battle-hurdles of spears, even as showers of hailstonesnbsp;burst forth on works of stone or buildings of boards.

Some of Caesar’s people put great hurdles of wattling above their heads, with layers of sods over them outside,nbsp;and began to undermine the wall with battering-rams and iron

* Phars. III. 462—473: Illinc tela cadunt excelsas urbis in arces Sed maior Grain Romana in corpora ferro Vis inerat, etc.

^ Phars. III. 476—477: Quae prius longo nocuerunt missa recessu lam post terga cadunt.

In Cath Catliarda. H. p. 405—406.

Ocus ro hadh[an]iiadh bruth 7 brigh i cridib ^ na Masilec(i/ia desin, 1886 7 baigh^ brathar tairisidh® doronsat in-aig«^ a mbidhbatü.nbsp;Atraghat anoenMi- fecht^ ina[n] dochum. scailtiV 7 combruiter^nbsp;na [catbjcliatha® sin léo do beraibh iarnaidhib 7 do tenntibh'^nbsp;lethloisc[th]ibh 7 do molaibh* carracc ndermair, co cuiredh® arnbsp;na laechraic^i batar futhu.

1890 SdthaighteV lamha mmnteri Cesair iarsin, 7 scuiridi® [a cliatha] catha dermara dibh, 7 téid a saethar i mudhu^i. Ocusnbsp;facbhaid in catAraigh 7 iintighid^^ co dubhach dobronach docwmnbsp;a longphmrt. Cér’ba lór do maith le lucM na cattrach for-tMS^® didin a cathrachi'^ 7 combed a iniir, araisin, ó’tcondcatarnbsp;1895 in sluagh ele ic facbliail in ina[i]dh catha 7 oc saighidb a long-phuirt, tancadar focJiétóir asin caftraigh^^ amach, 7 tucsatnbsp;athennedhai'’ tenedh 7 locharnda lasamhna léo, 7 ro adhainsetnbsp;tinidh^^ in cech aird 7 in cech airchind don luithighi® catha,nbsp;CO wderna[dh] aenbreo tenedh [de] iter clarach 7 caelach 7nbsp;i90ocloich, 7 conar’bó airdi a dethach^® inass a lasair. Ocus ronbsp;scuapadh dono le hathaigh^» na gaéithe in lasair sin fa long-pkort muintiri Cesair, cor[o] loiscei? blogh^i mor de, 7 ro im-podar®® na Masilecdha co subhach somewmach docum a cat/irach,nbsp;7 ba samh a codladh** in[n] aidhchi sin.

1906 Tallsat muinier Cesair a céilP^ annsin do cowach catha tire, 7 is i comairle dorónsat, a toicthi mara do innsaigilt;Z 7 donbsp;taisceladh da fis in budh®“ ferr a conach catha long. Ro for-nit®“ iarwm co dian tinnesnach a longa léo do tarrachtain donbsp;leth on muir do toghail na cathrach®^. Ni snimach tra ro

’ a craidhedhaibh H. i cridib F. a cridib S. ^ bdidb H. ® bagb bratir sin led S. Ba bag bratairsi leo F. * an aenfecbt S. F. ^ combruidhternbsp;H. combruitir F. “ caitbcliatba F. ’ tinnibb S. d’aitinnip F. ® moilibb S.nbsp;molib F. ® cuirter F. S. cuirit S. F. amugba H. a saetbar dermarnbsp;for dimain S. teitt a soetar dermair for dimain F, impait S. F. cdrtMS H.nbsp;a mbaili S. ambaile F. dun S. F. aitinni S. atbinne adbantaF.nbsp;adannsat tenti S. ro cuirset teini F. I** luitbiucb S. luitecb F. deatacb S.nbsp;detacb F. sic S. bataitaigb H. bataigb F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;blodb H. S. blog F.

impódbar H. tintoiseat S. tintaiset F. “ codlugb H. codlud S. cot-ladb F. ciall H. ceill S. ^ tws inbad S. dws an bad F. Rofuirit S. F. do taidbecW o muir da togail in baili S. do tocca»7 in baile F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

spears^. Thereat ardour and force were kindled in the hearts of the Massihans, and it was a ‘fight of loyal brothers’ thatnbsp;they made against their foes. They go at once towards them.nbsp;The battle-hurdles are scattered and broken by them with ironnbsp;pikes, and brands hardened by fire^, and heaps of huge crags,nbsp;so that a slaughter was made of the warriors under them.

Thereafter the arms of Caesar’s people are wearied, and their vast battle-hurdles give way, and their labour goes fornbsp;nought. They leave the city and repair, gloomily, sadly, tonbsp;their camp®. Though at first the citizens deemed it successnbsp;enough to protect their town and guard its walls, yet, whennbsp;they beheld the other army leaving the place of battle andnbsp;seeking their camp, they came straightway out of the city, andnbsp;brought fiery torches and blazing lamps, and kindled a fire atnbsp;every point and end of the siege-tower, so that one flame ofnbsp;fire was made of it, both boards and wattling and stone, andnbsp;so that its smoke was not higher than its blaze. And thatnbsp;blaze tvas swept by the blast of the wind to the camp of Caesar’s people, so that a large part of it was burnth The Massi-lians returned to their city cheerfully and spiritedly; and onnbsp;that night pleasant was their sleep.

Caesar’s people then lost hope of success in fighting on land; and this is the plan they formed, to try their luck atnbsp;sea and ascertain whether their success in naval warfare wouldnbsp;not be greater. So they prepared, swiftly and speedily, theirnbsp;ships to come from the sea-side to sack the city. The shaping

gt; Phars. III. 487—390: Tunc adoperta leui procedit uinea terra etc. 2 literally ‘half-burnt’: adusti rohoris ictu, Phars. III. 494.

“ Phars. III. 490—496: nunc aries suspense fortior ictu etc.

* Phars. III. 497—508: Summa fuit Grais; starent ut moenia.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 405—406.

1910 hordaighedh cuma na long^ sin. Ni denta delbha na rinnigh-echt‘‘ forra. Ni deligthe® acht a rasclana ria fidradh*, 7 ni bui decair na deliugwc? etarru^ 7 crainn na caille*^ acht cromadhnbsp;[H. p. 406] ar a claraibh sin nama’', 7 ba lor le muintir Cesairnbsp;sin acht co mbedis cobhsaidhi re cathugin^ estib.

1916 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0 tairnicc cumdach in cobhlaigh romoir sin led, ro léigit®

a longa occo^ le trethan srotha Rodain docum in mara moir, cor’ gabsat port isin cuan i fiadhanisii® na cathrach in aidchi sin.

Ci'ar biat occhaid'^^ na Masilecd/ta immorro, in aidhchii^ sin, nir’bó tost dóibh, ar ro scibait a nualonga léo 7 ro trebhur-1920 daingnighid a senlonga^®, 7 ro fornit^^ 7 ro fodi'naidi® lat donbsp;gléire^® gasraidh in bhaile, èter sen 7 ócc, co rabhatar co iur-naithi urlama isin port cétna^^.

0 tai[r]nic dobhursoillsi na maidne muiche ’arnamarach, 7 o’tcowdcatar delhaid 7 saighnenraid na grewe glansoillsi ’nanbsp;1926 ruithnibli bristechaibh re mórtonnaibh in mhara, 7 ó ro-chuatarnbsp;cith-anfhethnai® na haidhchi for cul co tarrla in muir ina clarnbsp;comreidh taetheglidhi^o for cinn in catha, atrachtadur milidnbsp;mercalma mertrena^'- 7 foirne form'ata in cobhlaig cechtardha,nbsp;7 ro gabhsat for uracrad^^ na long Xachtmur 7 na mbarcnbsp;1930 mbronniairsing 7 na libhurn^^ leburgorm 0 fochraibh in tire^^.nbsp;OcMS desidar ina suidhear 25 sesaibhna long, 7 tucsat^® smachtbannnbsp;imruma forra 2’ for [cnajturbarcaibh^s in cobhlaig asna cuan-

‘ ro cimmait na longu S. ro cummait na loncca F. ^ rinnadh S. rinnad F. ® deghaltaighi H. deili^hthe F. ^ flgradh H. ni delighte a rasenbsp;fria figradh S. ni deiliijdithi a rase fria fidradh F. ® atarru H. etarru S-® caillteadh S. ccaillted F. ’ acht in cromadh longda fora clarad somnbsp;namma S. F. * leigidh H. leigit S. leiccset F. ** leo S. ar inch-aibh S. Cid oebad S. Cid ocebaid F. airet S. F. seanlonga S.nbsp;longa H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fairnit F. S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro faimit 7 ro fraslinait S. ra frais-

linait F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;om. S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;co fitmaicM urlum H. co fwriti urlama

iad ic frestal in catha in aghaidh ce'tna S. co fuiri^htbi urlama i frestal an cata in adaig cettna F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;0 ro chaitin delradh 7 saighnenradh S.

delbradb 7 saiccnenrad F. cithainbteana S. o ro cotar cithainbtine F. 0 ro chuadur cricha anfhethna H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;taiteach lidi S. tai teicclide F.

na milidh mera mormenmnacha S. F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;22 uracrad F. S. urcrad H.

22 librani S. libarni F. 21 g comfocraibh in cuain F. 25 fgj- g. ]t. 26 Tucad S. tuccad F. 21 acco S. occo F. 2® cnaditrbarcaib S. cnaturbarcaift F.

The Civil War of the Romans,

of those ships was not ordained (to be) elaborate. No figureheads or carvings were made upon them. Only the bark-scales were stript from the timbers, and between them and the treesnbsp;of the forest there was neither distinction nor difference, savenbsp;only that their boards were bent. With Caesar’s men it wasnbsp;enough that they should be stable for fighting from them.

When they had finished building that huge fleet, they let their ships go with the wave of the river Ehone to the greatnbsp;sea, till they took harbour on that night in the haven ofnbsp;the cityi.

As to the warriors of the Massihans on that night, there was no silence for them; for their new ships were equipped fornbsp;sailing, and their old ships were strengthened, and they werenbsp;furnished and filled with the chosen soldiers of the town, bothnbsp;old and young, so that they were waiting and ready in thenbsp;same harbour 2.

When the twiHght of the early morning ended on the morrow, and when they beheld the radiance and lightnings ofnbsp;the clear bright sun with his beams broken against the billowsnbsp;of the sea, and when the shower-storms of the night retreated,nbsp;and the sea became a smooth, silent, calm surface before thenbsp;battle, the soldiers fiercely strong and vahant, and the heroicnbsp;crews of the fleet arose and began to attack the capaciousnbsp;vessels and the wide-belhed barques and the long blue galleysnbsp;from near the land. And they sat down on the rowing-benches, andnbsp;they gave a regular oarstroke to the cwa^Mr-barques of the fleet

gt; Phars. III. 509—513: Spes uictis telluris abit, placuitque profundo Fortunam temptare mari, etc.

2 Phars. III. 514—520: Et iam turrigeram Bruti comitata carinam Venerat in fluctus Rhodani cum gurgite classis, etc.

10*

aibhi amach, co clos fóna crichai?) comfoicsibh tamghaP na lestur lanadhbul 7 escal in mórmara oc a trentuargain do bas-1936 aibh na ruadhraniha® ir-righthibh^ na laech, co rabhator nanbsp;longa lanmora ar crithnugMt? 7 ar combocadh, iter tairrngi^ 7nbsp;clarach, ota a mbruinne co berrais®.

Ro córaigset muinier Césair a cobhlach ar t[a]idhec/i^ asin cuan immach’. Tucsat a libherna 7 a minlonga i medhón anbsp;1940 cobhlaigh, 7 tucsat na longa ba mo occo 7 ara rabhadwr* trinbsp;sretba no ceMri sretha no cóic^ sretha do ramhaibh ina timcullnbsp;amuich 7 amach, i leith risin muir^® moir 7 re cnes in^^ catha^^.

IN taisech toghaidhi ro bui occo .i. Brutus, is ann ro ordaigh^® a luing [fén] i n-airenuchi^ in cobhlaijr re hucht anbsp;i945bidhbad. Ba hadhbhul med^® na luingi sin, airdi hi naid^®nbsp;longa in cobhlaigf uile: tuir mora 7 iduis^'' debhtha uossa. Se^®nbsp;sretha do ramhaib^® uirre, mor 7 adhbul a fat on tsreith uach-taraigh dibh co muir.

O ro comhfoicsigh dona cobhlaighibh arsin co na bi [acht] i95oénbhaing imramha^® etorra, ro gabhsat mihd 7 laithghaile^i innbsp;cobhlai^ cechtardha ar^^ gresecM 7 ar nertadh a sloigh conbsp;mbeidis^® co ferdha [seitrec F.] i n-aghaidh a namat.

