S-.mh.

A MANUAL OF

VETERINARY SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE:

EMBRACING THE NATURE, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, ETC., AND THE PREVENTION, SUPPRESSION, THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT, AND RELATIONS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH OF THE EPIZOOTIC AND CONTAGIOUS. DISEASES OF THE DOMES�TICATED ANIMALS; WITH A SCHEME FOR A VETERINARY SANITARY ORGANIZATION, OBSERVATIONS ON THE DUTIES OF VETERINARY INSPECTORS, LEGISLATIVE MEASURES, INSPECTION OF MEAT AND MILK, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, ETC.

AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT AND REGULATIONS.

GEORGE FLEMING, F.R.G.S., etc.,

Menther ef Cmtticil and of the Examining Board of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons;

Corresponding Member of the Central Veterinary Medical Society ef Paris';

Veterinary Surgeon, Koyal Engineers.

Author of quot;Horse-shoes and Horse-shoeing,quot; quot;Animal Plagues,quot; quot; Practical Horseshoeing,quot;

quot;Katies and Hydrophobia ;quot; Translatorand Editor of quot;Chauveatis Comparative

Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals,quot; ire.

IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II.

SBith WmxiSrUatt illttstratwmraquo;.

LONDON: CHAPMAN amp; HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.

1875-

[The Right of Translation is Rtstrved.\

quot;Traquo;

#9632;Mraquo;

#9632;i

^raquo;

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

lift

Bacteridia in a Drop of Serum of Anthrax Blood

Bacteridia of Anthrax : Portion of Clot

Bacteridia: after Semmer -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Bacteridia of Anthrax : after B�llinger -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Grauhan's Dog-muzzlenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

The Sarcoptcs scdbiei imcinatiis of the Horse

The Psoroptcs or Dcnnatodcctcs of the Horse -

The Symbiotes spathifcrns of the Horse -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

The Symbiotes bovis -----

The Psoroptcs ovis -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

The Sarcoptcs squamifcnis of the Pig

The Aca7-us folliadorum of the Dognbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Elements of Trichophyton tonsicrans

'Elements oi Achorlo?i Sch�nlcn� -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Muscle with Trichina Kysts

Isolated Kyst of the Trichina;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Fully-developed Trichina, filled with ova

Psorosperm imbedded in a portion of Muscle

Measle-worm of Pig -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Fig. i. Natural size -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,, 2. Magnified six diameters

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 3. The same after steeping in salt -

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 4. Head of Cysticercus

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 5. Ditto, profile -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,, 6. Hook of ditto

Heart of a Measly Pig infiltrated with Cysticerci -

Encapsuled Hydatid of the Beef-measle

Head of Beef-measlenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Fig 1. Diagonal view

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� 2. Side view - -

The Ox-measle or Bladder-worm of Beef

Muscles of Hind-quarter of a Calf infested with Cysticerci

Heart of a Calf infiltrated with Cysticerci

PAGE

-nbsp; nbsp;153 1 S3

-nbsp; nbsp;i53 153

-nbsp; nbsp;280

403

-nbsp; 408 412

-nbsp; 428 430

-nbsp; 4SI 4S5

-nbsp; 46S 473

-nbsp; 506 508

-nbsp; 508 510

#9632;518 Si8

-518 518

#9632;518 518

� 518 520

�538 549 539 539

#9632;nbsp; nbsp;539 545

#9632;nbsp; 546

a 2

#9632; ' #9632; Iff^-�^^^y

mm^mm

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOL. II.

Strangles -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

Synonyms

Geographical Distribution

Character

Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Symptoms ... i. Benignant Strangles 2. Malignant Strangles

Course and Terminations

Pathological Anatomy

Diagnosis

Contagium -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Vitality of the Virus

Infection ....

Mode of Infection

Mode of Access

Incubation

Extension .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Mortality and Loss

Immunity ... Sanitary Measures Curative Measures

Influenza

Geographical Distribution Character -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j

page I

I I

-nbsp; 4 4

-nbsp; 6

-nbsp; 8 8

-nbsp; 8 9

-nbsp; 9 9

-nbsp; io io

-nbsp; IO IO

-nbsp; IO

-nbsp; 12

-nbsp; 13 14

-nbsp; 14 15

~~'aag..~~

'raquo; 'V

rssrs

Contents.

laquo;

Symptoms ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Course and Terminations

Pathological Anatomy

Diagnosisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Contagium ...

Vitality of the Virus

Infection ...

Mode of Infection

Mode of Access

Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Extension ...

Mortality and Loss

Immunity ... Sanitary Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Prevention ...

Suppressionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Curative Measures

Variola ..... Character ... Nature --..-�-

Variola of Sheep

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Geographical Distribution Nature .... Symptoms ... Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Contagium -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Vitality of the Virus Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Mode of Infection Mode of Access

Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Extension ... Mortality and Loss Immunity ... Sanitary Measures ... Permanent Precautionary Measures Preventive Measures Suppressive Measures

1.nbsp; Declaration ...

2.nbsp;Visit - - ..

PAGE

-nbsp; 16 18

-nbsp; 19 20

-nbsp; 21 21

-nbsp; 21 21 ^2

24 26

26 26

28 28

29 29 29 3i 3i 34 38 39 39 4i 42 43 44 45 45 47 48

49 49 Si Si Si Si

Contents.

1'AGE S2

-nbsp; 53 53

-nbsp; S3 54

-nbsp; 55 56

-nbsp; 56

-nbsp; 56 58

-nbsp; 58 60

-nbsp; 6r 62

-nbsp; 62 62

-nbsp; 63

-nbsp; 66 67

-nbsp; 69

-nbsp; 7i

3.nbsp; Isolationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot; #9632;, -

4.nbsp; Sequestration ...

5.nbsp; Cantonment -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

6.nbsp; Mixed Cantonment

7.nbsp; Slaughter and Burial

S. Disinfectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

9. Fairs .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

to. Compensation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Protective Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Inoculation ....

1.nbsp; Advantages

2.nbsp; Disadvantages

Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....

Preservative Inoculation Prophylactic Inoculation -Compulsory Inoculation Inoculation Virus

Cultivated Virus Rules for Inoculation

I. The Operation Course of Inoculated Ovine Variola Accidents supervening on Inoculation

Curative Measures .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

The flesh of Variolous Sheep as Food

Horse-Poxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Synonyms

Geographical Distribution Character

Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Nature Symptoms

Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosis Contagium

Vitality of the Virus -Mode of Transmission Mode of Access Incubation Extension Mortality and Loss Immunity

73 73 73 73 74 74 74 80 8r 81 86 86 88 88 89 89 89 89

II ^quot;^y

via

Contents.

Sanitary Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.. _

Isolationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;---.._

Curative Measures -----.

Cow-Poxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;---..,,

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----_.

Geographical Distribution -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Charactersnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -----.

Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-.-.._

Causes -,-_...

Symptoms ---.-.

Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

False Vaccinia or Variola -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Diagnosis of true Vaccinianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Contagium -.-... Sanitary Measures .--.._ Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

Goat-Pox ----.-..

Porcine Variola .--,-.

Charactersnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ----..

Symptoms -.,... Sanitary Measures -----. Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Use of the Flesh of Variolous Pigs as Food

Variola of the Dognbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Characters ---.--, Symptoms ......

Sanitary Measures --.__.

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Variola of Fowls ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;......

Geographical Distribution -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Charactersnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;......

Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;......

Causes .......

Symptoms of Anthrax in general ....

Anthrax Fever ......

Carbuncular Fever, or Anthracoid Erysipelas Symptoms of Anthrax in the Horse -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

i. Without special Localization. Apoplectic Anthrax

PAGE

-nbsp; 90 90

-nbsp; 9i 91

: 91 91

#9632;nbsp; 92 92

-nbsp; 92 94

#9632;nbsp; 94 95

#9632;nbsp; 95 96

-nbsp; 96

#9632;nbsp; 96 96

-nbsp; 97 97

. 98 98

-nbsp; 98 98

-nbsp; 98

-nbsp; 99

-nbsp;100 100

-nbsp;102 103

�nbsp;ids 106

#9632;nbsp;113

114

�nbsp;US 117

�nbsp;117

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ix

PAG F.

Carbuncular Anthrax -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 119

2. With Localization -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -119

Anthrax Typhus -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -122

Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle ----- 127

1.nbsp; Without special Localization. Apoplectic Anthrax,

Anthrax Fever, Splenic Apoplexy -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 127

2.nbsp; With Localization. Glossanthraxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 130

External Anthracoid Tumours. Carbuncular Fever 131

Anthracoid Tumours in the Rectumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 132

Symptoms of Anthrax in Sheepnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 133

1.nbsp; Without special Localization. Apoplectic Anthrax,

Splenic Apoplexy -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 133

2.nbsp; With Localization. Carbuncular Fever, Anthracoid

Erysipefasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 134

Glossanthrax -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -13S

Symptoms of Anthrax in the Pig -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 13S

1.nbsp; Without special Localization.�Anthrax Fevernbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 135

2.nbsp; With Localization.�Glossanthraxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 136

Carbuncular Anthraxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 136

Anthracoid Erysipelas .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- ^I37

Anthracoid Anginanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 1^1

Symptoms of Anthrax in the Dog and Catnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 142

Symptoms of Anthrax in Poultry -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 146

Course and Terminations of Anthrax -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 146

Pathological Anatomynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ----- 147

Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in the Horse 154 Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in the Oxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 158

Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in the Sheepnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;158

Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in the Pignbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 158

Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in the Dog - 159 Pathological Anatomy of Anthrax in Birdsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 159

Diagnosisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;^I59

Contagium ------- 160

Vitality of the Virusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 162

Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....... 164

Mode of Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 172

Mode of Accessnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------ 173

Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -179

Extension -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-180

Mortality and Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . jgi

Immunity ------- 184

Sanitary Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 185

Prevention -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-185

Suppressive Measures ----- 186

�JU'n . wgp

'* m

xnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Contents.

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Use of Anthrax Flesh as Food -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Use of the Milk of Animals affected with Anthrax

The Splenic or Texas Fever of Cattle

Fowl Choleranbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Character .....

Nature

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Symptoms -------

Course and Tenninations ... Pathological Anatomy .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Diagnosis .....

Contagiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Vitality of the Virus ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Infection -.-..-Mode of Infection

Mode of Access .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Incubation .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Extension -------

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Immunity --.-.-

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Curative Measures .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

PAGE

-nbsp; 189

195

-nbsp; 200

201

-nbsp; nbsp;208 208

-nbsp; 209 210

-nbsp; 211 211

-nbsp; 213 213

-nbsp; 215

215

- 215

216

-nbsp; 216 216

-nbsp; 216 217

-nbsp; 218 218

-nbsp; nbsp;218

219

-nbsp; nbsp;219

221

-nbsp; 221

221

-nbsp; nbsp;223

224 � 22 ^

228

-nbsp; 228 240

-nbsp; 240 241

-nbsp; 242 244

-nbsp; 245 24s

-nbsp; 245 246

-nbsp; 247

Rabies

Use of the Flesh of Diseased Fowls as Food

Synonyms .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Geographical Distribution Character .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Nature -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Symptoms in the Dog

Sex ... Breednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Symptoms in the Cat

Symptoms in the Horse

Symptoms in the Cow

Symptoms in the Sheep

Symptoms in the Goat -

Symptoms in the Pig

Symptoms in Poultry Course and Terminations .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xi

l'AGE

Pathological Anatomy -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -M

Diagnosisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 254

Contagiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..---- 258

Vitality of the Virus -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ----- 260

Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - ²quot;²

Mode of Accessnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ------ 263

Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .----- 264

Extension ------- 268

Mortality and Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----- 269

Immunity ._----- 269

Sanitary Measures - - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;²7²

Permanent Precautionary Measures - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 272

Suppressive Measures - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-IS

Measures to be Adopted when Rabies has appearednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 276

1.nbsp; Suspected Animals . - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;276

2.nbsp; Rabid Animals or those Wounded by themnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 27S

3.nbsp; Slaughter - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;281

Disinfection ------- 282

Duration of Regulations -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;282

Measures to be Adopted with other Animals -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 284

Preservative Treatment -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;286

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ------ 288

Use of the Flesh of Rabid Animals as Food -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 288

Use of the Milk of Rabid Animals as Food -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 28S

Distemper in the Dog ------ 289

Synonyms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;._..-.- 289

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 289

Character ------- 290

Nature ------- 290

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .-.---- 291

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_...-- 292

Course and Terminations ----- 297

Pathological Anatomy ----- 297

Diagnosis ------- 298

Contagiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 298

Vitality of the Virus ------ 299

Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 299

Mode of Infection ------ 299

Mode of Access ------ 300

Incubation .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 300

Extensionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.----- ^oo

Mortality and Loss - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 300

Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 300

Contents.

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Preventive Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Protective Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Suppressive Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Contagious Diseases of the Generative Organs Venereal Disease of Solipeds ... Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....

Geographical Distribution -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Character -...-. Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;......

Causes ^:' -

Symptoms .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Benignant Form. Mare

Benignant Form. Stallion

Malignant Form. Mare

Malignant Form. Stallion Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Pathological Anatomynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Diagnosis --.--. Contagium ......

Vitality of the Virusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Infection ......

Mode of Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Mode of Accessnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....

Extension .-.._.

Mortality and Loss

Immunity ......

Sanitary Measures ..... Permanent Precautionary Measures against Invasion Provisional Measures ....

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....

Exanthema of the Genital Organs

Synonyms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Character ......

Nature ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;......

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ......

i. Ekzematous Variety -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

2- Pustular Varietynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

3. Ecthymatous Variety -

PAGE

-nbsp;3deg;! 301

-nbsp;301 302

-nbsp;302

305

-nbsp;30S 305

-nbsp;305 309

-nbsp;309 3quot;

#9632;nbsp;3^ 3iJ

-nbsp;31S 316

-nbsp;319 3²3

-nbsp;325 328

-nbsp;328 328

-nbsp;328 330

#9632;nbsp;330 331

-nbsp;331 332

-nbsp;332 333

-nbsp;333 333

#9632;nbsp;336

337

-nbsp;337 337

-nbsp;337 337

#9632;nbsp;338 338

-338

340

� 341

Contents,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xiii

�AGE

Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 344

Diagnosis -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 344

Contagiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------ 344

Mode of Infection

344

Mode of Access ---... 344

Incubation Extension -

345

345 Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 345

Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 3^5

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----- 346

Preventive Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----- 345

Suppressive Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 346

Curative Measures -'----. 346

Bovine Aphthous Disease of the Genital Organs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 347

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - , -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 348

Pathological Anatomynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 348

Sanitary Measures --.-_. 348

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;--.-.. 348

Bovine Gonorrhcea -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 349

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----_.. 34g

Symptoms

Contagionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 349

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 34laquo;

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -..-.. 350

Contagious Foot-Rot of Sheep -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 351

Synonyms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -351

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 351

Character -----.. 352. Nature -�-..._ 352

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 353

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; --..-. 3^3

Course and Terminations -..-.. 3C5 Diagnosis ----... 3^7

Contagium --.--.. 358 Vitality of the Virusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 360

Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----... 360

Mode of Access .--... 360

Incubation

Extension

360 360

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 361

Immunitynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-361

^mi

#9632;^^

#9632;as

xivnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Contents.

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Preventive Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Suppressive Measures Curative Measures _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Use of the Flesh of Afifected Sheep as Food

Tuberculosis of Cattle

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

Geographical Distribution Character .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Nature -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....

First Stage .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Second Stage ...

Third Stagenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosis -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Contagium .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Mode of Access -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Incubation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Mortality and Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Preventive Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Suppressive Measures Curative Measures .... The Flesh of Tuberculous Animals as Food The Milk of Tuberculous Cattle as Food

TAGE

-nbsp; 3⁶²362

-nbsp; 362

363

-nbsp; 367

36raquo;

-nbsp; 368 368

-nbsp; 368 369

-nbsp; 369 371

-nbsp; 371 373

-nbsp; 374

375

-nbsp; 376 386

-nbsp; 386 391

-nbsp; 391 391

-nbsp; 392 392 392 392

-nbsp; 392 395

Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 397

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...... 397

(leographical Distribution .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 397

Character ------- 398

Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...---- 398

Causes ------- 400

Symptoms of Scabies in the Horse Species -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- . - 402

1.nbsp; Sarcoptic Scabies .... 402 Course and Terminations of Sarcoptic Scabies in the Horse 407

2.nbsp; Psoroptic Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... 408 Course and Terminations of Psoroptic Scabies in the Horse 41 r

3.nbsp; Symbiotic or Dermatophagic Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 411 Course and Terminations of Symbiotic Scabies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 414

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; xv

PAGE

Diagnosis of the DifFerent Varieties of Scabies in the Horse 415

Contagium

417

Vitality of the Parasitesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -418

Mode of Infection

419

Incubation .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ^20

Extension

420

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -421

Immunity ---.... 422

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ---.._ 422

Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ^,3

SCADIES IN THE BOVINE SPECIES ----- 426

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 427

1.nbsp; Psoroptic Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 427

2.nbsp; nbsp;Symbiotic Scabies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 428 Sanitary Measures ---... ^g Curative Measures --.-.. 429

Scabies in. the Ovine Species - - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ₄₂q

Symptoms -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_ 429

1. Psoroptic Scabies - - _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 429

Course and Terminations - - . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 432

- 433

433

Vitality of the Psoroptes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . ^4

Mode of Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ----- 4-M

Incubation ------

Extension ------

435 Mortality and Loss ------ 4,5

Immunity -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _ .^

2.nbsp; nbsp;Sarcoptic Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 437

3.nbsp; Symbiotic Scabies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 4^8 Sanitary Measures ------ 4^0

Permanent Precautionary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 439

Preventive Measures ------ 440

Suppressive Measures ----- ^q.

Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ---.-. 443

Scabies in the Goat ------ 450

Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-451

Scabies in the Pig -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 451

Curative Measures ------ 4^3

Scabies in the Dog ------ 4₅₃

Symptoms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .453

1.nbsp; Sarcoptic Scabies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 4-3

2.nbsp; Follicular Scabiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 454

Wquot;' laquo;

#9632;^ffraquo;

'f quot;P

XVI

Contagion -Sanitary Measures Curative Measures

Scabies in the Cat Symptoms Contagion

Scabies in the Rabbit -

Scabies in the Camel

Contents.

PAGE

456

-nbsp;457 458

-nbsp;459 459

-nbsp;460

461

-nbsp;461

462

Scabies in Poultry -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Use of the Flesh and Milk of Animals Affected with Scabies as Food --.-... 463

Ringworm -

Synonyms

Geographical Distribution

Character

Nature -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Causes

Symptoms in the Horse -

Symptoms in the Ox -

Symptoms in the Dog

Course and Terminations

Pathological Anatomy

Diagnosis

Contagium

Vitality of the Parasite

Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Mode of Infection

Mode of Access

Incubation

Extension -

Mortality and Loss

Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Sanitary Measures

Curative Measures

Honeycomb Ringworm Synonyms

Geographical Distribution Character -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Nature Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

464

-nbsp;464 464

-nbsp;465 466

-nbsp;467 467

-nbsp;468 468

-nbsp;468 469

-nbsp;469 469

-nbsp;469

469

-nbsp;470

470

-nbsp;470 47deg;

-nbsp;470 471

-nbsp;471 471

-nbsp;471

471

-nbsp;472 473

Contents.

xvn

Symptoms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Symptoms in the Horse Symptoms in Poultry

Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Diagnosis -'..'-.

Contagium

Vitality of the Parasite

Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Mode of Infection ....

Mode of Access -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Incubation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Extension --....

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

Immunity ---... Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....

Curative Measures .....

Trichiniasis or Trichinosis

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Character .....

Nature ---...

Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .....

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.....

Pathological Anatomy-Diagnosis --....

Vitality of the Trichinae

Infection ---...

Mode of Infection ....

Mode of Access .....

Extension -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Mortality and Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....

Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Sanitary Measures .....

Inspection of Flesh -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

The Use of Trichinous or Suspected Flesh as Food

Measles in the Pig -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Character --.... Nature --.... Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; --....

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

VOL. II.

PAGE

-nbsp;474

476

-nbsp;477 477

-nbsp;478' 478

-nbsp;479 479

-nbsp;482 482

-nbsp;482 483

-nbsp;483 486

-nbsp;497 500

-nbsp;501 502

#9632;nbsp;502 503

#9632;nbsp;503 503 503 504 506

513 513

515 515 SIS 516

517 521

S2I

XVU1

Contents.

Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosis .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Vitality of the Cysticercus Mode of Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Mode of Access -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Incubation .'----

Extension -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Immunity - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Use of the Flesh of Measled Pigs as Food -

Measles in the Ox -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Synonyms .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Geographical Distribution Character -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Nature ...---Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Course and Terminations -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Pathological Anatomy

Diagnosis -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Vitality of the Parasite

Mode of Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Mode of Access -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Incubation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Extension -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

Curative Measures .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Use of the Flesh of Measled Cattle as Food

TAGE

-nbsp;526 527

-nbsp;528 529

-nbsp;53deg; 53deg;

-nbsp;53^ 530

-nbsp;531 531

-nbsp;531 532

-nbsp;533

536

-536

536

-nbsp;537 537

-nbsp;540 542

-nbsp;54S 545

-nbsp;546 547

-nbsp;547 547

-nbsp;548 54laquo;

-nbsp;548 549

-nbsp;549

PART FOURTH.

Inspection of Slaughter-houses

Importance of Slaughter-housesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Advantages of Public over Private Slaughter-houses

550 55deg; 55deg;

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xix

PAGE

Essentials of a Public Slaughter-house - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;551

Situation of a Public Slaughter-house - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;551

General Arrangementsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-#9632;-#9632;-. 553

Private Slaughter-houses - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- SS4

Inspection of Meat ------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;555

Importance of the Inspection of Flesh - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 555

Necessary Qualifications of Inspectors - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;556

Mode of carrying out Inspection . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 557

Veterinary Inspection of Meat - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;557

1.nbsp; The Quality of the Meat - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 557

2.nbsp; The State of Preservation of Meat - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;563

3.nbsp; The Sanitary Condition of Meat -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 568

Inflammation - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;570

Cancerous Diseases - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 571

Purulent Infection ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;571

Putrid Decomposition . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 571

Suppression of Urine - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;573 Jaundice ----- 572

Dropsy - - . -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;572 Rot ----- 572

Gid - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;573

Ovine Bronchitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 573

Diarrhoea and Dysentery - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;573

Wasting Diseases - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 573

Local Maladies - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;573

Destruction of Condemned Flesh -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 575

4.nbsp; The Species of Animal to which Flesh belongsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;576

Inspection of Milk ------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;579

Importance of Milk Inspection - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 579

Characters of Healthy Milk - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;579

Normal Alterations in Milk ----- 580

Quantitive Anomalies in the Constituents of Alilk -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;581

Qualitative Anomalies . . - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 581

1.nbsp; Acid Milk which coagulates too quickly -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;581

2.nbsp; Yellow Milk - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 582

3.nbsp; Viscid Milk -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;582

4.nbsp; Milk which does not yield Butter -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 583

5.nbsp; Blue Milk (when drawn) - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;584

6.nbsp; Red Milk (when drawn) - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 584

7.nbsp; Bitter or quot;Rottenquot; Milk - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;584 Anomalies in Coagulation ----- 584

1.nbsp; nbsp;Sweet-bitter Milk - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;585

2.nbsp; nbsp;Blue Milk- - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 586

3.nbsp; Yellow Milk -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;588

#9632;

^Ksmmsm

Contents.

4. Green Milknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

3. Red Milk -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

6.nbsp; nbsp;Milk from which the Cream disappears #9632;

7.nbsp; Vegetable Organisms in Milk Foreign Matters in Milk

Milk from Diseased Animals Adulterations of Milk

Inspection of Knackers' Establishments -Importance of Knackers' Establishments Objection to Knackers' Establishments -Manner in which Knackers' Establishments should

ducted -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;

Interior of Knackers' Establishments Situation of Knackers' Establishments Knackers' Carts -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Duties of the Knacker Use of the Flesh from Knackers' Establishments as

rAGE

-nbsp; nbsp;589 589

-nbsp; 589 589

-nbsp; nbsp;589 591

-nbsp; nbsp;591 592

-nbsp; 593 592

be con-gt;

Food

594 596

597 599 599 600

APPENDIX.

The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act

Part I.�Preliminarynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Short Title -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;

Extent of Act -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Division of Act into parts -Repeal of Acts in Schedule Definition, etc., of Privy Council -Interpretation of Terms as to Animals, etc. Definition of Boroughs and other places Effects of Schedules -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Part II.�Local Authorities -

Local Authority, etc., in Schedule Local Authority in City of London -Appointment of Committees ,-Appointment of Inspectors and other Officers

Local Authoritiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Reports to Privy Council, etc. -

Part III.�Foreign Animals -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Power to Define Parts -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Power to Prohibit Landing of Foreign Animals

-nbsp; 602 603

-nbsp; 603 603

-nbsp; nbsp;603 603

-nbsp; nbsp;604 604

-nbsp; 604 604

-nbsp; nbsp;604 605

-nbsp; nbsp;605 606

-nbsp; nbsp;606 609

-nbsp; nbsp;606

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; xxi

PAGE

Power to apply Regulations in Schedule to landing in Specified Cases -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 606

Power to vary Regulations -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 606

Provision respecting Animals within Port, etc. - 606 Power to impose Quarantinenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 606

Punishment for Wrongful Landing, etc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 606

Return of Diseases among Foreign Animals to be

published in the quot; London Gazettequot; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 607

Power to provide Wharves, Lairs, etc. -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 607

Incorporation of Markets, etc., Clauses Act, 1847 - 607 Charges for use of Wharves, etc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 607

Power to give Security for Borrowed Money, etc. - 607 Separate Account and Application of Money re�ceived -----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 607

(Additional Regulations with regard to Foreign Cattle)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;608,611

(Importation of Cattle from Russia)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-611

Special Provisions respecting Metropolisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 614

Provision on Failure of Corporation of London to

provide Market -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 615

Continuance of defined part where Market, etc.,

provided ----- 615

(Additional Order) -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 615

Part IV.�Discovery and Prevention of Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 615

Inspector to proceed on Informationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 615

Power of Entry for Inspector, etc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 615

Evidence of Diseasenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 616

Infected Places : Cattle-plague and Sheep-poxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 616

Provisional Declaration of Infected Place by In�spector ------ 616

Determination and Declaration of Local Authority 616 Declaration of Infected Place by Local Authority or

Privy Councilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 616

Extent of Area on Declaration by Local Authority 616 Extension of Area into District of other Authority 617 Extent of Infected Place under Declaration by

Council -..--- 617 Area of Infected Places in Metropolis -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 617

Description of Infected Placenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-617

Notice of Declaration -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 617

Order Evidence of Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 617

Rules in Schedulenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 617

Offences as to Infected Placesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 617

Exception for Railways -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 617

~~quot;~~' -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..J

xxu

Contents.

Power to Privy Council to make Rules as to Infected

Places ------ 617

Duties of Local Authorities, etc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 617

Authority of Constablenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 618

Discontinuance of Declaration of Infected Places 618 Report to Privy Council -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 618

Effect of Order of Councilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 618

Restriction on Movement, etc., near Infected Places 618

Pleuro-pneumonianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -618

Provisional Declaration as to Pleuro-pneumonia by

Inspector -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Determination and Declaration by Local Authority as to Pleuro-pneumonia Miscellaneousnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Forms in Schedule -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Exposure for Sale, Transport by Railway, etc., of Diseased Animals -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

(Cleansing and Disinfection of Markets)

Turning out of Diseased Animals on unenclosed

lands, etc. -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Trespass on land -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

618

619 619 619

619 620

620 621 621

Burial of Diseased Animals

(Order of Council amending and renewing Regulations

relating to Contagious or Infectious Disease

among Animals)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Discovery and Prevention of Disease -

Foot-and-Mouth Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Sheep-Scabnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Pleuro-pneumonia -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Order of Council relating to Pleuro-pneumonia and Foot-and-Mouth Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

621 621 623 623

623

624 624 625 625 625 626 627

Pleuro-pneumonia -Foot-and-Mouth Disease Revocation -Burial and Disinfection -General Provisions -Purification of Sheds, etc..

, of Diseased Animals Companies to Disinfect

Steamboat and Railway

Carriages, etc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - f 27

Regulations for Disinfectingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 627

Water and Food to be provided at Railways - 628 Amended Regulations with regard to Trantitby Sea 628 Cleansing and Disinfection of Vesselsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -629

Shipping and Unshipping Placesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 629

Cleansing and Disinfection of Landing-places - 629

Contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;xxiii

PAGE

Transit of Animals by Railway -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 629

Cleansing and Disinfection of Pens and Vehicles - 630

Penaltiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 630

Order in Council relating to Burial of Diseased Animals 631

Part V.�Slaughter in Cattle-plague : Compensationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 631

Part VI.�Orders of Council and Local Authoritiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 632

Part VII.�Lands -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 635

Part VI11.�Expenses of Local Authoritiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 635

.Borrowing ---..- 637

Part IX.�Offences and Legal Proceedingsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 640

Protection of Persons in execution of Act -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 642

Part X.�Scotlandnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..... 643

Schedules .---gt;�#9632;. 646

�s-^

ERRATA.�(Vol. II.)

Page 36, line 8 from bottom, for quot;flat variola:quot; insert quot; fiat varioles.quot; ,, 95, lines 2, 4, II, and 18, for quot;variola;quot; insert quot;varioles.quot; � 398, line 2 from bottom, for quot;Dermatophadeg;usquot; read quot; Dennatophages.quot;

A MANUAL OF VETERINARY SANITARY

SCIENCE.

STRANGLES.

Synonyms.�Technical: Adenitis scropholosa eqitomni, Morbus glaudu-losus, Fcbra pyogcnica, Adenitis cquina. English: Strangles. French: Goitrme. German : Dntse, Kropf. Italian : Piccionaja,Barboiie, Stran-gnglioni, Cimorro.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

This is probably a very widespread disease, being well-known on the European and American continents, as well as in Australia, Asia, and Africa. It is said to be somewhat rare in southern climates, as in Spain, and Italy, and even in Southern Russia it is reported as unknown ; and in France it is more common in the northern and central departments than elsewhere. It is unfrequent in Hungary; but prevails exten�sively in Germany, and in northern and western countries.

It is reported to be non-existent in Africa and Arabia, and in all those countries in which the Eastern horse, with its ner�vous temperament, is the only race. It is far from uncommon, however, at the Cape of Good Hope ; but its existence there may be due to the fact that the horses are chiefly cross-bred from English stock, and that those of a sanguine and lym�phatic temperament are most.predisposed to it. It has been known from the earliest times.

CHARACTER.

Strangles is characterized by general febrile disturbance, a catarrhal inflammation of the membrane lining the upper air-passages, with swelling and suppuration of certain lymphatic glands, and a tendency to the formation of pus in different parts of the body.

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Strangles.

NATURE.

