Utrecht University catalogue of PLANT collections

’SIBLIOTHÊÊK DER RIJKS UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT

2360 943 5

Botanie Gardens

Utrecht, The Netherlands

1992

We are very grateful to the Biology Faculty of Utrecht University for the generous financial support in the publication of this CATALOGUE OF PLANT COLLECTIONS, 1992.

Copyright © 1992 by Utrecht University, Biology Faculty, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the Director, Utrecht Botanic Gardens, P.O. Box 80.162, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Art Director and Photo Editor;

Dick Smit,

Cover design. Lay-out, and Illustrations;

Bart Landman,

Department of Image Processing amp;nbsp;Design, Biology Faculty

ISBN 0-03-023417-4

The Catalogue is printed on Chlorine free wood-free uncoated offset paper.

Utrecht Botanic Gardens

P.O. Box 80.162

3508 TD Utrecht

The Netherlands

Editorial staff:

Bert J.W. van den Wollenberg

Jan Tolsma

Jaap Vos

Vijko P.A. Lukkien

Arie Oudijk

With contributions of:

Vernon H. Heywood

( par. 1.3.1)

Marinus J.A. Werger

( preface )

Hans W.G. Pfeiffer

( par. 2.5.3)

Karel J.M. Bonsen

( par. 2.5.4 .1 )

Preface

THE BOTANIC GARDEN is a very old inslilulion, but in the course of time its orientation and some of its main functions regularly changed, though it always remained important for education and instruction.

In recent decades it became too costly for most botanic gardens to maintain large, general, taxonomically ordered collections. Cooperation, division of tasks, and specialization became necessary and enabled the participating gardens to strengthen their roles as stores and keepers of important and viable collections of gene banks. This function has become increasingly important in the present age of gene manipulation, biotechnology and collapsing biodiversity and complies with a World-Wide call for conservation. By recognizing this new set of scientific, social, and public obligations, the modern botanic garden moved from a static collection to a dynamic institution.

Utrecht Botanic Gardens is such an active, modern institution, participating in a network, and complying with a set of agreements. It has an active and central position serving scientific research and scientific education; it actively develops facilities and projects for the education of the general public on a variety of contemporary topics; and it is active on conservation, particularly with respect to its specialized holdings of plant collections. These specializations comprise, amongst others.

4

the neotropical collection, the arboretum, and the large collections of Sedum and Silene. Proper functioning of a modern botanic garden in an international network requires that an up-to-date catalogue is available. A catalogue is invaluable as a source of information on current holdings of plant collections and it provides the basis for cooperation on an international level. It is, therefore, with pride that we publish this new, completely updated edition of our Catalogue of Plant Collections of Utrecht Botanic Gardens. Apart from the standard information provided in previous editions, this catalogue gives testimony to the importance Utrecht Botanic Gardens attribute to the preservation of threatened plants in the gardens’ collections by indicating the state of threat to the taxa in our collection. I am sure that this catalogue, compiled with so much dedication by the Utrecht Botanic Gardens staff, will meet with interest and serve its function in the international community.

Marinus J.A. Werger, Dean, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University

Utrecht, August 1992

5

Geography

Geographical position of the Main Garden..................52 06 N : 5 11 E

Mean daily minimum of the coldest month............................- 0,6°C

Mean daily maximum of the warmest month........................ 21,6 °C

Highest temperature........................................... 36,8 °C *

Lowest temperature............................................- 24,8 °C *

Average rainfall .................................................803 mm

* Monitored since 1849

6

Utrecht Botanic Gardens is divided over two locations, situated at

’Fort Hoofddijk’

(Main Garden; 7 ha., and Environment Monitor: 6 ha.)

Budapesllaan 17

University centre ‘De Uithof’, Utrecht

Utrecht is:

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;30 km East of Amsterdam

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;60 min. by train from Amsterdam Airport

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;45 min. by car (motorway A9 and A2 to Utrecht)

Utrecht Botanic Gardens ‘Fort Hoofddijk’ is:

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;4 km east from the centre of Utrecht

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Easy to reach by public transport from Utrecht Central Station

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;by car; motorway A28, branch off at ‘De Uithof’, follow the signs ‘Botanische Tuinen’

’Von Gimborn Arboretum’

(Satellite Garden; 27 ha.)

Vossensteinsesteeg 8

Doorn

Doorn is

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;15 km east of Utrecht

The arboretum is:

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;20 min by car from Utrecht

(A12 to Arnhem, branch off at Driebergen)

• • nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Easy to reach by Public Transport

7

Introduction

Since the publication of our previous Catalogue of Plant Collections in 1986, Utrecht Botanic Gardens has seen many major changes. Five out of the six satellite Gardens have been brought together into one Main Garden: Fort Hoofddijk in the university centre ‘De Uithof’, leaving only one satellite Garden, the Von Gimborn Arboretum. This centralization has been completed in 1991. A long period of building and relocation has thus ended.

One of the most pronounced results of the operation is the modern Greenhouse Complex. This complex contains a research section with 28 separate growing units, three growth-chambers, in which temperature, relative humidity, and light are well-conditioned, and a tropical section of six units and a reception and teaching area.

In both the Main Garden Fort Hoofddijk, and the Von Gimborn Arboretum elaborate facilities for the general public have been introduced. Both locations now each possess an entrance building with an information centre. In relation with this, our staff has been enlarged with an education officer, and a large group of volunteers run the shop, information desk and guided tours.

In association with the extension of the environmental education in the Gardens, two new garden sections have been designed and at this moment partly realized. These are the ‘Environment Monitor’ (1989) and the ‘Theme’ Gardens (in preparation for 1992/93). Apart from that, the lay-out of the Systematic Garden has been changed thoroughly to improve its use.

The tasks of Utrecht Botanic Gardens have been changing over the last few years. New target groups have been added and the services to existing groups have been elaborated. The diversification and growth has been especially notable in the experimental work. In some cases new project groups have been added, e.g. Phytopathology.

8

At present several contracts with horticultural companies have been signed. Special emphasis is on the improvement of horticultural products.

New aims in the field of Conservation have been formulated.

Several tasks will emerge from these aims and these will become an important part of the work. E.g. the Garden’s gene bank policy is undergoing change, to incorporate more threatened Dutch plants, especially ligneous plants.

Some educational programmes have already been adapted to these new aims. Our intention is to establish close cooperation with botanic gardens in the neotropics. Several preparations have already been made.

The survey of our collections is accompanied by the WCMC-code (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) of threatened plants. This has only been possible through the excellent cooperation with Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI, Diana Wyse Jackson). An important recent addition compared to the previous edition of the catalogue is the large collection of Sedum which has been added to our database in 1992. The research collection Silene still has to be incorporated. The Sedum collection in particular is a part of the total collection with a high ‘Conservation Value’.

Finally I would like to use this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation for all those who, day after day, contribute to the maintenance of our living colle ctions.

Last but not least I would like to express my thanks to all those who have contributed in one way or another to the realization of this catalogue . All participants have done a lot of work in very little time.

Vijko P.A. Lukkien, Director, Utrecht Botanic Gardens

9

Contents

Preface (Marinus D. Werger)

Geography

Introduction (Vijko P.A. Lukkien)

Part A

Utrecht Botanic Gardens:

organization and activities

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Past and Present

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;History

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Present

• 1.2.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Organization

• 1.2.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Living collections (Curators’ Office)

• 1.2.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Education (Education Office)

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Utrecht Botanic Gardens: Future plans

• 1.3.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The role of botanic gardens in conservation

• 1.3.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Further developments at Utrecht Botanic Gardens in the near future

• 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Survey of projects and activities serviced by Utrecht Botanic Gardens

• 2.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Scientific Research Projects

• 2.1.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biology Faculty

• 2.1.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pharmaceutical Faculty

10

• 2.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Scientific Education Projects

• 2.2.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biology Faculty

• 2.2.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Inter Faculty

• 2.2.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pharmaceutical Faculty

• 2.2.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

• 2.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Growers and Horticultural Institutions

• 2.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;General public ...................................,... 30

• 2.4.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Environment Monitor.