Tucsat gaire mora ós aird la sodhain. Ciar bh[ó] adhbhul imramha 7 comthairmnech^® na rdma^^ ni closnbsp;1965ni dibh Ié méd in uaill^* aerdha atracht uaistibh ann® Tu-cad in spaiwg®® sin tra co Aichra duthrachtach leo, 7 ni r[ó]nbsp;ansat di cor’ tolgsat in cobhlach i shs araih®^. Biii do®^ treisi

’ cuantaib F. ® tarngal S. F. ® -rdmhadli H. S. * ar rithibh S. ir-ricchtiamp;h F. araighthibh H. ® ses F. ® 0 ta braini co herais eternbsp;ses 7 claradh S. ’ sic F. amach H, * fora mbadar S. ® cuig S.nbsp;1“ amuidh leath frisin muir S. an H. na cathrach S. in anfceid F.nbsp;sic S. ordaidh H. “ sic S. n-airenach H. a met S. ammett F.nbsp;inait S. inaiti F. iudusa S. F. se S. secftf H. ramhadhaibh H.nbsp;ramaibh S. F. conna bui acht eadb aenbaingi imruma S. cowa bai achtnbsp;edh aenbaincce imrama F. flaithi 7 cuingidh S. F. for S. F. digdisnbsp;S. F. SMStgal S. F. sic S. an H. ind F. comtuaircneach S. com-tuairccnec F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ramadh S. ram F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;innuaili S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;adracht

acco S. atract occo F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bann S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nogur tolg in cohlach a slis

araili S. nogwr tolcc in cohlach i slis araile F. a slis H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;da S. F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

out of the havens, so that throughout the neighbouring districts was heard the noise of the huge vessels and the storm of thenbsp;great sea at the strong smiting of the oar-blades from thenbsp;forearms of the warriors, so that the full-great vessels werenbsp;trembling and shaking, both nails and planks, from prow tonbsp;stern.

After coming forth out of the harbour Caesar’s people arranged their fleet. They put their galleys and their smallnbsp;vessels in the centre of their fleet, and their larger vessels,nbsp;¦which had three, or four, or five ranks of oars, they put aroundnbsp;it, inside and outside, towards the open sea, and at the edgenbsp;of the battle.

The chosen leader whom they had, namely, Brutus, commanded his own ship to be in the forefront of the fleet against his foes. Vast was the size of that ship, loftier than all thenbsp;ships of the fleet: great towers with fighting-castles above them:nbsp;six ranks of oars it bore: great and vast was the distance fi’omnbsp;the upper rank of them to the sea^.

Thereafter when the fleets drew so near (each other) that there was only one oarstroke between them, the soldiers andnbsp;champions of each fleet began to urge and hearten their troopsnbsp;so that they might be bold against their enemies.

With that they gave great shouts on high. Though vast was the rumbling of the rowing and tbe noises of the oars,nbsp;nought thereof was heard at the mighty shout which arosenbsp;from them into the air. So then that impulse was given bynbsp;them, eagerly and willingly, and they ceased not from it until the one fleet crashed into the side of the other. Such was

. 521—537: tJt matutinos spargeus super aequora Phoe-

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 407

[H. p. 407] ro comtuairgset co r[ó]cuirset na longa fora cula do-risi CO rancadwr a mbruinnedha n-inadhaibh a n-errais¹.

I960 IS annsin iarMtn atrachtadar na forne dona sesaibh 7 ro tharlaicset'^ saithe bodhbha 7 cetba nemhe etarru do saigbdibhnbsp;a fidhbhacaibb 7 do beraibh biraigthe 7 do laighnibh lethan-lebraibh, cona facus [in t-aer seachu coin badar os aird 7 cownanbsp;faccas S.j in mhuir tritbu o ro thuitset isin n-edarfolum^ bui®nbsp;1965 iter in® da cobhlach.

Tucad bann ele arna cobhlaigibh [co ndechadar S.] araill dona longaibh cechtardhaibh imasech^ araile. Doróine cuar-CMmuisc don muir 7 combuaidhreci futhu. Na tonna no cuir-tis® longa inMmteri Cesair dibh no impaitis® foche^oir ó long-1970 aibh na MasileccïAa, conk bfi® samhail in mhara fiithu acMnbsp;intan tecaimi^ in Ian mara ac diraim^^ ’na ruadhbuinne ro-bburta i^® n-aigi(i na gaeithe. Acht ata ni chena, ba soirthiui^nbsp;dona Masilecd^aib curi® in catha annsin inas do muiniir Cesair, ar robtur athlumha étroma a longa, 7 ba soirbh a stiur-1975 adh^® 7 a ndirugud^^ 7 a n-impodli, 7 ba sodhaing saighidhnbsp;7 inggabhail^® uamhat [estib S.]. Longa mwinteri Cesair [im-niorro] batar troma, lira, inmalla iat sen, 7 nirb’ urusamp; a ndiru-iné,s a n-impodh^®, acht chena nir’ cobhsaidhi cathugwc?nbsp;ar®i ti'r na estibh^^.

1980 0’tcondai[r]c in taisech toghaidhi .i. Brutits [in n-abairt sin fora mbatar F.] longa na Masilec(7Aa cwigi 7 uadh, ro gabhnbsp;for acaUaim a stiurasmainn, 7 ro raidh ris^® slis a luingi donbsp;córugMii re bruinnedhaibh^^ long na Masilecd/ia, 7 doróine in

1

a H. Bai da treisi ro tuairccset a ceile go ro cuirit na loncca for cula do ris co rancatar a mbraineda i n-inodhaib a n-eras F.

® n-eraisi S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;¹ ro tarlaictea S. ro tarlaicset F. ro thairlingthea H.

* sic S. ettarfolam F. aer folum H. ® tarrastair S. tarrws F. ® na S. F. 1 immeasc S. cecltiarde dib immesc F. ® sic F. ro cwirdis H. no cuirdis S.nbsp;° sic S. F, nó impóghdls H. bui S. bai F. doécaim S. do eccaim F.nbsp;dirram S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i'¹ suirti S. soirtiu F. sonairti H.

cur S. F. accur H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stuiradh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dirgud S. dirgitdb F.

imgabail S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dirgiud S. dirgwdh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;impogh H.

for F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fortir inna eistib S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;atbert re stiuras-

niann S. atbert re a stiurjismand F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;“ fri brainib S. F.

The Civil War of tlie Romans.

the force with which they struck that they threw the ships back again so that their prows were in the (former) places ofnbsp;their sterns.

So then the crews arose from the benches, and they let fly between them murderous swarms and virulent showers of arrowsnbsp;from bows, and of pointed javelins, and of long-broad lances,nbsp;so that the air was not seen past them when they were aloft,nbsp;and the sea was not seen through them when they fell into thenbsp;space between the two fleets.

Another impulse was then given to the fleets, so that some of the ships on each side went round others in turns. It madenbsp;a perverse mixture of the sea and a confusion under them. Thenbsp;waves that the ships of Caesar’s people used to cast from themnbsp;would turn at once from the ships of the Massilians, so thatnbsp;the sea under them was like nothing save the full sea whennbsp;it shall happen to be racing (?) in its strong burst of a spring-tide against the wind^. But yet there is something; it wasnbsp;easier for the Massilians to fight the battle there than fornbsp;Caesar’s people; for their ships were active and light, and itnbsp;was easy to steer them and to direct them and to turn them,nbsp;and it was facile to approach and to avoid enemies. But thenbsp;ships of Caesar’s people, they were heavy, new, tardy, and itnbsp;was not easier to direct them than to turn them. Nevertheless,nbsp;fighting on dry land was not more stable than (fighting) fromnbsp;them 2.

When the chosen chieftain, Brutus, saw the manner in which the ships of the Massilians were (coming) to him and (retreating) from him, he began to hold speech with his helmsman,nbsp;and told him to lay the side of his ship against the prows of

* Phars. in. 549—552: Ut quotiens aestus zephyris eurisque repug-nat. Hue abeunt fluctus illo mai-e, etc.

® Phars. in. 55.S—557: Sed Grais habiles pugnamque laces.sere pinus, ete.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 407—408.

stiurasmann amhlaic? sin, 7 ro coirighedhi na longa fa com-1986 nesa dóibh in innMS^ cétna. Na longa* doroichedh cnigi* iarsin ni huatha® no impodh®, acht no fostaighthi leosum do corran-aibh iarnaidhibh, 7 no cengaltai ’ do slabhratZaibh slemonrighnibh.nbsp;Ocus ro dluthaighidh* in cathugitci iarsin, 7 ro foilghid [in t-edarfasach bui don muir eter na da cohlach S.] 7 ro cong-i99obhaid 7 ro comfnaigbid longa in cobhlaigi cechtardha slis renbsp;sbs 7 bord fna bord, conar’bo comfoicsi don fir dibh a com-guaillidhi® imruma féin inas a bidhbait^^® don leith anaill. Ocusnbsp;ni r[o] foghainset a n-urchairii nait a ndibraicthi dóibh 1* ó hoinnbsp;anunn. Ro cumasciti* na lamha leo, 7 ro claechlait na bé-1995menna, 7 ro tuairgid na cathbhairr^^, 7 ro cuadwr for imbeirtnbsp;a sciath [7]for taithb[ém]endaib a cloidhemi®, 7 ro gabhsat conbsp;sesmhach sirthairbhertach oc frestal 7 oc frithailemh brath-bémenn a mbidhbaiZ tar imellbordaibh na long.

Atorcradar sochaidi dibh annsin i cessaibhi® y j crolighibh 20007 i crisloiigMbh a^^ long fein, 7 ro snighdis srebha 7 sruthananbsp;na fola flannruaidhi a corpaibh na curadh 7 a hinnibh^* nanbsp;colg n[d]eti9, co mbidis ’na caebaibh rothiugh[a] 7 ’na n-uanfadhaibh*! cro for barr-u[a]chtair na tonn mor mara**. Ocusnbsp;ro iindhaigh in t-ar iarwm 7 itrochradar** na colla dichenntanbsp;2005 iter na longaibh isin muir, conach cuimgidis na slabhrad[a]nbsp;iarnaidhi a*® n-acomhal ré dlus 7 re himat [H. p. 408] na corpnbsp;cirrthe*® 7 na colann croderg eterru. Ooms no*^ thuitidis na laichnbsp;lethmharbh[a] isin muir, co mbidis araile dibh ac ól** a fola féinnbsp;maille is in serbsaile in glasmara*'’, 7 no bidis araill ele for anbsp;2010 n-anfadh*® 7 for a n-imbadhudh*i co fagh[bai]dis a n-oidedhanbsp;’ coraigit S. F. ^ ba comnesu do fon innas S. ’ Gacli long S. nachnbsp;loncc F. * cucu S. ° uathaibh S. ® ro irnpogh 11. ro impaitis F. ’ cen-galtaigh II. ceangailtea S. ” ro comdlutliaighedli S. ** comhguaillidh S.

bidba S. F. ” ni ro fogainsett urcair F. isin cath S. sic S. Ro cumaiscitF. ro cwmscaipid H. ro tuairgit cind 7 cathbairr S. ro tuairccitnbsp;cinn 7 catbarraF. cloighem H. claidemS. i cnesaibh H. i ccesaib F.

na H. hinnaib F. hinadhaibh H. nded F. reota S. F. n-uanfadaig F. for barruachtwr tonn in mormara S. F. adrocradar S. atrocratur F. slabraid S. slabhrada F. i H. chirrthi H. cirrti S.nbsp;ro H. Ni S. comhol S. ccomol F. immailli re serbsaile na glasmara S.nbsp;anamtaigh S. anamhtaigh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;n-imbé,ghudh H. imbathudh S.

the ships of the Massilians. The helmsman did thus, and the ships that were nearest were arrayed in hke manner. Thenbsp;ships that used to come to him afterwards turned not fromnbsp;him, but were held fast by grappling-irons and bound by smoothnbsp;stiff chains^. Then the fighting was made close, and the wilderness of the sea that lay between the two fleets was hiddennbsp;and the vessels of each fleet were held and coupled together,nbsp;side against side and gunwale against gunwale, so that rowersnbsp;who were shoulder to shoulder with himself were not nearernbsp;to one of them than his foes on the other side. They did notnbsp;dehver their casts or their shots from that time forward. Handsnbsp;were mingled by them, blows were exchanged, helmets werenbsp;smitten: they resorted to pressing forward their bucklers andnbsp;giving blows of their swords; and they began, steadfastly andnbsp;generously, to attend and wait for the deadly blows of theirnbsp;enemies over the edges of the ships 2.