Many opinions have been offered with regard to the nature of this disease. According to some authorities, it is a lym-phatico-catarrhal malady of a scrofulous nature, peculiar to the horse ; others believe it to consist in a febrile acute inflamma�tion or catarrh of the Schneiderian membrane, and that lining the frontal maxillary sinuses, with tumefaction and suppura�tion of the submaxillary glands ; while others, again, define it to be a contagious lymphatico-catarrhal equine disease, more particularly attacking young horses. It may be designated a constitutional predisposition, diathesis, or critical state peculiar to solipeds, and continuing from youth to adult age ; the pyogenic catarrhal fever which any accidental determining cause may occasion, being only the expression of this con�dition. Old horses, mules, and asses are rarely affected*

The malady has some analogy to what is termed quot; distem�per quot; in the dog.

CAUSES.

The age of the horse, as has been remarked, has a predis�posing influence in the production of the disease, animals from two to five or six years of age being most liable to be affected. It may, however, attack foals or old horses ; but in these it does not present all its most characteristic features, and it does not give immunity to the former, as they may again suffer from strangles at the critical age ; while in adults, it scarcely differs from an ordinary angina or coryza. The predisposition is supposed to be owing to the blood of young horses contain�ing a larger quantity of white globules than that of adults, in which the red globules predominate ; and that it is by the sup�puration and catarrhal condition which characterize Strangles that the excess of leucocytes is got rid of, and the economy depurated. It appears to be well ascertained that if horses remain in the same conditions of hygiene, feeding, and labour

* Some French authorities have described what they designate quot;stranglesquot; in the bovine and porcine species, but it is doubtful whether it has much affinity to this disease.

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in which they have been reared, they are very often exempt from Strangles, or are affected with such a mild form that they are scarcely observed to be sick ; but if these conditions are reversed, and during the critical age horses are transported suddenly from the region in which they are reared, and parti�cularly if they are submitted to a change of temperature, food, and management, the disease is almost certain to appear. It is from this cause that we find troop remounts so liable to be attacked. Of horses affected with Strangles and sent to the Alfort Veterinary School, Paris, 88 per cent, were found to be newly purchased and imported from the breeding districts. Reynal has seen six hundred remounts, hurriedly purchased in foreign countries, and sent to the army corps, suffer, without an exception, from Strangles; and the same remark has been made in remount depots and regiments receiving new pur�chases�the disease appearing within a month after their arrival.

The diet has also, doubtless, some influence, in conjunction with emigration, in the production of the disease. Thus it is that dealers' horses, which are abundantly fed to make them fat, and kept in hot stables, are more susceptible than others ; and those troop remounts which are chiefly fed on bran after joining their regiments, suffer almost without exception, and often severely.

Continental horse-dealers are well aware of this, and, accord�ing to Reynal, those who deal in young animals in Friesland (Holland), Hanover, and Oldenburg, journey those they have purchased off grass in troops by stages, feed them sparingly, and park them in the open air; experience having taught them that Strangles is less frequent and serious when the horses are managed in this way. In North Germany, the dealers buy #9632; large numbers of young horses, and drive them in lots of 100 or 150 to the principality of Hildeshaun and theduchy ofBruns-wick : each day travelling ten to fourteen miles, feeding them very moderately, and parking them out of doors like sheep, no matter what the weather may be. Change of season and atmospherical vicissitudes have likewise a large share in developing the malady. For this reason it is that it is more common in autumn and spring than in summer, or even winter.

1�2

Stran

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es.

Strangles frequently coincides with dentition and the replacement of the temporary by the permanent teeth; and this change has been looked upon as an occasional cause. According to Reynal, a kick, contusion, abrasion, or simple abscess, may be the cause of a strangles inflammation, which will precede the appearance of the malady in its ordinary form.

Contagion is also a cause of Strangles.

SYMPTOMS. The disease is somewhat proteiform, and does not invariably offer the same symptoms in every case, these varying accord�ing to its mode of expression ; but from the earliest times there has been distinguished a quot; benignantquot; and a quot; malig�nant quot; form of the malady.

I. Benignant Strangles.

Most frequently the disease is marked by symptoms, more or less acute, of complicated Angina, accompanied by a variable degree of fever, accelerated and irregular respiration, and cough. Generally there is nasal discharge, which is at first serous, then thicker, grayish in colour, and flaky ; and there is tumefaction of the subglossal lymphatic and the parotid glands. This tumefaction sometimes subsides spontaneously ; but most frequently it increases, and terminates by suppura�tion : abscesses invading the surrounding connective tissue, and containing laudable pus. This is the typical form of benig�nant Strangles, in which the acute stage lasts for four or five days, sometimes longer. When the pus has escaped from the abscess or abscesses, the symptoms of Angina gradually dis�appear, the animal suffers less, regains its appetite and liveli�ness, the cough diminishes, as does the discharge ; and in some cases the horse has recovered its health in about fifteen days, and in others towards a month. External circumstances� such as temperature, atmospheric conditions, good food and stabling, as well as attention�influence the progress of the disease ; while unfavourable circumstances readily bring about relapses, and the reappearance of sore throat, with more

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abscesses. There are cases in which this formation of ab�scesses continues for months, notwithstanding every care. Sometimes after several weeks have elapsed, and when the health has apparently been completely re-established, the animal again falls sick, and abscesses form in the most variednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; parts of the body. This tendency to the formation of ab-

scesses is characteristic of Strangles, and distinguishes it from simple Angina ; it is generally considered a critical pheno�menon of the disease, for unless the discharge is very great and compensates for purulence by its abundance. Strangles without an abscess always runs its course slowly and less favourably, and readily becomes complicated with disorders of the lungs and pleura, the animal suffering from anaemia. Not unfrequently, under the influence of this pyogenic inflam�mation, which is transmitted by continuity to the mucous membrane of the upper air-passages, purulent collections are formed in the guttural pouches and sinuses of the head.

Not unfrequently, also, at the very commencement there are external abscesses, which are sometimes superadded to the symptoms of Angina ; at other times they are the only symp�toms of Strangles. These abscesses may appear in various parts of the body, neck, shoulder, withers, wherever the harness may rest,*as well as the breast, thigh, amp;c., and then always immediately beneath the skin ; sometimes they also form more profoundly, as in the parotid and mesenteric glands, and even in the testicles and brain ; then, of course, the disease is much more serious. In the vicinity of these abscesses, and usually about the head and neck, the lymphatic vessels, as well as the connective tissue surrounding them, not unfre�quently become inflamed from the irritation set up in them by the altered lymph they convey ; the glands receiving this lymph are tumefied in their turn, and sometimes suppurate. This condition of the lymphatics is only consecutive to the pyogenia, and has no direct relation to the disease itself. Care must be taken, however, not to mistake the nodulated vessels for those of Farcy; and the same caution is necessary with regard to the petechise, erosions, and superficial ulcera-tions sometimes observed on the pituitary membrane, and

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which, to the inexperienced observer, might give rise to the belief that Glanders was present.

Cutaneous eruptions�Herpes, Eczema, amp;c., sometimes ac�company the disease, and have led some authorities to consider it as exanthematous in its nature ; but as these are not con�stantly present, and are not always of the same character, they cannot be looked upon as essential to the malady.

2. Malignant Strangles.

Malignant Strangles is that form which presents irregu�larities in its course, and diversity in its manifestations ; these being so serious as to endanger life. The disease nearly always assumes this form when it appears in animals placed in unfavourable hygienic conditions, badly fed and lodged, and debilitated by misery and fatigue. Their anzemic state is incompatible with the free development of the inflammation, the formation of laudable pus, and the normal course of the malady. The nasal discharge is of a bad character, scanty and often fetid, and the pituitary membrane pale or yellow in hue. The subglossal abscess does not maturate, but remains indolent; the animal loses condition and is quot; tucked-up,quot; the coat becomes unhealthy and staring, and altogether there is a non-thriving appearance. This state may continue for months.

One of the most frequent complications is a psuedo-Pneu-monia, in which the lungs are affected with passive congestion, and there is a tendency to pleuritic exudation, not unlike what occurs in typhoid Pneumonia. In some instances, there is Pleurisy without Pneumonia previously existing. Sometimes there are subcutaneous serous swellings, more or less gene�ralized anasarca, often considerable oedema of the head, en�gorgement of the limbs, amp;c. Some animals are affected with intestinal Catarrh ; at times there is true Enteritis, but more frequently there exists follicular irritation of the intestines which leads to dysenteric Diarrhoea. Tumours of various kinds appear on the shoulders, withers, chest, sides, amp;c., and these generally contain a large quantity of thin, badly-con�stituted pus ; in many cases, nature does not appear to be

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able to limit the extent of these tumours, and they are mani�fest as great diffused abscesses. In one case which had a fatal termination, I removed nearly a bucketful of thin sanious pus from an immense, unlimited, fluctuating swelling occupy�ing the breast and shoulder.

There are also sometimes such complications as Arthritis, Synovitis, Orchitis, Ophthalmia, amp;c., due to the same causes ; these are always very serious. Mention has also been made of a spasmodic form of Strangles occurring in nervous animals, and marked by fits of vertigo, nervous erethism, and in rare cases there is immobility.

It has been stated that malignant Strangles may degene�rate into Glanders or Farcy; but without the presence of the contagium of these affections, it is scarcely possible to admit such a complication.

COURSE AND TERMINATIONS.

The course of benignant Strangles is, as a rule, regular, and seldom exceeds ten days ; unless there is intense Angina and sublingual abscess, when it is longer, occupying from twenty to thirty days. Its termination is generally favourable, unless there are complications. The most frequent sequel, and one that occurs more particularly when the parotid glands have been involved, is quot; roaring.quot;

The course and termination of malignant Strangles depends, of course, upon the gravity of the supervening complications. When the local lesions assume a chronic character, and ab�scesses appear periodically in various parts of the body, the disease may continue for two or three months, and even longer. When the lungs or pleura are affected, when the abscesses are numerous and of a bad character, and especially when they form internally, and when oedema is general, an unfavourable termination may be anticipated. The same result may follow when the upper air-passages and head are involved in oedema, and the respiration becomes stridulous. Death may then ensue from asphyxia. In some cases, the animals succumb to pyaemia, accompanied by the formation of lobular abscesses in the lungs ; and in others there are

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consecutive affections of a cachectic nature developed, such as mesentric Phthisis, Peritonitis, intestinal perforations, amp;c.

When abscesses form in the sinuses of the head, there is much trouble, and doubt as to the result: the discharge from the nostrils, continual or intermittent, often persisting for a long time, even when trephining has been resorted to.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.

The nature of the alterations is sufficiently indicated by the symptoms presented during life. The malady being of a pyogenic nature, purulent deposits in various regions are generally met with ; as well as inflammations, with exudations of lymph, and serous effusions. The lymphatic system is usually involved.

DIAGNOSIS.

The malady can scarcely be mistaken for any other. The age of the animal, its history, the nature of the discharge and the glandular tumefaction, the presence of Angina and Fever, and the absence of chancrous ulcers on the septum of the nose, should distinguish quot;stranglesquot; from quot;glanders.quot; The engorgement of the lymphatic vessels and glands of the face is distinguished from that of Farcy by the volume of the tumours, the oedematous inflammation, and the character of the morbid matter secreted. The purulent collections are rarely circumscribed in the connective tissue of the lips, and usually the pus infiltrates it as if it were a sponge ; and when it reaches the skin, it is evacuated by a multitude of small confluent openings, which soon form only one. The pus is thick and white, and not stringy and oily like that from the lymphatics in Farcy. The same remarks are applicable to the oedematous purulent engorgements observed on the course of the large lymphatic vessels of the limbs.

CONTAGIUM.

The contagiousness of Strangles was firmly believed in by the hippiatrists and veterinarians of the last century, and since denied by many authorities. But the clinical observa-

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tions of those who are placed in the best position to study the malady, have demonstrated in the clearest manner that there exists a contagium, that this contributes to its propagation, and often causes it to become enzo�tic in certain localities under particular circumstances. The facts are numerous in #9632;vvhich a young horse suffering from the disease, has communi�cated it to other horses in the stable to which it has been in�troduced. Gohier, Toggia, and Reynal have also successfully inoculated healthy horses with the nasal discharge.

This contagium would appear to exist in the fixed and volatile conditions. Direct contact with a diseased horse is not necessary, the transmitted malady not always first attack�ing the animals which are nearest to it.

VITALITY OF THE VIRUS.

We have not sufficient evidence to enable us to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to the vitality of the contagium, but it is probable that its virulence is not very tenacious.

INFECTION.

The disease is most readily transmitted to young horses predisposed to receive the contagium; old horses, and those which have already been affected, being least susceptible. According to Charlier, bovine animals may become infected; he having observed it to be so transmitted to them in a badly ventilated, filthy stable, in which were diseased horses.

MODE OF INFECTION-.

Infection usually takes place in hot, crowded stables, and through the association of healthy with diseased horses. It is not improbable that the contagium may be conveyed by forage and water, and dwellings in which affected animals have been kept may also transmit it* Inoculation, as has been al�ready mentioned, will also produce it.

* I remember that, some years ago, a particular stable in the cavalry-barracks at Edinburgh was called the quot; strangles stable.quot; The erroneous notion being then prevalent that it was necessary for horses to have the disease, remounts were always lodged therein, in order that they might become afifected, which they nearly always were.

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MODE OF ACCESS.

The contagium may obtain access through the air-passages; but we have not yet any evidence to show that it may enter by the digestive organs. Inoculation introduces it directly to the blood.

INCUBATION.

The latent period probably varies from one to three weeks.

EXTENSION.

Contagion may extend the malady until it becomes epizootic. Young horses suffering from the malady cohabiting with other horses, or animals predisposed introduced into infected stables, propagate the disease.

MORTALITY AND LOSS.

The disease in some years, and in unfavourable circum�stances, is often very troublesome and fatal. Even under the most favourable conditions, it entails a certain amount of risk ; the most serious consecutive affection of a chronic nature being quot; roaring,quot; which greatly depreciates the utility and value of horses.

IMMUNITY.

The old hippiatrists believed that one attack of the disease conferred immunity�consequently, that a horse was only once affected; and a large number of the most competent veterinary authorities maintain this opinion. Others, how�ever, assert that it is not rare to see the malady, in various forms, appear three, and even four times in the same horse; and Zundel has witnessed it five and six times, and always as the result of contagion. Reynal observes that the idea that Strangles only attacks an animal once is rendered improbable by every day's experience, and that it is not rare to notice, during the changing of stations, young cavalry horses affected with diseases of the upper air and digestive passages, with discharge, and swelling of the submaxillary glands, the marked tendency of which to suppuration left no doubt as to the critical nature of the affection. And M. Riquet informed

Sanitary Measures.

him, that during his residence at Hamburg in 1848, he had frequently occasion to observe that the recently purchased horses were affected with Strangles ; after their recovery they were sent to Hanover, and there the disease attacked them a second time; and when they reached their regiments in France, they had it a third time. Reynal made similar ob�servations at the remount depot of Saint-Avoid.

But it may be asked if the disease communicated to aged horses which have exceeded the critical period, is really Strangles. Zundel thinks it is not, and that it is merely a simple catarrhal affection�an Angina or a Coryza. Never in the aged horse is there the same profuseness of suppuration which characterizes the Strangles of the young animal, and which changes, we might say, the lymphatic into the sanguine temperament. Contagion can, therefore, only give rise to real Strangles in an animal already predisposed ; otherwise, it only produces a Catarrh. As after the disease has once attacked an animal the predisposition disappears, it may therefore be admitted that it only attacks a horse once, and thus indirectly confers immunity.

SANITARY MEASURES.

The somewhat popular notion that Strangles is an inevitable disease, and is indeed necessary for the welfare of the horse, is absurd; no disease is necessary or inevitable. The fact that it is unknown among Eastern breeds, and those kept in the most natural conditions, is sufficient to disprove this. No doubt our climate, and our mode of rearing and managing the horse, appear to entail this malady upon it, and few escape; but we cannot admit that it confers any advantage upon the animal, nor that, with better management, it might not be prevented.

In view of the loss it may occasion, and its oftentimes serious results, even when the animal has recovered from its more severe effects, every care should be taken to prevent it, by keeping in mind the predisposing and exciting causes. When it does appear, it should be treated as a contagious

Strangles.

disease ; though the intervention of the law may not be neces�sary. An animal so affected should not be placed in a stable with healthy horses, and a horse should not be sold when suffering from Strangles. Diseased horses should be isolated from those which are healthy; and stables and stalls, and par�ticularly mangers, ought to be thoroughly cleansed and disin�fected.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

In the treatment of ^this disease, proper hygienic manage�ment is essential. A moderate, equable temperature; a substantial, easily-digested diet; plenty of bran or oatmeal gruel; and saline medicaments, such as cream of tartar, nitrate of potass, or the bicarbonate or sulphate of soda, may be given in this gruel. The malady having a debilitating ten�dency, the strength must not be impaired by medical treat�ment ; it may be even necessary to give tonics and stimulants from an early period.

The submaxillary tumour may be hastened towards suppu�ration by fastening a piece of fresh sheep-skin around the head, and poulticing and blistering. The inhalation of hot water vapour, to which oil of turpentine has been added, accelerates the nasal discharge, and relieves Angina ; and the same medi�cine, combined with alkalies and vegetable bitters, may be given when the discharge is not of a good character. There should be no hurry in opening the abscesses which form, and all complications ought to be treated according to the indica�tions thev offer.

#9632;

INFLUENZA.

Synonyms.�A large number of very different diseases which may have chanced to prevail more or less extensively among horses at a given period, have been included under this designation. The synonyms are, consequently, as numerous as these maladies. We shall, therefore, dis�pense with their enumeration, as the term quot; influenza quot; is well understood in every modern language.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The malady is well known in Europe and on the American continent, but has not, so far as I can ascertain, been wit�nessed in Australia. I am not a^are that it has been seen to any extent in Asia or Africa, if at all.* It has been known for some centuries in Europe, but the more extensive out�breaks have only been recorded for about two hundred years.f The great epizootics have often coincided with Influenza in man. In this century it so appeared in 1803, 1805, 1833, and 1858. One of the most remarkable and best recorded invasions was that which appeared in Toronto, Canada, in September, 1872, and which, radiating thence in every direction, visited all the cities in Canada, spreading over the United States as

* In quot;Animal Plaguesquot; I have described an interesting outbreak, which may have been quot;influenza,quot; among horses in Yemen, Arabia, in A.D. 1328.

t The history of these invasions of Influenza up to the end of the last century will be found in quot;Animal Plagues.quot; In that work, I have omitted to mention that Ozanam (Hist. Med. Generale et Particuliere des Maladies Epidemiques, amp;c.) alludes to an outbreak of Catarrh, which affected horses throughout Germany, Bohemia, and Moravia, in 1746; also that Huzard, sen., alludes to Influenza attacking horses in the spring of 1776, after the human species had been affected (Journal de Med., vol. lix. P- 333).

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far south as Virginia, and westerly to Chicago. Within two months it had invaded the states and territories of the Far West; it appeared in California, and, travelling onward, reached British Columbia, Cuba, Mexico, and Central America.

CHARACTER.

If we took into consideration the numerous descriptions of the epizo�ties recorded, and said to be those of Influenza, it would indeed be difficult to assign a definite character to such a protean malady. But as a number of typhoid affections have been confounded with what must be distinguished as quot; influenza,quot; and as these are characterized by a certain altera�tion in the blood, and in other respects bear some analogy to the Typhoid fever of man, we shall exclude them, and only notice the equine epizootic malady, which, in every respect, is the analogue of human Influenza.

This disease is characterized by fever, some degree of in�flammation, bronchial catarrh, general soreness, cough, nervous disturbance, and a remarkable degree of prostration, which cannot be accounted for by the suffering nor the local lesions observed. Some authorities have denied that Influenza has any special character, and consider it as a simple bronchial Catarrh, or an ordinary Pleurisy; but the nervous derange�ment which accompanies it, and the disproportion between the thoracic and other morbid phenomena, are sufficient to establish a wide difference between them. The disease must not be confounded, as has been so frequently done, with the nasal Catarrh which, attacking horses in the spring and autumn, sometimes attains the dimensions of an epizo�ty, and appears to be contagious.

NATURE.

Influenza is an essentially specific epizootic disease, affecting animals of all ages and breeds, and in all conditions of hygiene and management. In some outbreaks it is in its nature sthenic, in others asthenic ; sometimes it is accompanied by nervous excitement, at other times by torpidity; but it always bears a special character. Its contagiousness has been

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denied and affirmed by the best authorities ; but, as Zundel remarks, the epizootic typhoid maladies with which it has been so frequently confounded, and which are undoubtedly contagious, may have led to its being regarded as transmis�sible from sick to healthy animals. Its contagiousness, how�ever, is sometimes more than probable. In its most usual form, it is in its essence a special Catarrhal fever, in which the nervous centres are involved ; and it attacks all, or nearly all, soliped animals in a country, appearing suddenly, and almost as quickly subsiding.

CAUSES.

We know nothing for certain of the cause or causes of Influenza. It appears in the most diverse climates and at all temperatures ; though it is generally more frequent in the spring and autumn than at other seasons. The latest and closest observations show that it does not spread by virtue of any of the recognized atmospheric conditions of cold, heat, humi�dity, season, climate, or altitude. In the recent epizo�ty in America, it prevailed and was propagated in the cold of a northern winter, and in the summer heat of Central America ; in the dry air of Minnesota, and in the moist air of the sea�board ; at an altitude of five thousand feet above the sea (at Saltillo^ Mexico), and on the low levels of New Orleans (ten feet above sea-level) and Galveston (five feet above sea-level). Many causes, some of them of the most dissimilar character, have been ascribed as operat�ing in the production of the disease ; but to none of them can this power be satisfactorily attributed. The air has been admitted by the majority of authorities to be the most potent agent in disseminating the malady, through its conveying a miasma. Gleisberg believes its development to be due to a special electrical condition of the atmosphere, or to its con�taining an unusual proportion of ozone, which is capable of irritating the air-passages, and occasioning bronchial Catarrh and other thoracic affections. It has often been noticed that, in our hemisphere, it is those countries which are exposed to

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north or east winds which are most frequently visited by Influenza, and these winds are said to be richest in ozone; while the disease has been observed to disappear, or to be averted by the west wind, which, after traversing the surface of the ocean, is poor in this modified oxygen. Recent investigation shows, however, that the manner in which the disease extends is opposed to this view of dissemination by winds, and that the malady spreads by virtue of its communicability ; of this there is logical proof, though it has not been experimentally demon�strated. In the American outbreak of 1872-73, it commenced � at Toronto, and spread thence as from a centre, no locality being exempt which was known to have been in communication, by means of horses or mules, with places in which the disease existed ; and those places which were not visited by it were so situated that the importation of horses or mules was in some of them impossible, and in others of them improbable. In fact, the most attentive study of the disease in recent times favours the early notions as to its contagiousness.

Low and damp, as well as badly-ventilated stables have been accused of inducing the disease, and there can scarcely be a doubt that they at least predispose animals to it.

SYMPTOMS.

The disease, in almost every instance, commences very suddenly, and often without any premonitory symptoms; except it be swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, and a peculiar saffron-coloured tint of the visible mucous membrane, with sneezing. Many horses may be affected simultaneously, or within a very brief interval of each other ; so that within a few days, or even a few hours, all the horses in a large stable, in a locality, town, or city, or even a wide extent of country, may be suffering.

From the earliest period of the attack, there is extreme list-lessness and prostration ; if in the stable, the sick animal stands almost immovable, the limbs are as if fixed to the ground, and A it can only be displaced with difficulty. The eyelids almost cover the eyes, and appear to be swollen ; tears course down

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the face; the head is carried low, and there are indications of severe headache, and more or less of stupor. In some cases the forehead is pushed forcibly against the wall; and in rare instances there are manifestations of frenzy. The animal is unable to work, from sheer debility and prostration ; and if compelled to move at anything like an accelerated pace, will fall, and require assistance before it can get up again. There are periodical rigors, morning and evening, for several days, these being sometimes followed by profuse perspiration ; there is also fever to a variable degree. The pulse is not much quickened, as a rule, though it sometimes reaches to sixty or seventy beats a minute, and is very weak and compressible ; the heart's pulsations are very perceptible. The expired air is hot, and respiration is more hurried than in health, as well as shallow and difficult; but neither auscultation nor percussion reveal any marked alterations in the chest, with the exception of a somewhat sharp sibilant ramp;le at the commencement. The animal generally manifests increased sensibility on pressure of the intercostal spaces; the throat is also more sensitive to pressure, which induces painful coughing ; and the parotideal and submaxillary regions are tumefied. Usually there is a short, frequent, feeble, and painful cough, as if the animal were afraid to move the ribs : a circumstance which, as Zundel observes, has led some authorities to believe in the existence of pleural Rheumatism in this disease. The cough is dry, and in many cases spasmodic, causing much distress.

Frequently there is only loss of appetite, and the mouth is dry ; sometimes there is sore throat to such an extent that when the animal drinks the fluid returns by the nostrils, and food is swallowed with the greatest difficulty. The faeces are rare and dry, and at times slightly covered with mucus, and fetid ; the urine is also scanty and colourless, or yellower than in health.

The temperature of the limbs is variable; but that of the body is higher than in health, and particularly in the morning and evening. It varies from zocfto io5^a or 107⁰ in excep-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

tional cases; it oscillates in a very irregular manner some-

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times, and for as long as the malady lasts�often remaining higher than in health for a few days after recovery.

Towards the second or third day, in favourable cases, the appetite begins to return : though the animal does not attempt to lie down, but persistently remains standing, only resting a tired limb now and again ; the prostration is as marked ; there is a loud mucous rale in the air-passages, but the mouth is not so dry, and may even be filled with saliva. The cough is at this period soft; a discharge from the nostrils, at first sero-mucous, then more consistent and flaky, commences, and is most abundant when the head is in a dependent position, or after coughing. The corner of the eyes is frequently muddy-looking, and there is inflammation of the conjunctival mem�brane, with muco-purulent effusion. The limbs are often cedematous, as well as the sheath and head.

According to the character of the epizooty or individual pre�disposition, there predominate nervous, thoracic, or abdominal symptoms ; and various authorities have accordingly divided Influenza into several forms�such as the rheumatismal, gastro-rheumatismal, catarrho-rheumatismal, gastro-erysipelatous,. abdominal, thoracic, amp;c., but careful observers, especially Falke of Jena, and Zundel of Mulhouse, have insisted upon the fact, that these various forms belong to typhoid diseases, which differ essentially from Influenza, not only in their symptoms, but in their course, duration, and termination. In Influenza, there is no absolute departure from the typical form.

COURSE AND TERMINATIONS.

When the malady is not complicated, it runs its course without any other marked symptoms, and its progress is regu�lar, continuous, and rapid : the more urgent symptoms dis�appearing in about from seven to ten days, though convales�cence is generally protracted. Signs of recovery are indicated by the animal appearing more lively, the head is carried higher, and the position is more frequently altered, while the pulse is less frequent, stronger, and fuller. In the majority of cases, the disease terminates by an increased flow of urine, which is sometimes thick, as if mixed with mucus and albumen.

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or it may be slightly tinged with blood, and has a fetid odour ; in other cases, the crisis is marked by diarrhoea or profuse perspiration.

It is some time, however, before the strength is regained ; the cough persists for a somewhat long period, and the appetite is slow in returning ; indeed, the duration of convalescence is not at all in proportion to the length and intensity of the disease.

When uncomplicated, the malady is generally benignant ; and in Influenza proper, serious complications are unfrequent� a feature which distinguishes it from the so-called quot; typhoid quot; diseases. These complications are often observed in animals predisposed by some chronic affection. Pneumonia, and sometimes Pleurisy, are the usual complications, and the former assumes a special physiognomy. As Zundel has correctly stated, we seldom perceive the veritable fine dry crepitation of ordinary Pneumonia, but rather a quot;sub-crepitantquot; rale; there are, in fact, symptoms of Bronchitis analogous to those of the capillary Bronchitis of the dog, and the dyspnoea is very intense and painful. The respiration is abdominal; serous exudations readily and rapidly occur, but they are not of an ordinary character: the serum holding in solution a quantity of albuminous matter which coagulates on exposure to the air, and yields much fibrine, being, in all probability, the quot; fibrogene quot; of Virchow.

The liver and intestines are never seriously implicated, though they suffer sometimes through sympathy. The other complications are : cerebral or spinal Meningitis ; rheumatic In�flammation of the synovial sheaths ; Laminitis ; CEdema of the limbs, sometimes passing into that general form of oedema known as quot; purpura hasmorrhagica quot;�often a serious compli�cation ; Haematuria, amp;c.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.

Death rarely occurs without serious complications ; so that we cannot readily arrive at the pathological alterations which occur in a simple case of Influenza. In those cases which have been examined, there has been found a passive congestion of

2�2

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tissues or organs, but rarely inflammation. The mucous mem�brane of the nostrils, sinuses, larynx, and pharnyx, and some�times as far as the bronchia, is red, injected and swollen, and the air-passages may contain a quantity of mucus. In parti�cular cases, there is an apoplectic or hasmorrhagic congestion of this membrane in different parts. As Pneumonia is the most frequent and fatal concomitant of Influenza in nearly all the animals which die, we find the lesions ofthat condition. If Pleurisy has been present, there will be found exudations of a gelatinous serosity into the thoracic cavity, with the other morbid alterations which mark this inflammation. The other complications have, of course, their particular pathological lesions. In the blood micrococcus cells have been found, as well as in the urine and bile. These cells, when cultivated, become converted into cryptococcus cells, which again become Sporangia, and are finally developed into fungi not unlike the Aspergillus glauats. The blood has also been observed to be darker-coloured in the arteries than in health, and to contain a large excess of fat and extractive matter. Large numbers of spores of various kinds have been found in the mucus dis�charged from the nostrils.

DIAGNOSIS.

The sudden prostration and apathy, and the torpidity and great distress which accompany Influenza; the fact of its affect�ing many animals at once ; the presence of the symptoms just enumerated ; and the appearance of the malady without any perceptible cause, should distinguish it from ordinary Coryza or Bronchitis. It is so different in its salient characteristics from Strangles, that a mistake is scarcely possible.

From the so-called quot; typhoid quot; diseases, it cannot be so readily distinguished ; though it differs from them by its sudden invasion, and its arriving at its maximum of intensity in from a few hours to one or two days; while their premonitory symptoms sometimes last for eight days, according to Zundel. The symptoms of Influenza are also more simple, and have not that complex character and tendency to complications which mark these affections ; and it runs its course more

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rapidly, and usually terminates in recovery. The condition of the blood is also very different; for while in Influenza it is rich in fibrine, in the typhoid diseases, if this material is at all in excess at first, it quickly alters, and becomes soft and gela�tinous ; the red globules change their form, and become angular and irregular in outline ; they also lose their colouring matter, which is diffused through the plasma ; and at a more advanced stage bacteridia are present; in fact, the blood shows a ten�dency to Septicaemia, a condition but little different to that of Anthrax, and the opposite of inflammation and Influenza. According to the best authorities, the causes of typhoid diseases are more local, and are certainly chiefly miasmatic : such as feeding on altered forage, allowing horses to drink water contaminated by organic impurities, amp;c.