• 2.4.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Systematic Garden

• 2.5 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Closely related organizations

• 2.5.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Interlink projects

• 2.5.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Service to Societies amp;nbsp;Exhibitions

• 2.5.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Wachendorff Foundation (Hans W.G. Pfeiffer)

• 2.5.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Dutch Botanic Gardens Foundation

• 2.5 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. 4 .1 The Decentralized National Plantcollection (Karel J.M. Bonsen). 34

• 2.5 .4.2 The National Network of Education Officers of Botanic Gardens in The Netherlands (the ‘L0ED')

• 3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Maintaining quality collections

• 3.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Curators’ Office

• 3.1.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Documentation

• 3.1.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Identification

• 3.1.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Specialization

• 3.1.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Labelling

• 3.1.5 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Seedbank

• 3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Brief survey of Garden specializations

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Part B Data of the living collections

Part C

Acknowledgements amp;nbsp;Appendices

Acknowledgements

Appendix 1 Literature cited in the text

Appendix 2 Technical details on BUD2

Appendix 3

Definitions used for the Decentralized

National Plantcollection

Appendix 4

Botanic Gardens participating in the Decentralized National Plantcollection

Appendix 5

Explanation of collectors codes used in the catalogue

Appendix 6 Users directions

Index to generic and family names

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Part A

Utrecht Botanic Gardens: organization and activities

1 Past and Present

This chapter deals with the various aspects of the organization, activities, and future plans of Utrecht Botanic Gardens.

1 . 1 History

Despite the fact that the present-day residences of Utrecht Botanic Gardens are of fairly recent date, the history goes way back to 1639.

This includes the Botanic Gardens amongst the oldest, still existing university gardens of The Netherlands.

On March 11, 1639, the initial Hortus was laid out on the stronghold ‘Sonnenburch’ within the city boundaries of Utrecht.

In 1650, Henricus Regius (1598-1679), in his capacity as director, published the first Garden Catalogue. The collection at that time consisted of 678 species, including varieties and cultivars, of pre-dominantly medicinal and ornamental plants. In 1724 the Hortus moved to a new site, also within the city walls of Utrecht, along one of the city canals, called the ‘Nieuwegracht’. The first greenhouse, heated on peat, dates from 1726.

It took until well after 1900 before this small garden developed into a large complex of Gardens, scattered within the Utrecht Province. This expansion started with the acquisition of ‘Cantonspark’, at Baarn, in 1920, followed by the estate ‘Sand-wijek' in 1963, as satellite Gardens.

A special position is attained by the Von Gimborn Arboretum at Doorn, which, after the death of the ink manufacturer Max Von Gimborn, was bought by Utrecht University.

At about the same time, in 1964, a start was made in the construction and lay-out of a botanic garden at ‘Fort Hoofddijk’ in the new university centre ‘De Uithof’, the present-day ‘Main Garden”. This lay-out, in the first instance, concerned the

14

construction of a Rock Garden, followed by a Systematic Garden. Finally, the actual concentration of activities at Fort Hoofddijk, the Main Garden Project, was initiated in 1987. This was effectuated by a large-scale move of collections from both the ‘Cantons-park’ at Baarn, and from the estate ‘Sandwijck’ at ‘De Bilt’ (near Utrecht) in 1988 (Lukkien et al. 1989).

The concentration process has been concluded in 1991, by moving the research activities at the Hortus at the ‘Nieuwegracht’, to the new research facilities at Fort Hoofddijk, combined with the most recent addition of new greenhouses for the ■ project-group Phytopathology of the Willy Commelin-Scholten Institute, which moved from Baarn to Utrecht.

1 . 2 Present

Main Garden amp;nbsp;Arboretum

Today, Utrecht Botanic Gardens comprises two locations, viz. the Main Garden, called ‘Fort Hoofddijk’, at the Utrecht University centre, ‘De Uithof’, on the outskirts of Utrecht, and the Von Gimborn Arboretum, situated halfway between the municipalities of Driebergen and Doorn.

The Main Garden, Fort Hoofddijk, comprises a number of separate garden sections, a.o. the Systematic Garden, Rock Garden amp;nbsp;Alpine House, Greenhouse Complex, Research Fields, Nature Trail, Environment Monitor, Weed Field, Peat Bog, and small Heather Garden.

Although the name ‘Utrecht Botanic Gardens‘ suggest several indépendant gardens, reflecting mainly a past situation of scattered localities, today the emphasis lies the singular organization, in terms of management, staff, and financial organization.

1.2.1 Organization

Utrecht Botanic Gardens is part of Utrecht University. Functionally, it is answerable directly to the Biology Faculty. Although Utrecht Botanic Gardens has no Technical Department of its own, it can rely on the University Technical Department for support. This also applies for other services, such as Security, Printing Office, Institute for Educational Media, etc.

Utrecht Botanic Gardens employs 24 staff. For activities for the general public, volunteers are indispensable. First of all the information and reception desk, but also for guided tours.

15

Utrecht Botanic Gardens receives its regular budget from two sources, viz. the Biology Faculty, and from Utrecht University. The budget from the Biology Faculty is for the service rendered to research groups, whereas the budget from the University level is paid for more general services.

Due to the increasing importance of efficiency, there is a constant tendency to increase labour productivity.

In the past five years, this has been achieved mainly through the centralization of 5 out of 6 separate Gardens into the Main Garden, abandoning all but one satellites. Now that this centralization is over, new ways have to be explored. In more extensive use of machines and computers, efficiency can still be improved.

Because research projects and experiments succeed each other frequently, and a botanic garden possesses a large variety of plants, the mechanization level found in corporations will never be established. In the Greenhouse Complex, mechanization is rather elaborate.

From 1975 onward there has been a rapid development regarding glasshouse types and equipment. Contemporary research requires these modern facilities. The Greenhouse Complex, in its current form, is divided in 32 compartments, and totals 5000 m^. The climate in the compartments can be regulated separately. Some of these compartments are supplied with a cooling system, to prevent temperatures from exceeding a selected set standard during summer. The tropical and subtropical greenhouse of 1,050 m^ has a ridge height of over 9 m, and houses the general tropical and subtropical collection. A special computer manages the climatic conditions of all compartments. This process-computer controls heating, ventilation (opening and closing of windows), shading, humidity, illumination, and cooling. All this taking in account outside temperature, wind direction and velocity, and light conditions. The information of these factors is fed to the computer by the meteorological station of the Greenhouse Complex. In order to guarantee a reliable energy supply, an adequate auxiliary energy supply system is present.

For specific scientific experiments, three growth-chambers are present, in which the climatic conditions can be maintained extremely accurate, and in which day and night cycles can be manipulated.

Automation of irrigation is very difficult, due to the high diversity of plant species, and the frequent variation of scientific experiments. For irrigation water, rainwater is used, which is gathered in a storage basin. Furthermore, tap water can be made suitable for sprinkling, through reversed osmosis.

Most greenhouses are fitted with aluminium benches, on which up to medium sized plants can be grown. Next to the Greenhouse Complex the Research Area is

17

situated (2.5 ha.). Here, outdoor scientific experiments can take place. On the Research Area an unheated polythene tunnel greenhouse is present, which both provides better working conditions, and winter protection for vulnerable crops. Furthermore, cold frames are also available. The hardy plants used for educational purposes are also grown here.

• 1.2.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Living collections (Curators’ Office)

The living collections arc maintained by the Curators’ Office (sec chapter 3). The living collections, according to the latest computer counting now comprise 7,190 species and subspecific taxa, 2,460 different cultivars, of 267 families. Of these taxa, we now hold over 15,000 entries.

The living collections can be divided into a basic collection, research collections. Garden Specializations, educational holdings, threatened plants, and useful plants. These collections partly overlap, due to multiple use.

In order to maintain scientifically worthwhile collections, the Curators’ Office possesses a library, and the extensive botanical library of the Institute of Systematic Botany is close at hand. Furthermore, taxonomists from this institute can be consulted on plants from the neotropics. The bulk of the identifications however, is done by the Curator’s Office.

Within the living collections, apart from the research collections, the Garden Specializations exemplify highlights, both in quality and expertise. International cooperation concerning these specializations is now under development, after a worldwide inventory amongst botanic gardens working on each of our specializations, in 1991.