A multitude of them fell there in sorrows and in gore-beds and in the holds of their own ships; and the streams andnbsp;rivers of red blood poured out of the bodies of the heroes andnbsp;the points of the tooth-hilted swords, so that they were as thicknbsp;clots and foams of gore on the summit of the billows of thenbsp;sea. And then the slaughter increased, and the headless bodiesnbsp;fell into the sea between the ships, so that the iron chainsnbsp;could not unite them, from the density and the abundance ofnbsp;the mangled corpses and the bodies red with blood. And thenbsp;warriors half-dead used to fall into the deep, so that some ofnbsp;them were drinking their own blood mingled with the bitter brinenbsp;of the green sea, while others were at their last gasp and sinkingnbsp;till they found their deaths from the benches and boards of the

' Phars. III. 565—566: Ast alias manicaeque ligant teretesque catenae, Seque tenent remis; tecto stetit aequore helium.

Phars. III. 567-572.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 408.

le sesaibh 7 le claraibhi na long lanbristi oc raen^ 7 ac rotui-tim forra annas®. M teighedh béim na hurchur for dimain no imraill* isin gliaidh sin cen ones CMradh do chirrbhadh® nonbsp;cen clar luinge do ledradh, 7 a tecmadh isin muir dibh is i®nbsp;20i6corpaib laech do tairistisl

IS annsin ro laa® curudha 7 latba gaile in cobhla^^ cech-tarda for tocbhail a fedhma catba 7 for imdügMtZ gnim® ngais-cid for na sloghaibbi®. IS annsin ro indsaighsat da luing do longaibh na Masilect^^os CMr’ iadhsat in^i luing óclaigb donbsp;202omuintir Césair, Taghus a ainm, 7 ro roinn Taghus foirenn anbsp;luinge ari2 dó .i. leibfofrenni® i n-agbaidh cecba luinge dibh.nbsp;Ocus atracht féin ina inadh féin .i. i lip ting a luinge 7 ronbsp;gabh for comfrithailemhi® ini® ,J4 stiurasmann da dheis 7 danbsp;cH. Fechfii anil dorat a imill for falmairei® indara longi^ dibhnbsp;20257 ro gabh co setrech^® sircalma ic a fostadh. Fornit^i in danbsp;stiurasmann in da sleigh i n-enfeci^^ ind, co tarrla indara sleghnbsp;di'bh i n-imelp2 a droma 7 araill i^® cleitb^i a ocbta for comairnbsp;a craidhe®® cor[o] comrithset^® a da slinn a forfolamh a chleibh.nbsp;TarrMstair ina sesam, 7 ni fidir ca crecht dibh tar a snighfedhnbsp;2030 a fuil artMS^i. Eo dun a beP® 7 ro [injbbolg a anaP® 7 ronbsp;scendset in da sleigh i n-éniecht as®®, cor’ mebh[d]adar danbsp;buinne®® ruadhfola for a slicht, corob ®i 3,mlAaid sin fuair bas.

Ko dhirigh Glelón®® vaüid do M.3i,si\ecdhaïbh a luing®® do-cum muinieri Césair. Maith for on in for sin, na raibhe®i

^ la nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;claradh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ sicnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S. raon H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® fortaibhnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;annuas S. fortoib

anuas F. * for imroll nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® cerbadh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;’no tairiseadh S.

no tairistis F. ® ro ba S. ro gabsai F. ° for imbirt a ngnim S. F.

forsna slogbu S. mo S. F. for S. ** da frestal, 7 ro ordaig leathfairind S. die froafal 7 ro ordai^h leth a forni F. ** Adracht féinnbsp;ina inad liptingi S. liptincce F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fritalum S. for coim frithailim F.

na F. S. ” fectws S. dobert ammel for palmaire S. F. lungu S. ondarna long F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;serigh (?) S. seirip F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fwrmid S. fuirmit F.

** imbel S. i fircleite F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;araile ammullach S. araili i

mulluch F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fo urcomair a cridhi S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;gwro comruicseat S. goro

comraiccset F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fortits S. F,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;beoln F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro inboilg a anail

gwo scennset i n-aen[f]abull 4s 7 S. remarbuinne F. remurbuindi S. conid S. F. geleon F. Innga S. longii F. ni raibi S. ni raibe F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

shattered ships a-hreaking and a-falling upon them from above. In that fight neither blow nor cast was delivered in vain or innbsp;error. None went without mangling a champion’s breast or tearing the plank of a ship; whatever fell into the sea remainednbsp;in the bodies of warriors k

Then did the heroes and champions of either fleet urge the hosts to upraise their effort of battle and to multiply deedsnbsp;of valour. Then two of the Massilian ships approached andnbsp;hemmed in the ship of a warrior of Caesar’s force, namednbsp;Tagus, and Tagus divided his crew in two, each half-crewnbsp;against each of the two ships. He himself stood up in his ownnbsp;place, namely, on the poop of his vessel, and began attendingnbsp;the two steersmen on his right and on his left. He put hisnbsp;tafrail upon the helm of one of the two ships, and begannbsp;to hold it strongly and bravely. But the two steersmen simultaneously drove their two spears into him, so that onenbsp;pierced the edge of his back, and the other the top of hisnbsp;breast 02)posite his heart. In the hollow of his chest the twonbsp;blades met. He remained standing, and knew not by whichnbsp;wound his (life-)blood would first pour out. He closed hisnbsp;mouth and swelled his breath: the two darts sprang togethernbsp;out of him, and in their track two jets of red blood broke forth;nbsp;so thus he died 2.

Gelon (leg. Telon), a soldier of the Massilians, directed his ship to Caesar’s people. Good in sooth was that man; no

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 408—409.

2036 lamh^ budh ferr do stiuradh luinge i n-aimsir^ anfaidh. Ni raibhe fer budh eolchu for rithim [leg. reithini] na for anfine®.nbsp;Eo bui da treisi 7 da setrighi^ ro stiur in fer sin a luingnbsp;CMr[o]bris comuaim 7 comhdluthugMc^ ^ luinge a bidhbou? renbsp;bruinde a luinge®. Acht chena ro dirigh oclach do muiniir Ce-2040 sair in sleigh seimnigh da saighid-sium, co tarrla i’’ mullach anbsp;ochta ind [go rucc urrainn trit F.] cor’ facaibh a anmain® 7 sénbsp;ic tennadh na stiur[e] cuigi d’impodh® na luinge.

IS annsin ro gab Giair, müid do M.2iamp;\\.ecdhaibh, bord luinge Geloin 7 sé ic tidhecht a badhudh^® intan ro[s]tócaibnbsp;2045 on muir suas co mbui a ucht-bruinne fria^^ bord na luinge 1®.nbsp;IS ann innsinais^^ in fer do inuintir Cesair in ga[e] ind, cor’nbsp;gabh ina luing trit, co raibhe for banganaigh^® esti, 7 in goenbsp;ac a fulang.

Da^® oclach saerclannda^^ do MasilecdAai6/ï batar isin 2060 cath, da brathair derbha iat. do aen lamhnadh ro tuisniit araen 1®.nbsp;ni bfi® deccair na etcrderrsgnugMC?^® delbha etarru. Bui danbsp;cosmhailes, na haith[g]nedh nech fer seoch a cheile^^ dibh woco-ros-dedhaip2 bas 7 corob cuimniugMd cuma da cairdibh der-cadh^i indara fer dibh airet ro bo beo ó fuair araile bas. Kmailnbsp;2066batar in^s dia[s]sin ann doroich long mMmteri Cesair bord frianbsp;bord risin [H. p. 409] luing i^® rabhadar, co wdema clethramh^^nbsp;CMmaisc da ramhaibh 2®. Sines indara fer dibh a laimh [deis S. F.]nbsp;asin liphting^’ i®« mbi®i cor’ dun a glaicc im bord luinge a bidh-had. Nochtais oclach do muintir Cesair fot laimhe®^ laich da®®nbsp;* feai' S. ^ n-ara S. F. “ ic taiscelad foj- raetini 7 for ainbtini S.nbsp;do taiscelad for raetine 7 for ainbtine F. * treoraigi S. treorai^re F.nbsp;° coindluthadh S. comdlutAapAadh F. ® re mbruinni a lunga som S. renbsp;braine a luingi-siumh F. ’a H. i F. “ co farccaib gan aumaiii F.nbsp;® d’impogh H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;b4thudh II. baghudh S. ica sluccad badad isin niuir

sfs F. ” rostocaibh osin S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;iw S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7 seisimh ica sluccad

badad isin muir sis, 7 a uct-bruinne for bord na luncca, F. indmais S. ro innsmitstar F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;bawnganaibh S. banganaip F. Dies F. Da S.

saerceneoil S. maraen S. F. bui S. boi F. deochair no derrscugud S. deocair na cumscuccwdh F. seach araile S. -deghail H. -dedail S.nbsp;dedbail F. gorbo F. deghail H. fegadh F, an H. a H. cleath-rama S. ramhadhaibh H. liptbing H. lifting S. a H. mbui S.nbsp;fad Idmha H. fott laime F. fód lama S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;do H. da S. F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

hand was better to steer a ship in time of storm. No man was more skilled in fine weather or in bad weather. Such was thenbsp;strength and violence wherewith that man steered his shipnbsp;that he broke the fastening and joints of his enemy’s vesselnbsp;with his vessel’s prow. Howbeit a warrior of Caesar’s peoplenbsp;directed a riveted spear at him, and it pierced the summit ofnbsp;his breast, and divided it; and he quitted his soul while henbsp;was drawing the helm towards him in order to turn the shipnbsp;away.

Then Gyareus, (another) soldier of the Massilians, to escape from drowning, raised himself up fi’om the sea, and seized the rail of Gelon’s ship so that his breast was at the edge.nbsp;Then one of the Caesarians drove a spear through him, andnbsp;thereby pinned him to his ship, so that he was hanging outnbsp;of it, supported by the spear b

Two noble warriors of the Massilians were in the battle, two own brothers, who had been born at one birth. Therenbsp;was neither difference nor distinction of form between them.nbsp;Such was their resemblance that no man recognised one fromnbsp;the other until death had severed them. To look on the one ofnbsp;them while he was alive when the other had died was a reminder of grief to their friends. As that pair was there, anbsp;ship of Caesar’s force came side by side with the ship in whichnbsp;they were, and made a mingling of the oars. One of the twonbsp;men stretched his right hand out of the poop on which henbsp;stood, so that his grasp closed on the edge of his enemy’s ship.nbsp;A warrior of Caesar’s force bared a hero’s hand-length of his

’ Adfixusque rati telo retinente pependit, Phars. III. 602.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 409.

206ocloidhemhi, 7 dobert ruchalP tarsin laimh, cor[o]thesc in righidh ar dó, 7 cor’facaibh in[n]glaicc i® lenmhain na luinge. Sines*nbsp;in M.a.sWecdha an laim clé do tarmcA^ain na laime tescdha®.nbsp;JFormis® an t-óclach cétna, béim comadhais’^ do cloidbemh*^ dó,nbsp;cor’ letrastair'’ in laimh cli ó bun na gualann de. Acht chena,nbsp;2066 cia ro letradb lamha*® in laeich sin, co na biii tuailgius** a airmnbsp;na a sceith*^ do cowgbail, nir[ó] léicc cruas craidbe dó time nanbsp;teichedb*® do dénam, 7 ni da folach fo sesaibh na luingenbsp;docuaidh, acht tainic ar incbaibh a lethemain, 7 cecb beim 7nbsp;cecb forécin** no fuirmbithea*^ a fer dia muintir^^ ticedb sinmnbsp;207oeturru co mba hind féin no tecmadh. Ocus 0 ro rathaigh*®nbsp;airdhena*^ bais ina docbum 7 a fuil oc snighi ina linn*® fornbsp;slechttaibh na slegb 7 na cloidhem*^ asa c^orp, ro gab fornbsp;a anail 7 dobert urtócbhail miled fair, 7 ro ling a n-airdi, 7 ronbsp;léicc béim n-asclainn de^® i^* luing mMiwteri Cesair, cor’ ur-2076cboidigh a truma dóibb, ar nir^^ tbualaing imberta arm forra^®.

Ro linad^* a long arsin do spairtibh^® cró 7 do collaibh curadh, co ro scailset a comuamanna^® 7 co ro linad^* do serbh-saile in glasmara, 7 co ro tollait^® a habhair^®, 7 co ro slugaidnbsp;a fudomain 7 a firichtur in oicéin, cowa foirinn, 7 ro reith in ruadh-2080 buinne romhor robhurta fo samhail saebhchoire ina hinadh da héissi.

Mór do ernailibh bais ingnathaigh anabhaidh do fuaradwr®® saerclanna in la sin.