CONTAGIUM.

As has been already mentioned, the contagiousness of In�fluenza has been affirmed and denied for many years, and the most trustworthy observers are still undecided as to its transmissibility from diseased to healthy animals. The recent epizo�ty in America would tend to prove that it is conveyed by sick animals, or those arriving from infected localities ; and my own experience inclines me to look upon it as a com�municable malady.

VITALITY OF THE VIRUS.

Of the nature of the virus and its vitality�if we are to con�sider this a virulent disease�we know nothing.

INFECTION.

The disease attacks all solipeds�horses, mules, and asses �and appears to affect the latter more severely than the others.

MODE OF INFECTION.

Infection almost invariably follows the introduction of sick animals, or those which have been in infected localities, among others which are healthy.

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MODE OF ACCESS.

The infection doubtless obtains access through the respira�tory organs.

INCUBATION.

This would appear to be brief, and probably limited to a few days.

EXTENSION.

The extension of the malady is generally too irregular and erratic to warrant the assertion that it is solely dependent upon atmospheric conditions for its diffusion. Of its origin, we have little but hypotheses to offer; after it has appeared, however, there can be no doubt that it chiefly, if not invariably, follows the lines of communication travelled by the equine species : those places which are not visited by animals from infected centres generally, if not always, escaping.* There is,

* The report of the New York Sanitary Committee notices this fact. It says, quot; Epizootic Influenza does not spread solely by virtue of unrecog�nized atmospheric conditions. During the prevalence of the disease, the opinion was expressed by many thoughtful observers, that it was spread�ing through the air, or by virtue of some unknown atmospheric condition. In no other way did it seem possible to explain the sudden prostration of all, or nearly all, of the horses in a city or limited district. Subsequent investigation has not proved that the disease is laquo;^communicable through the air at short distances, and over limited areas. We have proved, how�ever, that the spread of the disease over the country is not solely, or chiefly, by virtue of unrecognized atmospheric conditions. The irregu�larities in time and place in the appearance of this disease are so nume�rous and surprising, that they cannot be classified or brought into har�mony with any system of laws that bears any resemblance to the laws which govern the phenomena of any of the recognized atmospherical con�ditions.

quot; Epizootic Influenza spreads by virtue of its communicability .... no place was exempt from the disease which was known to have been in com�munication, by means of horses or mules, with places in which the disease existed. On the mainland of this continent, every place which is known to have had communication, by means of horses or mules, with places where the disease existed, suffered from the disease. In regard to the West India Islands, we have letters from two correspondents, which men�tion the importation of American horses into Havana. Cuba was over-

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therefore, every reason to believe that the disease extends by-reason of its communicability ; though within narrow limits it may infect through the medium of the atmosphere.

run by the disease.....The places that were exempt from the disease

were so situated that the importation of horses or mules was in some of them impossible, and in others of them improbable. The following places were exempt:�Prince Edward Island, Vancouver's Island, Key West, the Island of Hayti and San Domingo, the Island of Jamaica, La Paz, and that portion of Mexico containing Minatitlan, Tabasco, and Madeira. Prince Edward Island and Vancouver's Island were sequestered, the former by the severity of a Canadian winter, and the latter by a quaran�tine against horses and mules. The islands of Key West, Hayti, San Domingo, and Jamaica, have a limited amount of commercial intercourse with the ports of this country or with Cuba, and the importation of horses or mules is probably a very rare occurrence. La Paz, near the extremity of the peninsula of Lower California, is so situated that, in all probability, there is no unbroken communication by horses and mules with those por�tions of Mexico in which the disease prevailed. The same statement can be made concerning Minatitlan, Tabasco, and Madeira, as the region in which they are situated is separated from the States of Vera Cruz and Mexico, in which the disease prevailed, by difficult and thinly-settled low�lands.....The disease passed rapidly over those regions in which the

towns and cities are numerous and in frequent communication with each other, and with comparative slowness over those regions in which the towns are less numerous and in less frequent communication with each other.....The disease spread rapidly over the states east of the Mis�sissippi and Missouri Rivers, where cities and towns are numerous, and where communication is rapid and easy ; and its progress was greatly re�duced as it passed over the thinly-settled states and territories of the western half of the country, where communication is slow and difficult. There are many minor points which illustrate the fact that the rate of pro�gress made by the disease depended on the amount and facility of com�mercial intercourse. Some of these points are, in brief, as follows :�The early appearance of the disease at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, places situated on a crowded line of travel, and its late appearance in a large region lying between these cities and the starting-point of the disease, as well as in certain important cities and towns lying near, but not on, this great line of travel ; the rapid progress of the dis�ease along the line of the Pacific Railway; the arrest of the disease by the Sierra Nevada, impassable by horses and mules at that season, and its invasion of California, after flanking the mountains by way of the succes�sion of the mining districts between Carson City and Inyo ; and the divi-

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In some outbreaks it attacks in a very irregular manner� in some stables all the horses, without exception, will be affected ; in others, only a few; while others will escape, though surrounded by the infection. Most frequently, one or two-thirds are attacked, those that are not involved appearing to be indisposed to receive the infection.

Its duration is also extremely variable. In some invasions, it will prevail for two or three months ; in others for only two or three weeks; while on occasions it has continued for a year, and even longer. The American outbreak commenced in September, 1872, in Toronto, and had extended to British Columbia in July, and San Salvador in August, 1873 ; yet it only prevailed in New York for six weeks. In that city, on the evening of October 21st, 1872, only a few animals were affected, but next morning it was doubted whether every scliped was not attacked. Horses, mules, and even a zebra belonging to a menagerie, were affected almost simultaneously; more than 20,000 animals were suffering in different degrees.

MORTALITV AKD LOSS.

Influenza is not a fatal disease, except to weakly animals, those suffering from some serious malady,when it is complicated with pulmonary affections, or when it assumes a plethoric or apoplectic character. Recovery is the ordinary termination, and this occurs often without any medical treatment, and simply by dieting and nursing. The mortality during an epizo�ty varies, according to its dominant character. That reported by Naumann, in 1805, appears to have been the most benignant on record, as scarcely a death occurred. Spinola and Hertvvig mention outbreaks in which the mor-

sion of the current of the disease by the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the unoccupied territory in Northern California and Oregon, one division moving more rapidly than the other by reason of passing over a more thickly-settled region. The early appearance of the disease at New-Orleans and Galveston.has caused the surmise that infected animals were landed at those ports by some of the numerous coasting steamers from New York and Philadelphia.quot;

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tality has only been '50 to 1 per cent, of those attacked ; and the first-named authority refers to others in which it was as high as 10 per cent. ;* and Rey has witnessed, in an epizo�ty at Lyons, one horse out of every three affected succumb. In 1872, in New York, where the disease was almost universal in its attack, and where it prevailed for six weeks, it was the first cause of death in 1412 cases, and the second cause in 534 cases ; which gave 37 per cent, of the horses in that city de�stroyed by the epizo�ty.

But if the disease is not of a very destructive character, it is the cause of much inconvenience, and, directly, of loss, by the sudden deprivation of the services of such an important animal as the horse, which may seriously interfere with busi�ness. The long convalescence which follows before those affected regain their strength, is another grave feature in the progress of such an universal malady.f

* When the mortality is described as very high, we may suspect the existence of typhoid disease or its complications, and not Influenza.

t This is strikingly illustrated in the American epizo�ty. quot; Its appear�ance in a city was followed by the gradual withdrawal of horses and mules from the streets, until the busiest thoroughfares assumed the stillness of the Sabbath. Serious inconvenience to all classes of the community was thus occasioned. Dealers in provisions were unable to supply all their customers. Business men found it difficult to reach their offices by rea�son of the withdrawal of stages and horse-cars. Those branches of in�dustry that depend essentially on the use of horses or mules were en�tirely arrested. In San Francisco, it was stated that the disabling of 3000 horses had thrown out of employment from 5000 to 10,000 men. In San Francisco, as well as in many eastern and southern cities, oxen were introduced from the country, and were used in the transportation of goods. Large quantities of goods accumulated in factories, freight-depots, and warehouses. As the disease spread gradually through the southern and western states, it showed the same symptoms ; caused, so far as can be ascertained, the same mortality ; and produced the same derangement in business. At Cairo (Illinois) and Savannah (Georgia), the price of dray-age was doubled. Farmers had difficulty in getting their produce to market, and the carriage of the cotton crop was retarded. Having tra�versed the eastern half of the breadth of the continent by the middle of December, the disease invaded successively the states and territories of the Far West. The people of this region were greatly embarrassed by the effects of this epizo�ty. Relying exclusively on transportation by horses and mules, many settlements and military posts were, for a time, entirely

In�uenza.

IMMUNITY.

One attack does not afford permanent immunity from another; consequently, a horse may have several attacks dur�ing its life.

SANITARY MEASURES. PREVENTION.

We know of no means of preventing an outbreak of In�fluenza, as we do not know the causes upon which its origin depends. When the disease exists in a neighbouring country, its invasion might be prevented by prohibiting the entrance of solipeds therefrom; but in many instances this must be difficult, if not almost impossible, particularly on large con�tinents. Islands offer greater facilities for this prohibition, as well as for the imposition of quarantine on all equine arrivals.

Though good hygiene and careful management will do much towards shortening the duration of an attack, and ren�dering it less severe, yet they will not insure animals so treated against its invasion.

SUPPRESSION.

Isolating the sick, preventing all direct or indirect contact between them and healthy animals, and scrupulous cleanliness and disinfection, are the suppressive measures to be observed.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

In the benignant, uncomplicated form of Influenza, little more is required than rest; comfortable stabling, with good ventilation ; keeping the body warm by clothing, if the stable is cool; giving light, sloppy mashes, and plenty of tepid oatmeal gruel, to which nitrate of potash, or the carbonate or

deprived of even mail communication.quot; At the Lava Beds, California, it was reported that the cavalry operating against the Modoc Indians were dismounted, through their horses being all attacked by the In�fluenza.

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sulphate of soda has been added. Green forage is to be re�commended. Depletive measures must on no account be re�sorted to, as debility is always a marked feature of the dis�ease. When the debility and prostration are very great, tonics and diffusible stimulants, in small but frequent doses, are necessary. Camphor is very serviceable. If the malady assumes a more inflammatory or sthenic character, with a tendency to lung or pleural complications, small and often-repeated doses of tincture of aconite are very useful, with mustard cataplasms to the sides of the chest. Cough will be relieved by the application of stimulating liniment to the upper part of the throat, and the inhalation of hot water vapour. This treatment, with enemas, friction to the limbs, maintaining the warmth of these by woollen bandages, and at�tentive nursing, generally bring about a speedy recovery.

Much care is required during convalescence; moderate exercise only must be allowed, and good, easily-digested food given. Tonics will shorten this stage.

Complications must be treated according to their indica�tions.

VARIOLA.

All the domesticated animals have their peculiar form of Variola or Small-pox, but some species are more severely affected than others ; and the contagion being, in one species at least, very virulent, sanitary measures must be resorted to in order to prevent its extension, and the loss consequent upon its invasion. We will describe the Variola of each species separately, and now only notice the general character and nature of the disease.

CHARACTER.

Variola is an acute febrile disease, which may be developed in all the domesticated animals ; it follows a regular course, and is characterized by the appearance of a vesicular or pus�tular eruption on the skin.

NATURE.

This disease belongs to the zymotic class, and is propagated solely by contagion : its spontaneous development not being satisfactorily demonstrated. In its general features, it bears a close resemblance to the other contagious diseases. After the reception of the contagium, there is the usual incubatory period, at the termination of which a febrile condition ensues, and the characteristic exanthema is manifested. This erup�tion consists in a series of alterations that occur in a regular manner, and which are most easily studied on a white-skinned animal. At first, there appear in certain parts of the integu�ment small reddish nodules, surrounded by a red-coloured areola; these gradually increase in number, and in a few days are transformed into areolar vesicles containing a transparent lymph.

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Many of these vesicles are depressed or umbilicated towards their centre, and in a short time their contents becomes puru�lent. The vesicles having now become pustules, lose their peculiar umbilicated appearance as soon as their envelope is completely distended. The purulent contents dries, and there is formed, instead of the vesicle, a dark brownish-coloured crust, which is finally detached from the epidermis that has been more or less reproduced in the interval of drying, leaving a cicatrix of variable dimensions. If the vesicles and pustules are numerous and close, the skin between them is tumefied; and in these serious cases, a similar eruption is developed on the mucous membranes.

The fever is generally most intense before the exanthema appears, but subsides soon after; though only to become higher as the suppurative process advances. When desicca�tion begins it disappears. In unfavourable cases, and particu�larly when symptoms of pyaemia show themselves, the febrile phenomena usually become very marked.*

THE VARIOLA OF SHEEP.

Synonyms.�Technical: Variola ovina, Variola: ovillce. English: Shcep-pox. French : Clavellc, Clavelee, Clavcau, Clavin, Glavelle, Pi-cotle, Picotin, Verrellc, Vcrolin, Rougeole, Boussadc, Gamage, amp;c. Ger�man : Schafpocken, Schafblattern. Italian : Vaiuolo pecora, Vajuolo pecorino, Schiavitia. Spanish : Morrina.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The Variola of sheep is a very common disease in some parts of Europe, while in others it is rare or altogether un�known. In Hungary, Austria, and different parts of Ger�many it is often observed, and appears to be almost enzo�tic in some districts ; in France, it is also a well-known disease among the flocks, and in Berry, Sologne, Brie, Champagne, and Auvergne it is so prevalent, and serious outbreaks occur at such short intervals, that some authorities have asserted that it reigns permanently there. Indeed, so universal does

* The structure of, and changes occurring in, the variolic pustules are well described in Roll's Manual of Pathology.

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it seem to have prevailed in France in the time of Bourgelat (the founder of the French veterinary schools, and the father of modern veterinary science), that he declared that no sheep attained its maximum duration of existence without suffering from it.

Before the very contagious character of the disease was known, it was widely spread on the continent of Europe, and the destruction it caused was very great: the flocks of entire districts being nearly decimated, and the contagion becoming enzo�tic in many districts and countries. In France, for instance, it has been calculated that, in 1819, more than a million of sheep perished from Variola; and Laubender has estimated the annual loss in Prussia and Austria, about the same period, at a similar figure. With the progress of veteri�nary science, however, the ravages of the malady have been diminished, and the contagion is more limited in its extent; indeed, it is in many places entirely eradicated, only appearing with the importation of sheep from infected regions. Such has been the case in the South of France, into which German or Algerian sheep are introduced. In Saxony, Bavaria, Wur-temberg, the Duchy of Baden, and �lsace, the disease is only observed during or after the passage of flocks from Hungary to the Paris fairs. It is the same in the North of France. In the Prussian provinces, particularly those on the Baltic, the disease prevails permanently, through the mistaken prac�tice of inoculating healthy sheep as a preservative measure. This is also the case in the Scandinavian provinces, in Poland, in a portion of Russia, in the Danubian Principalities, and particularly in Hungary. Eastern Germany frequently re�ceives the malady from this quarter. It has been known in England from the very earliest times, and several serious out�breaks are on record ;* indeed, the disease is first mentioned for certain in ancient Anglo-Saxon manuscripts.

* For an historical account of this malady in England, in early times, see Animal Plagues, pp. 79, 188. In addition to the notices given in that work with regard to England, add Mascall's description of the disease, the symptoms of which are fairly enumerated, its contagiousness being par�ticularly noticed. His curious treatise on the diseases of cattle, sheep, and dogs, was published in London in 1596.

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It prevails as an epizo�ty in Algeria, whence it is frequently imported into France. It is unknown in America,* Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. In 1869-70, more than 16,000 sheep were affected with the disease in Thessaly.

NATURE.

This is an eruptive contagious disease peculiar to sheep, often extremely fatal, only attacking an animal once, and appearing as a contagious epizootic or enzo�tic disease. It usually prevails as an epizootic disease, extending rapidly, owing to its highly contagious properties.

CAUSES.

The most diverse opinions have been from time to time emitted with regard to the origin of this disease, but none are worthy of notice, and all observation hitherto proves that its development and diffusion depend upon its contagious principle. It most frequently appears as an epizo�ty on a great or small scale, and like the Variola of mankind, has its periods of recrudescence in those countries which are most harassed by it. In some years its attacks are comparatively mild, and it may only affect a portion of a flock; in other years it reigns widely and spares but few, and the rate of mortality is high. 'We know not to what this variability is due, and we can only recognize the all-important fact, that the maintenance and extension of Sheep-pox is due to its contagiousness, however much this may be influenced by ex�ternal circumstances.

SYMPTOMS.

The disease is by some authorities divided into quot; benig�nant quot; and quot; malignant;quot; by others, into quot; discretequot; and quot; confluent;quot; and by some, again, into quot; regular quot; and quot; irre�gular quot; Variola. The symptoms are sometimes divided into three groups: those manifested at the commencement or

* It must be noted, however, that a disease named quot; Sarna quot; attacks the flocks of Alpacas, in Peru ; it has been described as a pustular and highly contagious malady, and very destructive. This may be a kind of Variola.

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invasion of the malady, those of suppuration, and those which are coincident with desiccation or desquamation.

The earliest symptoms are slight dulness and diminution of appetite ; with perceptible rigidity, and pain on pressure, of the back and hinder extremities; these are soon succeeded by indications of fever, trembling and shiverings, with elevation of temperature, which by the hand will be most noticeable at the ears and nose. But before the rigors have manifested themselves, the thermometer indicates an elevation of internal temperature. In thirty-six to forty-eight hours it increases i'5⁰ to 2deg;; and on the second day it is generally I05'8⁰ to I07'6⁰ or 108⁰. In regular Variola the temperature decreases at the commencement of the eruption, and often falls to nearly its normal standard in twenty-four hours. In confluent Variola it is slower and later in diminishing, and more irregu�lar ; it ascends again at the commencement of suppuration, becoming normal at the end of this period and the com�mencement of desiccation.

The pulse is quickened to eighty or ninety beats per minute, much dulness is manifested ; the head is carried low, and the ears are pendent, with all the limbs gathered under the body ; the faeces are in small, hard, dry pellets ; the con-junctival membrane is highly injected, and the tears are in�creased ; while a thin discharge, which gradually becomes thicker and viscid, escapes from the nostrils, and the cutaneous emanations and breath have a characteristic sickly, honey-like odour. The internal temperature, still ascending, announces the eruptive period : the eruption, however, not being always in proportion to the intensity of the fever ; for in irritable, well-fed sheep, the latter may run high, and the exanthema be only moderately developed. Most frequently, towards the second or third day after the appearance of the fever, there are seen on those parts of the body where the skin is finest, and which are least concealed by wool (though it is not ab�sent where the wool is thick), as on the head (particularly around the eyes, nostrils, and mouth), on the inner aspect of the thighs, the chest, and belly, udder, and lower surface of the tail, little, red, circular spots, not unlike flea-bites; very

Symptoms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;33

soon (perhaps in a day), these spots have become nodosities or pimples, lenticular in shape, and purple in colour, with a well-defined margin, and slightly flattened in the centre ; these gradually increase in size. Towards the fourth or fifth day of the eruption (eighth to the twelfth of the disease), the nodo�sity becomes pale and elevated in the centre, and somewhat transparent, owing to the epidermis being raised by a small quantity of serous, fluid, which is extremely virulent. The exanthema has now assumed the vesicular form, and each vesicle is surrounded by a prominent, hard, and red-coloured areola, which pertains to the derma.

The eruption does not appear on every part of the body at once ; consequently it is not developed to the same degree in the different regions. During its existence the skin is greatly congested, particularly where the vesicles are most numerous; there it appears to be considerably inflamed, and the tume�faction is sometimes so exaggerated that the lips and wings of the nostrils are quite deformed.

When the exanthema has assumed the vesicular form, the fever diminishes, or even disappears. Towards the sixth day the vesicles are occasionally umbilicated, and contain a viscid, glutinous fluid, which only partly escapes when they are punctured, because of their multilocular structure. This is the quot; suppurativequot; or quot;pustularquot; stage; and the vesicles having become pustules, are now said to be mature, their con�tents being transformed into pus. Each pustule increases in size, and becomes yellower in colour; while its areola extends, and frequently joins the adjacent areola;. Should the fever have disappeared, it frequently shows itself again at this time, or it becomes aggravated if it still exists; the swelling of the eyelids, lips, and nostrils is greater, and the discharge from the nose and mouth continues. The pustule exists for about three days; though, as the eruption does not take place at once, the pustular stage may last for five or six days.

After this comes the quot; desiccativequot; or quot; desquamativequot; stage, when the aqueous portion of the pus disappears, and its solid particles condense : at first in the middle of the pustule, in the form of a yellowish crust, which changes to a gray, and

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then to a dark-brown colour, as it extends to the circumference. Closely adherent at the commencement, this crust is detached in five or six days, leaving a wine-coloured stain ; or less fre�quently, a red, hairless, slightly hollow cicatrix, on which the wool grows at a late period, though not so abundantly as before.

When this desquamative stage begins, the febrile symptoms and catarrhal phenomena vanish ; the appetite and rumination return, and convalescence is rapid in proportion to the mild�ness of the fever.

During the course of the disease, though in rare cases, there appears a secondary eruption of undeveloped pustules, which disappear by resolution before or during the maturation stage. With regard to internal temperature in ovine Variola, it has been remarked that this is variable. The average of cases shows it to be most elevated at the commencement of the disease, and moderate during the eruptive stage ; rising again when the contents of the pustules become purulent. It is lowest in those cases in which the pustules have attained their greatest development, and which, when they are incised, yield much translucid serosity and little blood. The temperature falls considerably when death is about to occur.

COURSE AND TERMINATIONS.

The course of the disease is not always marked by the regular or methodic evolution of the symptoms enumerated in the pre�ceding description, which applies more especially to the benignant form of the disease ; neither is the issue generally so favourable. Indeed, of all the diseases to which sheep are liable, this is the most contagious, and perhaps the most fatal, as well as the most irregular in its symptoms.

The latter deviations are chiefly related to the degree of fever, the intensity of the eruptive process, and the incomplete development or small number of the pustules. This irregular course has been divided into two forms�quot; asthenicquot; and quot; hypersthenic quot; Variola ; or into quot; confluent,quot; quot; discrete,quot; and quot;haamorrhagic quot; or quot;malignant.quot;

In the asthenic form, the development of the eruption takes

Course and Terminations.

place slowly, and the nodules are grayish-red in colour, and agglomerated; instead of reaching the suppurative stage, however, they subside, or blacken and dry up. The cellular tissue is infiltrated; the head, ears, eyelids, nostrils, and lips are tumefied; the eyes are dull and obscured by muco-puru-lent matter, and the corneae become ulcerated; a thick blood-tinged pus flows from the nose, and the lining membrane is swollen, livid, ulcerated, and covered with crusts. The respi�ration is sniffling; a viscid and foetid foam fills the mouth which is also ulcerated, and mastication is difficult or impos�sible. Great debility is present ; the animals continually lie, or drag themselves about with difficulty; the wool falls off; respiration is oppressed ; emaciation, sometimes accelerated by a foetid diarrhoea, ensues, and the creatures succumb. This form is most frequently witnessed in cold and damp seasons.

The quot; hypersthenic quot; or quot; malignant quot; form, is marked by the impetuousness of the eruption ; within two days the body is covered by bosselated tumours filled with sanious pus, resulting from the agglomeration of the nodules ; their colour is livid, and gangrene quickly sets in, involving the parts on which they are located: the ears, tail, udder, eyelids, and even the eyes, sloughing away partially or entirely. A violent fever precedes and accompanies the eruption, and a very foetid odour is given off from the body. Pustules often appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, nose, and else�where ; and the skin in the vicinity of the agglomerated nodules or pustules is discoloured by petechije. As soon as gangrene sets in, prostration is great, and death, which is nearly always the termination of this form, soon ensues, espe�cially if the pustules (or pseudo-carbuncles, as they might be termed) become emphysematous. The animals which recover are usually deformed and crippled, or so much injured as to be almost worthless.

When-the pustules are about to appear in abundance, there is seen, at the very commencement of the disease, the red spots already indicated as appearing some time after the first symptoms ; these are soon replaced by an erysipelatous red�ness and tumefaction of the skin, and the nodules which

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form are collected in clusters, so that the vesicles and pustules run into each other. This is the quot;confluentquot; type of the disease. The papillre of the derma inflame and suppurate, and abscesses form in the subcutaneous conjunctival tissue; these sometimes extend in depth, and may produce mortifica�tion of patches of skin, the ears, lips, eyes, and even the joints. The fever is very intense, and does not disappear until after the vesicles have become developed, and increases during the suppurative stage. The signs of Catarrh of the respiratory, buccal, and pharyngeal mucous membrane are very marked ; from the nose flows a thick, viscid mucus which obstructs the passages and renders the breathing difficult, and a slimy saliva dribbles from the mouth. Not unusually a pustular eruption manifests itself on the mucous membrane of the pharynx, the trachea, and bronchia ; and at times the lymphatic glands in different parts of the body become tumefied, inflamed, and suppurating, leading to much emaciation. The cutaneous tumefaction begins to diminish when the pus dries, and is transformed into thick brown crusts. The shedding of the latter is often followed by slow healing ulcerations, which, whennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

cured, leave behind them irregular shaped cicatrises.

Most frequently the animals perish either during the acute period, or later. In the first instance, symptoms of pyaemia precede death ; in the second, a fatal termination is brought about by the prolonged suppuration, which produces exhaus�tion.

Frequently in the same animal, beside and between the perfectly developed pustules, are observed others which are 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;red, elongated, and only contain a minimum quality of fluid ;

these are most numerous on the abdomen and about the perineum, and are designated quot; flat variolse.quot; Their matura-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,

tion and desiccation is usually more protracted than in the ordinary pustules ; they are oftenest seen in weak animals, and during damp cold weather, and in this respect resemble those of the asthenic form of the disease.

Another variety is named the quot; papular,quot; and also pertains to the asthenic type. The nodules are hard, gray, brick-red, or reddish-brown, and appear on aa infiltrated portion of the

Course and Terminations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 37

skin ; they arc not surrounded by an areola. The epidermis gradually desquamates without suppuration intervening, and the eruption at last disappears. Notwithstanding the absence of vesiculation and suppuration, this papular Variola is as con�tagious as any other form.

In quot;discretequot; Variola, the pustules are few, often only from three to eight or ten on the face, the inner surface of the thighs, or the belly; and there is but little, if any, fever.

It will be seen from the above remarks, that the course and termination of this disease will vary according to the type it assumes, and the extent of the local disturbance, the intensity of the general symptoms, and the external conditions to which the sheep are exposed. In general terms, it may be pronounced a dangerous disease. Its course is most favourable in acclima�tized or indigenous flocks which are in robust health and good condition. Its course may also be said to be favourable when the eruption is limited or discrete, the general disturbance not intense, and if the malady prevails in clear, dry, and tempe�rate weather ; and more especially if the animals are properly dieted, and kept in large, well-aired, and clean dwellings.

The course of the disease is unfavourable if it attacks old, debilitated, or sickly animals; if it occurs during cold, foggy, or damp and hot weather, or during the prevalence of cold winds and rain ;* also if sanitary or hygienic conditions are at fault. It is also most serious if the pustules are very numerous and close, and confluent or gangrenous. Among animals closely packed, the disease appears nearly always in an aggra�vated form. Young sheep, especially lambs, suffer most, and are least likely to survive ; and with regard to sex, it has been

* The peculiar influence of temperature on the course of the disease has often been made the subject of comment. The eruption which appears during dry and warm weather, almost entirely disappears after a sudden change of temperature, or the advent of cold and damp or rain. Girard, the elder, mentions the case of a flock of a hundred sheep, in which a change of temperature in the month of June caused the variolous pustules which were fully or in course of being developed, to disappear ; about the fifteenth day the fine weather returned, and a new eruption showed itself, which was not completed until the twentieth day.

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noted that males are more seriously affected than females. The ewes frequently abort and die ; and in the foetus, as well as the new-born lamb, the characteristic lesions of the disease are not unfrequently present. When abortion does not occur, Hertwig has observed that the offspring is afterwards refrac�tory to the action of the virus. The same authority has remarked, however, that the inoculated disease does not appear to be so readily communicated to the fcetus as that acquired in a natural manner. Gestation, dentition, and old age are all unfavourable conditions.

Death is the consequence of a septic state of the blood, general anaemia, pyaemia, or other complications : such as in�flammations, croupal or diptheritic exudations, gangrenous destruction of the nasal, buccal, or pharyngeal mucous mem�brane. Pneumonia, CEdema, hypcra�mia and follicular inflam�mations of the small and large intestine. Arthritis, inflammation and suppuration of the periosteum, subcutaneous abscesses, diffuse suppuration of the conjunctival tissue, inflammatory and suppurative processes in the lymphatic glands, amp;c. Or the nervous system may be aflected, and different manifesta�tions of this occurrence may be the result, such as convulsions and paralysis.

The duration of the disease in a sheep, when regular in its course, is from eighteen to thirty days, depending upon ex�ternal temperature and other circumstances. The shortest period is eight to ten days.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.

The alterations, of course, vary with the type of the malady and its complications. The external lesions have been already described ; the internal differ in different cases. The brain and spinal cord, lungs, digestive organs, air-passages, lympha�tic glands, liver and spleen, and serous membranes of the thorax and abdomen, may be the seat of congestion, inflam�mation, exudation, purulent deposit, softening, amp;c.

Many of the lesions disappear when the ar.imals have been killed by the effusion of blood during the course of the disease;

Diagnosis.�Contagium.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

so that when prepared in the usual way by the butcher, there may only remain one sign by which animals that have been affected by the malady may be recognized : the congestion of those lymphatic glands that have escaped his knife.

DIAGNOSIS.

This malady can scarcely be mistaken for any other affect�ing the ovine species. The so-called quot; chicken-pox quot; of sheep ( Varicella) is so different in every respect, that it cannot be con�founded with the eruption of Variola. The eruption consists of little red nodules which, in from twelve to twenty-four hours, arc conical pustules, and the disease runs its course in from four to six days.

CONTAGIUM.

The contagium is quot; volatile quot; and quot; fixed,quot; and exists in the blood, excretions, secretions, cutaneous emanations, ex�pired air, and generally throughout the body. It must be noted, however, that some doubts have been entertained as to the existence of the virus in several of the excretions and secretions ; and Chauveau has shown that when the respiratory passages are not involved in the eruption, the nasal mucus of a diseased sheep is not virulent. The virus exists in its most concentrated form in the solid portion of the lymph or pus which appears in the pustules, and in the crusts which remain after these have become desiccated.