• 1.2.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Education (Education Office)

Education in Utrecht Botanic Gardens can be divided in two main categories, scientific education and general education.The Gardens always have been involved in scientific education. This was limited to service in terms of plants and support in scientific education. Since a few years the Gardens are actively involved in teaching. Staff members participate in teaching courses such as ‘Neotropical Flora', ‘Flora, Geology, and Landscape‘ and ‘Environmental Education‘.

General education can be divided into two groups; education for secondary-school or college students on one hand, and educational activities for the general public on the other (e.g. Benthem et al. 1989). This is a recent development (since 1989).

Special school-programmes are being developed on several subjects such as dispersion, adaptation, and environment. Leaflets, brochures, panels etc. are made to

18

introduce particular themes to the general public. Examples of these are ‘Scent and Smeir, ‘Botanical Facts in Folkstories‘ (Kuhn 1991a, 1991b), ‘Plant Systematics and Evolution‘, ‘Landscape Dynamics‘.

At the Arboretum several means of education are used. Most often guided tours are provided, but at several occasions each year a special (temporary) trail is designed. At present one permanent trail is laid out, which covers the native Dutch trees in the collection.

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. 3 Utrecht Botanic Gardens: Future plans

Today, more challenges are to be met by botanic gardens than in the past. Social issues inevitably must affect the goals of these institutions. The most important issue is the global threat to ecosystems, as the result of large-scale deforestation, global warming, and chemical waste. Such issues cannot be ignored, and although an individual botanic garden can only make small contributions to resolving these problems, concerted effort can amount to substantial results (Jong 1985a; Ley ct al. 1990). The next paragraph sums up the various contributions, botanic gardens can make.

• 1.3.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The role of botanic gardens in conservation

it is now widely recognized that botanic gardens can and should be major players in the conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity. Indeed, there are probably no institutions more suited than botanic gardens to take on an active role in various aspects of plant conservation such as:

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;plant exploration and introduction

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;cultivation and propagation techniques

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;seed physiology, germination and storage

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ex situ conservation such as seed banking, in vitro storage, field gene banks, clonal collections, pollen banking

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;in situ conservation and monitoring of target species in small-scale reserves

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;research into floral biology, reproductive biology, population structure, genetic and chemical variation in populations

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;public education at various levels, exhibitions and displays

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;technical training

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;species recovery plans

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;réintroductions and habitat restorations

19

Already more than half of the world’s 1,600 botanic gardens and arboreta are engaged to some extent in plant conservation activities and in virtually all the gardens being newly established in the tropics, resource conservation is a primary aim. The BGCI database on the occurrence of rare or threatened plants in botanic gardens already holds nearly 30,000 records of about 10,000 taxa in 400 different institutions. About a third of botanic gardens report having seed banks of some sort with at least 144 of these having low temperature storage facilities. The tendency today is for gardens to grow mainly or exclusively material of known wild origin so that all accessions have a potential value for conservation studies.

An enormous challenge faces botanic gardens if they are to develop their role as the leading centres for the conservation of wild plant resources. New, more rigorous and scientific techniques have to be adopted and cooperative links have to be developed at a local, national, regional and international level with other conservation organizations. Plant conservation cannot be undertaken by botanic gardens operating in isolation but through contributing their part to integrated conservation strategies.

it is essential to keep the public informed and even though most visitors to botanic gardens are seeking peace, tranquillity and recreation, many will respond well if a well-designed conservation message is conveyed to them through labels, displays, exhibitions, leaflets, audiovisuals or special events. As whole plant botany gradually disappears from the academic scene, (a negative development in view of the necessity for monitoring the threat to biodiversity scientifically), botanic gardens are now beginning to occupy centre stage as far as the study, use and conservation of plant diversity is concerned.

Vernon H. Heywood, director. Botanic Gardens Conservation International

• 1.3.2 Further developments at Utrecht Botanic Gardens in the near future

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Strengthening of the services provided for projects in the fields of scientific research, education and commercial horticulture.

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Maintenance and improvement of the quality of the collections. This is amongst others achieved through focusing on specializations in the framework of the Decentralized National Plantcollection. Both national and international coordination and tuning of the collections will be pursued.

20

Development of programmes together with a set of activities which contribute to the protection of biodiversity both nationally and internationally. Close cooperation with botanic gardens in the temperate and tropical regions is vital. Development of the future policy concerning the Von Gimborn Arboretum. In September 1991 a long-term programme (Lukkien et al 1991) for the Von Gimborn Arboretum was drawn up and presented to the Board of Utrecht University (CvB). Following this presentation, both the Board of the University and the Board of the Biology Faculty have agreed with the programme and made available financial support for it. The programme provides a blockwise renovation and if necessary a replacement of specimens, in order to maintain the collection for the future.

Apart from that the programme provides several horticultural and technical improvements which will influence the future exploitation of the Arboretum in a positive way.

Further development of education and of services to the general public. Here several projects are worth mentioning.

Theme Garden project

The ‘Theme' Garden is an educational garden, specially designed to facilitate education on living plants. The garden has to serve an educational purpose for all visitors. It is not intended to be a leisure garden, but a place for learning. Special in the design is that it is accessible to disabled visitors. The learning-aspect has to apply to all visitors, whether they are disabled or not.

There is a ‘wind-chime', which is one of the adaptations for disabled, providing visually disabled visitors an opportunity to orient themselves to sounds. Other adaptations are: raised beds, sufficiently wide paths, no steps or other barriers, and a logical lay-out. The extra challenge lies in the presentation of the plants in such a way that the use of more sense-organs, than the eye alone, is encouraged.

Guided tours

Development of the guided tours, information desk and shop.The number of guided tours is increasing. To meet the demands a training course for guides has been developed. The first course (1992) attracted over 30 new guides. Apart from tours 'on request', there are also tours on preset times and days. These are very popular with our visitors.

The information desk and shop are both popular facilities. The volunteers running these two are regularly updated on the developments in the Gardens and they receive an adapted training, based on the training course for guides. Thus, they can answer most questions.

21

2 Survey of projects and activities serviced by Utrecht Botanic Gardens

The service rendered by Utrecht Botanic Gardens to the various ‘customer‘-groups is very diverse, and depends mainly on the specific requirements of each individual project.

Service may vary from growing plants, under very specified conditions for research, for scientific education, participation of Garden staff in teaching scientific courses, providing data on collections of plants, (assistance in) organizing exhibitions, etc.

2 . 1 Scientific Research Projects

Introduction

The first two paragraphs of this chapter list the research to which Utrecht Botanic Gardens renders service in terms of growing plants, which disappear after a certain period, due to use in research. These projects are listed briefly. The service, concerning the maintenance of more permanent research collections, not constituting a well defined family or genus, is explained in more detail here.

When constituting a family or genus, e.g. Annonaceae, however, a short description of the service is given here, and reference is made to the more elaborate explanation given in the data-section (Part B), preceding that particular taxon.

The next paragraphs deal with service to various other groups.

References are quoted briefly, full references are given in appendix 1.

2.1.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biology Faculty

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Herbarium

Project-leader: Dr. P.J.M. Maas

Project: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Annonaceae project. A multidisciplinary project aiming at a clas

sification of the family and a revision of the neotropical genera.

Publications: Koek-Noorman et al. 1990; Maas et al. 1984-1985; 1987; 1992a;

Mennega 1989; Setten et al. 1986; 1990; Westra 1985.

22

Note; A more elaborate review concerning the Annonaceae research collection is given in the heading of the this family in the data section.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Herbarium

Project-leader: Dr. P.J.M. Maas

Project; Flora of the Guianas. A modern, critical flora of Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, designed to treat phanerogams as well as cryptogams.

Publications: Berg 1992; Gouda 1987; Jansen-Jacobs 1988; Polak 1992;

Stcegc 1990. The latter two are the result of the cooperation between Utrecht University and the Tropenbos Foundation.

The aim of this project is to produce the ‘Flora of the Guianas*. The project-group coordinates the project and participates together with the botanical institutions of Berlin, Cayenne, Georgetown, Kew, New York, Paramaribo, Paris and Washington and with specialists of other herbaria. The editorial office of the ‘Flora of the Guianas‘ is at the Utrecht Herbarium (A.R.A. Görts-van Rijn, M.J. Jansen-Jacobs). The natural vegetation of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana) is extremely rich. It is estimated that over 10,000 species of Angiosperms, more than 1,000 Bryophyte taxa, and about 800 fern species are found in this region. Many of them are new to science. Where large parts of the rainforests of the world arc endangered, the thinly populated Guianas are relatively undisturbed and an excellent area to study the composition of natural resources.