Fecht n-aen ann ro la fer do muintir Cesair Idmhcorran iarnaidhi [uada S.] d’fastudh na luinge Masilecdfea, 7 ised doralanbsp;2085 i. Licid laechmik'dA do Masilecdhaibh, 7 do tarr[a]iwg [in cor-

’ cloighemh H. ® ruchaill S. rucaill F. ® a H. * Si'nis S. Sinis F. ® teascta S. tesccta F. ® Fomis H. Fwirmis S. F. ’ commais S. ® donnbsp;claidem S. do cloighemh H. ® bean S. ben F. ge ro leoait a lama S.nbsp;” mailing S. tualaincc F. no a sciath aigi S. teithedh H. techead S.nbsp;** forgam S. forcom F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fuirmhighthea H. farmite fair-sere no for fear

da muntir S. no fuirmidthe fairsein no for fir dia muinntir F. fairighS. tainic F. radadh H. ” airghena H. airdena F. *'* linntibh cro S. F.nbsp;cloighem H. n-ascclainne F. ** a H. nirsa S. F. fortu F.nbsp;linaid H. pairtib S. pairtipb F. comuamand S. F. gur’ linadhnbsp;hi S. gur linadh f F. ooro linaid H. co tollaibh S. co tolladb anbsp;haprer F. bdis ingnaith anapaigh docuadar S. bais ingnait anabaig docotar F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

sword, and gave a rending blow over the hand, so that he cut the forearm in two and left the hand clinging to the vessel.nbsp;The Massilian stretched out his left arm to seize the severednbsp;hand. The same warrior gave him a proper blow with hisnbsp;sword and cut off the left arm from the butt of the shoulder.nbsp;And yet, though the hero’s hands were cut off, so that henbsp;was unable to hold his weapons or his shield, hardiness ofnbsp;heart did not let him fear or flee, and he went not to hidenbsp;under the benches of the vessel, but came to protect his twinnbsp;brother; and he would intercept every blow and every thrustnbsp;that was aimed at one of his people, so that it chanced onnbsp;himself. When he perceived the signs of death approachingnbsp;him, and his blood pouring forth in a pool from his body atnbsp;the gashes of the spears and the swords, he took a (great)nbsp;breath, attained a soldier’s exaltation, leapt on board a vesselnbsp;of Caesar’s men, and by his own weight delivered a blow, sonbsp;that his heaviness (alone) injured them, for he was unable tonbsp;ply his weapons upon them^.

Thereafter his ship was filled with clots of blood and corpses of heroes, and its bolts separated, and it was fillednbsp;with the bitter brine of the green sea. Its timbers were piercednbsp;and swallowed together with its crew into the depth and verynbsp;bottom of the ocean. In its place after it the mighty outburstnbsp;of the springtide ran in like a whirlpool.

Many kinds of wondrous premature deaths did the nobles find on that day 2.

Once upon a time one of Caesar’s people threw a grappling-iron to fasten a Massihan vessel, and it fell on Lycidas,

1 Phars. III. 603—626: Stant gemini fratres, fecundae gloria matris, etc.

* Phars. III. 627—634; Strage uirum cumulata satis multoque cru-ore, etc.

In Gath Catharda, H. p. 409—410.

ran F] Licit leis tar bord na luinge immachl Tarrustair'^ a muinter féin for da colpadhaibh® 7 ro gabhsat ic[a] imtarraingnbsp;imme, co ros-roinn in [lam-] corran I'arnaidhi in di[b] mbloghaibh,nbsp;7 TOC* in mbloigh ó cris suas leis, 7 ro facaibb in mbloigh® ónbsp;2090 cris sis isin luing, 7 ro thuitset a inne 7 foc/iMll® a bronn isinnbsp;muir.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ocusnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ni biii scibudh anma’ na betba[d]nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;[i]nanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;leth inicb-

turaigh®, 7 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;in leth uachtaracb® immorro buinbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;seinnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;for anam-

thaigb*® fria ré cian*®. Fobithin** is ann ro badar na baill beothacha 7 istudba na hanma .i. ae*^ 7 inchinn 7 craidhe 7nbsp;2096ubhall braighet. Ocus 0 ro batar iarwm luc^^ na luinge [na]nbsp;MasilecdAa [uile S.] co tairbertach for le^hbord na luinge oc fo-stodhnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Licitnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7 ic cathugMt? fria muintir Césair, ronbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cuaidh in

bord nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sin na luinge fae in muir*® rompu,nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7 ronbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;impó** in

bord ele forra, 7 tainic a long tar a mullacb*®, 7 nir cuimci-2100 set*® luth a cos no a lamb, 7 in saile** ic a formucbad i*® cris-lach*® a luingi noco fuaradwr bas.

Tarrustair®® araile anradh for imbadhudh®* ann, 7 bui in fer sin co setrech®® sircalma ic snamascnam na tonn don drum-cla®® dar aile^*. Isi^® cowair a tuc®® in anfin^* e, airm [in]ar’nbsp;2105 comraicset dé, luing lanluatha [H. p. 410] fo énbaing imrumanbsp;isin cobblach. Is ann dosrala sum for barr uacbtaracb^® nanbsp;tuinne iter dibh brainibb in da long sin®® co wdernsat cnam-

brétaigh®® 7 desi fodhailti®* da cnamaibh 7

medhónachaibb etarru, 7 nirsat airmisc®® da bloiscbeim na

* amach H. ® Tairtetar F. tarradar S. “ for da cois cholpta é S. colpthse é F. * Ruccad! F. ® blodh H. mbloigh S. ° fochosul S. focha-sail F. ’ brond H. ® scibud bethadh ina leith ichtaraigh S. coaabai sci-padh anma no bethad, F. scibudh brond na betha H. ° uactair S. fornbsp;anamtaigh air S. for ananihthaigh F. for anfadhaigh H. ** air S. ar F.

aei S. suili F. fon muir S. F. “ impógh H. himpodh F. dar a mullachighibh S. mulluichcib F. cuimnighset H. cuimgidset S. cumciset F.

sal S. F. a H. crisluch S. tarrwsair F. imbddhugh H-imbadadh dib F. serigh S. seiriph F. drumcladh H. do drumcla [dromcla F.] na tonn for araile S. “ isin H. “ atuc H. ainfean S.nbsp;a anfén F. ** for barruachtwr S. eter andibrainibh ic comruc doibh S. eternbsp;a ndibh brainib ic comrao F. iter dibhraictibh H. cnamrétaigh de S. cnaim-redaig F. cnamrébaidh H. *' deise combruite F. 7 combruithi S. nuilibh S.nbsp;uilib F. bhallaibh H. nirsa thairmcsc S. ni ro tairmisc F. nirsat tairmisc H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

a hero-soldier of the Massilians, and dragged him out over the edge of the shiph His comrades seized him by the calves ofnbsp;his legs and began to pull him (back) so that the iron sicklenbsp;rent him in two, carrying with it the part (of his body) fromnbsp;the girdle upwards, and leaving in the ship the part from thenbsp;girdle down, and his entrails and the filth of his belly fell intonbsp;the sea. There was no movement of soul or of life in hisnbsp;lower half. The upper half, however, was for a long time atnbsp;the last gasp. For it is there were the vital members andnbsp;the seats of the soul, to wit, hver^ and brain and heart andnbsp;throat-apple. And when the crew of the Massilians’ ship werenbsp;crowded on one side of the vessel, holding Lycidas, andnbsp;fighting against Caesar’s people, that side went before themnbsp;under the sea, and the other side was turned upon them, andnbsp;the ship capsized, and they could not move their feet or theirnbsp;hands, and the brine was smothering them in the hold of thenbsp;ship till they died®.

A certain champion was overwhelmed there, and that man was swimming the waves, boldly and bravely, on from onenbsp;ridge-mound over another. The path on which his ill-luck broughtnbsp;him was the place in which two full-swift vessels met togethernbsp;at one impulse of rowing in the fleet. He chanced to be on thenbsp;crest of the wave between the two prows of those two vessels,nbsp;so that they made between thém bone-fragments and separatenbsp;heaps of his bones and all his entrails, and these did not pre-

' Phars. III. 635—646; Ferrea dum puppi rapidos manus inserit uncos, Adficit Lycidan, etc,

2 F. has süili ‘eyes’.

•’ Phars. III. 647—652: Dum nimium pugnax unius turba carinae

11

In Cath Catharda. H p. 410

2iiombruinnei ic^ comtuargain sin, 7 intan ro scuchsat na longa for cüla uadha atrochair-sium isin muir, 7 is cuma no scended^nbsp;in serbhsaile^ tar a créchtaibh 7 no® tobrüchtadh sli'mradh® anbsp;inde 7 a inathair 7 fulradh^ a craidhi ina® lia[i]bh dubhjfola 7nbsp;ina® lomannaibh cró tar a bélaib^® secbtair; 7 fuair bas amh-2iwlaidh sin.

Drong mor do Masilecdhaibh do bater for a n-ochar-badhudhii fos, 7 ro scuchsat i^® n-aen[f]abhulli® docum na luinge Masilecc^Zme ba comnesam dóibh, 7 [rojrighset^^ a lamhanbsp;i^® n-aensist 7 i^^ n-aénuair ina bord, 7 ro gabh in long fornbsp;2i2ocrith 7 for utmaille desin, 7 adaghat^® iarum in.forrenn, 7nbsp;gabhait ic imscothadhi® a lamh di'bh da claidhmibh, cor[o] len-sat a nglacca i mburd na luingi 7 dorochradar^^ a cuirp ta[mh]-naighthi i^® füdomain in mara [fo a n-urcomair F.].

Ocus ro chuaidh scithlim mór for a n-armaibh in airet 2125 sin. Ro mebh[d]ado!r [a laigni 7 a craisecha ina n-innsmaib.nbsp;Ro mebdatar F.] a slegha 7 a foghadha foebhracha i^® toUaibnbsp;a suainemh^®, 7 ro mebh[d]atflsri® a cloidhmhe ina n-imdhorn-aibh®® 7 a corrana^i ina cromthaibh.

Arai sin ro thimthir a ngal cwradh 7 a mbruth nia[dh]22 2130armu ele dóibh, ar no®® imredh®^ each [dib S.] for araile nanbsp;ramhad[a] 7 na sesa 7 stiura®® na long, 7 nó bristis na longanbsp;[féin léo, S.] fa comair®® a claraidh®^ do di'bhrucMi^ da naimdibh.

Na habaighi 7 na ewirp cirrthi nó bidis isna longaibh nó®® for uachtur in mara ina fochraibh®® no®° tesedais iat 7nbsp;2136nodibhraicdis iarsin®i. No®® tairng[i]dis sochaidhe di'bh nanbsp;* mbruinnedh H. mbrainead S. mbrainedh F. ® ic S. F. ® nonbsp;sceinned F. no scerded H. * in sal S. an sal F. ® ro H. no S. ® sleim-red S. F. ’ fuilriudh S. fuilred F. ® na H. ina S. F. ® na H. ina S.nbsp;beoln S. beola F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nocbarbdghudh H. imbaghadh S. imbadadh F.

a H. ind oenfaball F. rithset H. ricchsett F. atragadar S.

atragat F. imseoebadb H. for imscotbad F. for imscotbudb S.

drocliradar S. 7 co torcratar F. sic F. suainedb H. suatbneam S. ro minaigb S. wrdomaibb S. urdornoip F. corrdnaibb S. H. corranaF.

inadb S. i'o H. ^ O do fainic a ngal curadb 7 a mbrutb niadb ina n-inmedon doib F. stiuiri S. ardaigb S. daigb F. cldraigb H.nbsp;claradb S. 7 H. acoo no S. no for barruac/ifar na tonn ina co-moebraib F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro H. No S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;artain S. iertain F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

vent the resounding blow of the prows as they struck together. When the ships backed from him he fell into the sea, and thenbsp;bitter brine was springing over his wounds, and he was spouting forth over his lips tlie slime of his entrails and bowels,nbsp;and the blood of his heart in its floods of dark blood and innbsp;its waves of gore. And thus he died!

Moreover, a large crew of Massilians were shipwrecked, and they rushed together to the nearest Massilian vessel andnbsp;stretched their arms simultaneously to the gunwale. Thereatnbsp;the vessel began to tremble and swing to and fro, and then hernbsp;crew go and with their swords begin to cut off the arms (ofnbsp;the shipwrecked sailors), so that their hands clave to the edgenbsp;of the vessel and their truncated bodies fell opposite them intonbsp;the deep of the sea 2.

And at that time there was a great lack of weapons. Their lances and spears broke in their fittings. Their pikes and edgednbsp;javehns broke in the hollows of their thongs [amenta): Theirnbsp;swords broke in their hilts, and their sickles in their bendings.