Brought into contact with an absorbing surface, administered internally, or given in the food or water, the contents of the vesicles or pustules will produce the disease in healthy ani�mals. The immediate contact of a diseased sheep, or its co-inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; habitation with a flock, will certainly lead to the develop-

ment of the malady among the individuals composing it. Foreign bodies of all kinds : the walls, mangers, woodwork, floors, amp;c., of dwellings occupied by the diseased ; forage, litter, wool, skins, alimentary matters impregnated with or covered by the pustular matter, or the discharges from the mouth, nose, or eyes, are also very active media in transmit�ting the contagion.

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Chauveau asserts that the period when the risk of contagion is greatest, is when the matter of the pulmonary nodosities is-carried off by the nasal discharge and the expired air, and infects everything around the diseased animal. Always ex�tremely rich in active corpuscles, like the variolous matter in general, that which is expectorated may, in falling into the water drunk by healthy sheep, or upon forage, infect these through the digestive organs ; or after being deposited and dried upon any object, it may become detached, through rubbing, as a fine powder held in suspension by the air, and in this way be received into the lungs of healthy animals. The expired air may carry the virulent corpuscles directly from the affected air-passages, and disperse them abroad in the atmosphere.

In this volatile condition, the air may transport the con-tagium to considerable distances, and thus be the means of infecting flocks which are beyond the reach of immediate contact. Around the diseased animals, in the places which they inhabit or frequent, the emanations given off from the pustules, the skin, by the breath from the lungs, the discharges from the eyes, nose, and mouth, amp;c., form a contagious atmo�sphere so potent, that healthy animals exposed to it for only a short time are certain to contract the malady. In this way men, animals (including birds and insects, such as flies), in�animate objects, clothing, forage, litter, amp;c., which have been in this saturated atmosphere, become impregnated with the virus, and are capable of transporting it to great distances. The contagium has been carried by the air to a distance of twenty-five to thirty metres (eighty-two to ninety-eight and a-half feet); which distance has been increased to 200 metres (219 feet), and even 1000 feet during windy weather.

The exact period at which the virulent principle is present in the sick animal, has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained ;. but it is probable that it is being elaborated during the in�cubatory interval, is present at the commencement of the erup�tive stage, and attains its maximum of intensity when the pustules have maturated. It possibly remains until the crusts have been shed, and the animal has quite recovered. The

Vitality of the Virus.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41

disease may be conveyed during the convalescent stage, and even some time after.

The contagium of Sheep-pox is very active. The observa�tions and calculations of Chauveau, with regard to the in-fectiousness of the malady compared with that of Vaccinia, tend to prove that animals attacked with the first-named disease will infect a hundred times more readily than those suffering from the latter. The variolous matter, according to the same authority, contains, in an equal volume and weight, a much more considerable number of virulent corpuscles, and is much more active, than that of Vaccinia. He has shown that if the latter is diluted with fifty times its quantity of water, inoculation with it is very uncertain; while the variolous humour may be diluted with 1500 times its volume of water before it reaches the same condition. He has also demon�strated that the activity of this matter, like every other viru�lent substance, resides in the solid granules or elementary corpuscles held in suspension in the serum, which is not viru�lent ; and that an equal quantity of variolous fluid contains thirty times more of these particles than that of Vaccinia.

Hallier and Zurn have discovered in this matter, and especially in the pustules, a great quantity of vibriones which move actively about, as well as filaments and ciliated cells with a small nucleus.

VITALITY OF THE VIRUS.

The tenacity or vitality of the virus is influenced by several conditions, according to which it may retain its virulency for a longer or shorter period�from only one day to six months, or even a year. When protected from the action of the air and other destructive agencies, it preserves its properties for a considerable time. It has frequently been observed that sheep placed in a pasture which has just been vacated by diseased ones, become affected, even if they only remain for a short time in it; and some high authorities state that the contagion may maintain its activity for some days. But there can be no doubt that exposure to sunlight, rain, or heavy dew, will destroy or attenuate its virulency ; for it is not rare

4²nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Variola.

to see sheep frequent infected pastures after rain or the morn�ing dew, without sustaining any injury. In confined and badly ventilated places, it is different; and the infection has been re�tained in them for five months, and even a year. Hurtrel d'Ar-boval gives an instance in which a flock that had recovered from the disease for a year, contaminated another healthy flock ; other instances are given of contamination after three and six months. Inoculated sheep have infected others two months after the symptoms have disappeared. The disease has also been conveyed by a shepherd, whose sheep, two months previously, had suffered from Variola, to the inhabi�tants of a sheep-fold five leagues distant.

The skins removed from diseased sheep, and which had been dried for eight days, when placed among a flock did no harm. Fragments of these skins, strewn over the litter, were also innocuous.

A high temperature, chlorine, alcohol, and all powerful dis�infectants, will destroy the activity of the virus. A heat of 50deg; Centigrade (122deg; Fahr.) will destroy its virulency ; as will frost, and even those disinfecting agents, as ozone and per�manganate of potash, which do not neutralize the potency of Glander, Cattle-plague, or Anthrax virus. Putrefaction, and even suppuration, annuls its activity; according to Haubner, the matter from suppurating wounds will not infect, and D'Arboval states that it has already lost its potency when the serosity of the pustule becomes much troubled.

INFECTION.

The Variola of sheep is not transmissible to other species, according to some authorities; while others state that inocula�tion with the lymph protects mankind from Small-pox, in the same way as vaccination. With regard to the latter state�ment, it must be remarked that the evidence is not conclusive ; it appears, however, to be finally established that the human Variola will not produce that of the sheep, nor that of the sheep the Small-pox of man. Several instances are on record, nevertheless, which prove that veterinary surgeons who have been accidentally inoculated with the virus have suffered

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from local and general disturbance, like that produced by vaccination.* Roll has unsuccessfully attempted to inoculate cattle with the Variola of sheep, and vice versa; but Zundel has given an instance in which two cattle were directly in�fected, through cohabitation with diseased sheep.'f^-

Haubner mentions that inoculation with the ovine variolous matter has sometimes produced pustules on the dog and pig ; but the matter from these did not reproduce the malady in the sheep. Hertwig and Hering assert that the malady is readily communicated to goats in a true form, and may be transmitted from them to the sheep. In the goat, the pustules are usually smaller, and the general disturbance is less marked. The infection is not very certain, as goats frequently associate with diseased sheep without becoming affected. Hering has seen fifty-four goats so placed, and only ten became sick. According to Kersten and Gerlach, reciprocal inoculation of goats and sheep isquot;alvvays successful; and according to the ob�servations and experiments of Gasparin, Dominick, Curds, and Spinola, and still more recently of Gerlach, there appears to be a close identity between the Variola of hares and rabbits and that of sheep, and inoculations from one species to the other have always yielded positive results.

The virus in either its volatile or fixed form will produce the malady ; and age, sex, or condition do not afford any certain immunity, however much they may influence the course of the affection.

MODE OF INFECTION.

The manner in which the transmission of the virus from diseased to healthy animals may be effected, depends upon circumstances. Sometimes the infection is received directly from the sick or convalescent animals which find their way among healthy flocks ; or it may be obtained from the roads, pastures, folds, or other places which are or have been fre-

* See Medizin. Jahrbuch des CEsterreich Staates : Mittheilungen aus der Thier�rztlichen Praxis in Preussen. Jahrgang 17. Magazin f�r die gesammte Thierheilkunde, 1873, p. �f^quot;].

t Journal de Mid. ViUrinalre de Lyon, 1867, p. iBj.

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quented by variolous sheep; or it may also be derived from various matters, objects, or animals, such as the fresh skins and wool procured from the diseased, manure, fodder, the clothes of attendants on the sick, dogs, cats, rabbits, hares, birds, amp;c. The atmosphere may also convey it for a certain distance. Railway-waggons and ships employed to carry sheep, will also prove as efficacious in transmitting the infec�tion, should they have become contaminated, as sheep-folds or pastures.

MODE OF ACCESS.

The ordinary channel by which the contagium enters the body is the air-passages, through the medium of the inspired air; but it may also obtain access through the skin and the more superficial mucous membranes : such as those of the eyes,, mouth, and nostrils.

All these surfaces are not equally favourable to the pene�tration of the virus, however. The skin, although most ex�posed, is less apt to admit it than the mucous membranes ; and though infection may follow the application of the virus to a thin, fine portion of this integument, yet in nearly every case, to be successful, the matter must be repeatedly applied in large quantity, and a certain amount of irritation must be produced. The digestive mucous membrane stands next in order, but the most accessible of all channels is that of the respiratory membrane. The virus, when dried and in the form of powder, and inhaled by sheep, is almost certain to produce the disease.

Towards the middle of the last and commencement of the present century, it was known that the malady could be in�duced by causing animals to swallow the contents of the pustules, or the crusts ; and this method was resorted to for getting sheep through the disease, instead of by inoculation. That the virus can be introduced by the digestive apparatus, has been experimentally proved by Chauveau. Sheep were in�fected through being made to swallow only ten centigrammes of variolous matter, diluted in water, and given at twice in small quantities, before and after food. It was afterwards

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ascertained that there was no abrasion of the lining mem-quot;brane which might have led to inoculation.

The virus may also be intentionally introduced beneath the skin or mucous membrane, and the disease be thus induced artificially. This inoculation is frequently practised.

INCUBATION.

The interval which elapses between the reception of the #9632;contagium and the appearance of the earliest symptoms, is somewhat variable in this disease. In natural infection, it is given as from six to eight days in warm weather, and longer in cold or damp. D'Arboval states it be from ten to twelve days in summer, from twelve to fifteen in mild weather, and from twenty to twenty-four in winter. Within two or three days, more or less, this is the interval given by the best au�thorities.

In inoculated animals the period is generally shorter, being from three to six days in summer, and ten or twelve days in winter. Exceptional cases are on record in which this inter�val has been prolonged : in one instance, in which inoculation was practised during a severe winter on an animal kept in a very cold shed, the eruption did not appear for ten weeks ; other instances are noted in which it was a month and two months.

In general terms, it may be said that the duration of the incubatory period is subordinate to the activity of the virus, the aptitude of the animals, the external temperature, and also, perhaps, to what has been designated the quot; epizootic influencequot; of the year or season.

EXTENSION.

The extension of the Sheep-pox depends upon its infec-tiousness ; as it is, according to the best observers, a purely contagious or infectious disease. It may therefore be propa�gated in various ways, like the Cattle-plague and other viru�lent maladies. The contagium is usually disseminated by cohabitation of the sick or convalescent with the healthy; by the latter being situated in the vicinity of the former.

Variola.

though without coming actually into contact with them ; by the proximity of a contaminated sheep-fold, pasture, or park containing diseased sheep ; by the sojourn of healthy animals in these places; by the passage of a healthy flock on the track of a diseased one, or along roads by which the latter has travelled; by butchers, sheep-dealers, shepherds, and others, who go among healthy sheep after visiting and hand�ling those affected with Small-pox ; by the wool, skins, and manure derived from these, as well as all the objects which have been near or in contact with them ; and by various animals.

The disease most frequently appears in an epizootic form, and generally on an extensive scale, every five, ten, or fifteen years in some part of Europe; though minor outbreaks are much more frequent.

When it appears in a flock, it does not simultaneously affect all the individuals composing it, but rather attacks them by divisions. For example, a few sheep at first sicken, and the disease is slight and circumscribed : this period may last for a month ; then a second and a larger number are seized, perhaps the majority of the flock, and the symptoms are more intense: this invasion continues for thirty to forty days. Finally, towards the third month, the remaining por�tion of the flock, which had hitherto resisted the contagion, is affected as was the first instalment; the disease being much less severe than it was with the second division. These starts prolong the duration of the disease in a flock to three, four, and even six or seven months ; they have been attributed to the disease not being equally contagious at its different periods, and, consequently, the animals not all having the same constitutions, have not the same aptitude to contract it.

It does not always appear with the same virulency or ca�pacity for extension : sometimes limiting itself to a flock or a district, and exempting many individuals from its attack. It is generally less disposed to extend as the infection centres are less concentrated or crowded, and the animals are more dispersed. Its spread is not so rapid from place to place in winter : a circumstance due, in all probability, to the fact that

Mortality and Loss.

the contagium has not the facilities for transmission it pos�sesses at other times, and also that the cold diminishes its activity. In the spring, when the animals are turned out to pasture again, it widens its boundaries, and increases in in�tensity.

In England, it is now only known as an imported disease. The terrible outbreak in A.D. 1276, and which lasted twenty-eight years, was due to importation from France ; so was that of 1847 and 1862 due to foreign sheep.

MORTALITY AND LOSS.

The mortality varies according to the severity of the epizo�ty, the constitution of the animals, the hygienic conditions in which they are maintained, as well as the season of the year and its regularity, amp;c. It is generally least in temperate or cool weather. When newly imported into a country it is, as a rule, very fatal. Under any circumstances, when developed in a natural manner it is always a most serious disease. Even in benignant outbreaks, the deaths are seldom below ten to twenty per cent. And at certain periods, when it ap�pears as a widely extended epizo�ty, it carries off one-half, two-thirds, or even more of the flocks attacked by it; in some instances all perish.

In France, the mean mortality among the affected flocks is twenty, the minimum fifteen, and the maximum thirty to forty per cent. In Prussia it is less, while in England it was about fifty per cent. Perhaps it is not far from the truth to assert that, among flocks in countries where the disease is not a novelty, the mortality is from twenty to twenty-five per cent., the minimum being ten to fifteen, and the maximum thirty to forty.

As has been said, the mortality differs in different invasions, and even in different regions during the same invasion. Among animals inhabiting a country in which the disease frequently appears, and which are indigenous, the faculty of resisting the malady is greater than among flocks which are crossed, highly bred, and among which Variola is seldom, if ever/seen. With the hardy indigenous flocks, the mortality

Variola.

may fall as low as five or six per cent., as with the ancient hardy breeds of Sologne and Berry, in France.

Unhealthy sheep-folds, hot weather, extreme cold, crowd�ing, neglect of ordinary hygienic precautions, fatigue, and improper or insufficient food,�all increase the death-rate. Among lambs, aged sheep, those in lamb, or those which are fat, there is a greater mortality than with others.

This disease causes much destruction at all times, but before inoculation was tried, it appears to have been productive of most serious losses in those countries in which it prevailed. Salmuth calculated that, in Germany, during a period of six years, the average loss was one-eighth of the ovine popula�tion ; and Liebbold reckoned the yearly mortality from this disease to amount, in Hungary, to 150,000, out of a population of eight millions ; and Heintl, for Austria, with a population of sixteen millions, gives it as 400,000. Laubender estimated the annual loss, in Austria and Prussia, at one million sheep.

But, as in other diseases of this kind, the mortality does not represent the entire loss that befalls individuals or the animal wealth of a country. We have observed that Variola does not attack all the animals at once, but aflccts a flock in three successive periods or starts ; so that the malady may exist in the flock for four, five, or six months. During this time, the owner has to conform to restrictions which are oner�ous and prove costly: the flock must be isolated in a sheep-fold or pasture, and be there fed in a more expensive manner, and attended by more persons than are necessary under ordinary circumstances. In addition, there is the loss occa�sioned by the depreciation in the value of the wool, the skins, that of the animals themselves, if they recover, by the abor�tions among the ewes, and by the serious complications which sometimes remain, and which greatly damage the health and value of the sheep that escape.

IMMUNITY.

Variola, as a rule, only attacks a sheep once ; the cases in which a second attack has been observed, being extremely rare. It has been stated, and with some show of probability.

* I

Sanitary Measures.

that lambs from ewes which were suffering from the disease when pregnant, are protected fronf its influence during life ; but in these cases the foetus must have been affected in utero. That such an occurrence is possible, is proved by the fact that sometimes, though rarely, on the skin of the fcetus of sheep which have died of Small-pox, variolous pustules are seen. Indeed, in the aborted foetus, as well as in the lambs which have been dropped by ewes while diseased, it is not unusual, according to Roll, to find the characteristic lesions of the malady.

During an outbreak of the disease, all the sheep exposed to the contagion do not become affected ; Haubner estimates that about two per cent, are refractory to its influence.

SANITARY MEASURES.

The grave character of this disease, the mortality it causes, the exceptional subtlety of its contagium, the obstacles it throws in the way of sheep traffic, and in the improvement and multiplication of these animals, have for nearly two centuries im�pressed upon continental governments the necessity for fram�ing laws which might limit or avert its ravages ; while sheep-owners have always manifested the most anxious solicitude for the preservation of their flocks from its invasion.

Knowing that its appearance and extension depend upon its contagious properties, prophylactic and sanitary police mea�sures are of the utmost importance in preventing its invasion, or arresting and extinguishing it when it shows itself.

PERMANENT PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES.

As we have already mentioned, in sheep traffic between countries in which contagious diseases prevail, certificates from competent veterinary authorities of the health of the animals so imported, as well as of the sanitary condition of the dis�tricts from which they are derived, should accompany the im�portations ; as an inspection on arrival cannot always ensure the discovery of infection, and is expensive and troublesome if thoroughly carried out.

The greatest care should be exercised in allowing the in-VOL. II.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

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Variola.

troduction of sheep into a country from places where the dis�ease is known to appear at intervals, or where it is already-prevalent. If they must be imported from a locality where Variola exists, the most scrupulous examination should be made�if the importation cannot be altogether interdicted� of each animal; and if the period which has elapsed since their departure is less than the incubatory period of the dis�ease, then�unless they are to be immediately killed for food, and their isolation from other sheep can be thoroughly guaranteed�they should be kept in quarantine, with the usual precautions, until it can be positively ascertained that they have not been infected. The period of quarantine will depend upon the length of the incubatory period of the disease.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

When the disease has made its appearance in a country or in a district, every possible care should be exercised in the matter of isolation. The flocks which are unaffected should be kept widely apart from those which are suspected, or in which the disease prevails. Roll recommends that the sheep in poor condition, or in a weak state of health, should be got rid of as soon as possible ; as in these the disease generally assumes a malignant form, and, in the majority of cases, has a fatal termination. By adopting this course, their flesh, skin, and wool can be profitably disposed of.

Frequent and careful inspections should be made of the flocks, each animal being scrutinized ; so that the disease may be detected without delay, should the contagion have been accidentally introduced among them.

Every precaution should be taken to exclude shepherds, butchers, or other men, animals, or even inanimate substances which, indirectly or directly, may have been in contact with infected animals, articles, or in infected places. Recently-purchased sheep should not be admitted into the flock until after they have been kept isolated for at least two weeks. Purchases at fairs should be rigorously watched.

Pastures, ponds, or roads frequented by diseased or sus-

Suppressive Measures.

pected flocks should be avoided. If it be absolutely neces�sary to resort to these roads or pastures, endeavours should be made not to do so until at least the morning dew has acted upon them, or until rain or heavy damp has fallen.

Should it be necessary to purchase forage, it should be bought in localities free from the disease.

Cleanliness, and good food and water, should be attended to. The food ought not be given in too great abundance, nor yet should it be of a very stimulating kind.

If animals have been exposed to the contagion, they should be washed several times a day for several days, if possible.

SUPPRESSIVE MEASURES.

The preservative measures are not always successful in averting an invasion of Sheep-pox: so subtle is the contagium, and so many are the ways by which it may evade every bar�rier, and obtain access to hitherto healthy animals.

When the disease appears in a flock, the object then must be to isolate it by every means possible.

1. Declaration,

The proprietor should immediately report the existence of the malady in his sheep to the proper authorities, in order that the necessary measures may be adopted without delay. Neglect to do this should be severely visited by fine or im�prisonment.

When it is positively ascertained that Variola is present, the circumstance should be made public.

2. Visit.

The veterinary surgeon delegated by the authorities to in�spect the flock and report upon the outbreak, should ascer�tain the number of animals in the flock, the gravity of the disease, the number affected and dead, the situation, condition, and nature of the locality, and its relation to the adjoining districts. He should be accompanied by a public functionary; and, if possible, his mission should be accomplished in the presence of this individual, as well as in that of the pro-

4�2

Variola.

prietor of the flock. Inquiry should be made as to the advent and source of the disease, and a personal inspection must be made of the flock. It is well to divide it into three portions, each composed respectively of those yet in health, those seriously affected, and those in the -early stage of the malady ; keeping them in separate places. If circumstances will per�mit, it is a good plan to select from the healthy those which may be deemed suspected. All the sickly or weak sheep should also be weeded out from the former, even should they not present any symptoms of the disease ; as when they be�come affected they most frequently have the worst form.

On all visits and inspections the healthy should be first examined, then the suspected, and finally the diseased ; and as woollen stuffs are most readily impregnated, and longest retain the contagium, the veterinary surgeon, and those who have to do with the diseased sheep, should wear cotton or silk coverings over their clothes. Every precaution must be taken that they may not be instrumental in spreading the disease.

The veterinary surgeon should inform himself, in the course of his visit, whether reserves of forage are accessible, and if there is an appropriate place for the establishment of lazarets. All this, and other information, will prove most useful in assisting the authorities to arrange for the isolation and ex�tinction of the disease as speedily and effectively as possible.

The diseased animals may be left on tbe ground they oc�cupied at the first visit; the suspected and healthy should be moved to other ground, and carefully guarded. All may re�ceive a particular ochre mark on the back or face, to distin�guish and identify them, lest they become mixed, or surrep�titiously find their way to the butcher or fair.

3. Isolation.

Isolation is absolutely necessary to prevent the extension of the disease, and is of the greatest value if properly attended to. Its maintenance requires as rigid observance as in the case of Cattle-plague; and this measure should be ex�tended not only to the diseased, but also to the healthy and

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suspected portions of the flock. Those persons who attend to the sick should on no account go near the healthy, nor have any communication with those looking after the latter ; and a strict look-out should be had with regard to strangers, dogs, fowls, amp;c.

. . 4. Sequestration.

Sequestration is only a more rigid form of isolation, and is seldom applicable; inasmuch as the flock is prohibited from moving beyond a certain limited space, either to graze or to water. In the majority of cases, it is such an onerous mea�sure as to be equivalent to sacrificing the whole flock.

5. Cantonvicnt.

Cantonment has fewer inconveniences than sequestration, particularly in summer, and is generally meant to signify keeping the flocks in a particular situation away from the highroads, by-roads, and commons; the place, if possible, being well defined by natural limits, such as a river, wood, or valley. If hills or mountains are adjacent, then one or more of these may be chosen for the cantonment of the diseased and suspected, provided there is sufficient pasture, or, if not, a supply of forage in the vicinity. All roads leading to these places, except those intended for the cantoned flock and de�signated by authority, must be interdicted ; and the care of the animals should be confided to intelligent shepherds, who may be appointed by the authorities. If no water is to be found, then watering-places must be made; and should the weather be dry, water must be carried to troughs by the best means available. In bad or hot weather, shelter should also be pro�vided in the form of sheds.'

In depasturing the diseased sheep, the conveyance of the contagion by the wind must not be forgotten by the shep�herds.

6. Mixed Cantonments.

Mixed cantonment is the easiest and least onerous form of isolation when properly carried out, and is always to be pre-

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ferred when circumstances permit. When the disease appears in bad weather, as in spring and autumn, or during the hot season, in order to prevent the accidents which might arise from the sheep being kept permanently exposed in the open air, they may be allowed to occupy sheds, sheep-folds, or live in the pasture, according to the temperature. The same regu�lations must remain in force, however, with regard to limits and the allotted track.

The duration of the cantonment or isolation is subordinate, of course, to that of the disease�varying from three to six months, according to the serious character of the malady, and the number of sheep attacked.

In any case, the isolation should only cease by order of the authorities ; these will be guided by the reports they receive from the veterinary surgeon, who alone can weigh all the cir�cumstances of the case, and give a trustworthy opinion.

Knowing the long time that an infected flock may harbour the contagion, it may be found an excellent measure to have those which recover, or which may have escaped the malady, disinfected, should the season and other circumstances permit. Washing with soap, and dressing with a weak solution of car�bolic acid, may do much towards shortening the period of isolation. If a stream or river is near, the carrying out of this measure is greatly facilitated.

7. Slaughter and Burial.

Animals which have the disease in a malignant form should be immediately separated from the others, and at once killed and buried, with skin and wool (the skin is valueless), in a place set apart for that purpose. They should be buried deep, and it would be well to throw a quantity of lime upon them before finally covering them up. All sheep which have died should be interred in the same manner, and in their skins, unless circumstances admit of the latter being thoroughly dried. The wool of sheep affected with Small-pox will come under the same regulation ; it should be thoroughly ventilated dur�ing at least four weeks before being sold. There is no proof

Suppressive Measures.

that dried skins, or well-aired wool, ventilated for this period, can infect healthy sheep.

8. Disinfection,

The destruction of the skin and wool is, in all cases, inad�visable, if they can be preserved and disinfected without risk of conveying the contagion, as the loss is thereby diminished. Even in particular cases, the flesh may be permitted to be consumed as food ; though this should never be done without the sanction of the authorities.

The manure in the folds in which the diseased sheep have been kept should be conveyed to a remote unfrequented place, and covered with earth; it must not be used until completely decomposed.

The hay or straw which have been near or in direct contact with diseased sheep, should either be destroyed, or well aired for some time, and then given to animals of a species not sus�ceptible of the malady.

The places in which the sick sheep have been kept should not be inhabited by other sheep for some time, unless these have had the disease, or been successfully inoculated. Lime may be sprinkled over the pastures, which should be rained upon for a number of days before other flocks are admitted. Sheep-folds must be left vacant for a reasonable period, well ventilated, and disinfected ; the walls should be washed and scraped, and treated with lime-wash. The soil of the floor must be removed to as great a depth as the urine has penetrated, and treated like the manure; it should be replaced by fresh earth. Any utensils employed with the diseased sheep, must be lime-washed and dried in the air.

In special cases, if there is great danger of the disease spreading beyond the contaminated animals, and more espe�cially if the surrounding flocks are numerous, and isolation more than usually difficult, it may be necessary to resort at once to the severe expedient of Decision and interment of the diseased and suspected. This rigorous measure would, how�ever, only be justified in particular circumstances: as at the very commencement of the disease, when the loss would not

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be heavy, and when the malady makes its appearance in a pas�toral country like Australia, New Zealand, or even our own.

9. Fairs.

It might even be necessary, in particular outbreaks, to in�terdict the movement of sheep, and suspend the holding of fairs in the localities where the disease prevails, until it is finally extinguished. But for all practical purposes, when the owners of diseased flocks and others co-operate intelli�gently with the authorities in the suppression of the con�tagion, isolation or sequestration, and careful disinfection, will, in the majority of outbreaks, be sufflciently efficacious in preventing its extension.

10. Compensation.

If occision be deemed necessary, and is rendered compul�sory, the question of compensation for the animals of the flock which are healthy, as well as for those which, suffering from the disease in a mild form, would certainly recover, must be taken into consideration. Liberality in this respect will be economy in the end*

All the measures connected with the prevention and sup�pression of the malady should be entrusted for their execution to the veterinary surgeon, on whom should rest the respon�sibility of averting or extinguishing it, if he is permitted to exercise his judgment to the full.

PROTECTIVE MEASURES. INOCULATION.

However carefully the sanitary measures just recommended may be carried into effect, and however vigilant sheep-owners and others may be in guarding against the introduction of this disease by adopting precautions and rigorously applying them, success is not always ensured when the malady exists in the

* The Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, recommend that the slaughter of all sheep affected with Small-pox should be compulsory, with compcnsatio/i.

Protective Measures.

neighbourhood, in consequence of the subtlety of the conta-gium. There are generally a multitude of ways in which it can be carried to healthy animals, and not unfrequently when it is imagined that everything has been done and every approach guarded, the disease suddenly manifests itself in the anxiously protected flocks. And when this is the case, it is often impossible to prevent it attacking nearly every individual in the flock, notwithstanding the isolation of the sick as soon as detected. Not only is this a serious feature in the disease, but the long time that must elapse before it has attacked the whole flock, and the interval that must subsequently be allowed before the sheep can be declared free from danger to others, makes it extremely harassing and ruinous.

It is to abridge this long period, to diminish the mortality, and thus free an entire district or country from onerous re�strictions and heavy loss, that inoculation has been recom�mended and largely practised on the continent of Europe ; in�oculation establishments being instituted in dififerent countries, and especially in Austria and Hungary, and the measure rendered obligatory.*

This operation (named clavelisation by the French, Pocken�impfung and Schutzimpfung by the Germans), was first men�tioned by Chalette (Medecinc des Chevaux, 1763), in the middle of the eighteenth century, though it had been practised for a long period in Upper Languedoc, France. Its utility is based on the fact that one attack of the disease confers immunity from another, and that the attack thus artificially in�duced is generally more benignant than that due to natural infec�tion�the inoculated disease being often almost purely local.

It is usually practised by introducing a particular instru�ment�an inoculation needle�carrying a small quantity of the virus, beneath the skin in a convenient region of the body.

* Inoculation has been practised from the earliest times by the shep�herds in different parts of France and in Piedmont. The Adrianople sheep suffer from the quot; tchitchek,quot; a kind of mild Variola ; to guard them from it they are inoculated. When the disease is detected in a flock, the shep�herd immediately perforates the ears of all the sound sheep with a silver needle; previously rubbed over with virus from the infected animals.

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1. Advantages.

The advantages of inoculation may be stated as follows :

1.nbsp; The substitution of a mild form of the disease which guarantees the animals from future attacks, and which only-causes a loss of about from two to four per cent., for one which may cause a loss of thirty or forty, or even more per cent.

2.nbsp; A diminution in the duration of the epizo�ty. As has been mentioned, when a flock is affected, all the sheep do not suffer at one time, but at three attacks, each lasting a month or six weeks; so that it is four, five, or six months before the malady has passed through the flock. By inoculation the whole have been infected, and the disease disappears in the great majority of instances, in about a month or five weeks.

3.nbsp; The time for operation can also be chosen, unless the disease is already among the flocks, and the most favourable conditions secured�such as the time of year, temperature, locality, age, health and condition of the sheep, their preg�nancy, amp;c. Thus the serious accidents which attend the natural disease when it appears during the winter or very warm weather, in folds, or during pregnancy or suckling, amp;c._rare avoided.

4.nbsp; The mild disease induced by inoculation requires but little hygienic or medical interference; the sheep do not require to be specially fed, and they may be allowed to pasture as if in health, only avoiding exposure to extremes of temperature.

5.nbsp; The inoculated sheep suffer but little, their appetite and condition being slightly, if at all, impaired in the majority of cases; and they may be sold for food soon after the desquama-tive stage has been passed. The pustules being few, and iso�lated on the surface of the skin, the wool is not injured.

6.nbsp; Sanitary measures, which are always so onerous to com�merce and harassing to proprietors, can be dispensed with altogether if all the sheep are inoculated, as they are no longer susceptible to the action of the contagium.