The flora will be a critical treatment of the plant taxa occurring in the Guianas. It will deal, in principle, with phanerogams and cryptogams. It is based on studies of living and dried (herbarium) collections and of relevant literature.

The flora is designed not only for use by taxonomists. Data gathered during the studies of the various plant groups will be accessible for different users. Whenever possible, it will contain data on the economic value and use (e.g. horticulture), and chapters on wood anatomy of timber-supplying families.

Aims for the living collection

For the project the project-group requires living plants of families that are studied by Utrecht specialists. These families are a.o. Piperaceae, Violaceae, and Zingiber-aceae (including Costaceae). Apart from this, a general collection of neotropical taxa is necessary to introduce the flora to botanists and students who intend to work in the neotropics by means of a training course (see par. 2.2.1).

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Programme

Expansion and improvement of the greenhouse collection for the training course, as well as further development of the greenhouse specialization on neotropical plant species. For this, a seed-collecting trip to Guyana will be undertaken by a staff member of Utrecht Botanic Gardens in 1992. The trip would not have been possible without the generous support by the Biology Faculty, both in terms of money and otherwise.

Note: A more elaborate review concerning the Crassulaceae research collection is given in the heading of this family in the data part.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Biochemistry and Evolutionary Biology of Higher Plants

Project-leader: Dr. J. van Brederode

Project: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Patterns of variation in Silene.

Publications: Brederode et al. 1987; Nigtevecht et al. 1990; Prentice 1987;

Sandbrink et al. 1989; 1990; 1991.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Evolutionary Genetics

Project-leader: Dr. G.E.W. Thörig

24

25

26

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chemical Pharmacy

Project-group: Pharmacognostics

Project-leader: Dr. W.G. van der Sluis

Project: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Education-based research in Pharmacognostics

Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ossenkoppele et al. 1991.

2 . 2 Scientific Education Projects

2.2.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biology Faculty

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Herbarium

Project-leader: Dr. P.J.M. Maas

Scientific training course: Neotropical Flora.

Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Maas et al. 1992b.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Biology amp;nbsp;Geology (interdepartmental)

Project-group: working-group of the Project-group Herbarium, the Department

of Palaeobotany and Palynology, and the Botanic Gardens

Project-leader: coordinator: A.R.A. Görts - Van Rijn

Scientific training course: Flora, Geology and Landscape.

Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lukkien et al. 1992; Westra 1992.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Phytopathology

Project-leader: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. van Loon

Scientific training course: Plant Pathology

Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Manual.

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Botanical Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology

Project-group: Phytopathology

Project-leader: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. van Loon

Scientific training course: Environmental Biology

Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Manual.

27

28

2.2.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Veterinary sciences

Project-group: Practical Teaching in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Project-leader: Dr. G.H. Veenendaal

Scientific training course: Plants affecting animal health: pharmacological and toxicological aspects.

Publications: Teaching Manual

Department: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition

Project-group: nbsp;nbsp;Zootechnology: Animal Nutrition

Project-leader: Prof. Dr. A.Th. van ‘t Klooster

Scientific training course: Recognition of (poisonous) grassland-plants. Publications: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Klooster et al. 1992.

2 . 3 Growers and Horticultural Institutions

Contracts, settling the cooperation between Utrecht Botanic Gardens and commercial growers have become of increasing importance in the past few years. The introduction of new species, suitable as additions to the current commercial assortment, nowadays requires more attention, in the form of research and development projects, spanning several years. Botanic gardens, with their specialist knowledge regarding many species, are capable of conducting accurate and specific research on the desired characteristics which should distinguish these plant-products. Concerning this, resistance to pests and diseases, as well as aspects of improvement and propagation, play a major role. For house plants, e.g., it is of utmost importance to add such species as can be grown at lower temperatures and humidity.

The largest Ficus-growzi in The Netherlands, who sells many thousands of plants to the wholesale per year, and Utrecht Botanic Gardens, have committed themselves by contract to test several new introductions on usefulness, which may become eligible for mass production.

Also commercial growers of ornamental trees and shrubs are very interested in reaching separate agreements, in order to insure product innovation in ornamental flowering shrubs or bacciferrous shrubs (e.g. Euonymus).

Reference-collections, as present in the Von Gimborn Arboretum,are of great use to commercial growers, in order to provide (contemporary) taxonomic opinions.

29

2 . 4 General public

Introduction

The general public has only recently become a target-group of Utrecht Botanic Gardens. The Gardens have been open for the public since the beginning of the century but without any facilities. It took until 1989 before a structural policy to welcome visitors was introduced (Koot et al. 1987; Nijst et al. 1988; Athmer 1989). Facilities were added to the Gardens.

Now this has developed into a service involving one full-time staff member, 16 volunteers running our shop and information-centre, and 44 guides. The number of visitors has increased from approximately 25,000 to over 60,000 in three years. This growth is expected to continue for several years to come.

The basis of the work of Utrecht Botanic Gardens is the scientific use of the collection. This is also reflected in the general education. It means trying to incorporate botanical information into every activity undertaken for the public. Recreation remains the main attraction, but for those visitors who want to learn something about plants, as much information as possible is provided. In order to provide the public a different view on plants, several projects have been initiated. One of the most important projects is the ‘Theme' Garden. Another example is ‘Environment Monitor‘. Extra activities are e.g. guided tours (for more information see par. 1.3).

Several parts of the Gardens and their educational use are mentioned below. Environmental education is an important use of our Garden and plant collections. The ‘Buitenfort‘ Garden for native plants, the Weed Field, the Peat Bog and the Environment Monitor are examples. These were all introduced to show visitors what can be done about the loss of plant species through human activities. One of the main ideas is, to demonstrate that disappearance of species is not a one-way process, but that it is a result of human behaviour, and can for an important part be reversed by developing long-term plans for sustainable use.

2.4.1 The Environment Monitor

The Environment Monitor started in 1989. In that year the city of Utrecht donated a footpath through this area to the Botanic Gardens, thus opening up the area for visitors. The key-word in this project is dynamics.

The aim is to show visitors that the landscape as we know it, is the result of a series of human influences. A different choice results in a change of landscape (Winkel el al. 1990).

30

The Environment Monitor is a large-scale project. Eight hectares of mixed origin are used as a showcase of human influence on the landscape. The major part (50%) of this area is grassland, used for grazing, and it was also used as a hay-field: fertilized at least once a year, and the grass cut several times a year. Sometimes animals were grazing on it. The remaining area consists of several parts of the old estate ‘Sandwijck‘, one of our former locations. Il contains a hay-field, a grove, a coppice, a wooded bank, and several ditches.

In 1989 it was decided to change part of the grassland (appr. 20% of the total area). Fertilization was slopped, and grass-cutting reduced to once a year. The result of this change already shows. The grassland is changing colour, from green to blue-green, and Ihe number of plant-species is increasing. A series of four monitoring-squares gives an idea of the most important processes involved in this change. They reveal the effects of fertilizers, of cutting, and of the removal of all plant material to expose the dormant seeds in the soil.

The coppice (willow, Salix) had been seriously neglected in the past. In 1990 the entire area was cut, in 1992 1/3 of the area, and the latter will be repealed every two years. This way a coppice with three different ages is created. Each of these is accompanied by its own vegetation composition.

One of the ditches in lime had completely filled up with swamp-vegetation. Half of this dilch was cleaned, and this now is left to develop into a swamp again. This will show the various stages of succession in the vegetation.

The grove originally was a coppice of Common Oak (Quercus robur), Common Aider (Alnus glutinosa) and Common Ash (Fraxinus exelsior). It has been neglected for many years. We leave this area to develop into a more natural forest. These are some examples of the changes which were introduced into the landscape. The change is documented in several ways. Every year, since 1989, an inventory of the plant species in the area is made. The moments on which introductions were made, or changes noticed, were also documented. These data are made available for the public through signs placed along the path ( Leeuwen 1991), and are updated every year.