Howbeit their champions’ valour and their heroes’ fury ministered other weapons to them: for each of them plied onnbsp;another the oars and the benches and the rudders of thenbsp;vessels, and the ships themselves were broken up by them innbsp;order to hurl the planks at their enemies®.

The entrails and the mangled bodies which were in the ships or on the surface of the sea anear them, they used tonbsp;sever and afterwards hurl. Many of them used to wrench out

1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. III. 652—661; Tuno unica diri Conspecta est leti facias, etc.

2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. III. 661—669: Pars maxima turbae Naufraga iactatis mortinbsp;obluctata lacertis Puppis ad auxilium sociae concurrit, etc.

° Phars. III. 670—679: lamque omni fusis nudato milite telis In-uenit arma furor, etc.

11*

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 410—411.

harmo no bidis ic congbail a n-inne 7 a n-inatbar^^ inntu astu féin, 7 no cuirdis a mbassa ior a crechtaibh airet no bidis icnbsp;dibhrucMlt;Z in aim nó'^ [ic] fuimedh in beini[e].

Frith airecc ingnadh 7 elada® firglicc le muinfaV Cesair 2i4oannsin .i. ro hadhnait^ coinnle ciartha 7 locharnda giusta leo,nbsp;7 no cuirdis ar derglasadh lat fo s[l]esaibh 7 fo bruinnibh [7nbsp;fo eraisib F.] long na Masilecc^/ia. Ocms no lastais fo chéfoirnbsp;na [sen]longa lasamna ’arna mbreo[ad] do pic 7 do geir[id] 7nbsp;do ceir®. Ba truagh tra ro bas® isin cobhlach arsin. Téighedhnbsp;2145 an fer dibh ar teicbedb^ a loiscidh® isin muir da badliudh®,nbsp;7 ticidh in fer asin muir ar teichedh^ a baidhte^® isin luing^^nbsp;[for lasad F.] da loscMd, 7 ni bi ecla bais ar nech dibli^® acMnbsp;in bas [Ó] tinnscnadh ecc.

Cidh lat in lucht ro büi for ocbarbadhudb^® dlbh, nlr’bo^* 2i6omeirbh a feidm isin gba[i]dh sin, ar do bidis araill dibh acnbsp;tinol arm na long^® ba comnessa doibh, 7 bidis araill ele icnbsp;imairecc^® in catha frisna bidhbadaibh tecmhaitis for imbadhadh^’'nbsp;doibh. Ocus iiitan na faghbadais airm^® ele no bidis ic im-tescad^® in tsé,ile®® etarru, 7 no iadhadh in fer ann a lamhanbsp;2165 tar a bidhbatd^ co téighdis maraen a fudhomhain in mara. Ba fonbsp;leis [H. p. 411] a badhadh®! fein acht co mbaidhedh®® a némhaitleis.

Ba lamh arrachta®® le Poicc®^ in airet sin isin glla[i]dh sin. Ócclach amra do M-amlecdhaibh esin, 7 onfisech®® amra nois 7nbsp;fer tüir 7 larrata cech neich no baitti®® for muir, 7 fer nonbsp;2160 clec/ifadh techt d[f]ogluasacM angcaire cech tan tecmadh i len-mhuin i n-lchtur oicein. No dunadh®’' in fer sin a dóidi imonnbsp;fer do Tuuintir Cesair, co mberedh®® leis co grlan in mara [é], 7

^ inatraith S. inatliraig F. ® 7 H. no S. no F. ® sic S. élüdha H. ealadse F. * hadannait S. F. ® ciaraigh S. cieru F. ® robas S. F. dobds H.nbsp;’ imgabail S. F. teithedh H. ® loisgi S. loiacti F. ® bdghudh H. bdighte H.nbsp;isin lunga for lasaad S. isin longa for lasad F. for neoch and S.nbsp;forsin n-imbadhudh S. for imbadad F. for ocharbaghadh H. ** nfrsa S.nbsp;lucht F.S. gnim S. ag gnim inn imairicc F. tecmhaidhis for im-b^ghadh H. teccmaitis for a cinn doib isin muirF. armmu S. im-tlisesgad S. im toesccad F. usee S. bdghadh H. mbaighedh II.nbsp;mbeired F. arséda H. arrachfa F. S. “ prooicc H. Phoicc S. on-faiaeach S. F. “ baitea S. iadhad S. 7 ro beredb H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

of themselves the weapons that were holding in their bowels and entrails, and put their (left) hands on their wounds whilenbsp;they were hurling the weapon or delivering the blowh

Then a strange invention and cunning science was discovered by Caesar’s people, to wit, waxed torches and lights of pine were kindled by them, and were flung, red-flaming,nbsp;along the sides and prows and poops of the Massilians’ vessels.nbsp;At once the old ships blazed, aflame with pitch and tallow andnbsp;wax. Sad indeed was it in the fleet thereafter. One of thenbsp;men, to avoid being burnt, would plunge into the sea, to drown:nbsp;while another, to avoid being drowned, would board the blazingnbsp;ship, to burn; and none had fear of any death save the deathnbsp;by which he had begun to perish 2.

Even those who were drowning, made no feeble effort in that fight; for some of them were gathering the weapons of thenbsp;vessels that were next them, while others were waging battlenbsp;against the foes with whom they were struggling in the water®.nbsp;And when they could get no other arms, they were cleaving thenbsp;brine between them (and their foes); and then one would claspnbsp;his arms over his foe, so that they went together to the depthnbsp;of the sea. Glad was he to be drowned, provided he drownednbsp;his enemy along with himh

At that time, in that conflict, Phoceus had a mighty hand. He was a wondrous warrior of the Massilians, a wondrous and famous diver, one who searched and sought fornbsp;every thing that was drowned at sea, one who used to gonbsp;and move the anchor whenever it happened to stick in thenbsp;bottom of the ocean. That man used to clasp his forearmsnbsp;round one of the Caesarians, carry him down to the sand of the

^ Phars. III. 674—679: Sidentia pessum Corpora caesa tenent spoli-antque cadaiiera ferro, etc.

^ Phars. III. 689—690: Mille modos inter leti, mors una timori est Qua coepere mori.

” lit. mutually drowning or ducking. Sec the glossary.

Phars. in. 693—696; nunc, rara datur si copia ferri, Utuntur pelago, saeuus complectitur hostem Hostis, et implicitis gaudent subsiderenbsp;membris, Mergentesque mori.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 411.

nos-facbadh aim, 7 Meed féin a n-etarfasach in cobhlai^ ani's^, 7 ro teilgedh^ a anal, 7 no bhere[dh] ier ele da naimdibh leisnbsp;2166 fon samai? sin. Fecht n-aen and chena ro sailsium tidhecht anbsp;n-etarfolamh in cobhlnip ani's, 7 ni hedh tainic iter, acht do-rala® fó drumlorgaibh na long, 7 nir’ tocaibh^ cenn 0 hoin® alle.

Drong ele da mbi forsin imbadhudh® no fastaidis ramhadba na long n-echtrand, cona léigdis teichedli’ na indsaighi doibh,nbsp;2170 7 tiedis fós for scath a long fein com[b]a hinntu® no benadhnbsp;in béim no in t-urchur no fuirmliithi for bord no for bruinnenbsp;na luinge®.

IS ann atracht Tir[r]en trenfer do mnintir Cesair a mbru-inni^® a luinge, 7 ro gabh for togbaiD^ a gbnim gaiscfi^ ós aird 21757 for calma do denam isin cath. Ocus itcowdaic^^ Ligdamus^®nbsp;laechmilii^ do Masilect^^nfamp;A innisin, 7 taibhleoir toghaidhi essein,nbsp;7 dobert ubhall meU luaidhi [i]na thabhull, 7 srethais uadh fornbsp;Tir[r]en [é], co tarlai^{1 2} an t-ubhall luaidhi i fossadhi¹^ a édain, conbsp;ro combris a édan on araidh cn’raile^®, 7 cor’ cuiri’’ cechtarnbsp;2180 a dha suil taracenn i a-enfec7t^ amach, Sochtws Tir[r]én ’arnbsp;mbein^® a radhairc fair, adar-leis is dorchata bais dos-ranaici®,nbsp;7 0 ro airigh imniorro brighi bethadh®® do beith ina ballaiamp; [ronbsp;raid S.] re muiniir [Césair]: Cóirigh®i m’aghaidh, ar sé, remnbsp;naimdibh co ro dibraicer [iad S.J feibh dibraicti-si, 7 co ro toch-2i85aither2® in iarsma anma fil indum ré^® basugwi^ mo bidhbad!, 7nbsp;fri diden mo carat, ar ni théit mo menma fri[m] bethaid onbsp;hoin^^ amach.

O ro scaich®5 dó sin do radha dobert [a] aghaidh for na Masilec(7/wz, 7 fóceird urchur n-amarais forra. Araidhe an

1

dorisi S. F. ® do leicead S. no teilceed F. ‘ dosrala S. F. * tuargaibh S. tiiarccaip F. ® sin S. F. ® imbdglmdh H. isinn irabadh-udh S. ’ sic S. teithedli H. ® hinntib S. F. ® for bordaib 110 for brainibnbsp;na loncc F. mbruindi S. mbraini F. mbruinn H. “ sic S. toghail II.

atcownairc F. atcownarc S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;lingdamas H. ligamus S. licdamas F.

2

do eccaim F. do ecaim S. a fossadh H. i fossadh F. i fossudclar S.

ondaraaé co araill S. ondara co araill F. ” guro scind S. co ses-caind F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mbeim S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dosfawic S. dus fainic F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;brigh a

bethcitf F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Coraigaid S. coirgidh F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tocbaitlier H. tocaithiur S.

fri S. F. sund S. sund F. “ scaitb II.

The Civil War of the Romans.

sea, leave him there, and himself come from below into the space empty of the fleet, and let forth his breath, and in likenbsp;manner take down another of his foes. Once, however, henbsp;believed he was coming from below into the space vacant ofnbsp;the fleet; but he came not at all, but chanced (to rise) undernbsp;the keels of the ships; and thenceforward he never appeared

Another troop, when they were drowning, used to seize the oars of the hostile ships, so that tliey let them neither retreat nor advance; and they would come to protect their ownnbsp;ships, so that the blow or the cast inflicted on the side ornbsp;the prow of tlie ship might strike into their own bodies^.

Then Tyrrhenus, a Caesarian champion, arose at the prow of his vessel, and began to display his deeds of valour and tonbsp;act bravely in the battle. Lygdamus, a Massilian championnbsp;and a choice slinger, beheld tlrat, put a round leaden ball intonbsp;his sling, and hurled it at Tyrrhenus so that the ball camenbsp;into the hollow of his forehead, shattered it from one templenbsp;to the otlier, and cast forth each of his eyes. Tyiïhenus wasnbsp;silent after being deprived of his sight: it seemed to him thatnbsp;the darkness of death had come to him, and yet he felt thatnbsp;the forces of life existed in his limbs. He said to the Caesarians: „Set my face against my foes that I may hurl (darts)nbsp;even as they are hurling, and tliat I may spend the remainsnbsp;of the life that is in me in killing my enemies and defending my friends. Henceforward my mind does not regardnbsp;my hfe®.“

When he had finished speaking, he set his face towards the Massilians, and hurled a doubtful cast upon them. Howbeit

' Phars. III. 696—701: Pugna fuit unus in ilia Eximius Phoceus animam seruare sub undis, etc.

2 Phars. III. 705—708: Hi super hostiles iecerunt bracchia remos, etc.

® Phars. III. 709—721: Stantem sublimi Tyrrhenum culmine prorae Lygdamus, excussae Balearis tortor habenae, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 411—412.

2i9oimrall dorala airm a mbi Arg^, ócclach socheneóil do Masi-lecdhaibh 7 se [ina sessam S.] a lipthing a luinge. Dorala in tslegh di'a saighi^ seoch bile in scéith 7 tar bernaidh® na liii-righi, cor’ gabh i maethlach^ a brond ó imlinn sis. Dorochairnbsp;Arg for in sleigh, co ndechaidh fod lamha laich d[i]a crund® i'gt;nbsp;2195 ndeghaidh a glasiaraind trena druim siar sechtair.