2. Disadvantages.

Though inoculation with the object of producing Variola in a mild form, and thus preventing much loss and anxiety should

Protective Measures.

the disease appear among uninoculated sheep, has been largely-practised on the continent, and has been recommended by the most experienced veterinary authorities; yet, from time to time, writers have alluded to its disadvantages as a general measure. It has been said, for instance, that:

1.nbsp; The disease is given to animals which would not, per�haps, have had it at all.

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;It is capable of producing as deadly and malignant a form of the malady as that due to natural infection.

3.nbsp; It causes loss when performed at certain times ; retards the growth of the lambs by diminishing the secretion of milk in the ewes, and often interferes with the selling of the animals at a favourable opportunity.

4.nbsp; It is possible in certain countries, and in particular localities of other regions, to preserve the sheep from infection by isolation, quarantine of foreign flocks, amp;c., and that to in�troduce the disease into these places, and infect all the sheep therein, is hurtful and unnecessary.

The last-named objection is perhaps the most worthy of notice, and in such a country as our own, where a careful in�spection, quarantine, or other measures, are possible at the defined ports for the admission of foreign sheep, it must be admitted to have very great weight. F�rstenberg declares that, in Eastern Prussiaj thousands of cases of infection could be traced from inoculated flocks, which were so many centres of contagion from which the malady might|radiate in every di�rection, and that in many countriesjihe malady was only main�tained by this practice. So serious have the results of preser�vative inoculation been found that the special establishments have, I believe, been abolished in those countries which instituted them. But, on the whole, it may be said that the objections apply less to inoculation itself than to the circum�stances in which it might be practised. The authorities must take into consideration those circumstances, and sanction or disapprove of this measure according to the exigencies which present themselves.

It will generally be found that the danger of diffusion of the contagion offers a formidable obstacle to inoculation. Each

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inoculated flock is a centre of contagion for neighbouring flocks ;jand if inoculation becomes compulsory or general, the disease reigns permamently : as has happened in Eastern and Western Prussia, Pomerania, parts of Austria, and the islands in the Baltic, where, according to the graziers, quot; the disease is in the air.quot; F�rstenberg states, as has been mentioned, that in Eastern Prussia, not hundreds but thousands of cases might be cited in which the malady has extended from an inocu�lated flock over a vast region, and that in many countries the disease is maintained solely by this operation; the sums lost in consequence, he adds, must be enormous, and for the Government of Stralsund alone, in 1866, he computed the loss as amounting to nearly 50,000 francs.

LOSS.

The loss in animals from inoculation varies to some extent at different seasons, among different breeds, and also in different countries ; but it may be said that, where due care is exercised, it is insignificant. According to D'Arboval, with 32,121 sheep successfully inoculated, there were only 270 deaths; or about three in 400. The Marquis de Barbancois gives one per cent, in a total of 4062 in 1806; and in 1820, of 3150 inoculated, 19 died. At another period he had 8200 inocu�lated, 2000 of which were lambs; and the mortality was one per cent. Delafond gives three per cent, in 10,416 inoculated sheep selected from flocks attacked by the disease.

According to M. Gayot, while in Marne and Upper Marne the malady in an epizootic form was carrying off twenty per cent, of the infected, the loss was only two per cent, in about 10,000 inoculated sheep. From 1822 to 1824, Guillaume, aveterinary surgeon at Issoudun, practised inoculation at all seasons of the year. Out of 10,568 sheep, 1183 (about one-tenth) were attacked by the disease, and 638 of these succumbed (more than one-half). He inoculated the remaining 9443 which had been exposed to the contagion, and only lost one in 674.

Miguel and Thomieres inoculated 17,044, of which about one half were affected with Variola, and the inoculation of those yet healthy was successful. In a flock of 300 sheep, 40

Preservative Inoculation.

of which were ill, there was no loss ; but in another infected flock, placed in the same conditions, there was a serious and most exceptional mortality: for of 65 apparently healthy animals, 5 died. Reynal gives the loss in 10,000 as averaging two per cent. Other French veterinarians and agriculturists have given equally favourable reports, the mean being 1.120 to 1.150 per cent.

In Germany, the benefits derived from this operation have been as conspicuous. According to the statistics published by Weilh, of Vienna, in 1840, the mortality never exceeded 2 to 2\ per cent, in Austria and Hungary. Holmeister states that the inoculation of 8,000 lambs and 2,000 sheep did not entail any loss. M�ller gives one per cent, mortality in Austria.

In Prussia, out of a total of 66,716 inoculations, the loss was 1674 ; or 2 J per cent.

PRESERVATIVE INOCULATION.

Preservative inoculation is practised annually in those coun�tries in which the ovine Variola frequently appears. The lambs are inoculated whether the malady be prevailing or not. The loss it occasions is exceedingly trifling, as the most favourable seasons�spring and autumn�can be chosen, and the animals can be selected at the best age (usually when they are a few months old).

Nevertheless, as already remarked, this preservative inocula�tion is not to be recommended unhesitatingly in those locali�ties or countries from which the contagion can be excluded, or in which it has not been seen, or does not appear; as keeping the virus in an active state all the year round is a source of permanent danger, so far as the propagation of the disease is concerned.

According to Roll, preventive or preservative inoculation is gradually being abandoned, even in those countries in which the malady often appears ; apparently for the reason that the inoculated disease, like that arising from natural infection, generates a volatile virus which may cause a general and un�intentional outbreak of Variola in 'the flocks, and thus occasion serious loss. The accidental transmissions have most fre-

�

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quently taken place during the preparatory inoculations for procuring a sufficiency of the virus to inoculate with.

The places where this preservative inoculation is performed yearly, are always centres from which the disease may be accidentally carried to neighbouring flocks. It is therefore essential that this operation be not performed anywhere with�out authority: and even when this is obtained, the inoculated flock, while suffering from its effects, should be submitted to the same measures as if contaminated in the natural way.

PROPHYLACTIC INOCULATION (Vorbaimngsimpfung).

This inoculation is resorted to in those cases in which the disease prevails in the neighbourhood, and there is no likeli�hood of escaping from it by the most careful measures of sequestration, amp;c. Of course, this preventive inoculation has much less chance of success, so far as loss is concerned, than the other ; as there is generally no time to wait for a favour�able season, to estimate the sanitary condition of the flock, or other considerations which influence the result of the opera�tion.

COMPULSORY INOCULATION iNothimpfung).

This designation has been given to the inoculation of sheep which are apparently in good health, and is practised when the disease already prevails in the flock. Its results are even less satisfactory than those of prophylactic inoculation ; as many of the animals may, at the moment of inoculation, be already under the influence of the virus received in a natural manner, and will have the disease in the ordinary way. Never�theless, the operation is to be recommended in certain circum�stances, inasmuch as the duration of the epizo�ty in the flock is abbreviated, and a number of the sheep may have the malady in a more benignant form.

INOCULATION VIRUS.

The virus wherewith to inoculate sheep, with the object of inducing a benignant form of the disease, is obtained by

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preference from the transparent lymph of a vesicle or pustule which has reached its maturity: inoculation with the blood, pus, or crust being discontinued.

The variolous lymph is derived from pustules which have been developed by previous inoculation, and have become mature (generally in ten or fourteen days after inoculation or infection); or from those resulting from natural infection. It is collected from those animals which are young and vigorous, in moderate condition, which were previously in good health, and which are but slightly affected ; in these the pustules being few, well developed, and regular in their course. The best type of pustule is one which is circular or oval in shape, prominent, and well formed ; which is detached without difficulty or pain, with the skin, from the subjacent parts ; which is slightly pale at its circumference and on the surface; and the investing pellicle of which is easily removed.

Good lymph exudes naturally from the surface of the pus�tule, or flows from the incisions made therein, as a colourless, or slightly reddish, transparent fluid.

Cultivated Virus.

In order to procure a quantity of virus sufficient to inoculate a considerable number of sheep, it is frequently necessary to have recourse to amp; preliminary inoculation, by which a number of perfectly healthy, strong animals are infected; the lymph collected from them is used for inoculating others. Many years ago it was observed that repeated transmissions of the virus by inoculations modified its virulency, but without di�minishing its protective value : the lymph obtained from a sheep naturally infected causing a greater febrile reaction, and a more severe eruption, than that which had been passed by inoculation through several generations. With the lymph from a young and strong sheep suffering from a benignant, but naturally-induced, form of the disease, a number of young, healthy sheep�say ten or twelve, according to the quantity of lymph required�are inoculated. Among these a selection is made of those animals which have the least numerous, finest, and best developed pustules; and from them are inoculated

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another ten or twelve healthy sheep. From these, again, a similar choice is made, and an equal number of animals inocu�lated. At each inoculation the number of pustules is less, until, finally, the successive transmissions have produced only one pustule of an excellent kind. This is an indication that the virus has arrived at that stage when its inoculation will always produce a very benignant form of the disease. That it is very improbable the virus ever becomes inert in these transmissions, is somewhat proved by the fact that the same lymph has been employed at the Vienna Veterinary School from 1836 to 1845, being transmitted thirty-three times every year, or a total of 297 transmissions, without losing its virulent and preservative properties.

These advantages have led to the establishment, in countries which are often visited by the disease, of certain institutions where, all the year round, inoculations are practised on a limited number of sheep; so that, according to emergencies, there are always two or more under the influence of the disease. The lymph collected from them is partly used to make new inoculations, and the remainder is preserved in a convenient manner from the air�as in small phials, capillary tubes, be�tween plates of glass, amp;c.�and kept in a dark place until required in a large quantity.

Though the extensive experience of many of the most tnistworthy veterinary authorities has proved that the culti�vated virus derived from the successive inoculations of healthy animals only products, as a rule, a Variola localized in the region into which it has been, inserted ; yet from observations continued at the Vienna Veterinary School for twenty-seven consecutive years (up to 1864), it has been noted that though, in general, a local Variola is due to this cultivated lymph, yet that at times a general eruption may result.

Roll also states that the lymph obtained direct from sheep naturally infected, if the inoculation has been properly per�formed, will most frequently only produce an eruption confined to the inoculated region.

He also adds that this so-called quot; cultivation quot; cannot be said to mitigate the action of the virus, but must be looked

Rules for Inoculation.

upon as chiefly valuable for preserving it in sufficient quantity for the purpose of inoculation, in countries exposed to the fre�quent invasion of the malady.

As the cultivated virus still possesses the property of in�fecting healthy animals, through the medium of the air and otherwise, and as the Variola thus induced is as serious in its character as the ordinary natural type; this cultivation should not be permitted without authority, and should even then only be tolerated in special establishments remote from sheep-pastures, and from which there is no danger of the con�tagion being conveyed accidentally.

RULES FOR INOCULATION.

In compulsory or necessaiy inoculations, when an entire flock is threatened with an immediate attack of the disease, but few rules can be observed ; but in preservative and pro�phylactic inoculations, it is advantageous to observe certain prescriptions which influence the result of the operation. These are related to the condition of the sheep, their age, and the season of the year.

Perfect health being an essential condition towards success, weakly animals, or those suffering from any organic or de�bilitating disease, should not, if possible, be inoculated. Neither, except in cases of urgent necessity, should the opera�tion be practised on pregnant ewes, lambs, at the period of shearing, or that of rutting. Very fat sheep are also not likely to withstand the effects of the artificial disease so well as those which are in moderate condition.

With regard to age, it is preferable to have the lambs weaned before they are inoculated; after that period, age does not seem to have much influence on the course of the malady. Though the lambs may have come from ewes which were suffering from the disease, yet inoculation must not be neglected on that account. Girard states that he successfully inoculated, some time after their birth, two hundred lambs born from affected ewes.

The season has an important influence on the character of the inoculated disease. Mild, regular weather, with an absence

Variola.

of rain, is the most propitious. Therefore it is, that, on the continent, the spring and autumn are preferred. In such a climate as that of England, probably the autumn would be selected.

In compulsory inoculation, of course the season cannot be chosen, and, if unpropitious, its disadvantages must be com�pensated by hygienic measures.

Before undertaking the operation, some preparatory ar�rangements are necessary, in order to facilitate its perform�ance, accelerate its course, and render the task easier for the operator and his assistants. To this end, it is well to have the locality so disposed as to admit of the inoculated being isolated from the non-inoculated. This measure is absolutely necessary, for, as we have said, the disease can be propagated from inoculated animals in a natural manner, and indirectly by the air and other media. Hurdles, sheds, and sheep-folds, may be utilized with this object.

The Operation.

The operation of inoculation is simple. A suitable region, destitute of wool, is first decided upon, and the lymph is introduced either by incision of the skin, abrasion of the epidermis, setons, punctures, or by the stomach.

With regard to the region, the tail, or the inner side of the thigh or ear, are usually preferred, as they are most removed from friction, and for other reasons. Of the three places, the tail is the most convenient, and is not nearly so liable to those accidents of a gangrenous kind which sometimes result from thigh inoculation. But if the tail has been closely amputated, the thigh or inner aspect of the ear must be selected.

Puncture is preferable to all other modes for the introduc�tion of the virus into the blood. Any sharp instrument may be used; but the best, perhaps, is a fluted needle, as the lymph can be deposited beneath the epidermis by a very minute opening, and does not cause bleeding, nor does it produce a sore or inflammatory swellings.

The animals are fixed in the following manner: If the inoculation is to be made direct from the sheep which bears

Course of Inoculated Ovine Variola.

the pustule, that animal is thrown down and fixed on two bundles of straw tied together by a cord, to the right of the operator. If the inoculation is to be practised on the inside of the thigh, the sheep to be operated upon is placed on its back on two bundles of straw or on a table immediately in front of the operator, who seizes the hind limb which is at liberty (usually the right), compresses it above the hock in pulling the skin outwards, so as to make it tense at the seat of puncture. This mode requires a number of assistants if there are many animals, and if it is desired that no delay should occur. An animal should be always secured and ready to be operated upon as soon as one has been inoculated, and an assistant should be at hand charging a needle with the virus.

If the tail is chosen, two modes may be adopted: The sheep may be thrown down and held by an assistant on a bank or on straw, in such a way that the tail shall be towards the operator, its under surface, destitute of wool, being upper�most. Or the animal may be kept standing, its head held between the legs of the assistant, who seizes it by the wool on its back and presents its croup to the operator. The latter, stooping slightly, catches the tail, turns it upward over the back, and inserts the charged needle beneath the epidermis at two or three inches from the root.

If the ear is to be inoculated, the sheep is placed on its side or seated at the left of the operator.

Whatever region be chosen, the charged needle is to be introduced beneath the skin, its fluted side upwards, and when it has penetrated to the depth of a line or a line and a-half, it is turned round, slight pressure being made on its sides by means of the surrounding skin, to ensure its being deprived of the lymph. If the epidermis is torn by the needle, it will be necessary to make a new puncture.

Y\\

COURSE OF INOCULATED OVINE VARIOLA.

The course of the inoculated disease differs but little from that of the natural Variola in a very benignant form. The inoculated sheep, immediately after the operation, should be

5�2

Variola.

�

somewhat carefully attended to, so far as temperature, good food or pasture, a sufficiency of salt, and plenty of fresh air are concerend. Nothing more is necessary. From the third to the fifth day after the operation, the inoculated part must be examined, and those animals which do not manifest any signs of having been successfully inoculated should be separated from the others, and subjected to another trial.

In those which have received the virus, towards the end of the first or second day nothing can be seen of the puncture. About the third or fourth day�later, perhaps, if the weather is cold�there appears a small red point, which in the follow�ing days becomes a hard deep-red nodule; the epidermis covering it is raised in consequence of the serous deposition going on beneath, which thus transforms the nodule into a vesicle of variable dimensions, areolar in structure, and umbili-cated in its middle. From the ninth to the eleventh day, the vesicle or pustule has attained its maximum development (from half an inch to an inch, or even more, in diameter at the base of the tail); at this period it is of a bluish-white or yellow tint, and, if punctured, a clear, colourless, or pale-red, stringy fluid flows from it. If the weather is cool, the pus�tule remains in this state for one or two days; but in hot weather it alters in a few hours, the contents become rapidly purulent, and the pustule soon dries up, leaving a dark-brown or black scab, which becomes detached at its edge about the twentieth to the twenty-fifth day, not long after which there only remains a hard, often stellate cicatrix.

The fever which precedes and accompanies the eruption due to inoculation is usually very slight, and in young animals not unfrequently passes over unobserved ; generally there is only one vesicle, which appears at the point inoculated. Sometimes, however, there is no eruption there; but, instead, there is a number of pustules around it, which are ordinarily smaller than the single one, and resemble those of the natural eruption. In other cases, also, though rarely, a general erup�tion appears, whether or not a pustule has been developed at the seat of inoculation.

Accidents supervening on Inoculation.

ACCIDENTS SUPERVENING ON INOCULATION.

Several accidents are described as following inoculation, and depending upon a variety of circumstances. The chief of these appear to be gangrenous swellings and tumours, which show themselves usually from the twelfth to the twen�tieth day after the operation: becoming developed at the point of inoculation, and especially when the puncture has been made on the inner side of the thigh, where there is an abundance of cellular tissue, vessels, and lymphatic glands, and where there is much friction during motion. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, particularly if the virus is impure, some�times occurs ; it is denoted by a hard cord passing towards the lymphatic glands, and marked at certain intervals by nodules on its course. The desquamation of the pustule is now and again accompanied by sloughing of the skin and an unhealthy ulcer. Tetanus has also been witnessed, from the twenty-fifth to the thirtieth day after inoculation.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

When an animal has become infected, and the virus has begun to exercise its power, the disease will run its course in spite of all medical treatment. The treatment can, therefore, only be symp�tomatic�placing the sick in as good conditions for recovery as possible, giving proper food, and modifying any urgent symp�toms, or treating serious complications which may appear, by appropriate remedies. Hygienic measures hold the first place in curative treatment, and when the attack follows a regular course, as a rule nothing more is needed than the ob�servance of these: the administration of medicines nearly always doing harm.

Overcrowding should be avoided by every means, and if the sheep are housed, plenty of fresh air ought to be allowed them, though draughts should be guarded against; an equable, but not a high temperature should be maintained, and litter allowed ; in warm dry weather, they may be permitted to pas�ture, but they must not be exposed to cold and damp. To

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strong well-bred sheep, the allowance of food should be dimi�nished�that is, it should be given in moderate quantity, and if possible in an undried condition (turnips, clover, cut potatoes, amp;c.), to which a small quantity of salt might advan�tageously be added; fresh water should be plentifully given, and in this it will be generally beneficial to dissolve, according to circumstances, a little sulphate of soda or sulphate of iron ; or in some cases good will result from the addition of merely a little vinegar or sulphuric acid. Rock salt should also be placed where the animals may easily reach it; and the weakly sheep may have their strength sustained, in addition, by oat�meal or barleymeal gruel at a tepid temperature, and more particularly in those cases in which the lips and throat are much involved. Should constipation be present, enemas of soapy water must be given.

In convalescence, should the sheep be much debilitated and wasted, good and abundant food must be given, with plenty of salt, and astringents and tonics.

In the malignant or irregular form of the disease, treat�ment is scarcely worth adopting, unless the sheep are very valuable, and reasonable hopes of their recovery are enter�tained. The flock should be divided into lots, keeping those which are in certain stages'of the malady by themselves, and those also apart which are most severely affected and require most care. Medical treatment of these will depend upon in�dividual indications, and no fixed rules can be laid down. In the majority of cases, tonics and stimulants will be required. When the fever threatens to be very intense and the eruption confluent, the diet should be diminished and the drink acidu�lated or rendered slightly laxative. If the eruption is slow in developing itself, alcoholic draughts and warm aromatic in�fusions may be administered. Hay infusion {hay tea) is easily and cheaply made, and proves most beneficial. A similar treatment is required when the eruption disappears suddenly.

The cutaneous eruption requires but little attention. The sores should be treated as simple wounds ; cleansing them, if confluent, with tepid water, and dressing them with a very weak solution of carbolic acid, alcoholic tinctures, detergents,

Flesh of Variolom Sheep as Food.

amp;c., as circumstances may require. Particular care should be taken to remove gently the inspissated mucus from around the nostrils, as the crusts it forms render respiration difficult. Painful pustules on the eyelids, eyes, lips, nostrils, or any other part of the body, may be treated by fomentations and soothing lotions. When they are numerous on the tongue, gums, palate, and back part of the throat, emollient and astrin�gent gargles may be had recourse to. Tumours and gangre�nous swellings may be relieved by scarifications, leeches, cauterization, or the application of ammoniacal liniment (one part of ammonia to eight parts of oil). The nose and mouth should be frequently sponged with vinegar, or salt and water.

The diarrhcea which sometimes ensues towards the later stage of the disease, is best treated by small doses of alum in solution or dissolved in the gruel, or by any vegetable astringent. Dysentery will require opiates, in combination with astringents.

Other complications must be treated according to their character. When the malady reaches an extreme degree� when the ulcers are numerous, and diarrhoea or dysentery, or other serious indications are manifest�it is judicious to kill the animals, and bury them deeply, with their skin and wool, in an isolated place.

It may be objected that this medical treatment of irregular Small-pox is extremely difficult when large numbers of sheep are attacked. But it is only recommended to be adopted in special circumstances: as when isolation can be perfectly ensured, so as to prevent the extension of the contagion; when the sheep are very valuable, amp;c. A zealous sheep-owner whose efforts are seconded by an intelligent shepherd, and who treats the worst cases�those placed apart�methodically, will not have much difficulty in carrying out curative measures.

THE FLESH OF VARIOLOUS SHEEP AS FOOD.

The flesh of sheep which have perished from, or been killed in consequence of being affected with, Variola is, from all the evidence hitherto produced, perfectly innocuous when used as

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food by human beings and carnivorous animals. This flesh has been consumed in country districts, by shepherds and others, when the disease has prevailed, and no evil results have been noted ; it has been sold surreptitiously by butchers during epizo�ties of the malady, and no bad consequences have in any case been traced to its consumption; and it has been eaten experimentally, even when the sheep from which it was obtained have been suffering from the worst form of the disease, but nothing untoward was experienced.

During the siege of Paris in the late Franco-German war, the disease at an early period showed itself among a great number of sheep in different parts of the city, and the majority of those which were not infected in a natural manner were inoculated. All these sheep were consumed as food by the population, without any accident being observed that could be traced to this cause.

Nevertheless, should it be decided to sanction the utilization of this flesh as food, it should not be issued for public consump�tion without authority, and without due care being taken that its transport does not extend the disease to healthy flocks.

Circumstances might arise in which the use of such flesh might not only be permitted, but become absolutely necessary. It is as tender and savoury, and as good in quality and easy of digestion, as that from healthy sheep, according to the testi�mony of competent authorities. It does not differ from the latter in respect to colour, smell, taste, consistence, or other physical qualities. Sometimes, though extremely rarely, it is said to have a mawkish unpleasant odour. The infrequency of this, however, may be ascribed to the fact that, in by far the larger number of cases, the effects of the disease are confined to the skin and the mucous membranes, and that the muscu�lar system is not implicated.

From the above description of the flesh of variolous sheep, it will be seen that it may be sold surreptitiously without much chance of detection, if it has been dressed by an expert butcher. The odour, in certain cases, particularly if the meat is fresh, might give rise to suspicion ; the inflamed or highly congested condition of the lymphatic glands, if any remain,

Horse-pox.

might also be accepted as proof; and the mucous membrane of the head (eyes, nostrils, and mouth), if that part of the body is present, would be still more conclusive. Most decisive of all evidence, however, would be the condition of the skin, should that covering be found; as the chief effects of the malady are localized there.

HORSE-POX.

Synonyms�Technical : Variola eguma. English: Grease, Constitutional grease, Lay's disease, Sore heels. French : Variole du cheval, Rliinite jgt;emphygoide. Farcin local, Farcin volant, Stomatite aphtheuse, Javart #9632;variolenx. Crease ^ustidenx. Horse-pox, Herpes phlyctenoidc, Maladie �uaccinogene. German : Pferdepocken, Mauke. Italian : Vaiuolo cavallino Vaiuolo equina, Giardone, Ciavardo cavallino. Hindostanee or Ben�galee : Gootry, Gone boslmnto.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

It is extremely probable that this equine Variola is pretty generally diffused in the different parts of the world inhabited by the horse, the Cow-pox (which is believed to be derived from it) being known in both the Old and New Worlds. It has, however, only been perfectly recognized and described in Europe within a recent period : England claiming the dis�tinction of being the first to distinguish it, and to indicate its relation to Cow-pox, as well as its efficacy as a preservative from human Variola.

CHARACTER.

This is an eruptive vesico-pustular malady; the eruption being preceded, in the majority of cases, by a degree of fever so slight as to be almost imperceptible. The eruption may appear on the skin in different regions or over the whole of the body, on the nasal or buccal mucous membrane, and ex�ceptionally on the conjunctiv'al membrane of the eyes. It most frequently appears on the skin, and is most liable to become confluent towards the lower extremity of the limbs and the inferior part of the head. The nasal eruption is nearly always

Variola.

accompanied by a similar outbreak around the nostrils and on the lips. It not unfrequently appears in an epizootic form.

CAUSES. Nothing is known as to the causes which operate in pro�ducing this malady, beyond the fact that it is contagious* A neglect of hygiene doubtless tends to maintain and dis�seminate, if it does not originate, it. Various authorities have given, as causes, change of climate ; cold, wet weather, par�ticularly in the spring; and insolation. The direct and incon�trovertible causes are, however, contagion and inoculation.

NATURE. The Horse-pox is an eruptive, contagious, and febrile disease of the variolous type, transmissible from the equine to the bovine species, and producing Vaccinia in the latter. It is also transmissible to mankind, either directly from the horse, or indirectly through the cow, and acts as a preserva�tive from Small-pox. Its character and nature were first pointed out by Doctor Loy, of Pickering, Yorkshire (quot;Account of some Experiments on the Origin of Cow-pox,quot; 1802), who was a contemporary of Jenner.

SYMPTOMS. In recent years, the Horse-pox has been repeatedly observed and described by eminent continental veterinarians and

* Several medical authorities have asserted that this equine Variola is only that of man; the objective differences in the former being attributed to the particular organization of the horse. The experiments of Chauveau have, however, completely refuted this opinion. Numerous inoculations with human Small-pox lymph have only produced, in the cow, papular pustules which had no analogy with those of Cow-pox or Horse-pox, and the lymph of which, inoculated again on man, has induced Small-pox, not Vaccinia.

Reynal notes, nevertheless, that the transmission of human Small-pox to animals is possible, especially with the pig. That eminent veterinary authority has seen the disease communicated to a pig, by linen which had been used by a person suffering from this malady. There are numerous instances on record of certain animals suffering from Variola at the same time as the human species.

Symptoms,

medical authorities; and though it appears to be less frequent in England than formerly, if we are to judge by the paucity of reports of its occurrence since Doctor Loy so ably de�scribed it, yet there can be no'doubt that it is often prevalent, though undistinguished or unrecognized.

Three or four days before the eruption shows itself, there is a more or less slight amount of feverishness, with diminished appetite and increased thirst. When the integument is to be the seat of eruption, the earliest manifestation is observed in those parts of the skin which may be destitute of pigment; there appears a red patch which soon becomes a lenticular prominence, which, when felt between a raised fold of the skin, gives the sensation of an indurated nodule. Becoming more developed, it assumes the shape of a disc depressed in its centre and raised at its margin, while its colour is bluish-gray, surrounded by a bright red areola. Where the skin is stained with pigment, of course the changes in colour are not noticeable; though the pustule has the same umbilicated appearance, and the tint is a little brighter around its circum�ference, than the other parts of^the integument. This feature in the eruption of Horse-pox is characteristic of the variolous pustule in all creatures.

In three or four days, the pustule begins to become flattened; and the epidermis, thickened and dry, forms a crust standing above the level of the skin, and black, gray, or yellow in colour, according to the natural tint of the integument. For three or four days after the umbilicated disposition has dis�appeared from the pustule, the deeper surface of the crust remains very moist, and the mass is easily detached: leaving a small, circular, and finely granulated red or gray-coloured sore, depressed in the centre, and from which exudes an abundance of very limpid citron-tinted serum. When this exudation diminishes, it forms a yellow irregular crust slightly adherent to the surface of the wound, and beneath which a certain amount of serum yet continues to be secreted.

Towards the eighth or ninth day after the formation of the pustule, the exudation has greatly subsided. Should the crust not have been forcibly detached, cicatrization ensues

Variola.

without suppuration; the crust remains firmly attached to the epidermis until about the fifteenth to the twentieth day, when it separates, leaving only a little depression covered by a newly-formed epidermic pellicle, through which appears the rose-tinted corium. In this natural desquamation, the crusts are essentially formed by the epidermis; consequently, there is always observed a tuft of hairs implanted in their mass. But if cicatrization of the pustule does not occur until after the epidermic layer covering it has become detached�as happens when the eruption is very confluent and the crusts, instead of remaining adherent, are softened and destroyed in the midst of the humoral flux which flows from the mass of mature pustules�the purulent secretion succeeds that of a greasy nature, to which the malady has at times owed its common, but erroneous designation. Each pustule in this case becomes pyogenic, and in a period varying with the region and the multiplicity of the eruption on a circumscribed sur�face, it is covered by a crust formed partly by the fluid it secretes, and partly by the superficial layer of the granula�tions ; it is beneath this closely adherent crust that the work of cicatrization gradually proceeds from the periphery towards the centre.

When the eruption takes place on a surface exposed to friction or other external violence�as may be the case between the lips, where the pustules are often irritated and broken by contact with hard fibrous food or the bridle-bit�the lymphatics frequently become inflamed, and multiple abscesses may even form along their course, with tumefaction and suppuration in the glands to which these pass. In such cases, the pustules be�come ulcers when mature; they also rapidly become pyogenic, increase to the size of a nut or larger, and appear excavated, with everted borders ; the fluid they secrete is abundant and oily in appearance, drying into soft crusts, which are completely detached from the surface they cover. If the pustules are confluent, they soon coalesce from ulceration: thus constituting a large sore with an indurated base, that so closely resembles Farcy as to have been, and to be even now, frequently mis�taken for it; more especially is this likely to be the case

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when the lymphatic vessels and glands are inflamed consecu�tively to the ulceration of the pustules, and abscesses form along and in these.

Though these pustules of Horse-pox usually resemble each other in shape, no matter on what part of the body they may appear, yet they differ in size according to the regions they may occupy. Generally those on the trunk are the smallest and most disseminated; so that their presence is readily over�looked if a visual examination only is made; though nearly always their whereabouts is betrayed by the little erect tufts of hair that mark their existence. Touch enables their loca�tion to be at once ascertained.

On the fine skin covering the inferior extremity of the head �on the muzzle, around and between the nostrils, on the lips and cheeks�the pustules are usually the size of large and small peas, which they still more closely resemble in shape and colour when the epidermis begins to dry on their surface. Their eruption in these situations is very frequent, and some�times they are discrete, at other times confluent.