A programme for primary schools has been completed so that children learn to notice changes in their surroundings (Klein Wassink 1992).

2.4.2 The Systematic garden

Modern plant-systematics is based on evolutionary relationships between plants. These are not always visible. Add to this that systematic information is complex and statistical and a systematic garden starts loosing its appeal.

31

The Systematic Garden at Fort Hoofddijk has been re-developed to be an educational tool for students. Its lay-out can also be used to inform the general public about the evolutionary changes in the Plant Kingdom. One aspect of this development is highlighted. The choice fell on ‘plant reproduction and the role of animals in plant reproduction*. This choice was made because flowers are the most characteristic parts of most plants, and at the same time are considered bearing the most important characteristics in taxonomy. Reproduction is a central theme in systematics and the active participation of animals in this process is something which intrigues many people.

The general idea is that starting from the magnolias the flowers of plants adapted more and more to specific ways of pollination during evolution. Some developed towards wind-pollination, others specialized in insect genera or species.

The information-system follows the lay-out of the Systematic Garden (see colour illustrations). Each path leads through a main evolutionary group. Each group has its own story. These stories have been developed in 1992 (Willems et al. 1992) and the general approach is as follows.

32

At the start of each path there is a sign introducing the main events in pollination which will occur along the path. At several plant-beds, each containing one or more families, one example is given. This is done with three or four eyecatchers. At the end of each path, a sign summarizes what happened along the path. The system is completed with some extra information on plant systematics and the system used at Utrecht Botanic Gardens (Cronquist 1981).

A booklet on the subject is in preparation.

• 2 . 5 Closely related organizations

• 2.5.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Interlink projects

Utrecht Botanic Gardens actively participates in several working-groups of Utrecht University. The University is involved in several projects to inform as many people as possible about the work carried out at the University. The vehicle for this is the science-festival, often linked to a special anniversary. In these cases the university serves as a contact between both internal and external groups. Such projects are called ‘interlink' projects.

The Botanic Gardens has been involved in several of these projects. Active participation in these festivals is sought. ‘Scent and SmelT was such a festival in which a multi-disciplinary approach gave many departments within the University the opportunity to present their work. The areas covered ranged from social sciences to chemistry. The Gardens participated by organizing a special scent-trail, explaining the biological role of scent and smell in the plant kingdom. Scent and Smell was the first activity in a row which has been continued in the last four years. Other examples are ‘Heart of the Netherlands‘, ‘Ears and Hearing‘ and esp.

‘Science Week Junior‘. The latter is a University-based working group which links primary schools to scientific institutions. Each year a theme is introduced in which one-week projects can be organised by the participating institutions. One example of these projects in the Gardens is ‘You can taste were it comes from‘, a multicultural education programme on the origin of food.

• 2.5.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Service to societies amp;nbsp;Exhibitions

Utrecht Botanic Gardens is the home base for the ‘Nederlandse Rotsplanten Werk-groep‘, the Dutch Rock Garden Society. Two staff members of Utrecht Botanic Garden are member of the board of this Society. The aim of the Society is to improve specialist knowledge on Rock Garden plants, and to involve a larger audi-

33

ence. The ‘Nederlandse Rotsplanten Werkgroep' is an active society which organizes regular meetings, an annual plant show at Utrecht Botanic Gardens, a number of plant exchange amp;nbsp;sales days, and issues a newsletter.

In cooperation with the ‘Kring ‘t Gooi van de Nederlandse 0rchideeënvereniging‘, a regional section of the Dutch Orchid Society, Utrecht Botanic Gardens regularly organizes an Orchid exhibition.

2.5.3 Wachendorff Foundation

The Wachendorff Foundation organizes the friends supporting the activities of Utrecht Botanic Gardens.

Concerning the task of Utrecht Botanic Gardens to inform the public on social issues relating to plants and habitats, the Wachendorff Foundation provides support. It aims at expanding the awareness and public support for the activities and events planned by Utrecht Botanic Gardens, on a local and regional level.

The name ‘Wachcndorff‘ is derived from Prof. Dr. E.J. van Wachendorff, who published one of the first catalogues of plantcollcctions of Utrecht Botanic Gardens, back in 1747, called ‘Horti Ultrajcctini Index‘.

At that time he developed his own taxonomic system, which he used for the layout of the Hortus. The famous binomial system by Linnaeus was published just a few years later, in 1753.

The Wachendorff Foundation consists of 1400 regular donors, who feel closely linked to the Gardens in one way or another. These friends pay an annual subscription, through which they contribute to specific projects undertaken by Utrecht Botanic Gardens. The donors have free access to both locations of Utrecht Botanic Gardens, and are charged reduces fees during exhibitions.

The Board of the Wachendorff Foundation also organizes visits to other gardens in The Netherlands, lectures, and meetings on particular subjects, for the donors. The Board also raises funds by approaching individuals, (potential donors), and corporate and cultural organizations. Thus, many projects were financially supported which otherwise would not have possible.

Last, but not least, the Foundation issues a newsletter thrice a year, which is dispersed amongst the donors and (potential) sponsors. This newsletter is named ‘Hortus‘. The front cover is illustrated with a drawing of Wachendorfia thyrsiflora!

Hans W.G. Pfeiffer

Chairman, Wachendorff Foundation

34

2.5.4 The Dutch Botanic Gardens Foundation

In 1989 the Dutch Botanic Garden Foundation was formed, to coordinate and facilitate activities of the botanic gardens already cooperating in the Decentralized National Plantcollection (Jong 1984).

2 . 5 . 4 . 1 The Decentralized National Plantcollcction

The Decentralized National Plantcollection contains high-grade plant collections, distributed over 20 botanic gardens in The Netherlands (Bonscn et al. 1992). The plantcollections comprise about 45,000 plant species. In order to be included in the national collection, these collections have to comply with certain scientific standards. The responsibility for each taxon within the national collection resides with the botanic garden holding the specialization (Vliet et al. 1989; Anonymous 1991). This responsibility concerns duplication (spreading the risk), identifications, and survey publication of that taxon.

Besides being a cultural heritage, the national collection is a controlled source for activities in many fields, like research and education, conservation, and selection for horticultural introduction.

The national collection is controlled by the Dutch Botanic Gardens Foundation. One goal of the Foundation is the one stated in Synge ct al. (1979): ‘to coordinate on a continuing basis information on specialist holdings in botanic gardens, with the aim of reducing excessive duplications, of making best use of existing collections on a wide range of taxonomic groups both in seedbanks and traditional cultivation*. An example of an inventory on specialist holdings, is the Catalogue of Succulents, issued by the Foundation (Groen 1990). Meanwhile a database of all the accessions of the national collection is in preparation.

The Foundation is also the organization of the Dutch botanic gardens. It supports meetings and projects on various themes and receives and distributes confiscated CITES-plants. It is the address, the general entry to the gardens for the government, the public, trade and industry. During the past decades the role of the botanic gardens has changed from merely taxonomic research to plant physiology and conservation, and especially to education and recreation on behalf of the general public. This change in tasks is supported by the Foundation.

The gardens participating in the Decentralized National Plantcollection are listed in appendix 4. The contributions of Utrecht Botanic Gardens to the DNP are mentioned briefly in paragraph 3.2.

Karel J.M. Bonsen

Director, Botanic Gardens Foundation

35

2 . 5 . 4 . 2 The National Network of Education Officers of Botanic Gardens in The Netherlands (the ‘L0ED‘)

One of the activities taken over by the foundation was the already existing LOED, a network of education officers. The LOED now is a working-group under the Dutch Botanic Gardens Foundation. The LOED each year organizes the ‘National Hortus Day’ on the first Saturday in June, on which day all associated gardens undertake activities.

More and more gardens are extending their services to the public and so each garden goes through a comparable process. Coordination is a logical action (Mentink 1990).

The Education Officer of the Foundation also is in a position to initiate projects which surpass the individual possibilities of each Garden, but which do contribute to the work of all, e.g. the translation of education packs from other countries. Sponsors are more willing to pay for an activity which can be implemented in 10 or more gardens instead of one.