IS ann ro biii in senóir athair Airg a nabruinne na luinge cetoa, 7 ni raibhe do Masilecdhaibh mi'Kd bhudh'' sonairti inasnbsp;i n-aimsir a oitedh®. Ocus o’tcondaic a mac ac toitim tainic inanbsp;dhocbum for a tsrengtrascarnaidh 7 for a tuitmennaigh® tarnbsp;22oosesaibb na luinge lanfada cosin lipthing i^® mbi a mac, 7 fuairnbsp;fora anfadhaighi^ é, 7 ni dhernai^^ cai na became uasa, achtnbsp;ro sin a lamha re thaebh[n]i®, 7 ro cruadhaighi^ 7 ro cataighi^nbsp;a corp, 7 tainic temhel 7 fordorcha for a roscaib^®. O’tcondaic Arg a athair i^® n-imfocMS ro thócaibh a cenn 7 a uchtnbsp;2206 CO hanbhann amhneirti^ ó bord na luinge do iarraid póicci fair,nbsp;ar [nirsa S.] tualaing labwrtha [f]ris, 7 ro [H. p. 412j tarraingnbsp;a laim ndeis cwigi do diinadh a sul. Acc iter on, ar in t-athair,nbsp;ni hedh bias ann, a maic, acht is missi is taisci rachas documnbsp;eccai*. Is amlaid atbert sin, 7 dorat irclann do cloidhemhi*nbsp;2210 [i]na luing bronn fein, cor’ gabh [urraud S.] trit, 7 ro ling isinnbsp;muir acé^óir^® ina diaidh^i, ar ro bui do teindeithnes®^ ecca fairnbsp;riana mac nar’ folortnaigh aenbas [dó S.].

Do bo cruaidh 7 do bo comnert tra ro feradh in gleo®^ sin mMiwteri Césair 7 Poimp i n-eccmais a tigerna^^ maraen.

’ 7 foceird ar airm i mbui Airg S. arai ni himrol focerd, etc. F. * dofachair in sleigh seimnigh da saighidh S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® berna S. bernse F.

¦* ambsethlacb S. a maethlach na mbrond H. ^ sic S. crand H. ® a H. ’ bad S. F. •’ oighedh H. aeted S. aeitid F. ® sreingtrascairt 7 foranbsp;tuitmendaigh S. srengtrascairt 7 fora tuitmewnaig F. tuitmennaidh H.nbsp;*0 a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;for anamtaigh inti S. for anamhtaigh innte F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dhern-

aidh H. ra taebu S. la taebu F. “ roscruadhaig S. catuig F. cadaidh H. caidigh S. dar a rwscu S. F. Ko togaib Airg a cendnbsp;CO hemir S. misi bas twscu docum n-eca S. cum n-ecca F. ** cloigh-emh H. ro eland in claidem S. ro clann in claidei» F. focetoir Ï’. S.

diagh H. diaigh S. tinnenws S. tinnenas F. fogbain S. folort-naig F. ** cathgleó F. S. “ tigernadha H. tigernad S. ticcernad F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

the random shot lit on the place where Argus, a noble youth of the Massilians, was standing on the poop of his vessel. Thenbsp;dart flew past the rim of his shield and through the gap ofnbsp;the corslet, and it stuck in the soft part of his belly downnbsp;from the navel. Argus fell on the dart, so that its shaftnbsp;followed the grey iron, the length of a warrior’s hand, outnbsp;through his back^.

Then the old man, Argus’ father, was at the prow of the same vessel — and no Massilian was a stronger soldier than henbsp;had been in the time of his youth. When he saw his son falling he came towards him, tripping over ropes and stumblingnbsp;over the benches of the lengthy vessel, to the poop where hisnbsp;son was, and he found him at his last gasp. He made nonbsp;wailing or lamentation over him, but he stretched his arms bynbsp;his sides. His body grew hard and stiff, and gloom and darkness came upon his eyes. When Argus saw his father nearnbsp;him he raised his head and breast feebly and weakly from thenbsp;edge of the vessel to ask a kiss, for he was unable to speaknbsp;to him, and drew his right hand to him to close his eyes.nbsp;„No, by no meansquot;, exclaims the father, „it shall not be so,nbsp;my son; but it is I that will sooner go to death!quot; Thus henbsp;spake, and he gave a thrust of a sword into his own chest, sonbsp;that the point went through him, and he leapt at once afternbsp;this into the sea. Such was his haste to die before his sonnbsp;that one way of death was not enough for him 2.

Hardily and strongly was that battle of the Caesarians and Pompeians fought in the absence of both their lords; how-

* Phars. III. 721—725: Sic fatus in liostem Caeca tela inanu, sed non tamen inrita, mittit etc.

2 letum praecedere nati Festinantem animam morti non credidit uni, Phars. III. 750-751.

In Cath Catliarda. H. p. 412.

2216 acht chetia ro eterdelighset ratha na righ etarru, 7 ro fortam-laighi conach catha Césair for toicim^ Poimp. Oms ro tuit iarMm in cath leth ar leith-’, 7 ro sraeined inn irgaiP ar IncMnbsp;na cathrach, 7 ro loitedh a laith gaile^, 7 ro cirrbait a cwraidhnbsp;7 ro trascraid a treoin 7 a taisigh, 7 ro maeltamnaighid a mi-2220He?7 ro baidhedh^ ermór a long, 7 ro mudhaigh* in tinenbsp;araill dibh, 7 do neoch nar’ baidliedh’ 7 nar’ loisced dibh ronbsp;bngset muinter Cesair tar a mbordaibb intu®, 7 ro gabhsat fornbsp;a fo^rnedh^® do glere laecb, 7 ro dichennator a fuaradttr^^ donbsp;laechaibb lethmarbb[aibh] 7 d’óccaibb for anamhtbaigb^^ intu,nbsp;22257 docuadMri® dowo sceolanga^^ uatba[ti]i^ do Mamp;silecdhaibh anbsp;nirfi® a n-imraina 7 a luas a long, 7 rucsadwri^ a long[a]nbsp;lethbristi da longbothniamp;i^ leo.

Ba lór truaighi tra cloistecM re lucM na cattracb arsin, le méd^® a n-uebbhadba^® 7 a n-éceaine, 7 re himat a niiall-2230ghubha 7 a ngolgaire^i ic faicsin^^ a muiniiri ic teicbedb^® inanbsp;ndoebum. Ba deitbfir doibh on cben[a], ar rob imdha mac cennbsp;athair ann, 7 atbair cen mac, 7 siur cen brathair, 7 ben cennbsp;caemcbeile^^ isin[n] uair sin occo, 7 ro gabsat a mna 7 anbsp;senóraigh^s [i]na mbiiidhnibh 7 ’na sesibb for in traigb icnbsp;2235 tabhairt aithne^® forsa tabbradais murtonna in mórmhara^^ donbsp;collaibb 7 do cennaibh carad^® 7 coiceile dochuni tire danbsp;saighidh^®. Ba[tar]®® dodelbha na gnuisi sin, 7 ba docair

^ fortamlaigh S. F. fortamlaighset H. * toictin S. toictiu F. * cath for lethleath S. cath for leith leith F. cathair leth ar leth H. •* sic S. innnbsp;irgal F. rosraein an riaghail H. ® ro leoait allatha gaile F. gaili S. a laithnbsp;ngaile H. ® ann uaisli S. ’ baighedh H. haidedh S. baided F. ** mugh-aidh H. inudaig F. mughaich S. ” intib S. inntip F. fairned S. fairnedh F.nbsp;quot; dfoennsat ina fuaratar do laechraidh lethmairb S. F. for anamtirataigh S.nbsp;for anamhtafgr F. for anfadhaibh H. Atrulladar S. atrullatwr F. “ sce-olanna S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;uaiti F. uathi S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;asa nirt imruma S. .ass a nnirt a

n-imramaF. a nirt a ngnimaH. ruesat sewS. Ruesat side F. ** long-portaib S. re met S. n-uchbadaigh F. golgairi S. golgaire F. glórghair H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;faiscin S. aiscin F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ir-raen roteicid S. F. teibhedh H.

ben caom gan celi S. ben coem gan ceili F. seanoirigh S. aichne F. aichni S. ina mara S. a carat S. a caratt F. cucu S. chucu F.nbsp;Badwr S. Battar F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

beit the lucks of the kings, separated, and the success of Caesar’s battle exceeded Pompey’s fortune. And then thenbsp;battle ceased on both sides (?), for the folk of the city werenbsp;overthrown in fight. Their champions of valour were wounded,nbsp;and their heroes were maimed, and their mighty men andnbsp;chieftains were overthrown, and their soldiers were mutilated.nbsp;The greater part of their ships was smrk: the fire destroyednbsp;others; and the Caesarians boarded such of them as were notnbsp;sunk or burnt, manned (?) them with choice troops, beheaded^nbsp;all they found of troops half-dead and youths at the lastnbsp;gasp. A few fugitives of the Massilians escaped by the strengthnbsp;of their rowing and by the swiftness of their ships, and theynbsp;took their vessels half-broken to their shipyards^.

Enough of wretchedness it was to listen thereafter to the folk of the city, with the greatness of their wailing and theirnbsp;lamentation, and with the abundance of their cries of sorrownbsp;and sound of weeping, at seeing their troops fleeing towardsnbsp;them. Good reason indeed they had, for at that time therenbsp;was many a fatherless son, and sonless father and brotherlessnbsp;sister, and wife without her dear husband. And their womennbsp;and old men, in their bands and crowds on the shore, began tonbsp;recognise the bodies and heads of the friends and comradesnbsp;which the billows'^ of the great sea were casting to them onnbsp;land. Unshapely were the countenances (of the dead), and itnbsp;was hard to recognise them; and the (Massilian) wife was

1 A barbarism imported by the Irish redactor.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. III. 752—756; Iiiclinant iam fata ducum, etc.

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;lit. wall-waves.

In Gath Catharda. H. p. 412—413.

aithne forra^ 7 no bidh in ben ic poccad^ in fir do muinUr Cesair ir-richt a fir^ féin, 7 no bidis indanaquot;^ athair ic debhaidnbsp;2240 7 ic [c]athugM(^® imon aencorp dar leis [la] cech fer® dibh fa hénbsp;corp a maic fein ro^ cosnadh annsin.

Décius BnitMS inimorro, taisech coh^Aaigh Cesair, ba slan sonairt leis a menma ar maidm roime for [na] MasilecdZia, arnbsp;is esium cétfer leisar’ brisetZ* cath long[d]a ar® seilbh Cesair.nbsp;2246 Bator a mMmter immorro co huchfadhach ecaintech mar donbsp;scaradari® risna MasilectZ^a, 7 nfrbh[ó] écaine een adhbar sin,nbsp;ar rob[tar] imdha cuirp cirrthi 7 taibh tolla 7 lai'ch [londa]nbsp;ledartha [7 óicc] athgaeiti acco, 7 rob imdha fuile^^ 7 crechtanbsp;dileighis*® forra. Acht cena nocha cumann cath la firui®. Do-226orónsat brigh bicc^^ desin, ar is rompu ba raeni^.

Tuesat a cobhlach i^® cuan 7 i^® caladhport na Masilecd^a 7 ro scipaifi^ 7 ro tirmglanaid a longa leo, 7 ro laiset curpunbsp;7 colla 7 caeba cro 7 cropairtii® fola 7 cnamredhaighi® anbsp;mbidhbad [djar^o imellbordaibh a long isin muir. Ocus ronbsp;2266gabhadh in cathair leo^^, 7 ni r[o] leiccset nech ele inntinbsp;[H. p. 413] na aisti^^ cq tainicc^® Cesair asin Espain inanbsp;ndochum, 7 co ro traethadh^'^ in cathair uile leis ar torcachtam.

IN adhaigh^s sin immorro ba samh ro tocaithed^® leo-sum ’ar cur snima in catha dibh 7 ’ar tuitim a namhat ir-re im-226oairicc léo.

[Conid remsce7 do remscelaiö catha moir na Tesaili cowicci sin. ToccafZ catorach na M'aisile ainm an scceoil sin, F.].

^ doghaing a n-aichni S. ba dodaince an-aichne F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ poccad

apaigh S. F. impógh H. ® cell S. ceile F. * na da S. F. ® ic troid [troit F.] 7 ic imresain S. ® imon n-oencorp ann indar la eachnbsp;fer F. ’ no F. * cetna fear lasar’ brised S. F. ® longa for S.nbsp;longda for F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;da scaradh S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;robtar ili fuili S. Roptar ile

fuile F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;doleigis S. dileicchis F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nocha cuman catfiru F. nocu

cum in cath (?) la firu S. nocha cumann cath fir H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;•* mbig S.

mbicc F. bee H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;impo roba raen S. rompu ropa roen F.

““ a H' nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro scipait S. F. ro scipadur H. sic S. F. corpairthi H.

cnamréghaidh H. cnaimredaig F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dar S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;acco arsin S. acca

arsin F. eisti S. esti H. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tor acht S. F. ^ croth S. F. INna

diaid, F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tocathedh S. tocaited ind aidchi sin F. tócaithset H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

kissing a Caesarian husband as if he were her own man, and two fathers were disputing and fighting about the samenbsp;corpse, each of them supposing it to be the body of his ownnbsp;soni that he was contending for.