It is on the lower part of the limbs�from the knees and hocks to the feet (especially the posterior limbs), and more particularly in the hollow of the pastern�that the so-called quot; grease-pustules quot; are most numerous and largest in dimen�sions ; and the complex phenomena by which their presence is characterized, readily explains why they were for so long a period, and are still, confounded with the non-specific disease of the skin of this part, vulgarly known as quot; grease quot; (French, Eatix auxJambe; German, Mauke). From the moment when the eruption is about to appear, the inferior part of the limb becomes tumefied, and painful to the touch as well as during motion. If the skin happens to be destitute of pigment, it is speckled with bright-red patches, each of which becomes raised, and develops a pustule that passes through the phases already indicated. If the hand is passed over the skin of the limb at this period, a multitude of nodosities closely placed will be immediately perceived. When these nodosities have matured into pustules, and simultaneously reached their period of secretion, the skin, as far as the eruption extends, appears

Variola.

I-

to be transformed into a kind of sieve by the openings through which the limpid, slightly citron-coloured, fluid pours in abundance. At the same time the hairs stand bristling up from their inflamed base, and, becoming agglutinated, allow the fluid part of the serosity with which they are impregnated to drop from the end of the tufts they thus form : the more concrescible portion of the discharge forming a viscid layer on the surface of the skin, and concealing more or less the character of the eruption. This abundant discharge from the pustules, on exposure to the air, rapidly decomposes, and emits a very marked ammoniacal odour: another circum�stance which leads to the disease being mistaken for quot; grease.quot;

Such are the different forms the eruption assumes on the skin: everywhere the pustule has the same characters, and passes through the sames phases; but when it forms part of a close cluster, the abundance of the fluid which bathes it prevents its cicatrization in the manner described when it is isolated; for at an early period it loses its epidermic covering, and the exposed tissue becomes pyogenic.

The buccal eruption of Horse-pox is at first characterized, in its simplest form, by the presence, on the lining membrane of the mouth, of small vesicles about the size of a pea, some circular, others elongated, and whose rosy opaline tint con�trasts markedly with the bright-red hue of the mucous mem�brane on which they are placed. These vesicles are smooth on their surface, and do not show any central depression ; in colour and shape they are not at all unlike pearls. To the touch they feel lumpy, and pressure on them causes the animal pain. They may be confluent or discrete, and are observed on the inner aspect of both lips, the inferior surface of the tongue and the borders of its free portion, the inner face of the cheeks, the gums, the commissures of the mouth, especially along the Whartonian ducts, and at their orifices.

When these buccal vesicles are opened, either naturally or accidentally, there remain little round or lenticular sores with sharply-defined borders, finely granular at the bottom, and deep-red in colour. Accompanying this eruption is a very copious salivation, and a slight, but painful, tumefaction of the

Symptoms,

submaxillary glands. The animal Is a little dull, and eats with less avidity than usual, partly owing to the pain attending mastication. It must be observed, however, that these symp�toms are generally so slight as to attract little, if any, atten�tion.

It is very rare that the eruption remains confined to the mouth ; in most cases it extends at the same time to the lips, the end of the nose, and around the nostrils, and this exten�sion gives the disease a more precise character. In other instances, the eruption in this region coincides with the ap�pearance of pustules of the same kind on the trunk, or con�centrated on the lower part of the limbs. This coincident eruption is, of course, the expression of the same general morbid condition ; but there are cases in which the eruption of the pustules in different regions, at about the same time, is manifestly due to the successive inoculations the animal performs on itself. Thus a horse whose mouth is affected, may easily transplant the virus by gnawing any part of its body which happens to itch; while another, which licks or bites a part of its skin covered with mature pustules, may have its mouth and lips affected in consequence.

The apparently vesicular pustules appearing in the mouth of an animal affected with Horse-pox, are small and extremely superficial, and leave no scar after they have disappeared: the slight sore that remains after the escape of their limpid contents readily heals, and in a few days nothing is to be seen.

The nasal eruption is announced by an uniform vascular injection of the lining membrane, and soon afterwards the appearance of small circumscribed patches of a still deeper red, over which the epithelium quickly rises, through the ac�cumulation beneath it of a limpid serosity. These vesicles are very transparent when first formed, and vary in volume from the size of a pin-head to that of a pea ; they are surrounded by a very bright-red areola, which throws them into stronger relief. In about twenty-four hours, the fluid they contain be�comes turbid and milky-looking, and gives them a yellow colour; then the epithelium forming their envelope ruptures.

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the contents escape, and only a very red, superficial, circular erosion remains. In less than twenty-four or thirty hours the epithelium is regenerated, and no vestige of the eruption is apparent.

These nasal vesico-pustules are observed, either in the iso�lated or confluent condition, on the septum of the nose, the inner wing of the nostril, and in one or both nostrils at dif�ferent times or simultaneously. Generally, their evolution is accompanied by an abundant catarrhal secretion, in the form of a muco-purulent, yellow, thick, and glutinous discharge, that adheres to the orifice of the nostrils, and may conceal the cha�racters of the eruption : thus leading to errors in diagnosis.

This nasal eruption is nearly always coincident with a doughy, and somewhat painful, swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands; not unfrequently the animal exhibits a general, but ephemeral, disturbance of health: marked by dul-ness, diminished appetite, slight languor, quickened pulse, in�creased temperature, and dull coat; all this disappears as soon as the eruption has completed its phases.

It is quite exceptional that the eruption remains localized on the nasal membrane ; more frequently pustules are deve�loped around the nostrils and the lips, and even over the whole of the body: thus giving an unmistakable aspect to the malady.

COURSE AND TERMINATIONS.

The course and terminations of Horse-pox are generally favourable. In many cases the general health is little dis�turbed, and convalescence is rapid. The duration of the disease, unless complications occur, is brief; and it may be said that, as a rule, the Variola of the equine species is a benignant malady.

The first stage, that of invasion, is about three days ; the second, or eruptive stage, from six to eight days ; the third stage, the desquamative, continues from six to nine days: the duration of the disease being generally from fifteen to twenty days. About this time the crusts begin to fall off, and in three or four days have completely disappeared. In excep-

i;!.

Pathological Anatomy.

tional cases, the ordinary duration is prolonged, owing to the appearance of a secondary eruption, which lasts as long as the first.

The confluence of the pustules on the lower part of the limbs, where the skin is thick, may give rise to such an acci�dent as partial necrosis of that covering and the subcutaneous tissues, such as the lateral cartilages and other structures in this region, with separation of the whole or a portion of the hoof, the formation of fistulse, amp;c.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.

There is nothing particular to note with regard to the pathological anatomy of this disease. The structure of the pustules is that of those observed in human Variola; the thickened epidermis is not completely separated from the derma, but adheres in the centre, and around the circumfer�ence are numerous filaments, which appear to constitute a multiplicity of cells ; to these the pustule owes its punctiform aspect.

In certain circumstances, the fluid in the pustules is so abundant as to flow over the adjacent parts ; and generally in proportion as the discharge increases, the swelling and lame�ness observed at the commencement of the malady disappear. The character of this discharge has been already described, but it may once more be stated that its viscid consistency, foetid ammoniacal odour, the bristle-like erect hairs, and the engorgement of the limb, give the disease, when it is located in the extremities, a very striking resemblance to quot;grease.quot; At times this discharge is absent, and then there is only hot and painful swelling of the hind limb, terminating in an abscess containing matter which, by inoculation, produces Cow-pox.

DIAGNOSIS.

The diagnosis of this disease is very important, as there can be little doubt that in one or other of its forms it may, and has been, mistaken for Glanders or Farcy. As has been said, the eruption of the disease, when it appears at the lower ex�tremity of the limbs, may be complicated with inflammation

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of the lymphatic vessels and glands, and abscesses may form along the course of these, or in the subjacent cellular tissue of the skin on which the confluent pustules are located. These give the disease a certain analogy to Farcy, for which the Horse-pox may be mistaken if a careful examination is not made. Otherwise, between the pustule of Variola and the jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Farcy tumour, or quot; bud,quot; the difference is so marked, that a

mistake cannot be made if they are closely and carefully in�spected. In Horse-pox, when the pustules have been con�

fluent, there is always an ulcer remaining, with a sharply defined margin; this ulcer has a great tendency to cicatriza�tion, and the pus which is thrown off from its surface is of a healthy character. This is not the case with the ulcer of Farcy.

When the eruption of Horse-pox is exclusively confined to the Schneiderian membrane, errors in diagnosis are yet more likely to occur. The identity of situation with that of acute Glanders, and the similarity of some of the symptoms common to the two maladies, renders mistakes easy : more especially as the great danger of infection from a glandered horse may cause the inspector to get through his examination as quickly as possible. Nothing so closely simulates acute Glanders as a confluent eruption of Horse-pox in the nasal cavities, accom�panied by discharge, painful tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, a flux of tears, dulness, general debility, amp;c. The resemblance becomes yet closer if the eruption ap�pears at the same time on the lips, and the pustules there en�large and ulcerate from external injury, giving rise to inflamed lymphatic vessels. The chances of error are then so great, that for a long time the benignant eruption of Horse-pox has been looked upon as one of the special features of the Glanders-and-Farcy condition. Dard, in 1840 {Observations de Rhinite Pemphygoide), had called attention to the mistake ; and Bouley soon after had occasion to notice it. The last-named autho�rity has had many opportunities of satisfying himself as to the differential symptoms of the two maladies; though for many years, not recognizing the exact nature of Horse-pox, he designated it herpes phlyctcenodes. quot; The primary element

Diagnosis.

of this eruption,quot; he says, in a clinical lecture on the disease, quot; is a transparent pimple developed on an inflamed base, and resembling in shape a phlyctaena. This pimple, in its evolu�tion, becomes lactescent through the change that takes place in the serosity it contains; then it is altogether purulent; finally, it bursts, and instead of leaving, as in Glanders, a rodent chancre, its presence is only marked by loss of epithelium on a circumscribed surface corresponding to the space it occupied. This constitutes a strongly-marked difference between the two diseases; when, indeed, we compare this apparently vesicular eruption with that of Glanders, we shall see how great are the differences between them. When the glanderous eruption is about to appear, the nasal membrane is of an uniform deep-saffron hue. In places there are red, circular, or elliptical patches about the size of a franc; at these the membrane swells and projects above the other portions of the membrane, constituting the pustules. At first salient, rounded at their summit, of a reddish-violet colour, which contrasts strongly with the bright-red areola encircling them, and hard to the touch, these pustules soon become white at the top ; they then exhibit in their centre a very characteristic dull-leaden hue in the middle of the red circle surrounding them.

quot; At this period of its maturity, the pustule bursts, and dis�charges a sero-purulent fluid, which is tenacious, like the white of an egg, and forms a semi-transparent exudation on its sur�face. No sooner is it opened, than the pustule is replaced by a chancre exactly the same in dimensions ; the borders of this chancre are of a deep-red colour, swollen, and prominent; at the bottom it is gray in hue and granular, with a semi-transparent serous matter covering it. This chancre rarely remains sta�tionary in its dimensions; most frequently it extends with great rapidity, becomes deeper, and as it spreads transforms the pituitary surface into a large sore, the borders and centre of which offer the same aspect as the primary chancre.

quot; The pustular eruption of Glanders is sometimes discreet, though generally it is confluent; and when ulceration invades the agglomerated pustules, it converts them all into one vast chancre, which in a brief space invades the whole extent of

6�2

BR3

Variola.

the membrane, in depth as well as in surface, not unfrequently involving and destroying the cartilaginous septum of the nose.

quot; The chancre of acute Glanders may sometimes cicatrize; but the mucous membrane is never regenerated at the spot it occupied, being replaced by a very dense white tissue, thicker than the membrane for which it is substituted, and it conse�quently stands above the surrounding level; the cicatrix is composed of fibres which radiate from the centre towards its circumference in a stellate fashion. The presence of this in�delible cicatrix always betrays the loss of substance that has taken place in the membrane.quot;

Such are the characters of acute Glanders, and it will be ob�served that the differences between them and those of Horse-pox are all the more marked as the eruption of each passes through its phases; forasmuch as, with time, the symptoms of acute Glanders increase in intensity, the nasal Horse-pox only requires a few days to run its course, disappear, and leave no trace of its existence behind. It is only at the initial period of both diseases, that there exists any particular resemblance between them. But when the variolous vesicles are isolated on the pituitary membrane, they can easily be distinguished from those of Glanders by their shape, volume, and aspect. When several vesicles, however, are grouped on a very limited surface, the concentration of the inflammation there causes the membrane to swell, and at a distance to appear as if covered with one large pustule, especially if there is an abun�dant discharge to prevent the eruption being readily distin�guished. In such a case the diagnosis is more difficult. Even then, however, should a first examination not decide the ques�tion, it is only an affair of a few days' waiting, as when the eruption has reached a certain stage, there can then no longer be any doubt. If the pustule is the result of Glanders, it is soon replaced by a chancre whose character is unmistakable ; if the eruption is that of Horse-pox, after the rupture of the agglomerated vesico-pustules which simulate a Glander pus�tule, there is nothing left but a simple denudation of Ae pituitary membrane, which, so far from assuming the cha-

Diagnosis.

racter of an ulcer, speedily vanishes beneath a new layer of epithelium.

With regard to the distinction between Horse-pox, when the eruption affects the lower parts of the limbs, and the non�specific quot; grease,quot; or quot;stearrhoea,quot; there can be no difficulty. The resemblance between the two is very superficial, and dis�appears when the surface of the skin is exposed by clipping away the hair, and freeing it from the viscid matter and crusts by soap and water. If the disease is Horse-pox, there will be observed either circular and cupuliform sores after re�moval of the epidermic crust from the pustules: these epidermic crusts being still attached, with the tuft of hair through them, though adhering but slightly; or, lastly, when the pustular sores have become pyogenic, the presence of some of the exuberant granulations projecting above the level of the skin.

These different characters may co-exist, or one may pre�dominate over the others, according to the period at which the eruption is examined. At the commencement, all the pustules are covered by their epidermic crusts, which are more or less adherent; after this, these crusts, having become softened by steeping in the fluid discharged from the pustules, are nearly all detached and removed ; at a later period, owing to the confluence of the eruption and the consequent abun�dant secretion, the cicatrization of the sores cannot take place as with the isolated pustules, so that each patch be�comes a purulent wound, which heals only by second in�tention.

But whatever may be the conditions under which these pustules appear, or in whatever way their cicatrization may be effected, the character they give to the skin supporting them is so different from that observed in quot; grease,quot; that none but the veriest tyro could mistake one for the other when a close and proper examination is made. Besides, Horse-pox, even when not interfered with, soon disappears, while quot;greasequot; often proves troublesome under various modes of treatment. Grease is neither contagious nor inoculable.

Should circumstances permit, and from five to eight days' delay be no objection, inoculation may be resorted to if there

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still remain any doubts as to the nature of the disease. To avoid dangerous consequences, the matter from the pustules should be inoculated on the cow.

CONTAGIUM.

The contagium of Horse-pox is transmissible from one horse to another, to the bovine species, and to mankind,* but only by contact. That is, the virus is fixed, and the disease is communicated by contagion : not through the medium of the air, or infection. Such at least is the opinion of Bouley, who has made a careful study of the disease.quot;!quot; It is also produced by inoculation.

* In 1850, I witnessed a case of accidental transmission of Horse-pox (or quot; grease,quot; as it was named) in Manchester, in a farrier, who shod an omnibus horse whose hind legs were in a very bad state, and the dis�charge from which covered his hands and apron. In a few days a large vesicle formed at the side of his mouth, where there had been a slight sore when he shod the horse; this vesicle presented the well-known characters of a vaccine vesicle, but in an exaggerated form. Its evolution was ac�companied by rigors, sharp fever, and much prostration, and recovery was slow. From what I have seen, I believe that the transmission of the dis�ease to farriers and grooms who have to do with cab, omnibus, and agri�cultural horses, is not so unfrequent as might be imagined; and, probably, if vaccination was not so thoroughly enforced, such instances would be far from unusual. Bouley, in his interesting article on the disease {Nouveau DictioimaiTC de Midccitic,amp;LC., Veterinaires, Art. quot;Horse-poxquot;), gives a striking instance of this transmission in a pupil at Alfort, who, in 1863, attended to a horse whose right hind leg was the seat of confluent Variola.

t Depaul believes the disease to be infectious, and cites, in support of his opinion, an instance in which a cow was inoculated with the fluid from the nostrils of a horse, and seventeen other cows inhabiting the same shed were soon after affected, Cow-pox pustules appearing on the udder and teats ; in addition, a horse kept in a badly-constructed box in this stable, and breathing the same atmosphere as the cows, was also affected, the erup�tion showing itself on different parts of its body. It is not at all improbable, however, that the cow-keeper and his assistants, who handled the diseased and healthy animals alike, were the chief agents in diffusing the con�tagium. Indeed, the wife of the cow-keeper, in milking the cows, became vaccinated on one of her fingers, and yet continued to handle the teats of the others, notwithstanding the pain she experienced.

Bouley has caused perfectly healthy horses or cows to cohabit with

Contagium.

The fluid from the pustules contains the contagium in its most concentrated form, and it is all the more potent as it is clear and limpid. The crusts of the pustules are also potent in producing the disease by inoculation ; by macerating them for twenty-four hours in glycerine, it is possible to obtain a fluid sufficiently active to produce well-developed pustules.

The saliva is likewise virulent, as has been frequently de�monstrated experimentally. To induce the malady in a healthy horse, it is only necessary to rub the lining membrane of its mouth with the secretion from that of a diseased animal.

There is no proof that the disease can be communicated before the eruption has appeared, or even before it has com�menced to secrete the variolous lymph. Neither is there evidence to show that it may be transmitted after the pustule sores have dried and cicatrized.

VITALITY OF THE VIRUS.

As yet no experiments have been undertaken to demon�strate the vitality of the infecting principle ; but it is possible that, though lacking the extreme virulency of some other contagia, it may yet possess a tenacity which enables it to sustain somewhat severe physical and chemical tests. The epidermic crusts preserve their virulent properties, it would

diseased horses, and when the malady was produced in them, he was always able to trace it to direct contact.

During the epizo�ty observed at Alfort, in 1863, it was possible to trans�mit the Horse-pox to a series of horses, by placing them one after another in a stall which had been tenanted by a diseased horse. Each animal be�came affected in its turn, and at times their immediate neighbours also ; but beyond these, in that stable there were no further transmissions, all the other horses dwelling therein remaining unaffected. As Bouley remarks, a really infectious disease does not comport itself in this manner. Turenne and Mathieu have also experimentally demonstrated that the malady is not infectious.

It is strange to find that equine Variola should only be contagious, while that of mankind, the sheep, and some other animal is most infectious, as well as contagious.

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appear, for a long time ; and by macerating them in glycerine for twenty-four hours, a fluid may be obtained sufficiently active to produce well-developed pustules when inoculated..

MODE OF TRANSMISSION.

We have already mentioned that the disease is, in all pro�bability, conveyed in a natural manner by immediate contact, i.e., by the virus being applied in a tangible form, directly to the skin, either from the matter being placed immediately in contact with, or inserted beneath, that membrane, or con�veyed to some mucous surface.

It may be transmitted by the litter of the stall in which a diseased horse ha� been kept. The forage which has been impregnated with the saliva from a sick horse can likewise contaminate the healthy. Indeed, the parts which are gene-ally most severely affected�the inferior extremity of the limbs, the nose, and lips�are those which are not only most likely to become contaminated, but those which will most readily contaminate.

As has been stated, the malady is readily transmitted from horse to horse by inoculation; of this there can be no doubt whatever, and the transmission is all the more certain as the lymph is clear and limpid. It is also transmissible to the cow, giving rise to Vaccinia, and to mankind. Transferred in�directly through the bovine species, its constitutional effects are apparently less developed than when inoculation has been made direct from the horse�the action of the equine virus being more energetic than the vaccine. The lymph of the so-called quot; spontaneous Horse-poxquot; also appears to be more active in producing its effects, than that which has been produced by in�oculation.

MODE OF ACCESS.

The virulent principle of Horse-pox may obtain access to the system through the matter of the pustules coming into con�tact with the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth, or eyes, or meeting any raw or abraded surface on the limbs or other region of the body. In close, badly-kept stables, where

Incubation, Extension, amp;c.

animals are crowded together and cleanliness is neglected, the malady may even be propagated at a distance.

INCUBATION.

We do not know the incubatory period of spontaneous, or rather accidental. Horse-pox. The incubation of the inocu�lated disease is from five to eight days. At the inoculated spot there usually appears, in from half an hour to three hours, a slight inflammation marked by redness and a trifling tume�faction, which lasts for ten or twelve hours and disappears, leaving only a minute cicatrix where the inoculation had been performed. In the majority of cases nothing else has been observed until the fifth, sixth, or eighth day, when the charac�teristic signs of successful inoculation begin to manifest them�selves.

EXTENSION.

We have already said that Horse-pox sometimes appears in an epizootic form, and though it may primarily appear in such a mysterious manner that its spontaneous origin has been accepted by several authorities as a fact, yet that contagion plays an important part in its diffusion. Nevertheless, the epizootics of Horse-pox are not on a large scale ; indeed, it appears to be almost the least liable to spread of all the con�tagious diseases that affect animals. Soiled forage, close proximity to the diseased, actual contact, with the affected parts, instruments and stable implements, the conveyance of the virulent element by the hands of the groom, farrier, or dairymaid, lying on the same ground or in the same stall� all these and other modes may be in operation in extending the malady.

MORTALITY AND LOSS.

The damage occasioned by this disease is comparatively trifling, provided ordinary care is taken. The malady is generally not at all fatal.

IMMUNITY. Though we have no positive facts, so far as I am aware, to

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prove that one attack of the disease confers immunity from another; yet judging from what occurs with the Variola of other animals, there is every probability that the horse can only, as a rule, experience one invasion of the malady.

SANITARY MEASURES.

The benignity of Horse-pox, and its slight tendency to spread, almost precludes its admission into the category of such animal scourges as those already described. Nevertheless, in a work like this it is necessary to notice the disease, and somewhat in detail, if only to distinguish it from the danger�ous and deadly malady for which it has been so often mistaken �Glanders, and its correlative�Farcy.

Isolation,

This measure is rendered necessary to prevent the extension of the malady. As this extension may also take place by giving healthy animals forage which has been soiled by the sick, dressing them with sponges or other articles which have become contaminated, amp;c., precautions can easily be adopted-As the disease can also be conveyed by the hands of persons who have been with the diseased animals, to cows and horses, as well as to themselves, care is necessary.

Cleanliness and proper hygienic measures, particularly dry stables and good ventilation, are indicated.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

The medical treatment, in the great majority of cases, will be of the simplest kind. When the skin eruption appears without any complication, it may safely be allowed to follow its ordinary course: no intervention being necessary, except keeping the animals warm and comfortable, and away from draughts of cold air.

When the pustules become greatly inflamed, and there is inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and glands, the cause, which is nearly always local, must be removed ; after which no�thing more is generally necessary. Should the sores remaining

Cow-Pox.

after rupture of the pustules assume an unhealthy character during very warm weather, they must be stimulated by cauteri�zation.

The mouth eruption requires no other care than slightly acidulated gargles when the pustules open. The food should be, during the whole of this period, of easy mastication and deglutition.

The nasal eruption had better not be interfered with until the pustules have passed through all their phases�which gene�rally requires three or four days.

COW-POX.

Synonyms. Technical: Vaccinia. French: Picotte, Petite ver�le des vaches, Variolc des betes bovincs, Vaccine, Cow-pox. German : Kuh-pocken. Hindustani or Bengali : Gone boshnnto.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

This bovine Variola probably affects cattle in every quarter of the globe. According to Humboldt, cattle in Mexico are liable to it, and its power of protecting mankind from Small�pox has been known for a very long time. In Asia it is the same; and in India and Persia, the malady appears to manifest itself among bovine creatures in a very severe form at times. In Australia, cattle, and particularly newly-calved cows, have frequently an eruption more especially localized about the udder, which produces a similar eruption on the hands and arms of the people who milk them.* In Algeria, the lymph has been successfully utilized in vaccination.

CHARACTERS.

The Cow-pox consists essentially in a pustular exanthema occurring in the cow, and more particularly affecting the teats and udder; though in such hot countries as India, it may be

� From experiments it would appear, however, that this reputed Cow-pox is not capable of being transmitted to either human beings or other animals. See The Australian Medical Journal for 1872, p. 353.

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more or less generally diffused over the body. It it usually accompanied by fever, and is communicable to other animals.

NATURE. The same as other variolous diseases.

CAUSES.

The occasional causes of this disease are unknown. Animals kept in stables appear to be more liable to it than those which are at pasture; and it is more frequent in some years than others, spring being, of all the seasons, that which most favours its development. Circumstances which determine an increased afflux of blood to the mammary gland�as after calving� changes in food, great fatigue, amp;c., likewise appear to predis�pose to its advent. It only appears in the females of the bovine species, though the males are susceptible to it by inoculation.

Most frequently the disease appears in adult animals, though young and old are not exempt. It has been demonstrated that it may be developed by the transmission of the virus of Horse-pox through the medium of people who attend to these animals, as well as by association in stables and pastures. Nevertheless, it would appear to be a fact that the disease often enough manifests itself without the existence of Horse-pox being ascertained anywhere in the vicinity, and the highest veterinary authorities are consequently of opinion that it may be developed directly. Some are also of opinion that it is derived from the human species; but there is no proof of this. On the contrary, inoculation with the variolous matter of mankind will not produce Vaccinia, and if people are re-inoculated from the pustule produced at the point of inoculation, they will have Small-pox.

SYMPTOMS.

The description of these, because of the little importance which attaches to the disease, will be brief.

After slight febrile disturbance, partial loss of appetite, and suspension of rumination, trifling constipation and diminution of the urinary secretion�symptoms which may, nevertheless, be absent or unperceived�and lessened quantity, as well as

Symptoms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93

altered quality, of the milk (more watery and disposed to co-gulate than usual), the udder is observed to be swollen, parti�cularly near the teats, and is painful during milking. Some days afterwards there are seen on the udder, and chiefly on the teats, small hard tumours, varying in size from a pea to that of a haricot bean, and of a pale-red colour. Increasing in volume, beneath the epidermis, there forms a viscid yellow fluid; at first this appears in the centre, but it extends towards the circumference, giving the nodosities a light blue tint in the middle, but a reddish-blue or yellow colour towards the periphery ; at this period the centre is also usually umbili-cated or depressed, the border is hard, swollen, and painful, and when the skin is thin and transparent a red areola is noticed. These quot; pocks quot; gradually increase in dimensions, and towards the eighth or tenth day have acquired their maxi�mum development; on the udder they are generally circular, and on the teats oblong. The contents then become purulent, and a crust begins to form in the centre, extending to the margin; this crust is thick, shining, and deep brown or black in colour; it is firmly attached to the skin, from which it does not become detached until the tenth to the fifteenth day, unless accidentally removed. When it has fallen off it leaves a cicatrix in the skin, which persists for a considerable period, and is at first bluish-red in colour, but gradually becomes pale. On the udder the cicatrix is depressed in the centre.

In the same animal there may be successive crops of pustules, or they may not be all developed simultaneously, some being crusted, while others are only nodes. This later eruption may, however, be due to re-inoculation during milking, and this is favoured by the existence of sores or cracks on the teats. In consequence of this circumstance, the malady may not pass through all its phases within a less period than four to six weeks. It is usually towards the eighth or ninth day of the development of the pustule, that the vaccine matter is collected.

As Roll remarks, the variable colour of the vaccinal pus�tules is not an essential characteristic of the disease, and

94nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Variola.

therefore does not certainly demonstrate the real nature of the variolous eruption. If the skin is fine and white, the variolae have a silvery, bluish-white, or slaty hue ; if it is fine but dark-coloured, they are leaden-gray; if the hair is of a bright shade, they have a colour varying from a bright-red to a pale-red or blood-red, but have always a metallic lustre; on a thick, white, and wrinkled skin, they have a dull opaline as�pect. If, therefore, the diagnosis is doubtful in this respect, it can only be rendered positive by studying the progress of the disease and the structure of the pustule; as well as by ascertaining the results yielded by inoculation.

COURSE AND TERMINATIONS.

The course and termination of the disease is generally favourable�at least in western countries (it is in these that the foregoing symptoms have been noticed). It is always benignant, and the only inconveniences it produces are those resulting from the fever, loss of appetite, and the local inflammation, as well as the loss arising from the bad quality of the milk when it continues to be secreted. The ulcerations of an unhealthy character which sometimes ap�pear on the teats, as a consequence of Variola, depend upon the health of the animal, improper treatment, or bad hygiene and uncleanliness. Abscesses in the gland may result from the same cause. The ordinary duration of the disease is from fifteen to twenty days.

FALSE VACCINIA OR VARIOLA.

Under this designation, as well as that of Vaccinclla and Vaccino'ides, is described a disease, or several forms of disease, similar to the preceding, but yet differing in important fea�tures. It is remarked most frequently soon after calving, and attacks nearly all the cattle in the same shed after it has appeared in one. It is very uncertain in its transmission to mankind. The symptoms are much like those of the Cow-pox, the only essential differences between the two maladies being limited to the eruption, and the lesser degree of viru-lency of the infecting agent in the first.

False Vaccinia or Variola.

The eruptions of false Vaccinia may be divided into three groups. One group consists of acuminated variolae. These may or may not be developed at the same time as the true variolae, and appear as small red nodes about the size of a grain of millet, destitute of areola and umbilicus, and soon changing into a pointed pustule, whose purulent contents quickly dry up, and are promptly succeeded by a crust: the whole process only requiring from four to six days. The eruption may re-appear several times, however ; so that the entire period may extend over a number of weeks.

Papular or hard variolse {Steinb�cken), are another variety, and vary in size from that of a pea to a nut. They are hard, indolent tumours, moderately red at first, and have no are�ola ; or they appear as warty excrescences on the skin of the udder. They frequently remain unaltered for weeks, or even months, and at last disappear very slowly.

The third group consists of watery and emphysematous variolas ; these appear on the udder in the form of red spots, which are rapidly transformed into vesicles from the size of a pea to that of a cherry, but destitute of areola and umbilicus. They contain a serous or purulent fluid, are readily broken, and are covered by very thin crusts, which soon fall off. Frequently their contents are quickly absorbed, leaving only an empty epidermic envelope, which constitutes the emphy�sematous Variola. They pass through all their phases within five to six days.

DIAGNOSIS OF TRUE VACCINIA.

The diagnosis of this disease is easy, if what we have al�ready stated be remembered. In Aphthous fever, a vesicular eruption not unfrequently appears on the udder, but this differs so widely from the Vaccine vesicle, and its other accom�panying symptoms are so dissimilar, that a mistake should not occur.