Also activities, as for instance visitor-surveys, can be extended to all Gardens in The Netherlands, giving an overall view of the profile of the Dutch garden-visitors. This proves to be very useful in fund-raising and in directing publicity.

The coordinating effect of the Foundation can be seen in several actions.

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;National themes to participate in interlink projects. There are several national initiatives to popularize science. One example is the Columbus year: a number of gardens works together on the design of a series of activities on the influence of the discovery of America by Columbus.

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Study trips for education officers. Several times per year the LOED organizes study trips to non-member institutions with a distinct educational signature. Examples of these are several museums. Zoo’s etc. These trips are used to learn about the ways to entertain and educate the public. Most gardens in The Netherlands only have limited experience in this field, often because of their strictly scientific background and history.

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Workshops for members. The members of the LOED often have very different backgrounds, some are biologists, others trained teachers, or educated in museum PR. Each member therefore can contribute to different aspects of education and several workshops are organized to exchange knowledge. This is often done using examples from the gardens every-day practice e.g. signs and routing, guide training.

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fund raising. The Foundation is in a position to negotiate with national governmental intitulions and large firms about financial support.

36

• 3 Maintaining quality collections

Introduction

In this chapter a description is given of the various aspects of maintaining a quality collections. Subjects are: the Curators’ Office, documentation, identification, specialization, labelling, and seedbank, in addition, a brief survey of the Garden Specializations is given.

• 3.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Curators’ Office of Utrecht Botanic Gardens

Curation of the living collections means maintaining a well documented, and accurately identified, diverse collection, composed of species and specimens of particular origins, which each serve a purpose.

This purpose can either be scientific (research, scientific education), or non scientific (education, conservation of threatened plants, pre-commercial testing, enhancing environmental awareness, etc.).

Documentation and identification are important activities to establish quality collections. In order to achieve the high standards which Utrecht Botanic Gardens wants to meet, the Curators’ Office has been thoroughly reorganized, in terms of efficiency, over the past three years, into a well equipped department.

The Curators’ Office consists of two Curators, and is responsible for the documentation and identification of the living collections.

• 3.1.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Documentation

From 1986 to 1990, the Curators’ Office used the BUD1 database Botanic Gardens Utrecht Database-system, ver. 1) to manage the data on the plant collections. While this was suitable software, it didn’t meet the requirements. To increase efficiency, it was necessary to develop a system which could play a more central role. A project was formulated, data structure was analyzed, which finally developed into an entirely new approach (Wollenberg et al. 1989). This intricate and radical change was the move from BUDl to a entirely new concept, in BUD2 (Wollenberg 1991). The move took place in 1990. BUD2 is not merely a new database, but represents the automation of the administrative aspects of maintaining a living collection (for technical details on BUD2, see appendix 2). Features such as the Seed-manager (a Seedlist facility), were already installed in BUDl.

37

Documentation now runs smoothly using the new BUD2 database-system, which has been extended with an efficient labelling system.

• 3.1.2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Identification

Identifications are made by the Curators, and in addition by specialists working on their particular collections. To facilitate scientific identifications, Utrecht Botanic Gardens possesses a scientific library of approximately 1,000 books, in addition to subscription to a few dozen current Journals.

Furthermore, the library of the Herbarium Divsion, formerly Institute of Systematic Botany, is at close hand, whenever there is insufficient information available. Each identification is accompanied by herbarium-vouchers of the identified plants. These are sometimes sent to specialists for identification. Specialists of the Herbarium Division are also consulted if necessary.

The Herbarium Division is part of the Department of Plant Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Phytopathology. The curator is Dr. P.J.M. Maas. The herbarium is specialized in botanical research in the neotropics, and houses an important herbarium with over 700.000 specimens, many of which are from the neotropics. The Herbarium possesses an extensive library which is also frequently used.

• 3.1.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Specialization

The range of plants species grown at any particular garden generally is very wide. Consequently, it is impossible for any Curator to attain specialist knowledge over this wide range of plant species. In order to tackle this problem in The Netherlands, the Dutch Gardens, many years ago, have agreed to each build up specialist knowledge and complete collections, as far as possible, in particular groups. These collections, which today are united under the name ‘Decentralized National Planlcol-lection‘, are considered the highlights of Dutch plantcollections. A brief survey of which specializations are maintained at Utrecht Botanic Gardens is given in the next paragraph. More detailed information is available in the family headings of Part B.

Apart from this, regarding Dutch greenhouse collections, there is also a form of specialization. Here, Utrecht Botanic Gardens specializes on the flora of the neotropics. This includes exchanging representatives from other continents for specimens from tropical America, unless the species in the collection not belonging to this continent serve a particular purpose, e.g. education.

38

• 3.1.4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Labelling

As mentioned earlier, directly connected with BUD2 is a fast and economic labelling system. This system uses the information from the database, and allows the production of many hundreds of labels per day.

Basically, the labelling system consists of a laminating machine, which is fed with plastic envelopes containing sheets of paper, on which relevant plant data are printed. These envelopes are sealed waterproof, and can be mounted on several sizes of standards. It is possible to include (detail) drawings, photographs, etc.

The special feature is the programme that converts data from the database into label-layouts in which data are spaced according to the number of characters per line and available space (Wollenberg, 1992a).

• 3.1.5 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Seedbank

In order to expand the availability of plant resources, a seedbank has been added to the Garden equipment. The seedbank, which in fact is a cold-storage room, kept at 3°C at all times, is located in the Greenhouse Complex. Relative humidity is not con- trolled. In order to insure dry storage of seeds, all batches are stored in glass jars, pre-dried in a refrigerator (in air-tight plastic drums), labelled, and subsequently moved to the seedbank (Roberts 1975). The seed stored here is mainly surplus seed of dispatches received from collectors, fellow botanic gardens, etc., and only rarely constitutes seeds harvested from plants grown in the garden.

One recent, and very valuable addition to the seedbank is the inclusion of both the seeds of the Sedum and Centaurium research collections.

Note; the seeds in the seedbank have been excluded from the survey, which only lists living plants.

• 3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. 2 Brief survey of Garden specializations

Utrecht Botanic Gardens maintains a number of specializations, and in addition also houses some research collections, which are also considered Garden specializations (see Part B). Each specialization is typified (For definitions, see appendix 3).

Research collections:

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Flora of the Guianas (ib),

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Annonaceae (ib),

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Crassulaceae (ib), esp. Sedum (id)

39

Garden Specializations

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Conifers (ib, fp), esp. Tsuga (id, fi)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Flora of the neotropics (ib,fi): esp.

Gesneriaceae (ib, fp), nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Orchidaceae (ib, fp),

Zingiberaceae (ib, re)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Broad-leaved trees amp;nbsp;shrubs: esp.

Aceraceae (ib, fp) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Betulaceae (ib, fi): Betula (id, fp)

Oleaceae (ib, fi): Syringa (id, fi) amp;nbsp;Fraxinus (id, fi)

Magnolia (ib, fi) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Euonymus (id, fi)

Laburnum (id, fi) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ericaceae (ib, fp)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alpines (ib, fp)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Arisaema (id, fi)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Asarum (id, fi)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lecanopteris (ib, re)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Penstemon (id, fi)

• - nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Trillium (id, fi)

Note: In view of the evaluation of the policy regarding Garden Specializations, which is still in progress, this survey will undergo some changes in the near future.

40

‘Fort Hoofddijk’

Main Garden

Entrance ‘Fort Hoofddijk’ (Main Garden)

photo: 1. Pel

Systematic Garden (Main Garden) photo: I. Pel

Rock Garden (Main Garden)

photo: W. Nieuman

Greenhouse Complex (Main Garden)

photo: I. Pel

Tropical House (Main Garden)

photo: D. Smit

Research Greenhouses

(Main Garden)

photo: I. Pel

Research Greenhouses (Main Garden) photo: I. Pel

Von Gimborn Arboretum

Plaquette, received from the International Dendrology

Society in 1989

photo: D. Smit

Von Gimborn Arboretum, Heather Garden

photo: M. Hoek

Von Gimborn Arboretum, part of the Rhododendron Collection photo: D. Smit

Von Gimborn Arboretum, Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. amp;nbsp;Zucc.) Maxim.

photo: W. Wildschut

Betula ermanii Cham. ‘Blush’ (long cultivated as B. costata Trautv. See Part B: 'Betulaceae').

photo: D. van Hoey Smith

Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax.

photo: D. van Hoey Smith

Opposite page;

above

Gentiana verna L. subsp.

tergestina fG. Beck) Hayek

photo: W. Nieuman

below

Arisaema sikokianum Franch. amp;nbsp;Sav.

photo: W. Nieuman

Von Gimborn Arboretum

photo: M. Hoek

Dionysia aretioides (Lehm.) Boiss.

photo: W. Nieuman

Costus spec. nov. from Costa Rica.

photo: P.J.M. Maas

top

^^dum fusiforme Lowe, an endangered Sedum species from Madeira. It is endemic to the southern part of the island, and is known from only three locations, one of which has recently Iteen huilt over by a tourist hotel.