But Decius Brutus, the admiral of Caesar’s fleet, sound and strong was his spirit after routing the Massilians^, for henbsp;was the first to gain a naval battle on Caesar’s behalf. Hisnbsp;people however, were sighing and mournful as they parted fromnbsp;the Massilians, and that was not a ‘mourning without cause’,nbsp;for with them were many bodies hacked, and sides pierced, andnbsp;bold warriors mangled, and youths severely wounded; and manynbsp;were the bleeding hurts and incurable gashes upon them.nbsp;However ‘with men battle is not companionship’. They carednbsp;little for that, since they had the victory.

They brought their fleet into the haven and harbour of the Massilians, and their vessels were equipped and cleansed,nbsp;and they flung their enemies’ corpses and bodies and clots ofnbsp;gore and particles of blood and masses of bones over the edgesnbsp;of their ships into the sea. The city was seized by them, andnbsp;they let no one else into it or out of it until Caesar came tonbsp;them from Spain; and after his arrival the whole city wasnbsp;laid low.

That night they spent easefuUy, having put from them the anxiety of battle, and their foes having fallen by them in tlienbsp;time of conflict.

So far is one of the foretales of the great battle of Thessaly. The Sack of the City of Massilia is the name of that story.

’ Phars. III. 756—761: Quis in urbe parentum Fletus erat! quanti matrum per littora planctus, etc.

Phars. III. 761—762: At Brutus in aequore uictor Primus Cae-sareis pelagi decus addidit armis.

In Cath Catliarda. H. p. 412—413.

Seela Césair atliadhamar sisdiia coleiec^

[SloigeiZh na hEspaine S.]

2265 A1E,ED TE.A ROB AS ic gnim na n-imairec^ sin isin Etail ro gabh [Césair] i n-oraibh imechtracha in domain uile inbsp;cricha¹amp; imciana na hEspaine ic forbhaisi for Petrin 7 Affran,nbsp;for da urraigh^ na hEspaine fria lamhaibh^ Poimp. Cin cor’nbsp;dermara na hara dobertha^ etarru don turus sin ro fas anaebh®nbsp;2270 mor 7 cumscM^wd conaich 7 toicthin'^ dona taisechaiii desin.nbsp;Ba haentadh[ach] a caradradh na n-airrigh® sin, Petrin 7 Affran, 7 ba setrech a combag® i n-aghaidh Césair. Ocus banbsp;hurMsa dóibh comtriall catha 7 cocaidh, a[r] robdar lininiira anbsp;slóigh, 7 ba saidhbfr a socraidi, uair ro bl slogh adhbul donbsp;2275Óccaibhi® Etalda fa mamMS^^ feisin, 7 ro comérighseti^ dirmannanbsp;imdha do churadhaib na hEspaine maille riu .i. tuatha na n-Asturda^® 7 na Vectonda^^ 7 cinedha na CeUtiberdha.

Doruachtadwr iaritm na slóigh sin documi® n-éninaidh, cor’ gabhsat sosadh 7 longpAort oc in cattraigh dianadh ainninbsp;228oIlerdha, i n-airis^® catha do Césair. Cathair iséin ro cumdaigh-edh^’' ar tulaigh un'sil ar bni srotha Sicoir. Stuaghdroichetnbsp;cloichei® [dar in sruth sin, 7 intan ba tuili geimridh and ticednbsp;an t-uisci tairis. Tulach urard bui, S.j i comfocws na catArach,nbsp;7 is inti ro suidighit^® mergedha mmnteri Poimp, 7 ro hor-2286daighedh a longp/iort. Ocus ro gabh Césair longpAort i®® tulaigh ele [nar| ba hisle ina in®® tulach sin enech um inchaibhnbsp;riu®i. Ni biii eter [n]a dha longpAort acM sruth Sicoir nama.nbsp;Edh radhairc romoir do réidh®® muighi for ciil longpAm'rt

1

Conad rimscel do rimscelaibh catha moir na Tesaile connici sin 7 togail oathrach na Masileedha a ainm S. ® n-imaireach S. ® airrig F. airug S.nbsp;* fri lama S. F. ® dobrethasom S. do bretasum F. “ anaeibh H. anseb F.nbsp;’ toictiu F. ® arigh S. airrig F. taisigh H. ° a combad S. i combag F.nbsp;a coblach H. donn ocbaid S. don occbaid F. fa namus H. fo anbsp;mamus S fo ammammMs F. coimeirgiset S. ² Asarda H. Astwrdanbsp;S. F. Leotonna H. echtona S. Vectonna F. co S. F. indairis F.nbsp;” ro cumtacht S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cloch S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;suigidhit H. suigid S. sui-

digedh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;i tilaig nar bo isli inan tilach sin S. i tilaig

2

narbo hisli inna in tilac sin enech i n-inchaib friu F.. réigh H. reidh F.

The Civil War of the Romans.

Tidings of Caesar we now set forth below.

The Hosting of Spain.

Now while he was carrying on those conflicts in Italy, Caesar began, in the outer borders of the whole world, in thenbsp;remotest districts of Spain, to beleaguer Petreius and Afranius,nbsp;the two chiefs of Spain who were Pompey’s lieutenants. Andnbsp;though the slaughters were not great on that expedition, stillnbsp;thereout accrued to the leaders much distress and change ofnbsp;prosperity and fortuneClose was the friendship of thosenbsp;legates, Petreius and Afranius, and strong was their combat asnbsp;against Caesar’s, and it was easy for them to proceed to battlenbsp;and warfare, for their hosts were numerous and tlieir army wasnbsp;wealthy, since there was a huge host of Italian soldiers undernbsp;their conmand, and together with them were many multitudesnbsp;of the warriors of Spain, to wit, the tribes of the Asturiansnbsp;and the Vectones and the nations of the Celtiberians 2.

Then those hosts marched to one place, and established a station and camp at the city called Ilerda, in tryst of battle tonbsp;Caesar. That city was built on a low hiU on the edge of the rivernbsp;Sicoris. An arched bridge of stone crossed that river, andnbsp;when there was a wintry flood the water would come over it.nbsp;There was a high hill near the city, and on it the standardsnbsp;of the Pompeians were planted, and their camp was laid out.nbsp;Caesar pitched his camp on another hill that was not lower,nbsp;face to face with them. There was nothing between the twonbsp;camps save only the river Sicoris. Behind Caesar’s camp wasnbsp;a space of level plain as far as ever the eye could reach: the river

' Phars. IV, 1—3; At procul extremis terrarum Caesar in oris Mar-tem saeuus agit non multa caede nocentem, Maxima sed fati ducibus momenta daturum.

2 Phars. IV. 4—10: lure pari rector castris Afranius illis Ac Petreius erat, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 413—414.

Césair, sruth Cing a timchell in mhuighi sin co [comjmur srotha 229ohIber co tiaghaid araen isin muir moir^.

An ceïla tra ima comrainicc dóibh^ dona slogbaibb ni derna[d] catb na birgbal eterm, ar ro bi^ a feidm 7 a monor^nbsp;a[c] rim a mergedb 7 a[c] comairemb a catb 7 ic taispenadb anbsp;tuatb 7 a tinól, 7 dowo ba baimlesc 7 ba bimnar leis na®nbsp;2296 braitbribb 7 [la] luc^^ na baencat^racb im[f]orran catba aterrunbsp;féin i® fiadbnwsi na cinedb^ n-ec/*^rann.

O tancadw dorcbatu deiridb in® lae dobert Cesair a slogbu® leis cor’ claidset^® clasacb dermairii dondara leitb don long-pbort muinteri Poimp, 7 tuc imad diairmbidbe do lait[b]ib gailenbsp;2300 don leitb araill, conach bi^^ cowair éludba^® occo acht enconairnbsp;ambain^^ [.i.] docbnm tbnlcba dennaire bui i^® comfocMS doibbnbsp;etarru 7 in catbair Ilerdba.

O tainic soillsi 7 mocbdedbóiP® na maidne muicbe ro for-coMgart Cesair for a müedbaibb comadb iat is tiisca doroisedb^' 2306 in tulaigb^® sin. Ocus o’tcowdcadar muinter Poimp innisin ronbsp;indsaigbidi® a mbuidbne co dian demnnidecb, co wgabbsat in tu-laig^o a,r tMS, ar is doibb ba comnesa [H. p. 414] M 7 dadiu banbsp;sodbaing^i a sHge da saigbidb, 7 ba landdbodbaing^^ immorro slige^®nbsp;muinteri Cesair, ar is [ar] ecin ro^^ ascnaidis na boicc fa n-arm-23iogaiscelt;7^® 7 in cnoc d’faen^® forra. Ni cumgadb necb [dib] a lambnbsp;do tocbbail inagbaidb a nambat. Aral ba biat^^ a slegba ba*®nbsp;lorga fosaigbtbi doibb 7 tul sceitb in*® fir do bitb fa deoidb icnbsp;cowgbbail in fir do bitb roime®®, 7 ni cuimgedb necb dibb im-1 CO comach srotha hibeir isin muir moir S. co commw srota hibeirnbsp;CO tiegait araen isin muir moir F. ^ immarainic F. bui S. bai F.nbsp;* i feidm 7 i mmonor F. ® lasna S. F. ® a H. hi F. ’ slogh S. slocch F.nbsp;dorchuda diridh an H. ® sloigh H. slogu S. claéiset H. claidhset S.nbsp;clasaigh moir S. clasaig moir F. cowna bui S. cona boi F. eolda S.nbsp;eludha F. ** nama S. namma F. a H. F. omits i comfocus dóibh.

mochdedoil S. mochdedhoil F. moch deghail H. comad iad cetna ristais S. combadh iet cetna ristais F. tulaidh H. imsaisef S. F. gur gab-sat an tilaig F. soidngi S. F. Idndhoghaing H. landodhaing F. Iannbsp;dogaing S. conair S. conair F. ro H. no S. F. anaghaidh na tulca S.nbsp;anagaici na tilchu F. d’aen F. S. daig badar iad S. daig batar iad F.nbsp;robtar F. roptar S. an H. tulsceth in dedenaig ic cowgbhail in tosig S.

The Civil War of the Romans.

Cingis around that plain as far as the confluence of the river Iberus, so that they flow together into the great sea^.

The first day, then, that the armies came together, neither battle nor conflict was fought between them, for their effortnbsp;and their work was to reckon their standards, and number theirnbsp;battalions, and display their tribes and their musters. Moreover, brothers and folk of the same city were slack and ashamed to contend in battle between themselves in the presencenbsp;of the foreign nations

When the darkness of the day’s end came, Caesar caused his troops to dig a huge trench on one side of the camp of thenbsp;Pompeians, and on the other he brought an innumerable crowdnbsp;of champions, so that the Pompeians might have no way ofnbsp;escaping save only the one path to the huge hill that was nearnbsp;them, between them and the city of Ilerda^.

When light and the twilight^ of early morning came, Caesar ordered his soldiers to be the first to reach that hill. When the Pompeians saw that, their troops advanced vehemently and speedily, and were the first to occupy the hill, fornbsp;it was nearer to them, and also their road to it was easy,nbsp;while the road of the Caesarians was very difficult, for the soldiers under their armour were with difficulty struggling up a hülnbsp;that sloped upon them. None of them could raise his handnbsp;against his enemy, for their javelins (fixed in the ground) werenbsp;props to them: the boss of the buckler of the man behindnbsp;was supporting the man before; and none of them could

* Pliars. IV. 11—23; Colie tumet medico lenique excreuit in altum Pingue solum tumulo, super hunc fundata uetusta Surgit llerda manu, etc.nbsp;- Phars. IV. 24—28; Prima dies belli cessauit Marte cruento, etc.

® Phars. IV. 29—31; In noctem subita circumdedit agmina fossa, etc. ^ hysteron-proteron, as often in Middle-Irisb.

Irische Texte, IV, 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;12

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 414.

pódhi a Mthing^ na cowaire cétna. ar uamhain a bidhbacï da 23i6tuargain [i]na diaidh.

O'tcowdai[rjc Césair in tendta mor sin ar a muintir, faidhis a marcslógh uadh do debhaidh don leith ele for muintir Poimp,nbsp;[coin F.] CO rancadur a coisidhe slan tar dograing^ na sliged.