CONTAGIUM.

The virus of this disease is fixed, and is only conveyed through actual contact of the animals, or its transmission by

Variola.

the hands of the milkers. Chauveau has demonstrated that Vaccinia can be as certainly produced through the digestive organs, as by the injection of the virus into the blood-vessels. The disease is so mild in its character, and as a rule, so rare, that it does not demand any further notice in this respect, until we come to speak of the sanitary policy to be adopted towards the remaining variolous diseases.

SANITARY MEASURES.

These may be of the simplest kind. As the virus does not appear to be volatile, it is only necessary to prevent actual contact; and in the majority of cases it will be sufficient to milk the affected animals last. The milk should not be consumed.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

These, in nearly all cases, will be limited to cleanliness, to care in milking (which should always be done to prevent ac�cidents), and to appropriate treatment of any secondary local results of the disease.

G O A T-P O X (Variola Caprincc).

This disease is very rare, and the eruption, which bears the closest resemblance to that of the cow, though the pustules are smaller, only appears on the udder and teats, but chiefly the former. It may be directly developed, or through infec�tion from sheep affected with Variola. It is communicable from one goat to another. It is a benignant disease.

The sanitary and curative measures are those applicable to Vaccinia.

PORCINE VARIOLA {Variola Suillce).

CHARACTERS.

This disease is more frequent than the last, and appears on the head, neck, chest, and belly, as well as the inner aspect

^pwraquo;

Porcine Variola.

of the thighs. Although directly developed, according to the best authorities, its extension by the transmission of its con-tagium appears to be the most frequent cause. It seems to be an established fact that the Variola of the pig may be communicated to mankind and to the goat, as that of man has been communicated to the pig.

The disease most frequently affects young pigs, and one attack confers permanent immunity. The contagium is fixed and volatile.

SYMPTOMS.

The symptoms are pretty constant in their development, and in their course are not unlike those of Sheep-pox. After the febrile phenomena, which are often very intense, and con�tinue for some days, there appear on the parts of the body already indicated red spots, which are soon transformed into nodules. Towards the sixth day of the disease these become vesicles, and about the ninth or tenth day pustules; the contents then begin to desiccate, and form a crust which is eliminated in a few days, leaving a well-defined cicatrix.

In the pig, the malady follows a similar course, and has similar terminations, to those of ovine Variola ; the eruption appearing as discrete and confluent, and the disease being designated as benignant or malignant, regular or irregular, according to the form it assumes.

In its general character, contagiousness, symptoms, course, and terminations, the Variola of the pig bears more analogy to human Variola than that of any other of the domesticated animals. It is sometimes very fatal.

SANITARY MEASURES.

As the malady is highly contagious, every care should be taken to separate the diseased from the healthy, and to pre�vent the transmission of the contagium. Disinfection and cleanliness, with plenty of fresh air and dry bedding, must be strictly enjoined.

quot;#9632;I

Variola.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

Food easily digested, and bland gruel, must be given in small quantities and often. Sometimes an emetic administered at the commencement is beneficial. At a later period acidu�lated gruel, and mild saline laxatives, are useful. In the more severe form of the disease, stimulants and nourishing food should be given.

USE OF THE FLESH OF VARIOLOUS PIGS AS FOOD.

As the malady is communicable to the human species, the flesh of diseased animals should not be utilized as food ; the carcasses must therefore be buried.

VARIOLA OF THE DOG (Variola Canina).

CHARACTERS.

This is a rare malady, and may be developed directly or by contagion ; it is supposed to be also produced by the Variola of man and of the sheep. It chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog's life.

SYMPTOMS.

The disease commences with fever, which continues for two or three days, and is followed by the appearance, over a large surface of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk, of red points resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules and then into vesicles. The con�tents of these become purulent, and finally dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix.

In the dog, as in the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accord�ingly. Puppies nearly always succumb, and on a necroscopi-cal examination it is not unusual to find variolous pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive organs.

mmmmmmmmmmmm^

Variola 0/ Fowls.

SANITARY MEASURES. The disease being contagious, though the virus does not appear to be very volatile, it is necessary to isolate the sick, and take due precautions that the contagium is not carried from them to healthy animals.

CURATIVE MEASURES.

Careful dieting, a dry and moderately warm dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh air, are the essentials in curative treatment.

An emetic in the early stage of the malady has been recom�mended as likely to be useful. Afterwards the treatment must be purely symptomatic.

VARIOLA OF FOWLS.

Birds have their peculiar form of Variola. That of domes�ticated fowls has somewhat similar symptoms to the disease in mammals. The bird is feverish and dull; the feathers stand erect; the wings and tail are more or less pendent, and the pustules appear chiefly on the head, neck, and inner surface of the wings and thighs. In the turkey, they appear as little yellow vesicles, surrounded by a red areola. In/rom twelve to fifteen days after their appearance they become encrusted ; the fever then disappears, and health gradually returns.

In geese, the pustules on the neck not unfrequently increase in size and form abscesses ; the feathers fall off, pieces of skin may even become detached, and the resulting lesions are so serious that death is not an unusual termination.

The disease is believed to be contagious, and it is therefore necessary that isolation of the sick, and other precautions to prevent the spread of the contagion, be adopted.

7�2

ANTHRAX AND ANTHRACOID DISEASES.

Under the designation of quot;anthrax,quot; the older writers on medicine included a group of virulent and contagious diseases, which, although identical with regard to the fundamental and characteristic alterations accompanying their evolution, are yet distinguished by different symptoms, not only according to the species of animal affected, but also by the epizootic, enzo�tic, and sporadic influences which give rise to these changes. In the attempt to define these different diseases, or rather the different forms of the one disease, we will follow, as nearly as may be convenient, the arrangement adopted by Reynal, Roll, Haubner, and others, space forbidding our adopting the exhaustive plan carried out by Heusinger in his classical treatise*

Synonyms.�The various names given to Anthrax and its different forms are extremely numerous ; indeed, far loo numerous for mention in this place, differing as they do, not only according to the country, county, district, or village in which they occur, but also according to the parti�cular appearance, physical characteristic, malignity or location of the malady, or the opinion entertained as to its nature or cause. We will, therefore, only give the principal designations, and especially those of historical, geographical, or pathological importance, merely remarking that Anthrax, as a generic term, is preferable to any yet proposed.� Greek : laquo;j'SpaJ. Latin : Saccr ignis. Anthrax. Anthrax epizo'dticus. Glossanthrax. Pustnla maligna. Apoplcxia splenitis. Erysipelas carbwiculosnm, Carbunciilo contagioso, Sr'c. English : Inflaniinatory fever. Anthrax fever. Carbuncular fever. Black quarter. Quarter ill or evil. Joiut-ill. Black-leg. Black spauld. Higham striking. Speed. Hasty. Puck. Shoot of blood. Splenic apoplexy. Blood-striking. Pining. Braxy. Blain. Tongue evil. Gargis. Hawks. Hog-cholera. Distemper in pigs. Red soldier. Blue sickness. Blue disease. Measles. French : Fievgt;-e putride, pestilentielle, pernicieuse, ataxique, adynamique, ademierveuse, maligne, or �ogoso-gangreneuse. Peste rouge or charbomieuse. Typhus orfievre charbonneux. Charbon

* Die Milzbrand Krankheiten der Thiere und des Menschen. Erlangen, 1850.

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.interne. Splenite gangreneuse. Typhohhnie. Pamp;lohimie. Congestion sanguine. Maladie de sang. Sang de rate. Mal de montagne. Char-bon externe, essentiel, or symjitoinatique. Anthrax rubens. Gloss-anthrax. Mal le langne. Charboti a la langue. D'avant-cmur. Anti-cmcr. Louvet. Pnce jnaligjic. Maladie rouge. Soie. Quartier. Trousse-galant. Araignk'. Noir-cuisse. German : Anthrax. Blut-krankcit. Blutschlag. Blutseuche. Feuer. Bculcnseuchc. Brandbeu�lenseuche. Miltzseuche. Miltzbrand. Milzbrandfieber. Flicgendcnbrandcs. Karbunkelkrankheit. Zungenkrebs. Fliegenderkrebs. Schwarze-blatter. Blaue-blattcr. Rothcs. Rothlauf. Der typhus. Typh�se krankheiten. Fleckentyphus. Petechialtyphus. Bi-andigcs. Br�une. Hexenschuss. Teufelschuss. Erdsturz. Gelber schelm. Gelbes wasser. Ktiotenkrank-heiten. RUckenblut. Rankkorn. Wildes blut. Sommerseuche. Sumpf�fieber. Pestfieber, Qr'c. Italian : Carbone. Antrace. Febbre carboneulare. Febbre carbonchiosa. Carbonchio. Vespajo. Milzone-cedrone. Fuoco S. Antonio. Cedron. Febbre contagiosa antracica carbonchiosa. Malsanguig-no. Mal volatile. Mal rosso. Malbrussarola. Spanish : Lobado. Ranilla. Alevosa. Carbunculo. Basquilla. Dutch : Miltvuur. Typheuse varken-ziekte. Feny?i. Swedish : Furia infernalis (Linnasus). Boskapssjukan. Troll-skott (witch-shot). Skottsjukan (shot-disease). Lappish : Skotf. Miltsyge. Finnish : Boskapspest. Boskapsfarost. Esthonian : Wil. Sinni-wil. Wcssi-wil. Willi t�bbi. Russian : Jaswa, Morowaja jaswa (ulcer or ulcer-plague). Schelwaki or Sibirskaja jaswa (boil Siberian boil). Wetrcnizzam Powctrie (Plague). Wosduschnaja bolesu (wind or air-plague). Jaschtschur. Tartar: Naguptan. Khirgish : Mohmo. Hungarian : Tsoemoer. Pokolvar. Moldavian and Walla-chian : Dalack. Kricciam. Peruvian : Grano de peste. Paraguayan : La Mancha. Brazilian : Carrapato. Mexican : Calentura del piojo. North American : Trembles* Dry Murrain. Bloody Murrain. Splenic Fever. Spanish Fever. Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. New South Wales (Australia) : Cumberland Disease. Black-leg. Bengalee : Bikar. Sonni-pat. Pilei. Rossinerpirdaho.

* This designation, as well as that of quot; milk sickness,quot; has been given to a peculiar enzo�tic disease of cattle observed in the United States ot America. It is not of the nature of Anthrax, but is due to vegetable poisoning ; the plant being, according to some authorities, a species of rhododendron which grows on low woodland pastures. Its toxological properties are somewhat extraordinary, and are analogous to those of the fungus which some northern people consume in order to produce intoxica�tion. The flesh and milk of the cattle affected with quot; trembles quot; will com�municate the disease to other animals when consumed as food, and the flesh or milk of these will again transmit the malady to others, and so on. People have frequently suffered from it, through eating the flesh or drink�ing the milk.

I02

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

i '1

This is one of the most diffused and interesting of all the diseases of the lower animals, affecting, as it does, not only those which are in a state of domestication, but destroying those which are untamed and living in a savage condition. It prevails, in one or more of its diversified forms, over the entire surface of the globe�in high latitudes, as well as under the equator. It at times decimates the reindeer herds in Lapland and the Polar regions, and is only too well known in the tropics and in tem�perate latitudes by its dangerous, and nearly always disastrous, consequences. The carefully-tended ruminants of the most highly civilized countries suffer equally with the wandering herds and flocks of the Khirgese and Mongol Steppes; and it is as much dreaded by the Finn and the Lapp as it is by the Mexican, the Arab, the Annamite, or the South African and Australian colonist. It has been carefully described by travellers and others, as they have observed it affecting animals in Siberia, Lapland, Finland, Egypt, the East and West Indies, Russia, Central Asia, China, Cochin China, Peru, Paraguay, Brazil, Mexico, North and South America, Australia, and different parts of the African continent; while for European countries, the writings which have been pub�lished with regard to its nature, its peculiar characteristics, and the damage it inflicts, are innumerable. Countries in which are extensive marshes, or whose subsoil is tenacious, are usually those most frequently and seriously visited. Thus it happens that there are regions notorious for the prevalence of Anthracoid affections: such as the marshes of Sologne, Dombes, and Bresse, and certain parts of Germany, Hungary, and Poland ; in Spain, the disease is enzo�tic in the semi-sub�merged valleys and the maritime coasts of Catalonia, as well as in the Romagna and other marshy districts of Italy; while it is epizootic, and even panzo�tic, in the swampy regions of Esthonia, Livonia, Courland, and especially of Siberia, where sometimes, in order to suppress the ravages of the terrible quot;jaswa,quot; the aid of the military authorities has to be invoked.

Geographical Distribution.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 103

and battalions of soldiers sent to bury or burn the carcasses of infected animals which float in the canals and swamps. We do not know of a region in the whole world where it is un�known, and its antiquity is as great as its extension is wide. It was one of the scourges with which the Egyptians were punished through the instrumentality of Moses, when there was quot; a breaking forth with Mains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt;quot; quot; upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep.quot; The most ancient writers have alluded to it, as if it were the only disease worth describing ; and Virgil has eloquently depicted its deadliness and contagiousness with the greatest accuracy. It figures largely in the histories of the Early and Middle Ages as a devastating pestilence among animals, and through them to mankind ; and our own oldest Anglo-Saxon manuscripts contain many fantastic recipes, leechdoms, charms, and incantations for the prevention or cure of the quot; blacan ble^ene quot; (black blain) and the quot; elf-shot quot; creatures. From these up to our own times, it has attracted more and more attention ; even in this century manifesting itself in some of its outbreaks over the whole of Europe, from Siberia to France ; and in those countries in which veterinary science has been carefully cultivated, it has been a prolific source of study and research, not only from the many interesting pro�blems which have to be solved by the comparative pathologist with regard to it, but also from its important relations to agri�culture and the health of mankind.

CHARACTERS.

This is the most universal disease we are cognizant of as affecting animals, attacking, as it does, even birds and fishes. All the domesticated, as well as the undomesticated, animals suffer from its effects; though it appears that certain among them have a predisposition to its direct, primary, or spontane�ous development: these are the herbivorous mammals�parti�cularly solipeds and ruminants. In carnivorous and omnivor�ous animals, with the exception of the pig, this mode of pro-

#9632;#9632;

104

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

duction has not been fully established ; yet it is transmissible to these and to mankind, by inoculation and in other ways.

It is most frequently observed in bovine animals, pigs, and sheep ; less frequently in the horse and ass species, and in poultry. At times it causes great destruction among wild creatures. It is a constitutional disease, appearing in all climates�polar, temperate, and tropical�and in all seasons, but principally during and after hot weather; manifesting itself as an enzo�tic or epizootic, but rarely as a sporadic, malady. It is contagious�eminently so according to some authorities ; but this characteristic appears to be modified by climate, and by the species of animal in which the affection is developed; and it might be considered rather a miasmatic than a virulent disease.

Anthrax owes its name to the formation of a particular kind of pustule, malignant in its nature, and dark or carbuncle-coloured. If, however, the disease occurs spontaneously in the horse, ox, sheep, pig, or other animal so predisposed, and especially if it is very precipitate in its course, a pustule or Anthrax is not observed in the majority of cases. In other instances, the pustule is developed soon after the commence�ment of the disease ; and after inoculation the malady nearly always first manifests itself by the formation of an Anthrax. This evolution of a contagium in a general malady, and its propagation from an infected part, is curious and interesting.

Whether or not it be accompanied by this local manifestion. Anthrax is characterized by certain distinctive peculiarities, of which the principal are: an acute and sometimes extremely pre�cipitate course, a tendency to exudations and the extravasa�tion of dark blood, the frequency of gangrenous processes and serious consequences, the constant presence of suddenly deve�loped tumours in the spleen, and special alterations in the com�position and aspect of the blood. That fluid accumulates in the large veins, particularly in those of the abdomen ; it is viscid, very dark-coloured, and never yields more than a feeble clot. In those cases which terminate fatally, it contains peculiar, club-shaped, microscopical bodies {bacteria) in immense num�bers, more particularly in certain animals ; indeed, the malady is characterized by the presence of these cryptogams, which

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are readily transmissible to other creatures of the same or different species, and produces in them a similar condition.

NATURE.

Notwithstanding the numerous investigations that have been undertaken to discover the nature of this world-wide disease, and the many hypotheses that have been promulgated, we have not yet been furnished with a Completely satisfactory solution of the problem. The general symptoms are certainly due to a primary decomposition or alteration, sui generis, of the blood ; but the discussion as to the nature of this altera�tion is still pending. The most recent researches would tend to prove that it is of miasmatic origin, and consists essentially in a primary and special alteration in the elements of the blood, due to the presence of minute organisms, apparently of vegetable origin, which act somewhat in the manner of a fer�ment, by depriving the blood of its most essential element. This hypothesis, however, is not generally accepted ; and we might, in the present state of our knowledge, say that it is an acute blood disorder, or disease, of a septic nature, constitut�ing a dyscrasy, and that it is typical of those conditions or maladies characterized by the presence of particular symptoms and a septicaemic virus.* The products of the morbid pro-

* The condition of the blood in what has been designated quot;septicaemia,quot; is observed in other affections th;in Anthrax ; being often developed dur�ing the progress of diphtheritic inflammations ; suppurative processes, or those which lead to the production of sanious accumulations ; Glanders ; the retention of urea in, or the introduction of certain animal poisons into, the blood; or from excessive muscular exhaustion, as in the case of severely-hunted or over-travelled animals.

The blood is in a peculiar state of decomposition, and scarcely, if at all, �coagulates. It is a tarry-looking, sticky fluid if it sets ; has a dirty, dark-brown hue ; the serum is red, and rapidly putrefies ; and it gives a dis�agreeable colour to the tissues which imbibe it, as well as to the different secretions and excretions.

This alteration is accompanied, in the living creature, by very intense fever and considerable obtuseness of the senses ; the pulse is quick, small, and weak; the visible mucous membranes have a dirty-yellow appearance, and are frequently ecchymosed ; sanguineous diarrhoea and dyspnoea are not uncommon ; and the animal sinks more or less rapidly, according to

io6

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

cesses are deposited in different parts of the body, and thus give rise to the different forms of the disease. From the in�fluence of locality in its production, and certain phenomena preceeding or accompanying its advent, it might be looked upon as a miasmatic or malarious affection.

CAUSES.

The predisposing or exciting causes assigned as operating in the production of Anthrax in its different forms, are multi�farious and somewhat perplexing to the etiologist: so diverse, uncertain, and opposite do they appear. But it is extremely probable that the primary development of the disease demands a combination or concurrence of circumstances still imperfectly, if at all, known, but obviously dependent on local conditions. These circumstances, and particularly if their action is pro�longed, insensibly modify the constitution of animals exposed to them, and to such a degree as to produce the Anthrax dyscrasy, in which the slightest occasional cause may deter�mine the evolution of the malady.

As a general rule, it may be stated that the predisposition to the development of Anthrax is neither modified by age nor sex ; though it has been remarked that pregnant and com�paratively young animals are most frequently attacked. When the disease appears in an enzo�tic or. epizootic form, it usually at first seizes the most vigorous and well-nourished, especially if it is of a very acute type ; while if it is less acute, it also attacks those which are in poor condition. Animals recently introduced into a country in which Anthrax prevails enzo�tically, succumb more frequently and rapidly than those already acclimatized.

circumstances. On examination after death, in addition to the alterations just mentioned, there are most frequently found tumours in the spleen, with enlargement and red coloration of the mesenteric glands. In some cases,, the blood has an acid reaction ; in others, it contains carbonate or hydro-sulphate of ammonia; the blood-globules are partially destroyed, and no longer possess the power of assuming a red colour on contact with the air. In Anthrax, as we will see hereafter, there are other alterations of an im�portant character.

Causes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

It is most frequent and fatal in regions where the soil con�tains much organic matter in process of decomposition, and in those in which, while rich in humus, the land is retentive of moisture ; in boggy countries, and marshy or swampy districts ; and in localities liable to frequent submersion, or in which the surface water cannot escape or is in process of slow evaporatio n. The injurious influence of these conditions is increased if the soil contains saline matters, such as sulphates, which favour the decomposition of organic substances. Roll, from this circum�stance, seeks to explain the more frequent appearance of An�thrax in places where the ground is manured with the aid of mineral matters, as marl, lime, and chalk.

In such countries Anthrax is really enzo�tic, and they may be justly designated quot;Anthrax districts quot; (the Germans de�signate such a region a quot; Milzbrand-Districte quot;).

In France, there are districts notorious for the prevalence and the havoc caused by the malady; among these may be mentioned Beauce, Chartres, Brie, Champagne, Berry, Poitou, Auvergne, Dauphiny, and Bourgogne. It is the same in Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden, and other countries.

It is organic substances undergoing decomposition under the influence of the humidity of the atmosphere, which fur�nish the miasma supposed to be the cause of Anthrax. A high temperature, in favouring the evaporation of moisture from undrained land rich in vegetable matter, or from marshes and swamps, and thus exposing a large quantity of organic material, still further accelerates its decomposition ; and the products accumulate in the surface soil, the air which the animals breathe, and the water they drink, as well as, perhaps, in the food they eat.

It would, therefore, appear that Anthrax is always due, when it arises spontaneously, if we may employ the term, to miasmatic infection ; and if we are to accept the opinions of recent investigators, this infection is cryptogamic in its nature, and is suspended in the air surrounding the animals, or it is contained in the aqueous vapour which they breathe, in the water they drink, or the food they consume. This agent.

io8

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

obtaining access to the blood, acts upon it as a septic ferment. The miasmatic infection may extend beyond the region in which it is developed, when certain atmospherical conditions are favourable, such as the prevalence of certain winds, which carry these vegetable germs to considerable distances ; and if the temperature and other circumstances are not unfavourable, they retain their vitality and powers of multiplication.

This explains, to some extent, the severe and extensive out�breaks of Anthrax at certain seasons, and in certain districts where, at other times, it may be somewhat rare ; and likewise why a sudden transition to cold weather may check their pro�gress, or suddenly suppress them.

Numerous facts testify to the correctness of this view. In former ages, when the land was badly cultivated, and drainage was unknown or unpractised. Anthrax in its various forms was far more common and severe than it now is, where im�proved methods of agriculture, and the removal of an excess of moisture from the soil, have been introduced.

Great Britain was for many centuries, and even up to a recent date, greatly scourged by some of'the most malignant and devastating of these forms, which were fatal, not only to the domesticated and feral creatures, but caused a large mor�tality among the people ; now these have nearly disappeared (especially Glossanthrax), or are only witnessed in remote districts which retain their primitive condition and insalubrity.* Perhaps the most common form, that which is known as quot;black quarter,quot; was formerly quite common in localities where it is now never seen, and this disappearance would ap�pear to be coincident with the introduction of drainage. The malady is still frequent, however, on retentive, undrained clays. The same circumstance has been observed in other countries. Those most backward in agriculture suffer most extensively and fatally: as certain parts of Russia, and tropical countries in general.

* For an historical description of the most serious and interesting of the epizo�ties of Anthrax in this and other countries, from B.c. 1490 to A.D. 1S00, j^quot; Animalj Plagues.quot; Those which occurred in England in the early centuries, particularly the thirteenth, are well worthy of notice.

I ! t

Catises.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;109

Wald states that in several localities of the district of Pots�dam, where the disease used to be frequent, it is now rare, since the dangerous pastures have been converted into arable land, and the animals are fed in stables. Buhl also reports that the disease prevailed for more than a year at the breed�ing establishment of Neuhof, near Donanw�rth, but completely disappeared after the advice of Pettenkofer had been followed, and the water was considerably lowered. On the other hand, it has been conclusively proved that in certain countries where abundant manuring, and particularly with mineral matters, has been resorted to, and the decomposition of organic sub�stances in the soil thereby hastened. Anthrax, before un�known, has appeared. Reynal, for instance, speaking of the malady as it manifests itself in France, says that there are regions where, in certain farms, it is not possible to park the sheep without their being immediately attacked with splenic Apoplexy ; that when the ground is abundantly manured and treated with marl, or when extensive improvements are made, the soil turned up, the land cleared of wood, amp;c., the ravages of Anthrax become most extensive. He also remarks that splenic Apoplexy, after prevailing in a malignant form for a certain time in a locality, becomes comparatively benignant; that it invades neighbouring localities hitherto privileged; and that it is by virtue of this general law that it is now much less frequent in Beauce, while it has invaded the adjoining com�munes of Perche. It likewise appears from his statement that it usually appears in France in elevated localities destitute of trees, with a calcareous or argilo-calcareous subsoil, and which, owing to the old-fashioned and defective triennial assolement, are almost exclusively given up to the cultivation of cereals and artificial pasture, and to maintaining numerous flocks, which are either permanently housed, or live out in the open air during the day and night in the hot summer. It also haunts localities placed in exactly opposite conditions�on clay or argilo-silicious soils, low, damp, wooded, and broken, with natural pastures, and having only few and small flocks, which pass their days grazing in the open, and their nights in the sheep-fold, except in snowy or rainy weather, when they are alto-

Anthrax attd Anthracoid Diseases.

gether sheltered. Such localities are to be found in Perche, Normandy, Brittany, Maine, amp;c.

From the remarks which have been already made, there will be no difficulty in understanding why the disease should suddenly appear, though perhaps only for a short time, in con�sequence of exceptional circumstances: such as an inundation, and particularly during hot weather.

Meteorological influenceswould appear to favour thedevelop-ment of the disease, and facilitate its propagation. A very hot, stifling atmosphere ; a high temperature, especially if it be un�seasonable; the air charged with electricity, this being accompa�nied by frequent actual or threatened storms; sudden changes of temperature, as burning hot days and cold nights�though cold weather is generally unfavourable for the evolution of the dis�ease. It is in consequence of the presence of these different conditions, that Anthracoid affections so frequently appear in a general form in the confined valleys of mountainous countries, when the nature of the soil is favourable to their production, and the high temperature of the day is suddenly succeeded by a chilly night. The same might be said for the production of the disease in hot, overcrowded, and filthy stables.

The nature and quality of the food has also been blamed as aiding in the production of Anthrax. Pasturing on rich her�bage, such as clover, especially if allowed to consume it in large quantity and suddenly, after being insufficiently fed, or on that which is indigestible; grazing on low marshy pastures, or on those which, though they may be elevated, only yield a dried-up, innutritio.us, and not easily digested food, have been mentioned. Forage which is mouldy or damaged, has likewise been accused of developing the disease.

Water of a brackish, marshy, or putrid character, and charged with organic matter, has been credited with a large share in the genesis of Anthracoid affections, and perhaps not without reason; though it must be remembered, if this water is ingested in marshes, that the animals are also exposed to the malarious emanations, and these may be wholly or in part the cause.

The insalubrity of dwellings and inattention to hygiene, and

Causes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;in

especially overcrowding and bad food, have been stated to act powerfully in developing the malady in pigs.

When once developed, the disease may be largely extended by contagion, according to circumstances.

The immediate or real cause of the symptoms of Anthrax, whatever it may be, would appear to act on the blood, accord�ing to Virchow's theory, as a septic ferment, producing, after a certain time, such alterations in that fluid as bring about the local disturbance and subsequent effects that characterize the disease. Brauell, PoIIender, Davaine,Chauveau, and others have drawn attention to the presence in the blood of animals af�fected with Septicaemia, both before and after death, of myriads of staff-shaped bodies which have been designated vibriones and bacteria or bacteridia; and several of these authorities, especially Davaine, contend that the toxical effects of such blood may be chiefly, if not exclusively, attributed to these very minute organisms. Others, again, like Onimus, think they are the product, not the cause, of Septicaemia, and that the peculiar properties of such blood cannot be ascribed to them. As the question may be said to be still pending, we cannot enter upon the arguments, nor allude to the experiments resorted to by both sides* It will therefore be sufficient to mention that,

* A notice of a critical analysis on the nature of Septicjcmia, which ap�peared in the Moniteur Scientific Qicecnsvillc for October, appeared in the London Medical Record icx November 19,1873. This contains a sufficiently detailed account of the discussion as it at present stands. We need only indicate the conclusions arrived at by Papillon, who endeavours to har�monize the facts already ascertained, and which by some might be thought to point to opposite results.

After giving a brief account of some interesting experiments recently made by Chauveau (published in the Rccueil de Med. V'eterinairc for 1873), in which putrid liquids were injected into rams whose spermatic cord was subcutaneously ruptured or cut, Papillon points out that the first undeni�able fact, due to Pasteur, is that putrefaction, or septic metamorphosis, fatal in ordinary air, is impossible where air is excluded, or where it is chemi�cally pure ; which seems to warrant the conclusion that the primary cause can only be something which exists in ordinary air, and does not exist in pure air : that is to say, an organized duct. The second undeniable fact, which we owe to Davaine, is that septicaemic virulence is transmissible by inoculation, and increases to a certain limit, in the process of successive inoculations from animal to animal. It still exists when one can no

112

Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

with regard to the relation of bacteria to the virulence of sep-

longer distinguish bacteria in the dilution of virulent liquid. The third ascertained fact, furnished by Onimus, is that mineralized water, charged with bacteria which have arisen in it, has no toxical action comparable to that of septicaemic blood. The fourth undeniable fact, yielded by Chau-veau's experiments, is that the introduction of a liquid charged with bac�teria into an organ, the interior of which is isolated from the rest of the system, produces in this organ (air being excluded), phenomena of putrefac�tion, while the introduction of the same liquid, absolutely free from bacteria, produces no such result. These are the four facts to be reconciled, and this reconciliation, according to Papillon, is easy. It consists simply in rejecting the two opposed and irreconcilable conclusions which have been drawn from the facts, and adopting the only one remaining. The conclu�sion of Onimus, that bacteria are not the cause, but the product, of putre�faction, cannot stand before the facts of Pasteur, who shows that contact of aerial germs is indispensable to produce this condition. The conclu�sion of Davaine, Pasteur, and Chauveau, that bacteria have necessarily a toxical action, cannot stand before the facts of Onimus, Leplat, Saillard, and others, who prove quite the contrary. The remaining conclusion to which we are led, is that the true agents of putrefaction and Septica;mia are not adult bacteria, visible and measurable by the microscope�perfect organisms, so to speak�but rather the germs of bacteria monads, abso�lutely inaccessible to all our means of direct observation. These germs can act with insidiousness, because they can penetrate into the innermost parts of the tissues. They become, for a time, an integral part of the tissue which they disorganize and dissociate. Each of them we may con�ceive as seizing an albuminoid molecule of humour or tissue, decomposing it, assimilating a part, growing rapidly, and thus becoming a visible and measurable bacterium. But when it has gone thus far, it terminates its career ; it has expended its potential energy. As to the size of these germs, the preceding considerations seem to indicate that they cannot be much larger than the albuminoid molecule. They probably may vary be�tween the fifty and hundred-millionth part of a millimetre. The size of the most complicated chemical molecules, has, according to Thomson and Gaudin, an average value of ten to twenty-millionths of a millimetre. Why is water charged with bacteria not toxic ? Papillon asks. Because it is not, like blood, in conditions favourable to the nutrition and develop�ment of the germs of bacteria, which require albuminoid matters for their growth. Why is comparatively fresh blood more toxical than blood in full putrefaction ? Because it is richer in virulent germs than liquids in which predominate perfect bacteria already destitute of potential energy. Why does septicasmic quot; cultivationquot; exalt the injurious properties of blood ? Because as the series of inoculations advances, the proportion of germs increases above that of adult bacteria.