^bove

An example of the significance of hybridization experiments in studies of genetic relationships between Sedum species.

Left, right and centre:

^edum sempervivoides, S. tymphae-^n, an extremely rare species, and Iheir hybrid (see Part B: 'Crassula-ceaef.

Guatteria spec.nov., Maas 7869.

Photo: P.J.M. Maas

Columnea minor (W.J. Hook.) Hanst.

Photo: P.J.M. Maas

Gongora quinquenervis Ruiz amp;nbsp;Pav.

Photo: L.Y.Th. Wcstra

Part B

Data of the living collection

Introduction

Most specializations are preceded by an explanation concerning the nature, aims and programme of that specialization, which is either a family or genus. In a few cases, the specialization does span several families. The relevant information is given at the beginning of the data section.

The data are fairly self-explanatory, apart from three columns behind the accession number. These columns are: Column 2: Identification, Column 3: Provenance, and Column 4: WCMC-code. These codes are explained in appendix 6.

Behind the plant-names, the collectors-code and number is given in case of well wild collected plants, if this information is known to us. These codes are explained in appendix 5. Behind the collectors code, the origin of the wild-collected material is given underlined. which is the explanation of the origin-codes used by the Kew Herbarium to indicate bio-geographical entities.

Note 1: if more than 10 accessions of the same taxon are present, then automatically;

• . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;only (indirect) wild sources are given, up to a maximum of 10.

• . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If less than 10 accessions of (indirect) wild sources are present, these are all listed.

• . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If no accession of (indirect) wild source is present, only 1 accession of garden-origin is given.

Note 2; the only exception to note 1 is the survey of Crassulaceae. Here, with the approval of Dr. H. ’t Hart, the entire collection has been extracted from the database, after which a selection is made by hand, in order to show the diversity of origins of the taxa in question. All accessions are listed, exceeding the limitation at 10, if that particular taxon is more or less rare or special, in the view of Dr. ’t Hart.

42

ALPINES

Introduction

The Rock Garden is laid out on Fort Hoofddijk, using a few of the fortifications as a basis, to provide the necessary undulations, and spans an area of ca. 5000 m^. The plants are arranged according to their geographical ranges. The collection of Rock Garden plants is a focal-point collection in the Decentralized National Plantcollection. Major representatives are: Campanula, Dianthus, Gentiana, Meconopsis, Primula, Saxifraga and Sedum. One or more of these are eligible as quot;in-depthquot; specialization.

Aims

For the near future, one or more quot;in-depthquot; specializations will be selected, in cooperation with one or more national or international botanic gardens.

Programme

The introduction of alpine species from known wild source is the basis for this specialization. These wild sources facilitate accurate identification, excluding the possibility of hybridization. Since there are still many unanswered questions about cultivation, identification and documentation, wild source material is vital for accurate identifications.

Location

Fort Hoofddijk. Apart from a magnificent Rock Garden, the an alpine house, recycling wall, alpine meadow, and a raised bed have been built. The nursery is fitted with many cold frames, and an unheated greenhouse.

Cooperation

In addition to a more general cooperation regarding Rock Garden plants, cooperation on specific specializations is still to be developed, and may be taken up next year.

Utrecht Botanic Gardens is the home base of the quot;Nederlandse Rotsplanten Werkgroepquot; (Dutch Rock Garden Society).

Publications:

Nieuman 1988a; 1988b; 1988c; 1990a; 1990b; 1991a; 1991b; 1992; Wollenberg, 1992b.

43

BROAD-LEAVED TREES AND SHRUBS

Introduction

The collection of broad-leaved trees and shrubs is one of the largest in The Netherlands. The specializations consist of the already existing focal-points in the collection that will be developed further. Apart from, and in addition to these, a number of complex taxa within the broadleaves that are not yet enough understood either scientifically or in cultivation (Jong, 1987a) are also dealt with.

Aims

• 1. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Raising the collection to a higher level by applying the correct nomenclature and increase the number of accessions of wild source. Acquisition of specialist knowledge in the fields of interest, and in the focal-point collections.

• 2. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Exploitation of the collection, guidance in the stabilization of the nomenclature of cultivated plants, upgrading the species-purity of cultivated material, and a broadening of the genetic basis of the cultivated species.

Programme

There is a working plan for each of the separate specializations. For this see surveys of the families and genera.

The total collection should, if possible, be added to with high-quality material.

Location

The collection of broad-leaves and shrubs can be found for the greater part in the Von Gimborn Arboretum, with a small part at Fort Hoofddijk.

Publications

Bom et al. 1980a; 1980b; 1980c; Jong 1976a; 1987b; 1987c; 1987d; 1987e; 1991a; Tolsma et al. 1989.

44

CONIFERS

Introduction

The largest conifer collection in The Netherlands is found in the Von Gimborn Arboretum. It is probably also one of the largest on the West European continent. As in most of the conifer collections in The Netherlands, the conifer collection of Utrecht Botanic Gardens consists of relatively little material of known natural source. The collection contains good seed producing groups of Cunning-hamia, Pseudolarix, and Sciadopitys. Conifers are a focal-point collection. The Tsuga collection makes up a very impressive part of the arboretum, and is a field of interest. In the old quot;Hortus Botanicusquot; in the centre of Utrecht, the oldest Ginkgo biloba in culture outside Asia, planted about 1730, still grows. In this Hortus one will also find original introductions of Metasequoia glypt-ostroboides. Many of the cultivated Metasequoia in The Netherlands originally come from the duplicated material from the quot;Cantonsparkquot;, one of our former satellite Gardens.

Several selections from the Von Gimborn Arboretum were cultivated and named, for example:

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ’Gimbornii’;

Juniperus communis ’Controversa’;

Pinus leucodermis ’Satellit’;

Pinus parviflora ’Gimborn’s Ideal’;

Pinus parviflora ’Gimborn’s Pyramid’;

Pinus parviflora ’Tempelhof’;

Pinus pumila ’Globe’;

Picea rubens ’Nana’;

Tsuga mertensiana ’Blue Star’.

In 1989, Utrecht University received the International Dendrology Conservation Plaque for the Von Gimborn Arboretum from the Chairman of the I.D.S., Viscount Ridley. The award was accepted by Drs. J.F.G. Veldhuis, President of the Board of Governors of the Utrecht University.

Aims

1 Since conifers comprise an extensive specialization, each individual genus will be dealt with separately in time. After evaluation and identification, the collection of each genus will be im-

45

proved.

• 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Selection of specimens which qualify for introduction to commercial cultivation.

Programme

1 Improvement of collection parts (separate genera), by acquisition of more material from natural sources. Tsuga is the first genus in line to be tackled, after which Pinus and Taxus may follow.

• 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reduction of the very comprehensive assortment of cultivars, and identification of especially the cultivars from the original planting.

• 3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Testing of a number of specimens for cultivation. These will be offered to nurseries for trial. In the next stage, these will be offered for judging and naming (cultivars).

Location

The collection can be found at the Von Gimborn Arboretum. A small proportion is housed in Fort Hoofddijk.

Publications

Beider et al. 1979; Jong 1979; Mennega 1973; Pulle 1949.

46

Acanthaceae

Acanthaceae

47

ACERACEAE

Introduction

The Aceraceae consist of two genera, Acer and Dipteronia. The latter genus has two species and is found only in S.W.China. Acer, with its ca. 120 species is spread over the entire Northern Hemisphere with a large concentration of species in China and Japan. In cultivation one will regularly find approximately 20 species.