Dodhaingi^ na conaire 7 iterdelighthi na crich 7 na feronn 2820 [is ed S.] ro tairmesc in cath cowuicce sin. Ocus anfine aer®nbsp;immorro ro tairmisc 0 hoin amach®, uair medhón erraigb annnbsp;intan sin, 7 ro snighset snechtai dérmara la tus in gemhridhnbsp;roime, cor’ linsat sleibbti 7 magbréidhe^ na hEspaine. Ocusnbsp;ro cruadhaigb 7 ro thecht in talam fiithu, 7 ro tairmisc[ed]nbsp;232Dsiledh na nél Ié sicc 7 le reodh® fri ré in gembridh 7 tosaighnbsp;in® erraigb iartain. Lesin céfadhnadh éscaidhe dognit ar sin n-eqwinoctMsi® errchaidhe, ro derg 7 ro ruamnaigb in t-aeor oirr-t/ierach inbaidh co wduargaibhii in grian ina popoF® teindtide^®nbsp;tar colar^^ turgabhala suas. Ocus ro téigh 7 ro inbbopljcc^®nbsp;2330 in grian roimpi uile neollu uiscidhi inn aéoir [f juasnadhaighnbsp;Ó tait cricha na hindia lar n-airrther co mbatar ’na motharnbsp;dluith dorcha dubhchiach ós cinn na hEspaine, cowad inbechti^nbsp;ma ro soillsighidis in cobhés etarfasaighi® dorala^® iter aeoir®®nbsp;7 tamp;lmain, 7 ro taitin lethcircall uainecdha^i na stuaighi^®nbsp;2335 nime®® isna nellaibh arsin.

Ro faiscit‘^¹ iarwm tre bruth na gréine, cor’ silset ’na ceth-aibh 7 ’na frasaibh 7®® ’na tolaibh tromferthana for ti'ribh na

1

impogh H. ® beos nlr’ cuimgiset impod a fritseat S. nir cum-cciset impod i fritset F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;^ dograing H. dotraing S. dodraing F.

doghaingi H. Doidngi S. F. ® ainbte an seoir S. ainbthean seoir F. “ 0 sin anund S. 0 sin anunn F, ^ madbréidhe H. magreidbe F. magbred S.nbsp;“ Ro tart an talam futhu la sicc 7 rood S. ® tosaidh an H. For dognitnbsp;arsin n-equinoctws, S. H. has isin aimsir. ” cowuargaibh S. cowuarccaib F.

The Civil War of the Romang.

return by the same way for fear of his foeman’s attack behind him^.

When Caesar saw that great pressure on his people, he despatched his cavalry to fall on the Pompeians at the othernbsp;side, so that his footsoldiers came safe over the difficulty ofnbsp;the way

The obstacles of the path and the divisions of the borders and the lands prevented the battle till then, and the storm of the air prevented it thenceforward, for then it was midspring,nbsp;and at the beginning of winter great snows had fallen andnbsp;filled the mountains and the plains of Spain. And under themnbsp;the earth hardened and congealed, and by ice and hoarfrostnbsp;the dropping of the clouds was prevented during the season ofnbsp;winter and the beginning of spring.

At the first lunar kindling caused by the vernal equinox, the eastern air grew red and ruddy, while the sun arose in hisnbsp;fiery pavihon up over the ascending colure. And the sunnbsp;warmed and swelled all the watery clouds of the tumultuous air,nbsp;from the countries of India in the east till they were abovenbsp;Spain as a dense, dark swamp of black mist, so that he couldnbsp;hardly illumine so much of the space as came between thenbsp;sky and the earth; and thereafter the verdant semicircle of thenbsp;rainbow shone in the clouds®.

Then by the heat of the sun they were compressed, and they poured in their rain-showers and hailstorms and heavy-

‘ Phars. IV. 32—43: Luce noua collem subito conscendere cursu etc. ® Phars. IV. 43—47: Vidit lapsura ruina Agmina dux eguitemquenbsp;iubet succedere belle etc.

“ Phars. IV. 48—55: Hactenus armorum discrimina; cetera belle Fata dedit uariis incertus metibus aer etc.

12*

In Oath Catharda. H. p. 414—415.

hEspaine. Eo scailset^ Aidu snechtadha na sleibhti* 7 na tu-lach batar i comfocws Ilerdha na hardcat/trach le himad in 2340 nisei 7 le helltesaidhi® na haimsire errehaidhi, cor’ snighset ’nanbsp;srebhaibh 7 ’na sruthanaibh co mbato?quot; ’na n-aibhnibh 7 ’nanbsp;lochaibb lanaidhbhlibh for clarmuighibh cobhsaidhi in tiri.

Srotha bunaidb in tiri ro teib[rinn]set^ co cian dar a mbruachaibh® ar cech le[i]th, 7 ro sceinn® in dile^ sin tar mur-2345 aibh longp/iwirt Césair do cech aird*, co rabhadwr na botha 7nbsp;na pupla®, 7 na sceith 7 airm na \a,Qchxaidi, 7 lointi na slóghnbsp;for snam [7 dirramh F.] sechnon in longp^wirt Msin tola niseinbsp;rainic iat^®.

Nir’ fétsat na slóigh crech na haircthi^’- do denam isin tir 2360air sin, 7^^ ni fnaradwr a n-echradha^® cowair ingelta no férnbsp;no geltadais^*, 7 ro foilghidh na slighthi 7 na comréidhi forra^®,nbsp;cona faiedis cowair^® acht mnllaighii'^ na cnoc 7 benna na sliabh.

IS annsin tainic^* in teidm is tosach do cech teidm 7 is adhbhnr do cech morolc^® .i. in gorta. Cen co raibhi^® achtnbsp;2366 forbhaisi bidhbadh for[r]a''^i, ha hadhhhul méd a n-adhilgnighi^^,nbsp;ar nir’bho [H. p. 415] malairt le fer dibh a indmws nile donbsp;bronnadh ar becc tnara, 7 Aidu biii^® in fer sanntach ann icnbsp;fnlang^'^ na gorta da deoin ’ar creic a bicc 16 in ar indinb^® romor.

Is dodelbha etorthach ro batar mnighe Ilerdha .i. na catA-2360 rach, intan sin ar forbairt in nisei tar cnocaibh 7 tar cailltibh na crich ar enr air a n-ós 7 a n-allta 7 a n-almha 7 a n-

* Roscailid S. Ro scailit F. * snectai na sliabh S. ^ la im-forcraidh na fe’tana 7 la heïltesaidecht S. ¦* teprinset S. teprinnset F. ® sic S. F. da mbruighi H. ^ doirt S. F. ’ diliu S. F. ” daranbsp;mnraib il-longphori CesaiV as each [gach F.] aird S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;® pupil S.

pupliu F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;lasin tola uscidi dos-fanic S. dosfaim'c F. crecha no

airgni S. creca no airccne F. air S. om. F. eich S. F. ** no feir dogeltais 8 no fër no geltais F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro foilgit na slicta 7 na conairi

futhu S. Ro foilccedh na sliochthi 7 na conaire fortu F. don tir S. F.

mullaighi [mullaicce F.] na cnoc 7 henna na sliabh S. F. mullaighi na sliabh 7 na cnoc H.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dosfainic S. dossfainic F. is tossach each

(gacaF.) tedma 7 is cetcomit gacha moruilc S. “ H inserts acht. fortu S. F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a n-adelgni S. a n-aidhilgni F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;7 dawo no bid S. no

bidh F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fulung S. fulance F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ar creic a bécloin ar indium S.

ar creic a bicc loin ar innium F. oc reic a bidh 7 a lóin ar indmus H.

The Civil War of the Romans.

sleeting floods on the lands of Spain. Then the snows of the mountains and the hills near the high city Ilerda dissolvednbsp;from the abundance of the rain and the tepid warmth ofnbsp;springtime, so that they trickled in their streamlets and rillsnbsp;till they became rivers and vast lakes on the firm, level plainsnbsp;of the land.

The original rivers of the country flowed far over their banks on every side; and at every point that flood burst overnbsp;the ramparts of Caesar’s camp, so that the booths and tents,nbsp;and the shields and weapons of the soldiers, and the provisionsnbsp;of the armies were a-floating and crowding (?) throughout thenbsp;camp with the flood of water that reached themb

The troops were therefore unable to raid or forage in that country, and their horses found no way to pasture nor grass tonbsp;graze on. The roads were hidden ^ and the ground was levelnbsp;with them, so that they saw no path save the tops of the hills,nbsp;and the peaks of the mountains.

Then came the disease that is chief of every disease and is cause of every great evil, to wit, famine. Even though theynbsp;suffered nought but beleaguerment by foes, great was their need, fornbsp;none of them could barter, even by giving all his wealth for anbsp;httle sustenance, and the covetous man there was willingly enduring famine, after selling his little food for very great wealth^{1 2}.

Disfigured and barren then were the fields of Ilerda the city from the increase of the water over the hills and woods ofnbsp;the districts, after causing the death of their stags and wild beasts,nbsp;their herds and horses. And in them day was not known from

1

* nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phars. IV. 83—89; lamque Pyrenaeae, quas numquam soluerenbsp;Titan Eualuit, fluxere nines, etc.

2

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phai’8. IV. 90—92: Non pecorum raptus faciles, non pabula mersinbsp;Ulla ferunt sulci; tectarum errore uiariim Fallitur occultis sparsus popu-lator in agria.

° Phars. IV. 93 —97: lamque comes semper magnorum prima ma-lorum Saeua fames aderat, etc.

In Cath Catharda. H. p. 415.

echradh. Ocus ni fes la seoch aidhchi intu, 7 m raibhi a samhail, acht mxail indisteri in t-uardha oighreta do beith cennbsp;aitreibh anmanna 7 cen taircsin^ toraidh.

2365 Acht chena ba lór leisin toicthin® bidhgadh becc 7 frith-bert foill ar cowach Césair; 7 nir’léiccset na déi adhartha loc-cadh don ri'^, uair gér’ mór in tóla 7 in gorta rémhthechtach^ dochuaidh ilconach do Césair ina deghaidh®, uair ro foirset^ nanbsp;dei dó ind'MS® na ba gnatb. Ocms ro gabh [in t-aer S.] dathnbsp;237ocroderg fair Ié fuinedh néll na nóna® in aidchi sin, 7 ro taitinnbsp;grian a buile tesa^® isin niaidin ar[n]amarach, 7 ro gabsat nanbsp;huiscedha for tanugMcl 7 iivmvigiid^^ desin, 7 ro tinnscains[e]atnbsp;na cnuic 7 na caillti turcbail a cenn, 7 ro gab in tir [uili F.]nbsp;a tirmugMt^i^.

2375 O ro scib^® iarMm tuile srotba Sicoir dona muighibh com-foicsibh co tarrwstair a comard^''^ fria bruach, do[g]niter cre-tach^® curach Ie xauiniir Césair do barrghur tsoilechi® do [f]u-aloscaibhi^ in muighe, 7 ro fortuighid 7 ro daingnighid [iat]i® do sechedhaibh assan 7 óccdam fó indtamail^® [na] curachnbsp;2380 gnathaigther Ié cinedhaibh na Üén[et]ecdha2® for sruth Paid,nbsp;nó Ié haitrebh[thaidib] na hEghipti^^ for imdoimnibh srotbanbsp;Ml, no Ié lucA^ innsi Breatan for muincind mara Icht^^. Ocusnbsp;ro tescait na caillti comfoicsi léo, 7 ro léicidb uisci in [tjsrothanbsp;móir for srebhaibb 7 for minsrothaibh becca ass.

2386 Dognitber clardroichet comfuaghthi tairis. Ba ci'an on

1 Feib innister F. ^ taircissin S. taircisin F. ® toichtin S. toic-thiu F. * isi airm ro dligset na dei adartha logha don righ S. is iaram ro dliccset na dei adMrtba logadh don righ F. ® remtechtach S. remthech-tach F. rémhtencthach H. ® tainic an lancotiacli dosum inandiaigb S.nbsp;inadiaidh F. ’ do frithcliathaidhset H. * ro foirseat na dei é. innas S. F.nbsp;’ la fuinidh ngreni S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ro tait [taitni F.] in grian a tuili a teasa S.

for tinadh 7 for tanughudh S. tanuccndfe F. Rogab in tir uile for tirmugud S. ** scip F. ** i comarda S. F. creacta S. crettu F.

craeb sailech F. craeb saileach S. *’ do barrgttr craeb saileach 7 do fualascaigib S. fualascaidhibh F. ro fortuduccit 7 ro dainccen dit nitnbsp;iad F. rofortudugit 7 ro daingendit nitiad S.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;samaiV F.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;fo

samail na cwrach gnathaighit na Uenetecda S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;no na hEgeptecda S.

nó na hEcceptacda F. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sic S. Icrit H.

The Civil War of the Eomans.

night. There was nothing like it save what is said of the icy frigid zone, that it is without dwelling of animals and withoutnbsp;proffer of fruit