Symptoms of Anthrax in General.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;113

ticaemic blood, it is admitted by the majority of those who have paid any attention to the subject, that although the pre�sence of these organisms is a characteristic of the animal fluids in Septicaemia, little is as yet known of the part they play in the production of the septic virus, or quot; sepsin,quot; as the supposed active or toxic principle is named.

Whichever way the question may be ultimately decided, it cannot be denied that the presence of these bacteria or bac-teridia demonstrates the septic qualities of the blood in An�thrax ; and although they may also be met with in putrefying blood from other than Anthrax-affected animals, this only proves that it offers the conditions necessary for their existence: conditions which are already present in Anthrax blood before death has taken place. The tendency of such blood to de�compose rapidly, even during the life of the animal, is shown by the formation of Anthrax tumours and emphysema, as well as crepitating erysipelatous tumefactions of the skin (cre�pitating Anthrax), with bubbles of gas in the blood, and rapid quot;putrefaction after death.

In the pernicious malarial fever of man, the spleen is en�larged, friable, and of the deepest claret colour, and bacteria have been found in swarms in the blood, and also in abscesses.

SYMPTOMS OF ANTHRAX IN GENERAL.

The manifestations of Anthrax observed in the living ani�mal, vary according as the disease runs its course as a general, localized, or non-localized blood disease. In the first, death is usually rapid ; while in the other, besides the symptoms due to alteration of the blood, there are also those occasioned by the disturbance of the circulation and local nutrition.

The first form, properly speaking the type of the disease, is that which is usually design







	r

	*gt; �*

	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2912 603 8



	TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOL. II.

	Strangles -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , Synonyms Geographical Distribution Character Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Symptoms ... i. Benignant Strangles 2. Malignant Strangles Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosis Contagium -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Vitality of the Virus Infection .... Mode of Infection Mode of Access Incubation Extension .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Mortality and Loss Immunity ... Sanitary Measures Curative Measures Influenza Geographical Distribution Character -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j	page I I I I 2 2 -nbsp; 4 4 -nbsp; 6 7 -nbsp; 8 8 -nbsp; 8 9 -nbsp; 9 9 -nbsp; io io -nbsp; IO IO -nbsp; IO II -nbsp; 12 13 -nbsp; 13 14 -nbsp; 14 15



	V

	Contents.	VU 1'AGE S2 -nbsp; 53 53 -nbsp; S3 54 -nbsp; 55 56 -nbsp; 56 56 -nbsp; 56 58 -nbsp; 58 60 -nbsp; 6r 62 -nbsp; 62 62 -nbsp; 63 65 -nbsp; 66 67 -nbsp; 69 69 -nbsp; 7i
	3.nbsp; Isolationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot; #9632;, - 4.nbsp; Sequestration ... 5.nbsp; Cantonment -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 6.nbsp; Mixed Cantonment 7.nbsp; Slaughter and Burial S. Disinfectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 9. Fairs .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - to. Compensation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Protective Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Inoculation .... 1.nbsp; Advantages 2.nbsp; Disadvantages Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .... Preservative Inoculation Prophylactic Inoculation -Compulsory Inoculation Inoculation Virus Cultivated Virus Rules for Inoculation I. The Operation Course of Inoculated Ovine Variola Accidents supervening on Inoculation Curative Measures .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - The flesh of Variolous Sheep as Food

	Horse-Poxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Synonyms Geographical Distribution Character Causes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Nature Symptoms Course and Terminations Pathological Anatomy Diagnosis Contagium Vitality of the Virus -Mode of Transmission Mode of Access Incubation Extension Mortality and Loss Immunity	73 73 73 73 74 74 74 80 8r 81 86 86 88 88 89 89 89 89



XU	Contents.

Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Preventive Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Protective Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Suppressive Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... Contagious Diseases of the Generative Organs Venereal Disease of Solipeds ... Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..... Geographical Distribution -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Character -...-. Naturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...... Causes ^:' - Symptoms .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Benignant Form. Mare Benignant Form. Stallion Malignant Form. Mare Malignant Form. Stallion Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Pathological Anatomynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... Diagnosis --.--. Contagium ...... Vitality of the Virusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... Infection ...... Mode of Infectionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... Mode of Accessnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Incubationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..... Extension .-.._. Mortality and Loss Immunity ...... Sanitary Measures ..... Permanent Precautionary Measures against Invasion Provisional Measures .... Curative Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..... Exanthema of the Genital Organs Synonyms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Character ...... Nature ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...... Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...... i. Ekzematous Variety -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 2- Pustular Varietynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 3. Ecthymatous Variety -		PAGE -nbsp;3deg;! 301 -nbsp;301 302 -nbsp;302 305 -nbsp;30S 305 -nbsp;305 309 -nbsp;309 3quot; #9632;nbsp;3^ 3iJ -nbsp;31S 316 -nbsp;319 3²3 -nbsp;325 328 -nbsp;328 328 -nbsp;328 330 #9632;nbsp;330 331 -nbsp;331 332 -nbsp;332 333 -nbsp;333 333 #9632;nbsp;336 337 -nbsp;337 337 -nbsp;337 337 #9632;nbsp;338 338 -338 340 � 341



	Contents.	xvn

	Symptoms -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Symptoms in the Horse Symptoms in Poultry Course and Terminationsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Diagnosis -'..'-. Contagium Vitality of the Parasite Infection -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Mode of Infection .... Mode of Access -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Incubation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- Extension --.... Mortality and Loss -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... Immunity ---... Sanitary Measuresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .... Curative Measures ..... Trichiniasis or Trichinosis Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... Character ..... Nature ---... Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..... Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..... Pathological Anatomy-Diagnosis --.... Vitality of the Trichinae Infection ---... Mode of Infection .... Mode of Access ..... Extension -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Mortality and Lossnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .... Immunity -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Sanitary Measures ..... Inspection of Flesh -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , Curative Measures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. The Use of Trichinous or Suspected Flesh as Food Measles in the Pig -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Synonymsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. Geographical Distributionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Character --.... Nature --.... Causesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; --.... Symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. VOL. II.	PAGE -nbsp;474 476 -nbsp;477 477 -nbsp;477 477 -nbsp;478' 478 -nbsp;479 479 -nbsp;479 479 -nbsp;479 479 -nbsp;479 479 -nbsp;482 482 -nbsp;482 483 -nbsp;483 486 -nbsp;497 500 -nbsp;501 502 #9632;nbsp;502 503 #9632;nbsp;503 503 503 504 506 513 513 515 515 SIS 516 517 521 S2I


	�s-^

	ERRATA.�(Vol. II.) Page 36, line 8 from bottom, for quot;flat variola:quot; insert quot; fiat varioles.quot; ,, 95, lines 2, 4, II, and 18, for quot;variola;quot; insert quot;varioles.quot; � 398, line 2 from bottom, for quot;Dermatophadeg;usquot; read quot; Dennatophages.quot;

	.



	A MANUAL OF VETERINARY SANITARY SCIENCE.

	STRANGLES.

	Synonyms.�Technical: Adenitis scropholosa eqitomni, Morbus glaudu-losus, Fcbra pyogcnica, Adenitis cquina. English: Strangles. French: Goitrme. German : Dntse, Kropf. Italian : Piccionaja,Barboiie, Stran-gnglioni, Cimorro. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. This is probably a very widespread disease, being well-known on the European and American continents, as well as in Australia, Asia, and Africa. It is said to be somewhat rare in southern climates, as in Spain, and Italy, and even in Southern Russia it is reported as unknown ; and in France it is more common in the northern and central departments than elsewhere. It is unfrequent in Hungary; but prevails exten�sively in Germany, and in northern and western countries. It is reported to be non-existent in Africa and Arabia, and in all those countries in which the Eastern horse, with its ner�vous temperament, is the only race. It is far from uncommon, however, at the Cape of Good Hope ; but its existence there may be due to the fact that the horses are chiefly cross-bred from English stock, and that those of a sanguine and lym�phatic temperament are most.predisposed to it. It has been known from the earliest times. CHARACTER. Strangles is characterized by general febrile disturbance, a catarrhal inflammation of the membrane lining the upper air-passages, with swelling and suppuration of certain lymphatic glands, and a tendency to the formation of pus in different parts of the body. VOL. II.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I



	Strangles.

		NATURE. Many opinions have been offered with regard to the nature of this disease. According to some authorities, it is a lym-phatico-catarrhal malady of a scrofulous nature, peculiar to the horse ; others believe it to consist in a febrile acute inflamma�tion or catarrh of the Schneiderian membrane, and that lining the frontal maxillary sinuses, with tumefaction and suppura�tion of the submaxillary glands ; while others, again, define it to be a contagious lymphatico-catarrhal equine disease, more particularly attacking young horses. It may be designated a constitutional predisposition, diathesis, or critical state peculiar to solipeds, and continuing from youth to adult age ; the pyogenic catarrhal fever which any accidental determining cause may occasion, being only the expression of this con�dition. Old horses, mules, and asses are rarely affected* The malady has some analogy to what is termed quot; distem�per quot; in the dog. CAUSES. The age of the horse, as has been remarked, has a predis�posing influence in the production of the disease, animals from two to five or six years of age being most liable to be affected. It may, however, attack foals or old horses ; but in these it does not present all its most characteristic features, and it does not give immunity to the former, as they may again suffer from strangles at the critical age ; while in adults, it scarcely differs from an ordinary angina or coryza. The predisposition is supposed to be owing to the blood of young horses contain�ing a larger quantity of white globules than that of adults, in which the red globules predominate ; and that it is by the sup�puration and catarrhal condition which characterize Strangles that the excess of leucocytes is got rid of, and the economy depurated. It appears to be well ascertained that if horses remain in the same conditions of hygiene, feeding, and labour * Some French authorities have described what they designate quot;stranglesquot; in the bovine and porcine species, but it is doubtful whether it has much affinity to this disease.









	INFLUENZA. Synonyms.�A large number of very different diseases which may have chanced to prevail more or less extensively among horses at a given period, have been included under this designation. The synonyms are, consequently, as numerous as these maladies. We shall, therefore, dis�pense with their enumeration, as the term quot; influenza quot; is well understood in every modern language.

	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The malady is well known in Europe and on the American continent, but has not, so far as I can ascertain, been wit�nessed in Australia. I am not a^are that it has been seen to any extent in Asia or Africa, if at all.* It has been known for some centuries in Europe, but the more extensive out�breaks have only been recorded for about two hundred years.f The great epizootics have often coincided with Influenza in man. In this century it so appeared in 1803, 1805, 1833, and 1858. One of the most remarkable and best recorded invasions was that which appeared in Toronto, Canada, in September, 1872, and which, radiating thence in every direction, visited all the cities in Canada, spreading over the United States as * In quot;Animal Plaguesquot; I have described an interesting outbreak, which may have been quot;influenza,quot; among horses in Yemen, Arabia, in A.D. 1328. t The history of these invasions of Influenza up to the end of the last century will be found in quot;Animal Plagues.quot; In that work, I have omitted to mention that Ozanam (Hist. Med. Generale et Particuliere des Maladies Epidemiques, amp;c.) alludes to an outbreak of Catarrh, which affected horses throughout Germany, Bohemia, and Moravia, in 1746; also that Huzard, sen., alludes to Influenza attacking horses in the spring of 1776, after the human species had been affected (Journal de Med., vol. lix. P- 333).



	26	In�uenza.

	IMMUNITY. One attack does not afford permanent immunity from another; consequently, a horse may have several attacks dur�ing its life. SANITARY MEASURES. PREVENTION. We know of no means of preventing an outbreak of In�fluenza, as we do not know the causes upon which its origin depends. When the disease exists in a neighbouring country, its invasion might be prevented by prohibiting the entrance of solipeds therefrom; but in many instances this must be difficult, if not almost impossible, particularly on large con�tinents. Islands offer greater facilities for this prohibition, as well as for the imposition of quarantine on all equine arrivals. Though good hygiene and careful management will do much towards shortening the duration of an attack, and ren�dering it less severe, yet they will not insure animals so treated against its invasion. SUPPRESSION. Isolating the sick, preventing all direct or indirect contact between them and healthy animals, and scrupulous cleanliness and disinfection, are the suppressive measures to be observed.

	CURATIVE MEASURES. In the benignant, uncomplicated form of Influenza, little more is required than rest; comfortable stabling, with good ventilation ; keeping the body warm by clothing, if the stable is cool; giving light, sloppy mashes, and plenty of tepid oatmeal gruel, to which nitrate of potash, or the carbonate or

	deprived of even mail communication.quot; At the Lava Beds, California, it was reported that the cavalry operating against the Modoc Indians were dismounted, through their horses being all attacked by the In�fluenza.



	VARIOLA. All the domesticated animals have their peculiar form of Variola or Small-pox, but some species are more severely affected than others ; and the contagion being, in one species at least, very virulent, sanitary measures must be resorted to in order to prevent its extension, and the loss consequent upon its invasion. We will describe the Variola of each species separately, and now only notice the general character and nature of the disease. CHARACTER. Variola is an acute febrile disease, which may be developed in all the domesticated animals ; it follows a regular course, and is characterized by the appearance of a vesicular or pus�tular eruption on the skin. NATURE. This disease belongs to the zymotic class, and is propagated solely by contagion : its spontaneous development not being satisfactorily demonstrated. In its general features, it bears a close resemblance to the other contagious diseases. After the reception of the contagium, there is the usual incubatory period, at the termination of which a febrile condition ensues, and the characteristic exanthema is manifested. This erup�tion consists in a series of alterations that occur in a regular manner, and which are most easily studied on a white-skinned animal. At first, there appear in certain parts of the integu�ment small reddish nodules, surrounded by a red-coloured areola; these gradually increase in number, and in a few days are transformed into areolar vesicles containing a transparent lymph.



^:

48		Variola.

11	may fall as low as five or six per cent., as with the ancient hardy breeds of Sologne and Berry, in France. Unhealthy sheep-folds, hot weather, extreme cold, crowd�ing, neglect of ordinary hygienic precautions, fatigue, and improper or insufficient food,�all increase the death-rate. Among lambs, aged sheep, those in lamb, or those which are fat, there is a greater mortality than with others. This disease causes much destruction at all times, but before inoculation was tried, it appears to have been productive of most serious losses in those countries in which it prevailed. Salmuth calculated that, in Germany, during a period of six years, the average loss was one-eighth of the ovine popula�tion ; and Liebbold reckoned the yearly mortality from this disease to amount, in Hungary, to 150,000, out of a population of eight millions ; and Heintl, for Austria, with a population of sixteen millions, gives it as 400,000. Laubender estimated the annual loss, in Austria and Prussia, at one million sheep. But, as in other diseases of this kind, the mortality does not represent the entire loss that befalls individuals or the animal wealth of a country. We have observed that Variola does not attack all the animals at once, but aflccts a flock in three successive periods or starts ; so that the malady may exist in the flock for four, five, or six months. During this time, the owner has to conform to restrictions which are oner�ous and prove costly: the flock must be isolated in a sheep-fold or pasture, and be there fed in a more expensive manner, and attended by more persons than are necessary under ordinary circumstances. In addition, there is the loss occa�sioned by the depreciation in the value of the wool, the skins, that of the animals themselves, if they recover, by the abor�tions among the ewes, and by the serious complications which sometimes remain, and which greatly damage the health and value of the sheep that escape.
11

IMMUNITY. Variola, as a rule, only attacks a sheep once ; the cases in which a second attack has been observed, being extremely rare. It has been stated, and with some show of probability.

* I



	Suppressive Measures.	5i

	pected flocks should be avoided. If it be absolutely neces�sary to resort to these roads or pastures, endeavours should be made not to do so until at least the morning dew has acted upon them, or until rain or heavy damp has fallen. Should it be necessary to purchase forage, it should be bought in localities free from the disease. Cleanliness, and good food and water, should be attended to. The food ought not be given in too great abundance, nor yet should it be of a very stimulating kind. If animals have been exposed to the contagion, they should be washed several times a day for several days, if possible.

	SUPPRESSIVE MEASURES. The preservative measures are not always successful in averting an invasion of Sheep-pox: so subtle is the contagium, and so many are the ways by which it may evade every bar�rier, and obtain access to hitherto healthy animals. When the disease appears in a flock, the object then must be to isolate it by every means possible. 1. Declaration, The proprietor should immediately report the existence of the malady in his sheep to the proper authorities, in order that the necessary measures may be adopted without delay. Neglect to do this should be severely visited by fine or im�prisonment. When it is positively ascertained that Variola is present, the circumstance should be made public. 2. Visit. The veterinary surgeon delegated by the authorities to in�spect the flock and report upon the outbreak, should ascer�tain the number of animals in the flock, the gravity of the disease, the number affected and dead, the situation, condition, and nature of the locality, and its relation to the adjoining districts. He should be accompanied by a public functionary; and, if possible, his mission should be accomplished in the presence of this individual, as well as in that of the pro- 4�2



	Accidents supervening on Inoculation.	69

	ACCIDENTS SUPERVENING ON INOCULATION. Several accidents are described as following inoculation, and depending upon a variety of circumstances. The chief of these appear to be gangrenous swellings and tumours, which show themselves usually from the twelfth to the twen�tieth day after the operation: becoming developed at the point of inoculation, and especially when the puncture has been made on the inner side of the thigh, where there is an abundance of cellular tissue, vessels, and lymphatic glands, and where there is much friction during motion. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, particularly if the virus is impure, some�times occurs ; it is denoted by a hard cord passing towards the lymphatic glands, and marked at certain intervals by nodules on its course. The desquamation of the pustule is now and again accompanied by sloughing of the skin and an unhealthy ulcer. Tetanus has also been witnessed, from the twenty-fifth to the thirtieth day after inoculation.

	CURATIVE MEASURES. When an animal has become infected, and the virus has begun to exercise its power, the disease will run its course in spite of all medical treatment. The treatment can, therefore, only be symp�tomatic�placing the sick in as good conditions for recovery as possible, giving proper food, and modifying any urgent symp�toms, or treating serious complications which may appear, by appropriate remedies. Hygienic measures hold the first place in curative treatment, and when the attack follows a regular course, as a rule nothing more is needed than the ob�servance of these: the administration of medicines nearly always doing harm. Overcrowding should be avoided by every means, and if the sheep are housed, plenty of fresh air ought to be allowed them, though draughts should be guarded against; an equable, but not a high temperature should be maintained, and litter allowed ; in warm dry weather, they may be permitted to pas�ture, but they must not be exposed to cold and damp. To



	Flesh of Variolom Sheep as Food.	71

	amp;c., as circumstances may require. Particular care should be taken to remove gently the inspissated mucus from around the nostrils, as the crusts it forms render respiration difficult. Painful pustules on the eyelids, eyes, lips, nostrils, or any other part of the body, may be treated by fomentations and soothing lotions. When they are numerous on the tongue, gums, palate, and back part of the throat, emollient and astrin�gent gargles may be had recourse to. Tumours and gangre�nous swellings may be relieved by scarifications, leeches, cauterization, or the application of ammoniacal liniment (one part of ammonia to eight parts of oil). The nose and mouth should be frequently sponged with vinegar, or salt and water. The diarrhcea which sometimes ensues towards the later stage of the disease, is best treated by small doses of alum in solution or dissolved in the gruel, or by any vegetable astringent. Dysentery will require opiates, in combination with astringents. Other complications must be treated according to their character. When the malady reaches an extreme degree� when the ulcers are numerous, and diarrhoea or dysentery, or other serious indications are manifest�it is judicious to kill the animals, and bury them deeply, with their skin and wool, in an isolated place. It may be objected that this medical treatment of irregular Small-pox is extremely difficult when large numbers of sheep are attacked. But it is only recommended to be adopted in special circumstances: as when isolation can be perfectly ensured, so as to prevent the extension of the contagion; when the sheep are very valuable, amp;c. A zealous sheep-owner whose efforts are seconded by an intelligent shepherd, and who treats the worst cases�those placed apart�methodically, will not have much difficulty in carrying out curative measures.

	THE FLESH OF VARIOLOUS SHEEP AS FOOD. The flesh of sheep which have perished from, or been killed in consequence of being affected with, Variola is, from all the evidence hitherto produced, perfectly innocuous when used as



	Horse-pox.	73

	might also be accepted as proof; and the mucous membrane of the head (eyes, nostrils, and mouth), if that part of the body is present, would be still more conclusive. Most decisive of all evidence, however, would be the condition of the skin, should that covering be found; as the chief effects of the malady are localized there.

	HORSE-POX. Synonyms�Technical : Variola eguma. English: Grease, Constitutional grease, Lay's disease, Sore heels. French : Variole du cheval, Rliinite jgt;emphygoide. Farcin local, Farcin volant, Stomatite aphtheuse, Javart #9632;variolenx. Crease ^ustidenx. Horse-pox, Herpes phlyctenoidc, Maladie �uaccinogene. German : Pferdepocken, Mauke. Italian : Vaiuolo cavallino Vaiuolo equina, Giardone, Ciavardo cavallino. Hindostanee or Ben�galee : Gootry, Gone boslmnto. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. It is extremely probable that this equine Variola is pretty generally diffused in the different parts of the world inhabited by the horse, the Cow-pox (which is believed to be derived from it) being known in both the Old and New Worlds. It has, however, only been perfectly recognized and described in Europe within a recent period : England claiming the dis�tinction of being the first to distinguish it, and to indicate its relation to Cow-pox, as well as its efficacy as a preservative from human Variola. CHARACTER. This is an eruptive vesico-pustular malady; the eruption being preceded, in the majority of cases, by a degree of fever so slight as to be almost imperceptible. The eruption may appear on the skin in different regions or over the whole of the body, on the nasal or buccal mucous membrane, and ex�ceptionally on the conjunctiv'al membrane of the eyes. It most frequently appears on the skin, and is most liable to become confluent towards the lower extremity of the limbs and the inferior part of the head. The nasal eruption is nearly always



	Incubation, Extension, amp;c.	89

	animals are crowded together and cleanliness is neglected, the malady may even be propagated at a distance.

	INCUBATION. We do not know the incubatory period of spontaneous, or rather accidental. Horse-pox. The incubation of the inocu�lated disease is from five to eight days. At the inoculated spot there usually appears, in from half an hour to three hours, a slight inflammation marked by redness and a trifling tume�faction, which lasts for ten or twelve hours and disappears, leaving only a minute cicatrix where the inoculation had been performed. In the majority of cases nothing else has been observed until the fifth, sixth, or eighth day, when the charac�teristic signs of successful inoculation begin to manifest them�selves. EXTENSION. We have already said that Horse-pox sometimes appears in an epizootic form, and though it may primarily appear in such a mysterious manner that its spontaneous origin has been accepted by several authorities as a fact, yet that contagion plays an important part in its diffusion. Nevertheless, the epizootics of Horse-pox are not on a large scale ; indeed, it appears to be almost the least liable to spread of all the con�tagious diseases that affect animals. Soiled forage, close proximity to the diseased, actual contact, with the affected parts, instruments and stable implements, the conveyance of the virulent element by the hands of the groom, farrier, or dairymaid, lying on the same ground or in the same stall� all these and other modes may be in operation in extending the malady. MORTALITY AND LOSS. The damage occasioned by this disease is comparatively trifling, provided ordinary care is taken. The malady is generally not at all fatal. IMMUNITY. Though we have no positive facts, so far as I am aware, to


	^

	Cow-Pox.	9i

	after rupture of the pustules assume an unhealthy character during very warm weather, they must be stimulated by cauteri�zation. The mouth eruption requires no other care than slightly acidulated gargles when the pustules open. The food should be, during the whole of this period, of easy mastication and deglutition. The nasal eruption had better not be interfered with until the pustules have passed through all their phases�which gene�rally requires three or four days.

	COW-POX. Synonyms. Technical: Vaccinia. French: Picotte, Petite ver�le des vaches, Variolc des betes bovincs, Vaccine, Cow-pox. German : Kuh-pocken. Hindustani or Bengali : Gone boshnnto. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. This bovine Variola probably affects cattle in every quarter of the globe. According to Humboldt, cattle in Mexico are liable to it, and its power of protecting mankind from Small�pox has been known for a very long time. In Asia it is the same; and in India and Persia, the malady appears to manifest itself among bovine creatures in a very severe form at times. In Australia, cattle, and particularly newly-calved cows, have frequently an eruption more especially localized about the udder, which produces a similar eruption on the hands and arms of the people who milk them.* In Algeria, the lymph has been successfully utilized in vaccination. CHARACTERS. The Cow-pox consists essentially in a pustular exanthema occurring in the cow, and more particularly affecting the teats and udder; though in such hot countries as India, it may be � From experiments it would appear, however, that this reputed Cow-pox is not capable of being transmitted to either human beings or other animals. See The Australian Medical Journal for 1872, p. 353.



	False Vaccinia or Variola.	95

	The eruptions of false Vaccinia may be divided into three groups. One group consists of acuminated variolae. These may or may not be developed at the same time as the true variolae, and appear as small red nodes about the size of a grain of millet, destitute of areola and umbilicus, and soon changing into a pointed pustule, whose purulent contents quickly dry up, and are promptly succeeded by a crust: the whole process only requiring from four to six days. The eruption may re-appear several times, however ; so that the entire period may extend over a number of weeks. Papular or hard variolse {Steinb�cken), are another variety, and vary in size from that of a pea to a nut. They are hard, indolent tumours, moderately red at first, and have no are�ola ; or they appear as warty excrescences on the skin of the udder. They frequently remain unaltered for weeks, or even months, and at last disappear very slowly. The third group consists of watery and emphysematous variolas ; these appear on the udder in the form of red spots, which are rapidly transformed into vesicles from the size of a pea to that of a cherry, but destitute of areola and umbilicus. They contain a serous or purulent fluid, are readily broken, and are covered by very thin crusts, which soon fall off. Frequently their contents are quickly absorbed, leaving only an empty epidermic envelope, which constitutes the emphy�sematous Variola. They pass through all their phases within five to six days. DIAGNOSIS OF TRUE VACCINIA. The diagnosis of this disease is easy, if what we have al�ready stated be remembered. In Aphthous fever, a vesicular eruption not unfrequently appears on the udder, but this differs so widely from the Vaccine vesicle, and its other accom�panying symptoms are so dissimilar, that a mistake should not occur.

	CONTAGIUM. The virus of this disease is fixed, and is only conveyed through actual contact of the animals, or its transmission by



	96	Variola.

	the hands of the milkers. Chauveau has demonstrated that Vaccinia can be as certainly produced through the digestive organs, as by the injection of the virus into the blood-vessels. The disease is so mild in its character, and as a rule, so rare, that it does not demand any further notice in this respect, until we come to speak of the sanitary policy to be adopted towards the remaining variolous diseases. SANITARY MEASURES. These may be of the simplest kind. As the virus does not appear to be volatile, it is only necessary to prevent actual contact; and in the majority of cases it will be sufficient to milk the affected animals last. The milk should not be consumed. CURATIVE MEASURES. These, in nearly all cases, will be limited to cleanliness, to care in milking (which should always be done to prevent ac�cidents), and to appropriate treatment of any secondary local results of the disease.

	G O A T-P O X (Variola Caprincc). This disease is very rare, and the eruption, which bears the closest resemblance to that of the cow, though the pustules are smaller, only appears on the udder and teats, but chiefly the former. It may be directly developed, or through infec�tion from sheep affected with Variola. It is communicable from one goat to another. It is a benignant disease. The sanitary and curative measures are those applicable to Vaccinia.

	PORCINE VARIOLA {Variola Suillce). CHARACTERS. This disease is more frequent than the last, and appears on the head, neck, chest, and belly, as well as the inner aspect



	quot;#9632;I

	98	Variola.

	CURATIVE MEASURES. Food easily digested, and bland gruel, must be given in small quantities and often. Sometimes an emetic administered at the commencement is beneficial. At a later period acidu�lated gruel, and mild saline laxatives, are useful. In the more severe form of the disease, stimulants and nourishing food should be given. USE OF THE FLESH OF VARIOLOUS PIGS AS FOOD. As the malady is communicable to the human species, the flesh of diseased animals should not be utilized as food ; the carcasses must therefore be buried.

	VARIOLA OF THE DOG (Variola Canina). CHARACTERS. This is a rare malady, and may be developed directly or by contagion ; it is supposed to be also produced by the Variola of man and of the sheep. It chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog's life.

	SYMPTOMS. The disease commences with fever, which continues for two or three days, and is followed by the appearance, over a large surface of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk, of red points resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules and then into vesicles. The con�tents of these become purulent, and finally dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix. In the dog, as in the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accord�ingly. Puppies nearly always succumb, and on a necroscopi-cal examination it is not unusual to find variolous pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive organs.



	io6	Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases.

	cesses are deposited in different parts of the body, and thus give rise to the different forms of the disease. From the in�fluence of locality in its production, and certain phenomena preceeding or accompanying its advent, it might be looked upon as a miasmatic or malarious affection.

	CAUSES. The predisposing or exciting causes assigned as operating in the production of Anthrax in its different forms, are multi�farious and somewhat perplexing to the etiologist: so diverse, uncertain, and opposite do they appear. But it is extremely probable that the primary development of the disease demands a combination or concurrence of circumstances still imperfectly, if at all, known, but obviously dependent on local conditions. These circumstances, and particularly if their action is pro�longed, insensibly modify the constitution of animals exposed to them, and to such a degree as to produce the Anthrax dyscrasy, in which the slightest occasional cause may deter�mine the evolution of the malady. As a general rule, it may be stated that the predisposition to the development of Anthrax is neither modified by age nor sex ; though it has been remarked that pregnant and com�paratively young animals are most frequently attacked. When the disease appears in an enzo�tic or. epizootic form, it usually at first seizes the most vigorous and well-nourished, especially if it is of a very acute type ; while if it is less acute, it also attacks those which are in poor condition. Animals recently introduced into a country in which Anthrax prevails enzo�tically, succumb more frequently and rapidly than those already acclimatized. circumstances. On examination after death, in addition to the alterations just mentioned, there are most frequently found tumours in the spleen, with enlargement and red coloration of the mesenteric glands. In some cases,, the blood has an acid reaction ; in others, it contains carbonate or hydro-sulphate of ammonia; the blood-globules are partially destroyed, and no longer possess the power of assuming a red colour on contact with the air. In Anthrax, as we will see hereafter, there are other alterations of an im�portant character.