Acer, the maple, is a genus with extremely variable appearance. It contains a large number of species which may be suitable for horticultural use. Its decorative value depends on its manner of growth, leaf shape, bark, flowering, fruits, and/or autumn colours. Many species seem to have the qualities needed in cultivation, but they are still known too little, and there is as yet not enough starting material, especially seeds. Of all the Chinese species, not one is being cultivated in large numbers.

Within collections, and in cultivation, much unacknowledged hybridization occurs. Pure species material of a number of species is very rare both in cultivation and in collections. For two decades, much scientific research has been conducted on the genus, resulting in a few fairly comprehensive collections. These well-documented collections have in turn resulted in more research.

Maples have been important element in the collection of deciduous trees in the Botanic Gardens for some time. There are a few species found in quot;Cantonsparkquot; (one of our former satellite Gardens) as well as in the Von Gimborn Arboretum, that are fairly

48

Aceraceae

rare (species-pure) in cultivation, for example: Dipteronia sinensis, Acer x dieckii, Acer henryi, Acer maximowiczianum, Acer micran-thum, Acer velutinum, and Acer heldreichii subsp. trautvetteri.

Aims

• 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Establishment of a comprehensive collection of hardy species with special attention given to species, less known in cultivation.

• 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Acquisition of material from a few species complexes, especially from China, from different locations of their natural distribution areas.

• 3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Achievement of a better classification.

• 4 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Isolation of groups in the arboretum (seed-garden function), in order to i): safeguard seed production of a number of dioecious species, and ii): isolation to minimize the chance of hybridization.

Programme

Study of a number of species, of which the valuable material has been cultivated, and planted in the arboretum.

Further study of selected individuals of a few species on suitability for cultivation and decorative value. This is conducted by several nurseries, and the quot;Nederlandse Algemene Keuringsdienst-Boomkwekerijgewassenquot; (N.A.K.-B), and covers among others Acer davidii, Acer divergens, Acer mono, Acer oliverianum, and Acer heldreichii subsp. trautvetteri.

Location

The collection can be found in the Von Gimborn Arboretum. The Systematic Garden of Fort Hoofddijk houses a few species.

Cooperation

Club of Acerologists: Dr. T.J. Delendick (Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, New York, USA), D.M. van Gelderen (Boskoop), Dr. H.J. Oterdoom (Haren), J.G.S. Harris (Taunton, G.B.), J.D. Vertrees (Roseburg, Oregon, USA), Chin-Sung Chang (University of Georgia, Athens, USA).

Testing for cultivation suitability: Fa. C. Esveld (Boskoop), N.A.K.-B. (Zeewolde).

49

Aceraceae

Collections elsewhere

Fa. C. Esveld (Boskoop): This firm has a large collection of species and cultivars in the nursery in the so-called quot;Aceretumquot;. Much of the material comes from other specialists, such as J.G.S. Harris and J.D. Vertrees. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, and the Botanic Gardens of the Agricultural University of Wageningen.

Publications

Jong 1974; 1976b; 1977; 1986a; 1990; in press (1993).

Aceraceae

50

51

52

Aceraceae

G micranthum Sieb. amp;nbsp;Zucc.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;miyabei Maxim, subsp. miyabei

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;miyabei Maxim, subsp. miyabei

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;miyabei Maxim, subsp. miyabei miyabei Maxim, subsp. miyabei

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;miyabei Maxim, subsp. miyabei

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp. mono [Japan]

S nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp. mono [S.Korea]

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono Maxim, subsp.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;mono x A. campestre

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;monspessulanum L. subsp. monspessulanum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;monspessulanum L. subsp. monspessulanum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;monspessulanum L. subsp. monspessulanum E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;monspessulanum L. subsp. monspessulanum ]France] E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;monspessulanum L. subsp. monspessulanum ]Macedonia]

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. 'Aureomaculatum’

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. 'Crispum Variegatum’

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. ’Elegans' E negundo L. subsp. negundo ]United States fexcl. Alaska]]

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. subsp. negundo K nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. subsp. negundo G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. ’Variegatum’ K nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;negundo L. ’Variegatum’ G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nipponicum Hara G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nipponicum Hara G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nipponicum Hara K nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nipponicum Hara E obtusifolium Sibth. lt;k Smith [Famp;S 517 Cyprus] E oliverianum Pax [Hebei, Beijing amp;nbsp;Tianjin] G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;opalus Mill, subsp. obtusatum (Willd.) Gams E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;opalus Mill, subsp. obtusatum (Willd.) Gams [Yugoslavia]

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;opalus Mill, subsp. opalus E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. subsp. amoenum (Carr.) Hara (Japan] E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. subsp. amoenum (Carr.) Hara (Japan] E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. subsp. amoenum (Carr.) Hara [Japan]

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. 'Atropurpureum’ E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. ’Atropurpureum’ ]Japan] G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. ’Autumn Glory’ G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. ’Beni-Shigitatsu-Sawa’

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;palmatum Thunb. ’Bloodgood’

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54

55

56

Aceraceae

E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. var. shirasawanum [Honshu!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. var. shirasawanum ’Aureum'

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. var. shirasawanum cv. G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. var. shirasawanum 'Microphyllum’

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. var. shirasawanum ’Microphyllum’

E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;shirasawanum Koidz. subsp. tenuifolium Koidz. [Honshu!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sieboldianum Miq.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sieboldianum Miq. G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spec. G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spec. G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spec. E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spec. !Sichuan!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spicatum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spicatum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;spicatum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stachyophyllum Hiern subsp. stachyophyllum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stachyophyllum Hiern subsp. stachyophyllum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;stachyophyllum Hiern subsp. stachyophyllum

E sterculiaceum Wall, subsp. franchetii (Pax) E. Murray [Zhejiang!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. aidzuense (Franch.) De Jong

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. aidzuense (Franch.) De Jong E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. var. divaricatum.......[B.E.C. 2 S.Korea!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.

K nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. ’Fire’ K nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Mcixim.) Wesm. ’Flame’

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. semenovii (Regel amp;nbsp;Herd.) Pax

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. semenovii (Regel amp;nbsp;Herd.) Pax

E nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. semenovii (Regel amp;nbsp;Herd.) Pax !Turkmenistan!

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. tataricum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. tataricum

G nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;tataricum L. subsp. tataricum

57

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia

arguta (Sieb. amp;nbsp;Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var. arguta chinensis Planch.

kolomikta (Maxim. amp;nbsp;Rupr.) Maxim, var. kolomikta kolomikta (Maxim, «fe Rupr.) Maxim, var. kolomikta polygama (Sieb. amp;nbsp;Zucc.) Maxim, var. polygama fjapanl

Adiantaceae

Acroetichum

91GR00744 E aureum L. [F.BI French Guiana)

Adiantum

capillus-veneris L. [ERNST Italy)

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

Anacardiaceae

65

ANNONACEAE

The Annonaceae research collection (coordinator; Dr. P.J.M. Maas) For the description of the research, see par. 2.1.1.

In 1983 the Annonaceae project was initiated, with the dual goal of the establishment of a modern classification of the whole family, and the publication of a series of monographs of the genera from tropical America. This multidisciplinary project was undertaken in close cooperation with leading botanists from all over the world and deals a.o. with the following topics: gross morphology (Utrecht), anatomy (Utrecht), pollen morphology (Paris), chemistry (Paris), karyology (Vienna), pollination (Utrecht, Manaus). Annonaceae is a family with ca. 130 genera and 2000 species, distributed all over the tropics. They are represented by woody plants, trees, shrubs, or lianas. The family includes some commercially important species, like Annona muricata (soursop), which is widely cultivated because of its delicious fruits. Its systematic position is in the order of Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is Myristicaceae. The family constitutes an important component of lowland rain forest all over the tropics.

Aims for the living collection

66

Annonaceae

Development of a collection, which covers the most important tropical genera, but particularly focused on the neotropics. The material is used for studies of leaves (anatomy), flowers, and fruits, for karyological investigations, for DNA-research, etc. Collections will be obtained by the staff during expeditions in tropical America. Paleotropical material may be obtained by seed-exchange.

Annonaceae

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